An active matrix type electroluminescence display device is provided which comprises a plurality of display pixels GS11, GS12, GS13, arranged in a matrix of rows and columns; gate signal lines GL1, GL2, Gli connected to and shared by a plurality of display pixels arranged in each row; and gate drive circuits for sequentially supplying a select signal SCAN to the gate signal lines GL1, GL2, GL3, Gli. Each display pixel includes an electroluminescence element, a first thin film transistor in which a display signal DATA is applied to the drain and which is switched on and off in response to the select signal SCAN, and a second thin film transistor for driving the EL element based on the display signal DATA. The gate drive circuits are placed so that each of the gate signal lines GL1, GL2, GL3, Gli is driven from both ends.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an active matrix type EL display device with display pixels including an electroluminescence element (hereinafter referred to as an EL element) and a thin film transistor arranged in a matrix form, and particularly to an art for stably illuminating each display pixel preventing select signals in gate signal lines connected to and shared by the display pixels from being delayed.
2. Description of the Related Art
EL elements have various advantages, including, because they are self illuminating elements, an obviated need for a backlight as required in liquid crystal display devices and unlimited viewing angle. Because of these advantages, it is widely expected that EL elements will be use in the next generation of display devices.
Two basic methods are known for driving EL elements. One of these is called a simple, or passive, matrix type, with the other, which employs a thin film transistor as a switching element, is known as an active matrix type. The active matrix type does not suffer from cross talk between the column and row electrodes, which is a problem known in the simple matrix type. Moreover, because the EL elements are driven with a lower current density, a high luminescence efficiency can be expected.
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram schematically showing an active matrix type EL display device. In the figure, the display pixels GS1, GS2, GS3, . . . GSj are arranged in one row. One display pixel GS1 includes an organic EL element 11, a first thin film transistor 12 (an N channel type transistor) acting as a switching element in which a display signal DATA1 is applied to the drain and which is switched on and off in response to a select signal SCAN, a capacitance 13 which is charged by the display signal DATA1 supplied when the first thin film transistor 12 is switched on and which maintains a maintenance voltage Vh when the first thin film transistor 12 is switched off, and a second thin film transistor 14 (a P channel type transistor), with its drain connected to a drive supply voltage Vdd and its source connected to the anode of the organic EL element 11, for driving the organic EL element when the maintenance voltage Vh is supplied from the capacitance 13 at the gate.
The other display pixels GS2, GS3, . . . GSj have an equivalent structure. Although the display pixels are also arranged in the column direction, this arrangement is not shown in order to simplify the drawing. Reference numeral 15 represents a gate signal line which is connected to and shared by each of the display pixels GS1, GS2, GS3, . . . GSj for supplying a select signal SCAN. Reference numeral 16 represents a gate drive circuit for supplying the select signal SCAN to the gate signal line.
The select signal SCAN becomes H level during a selected one horizontal scan period (1H), and the first thin film transistor 12 is then switched on based on the select signal. Next, a display signal DATA1 is supplied to one end of the capacitance 13 and the capacitance 13 is charged with a voltage Vh corresponding to the display signal DATA1. The voltage Vh is maintained in the capacitance 13 for a period of one vertical scan period (1V) even after the first thin film transistor 12 is switched off due to the select signal SCAN becoming L level. Because this voltage is supplied to the gate of the second thin film transistor 14, the second thin film transistor 14 becomes continuous in response to the voltage Vh and the organic EL element 11 is illuminated.
However, in larger size conventional EL display devices, differences in luminance throughout the display device have been observed.
The gate signal line 15 is formed from chrome evaporated on a glass substrate, in consideration of heat endurance and ease of processing. Because the gate signal line 15 is extended on the display region in order to be connected to and shared by each of the display pixels GS1, GS2, GS3, . . . GSj, a resistance and a floating capacitance are inevitably generated. For example, in an active matrix type EL display device having a number of pixels of 220×848, the resistance value of one gate signal line 15 is approximately 320Ω and the floating capacitance is approximately 20 pf. The resistance and floating value increase as the number of pixels increases.
Therefore, due to signal transmission delay, it is difficult to sufficiently increase the signal level to H level at the further end of the gate signal line 15 which is far apart from the gate drive circuit 16 when supplying a select signal SCAN of H level to the gate signal line 15 based on the select signal SCAN. It is found that due to this insufficient voltage increase in signal line, the signal level of a display signal DATAn cannot be fully transferred to the capacitance 13 at display pixels in the end section, causing a decrease in the illuminating luminescence of the organic EL element, and therefore, the overall luminescence of the display device becomes unstable.

Active matrix type electroluminescence display device


A method network node, user equipment and location server are disclosed, the method performed at the network node comprises broadcasting position reference signals, the position reference signals being broadcast as a repeating pattern within a periodically repeating position reference signal time period, comprising: controlling the network node to broadcast during each of the position reference signal time periods, a plurality of position reference signal blocks each within a time frequency resource block, at least one of the plurality of position reference signal blocks comprising a plurality of consecutive subblocks, at least one position reference signal subblock comprising a time period in the time frequency resource block during which the network node broadcasts the position reference signal and at least one muted subblock comprising a different time period within the time frequency resource block during which the network node broadcasts no position reference or data signal in a frequency bandwidth of the time frequency resource block.

OTDOA or observed time difference of arrival is a downlink positioning method used in networks for detecting a user equipment's position. In particular, network nodes transmit PRS position reference signals and these are detected by user equipment. The time of arrival of the different signals at the user equipment and in particular, the RSTD reference signal time difference measurement at the user equipment can be used as an indication of their location.
Existing OTDOA solutions have some delay in the RSTD measurement and reporting mechanisms and this can lead to inaccuracies when measuring the position of moving user equipment. For example, if there are 16 PRS occasions each 160 ms apart with different network nodes being muted in different ones of these occasions, then RSTD measurement time is at least 16×160 ms=2560 ms which were the UE speed to be 30 KM/h for example then the UE will have moved about 21 m in each RSTD measurement period. Faster moving UEs will of course move further. 160 ms is the closest time period for the PRS occasions and for longer periodicities the errors will be increased.
It would be desirable to produce an improved positioning measurement scheme that was applicable to all UEs, had increased accuracy for moving UEs and did not use an undue amount of resource.

Position detection of user equipment within a wireless telecommunication network


Methods and systems and apparatuses for reducing power consumption, in an environment including a laser driver that drives a laser diode, are provided. The voltage drop across a laser diode, driven by a laser driver, is monitored. This enables a supply voltage, used to power the laser driver, to be appropriately adjusted, based at least in part on the monitored voltage drop. For example, the supply voltage is increased when the monitored voltage drop across the laser diode increases, and decreased when the monitored voltage drop across the laser diode decreases.

In the field of optical data storage, a laser driver drives a current through a laser diode to cause it to emit light. When current is flowing to produce light, there is a voltage drop across the laser diode. In optical data storage applications, the desire for faster writing speeds and higher storage densities has resulted in laser diodes that drop a substantial forward voltage when operating at their peak current values. This forward laser diode drop will only increase as shorter wavelength laser diodes are introduced into the marketplace.
Unfortunately, most electronic systems run off standardized voltage supplies, which rarely change due to the large legacy of silicon components already designed to operate at these voltages. Since the laser diode is designed to achieve certain optimum performance characteristics without regard to supply voltage standards, the resulting laser diodes can have voltage requirements that make it very difficult to design laser drivers without certain compromises. The primary requirement is that the laser driver should be able to drive all the laser diodes supplied by vendors for a given application. When worst case forward voltage drop is taken into consideration, it may not be possible to drive such laser diodes with standard supply voltages, such as 3.3V or 5.0V. Since optical data storage applications usually exist in a personal computer (pc) environment, the supply voltages are generally fixed and limited, and often with a poor tolerance.
Even when a custom voltage supply is added, worst case analysis results in operation at a higher supply voltage than the laser diode typically requires, causing excess power dissipation. In a battery based environment such as laptop computers, this is highly undesirable.
Accordingly, there is a need to overcome the above discussed problems and disadvantages.

Adjustable power control for laser drivers and laser diodes


A bed lifting system is provided for lifting a bed above a surface. The system comprises a frame adapted for supporting the bed. The frame is arranged for interacting with a lifting mechanism capable of elevating the frame. A base that is adapted for inter-engaging with the frame whereby the base can support the frame over the surface independently of the lifting mechanism.

1. Field of the Invention
A bed lifting system is disclosed that finds particular though not exclusive application in commercial and domestic contexts.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, when a bed is made, the user must bend over because the bed height is usually much lower than the waist height of most persons. This can cause undue strain to the user, in particular commercial users, who must make many beds for long periods of time. In addition, beds that abut one or more walls, or other surfaces such as a bed head, can create an even more cumbersome situation for the user and increase the risk of injury or strain on the user's back.


