Laminated light-blocking decorative articles are prepared by applying an aqueous foamed opacifying composition to a non-woven fabric, drying, laminating a decorative fabric to the resulting dry foamed opacifying layer, and densifying that layer to have a thickness that is at least 20% less than before densifying. This operation can be carried out so that non-woven fabric, decorative fabric, and aqueous foamed opacifying composition are supplied in a single-pass, in-line operation to make any desired quantity of a laminated light-blocking decorative article. The applied aqueous foamed opacifying composition has 35%-70% solids and a foam density of 0.1-0.5 g/cm3. It is composed of (a) porous particles, (b) a binder material, (c) two or more additives comprising at least one foaming surfactant and at least one foam stabilizer, (d) an aqueous medium, and (e) at least 0.0001 weight % of an opacifying colorant that absorbs electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of 380-800 nm.

In general, when light strikes a surface, some of it may be reflected, some absorbed, some scattered, and the rest transmitted. Reflection can be diffuse such as light reflecting off a rough surface like a white wall, in all directions, or specular, as in light reflecting off a mirror at a definite angle. A 100% opaque substance transmits almost no light, and therefore reflects, scatters, or absorbs all of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque. Opacity depends on the selective absorption of the frequency of the light being considered. "Blackout" or light blocking materials typically refer to coated layers in articles that are substantially impermeable to light such as visible and UV radiation. Thus, when a blackout material such as a blackout curtain or blackout shade is hung over a window, it generally blocks substantially all external light from entering the room through that window. Blackout materials are suitable as curtains or shades for use in homes, for institutional use in hospitals and nursing homes and offices, as well as for use in commercial establishments such as hotels, theaters, and aircraft windows where the option of excluding light can be desirable.
Light blocking articles such as the blackout curtains can be comprised of a fabric (porous substrate) coated with several layers of a light-blocking composition. There is a need for these curtains, in addition to blocking transmitted light, to have a light color (hue) facing the environment to aid in illumination to minimize the amount of artificial lighting needed to perform the activity. An example is when the function of the blackout material is to separate two areas of activity where one or both areas can be artificially lit at the same time. More often than not, the function of a blackout curtain is to prevent sunlight from entering a room through a window. It can also be desirable for the color (hue) of the side facing the window to match the exterior décor of the building.
Light colored blackout coatings theoretically can be made by coating porous fabrics with light colored foams containing light scattering pigments such as titanium dioxide or clays. However, using only these pigments, very thick foam coatings will be needed to create blackout curtains through which the sun is not visible in a darkened room using. One method that is practiced for reducing the weight of such blackout materials is to sandwich a light-absorbing, foamed black or grey pigment, such as a carbon black between two foamed light scattering, white pigment-containing layers.
When an electromagnetic radiation blocking coating has, as it often does, a strongly light absorbing material containing black pigments such as carbon black, between two reflective layers, it has at least two distinct problems. First, such materials require three or more separate coating operations that reduce manufacturing productivity and increase unit costs. Secondly, carbon black in the light absorbing middle layer can become "fugitive" during sewing or handling as a result of some puncture or tear, and soil other layers such as the reflective layers, which is highly objectionable. Additionally, the stitches generated in the materials during sewing can cause the fugitive carbon black from the light absorbing layer to spread over a larger area thereby increasing the area of objectionable contamination of the light-colored surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 9,891,350 (Lofftus et al.) describes improved articles that are designed with an opacifying layer applied to a substrate and that are capable of blocking predetermined electromagnetic radiation.
An improvement in this art is described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,469,738 (Nair et al.) in which small amounts of porous particles containing small amounts of opacifying colorants can be incorporated into foamed compositions that have a foam density of at least 0.1 g/cm3. Such foamed compositions can be applied to a substrate to provide opacification. U.S. Pat. No. 9,963,569 (Nair et al) describes similar technology for making opacifying element using a foamed aqueous latex composition.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,491 (Rubin et al.) describes water repellant, water resistant, and stain resistant fabrics that are prepared using treating compositions that are laminated to a backing polymeric film.
It is known to make decorative articles such as draperies using backing liners formed from woven or non-woven fabrics. A typical drapery can be a rectangular piece of decorative fabric whose edges are folded back and hemmed. A drapery made from a single layer of decorative textile fabric is less expensive than a lined drapery but it suffers from the difficulty that it is not fully opaque and that sunlight transmission can cause fading of dyes in the drapery as well in other articles or prevent desired darkening in a room which the drapery is hung. A lined drapery is generally constructed from a relatively high quality decorative fabric that can be printed, embossed, or otherwise carries a design, together with a lining that can be formed from a suitable less expensive woven or non-woven fabric. Such lining functions to reduce the transmission of light to impact the expensive decorative fabric. The lining can also add opacity to make it more difficult for outsiders to see into a room, and it may also provide insulative properties by trapping air between it and the decorative fabric. In addition, a lining can also add some weight to a drapery so that it hangs better. However, lined draperies are more expensive not just because of additional material but because of fabrication costs to attach the lining to the decorative fabric.
A number of solutions have been proposed in the industry to reduce the costs and to achieve the advantages of linings, including the use of foamed linings or foamed adhesives between decorative fabrics and linings. A composite lining comprises a typical inexpensive woven or non-woven material useful as a backing material and a foamed organic polymer that functions as an adhesive for a decorative textile fabric, as described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,748,217 (May et al.). The foamed organic polymer can be applied to a decorative fabric before the inexpensive woven or non-woven or material is laminated to the decorative textile fabric-adhesive combination, followed by curing.
Decorative blackout draperies are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,582 (Lederman et al.) in which an opaque adhesive is applied to a textile material (first substrate) and a second material (second substrate) is then adhered thereto to provide a decorative drapery surface on one side and a lining on the opposing side of the opaque adhesive. The opposing materials can be formed from any suitable woven or non-woven textile composed of naturally-occurring or man-made fibers. The opaque adhesive can be provided as an acrylic foam containing a black or dark pigment, which acrylic foam is eventually crushed and cured once coated. Multiple adhesive layers can be used if desired, as applied to opposing first and second substrates. Unfortunately, the black or dark pigment in the opaque adhesive layer can show through both textiles that sandwich it and add discoloration to the fabric, unless outer layers of white foam are coated on either side of the black foam to hide that layer and minimize both coloration and fugitive black pigments such as carbon black. This becomes a multistep expensive process that could compromise the decorative fabric during the coating processes.
Decorative fabrics can also be prepared by providing opacifying compositions on their backside and then applying a flock to the opacifying composition for feel and appearance. However, many manufacturers and convertors are not happy with the use of flock because it can dust off the article during various down-stream treatments and become a product contaminant and an environmental health hazard for its flammability and human inhalation of particulate fibers. Moreover, it is hard to apply flock in a uniform manner unless it is applied using electrostatic means and apparatus, which is a very expensive operation. Thus, there is a need to avoid the use of flock if possible.
There is also a need for an improved and inexpensive means to provide light-blocking decorative articles in which flock is avoided but desired fabric feel is achieved on both faces of the article in a simplified, single-pass in-line process. There is also a need to avoid subjecting decorative fabrics to handling stresses during coating and drying processes while trying to achieve a light blocking article with the desired look and feel.

Method for making laminated light-blocking decorative article


An injection device to deliver at least two medicaments is disclosed where a first medicament is delivered in settable doses with a first medicament dose delivery mechanism and a second medicament is delivered from micro-reservoirs upon activation of a second medicament delivery system, whereby activation of the second medicament delivery system locks out the first medicament dose delivery mechanism.

There are some disease states where a patient needs to constantly administer a medicament to keep the disease in check. Typically the medicament is delivered by injection, infusion or inhalation one or more times a day. There is always the risk that a patient will accidentally overdose the medicament or suffer some physiologic incident that requires the administration of a second medicament to correct the problem. For example, people suffering from diabetes typically inject themselves with insulin to control their blood sugar. Insulin is a hormone that reduces blood sugar and is normally produced by the pancreas in response to increased glucose levels in the blood.
Hypoglycemia is a condition that is relatively common in persons with diabetes and occurs when the blood sugar (glucose) is too low, typically below 70 mg/dL. Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar (glucose) is used up too quickly, or glucose is released into the bloodstream too slowly, or too much insulin is released into the bloodstream. Another hormone, glucagon, can be used to counteract hypoglycemia by producing the opposite effects to those of insulin, including, primarily, increasing hepatic glucose output and thereby increasing blood glucose levels. Glucagon levels tend to increase when blood glucose levels fall to abnormally low levels, particularly in patients who utilize insulin injections.
Current goals for diabetes management include near normal blood glucose levels to delay or prevent microvascular complications; achievement of this goal usually requires intensive insulin therapy. In striving to achieve this goal, physicians have encountered a substantial increase in the frequency and severity of hypoglycemia in their diabetic patients. Frequent recurrent bouts of hypoglycemia can be associated with hypoglycemic unawareness that can further contribute to development of hypoglycemia, which is sometimes severe. Thus, efforts to achieve normal glucose levels with insulin can result in the development of hypoglycemia of varying frequency and severity in patients. Hypoglycemia and the lack of awareness of its presence are serious complications of insulin therapy that occur with greater frequency and severity when impaired counter-regulatory (anti-insulin) responses are present in diabetic patients.
One of the major counter-regulatory hormones that normally responds to hypoglycemia is glucagon. An injectable form of glucagon is available as a prescription emergency kit, for use to treat severe insulin reactions. The glucagon is injected and raises blood glucose levels within a half-hour. It is frequently recommended that people with Type 1 diabetes, and other people taking insulin injections, have a family member learn how to administer glucagon. Within the emergency glucagon kit are a syringe pre-filled with a liquid and a separate vial of powdered glucagon. The instructions for the kit require that the glucagon must be prepared for injection immediately before use by following a very specific reconstitution procedure to solubilize the powdered glucagon so it can be injected.
Unfortunately, these known glucagon emergency kits require a manually dexterous "operator" or "user" who is composed, confident and competent in the whole procedure. Since an insulin user usually needs administration of glucagon during seizures and/or unconsciousness they obviously must rely on others to assist them in such emergencies. However, despite public relations to increase the awareness of the life saving capability of glucagon rescue, it is still largely unknown by the general public. Indeed, studies have shown that parents of diabetic children had significant problems with glucagon emergency kits, including handling difficulties ranging from opening the container to drawing the correct dose into the syringe. Clearly, there is a need in the art to have a simplified or "fool proof" system and method for administrating glucagon by both the diabetic and in extreme hypoglycemic reactions by another person, preferably in a single injection or delivery step that is simple for the user to perform.
Our invention overcomes the above-mentioned problems by providing a single injection device that is used to inject multiple doses of a first medicament, such as insulin to treat diabetes, but also contains one or more preset doses of second medicament, such as glucagon, that can be administered to treat or prevent an adverse event, such as a hyperglycemic event. Preferably, our device would include electronics, microprocessors that would provide the user with visual and/or audio prompts to assist the user in administering the second medicament. Additionally, the injection device would have an automatic lockout feature to prevent the device from further administration of the first medicament.
These and other advantages will become evident from the following more detailed description of the invention.

Dual drug pen-injection device with micro-reservoirs carrying secondary drug for emergency injection


A door seal device capable of narrowing the width of the outer appearance of the door cutline seal so that it looks better and capable of preventing a noise generated at the outdoor side from entering the room whereby the room gets quiet. The door seal device according to the present invention comprises a door sash 30 having a protruding portion 33 which extends substantially perpendicularly relative to a door glass 21 and also extends to the outdoor side 15 over the upper end portion of the door glass 21, a protruding flange 35 provided on the protruding portion 33 which faces a body opening end edge 11, a reverse V-shaped protruding portion 51 attached to the protruding portion flange 35 for covering the tip end 34 of the protruding portion 33 and the protruding portion flange 35 and a main seal 60 which closely contacts the reverse V-shaped protruding portion 51 at the side of the body opening end edge 11.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a door seal device which is attached to a door sash and elastically contacts a body opening end edge for sealing the space between the door sash and the body.
2. Prior Art
A conventional door seal device, which is attached to a door sash and elastically contacts a body opening end edge for sealing the space between the door sash and the body, will be described with reference to FIG. 2.
A door sash or frame 70 comprises a U-shaped sideways portion 71 which faces the exterior 15 and a trapezoidal sideways protruding portion 72 which protrudes toward and faces the interior 14. Attached to the door sash 70 are a glass run 80 which elastically contacts a door glass 21, a door cutline seal 90 which functions as a stopper of the door glass 21 and has a door cutline seal lip 92 at the upper surface thereof and a core 93 at the inside thereof and a main seal 91 which elastically contacts the body opening end edge 11 at an interior portion thereof. More specifically, the glass run 80 is attached to the U-shaped sideways portion 71 by way of a retainer 73 and comprises an upper hollow portion 81 and a lower seal lip 82. An upper flange 74 of the U-shaped sideways portion 71 is engaged in the door cutline 90 and the main seal 91 is attached to the upper surface of the trapezoidal sideways protruding portion 72 by way of a retainer 75. A molding 61 is attached to the body opening end edge 11 so as to cover an outer flange 12 of the body 10 and elastically contacts the door cutline seal lip 92. A subsidiary seal (hereinafter referred to as a sub-seal) 62 elastically contacts the surface of the trapezoidal sideways protruding portion 72 at an interior facing surface thereof and is integrated with a U-shaped inner side trim 63 having a core 64. An inner flange 13 is engaged in the inner trim 63.
From a designing point of view, it is required by the car that the outer appearance of the door cultline seal 90 extending from the upper end of the door glass 21 to the opening end edge 11 of the body 10 looks narrow. However, according to the conventional door seal device as illustrated in FIG. 2, it is difficult to narrow the width F of the outer appearance of the door cultline seal 90 since the upper flange 74 of the door sash 70 is used as the stopper of the door glass 21 and it is engaged in the door cutline seal 90 having the door cutline seal lip 92. As a result, the door cutline seal 90 looks poor.


A disposable device for analyzing body fluid especially for blood sugar tests includes a container which can be inserted into a measuring apparatus, a sampling member provided in the container to pierce skin of a body part and sample body fluid, and a test member for receiving body fluid obtained by the skin-piercing. In one form, the test member is fixed in a retaining chamber of the container, and the sampling member is configured in the same retaining chamber such that it is separated at a distance from the test member in an initial state and is in contact with the test member to transfer body fluid in a transfer state after the skin-piercing.