Provided are a heat resistant laminated conveyor belt and manufacturing method thereof by which a belt surface pressure when a liner and corrugated core paper are pressed and bonded together can be increased to thereby enhance a bonding performance. The heat resistant laminated conveyor belt comprises a belt core layer 11 made by a heat resistant non-metallic fiber substrate being impregnated with a fluororesin dispersion and then dried and sintered and a surface layer 13 (plain weave wire, etc., for example) formed on the belt core layer 11 via an adhesive layer 12 made by a fluororesin film, the surface layer having a fabric structure using an element wire or wires made of a ferrous metal or having a structure in which the element wire or wires are arranged together.

Conventionally, a heat resistant laminated conveyor belt of such a construction as shown in FIGS. 4(A) and (B) is used in a corrugated board manufacturing apparatus (Patent Document 1).
In FIGS. 4(A) and (B), numeral 31 designates a belt core layer that has a thickness of about 0.5 mm. The belt core layer 31 is made by repeating several times such a step that a plain weave fabric of aramide fiber is impregnated with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dispersion (suspension) and is then dried and sintered.
On the belt core layer 31 (on an outer surface side thereof), an adhesive layer 32 is formed. The adhesive layer 32 is a perfluoroalkoxyl (PFA) film layer having a thickness of about 25 μm. Further, on an outer surface thereof, a reinforcing layer 33 having a thickness of about 0.5 mm is formed.
The reinforcing layer 33 is made by repeating several times such a step that a knitted fabric of aramide fiber is impregnated with the PTFE dispersion and is then dried and sintered.
The heat resistant laminated conveyor belt so constructed is usually used as a pressing belt for use in a corrugated board manufacturing apparatus (single facer), for example, as shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 5 is a schematic constructional view showing a mechanism for manufacturing a single faced corrugated board by a lamination method using a pressing belt. In FIG. 5, numeral 4 designates an upper corrugating roll that meshes with a lower corrugating roll 5. On the upper side of the upper corrugating roll 4 and in the vicinity thereof, two rolls 6a, 6b are arranged. An endless type pressing belt 7 is provided being wound around the two rolls 6a, 6b.
In the system of FIG. 5, a core paper 8 (corrugating medium) is caused to pass through between the upper corrugating roll 4 and lower corrugating roll 5 and further between the upper corrugating roll 4 and pressing belt 7, as shown by arrow X. Also, a liner 9 is caused to pass through between the upper corrugating roll 4 and pressing belt 7, as shown by arrow Y. Thereby, the core paper 8 is corrugated along an outer surface of the upper corrugating roll 4 and a glue (not shown) is applied to a top of each corrugation of the core paper 8 so that the core paper 8 and liner 9 are bonded together to form a lamination and a single faced corrugated board 10 is manufactured.
It is to be noted that when the core paper 8 and liner 9 are caused to pass through between the upper corrugating roll 4 and pressing belt 7, by function of the rolls 6a, 6b and pressing belt 7, such a pressing force as shown by arrows Z is generated to act on the core paper 8 and liner 9. The conveyor belt shown in the Patent Document 1 relates to such a pressing belt.
Patent Document 2 provides a press-bonded belt having a layer construction comprising a core fabric (1), adhesive layer (2) and surface fabric (3), wherein the core fabric (1) is a seamless fabric using a heat resistant high strength fiber yarn, the surface fabric (3) is a woven fabric having an obliquely crossing warp and weft structure using a heat resistant high strength fiber yarn and an impregnated layer or coated layer of fluororesin is applied at least to the surface fabric (3). This belt is also used in the single faced corrugated board manufacturing apparatus, as in the Patent Document 1.
Patent Document 3 provides a steam permeable pressing belt comprising a substrate of metallic warp and weft. The warp comprises sets of warps, each set of warps including three warps, and an interval between adjacent two sets of warps is smaller than a width of each set of warps. A weft material is preferably softer than a warp material and each weft has notches in which the warps are arranged. This belt is also used in the single faced corrugated board manufacturing apparatus, as in the Patent Documents 1 and 2.                Patent Document 1: Japanese Utility Model Registration 2584218 (FIG. 4)        Patent Document 2: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 1999-105171        Patent Document 3: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 1999-216787
In the heat resistant laminated conveyor belt of the construction shown in the Patent Document 1, as the belt surface fabric is soft as compared with a high hardness material, such as steel, and its surface shape is flat, if it is used as a pressing belt of a corrugated board manufacturing apparatus, the belt surface pressure at the time when the liner and corrugated core paper are pressed to be bonded together becomes low. Thus, there is a possibility to cause a bonding defect when the production velocity is elevated for manufacturing a single faced corrugated board.
The bonding ability of the liner and core paper at the corrugated board manufacturing time depends on a surface hardness and surface shape of the belt. Hence, by enhancing the belt characteristics, enhancement of the bonding ability can be achieved. In the heat resistant conveyor belt of the construction shown in the Patent Document 1, a belt surface reinforcing layer made by a PTFE coated knitted fabric of aramide fiber is used for which the PTFE coated knitted fabric is obtained by repeating several times such a step that a knitted fabric of aramide fiber is impregnated with a PTFE resin dispersion and is then dried and sintered and the abrasion resistance and rigidity thereof are enhanced by increasing the number of mesh of the knitted fabric.
However, the material of this reinforcing layer is of a cushioning nature and its surface shape is flat. Hence, the belt surface pressure at the time when the liner and corrugated core paper are pressed to be bonded together becomes low. Thus, when the production velocity for manufacturing the single faced corrugated board is elevated, there is a possibility to cause a bonding defect. Also, impregnation of the fluororesin into the reinforcing layer and drying and sintering thereof are needed and hence there is a problem that the manufacturing process becomes complicated.
In the belt shown in the Patent Document 2, as the surface thereof is covered by the film layer to become soft as compared with a high hardness material, such as steel, the belt surface pressure at the time when the liner and corrugated core paper are pressed to be bonded together becomes low so that there is a possibility to deteriorate the bonding performance. Also, impregnation, drying and sintering of the surface fabric are needed and hence there is a problem that the manufacturing process becomes complicated.
In the belt shown in the Patent Document 3, as the structure thereof is a one-layer structure in which metallic yarns are sewed together, the belt is weak against bending fatigues and the life thereof is extraordinarily short.

Heat resistant laminated conveyor belt and manufacturing method thereof

Abstract: As the surface layer 13, a fabric structure using an element wire or wires made of a non-ferrous metal, inorganic compound, organic compound or carbon is used or a structure in which the element wire or wires are arranged together (plain weave wire, parallel wire, etc., for example) is used. As the element wires, stranded wires, parallel wires or the like are used.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Printing & Packaging Machinery, Ltd.


A battery case excellent in glossiness of appearance and working efficiency and a surface-plated steel plate which can be used preferably to manufacture the battery case. The battery case is produced by deep-drawing, DI-forming, DTR-forming a surface-treated steel plate having glossy nickel or glossy nickel-cobalt alloy plating on the outermost layer corresponding to the external face of a battery case of a plated original plate consisting of a steel plate. The glossy nickel plating or glossy nickel-cobalt alloy plating layer on the outermost layer has a high glossiness, and therefore the appearance is excellent. The runnability of a formed battery case is high as well as the working efficiency.

For a battery case enclosing a strong alkaline liquid for an alkaline manganese battery, a nickel-cadmium battery and the like, a method such that a cold-rolled steel strip is press-formed into a battery case and then subjected to barrel plating or a method such that a nickel plated steel strip is press-formed into a battery case have conventionally been employed.
In this way, for the use of battery, such as an alkaline manganese battery, a nickel cadmium battery and the like, nickel plating is used because nickel is strong for alkaline corrosiveness and these batteries mainly utilize strong alkali potassium hydroxide as electrolyte. Further, in the case battery is connected to an external terminal, nickel has stable contact resistance. Furthermore, there is an advantage in the manufacture of battery that nickel has excellent spot weldability, in which spot welding is carried out to weld each constituent parts to be assembled in a battery.
In order to increase battery capacity in recent years, a DI (drawing and ironing) forming method is used instead of a deep-drawing method (JP-B-7-99686) as a press-formed method for a battery case. In the DI-forming method and a DTR (drawing thin and redraw) method, anode and cathode active substances can be enclosed in a larger amount corresponding to a smaller thickness of the side wall of the case than the thickness of the bottom, and an advantage can also be obtained such that the pressure strength of the battery can be improved owing to the thick bottom of the case along with an increase of battery capacity.
Furthermore, the demand of an alkaline manganese battery and a nickel hydoride battery has increased in recent years, and automization of production of batteries is progressing accordingly. Owing thereto, a battery case having been press-formed is automatically conveyed to a battery case washing machine and a battery producing machine with a belt conveyor. However, in the case where the outer surface of the battery has poor slipping property, the battery case is stopped on the way in on the belt conveyor to delay supply of the battery case to the battery washing machine or the battery production process, whereby the working efficiency is deteriorated.
In recent years, with respect to battery cases produced by the deep-drawing method, the DI-forming method and the DTR-forming method, a large amount of the battery cases are placed on a belt conveyor and run by for producing batteries. However, they do not run smoothly with a conventional nickel plating on the outermost layer of the outer surface of the battery case, whereby the supply of the battery cases is liable to be intermittent. In particular, upon entering the battery cases running on the belt conveyor into a process step of arranging them into lines, clogging is liable to occur with the nickel on the outermost layer of the outer surface of the battery case.
A technical object of the invention is to provide a battery case that is excellent in glossiness and runnability, and a surface-treated steel plate that can be preferably used for producing the battery case.

Surface-treated steel plate for battery case and battery case


To generate dispersion curves for acoustic waves in a radially layered system, a matrix M containing solutions to the wave equation subject to the boundary conditions of the system is constructed. The reciprocal condition number (RCN) of the matrix M is determined as a function of acoustic wave frequency and slowness. The local minima of the RCN in the frequency-slowness plane produces the dispersion curves corresponding to allowable acoustic modes in the system. A sensitivity analysis which identifies the dispersion curves dependent on a selected parameter. The dispersion curves independent of the perturbed parameters are eliminated by perturbing the modeling parameters and generating the RCN of the perturbed matrix M and then subtracting the RCN values of the unperturbed matrix M, leaving the dispersion curves that exhibit dependence on the selected parameter.

Acoustic prospecting of geological formations involves determining formation and reservoir characteristics based on propagation of acoustic waves into the formation and upon wavelength, amplitude, and speed of waves reflected from the formation. Dispersion curves, which are plots of slowness—the inverse of wave velocity—versus frequency for acoustic waves, illustrate allowable acoustic wave modes. Allowable acoustic waves are those which satisfy continuity of displacement and stress boundary conditions at interfaces where media or properties of media change in the system. For a wellbore modelled or approximated as a radially layered medium, these interfaces are a function of radius r and relative azimuthal angle φ, independent of longitude z. In order to model a wellbore in a geological formation, the solutions of the acoustic wave equation or the equations describing the boundary conditions, such as the continuity of displacement and stress equations, are identified for the physical geometry of the model. Applying the continuity equations at the boundaries generates coupled equations used to solve the acoustic wave equations. A matrix containing elements corresponding to the linear or partial differential equations evaluated for each incoming and outgoing wave at each interface is generated, where each element is a function of slowness and frequency and corresponds to a term of the coupled equations and to a coefficient of the wave equation. Dispersion curves are where the matrix equation is solvable, as a function of slowness and frequency, and therefore represent the allowable acoustic waves. The full wave equation solution can then be determined along the dispersion curves, where the matrix is singular.
Measured acoustic dispersion curves are compared to the dispersion curves calculated based on the system or formation model. The formation models are adjusted to more closely mimic measured acoustic response. When the parameters of the wellbore are known, adjusting the corresponding model involves improving the model's coherence with the formation parameters. When the formation model accurately predicts the measured acoustic dispersion curves, detected acoustic waves correspond to analogous predicted waves—i.e. Stoneley, compressive, etc. Iteratively adjusting the formation model allows formation information to be extracted from measured acoustic waves, such as compressional speed of formation, shear wave speed of sound of formation, etc., and produces valuable petrophysical data for the formation, such as Young's modulus and other formation properties.

Acoustic dispersion curve identification based on reciprocal condition number


A method for forming a magnetic structure, such as a pole tip, includes forming a pole tip layer of magnetic material. A layer of polyimide precursor material is added above the pole tip layer and cured. A silicon-containing resist layer is added above the layer of polyimide precursor material and patterned. The resist layer is exposed to oxygen plasma for converting the resist into a glass-like material. Exposed portions of the cured polyimide precursor material are removed for exposing portions of the pole tip layer. The exposed portions of the pole tip layer are removed for forming a pole tip. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) can then be performed to remove any unwanted material remaining above the pole tip.

In a typical head, an inductive write head includes a coil layer embedded in first, second and third insulation layers (insulation stack), the insulation stack being located between first and second pole piece layers. A gap is formed between the first and second pole piece layers by a gap layer at an air bearing surface (ABS) of the write head. The pole piece layers are connected at a back gap. Currents are conducted through the coil layer, which produce magnetic fields in the pole pieces. The magnetic fields fringe across the gap at the ABS for the purpose of writing bits of magnetic field information in tracks on moving media, such as in circular tracks on a rotating magnetic disk or longitudinal tracks on a moving magnetic tape.
The second pole piece layer has a pole tip portion which extends from the ABS to a flare point and a yoke portion which extends from the flare point to the back gap. The flare point is where the second pole piece begins to widen (flare) to form the yoke. The placement of the flare point directly affects the magnitude of the magnetic field produced to write information on the recording medium. Since magnetic flux decays as it travels down the length of the narrow second pole tip, shortening the second pole tip will increase the flux reaching the recording media. Therefore, performance can be optimized by aggressively placing the flare point close to the ABS.
FIG. 1 illustrates, schematically, a conventional recording medium such as used with conventional magnetic disc recording systems. This medium is utilized for recording magnetic impulses in or parallel to the plane of the medium itself. The recording medium, a recording disc in this instance, comprises basically a supporting substrate 100 of a suitable non-magnetic material such as glass, with an overlying coating 102 of a suitable and conventional magnetic layer.
FIG. 2 shows the operative relationship between a conventional recording/playback head 104, which may preferably be a thin film head, and a conventional recording medium, such as that of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 illustrates schematically the orientation of magnetic impulses substantially perpendicular to the surface of the recording medium. For such perpendicular recording the medium includes an under layer 302 of a material having a high magnetic permeability. This under layer 302 is then provided with an overlying coating 304 of magnetic material preferably having a high coercivity relative to the under layer 302.
Two embodiments of storage systems with perpendicular heads 300 are illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 (not drawn to scale). The recording medium illustrated in FIG. 4 includes both the high permeability under layer 302 and the overlying coating 304 of magnetic material described with respect to FIG. 3 above. However, both of these layers 302 and 304 are shown applied to a suitable substrate 306.
By this structure the magnetic lines of flux extending between the poles of the recording head loop into and out of the outer surface of the recording medium coating with the high permeability under layer of the recording medium causing the lines of flux to pass through the coating in a direction generally perpendicular to the surface of the medium to record information in the magnetically hard coating of the medium in the form of magnetic impulses having their axes of magnetization substantially perpendicular to the surface of the medium. The flux is channeled by the soft underlying coating 302 back to the return layer (P1) of the head 300.
FIG. 5 illustrates a similar structure in which the substrate 306 carries the layers 302 and 304 on each of its two opposed sides, with suitable recording heads 300 positioned adjacent the outer surface of the magnetic coating 304 on each side of the medium.
As perpendicular heads become smaller to accommodate ever increasing data density, fabrication processes must be adapted to properly create the fragile structures that will ultimately form the head. Current fabrication methods are not capable of adequately and consistently forming pole tips to the scale and tolerances required for modern disk drives.
One proposed process uses a patterned photoresist mask 602 formed above a pole tip layer of magnetic material 604 and a layer of nonmagnetic material 606 such as Al2O3. The structure 600 is shown in FIG. 6. The structure 600 is milled to form the pole tip from the layer of magnetic material 604. The resulting structure 700 is shown in FIG. 7. While the process forms a pole tip 702 with the desired tapered cross-section, there are several disadvantages. First, this process does not scale easily below 0.25 μm, which is necessary for high data density drives. Second, the resist 602 does not have an acceptable mill resistance, i.e., too much of the mask 602 is consumed in the mill process. The result is that the pole tip is sometimes damaged by the milling. Third, removal of the resist 602 is necessary at the pole tip 702 without knocking over or destroying the pole tip 702. However, milling inherently produces redeposition 704, which tends to form on the sides of the resist 602, and may even encapsulate the resist. This redeposition makes removal of the resist 602 more difficult, as solvent has a harder time reaching the resist-pole tip interface. If any resist 602 remains coupled to the pole tip 702, attempted removal of the resist 602 tends to tip the pole tip 702 over. Further, some of the resist 602 may be entirely encapsulated by the redeposition. This is unacceptable, as having a layer of soft polymer (resist) at the ABS causes hard disk drive tribology issues, i.e., head-disk interface problems such as wear, water uptake, swelling, etc. Rather, it is desirable to have only hard materials at the ABS.
Another proposed process uses an alumina hard mask layer 802 above a pole tip layer 804. Instead of photoresist, a layer of NiFe (nonmagnetic) 806 is plated on top of the hard mask layer 802 and trimmed and notched to form the structure 800 shown in FIG. 8. Then, the structure 800 is milled to form the pole tip 902, as shown in FIG. 9. This process avoids having to remove photoresist, but the extended milling required to mill through the layer of NiFe 806 and alumina hard mask layer 802 create cavities adjacent to the pole tip 902. Thus, the desired tapered shape of the pole tip 902 is difficult to achieve. Further, if further processing is to be performed above the pole tip 902, the layer of NiFe 806 and possibly the alumina hard mask layer 802 may need to be removed to reduce the overall head size and provide a smooth surface upon which to add the additional layers. Removal of these layers without damaging the pole tip 902 is difficult.
What is needed is a method of fabricating pole tips of very small scale while overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages.