The present invention generally relates to an integrated disposable cartridge and more specifically, but not exclusively, concerns a cartridge manufactured in a cost-effective manner. Moreover, the integrated disposable includes a unique technique of transferring a fluid sample from a lancet to a test section.
The present invention also generally concerns a disposable device for analyzing body fluid especially for blood sugar tests comprising a container which can be inserted into a measuring apparatus, a sampling member provided in the container to pierce skin of a body part and sample body fluid, and a test member for receiving body fluid obtained by the skin-piercing. The invention further concerns an according analyzing process.
The acquisition and testing of body fluids is useful for many purposes and continues to grow in importance for use in medical diagnosis and treatment, such as for diabetes, and in other diverse applications. In the medical field, it is desirable for lay operators to perform tests routinely, quickly, and reproducibly outside of a laboratory setting, with rapid results and a readout of the resulting test information. Testing can be performed on various body fluids and, for certain applications, is particularly related to the testing of blood and/or interstitial fluid. Performing home-based testing can be difficult for many patients, especially for patients with limited hand dexterity, such as the elderly or diabetics. For example, diabetics can sometimes experience numbness or tingling in their extremities, such as their hands, which can make self-testing difficult because they are unable to accurately position a test strip to collect the blood sample. In addition, wounds for diabetics tend to heal more slowly, and as a result, there is a desire to make incisions less invasive.
Various methods and withdrawal devices for small amounts of body fluids are used above all by diabetics for the self-monitoring of blood sugar which should be carried out several times daily. Recent concepts envisage a microneedle including a test element as a disposable in a hand-held device to generate a skin puncture, to remove a small amount of blood therefrom utilizing capillary forces and to analyse this blood sample. Generally, in such devices the lancing member and the test element are monolithically integrated and must be handled as combined units, where the lancing and blood transfer require separate actuation.
Recently, lancet integrated test strips or elements have been developed in which a test strip is integrated with a lancet or other piercing means so as to form a single disposable unit. While these integrated units have somewhat simplified the collection and testing of fluid samples, there are still a number of issues that need to be resolved before a commercial unit can be implemented. A few concerns for a multiple disposable unit include manufacturing the unit simply and inexpensively and positioning individual lancets and test strips in the commercial unit without damage to either the test strip or the lancet. Typically, a plurality of lancets and a plurality of test strips are each individually positioned in sealed compartments in a commercial unit. This process can be time consuming, expensive, and difficult to manufacture. Moreover, there is a possibility some of the lancets and/or test strips can be damaged while being positioned in the commercial unit.
Another concern of multiple disposable units disposed in a commercial unit is sterility of the lancets both initially and to maintain the sterility of the lancets until lancing the skin or tissue. As should be appreciated, sterilizing the lancets separately from the test sections eases the manufacturing process of a commercial unit. For example, the chemistry on the test sections is not disturbed by the separate sterilization of the lancets. After the lancets and test sections are assembled together, it is important to maintain the sterility of the lancets until lancing the skin or tissue to ensure an accurate testing event.
Yet another concern of multiple disposable units disposed in a commercial unit is the alignment of the lancet and test strip. Properly aligning the lancet and test strip ensures an accurate transfer of a body fluid sample from the lancet to the test strip. Moreover the proper alignment of the lancet and test strip reduces waste of the body fluid sample by accurately transferring the sample from the lancet to the test strip.
Another concern of users of multiple disposable units is the preference for smaller body fluid sample sizes that are used for testing, preferably a volume less than 1 microliter. Typically, a small body fluid sample requires a small penetration depth by the lancet which reduces the amount of pain for the user during lancing. Further, it is desirable that there is minimal or very little waste of body fluid from the lancet that is transferred to the test strip. Unnecessary waste of body fluid during the transfer of the body fluid from the lancet to the test strip can result in inaccurate test results or the need for larger body fluid samples to yield an accurate test result. There is a need for a multiple disposable unit that reduces the amount of pain for the user during lancing by using a lancet having a small penetration depth. Moreover there is a need for a multiple disposable unit that also efficiently transfers the small body fluid sample from the lancet to the test strip to eliminate any waste of body fluid.
A precise lancing profile for a lancet in an integrated disposable cartridge ensures an appropriate amount of a body fluid sample is collected during lancing the skin or tissue. A precise lancing profile for a lancet also ensures that an appropriate number of capillaries are cut during lancing the skin or tissue. For example, if too few capillaries are cut then the body fluid sample may not be large enough to yield accurate test results. If too many capillaries are cut then an overly large body fluid sample is collected and the user may experience a greater amount of pain than was necessary to obtain an adequate body fluid sample. Various configurations of the lancet and lancet entry have been used to attempt to solve these concerns. One configuration is a substantially straight lancet with a straight entry. One concern with a straight lancet having a straight entry is the deep penetration depth of the lancet which results in many capillaries being cut and a greater amount of pain for the user. Another configuration is a curved lancet with a rotational entry which can also result in an overly large wound and fluid sample and unnecessary pain for the user.
Thus, there is a need for improvement in this field.

Body fluid lancing, acquiring, and testing cartridge design


A rotary connector configured so as to enable extension or contraction of a cable transmitting electrical signals etc. by connecting a spirally wound flat cable between two cable parts and making the spirally wound flat cable wind or unwind using a rotary body and a fixed body, more particularly a rotary connector able to protect the flat cable from fusing when an overcurrent flows. The plus side connection portion of connection portions between conductors of a flat cable and an outer conductor (cable) electrically connects the conductors of the flat cable and the outer conductor through members having a fuse function. When a short-circuit occurs in the circuit including the flat cable and the outer conductor, the member having a fuse function fuses first so as to prevent the flat cable from heating and fusing.