Magnetic pole tip for perpendicular magnetic recording

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


A networked computer system and method of communicating classify request packets into multiple classes, with one class devoted to non-propagable requests that may be handled locally by destination nodes in the computer system. The multiple classes of requests are separately handled in the networked computer system such that an inability of a node to handle a request in another class does not hinder the ability of the node to process non-propagable requests, thereby avoiding deadlocks in the computer system.

Multiprocessor, or parallel processing, computer systems rely on a plurality of microprocessors to handle computing tasks in parallel to reduce overall execution time. Originally, many multiprocessor systems interconnected a plurality of processors to a single bus, commonly referred to as a multidrop bus, which required each processor to connect up with every line in the bus.
However, it has been found that bus traffic may be limited because every communication between processors passes through the common bus. Moreover, it may be desirable to provide different processors on different boards or in different enclosures, which often makes it impractical to couple each processor to a common bus.
Because of these drawbacks, networked multiprocessor systems have also been developed, which utilize processors or groups of processors connected to one another across a network and communicating via "packets" or messages. Each processor or group of processors in these systems operates as a "node" in a network, and is only connected to one or more other nodes such that messages may be required to pass through one or more nodes to reach their destination. Among other benefits, the connection of nodes and the addition of new nodes is greatly facilitated since a node need only be connected to one or more other nodes in the network. Also, network bandwidth increases since different packets may be simultaneously transmitted between different sets of nodes.
While much of the focus herein will be devoted to multiprocessor systems, it should be appreciated that the concept of distributing tasks between processors in multiprocessor systems may also be applied to distributed computer systems which distribute tasks between different computers in a networked environment (e.g., a LAN or WAN). Further, many of the functions and problems associated with multiprocessor and distributed computer systems are quite similar and equally applicable to both types of systems. Consequently, the term "networked computer system" will be used hereinafter to describe both systems in which the nodes are implemented as individual microprocessors or groups of processors (multiprocessor systems) or as individual computers which may separately utilize one or more processors (distributed computer systems).
One specific example of a networked multiprocessor system is the DASH (Directory Architecture for Shared memory) multiprocessor system, which includes a plurality of nodes or clusters interconnected via a mesh network. Each node includes a plurality of processors coupled to a local bus, along with a portion of the shared memory for the system. A network interface in each node handles memory requests to other nodes, and a directory in each node is used to monitor the status of local copies of the memory stored in caches in various processors in the system.
One significant problem that exists with many networked computer systems is that of deadlock, where nodes may in effect "lock up" due to an inability to pass packets or messages to other nodes. For example, a node, after sending a request to another node, may be required to wait for a response from the other node. While waiting for the response, the node may not be capable of receiving requests from other nodes, thereby halting the operation of other nodes in the system.
The DASH system addresses this problem (referred to as request-reply deadlock) by classifying packets in different classes (one for requests and one for responses), and by having separate networks, buffers and processing circuitry for handling the different packet classes. Consequently, even though a node may be waiting for a response, it may still process requests that are received while it is waiting for the response.
However, it has been found that another form of deadlock, request--request deadlock, may also occur in multiprocessor systems. In particular, in some networked computer systems, sending a primary request to another node may result in the receiving or destination node sending out one or more secondary requests, e.g., to notify other nodes having local copies of a memory block that the block has been modified (often referred to as "invalidation" requests). However, if one or more secondary requests cannot be sent by the destination node, the node may block receipt of new requests from other nodes. This may result in two nodes each waiting for responses from the other.
For example, FIG. 1 shows a networked computer system with three nodes A, B and C (numbered 2, 4 and 6). If node A sends a primary request to node B, node B may send a secondary request to node C. Before node B can send a response to node A, however, it must wait for a response from node C. If, however, node C has also sent a primary request to node B, node B may refuse to accept the request from node C because it is still processing the node A request. But since node C has sent a request to node B, it may also not accept the secondary request from node B. At this point, both nodes B and C are waiting for a response from the other before they will accept and process the pending requests, thereby resulting in deadlock in the system, which it will be noted propagates to the other nodes in the system (e.g., node A, since it waits for a response from node B).
The DASH system addresses this problem by having nodes reject requests (send responses to the effect that the requests were refused and must be retried) whenever they are incapable of receiving requests. However, rejecting requests raises another problem that is somewhat unique to multiprocessor systems--that of ordering. In particular, it is extremely important in multiprocessor systems for commands or requests to complete in the order in which they were sent. Thus, if a string of requests is sent to a destination node, and one of the requests is rejected, the system cannot permit other requests that follow the rejected request to be processed before the rejected request, even if the destination node becomes able to process them.
The conventional manners of addressing this problem are to either send requests one at a time (i.e., waiting for a response before sending a next request), or by detecting rejected requests and subsequently rejecting each subsequent request in a chain to force the requesting node to resend all of the requests from the point of the first rejected request. The former, however, effectively serializes the communication between nodes, and significantly degrades performance. Further, the latter requires complicated logic for handling rejected requests at the destination node due to the requirement of identifying and isolating requests in a particular chain from a particular node.
Other networked computer systems attempt to address the request--request deadlock problem; however, to date, none have been capable of adequately ensuring proper ordering without the use of additional complex and performance-limiting processing. Therefore, a substantial need continues to exist for a networked computer system and method of communicating which avoids request--request deadlock without compromising system ordering or system performance.

Networked computer system and method of communicating using multiple request packet classes to prevent deadlock

International Business Machines Corporation


A power supply circuit includes: a depression mode transistor that includes a field plate; an enhancement mode transistor to which a source electrode and a drain electrode of the depression mode transistor are coupled; and a constant current source that is coupled to a connection node between the depression mode transistor and the enhancement mode transistor.

In recent years, an electronic device (compound semiconductor device) in which a GaN layer and an AlGaN layer are sequentially formed on a substrate formed of gallium nitride (GaN) or Si and the GaN layer is used as an electron transit layer is actively developed.
The band gap of the GaN is 3.4 eV, which is greater than 1.1 eV of Si and 1.4 eV of GaAs. Therefore, the compound semiconductor device is expected to perform an operation with high breakdown voltage.
One of such compound semiconductor devices is a GaN-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). Hereinafter, the GaN-based high electron mobility transistor is referred to as GaN-HEMT. The HEMT is a field effect transistor in which a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) induced by semiconductor heterojunction is used as a channel.
When the GaN-HEMT is used as a switch of a power supply inverter, it is possible to reduce ON resistance as well as improve voltage resistance. Further, it is also possible to reduce standby power consumption and improve operating frequency as compared with a Si-based transistor.
Therefore, it is possible to reduce switching loss, so that the power consumption of the inverter may be reduced. The GaN-HEMT may be smaller than the Si-based transistor having the same performance as that of the GaN-HEMT.
When the GaN-HEMT is operated at high frequency and high voltage, a current collapse phenomenon occurs in which the drain current decreases. One of the causes of the current collapse phenomenon is assumed that free electrons are trapped at the electron trap level of a region near a side of the gate electrode, which faces the drain electrode. When the electrons are trapped at the trap level of the surface, the density of the 2DEG decreases and the output of the GaN-HEMT may decrease. As a countermeasure against the current collapse phenomenon, there is a GaN-HEMT with a source field plate, in which a field plate is provided to the source electrode.
However, there is a problem that the threshold value varies when the GaN-HEMT is OFF, a high voltage is applied to an insulating film below the source field plate, the insulating film is deteriorated, and the life of the GaN-HEMT is shortened.
The following is reference document:
[Document 1] Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2006-324839.

Power supply circuit and power supply apparatus


A vehicular thermal management system includes: an indoor-air-conditioner disposed in a first vehicle body having a passenger space and including a compressor, a first condenser, an evaporator, a blower, and a refrigerant line; and a component-air-conditioner disposed in a second vehicle body combinable with the first vehicle body and including an electrical component line for cooling an electrical component of the vehicle and a first battery line for cooling a high-voltage battery including a chiller which extends toward the first vehicle body to be disposed behind the evaporator when the first vehicle body is combined with the second vehicle body.

In recent years, the trend is toward the popularization of electrical vehicles or the like as eco-friendly vehicles on account of environmental issues affecting internal-combustion vehicles. A conventional internal-combustion engine vehicle does not need additional energy for warming the indoor space thereof because it is possible to warm the indoor space in the vehicle using waste heat generated by the engine. However, because an electrical vehicle or the like is not provided with an engine serving as heat source, the indoor space must be warmed using additional energy, thus increasing fuel consumption. This reduces the distance that the electrical vehicle is capable of traveling, leading to more frequent charging of the battery, which is problematic.
With the motorization of vehicles, the need for thermal management of electrical components such as a high-voltage battery and a motor as well as the indoor space of the vehicle are newly required. Specifically, in an electrical vehicle, because the indoor space, the battery and the electrical components have different air-conditioning needs, there is need for a technology capable of independently responding to the different needs and of efficiently reconciling the different needs so as to achieve maximal energy conservation. Accordingly, concepts for integrated vehicular thermal management, which is capable of increasing heating efficiency by performing independent thermal management for individual components of a vehicle and by integrally performing the overall thermal management, have been proposed.
In these days, a concept by which a vehicle is constituted by a first vehicle body, which can be applied in common to many kinds of vehicles, and a second vehicle body, which is combined with the first vehicle body so as to constitute the entire body of the vehicle, have been proposed. Specifically, in order to constitute the complete body of an electrical vehicle, a first vehicle body, which is provided with electrical components, a battery and the like, which are applied in common to electrical vehicles, and a second vehicle body, which defines a passenger space therein and is combined with the first vehicle body so as to constitute the entirety of the body of the vehicle, are combined with each other.
Vehicular thermal management systems that have been proposed to date are associated only with a vehicle in which an indoor space, electrical components and a battery are included in a single vehicle body. Therefore, there is a need to develop technology for a vehicular thermal management system that is applicable to the above-mentioned kind of vehicle, which is composed of a first vehicle body and a second vehicle body.
Details described as the background art are intended merely for the purpose of promoting an understanding of the background of the present disclosure, and should not be construed as an acknowledgment of the prior art that is previously known to those of ordinary skill in the art.


An apparatus and method for performing byte swapping using a direct memory access (DMA) controller is provided. In a computer system, a DMA controller for a peripheral component is coupled to system memory via a bus. The DMA controller receives a command pointer to initiate a memory access operation. The command pointer specifies the location of the first DMA command in a command list to be executed by the DMA controller. Each DMA command includes an address word giving the starting address and length word indicating the number of data words to be accessed in memory. Because the data stored in memory is double-word aligned, the two least significant bits of the length word are not needed to perform the memory access and are instead used to indicate any byte swapping that is to be performed on the data during the memory access. During a memory access, the DMA controller swaps the bytes in each double-word of data as specified by the two least significant bits of the length word.

Computer systems generally operate upon binary data items that are anywhere between one and eight bytes in length, where a "byte" is defined as eight bits. Typically, the smallest data item that a modern computer system will operate on is either a "word", which is two bytes, or a "double-word" ("dword"), which is four bytes. For various different reasons, it is sometimes necessary or desirable to alter the order of bytes within a word or dword data item. This operation is known as "byte swapping". One possible reason byte swapping may be desirable, for example, is to switch back and forth between different methods of addressing data, such as between "little-endian" addressing, in which a memory address refers to the lowest-order byte of a data item, and "big-endian" addressing, in which an address specifies the highest-order byte of a data item.
In existing computer systems, byte swapping is generally performed by the host processor in response to software commands. Consider, for example, a common situation in which data stored in a block of memory is to be transferred to a new location (i.e., a different location in memory or a peripheral device) and in which byte swapping is required. The host processor would typically read the data from the memory, rearrange the bytes, and then write back the rearranged data words to the first block of memory. Then, the host would write the modified data words into the new location. This method has the disadvantage of being time-consuming, because the host processor must write back the modified data before transferring the data to the new location. Hence, what is needed is a faster and more efficient way to perform byte swapping during memory access operations.

System for performing DMA byte swapping within each data element in accordance to swapping indication bits within a DMA command


An apparatus for measuring the temperature of a substrate in a thermal processing chamber. The substrate is suspended above a reflector to form a reflecting cavity. A probe of a temperature sensor has an input end positioned to receive radiation from the reflecting cavity and an output end optically coupled to a detector to provide a temperature reading. The temperature sensor is configured to reduce the effect that radiation which has an axis of propagation within an angle of an axis normal to the reflector, e.g., substantially normal radiation from a portion of the substrate adjacent to the input end of the probe, has on the temperature reading.

The present invention relates to temperature sensors that are used to measure substrate temperature during thermal processing.
In rapid thermal processing (RTP), a substrate is heated quickly and uniformly to a high temperature, such as 400.degree. Celsius (C) or more, to perform a fabrication step such as annealing, cleaning, chemical vapor deposition, oxidation, or nitration. For example, a thermal processing system, such as the RTP tool available from Applied Materials, Inc., under the trade name "Centura.sup.R ", may be used to perform metal annealing at temperatures of 400.degree. C. to 500.degree. C., titanium silicide formation at temperatures around 650.degree. C., or oxidation or implant annealing at temperatures around 1000.degree. C.
The temperature of the substrate must be precisely controlled during these thermal processing steps to obtain high yields and process reliability, particularly given the submicron dimension of current semiconductor devices. For example, to fabricate a dielectric layer 60-80 angstroms (.ANG.) thick with a uniformity of +/-2 .ANG., a typical requirement in current device structures, the temperature in successive processing runs cannot vary by more than a few .degree. C. from the target temperature. To achieve this level of temperature control, the temperature of the substrate is measured in real time and in situ.
Optical pyrometry is a technology that is used to measure substrate temperatures in RTP systems. Pyrometry exploits a general property of objects, namely, that objects emit radiation with a particular spectral content and intensity that is characteristic of their temperature. Thus, by measuring the emitted radiation, the object's temperature can be determined. A pyrometer measures the emitted radiation intensity and performs the appropriate conversion to obtain the substrate temperature. The relationship between spectral intensity and temperature depends on the spectral emissivity of the substrate and the ideal blackbody intensity-temperature relationship, given by Planck's law: ##EQU1## where C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 are known constants, .lambda. is the radiation wavelength of interest, and T is the substrate temperature measured in .degree. K. The spectral emissivity .epsilon.(.lambda.,T) of an object is the ratio of its emitted spectral intensity I(.lambda.,T) to that of a black body at the same temperature I.sub.B (.lambda.,T). That is, ##EQU2## Since C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 are known constants, under ideal conditions, the temperature of the substrate can be accurately determined if .epsilon.(.lambda.,T) is known.
The emissivity of a substrate depends on many factors, including the characteristics of the wafer itself (e.g., temperature, surface roughness, doping level of various impurities, material composition and thickness of surface layers), the characteristics of the process chamber, and the process history of the wafer. Therefore, a priori estimation of substrate emissivity cannot provide a general purpose pyrometric temperature measurement capability. Consequently, it is necessary to measure the emissivity of the substrate in situ. Unfortunately, it is difficult to accurately measure the emissivity of the substrate. The uncertainty in the measured emissivity introduces an uncertainty into the temperature measurement.
To reduce this uncertainty, several techniques have been developed for reducing the effect of substrate emissivity on the temperature measurement. One such technique involves placing a reflector plate beneath the back surface of a target substrate to form a reflecting cavity. If the reflector plate was an ideal reflector, it can be shown that because all of the radiation emitted from the substrate would be reflected back to the substrate, the reflecting cavity would act as an ideal black body. That is, the intensity of the radiation within the reflecting cavity would not be a function of the emissivity of the surface of the substrate. Thus, in the ideal case, the reflecting cavity increases the effective emissivity of the substrate to a value equal to one.
However, because the reflector plate is not an ideal reflector, the effective emissivity of the substrate will be less than one, although it will be higher than the substrate's actual emissivity. Therefore, the radiation intensity measured by a temperature sensor will still depend upon the emissivity of the substrate. Consequently, although variations in the actual emissivity of the substrate will have less impact on the measured temperature, there will be uncertainty in the temperature measurement.
The thermal processing steps may also cause the reflector plate to become dirty or corroded, and thus less reflective over time. If the reflector plate's reflectivity decreases, the substrate's effective emissivity also decreases. This change in the substrate's effective emissivity changes the intensity of the radiation sampled by the temperature sensor, and can create an error in the measured temperature.
In addition, there are many thermal processing steps which are not compatible with a highly reflective reflector plate. For example, the environment required for a thermal processing step may be corrosive or destructive to such a reflector plate.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need for an improved temperature sensor in which the actual emissivity of the substrate has less effect on the measured temperature.

Apparatus and method for measuring substrate temperature


A method of producing high value products: kerosene including cosmetic kerosene, white oils, high value paraffin and purified liquid fuels, from polyolefin waste material and polyolefins, comprising (a) thermally or catalytically decomposing polyolefin waste material or polyolefins to yield vapor products; (b) condensing vapor products of thermal or catalytic decomposition of polyolefin waste material or polyolefins, to yield a first mixture; (c) catalytically hydrogenating said first mixture to reduce olefinic double bonds and acetylenic triple bonds to yield a second mixture; and (d) fractionally distilling said second mixture to yield one or more of the following: a kerosene fraction having a boiling range below 180° C., a cosmetic kerosene fraction having a boiling range of between 180 and 275° C., a white oil fraction having a boiling range of between 270 and 400° C., or a paraffin fraction having a boiling range above 400° C.