1. Field of the Invention
The prevent invention relates to a rotary connector configured so as to enable extension or contraction of a cable transmitting electrical signals etc. by connecting a spirally wound flat cable between two cable parts and making the spirally wound flat cable wind or unwind using a rotary body and a fixed body, more particularly relates to a rotary connector able to protect the flat cable from fusing when an overcurrent flows.
2. Description of the Related Art
When transmitting electrical signals over a cable, it is sometimes desired to increase or decrease the length of the cable. In addition, when attaching an electrical cable to the steering column of a car etc., it is necessary to prevent the cable from being stretched or sagging due to the rotation of the steering column.
In these cases, the objective can be achieved by giving the cable a sufficient extra length and allowing the cable to flex by that extra length, but there are limits to the extra length. If repeatedly flexed, further, stress fatigue will occur in the cable and it may break. Further, if the cable is allowed to sag by the excess length, it will cause difficulties in the arrangement of other parts and will detract from the appearance. Further, when laying such a cable in a car for the transmission of electrical signals, in many cases conditions do not allow excess lengths of cable to be laid or cable to flex by the excess length.
A rotary connector is used to overcome this disadvantage. An example of such a rotary connector is shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the appearance of a rotary connector, while FIG. 2 is a view of the parts of the rotary connector shown in FIG. 1 in a disassembled state.
The rotary connector illustrated is comprised of an inside case 1 and an outside case 2. The inside case 1 and outside case 2 are combined so as to be able to rotate relative with each other. The outside case 2 is integrally comprised of an upper cover 2a, a lower cover 2b, and an inlet portion 2c accommodating a connection portion. A spirally wound flat conductive cable, that is, a flat cable 4, is accommodated in a space 3 formed by the inside case 1 and outside case 2 when the outside case 2 and the inside case 1 are combined to be able to rotate relative to each other. In the illustrated example, the flat cable 4 is wound clockwise from the outside to the inside.
Cables, that is, outer conductors 5A and 5B (here referred to together as the outer conductors 5), are connected to the conductor portions at the two ends of the flat cable 4. In other words, the outer conductors 5A and 5B are connected through the flat cable 4. The connection portions 6A and 6B between the conductor portions at the two ends of the flat cable 4 and the outer conductors 5A and 5B are protected by molded pieces of plastic. The connection portion 6A is accommodated and affixed in the connection accommodating portion 1a of the inside case 1, while the connection portion 6B is accommodated and affixed in the connection accommodating portion 2c of the outside case 2.
A rotary connector structured in the above way can wind up the flat cable 4 spirally wound clockwise from the outside to the inside in the space 3 by the inside case 1 turning clockwise with respect to the outside case 2. Conversely, it can unwind the flat cable 4 spirally wound in the space 3 by the inside case 1 turning counterclockwise with respect to the outside case 2. When the flat cable 4 is wound in the counterclockwise direction from the outside to the inside, the relationship between the direction of rotation of the inside case 1 and the winding and unwinding of the flat cable 4 becomes opposite to the above.
Next, an example of the use of the above rotary connector will be explained. When connecting an electrical circuit the steering column of a car and supplying power or transmitting control signals to the electrical circuit through the outer conductors 5A and 5B from the outside, if the inside case 1 is affixed to the steering column and the outside case 2 is affixed near the steering column, the inside case 1 turns in accordance with the rotation of the steering column and the flat cable 4 is unwound or wound up. Since the distance between the ends of the outer conductors 5A and 5B does not change, however, the outer conductors 5A and 5B are not stretched or do not sag around the steering column. As a result, it is possible to supply power or transmit control signals from the outer conductors 5A and 5B without being limited by the rotation of the steering column.
FIG. 3 is a view showing an example of the configuration of the electrical circuit using a rotary connector of the above structure. This electrical circuit is comprised of a power supply side circuit provided with a battery 7 and a fuse box 8 connected at an external conductor 5B side connected to the flat cable 4 and a load 9 connected to the other external conductor 5A side connected to the flat cable 4. Reference numerals 5a are connection portions of the ends of the external conductors 5A and 5B and a wire harness. Reference numeral 6+ shows the plus (+) side connection portion connected to the positive (+) side of the power supplied from the battery 7, or the power supply side, among the connection portions 6A and 6B, while reference numeral 6 - shows the negative (-) side connection portion connected to the negative (-) side.
In the above mentioned rotary connector, however, when a short-circuit occurs somewhere in a circuit including the flat cable 4 and the outer conductors 5A and 5B shown in FIG. 3, specifically, when a short-circuit occurs at a circuit of the load 9 side, the problem is encountered of insufficient protection of the flat cable 4.
Explaining this in more detail, as shown in FIG. 3, a fuse box 8 for protection against overcurrent is connected to the positive terminal (+) side (power supply side) of the battery 7. When a short-circuit occurs in the circuit, the fuse provided in the fuse box 8 fuses due to the overcurrent and protects the circuit. The fuse provided in the fuse box 8 however is a large capacity one of about 10 to 15A (amperes) due to the relationship with the other loads etc. not shown. Since the flat cable 4 provided between the outer conductor 5A and the outer conductor 5B must have pliability, the cross-sectional area of the flat cable 4 is usually smaller than the cross-sectional area of the outer conductors 5A and 5B and so the current capacity of the flat cable 4 is smaller than the current capacity of the outer conductors 5A and 5B. That is, the fusing current of the flat current is naturally lower than the fusing current of the outer conductors 5A and 5B. Further, the value of the fusing current of the fuse of the fuse box 8 is normally designed in consideration of the outer conductors 5A and 5B, the load, etc. and is not designed in consideration of the current capacity of the flat cable 4. As a result, the fusing current of the flat cable 4 is often lower than the fusing current of the fuse. For example, the current capacity of the flat cable 4 is about 5 amperes. Therefore, with the above method of protection, the problem is encountered that when a short-circuit etc. occurs and an overcurrent flows to the electrical circuit, the flat cable 4 will heat and end up fusing due to the overcurrent before the fuse in the fuse box 8 fuses. That is, with the above method of protection, the protection of the flat cable 4 is insufficient.
Note that in the above rotary connector, an example of use of a flat cable 4 was shown from the viewpoint of the ease of winding and unwinding. As explained above, however, even when using a cable with a usual round cross-section able to wind and unwind, a similar problem is encountered. The flat cable 4 or the cable accommodated inside the rotary connector corresponding to the same is called an "inner conductor" below, while the cables corresponding to the outer conductors 5A and 5B positioned outside the rotary connector are called "outer conductors".


A spiral wound gasket includes a resilient sealing element including spirally wound, alternating layers of metal banding and winding fill material that incorporates a significant quantity of talc with quantities of fiber and binder. Either or both of an outer guide ring and inner guide ring may extend from peripheral outer and inner surfaces of the sealing element. Embodiments of the gasket overlay one or both axial faces of the sealing element with a layer facing material that incorporates a significant quantity of talc with quantities of fiber and binder.

Spiral wound gaskets are commonly used to provide a seal between opposing pipe flanges in assemblies used to transport a variety of liquids and gases at various pressures and temperatures. The spiral wound gaskets include a resilient sealing element, formed from alternating layers of a metal band and a winding fill material. In various applications, an outer guide ring, formed typically from carbon steel, extends radially from the sealing element and is dimensioned to prevent over-compression of the sealing element. Oftentimes, an inner guide ring, typically formed from carbon steel, extends radially inward from the inner periphery to prevent buckling.
A common differentiating factor among spiral wound gaskets is the type of winding fill materials used for different applications. The relatively soft winding fill material is usually the 'weakest' link in the gasket, especially as application temperatures rise. Examples of high temperature winding fill material include: asbestos; mica; vermiculite; and chemically or thermally exfoliated vermiculite (such as THERMICULITE). Commonly, these winding fill materials are brittle or dusty due to the fact that they lack organics to impart the elastic properties of lower temperature sealing materials, which tend to be more 'tacky' and stick together but can impart greater sealing characteristics and seal integrity.
When lower temperature winding fill materials are wound with the alternating layers of metal they sometimes extrude out from between the metal layers to form a layer of compressible material that helps to seal against an opposing flange face. A common lower temperature filler material for spiral wound gaskets is graphite. Graphite performs well in common applications for temperatures up to about 850° F., at which point it tends to oxidize and lose mass continuously. Graphite also cannot be used in media classified as strong oxidizers, such as molten salt. This detrimentally affects sealing ability of the gasket. Accordingly, graphite spiral wounds are not suitable for applications of continuous temperature above 850° F. in oxidizing atmospheres, or extended temperature forays above 900° F.
When higher temperature winding fill materials are wound they extrude in a similar manner to lower temperature fillers. There are two main issues with current high temperature winding fill materials. The extruded winding fill material commonly flakes off without forming a good sealing layer, or the filler formulation is designed to preserve the integrity of the gasket rather than to effectively seal the media. High fiber content winding fill material is an example of a material with high integrity, but poor sealability due to the filler formulation. Accordingly, most high temperature sealing materials fall short of their primary function of effectively sealing the target media. To exacerbate this issue, current spiral wound gaskets operate at elevated leak rates due to the poor sealing capability of high temperature fillers, and this reduces system efficiency, creates hot spots, and potentially is a health issue based on the application. A cost effective improvement in sealing effectiveness is desired by numerous industries utilizing spiral wound gaskets in high temperature applications.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


An optical fiber patch panel rack includes a first shelf. The first shelf further includes a first platform having a rectangular shape orientated horizontally within the rack, wherein the first platform includes a first vertical pivot mechanism configured to enable the first platform to pivot vertically about a first vertical pivot point. The first shelf also includes a first elongated strip including a first horizontal pivot mechanism at a first end of the strip configured to enable the first elongated strip to pivot horizontally about a first horizontal pivot point on the first platform, wherein a second end of the first elongated strip includes a first optical adaptor configured to receive and connect a first optical fiber connector with a second optical fiber connector.

Optical patch panel racks are used within the field of optical fiber networks for patching numerous incoming optical fibers with numerous outgoing optical fibers in a space efficient manner. Optical patch panel racks permit the easy organization and management of optical fiber connections at a location, and further facilitate easy testing and monitoring of the performance of the optical network. With the complex optical fiber networks employed by modern telecommunications operators, large, very high density optical patch panel racks are typically used.


A surface acoustic wave filter device includes a substrate which comprises quartz or the like piezoelectric having a small temperature coefficient and which is formed with unidirectional transducers of asymmetrical construction. A floating electrode is spaced from intermediate position between adjacent positive and negative electrodes which are arranged in interdigital manner, to effectively utilize a mechanical reflection caused by the floating electrode. In consideration of the sign and magnitude of the reflection factor of the floating electrodes, short-circuited electrodes only are used for the floating electrodes. The surface acoustic wave filter device has improved temperature characteristic, insertion loss characteristic and phase characteristic.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter device which may be used to take out a signal within a particular frequency band. More specifically, the invention pertains to a surface acoustic wave filter device having highly improved functional characteristics, e.g., temperature characteristic, insertion loss characteristic, phase characteristic, etc.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, there is known a surface acoustic wave filter device which includes a piezoelectric substrate having a surface which is formed with interdigital-type transducers (IDT) on input and output sides. Such a surface acoustic wave filter device typically incorporates unidirectional transducers as the IDT's on the input and output sides, thereby to minimize the insertion loss of the device.
This type of unidirectional transducer is disclosed in for examples, JP-B-3-20929, and includes a piezoelectric substrate which comprises a LiNbO.sub.3 monolithic body having a high electromechanical coupling factor, and positive and negative electrodes formed on the substrate and arranged in an interdigital manner. The electrode fingers of the positive and negative electrodes, i.e., those regions of the electrodes which are in overlapping relationship with each other when observed in the propagation direction of the surface acoustic wave, are spaced from each other by a center distance of .lambda./2 wherein .lambda. is the wavelength of a fundamental surface acoustic wave. Further, floating electrodes are formed between adjacent positive and negative electrodes and maintained in electrically floated state. As measured in the propagation direction of the surface acoustic wave, each of the electrode fingers of the positive and negative electrodes and the floating electrodes has a width of .lambda./8, and the center distance "d" between each floating electrode and an adjacent positive or negative electrode is set to satisfy the condition .lambda./8<d<.lambda./4.
Furthermore, another type of surface acoustic wave filter device is disclosed in JP-A-3-133209, which also uses LiNbO.sub.3 as the piezoelectric substrate, and which is formed as a wide band filter device. In this instance, the LiNbO.sub.3 substrate is formed with positive and negative electrodes, and open-type floating electrodes and short-circuited floating electrodes both of which are arranged between the positive and negative electrodes. The width of the electrode finger of each electrode is set at .lambda./12, and the floating electrodes of both types are arranged at equal intervals of .lambda./6 between the positive and negative electrodes.
The surface acoustic wave filter device described above proved to be highly useful due to a relatively small insertion loss, and phase- and frequency-characteristics which can be suitably controlled. On the other hand, as a result of recent progressive development of digital communication systems, there arose a strong demand in the marketplace for surface acoustic wave filter devices having a narrow band characteristic with a low insertion loss. The narrow band characteristic of the filter device requires a stable pass band characteristic with a smaller variation of the pass band for temperature change. Such variation of the pass band is generally not a detrimental problem in the case of wide band filter devices because, even when the pass band is varied with the temperature change, the variation rate of the pass band relative to the entire band width is less significant as the pass band width itself is wide. However, in the case of narrow band filter devices, the pass band width itself is narrow and the variation rate of the pass band width relative to the pass band width is more significant, such that the predetermined center frequency tends to be readily excluded out of the pass band even with a slight temperature change. It is therefore highly desirable for the narrow band filter devices for digital communication systems to have a stable pass band characteristic for the temperature change.
In the surface acoustic wave filter device in which unidirectional transducers are formed on the LiNbO.sub.3 substrate, a higher electromechanical coupling factor of the LiNbO.sub.3 substrate makes it possible to lower the insertion loss of the device. However, an actual situation is that, due to larger pass band variation and band width fluctuation as a result of temperature change, the prior art surface acoustic wave filter device cannot be practically used for the narrow band filter device as it is.


A nanopore structure includes an aperture extending from a first surface to a second surface of a substrate, the aperture having a wall comprising gold ions embedded in the substrate, the wall defining a first diameter; a first deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) layer including a thiolated DNA strand covalently bonded to the embedded gold ions within the wall of the aperture; and a second DNA layer hydrogen bonded to the first DNA layer, the second DNA layer defines a substantially cylindrical nanopore that defines a second diameter within the wall of the aperture, the second DNA layer including a single-stranded DNA strand; wherein the second diameter is less than the first diameter.

The present disclosure generally relates to nanopores, and more specifically, to artificial nanopores.
Nanopore development for single molecule sensing applications is a rapidly growing field. Natural nanopores are gene-expressed and generally form an aperture, or channel, between two lipid membranes. Various molecules, for example, proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and other small molecules, traverse membranes through the nanopore. When a potential difference is generated across the lipid bilayer, ionic current can be monitored. A change in ionic current can indicate that a molecule(s) is binding to and/or moving through the nanopore. Different types of molecules can demonstrate different ionic current changes.
Natural or biological nanopores, such as alpha-hemolysin, can detect and identify DNA bases for sequencing applications. These nanopores also can be used for detecting drugs, explosives, or chemical warfare agents at the single molecule level.
Protein nanopores are nanopores that are genetically engineered to recognize different molecules, for example, different DNA bases. These genetically engineered nanopores can provide data with relatively high signals and resolutions. Like natural nanopores, however, genetically engineered nanopores rely on a suspended lipid bilayer for device operation.
Artificial nanopores do not rely on a lipid membrane. Artificial nanopores can include, for example, silicon nitride (SiN) or silicon oxide (SiO) and are generally apertures through two solid surfaces.

Gold ion beam drilled nanopores modified with thiolated DNA origamis

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


This transformer core comprises superposed groups of amorphous steel strip wrapped about the core window, each group comprising an inner section and an outer section disposed in superposed relationship, and each section comprising many thin layers of amorphous steel strip. Each of the layers in a section has a length dimension measured between the transversely-extending edges of the layer located at opposite ends of the section. The layers in the inner section of a group have substantially equal lengths, and the layers in the outer section of said group have substantially equal lengths of a greater value than the lengths of the layers in the inner section. At one end of each group the transversely-extending edges of all the layers in said group are substantially aligned to form a smooth edge. At the other end of the group (i) the transversely-extending edges of the layers in the inner section are disposed to form a beveled edge for the inner section, (ii) the transversely-extending edges of the layers in the outer section are disposed to form a beveled edge for the outer section, and (iii) the beveled edge of the outer section overlaps the beveled edge of the inner section.

In the above-cited U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,654, there is disclosed a method of making an amorphous steel transformer core that involves making up packets of amorphous steel strip and then wrapping these packets about an arbor to build up a core form. When the core form is removed from the arbor, it has a window where the arbor was located, and the packets surround this window. Each packet comprises a plurality of superposed groups of amorphous steel strip, and each group comprises two superposed sections, each of which comprises many thin layers of strip.
Each multi-layer section of strip is derived from composite strip comprising many thin layers of strip disposed in superposed relationship. The composite strip is cut into sections of controlled length, the layers in each section having transversely-extending edges at their opposite ends and a length dimension measured between said transversely-extending edges at opposite ends. Each group is assembled by stacking two of these sections together. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,654 the two sections forming a given group are cut to the same length and are stacked together with the transversely-extending edges of their layers at each end in alignment, thus forming a group that has squared-off edges at its opposite ends.
When the above-described group of U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,654 is wrapped about the arbor of a core-making machine to produce a core form, the transversely-extending edges of the layers at one end of the group are maintained in substantial alignment, thus retaining the substantially squared-off edge at one end of the group. But at the other end of the group, the transversely-extending edges of the layers become staggered as a result of the larger circumference of the core form at the outer layers compared to that at the inner layers. As a result of this staggering, the edge of the group is forced into a beveled configuration, as shown at 52 in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the present application.
I have found that this beveled configuration is disadvantageous from a core-loss viewpoint, whether the joint is a lap-type joint or a butt-type joint. In the case of the lap joint, where the ends of each group overlap to form the lap joint, this beveled configuration appears to introduce a thinness in the magnetic circuit at a crucial location where steel is needed to produce ideal flux transfer. In the case of the butt joint, the beveled configuration introduces a relatively large V-shaped gap between the substantially-aligned, transversely-extending edges of the group, which gap detracts from ideal flux transfer between the aligned ends.