1. Field of the Invention
The subject of this invention is a method of obtaining high-quality products from polyolefin waste material or polyolefins, including kerosene, and in particular cosmetic kerosene, white oils, cosmetic paraffin, and other high-quality types of paraffins and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The products do not contain sulfur, nitrogen, other types of organic compounds, and double bonds. The products may be used, e.g., as components of fuels.
2. Description of the Related Art
Polyolefins are used to manufacture packages, utensils, containers, as well as construction materials.
Conventional methods of processing polyolefin waste material include thermal and catalytic destruction, which is carried out in the temperature range of between 350 and 450° C., depending on the catalyst used, to obtain a mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons of straight or branched-chain type, to be used as components of liquid fuels.
The process of thermal and catalytic destruction can be run in such a way that the liquid product obtained covers a wide range of hydrocarbons characterized by a boiling point from around 70° C. up to 600° C. These hydrocarbons are partly unsaturated and contain a considerable number of double bonds that, due to their chemical reactivity, reduce the stability of the product and cause allergy, reducing their value as components of fuels and making it impossible for them to be used to manufacture products of higher quality, including cosmetic kerosene, white oils, and paraffin.
Cosmetic kerosene is a fraction composed mainly of aliphatic hydrocarbons with the boiling temperature limit of about 180-275° C. that must meet high requirements with respect to purity, must not contain any aromatic hydrocarbons, and can contain only small amounts of sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, and other impurities.
White oils are oils that are composed mainly of aliphatic hydrocarbons having a high degree of purity, and having a boiling point between 260 and 400° C., that do not contain any aromatic hydrocarbons and contain only very small amounts of sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, and other impurities. White oils, as technical oils of a high degree of purity, are widely used in many industrial sectors as auxiliaries in technological processes, components of chemical formulations, as well as lubricants having a high degree of purity. Medical white oils of the highest purity degree are employed in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
Paraffin is a mixture of high-molecular weight aliphatic hydrocarbons having a boiling temperature of approximately 360-600° C.
Several types of paraffins are manufactured from refined raw products, starting from paraffin wax to cosmetic paraffin that differ from one another in having different contents of oil and impurities, such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds in particular.
Conventionally, to manufacture kerosene, including cosmetic kerosene, white oils, and paraffin, raw materials of refinery origin have been used. The raw materials must be refined in order to remove almost completely any sulfur compounds and nitrogen, as well as aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons. This process comprises several hydrogenation steps catalyzed by selective catalysts, mainly based on noble metals, that enable far-reaching, although not complete, removal of sulfur and nitrogen compounds.
Obtaining pure aliphatic hydrocarbons, not containing sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbons, from raw materials is a very difficult task, if at all possible on a large scale.

Method of obtaining high-quality products from polyolefin waste material or polyolefins


A geodetic marking system for marking a known target point, having an automotive, unmanned, remotely controllable air vehicle and having a geodetic position determination arrangement for determining the external actual position of the air vehicle. The air vehicle also has a marking unit for marking the target point, and the marking system has a control unit such that the air vehicle can be positioned relative to the target point position on the basis of the external actual position, which can be determined continuously. The control unit is also configured in such a manner that it is possible to control the marking unit for marking the target point taking into account the actual position, the desired position and a defined marking direction from the marking unit to the target point, with the result that the target point can be marked with geodetic accuracy in the defined marking direction.

Numerous geodetic surveying devices have been known since antiquity for measuring one or in particular a plurality of target points. The distance and direction or angle from a measuring device to the target point to be measured are recorded as spatial standard data and also in particular the absolute position of the measuring device is detected in addition to any existing reference points.
Generally known examples of such geodetic surveying devices are represented by a theodolite, tachymeters, and a total station, which are also designated as electronic tachymeter or computer tachymeter. A geodetic measuring device of the prior art is described, for example, in published application EP 1 686 350. Such devices have electro-sensory angle and distance measuring functions, which permit a determination of the direction and distance to a selected target. The angle or distance dimensions are ascertained in the interior reference system of the device and must possibly still be linked to an external reference system for an absolute position determination.
In many geodetic applications, points are surveyed by placing specially designed target objects thereon. These typically consist of a plumb stick having a targetable module, for example, a reflector for defining the measurement section or the measurement point. These target objects are targeted by means of a surveying device, a direction and a distance to the objects are determined, and a position of the objects is thus derived.
Similarly to this point measurement, marking of already known target points or of points, the position of which was defined prior to a marking procedure, can be performed. In contrast to the point measurement, in this case, the position or the coordinates of the points to be marked are known and are to be marked. For such a marking procedure, a plumb stick or a surveying rod is conventionally also used, which rod is carried by a user and positioned on a target point. For this purpose, the user can move toward the target position of the target point based on position information generated by the surveying device, wherein the surveying rod is automatically targeted by the surveying device by a second person or by an automatic mechanism assigned to the surveying device. If the target point has been reached, the user can perform a marking of the point.
Modern surveying devices such as a total station for such marking and surveying tasks have microprocessors for digital further processing and storage of detected measurement data. The devices are typically produced in a compact and integrated construction, wherein coaxial distance and angle measuring elements and computer, control, and storage units are normally integrated in a device. Depending on the level of development of the total station, means for motorization of the target optics, for reflector-free route measurement, for automatic target search and tracking, and for remote control of the entire device are integrated.
Total stations known from the prior art also have a radio data interface for establishing a radio link to external peripheral components, for example, to a data acquisition device, which can be implemented in particular as a handheld data logger, remote control unit, field computer, notebook, small computer, or PDA. By means of the data interface, it is possible to output measurement data acquired and stored by the total station for external further processing, to read in externally acquired measurement data for storage and/or further processing in the total station, to input or output remote control signals for the remote control of the total station or a further external component, in particular in mobile field use, and to transfer control software into the total station.
For aiming at or targeting the target point to be surveyed, geodetic surveying devices of this type have, for example, a telescopic sight, for example, an optical telescope, as a targeting apparatus. The telescopic sight is generally rotatable about a vertical standing axis and about a horizontal tilt axis relative to a base of the measuring device, so that the telescope can be aligned on the point to be surveyed by pivoting and tilting. Modern devices can have, in addition to the optical vision channel, a camera, which is integrated in the telescopic sight and is aligned coaxially or in parallel, for example, for acquiring an image, wherein the acquired image can be displayed in particular as a live image on the display screen of the display-control unit and/or on a display screen of the peripheral device used for the remote control—for example, of the data logger or the remote control unit. The optic of the targeting apparatus can have a manual focus—for example, a set screw for changing the position of a focusing optic—or can have an autofocus, wherein the change of the focal position is performed, for example, by servomotors. Automatic focusing apparatuses for telescopic sights of geodetic devices are known, for example, from DE 197 107 22, DE 199 267 06, or DE 199 495 80.

Geodetic marking system for marking target points


The invention relates to a piston steam engine having flash vaporization. Said inventive piston steam engine can be operated with various working mediums and at different temperatures. The liquid working medium is successively injected into individual prechambers of the vapor machine cylinder. The inlet temperature of said working medium is adapted to the expansion step in the working cycle of the machine in relation to the respective point in time of injection.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
In most instances, the steam generators that are required for a piston steam engine consist of a heat transfer device within which the working medium, for example water, is vaporized at the desired operating pressure. The heat that is required for the vaporization process is generated by a thermal-transfer medium, for example smoke gases. Within the steam generator, the thermal transfer medium is cooled to a temperature within the range of the vaporization temperature of the working medium.
In another approach, the attempt is made to bring about so-called flash vaporization in a screw-type machine. Here, reference is made to the work of Professor Kauder of the University of Dortmund. The principle disadvantages of a screw-type machine are numerous.
In a screw-type machine, the compression or expansion ratios (subsequently referred to as the volume ratio) are between approximately 4 and a maximum of 8. In a piston steam engine, volume ratios of greater than 100 can be achieved.
The convective heat exchange that takes place between the working medium and the walls of the screw-type machine is extremely large because there exists a fully formed two-phase flow, besides which the heat-transferring surface is very large.
By virtue of its construction, the degree of efficiency of a screw-type machine is relatively low, and the leakage losses cannot be reduced by seals or piston rings, as is the case with piston steam engines.
In the case of other known combustion engines that are on the market, for example conventional piston steam engines, ORC engines that operate according to the organic Rankine cycle, Rankine engines, or steam turbines, only a relatively low mechanical performance can be achieved from them, particularly if the heat source is at a relatively low temperature, for example 200° C.
In order to make the best possible use of the energy contained in the heat of the working medium, the heat-transfer medium of the heat source should be cooled to ambient temperature in a process that is as reversible as possible.
In general, however, in the steam generators of known combustion engines, the thermal transfer of the heat source is cooled only to a temperature that is close to the vaporization or condensation temperature. For example, the thermal transfer medium is cooled only from 200° C. to 140° C. and not to ambient temperature. In particular, if only heat at a relatively low temperature level is available, and only a small amount of it is convertible into mechanical energy, then this relatively high end temperature of the thermal transfer medium of the heat source and the associated low exergonic efficiency has a particularly deleterious effect on the performance and the economics of the combustion engine.
In addition, partially toxic or injurious working media are used in many of the combustion engines referred to above.