Transformer core comprising groups of amorphous steel strips wrapped about the core window


A novel multi-junction detector device and method of manufacture is disclosed, which includes providing a housing, at least one system mount body positioned within the housing, forming at least one beam dump region in the system mount body in optical communication with at least one first detector having a first wavelength responsivity range positioned on the system mount body and at least one second detector having a second wavelength responsivity range positioned on the system mount body in optical communication with the first detector. An arcuate shape, an arcuate shape of varying radius, a polygonal shape or a polyhedral shape may be formed on at least one mount body wall in the beam dump region. The method may also comprise depositing at least one reflectivity enhancing material onto the mount body wall. The method may further comprise depositing an energy dissipating material on the mount body wall.

Photodiodes are the most commonly used photodetectors in use today. Presently, they are used in any variety of applications and are rapidly being incorporated into numerous additional applications. Generally, photodiodes offer a compact, rugged, low cost alternative to photomultipliers or similar devices.
Currently, photodiodes are manufactured from a number of materials, each material offering sensitivity within a defined range of the electromagnetic spectrum. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, Silicon-based photodiodes and photodetectors typically produce significant photocurrents when irradiated with a signal having a wavelength from about 180 nm to about 1100 nm. In contrast, as shown in FIG. 2, Germanium-based photodiodes produce significant photocurrents when irradiated with a signal having a wavelength from about 800 nm to about 1800 nm.
Presently, various applications utilize both Silicon-based photodiodes and Germanium-based photodiodes to measure optical signals having broad spectral characteristics (e.g. from about 180 nm to about 1800 nm). As shown in FIGS. 3-5, multiple approaches have been utilized in the past to construct a device or system which incorporates both Silicon-based photodiodes and Germanium-based photodiodes. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, prior art systems included a split light approach which included a wavelength-dependent mirror or filter to separate the incident light at a desired wavelength. While this approach proved somewhat useful in the past, a number of shortcomings have been identified. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, a pronounced wavelength dependent responsivity gap is present at the point at which the mirror transitions from absorbing to transmitting an incident broad spectrum light.
In response, as shown in FIG. 5, an alternate prior art approach was developed which utilized a multiple layer or sandwich detector, wherein the photodiode comprises a Silicon-based detector applied to the body of a Germanium-based detector. Again, as shown in FIG. 6, a pronounced wavelength dependent responsivity gap is present at the point at which the Silicon-based detector transitions from absorbing to transmitting an incident broad spectrum light using a sandwich detector approach.
Further, the responsivity of these devices varies depending on the wavelength of the incident signal. For example, while Silicon-based photodetectors are capable of detecting signals having a wavelength from about 180 nm to 1100 nm, the highest responsivity is from about 850 nm to about 1000 nm. As such, the measurement of broad spectral ranges typically requires multiple photodetectors each manufactured using photodiodes manufactured from different materials. As such, systems incorporating multiple photodetectors manufactured from various materials may be large and unnecessarily complex.
Thus, there is an ongoing need for a multi-junction detector device capable of detecting an incident signal with high responsivity at a variety of wavelengths with very few if any spectral gaps or discontinuities, thereby offering smooth, continuous spectral measurements.

Multi-junction detector device and method of manufacture


A security sensor includes a wall mount having features for fixing the wall mount to a wall to monitor an area for security. A cover is adapted to attach to the wall mount. The cover includes a base to couple to the wall mount, connectors to couple to a power source, a circuit board supported proximate the base and coupled to the connectors, the circuit board having a transmitter to receive signals from a sensor and wirelessly transmit the signals, and an antenna coupled to the circuit board and spaced from the wall to reduce electromagnetic interference from the wall.

Many security sensors mount to a wall near a door or window to sense whether the door or window is opened, and to send a wirelessly transmitted signal to a central controller. Such sensors are battery operated, and may contain a circuit board and an antenna, along with a magnetic switch. When such sensors are mounted near metal, such as is used in many forms of commercial construction, performance and range of the wireless transmission can be impeded by the metal near the sensor. To alleviate degraded performance of the wireless transmissions, power levels have been increased, and antennas lengthened. In some cases, a rabbit tail antenna has been used, extending outside a sensor enclosure, which is not aesthetically pleasing and is also subject to efforts to tamper with the sensors.


A TiO2-based catalyst material in particle form having a content of metal removes pollutants, in particular of nitrogen oxides from combustion gases.

Nitrogen oxides formed in combustion lead to irritation and damage to the respiratory organs (especially in the case of nitrogen dioxide), and formation of acid rain due to formation of nitric acid. In the removal of nitrogen oxides from flue gas (also known as DeNOx), nitrogen oxides such as nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are, for example, removed from the offgas of coal-fired or gas turbine power stations.
As measures for removing nitrogen oxides from the offgases, reductive processes such as selective catalytic processes (selective catalytic reduction, SCR) are known in the prior art. The term SCR refers to the technique of selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in offgases from firing plants, domestic waste incineration plants, gas turbines, industrial plants and engines.
Many such catalysts contain TiO2, with the TiO2 acting as catalyst itself or acting as cocatalyst in combination with transition metal oxides or noble metals. The chemical reaction over the SCR catalyst is selective, i.e. the nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2) are preferentially reduced while undesirable secondary reactions (for example the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide) are largely suppressed.
There are two types of catalysts for the SCR reaction. One type consists essentially of titanium dioxide, vanadium pentoxide and tungsten oxide. The other type is based on a zeolite structure. Further metal components are also added to the two systems in the prior art.
In the case of TiO2—WO3—V2O5 catalysts, the V2O5 serves primarily as catalytically active species on WO3-coated TiO2 (in the anatase modification). The WO3 coating on the TiO2 is intended to function as barrier layer to prevent diffusion of vanadium into the TiO2 and the associated decrease in activity and formation of rutile.
WO3-doped TiO2 is proposed for catalytic applications, including as DeNOx catalyst, according to the prior art as per U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,193. The process known therefrom is based on the addition of tungsten components to a titanium component such as metatitanic acid, a titanium oxyhydrate or titanium dioxide suspension) and subsequent calcination to set the surface area to about 100 m2/g.
However, an additional, complicated milling step is often required before the further processing of the catalyst raw material. This is due to the fact that the tungsten-containing titanium dioxide material leaving the calcination furnace or after the heat treatment in the range from 150° C. to 800° C. is in the form of agglomerates in which the individual particles are joined to one another by sintering bridges or similar connections. In the case of relatively high-quality catalysts, in particular catalyst honeycombs having a very low web thickness, or application of the tungsten-containing titanium dioxide in the case of a "washcoat" to honeycomb bodies, milling is indispensable.
In industry, this milling process is usually carried out in a pendulum mill, e.g. a Raymond mill.
DE 102008033093 describes a process for producing a catalyst material comprising an optionally tungsten-containing titanium dioxide material, in which a titanium dioxide-containing catalyst material is produced as intermediate by milling in a roll mill, in particular a Gutbett roll mill, and the flakes leaving the roll mill as intermediate are not subjected after milling, in particular immediately afterward, to any deagglomeration and/or dispersing treatment.
The porosity of the catalyst is also of critical importance to the catalytic activity of a titanium dioxide-containing catalyst for the selective removal of nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases and offgases in the presence of ammonia. Thus, EP 516262 describes a shaped porous support composed of titanium dioxide particles alone or of a mixture of titanium dioxide particles with particles of another, porous, inorganic oxide, where the shaped support has a total porosity of 0.8 cm3/cm3 which is made up of a microporosity encompassing pores having a pore diameter of 60 nm or less of from 0.05 to 0.5 cm3/cm3 and a macroporosity encompassing pores having diameters greater than 60 nm of from 0.05 to 0.5 cm3/cm3. This catalyst support is preferably produced by mixing of materials which can be burnt out with titanium dioxide particles and shaping this mixture.
The object of the invention is thus to provide a catalyst material which displays improved properties compared to the materials known in the prior art.

Catalyst material and process for the production thereof


Sustained release oral solid dosage forms of opioid analgesics are provided as multiparticulate systems which are bioavailable and which provide effective blood levels of the opioid analgesic for at least about 24 hours. A unit dose of the opioid analgesic contains a plurality of substrates including the opioid analgesic in sustained release form. The substrates have a diameter from about 0.1 mm to about 3 mm.

The present invention relates to bioavailable sustained-release pharmaceutical formulations of analgesic drugs, in particular opioid analgesics, which provide an extended duration of effect when orally administered.
It is known in the pharmaceutical art to prepare compositions which provide for controlled (slow) release of pharmacologically active substances contained in the compositions after oral administration to humans and animals. Such slow release compositions are used to delay absorption of a medicament until it has reached certain portions of the alimentary tract. Such sustained-release of a medicament in the alimentary tract further maintains a desired concentration of said medicament in the blood stream for a longer duration than would occur if conventional rapid release dosage forms are administered.
Slow release formulations known in the art include specially coated pellets, coated tablets and capsules wherein the slow release of the active medicament is brought about through selective breakdown of the coating of the preparation or through compounding with a special matrix to affect the release of a drug. Some slow release formulations provide for related sequential release of a single dose of an active compound at predetermined periods after administration.
It is the intent of all sustained-release preparations to provide a longer period of pharmacologic response after the administration of the drug and is ordinarily experienced after the administration of the rapid release dosage forms. Such longer periods of response provide for many inherent therapeutic benefits that are not achieved with corresponding short acting, immediate release preparations. This is especially true in the treatment of cancer patients or other patients in need of treatment for the alleviation of moderate to severe pain, where blood levels of an opioid analgesic medicament must be maintained at a therapeutically effective level to provide pain relief. Unless conventional rapid acting drug therapy is carefully administered at frequent intervals to maintain effective steady state blood levels of the drug, peaks and valleys in the blood level of the active drug occur because of the rapid absorption, systemic excretion of the compound and through metabolic inactivation, thereby producing special problems in maintenance of analgesic efficacy.
The prior art teaching of the preparation and use of compositions providing the sustained-release of an active compound from a carrier is basically concerned with the release of the active substance into the physiologic fluid of the alimentary tract. However, it is generally recognized that the mere presence of an active substance in the gastrointestinal fluids does not, by itself, insure bioavailability.
In order to be absorbed, the active drug substance must be in solution. The time required for a given proportion of an active substance from a unit dosage form is determined as the proportion of the amount of active drug substance released from a unit dosage form over a specified time base by a test method conducted under standardized conditions. The physiologic fluids of the gastrointestinal tract are the media for determining dissolution time. The present state of the art recognizes many satisfactory test procedures to measure dissolution time for pharmaceutical compositions, and these test procedures are described in official compendia world wide.
Although there are many diverse factors which influence the dissolution of drug substance from its carrier, the dissolution time determined for a pharmacologically active substance from the specific composition is relatively constant and reproducible. Among the different factors affecting the dissolution time are the surface area of the drug substance presented to the dissolution solvent medium, the pH of the solution, the solubility of the substance in the specific solvent medium, and the driving forces of the saturation concentration of dissolved materials in the solvent medium. Thus, the dissolution concentration of an active drug substance is dynamically modified in its steady state as components are removed from the dissolution medium through absorption across the tissue site. Under physiologic conditions, the saturation level of the dissolved materials is replenished from the dosage form reserve to maintain a relatively uniform and constant dissolution concentration in the solvent medium providing for a steady state absorption.
The transport across a tissue absorption site of the gastrointestinal tract is influenced by the Donnan osmotic equilibrium forces on both sides of the membrane since the direction of the driving force is the difference between the concentrations of active substance on either side of the membrane, i.e., the amount dissolved in the gastrointestinal fluids and the amount present in the blood. Since the blood levels are constantly being modified by dilution, circulatory changes, tissue storage, metabolic conversion and systemic excretion, the flow of active materials is directed from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood stream.
Notwithstanding the diverse factors influencing both dissolution and absorption of a drug substance, a strong correlation has been established between the in-vitro dissolution time determined for a dosage form and (in-vivo) bioavailability. The dissolution time and the bioavailability determined for a composition are two of the most significant fundamental characteristics for consideration when evaluating sustained-release compositions.
It has previously been known in the art that sustained-release compositions of opioids or salts thereof could be prepared in a suitable matrix. For example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,990,341 and 4,844,909 (Goldie, et al.), both assigned to the assignee of the present invention, describes hydromorphone compositions wherein the dissolution rate in vitro of the dosage form, when measured by the USP Paddle or Basket Method at 100 rpm in 900 ml aqueous buffer (pH between 1.6 and 7.2) at 37.degree. C., is between 12.5 and 42.5% (by wt) hydromorphone released after 1 hour, between 25 and 55% (by wt) released after 2 hours, between 45 and 75% (by wt) released after 4 hours and between 55 and 85% (by wt) released after 6 hours, the in vitro release rate being independent of pH between pH 1.6 and 7.2 and chosen such that the peak plasma level of hydromorphone obtained in vivo occurs between 2 and 4 hours after administration of the dosage form. At least 12 hours of pain relief is obtained with the hydromorphone formulations.
Once-a-day orally administrable dosage forms have previously been developed in the art and are commercially available. However, currently, there are no orally administered opioid formulations commercially available which provide an extended duration of effect, e.g., greater than about 12 hours. Examples of commercially available once-a-day dosage forms include Dilacor.RTM. XR (diltiazem hydroxide, extended-release capsules, available from Rhone-Poulenc Rorer), Thorazine.RTM. Spanule.RTM. (chlorpromazine HCl, extended-release capsules, available from SmithKline Beecham), Theo-24.RTM. (theophylline, extended-release capsules, available from Searle), TheoX.RTM. (theophylline, extended-release tablets, available from Carnrick), Theo-dur.RTM. (theophylline, extended-release tablets, available from Key), Theo-Sav.RTM. (theophylline, extended-release tablets, available from Sauage), Uniphyl.RTM. Unicontin.RTM. (theophylline, extended-release tablets, available from Purdue Frederick), T-Phyl.RTM. Unicontin.RTM. (theophylline, extended-release tablets, available from Purdue Frederick), Tenuate Dospan.RTM. (diethylpropion HCl, extended-release tablets, available from Marion Merrill Dow), Tepanil.RTM. Ten-Tab.RTM. (diethylpropion HCl, extended-release tablets, available from 3M Riker), Desoxyn.RTM. Gradumet.RTM. (phenmetrazine HCl, extended-release tablets, available from Abbott), Dexedrine.RTM. Spanule.RTM. (dextroamphetamine, extended-release capsules, available from SmithKline Beecham), Compazine.RTM. Spanule.RTM. (prochlorperazine maleate, extended-release capsules, available from SmithKline Beecham), Indocin.RTM. SR (indomethacin, extended-release capsules, available from Merck), Betachron.RTM. (propranolol HCl, extended-release capsules, available from Inwood), Inderal.RTM. LA (propranolol HCl, extended-release capsules, available from Wyeth-Ayerst), Inderide.RTM. LA (propranolol HCl and hydrochlorothiazide, extended-release capsules from Wyeth-Ayerst), Procardia XL.RTM. (nifedipine, extended-release tablets, available from Pfizer), Mestinon.RTM. Timespan.RTM. (pyridostigmine Br, extended-release tablets, available from ICN), Temaril.RTM. Spanule.RTM. (trimeprazine tartrate, extended-release capsules, available from Herbert), AL-R.RTM. 6 (chlorpheniramine maleate, extended-release capsules, available from Saron), Chlor-Trimeton.RTM. Allergy Repetabs.RTM. (chlorpheniramine maleate, extended-release tablets, available from Schering-Plough), Adipost.RTM. (phendimetrazine tartrate, extended-release capsules, available from Ascher), Bontril.RTM. Slow-Release (phendimetrazine tartrate, extended-release capsules, available from Carnrick), Melfiat.RTM.-105 Unicelles.RTM. (phendimetrazine tartrate, extended-release capsules, available from Solway), Prelu-2.RTM. (phendimetrazine tartrate, extended-release capsules, available from Boehringer Ingelheim), PT 105.RTM. (phendimetrazine tartrate, extended-release capsules, available from Legere), Wehless.RTM.-105 Timecelles (phendimetrazine tartrate, extended-release capsules, available from Hauck), Preludin.RTM. Endurets.RTM. (phenmetrazine HCl, extended-release tablets, available from Boehringer Ingelheim), Caffedrine (caffeine, extended-release capsules, available from Thompson), Diamox.RTM. Sequels.RTM. (acetazolamide, extended-release capsules, available from Storz), Verelan.RTM. (verapamil HCl, extended-release capsules cont. pellets, available from Wyeth-Ayerst), Calan.RTM. SR Caplets.RTM. (verapamil HCl, extended-release tablets, available from Searle), Isoptin.RTM. SR (verapamil HCl, extended-release tablets, available from Knoll), Verapamil HCl Tablets (verapamil HCl, extended-release tablets, available from GoldLine), and Artane.RTM. Sequels.RTM. (trihexyphenidyl HCl, extended-release capsules, available from Lederle).
There is a need in the art to develop drug formulations which provide a duration of effect lasting longer than twelve hours such as a drug that may be administered to a patient only once a day. Many of the oral opioid analgesic formulations that are currently available in the market must be administered every four to six hours daily with a selected few formulated for less frequent 12 hour dosing.
Morphine, which is considered to be the prototypic opioid analgesic, has been formulated into 12 hour controlled-release formulations (i.e., MS Contin.RTM. tablets, commercially available from Purdue Frederick Company).
An orally administrable opioid formulation which would provide an extended duration of effect would be highly desirable. Such an oral sustained-release formulation of an opioid analgesic would provide effective steady-state blood levels (e.g., plasma levels) of the drug when orally administered such that a duration of effect greater than 12 hours, and more preferably, of about 24 hours or more, which formulation is bioavailable as well.