Piston steam engine with internal flash vaporization of a work medium


An x-ray imaging system according to the present invention comprising a stepped scanning-beam x-ray source and a multi-detector array. The output of the multi-detector array is input to an image reconstruction engine which combines the outputs of the multiple detectors over selected steps of the x-ray beam to generate an x-ray image of the object. A collimating element, preferably in the form of a perforated grid containing an array of apertures, interposed between the x-ray source and an object to be x-rayed. A maneuverable positioner incorporating an x-ray sensitive marker allowing the determination of the precise position coordinates of the maneuverable positioner.

1. Field of the Invention
The field of the present invention pertains to diagnostic x-ray imaging equipment. More particularly, the present invention pertains to real-time scanning-beam x-ray imaging systems.
2. Description of Related Art
Real-time x-ray imaging is increasingly being required by medical procedures as therapeutic technologies advance. For example, many electro-physiologic cardiac procedures, peripheral vascular procedures, PTCA procedures (percutaneous transluminal catheter angioplasty), urological procedures, and orthopedic procedures rely on real-time x-ray imaging. In addition, modern medical procedures often require the use of instruments, such as catheters, that are inserted into the human body. These medical procedures often require the ability to discern the exact location of instruments that are inserted within the human body, often in conjunction with an accurate image of the surrounding body through the use of x-ray imaging.
Current clinical real-time x-ray equipment produces high levels of x-ray exposure to both patients and attending staff. The United States Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.) has reported anecdotal evidence of acute radiation sickness in patients, and concern among physicians of excessive occupational exposure. (Radiological Health Bulletin, Vol. XXV1, No. 8, August 1992).
A number of real-time x-ray imaging systems are known. These include fluoroscope-based systems where x-rays are projected into an object to be x-rayed and shadows caused by relatively x-ray opaque matter within the object are displayed on the fluoroscope located on the opposite side of the object from the x-ray source. Scanning x-ray tubes have been known in conjunction with the fluoroscopy art since at least the early 1950s. Moon, Amplifying and Intensifying the Fluoroscopic Image by Means of a Scanning X-ray Tube, Science, Oct. 6, 1950, pp. 389-395.
Reverse-geometry scanning-beam x-ray imaging systems are also known. In such systems, an x-ray tube is employed to generate x-ray radiation. Within the x-ray tube, an electron beam is generated and focussed upon a small spot on the relatively large anode (transmission target) of the tube, inducing x-ray radiation emission from that spot. The electron beam is deflected (electromagnetically or electrostatically) in a raster scan pattern over the anode target. A small x-ray detector is placed at a distance from the anode target of the x-ray tube. The detector typically converts x-rays which strike it into an electrical signal in proportion to the detected x-ray flux. When an object is placed between the x-ray tube and the detector, x-rays are attenuated and scattered by the object in proportion to the x-ray density of the object. While the x-ray tube is in the scanning mode, the signal from the detector is inversely proportional to the x-ray density of the object.
Examples of known reverse-geometry scanning-beam x-ray systems include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,949,229 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,032,787 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,745 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,457 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,076 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,351 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,582 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,583 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,288,697 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,473 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,779 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,465,540 to Albert; U.S. Pat. No. 4,519,092 to Albert; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,730,350 to Albert.
In a typical known embodiment of a reverse-geometry scanning-beam system, an output signal from the detector is applied to the z-axis (luminance) input of a video monitor. This signal modulates the brightness of the viewing screen. The x and y inputs to the video monitor are typically derived from the signal that effects deflection of the electron beam of the x-ray tube. Therefore, the luminance of a point on the viewing screen is inversely proportional to the absorption of x-rays passing from the source, through the object, to the detector.
Medical x-ray systems are usually operated at the lowest possible x-ray exposure level at the entrance of the patient that is consistent with the image quality requirements (particularly contrast resolution and spatial resolution requirements) for the procedure and the system. Typical patient entrance exposure in conventional 9" field of view image intensifier systems used in cardiac procedures, in the AP (anterior posterior) view with a standard adult chest, is approximately 2.0 to 2.8 R/min. The term "low dosage" used herein refers to a factor of 2 to 20 less than this.
Time and area distributions of x-ray flux follow a Poisson distribution and have an associated randomness which is unavoidable. The randomness is typically expressed as the standard deviation of the mean flux, and equals its square root. The signal-to-noise ratio of an x-ray image under these conditions is equal to the mean flux divided by the square root of the mean flux. i.e., for a mean flux of 100 photons, the noise is .+-.10 photons, and the signal-to-noise ratio is 10.
Accordingly, the spatial resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio of x-ray images formed by known reverse-geometry scanning x-ray imaging systems are dependent, to a large extent, upon the size of the sensitive area of the detector. If the detector aperture is increased in area, more of the diverging rays are detected, effectively increasing sensitivity and improving the signal-to-noise ratio. At the same time, however, the larger detector aperture reduces attainable spatial resolution as the "pixel" size (measured at the plane of the object to be imaged) becomes larger. This is necessarily so because most objects to be imaged in medical applications (e.g., structures internal to the human body) are some distance from the x-ray source. In the known systems, therefore, the detector aperture size has been selected so as to effect a compromise between resolution and sensitivity, it not being previously possible to maximize both resolution and sensitivity simultaneously.
In the medical field, several conflicting factors, among them patient dosage, frame rate (the number of times per second that the object is scanned and the image refreshed), and resolution of the image of the object, often work to limit the usefulness of an x-ray imaging system. For example, a high x-ray flux may easily yield high resolution and a high frame rate, yet result in an unacceptably high x-ray dosage to the patient and attending staff.
Similarly, lower dosages may be achieved from the known systems at the cost of a low resolution image or an inadequate refresh rate. A preferred medical imaging system should provide low patient dosage, high resolution and an adequate refresh rate of up to at least about 15 images per second--all at the same time. Therefore, systems such as the known reverse-geometry scanning-beam x-ray imaging systems described above are not acceptable for diagnostic medical procedures where exposure times are relatively long and where, as is always the case with live patients, the x-ray dose received by the patient should be kept to a minimum.
Minimally invasive procedures in medicine are typically characterized by access to areas inside the body using existing orifices such as the ureter or by percutaneous entry such as a puncture of the femoral vein. In such procedures, various tools and catheters may then be progressed into the body and maneuvered using a real-time x-ray imaging system for guidance. An estimated 3,000,000 medical procedures of this type were performed in 1993 under x-ray fluoroscopy guidance. Many of these procedures involve the introduction of a catheter into the coronary arteries and the heart, and the evaluation of cardiac function by inspection of images taken when contrast media is introduced via a lumen in the catheter. Some of the tools that may be inserted in this manner include lasers where the laser device is located outside the body and the laser light delivered to the site of interest with a fiber-optic wave guide disposed in a catheter, drug delivery systems adapted to deliver precisely measured quantities of a specific drug or radiological material to the site of interest, ultrasound systems in which a transducer on the tip is used to view a site of interest by delivering the image over to a video system which can then display and record images of the site of interest, and other tools known to the art. It is also possible to adapt such procedures to non-medical applications where access is difficult and the value of the procedure high, e.g., engine diagnosis and repair.
As used herein, the term "maneuverable positioner" is meant to collectively include and refer to, for example, catheters, probes, endoscopes, and other maneuverable positioners and tools.
The known medical x-ray imaging devices do not provide a highly-accurate determination of location for maneuverable positioners with a precise image of the patient's internal structure. Generally, the physician using known systems can roughly ascertain the position of maneuverable positioners relative to body features within the patient, but precision and repeatability, the ability to return to the exact same place, especially in the axis parallel to the x-ray beam, is lacking. Thus the distance between the x-ray emitting source and the maneuverable positioner within the body may not be readily or accurately determined with the precision useful in today's advanced medical procedures, which may require, among other things, the ability to determine a position with the maneuverable positioner, move the maneuverable positioner, and return the maneuverable positioner to the exact same place.
For example, since 1982 there has been increasing use of catheter ablation to cure certain types of arrhythmia. In these types of arrhythmia, such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, the conductive congenital muscle fibers can be made nonconductive by heating them locally to a sufficient temperature to cause scar tissue to form. Most of these ablations are done with radio-frequency energy but the emitting electrode must be placed within one to three millimeters of the muscle fiber location and it must stay in intimate contact with it for a number of heartbeats and respiratory cycles.
Although the treatment of arrhythmia through catheter ablation has some advantages, there are also some problems. The advantages of the procedure are that it has a very high success rate, it is minimally invasive, it can be performed in a few hours in a procedure room, and it is considerably less expensive than open chest surgery or a lifetime of drug therapy. The major disadvantage is that the length of the procedure is uncertain and typically long. This leads to difficulty in scheduling physicians and facilities, fatigue for both patient and staff, and high-radiation dosages for patient and physician.
Attempts to solve these problems have focused mainly on providing more steerable catheters to reduce the time to find the precise location of the ablation site and to position the catheter for remaining in contact with the substrate during the ablation time, which is typically five to ninety seconds. Having more steerable catheters has not yet reduced the time or uncertainty of time because the location of the catheter is generally determined by looking at an x-ray image projected on a monitor and by analyzing the electrocardiogram. Both of these actions must be done in real time in order to know whether to move the catheter and in which direction to move it. The actual direction of movement may be uncertain due to the nature of an x-ray image of soft tissue and blood, the poor control and feedback of the catheter, the movement of the heart, and the difficulty of determining direction from the electrocardiogram analysis.
In the U.S., there are currently 300,000 to 500,000 people who die each year due to arrhythmia that is a result of a myocardial infarction. However, it is believed that if the slow-conduction zone around the infarct could be electrically mapped and selectively ablated, that a cure could be obtained. Tests on animals and some humans have demonstrated the possibility of such a procedure but the success rate has been low. The reason for the low success is thought to be the need to map the entire area of the infarct and slow conduction zone and then to be able to ablate multiple sites without depending on acquiring a characteristic electrogram once the ablation has begun. Current investigations attempting to solve the problem utilizing a catheter network array of nodes suffers from the problem of extracting the catheter network array from inside the heart without damaging the internal structure of the heart.
For various reasons, the imaging modalities of MRI, CT, and ultrasound are not normally suitable when anatomical markers are needed during cardiac diagnostic and treatment procedures. In addition, the use of known methods employing x-ray fluoroscopes for imaging typically has the serious disadvantage of not being able to distinguish anatomical detail inside the heart. The physician relies on the shadows generated, his or her intimate knowledge of the anatomy, the characteristic movement of the image and catheters caused by the cardiac cycle and the respiratory cycle, and for fine positioning, the electrocardiogram.
Accordingly, there is a need for devices and methods to provide a precise determination of the coordinates of a maneuverable positioner within a human patient during a medical procedure. The same techniques and apparatus can also be used to advantage in any x-ray procedure which requires accurate determination of the X, Y and Z coordinates of the position of a maneuverable positioner which may be adapted to sense x-rays.


This invention relates to a working device on an inclined surface, consisting of a working robot and a trailer that can run on an inclined surface, as well as a cable connecting the working robot and the trailer. There is a positioning system detects the relative position of the working robot and the trailer. The trailer can recognize the position of the working robot and autonomously move following the working robot. A power supply is installed on the trailer to supply continuous power to the working robot via the cable. The invention also covers a cleaning method for the solar panel array with the above-mentioned working device in a solar power station. The invention is characterized with low investment, easy installation and removal, operator-friendly management and maintenance.

Some specific work needs to be performed on the inclined surfaces with the obtuse, right angle or acute angle between the inclined surface and the ground level, for example, cleaning the solar panel arrays arranged obliquely. The solar panel is exposed to the air, where the dust falls on the components and blocks the sunlight, which will seriously affect the solar panel conversion efficiency. In addition, the uneven illumination may cause local overheating to generate hot spots, thereby destroying the solar panel. There is a lot of dust in the air. Even soon after cleaning, the solar panels will be covered by dust. Therefore, it is necessary to clean the solar panels frequently.
Currently, the cleaning work of solar power stations is still carried out manually. However, due to the many drawbacks of manual cleaning (for example, high labor costs, low cleaning efficiency, unstable cleaning quality, easy damage to panels, etc.), the robotic cleaning is now gradually replacing the manual cleaning. Taking the existing rail-mounted cleaning robot as an example, the operation process is as follows. First, two or more workers are required to mount the robot on the solar panel arrays. After installation, the robot begins to move laterally along the solar panel arrays, and the cleaning unit on the robot moves up and down along the path, thereby cleaning the solar panel arrays. After cleaning one solar panel array, two or more workers are needed to take the robot down and install it on another solar panel array. The problem with this cleaning method is:
This type of rail-mounted cleaning robot is bulky, heavy and complicated to install and remove, which is difficult for one person to carry out and must be done by two or more workers. Moreover, it puts high demand on physical strength and installation experience of workers. Installation and removal take a long time.
Thousands of solar panel arrays in solar power stations are arranged independent of each other. Workers must constantly move the cleaning robot, so they have to repeatedly perform the installation and removal of the robot, which seriously reduces the efficiency of cleaning.
To solve the above problems, the technicians propose a further solution, which is a rail-mounted robot installed on each solar panel array. The robot works in the same way as the robot described above. The difference is that a rail-mounted robot is installed on a solar panel array for a long time and only needs to be installed once, which enables frequent and efficient cleaning and ensures that the solar panels are always clean. It can significantly increase power generation efficiency. However, there remain serious problems: the number of arrays of solar power stations is hundreds of thousands. If one robot is installed on each array, thousands of robots are needed. A large number of robots are distributed in the solar power station covering thousands of acres, which will not only lead to challenging pre-installation work and high investment, but also bring about demanding management and maintenance work.

Working device on inclined surface and cleaning method applied in solar power station


A computer program product, apparatus and method for establishing a voice call of a mobile communication system includes: authenticating an origination terminal through a traffic channel by performing call connection between the origination terminal and an origination side network; authenticating a destination terminal through a traffic channel by performing call connection between a termination side network and the destination terminal when the authentication is successful; and establishing a speech path between the origination terminal and the destination terminal when the destination terminal is successfully authenticated. A request and submission of an OTP for authenticating a user of a mobile terminal is possibly performed according to the voice call protocol, whereby the security of the mobile terminal can be strengthened and the strong demand of users with respect to protecting the privacy and information can be satisfied.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile terminal and, more particularly, to a method for signaling a voice calf of a mobile terminal.
2. Description of the Background Art
As a method for acquiring security of a mobile terminal, a method in which the user of a mobile terminal is authenticated when an authentication value of the mobile terminal and that of a radio network are identical by using an authentication key (A-key) is typically used. However, this method has a problem in that when an ESN (Electronic Serial Number), a MIN (Mobile Identification Number), or the authentication key (A-key) value information of the user is exposed, the authentication value of the terminal may be easily copied, so the security of the mobile terminal cannot be permanently guaranteed.
In the electronic banking field, in most cases, a method of authenticating the user by using a random number table card is used, which, however, has a limitation in that the random number table card is generated within a certain rule. In an effort to solve the problem, recently, a temporary password called a one time pass (OTP) is used. Namely, the terminal transfers an OTP to an Internet application server through the wireless Internet to perform user authentication. In this case, however, in order to transfer the OTP through the wireless Internet, a packet data call with a service option 33 is required but, in case of a general voice call, there is no signaling method for processing the authentication of the OTP transfer method.
Namely, in order to strengthen security for a voice call of the mobile terminal, a signaling method for performing the OTP authentication according to the voice call protocol is required, but currently, there is no voice call setting signaling employing the OTP authentication yet.

Method for signaling voice call of mobile terminal


The present disclosure relates to training one or more neural networks for vascular vessel assessment using synthetic image data for which ground-truth data is known. In certain implementations, the synthetic image data may be based in part, or derived from, clinical image data for which ground-truth data is not known or available. Neural networks trained in this manner may be used to perform one or more of vessel segmentation, decalcification, Hounsfield unit scoring, and/or estimation of a hemodynamic parameter.

Non-invasive imaging technologies allow images of the internal structures or features of a patient/object to be obtained without performing an invasive procedure on the patient/object. In particular, such non-invasive imaging technologies rely on various physical principles (such as the differential transmission of X-rays through a target volume, the reflection of acoustic waves within the volume, the paramagnetic properties of different tissues and materials within the volume, the breakdown of targeted radionuclides within the body, and so forth) to acquire data and to construct images or otherwise represent the observed internal features of the patient/object.
One area of clinical interest in which non-invasive imaging may be employed is in assessing blood flow in vessels. For example, such image data may be used in evaluating chronic blockages, which can restrict blood flow and impact downstream tissue (e.g., blood flow to myocardium or brain tissue). Such information may also be useful in assessing the risk of heart attacks and stroke, which are acute events that can result from such conditions. Using image data to diagnose such conditions can, therefore, help prevent such acute events and improve the health of those with chronic blood flow restrictions.
Currently, as in many processing-intensive techniques, there are tradeoffs between the use of three-dimensional anatomical modeling and complex three-dimensional fluid dynamics modeling techniques based on such imaging and vascular analysis approaches, respectively, and the computational time and resources that may be required to implement such approaches. Conversely, use of less complex, or dimensionally-reduced, modeling approaches, though less computationally intensive, may provide lower accuracy and/or reduced predictive benefit.

Deep learning for arterial analysis and assessment