Orally administrable opioid formulations having extended duration of effect


A permanent magnet rotor type electric motor is formed of a stator core generating a rotation magnetic field, and a rotor core rotationally situated inside the stator core. The rotor core includes a first core member for generating a magnet torque, permanent magnets embedded in the first core member for forming magnetic poles, and a second core member for generating a reluctance torque without having a permanent magnet therein. The second core member is coaxially united with the first core member so that the rotor core is divided into the first core member for generating the magnet torque and the second core member for generating the reluctance torque.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an electric motor having a permanent magnet in a rotor core, such as Brushless DC motor or the like and, more specifically, to a permanent magnet rotor type electric motor in which a reluctance torque is utilized to improve efficiency thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In an electric motor such as Brushless DC motor, permanent magnets are embedded in a core of an inner rotor thereof, of which conventional examples are shown in FIG. 23 and FIG. 24. Incidentally, each drawing is a plane view of the inside of the electric motor shown from a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis thereof.
In the conventional example shown in FIG. 23, a rotor core 2 is disposed in a stator core 1 having, for example, 24 slots in which a field magnet rotates. The number of poles of the above electric motor is four, so that four permanent magnets 3 are arranged in the rotor core in accordance with the number of poles.
Each permanent magnet 3 is formed into a band plate shape of rectangular cross-section, and each pair of permanent magnets 3 as the south poles and the north poles is arranged across from each other along a direction perpendicular to a diameter line of the rotor core 2 on the outer circumference side of the rotor core 2. Each permanent magnet 3 is embedded in the rotor core 2 in a direction orthogonal to paper drawn with FIG. 23.
Between the two permanent magnets 3, a hole 4 as flux barrier is formed for avoiding short-circuiting and leaking the magnetic flux occurring between the adjacent permanent magnets. In this case, the hole 4 is represented as a triangle-shaped hole and located at each end of each permanent magnet 3. In the central portion of the rotor core 2, a center hole 5 is opened to pass a rotation shaft (not shown) therethrough.
In this point, when the magnetic flux distribution in a gap portion (between teeth of the stator core 1 and the permanent magnets 3) caused by each permanent magnet 3 is in a sine wave state, torque T of the electric motor is given as T=Pn{.PHI.a.multidot.Ia.multidot.cos .beta.-0.5(Ld-Lq).multidot.Ia.sup.2 .multidot.sin 2.beta.}.
It should be mentioned that .PHI.a is an armature flux-linkage caused by the permanent magnet 3 on the d and q coordinate axes, Ld and Lq are the d-axis inductance and the q-axis inductance respectively, Ia is amplitude of an armature current on the d and q coordinate axes, .beta. is a lead angle of the armature current from the q axis on the d and q coordinate axes, and Pn is a pole-logarithm.
In the above expression, the first term expresses a magnet torque generated by the permanent magnets 3 and the second term expresses a reluctance torque generated by the difference between the d-axis inductance and the q-axis inductance. Refer to a treatise published in T. IEE Japan, vol. 117-D, No. 8. 1997 for further detail.
In the rotor core 2 shown in FIG. 24 as another conventional example, a permanent magnet 6 of arc-shaped cross-section is used, of which torque T is also given by the aforementioned expression.
However, in the conventional examples, the permanent magnet 3 or 6 having low magnetic permeability is arranged on a magnetic circuit of the d-axis and nearly perpendicular thereto, therefore the inductance Ld on the d-axis is originally small. On the other hand, the comparatively large permanent magnet 3 or 6 is embedded in and along a magnetic circuit of the q-axis, therefore, the inductance Lq on the q-axis is larger than the inductance Ld on the d-axis, but the inductance Lq on the q-axis is not very different from the inductance Ld on the d-axis.
As described thus far, there are disadvantages that the value of the difference between inductances (Ld-Lq) as the parameter in the aforementioned mathematical expression for calculating a torque is small, and the reluctance torque is small.

Permanent magnet rotor type electric motor


Each of a plurality of carrier waves is modulated with one of information signals for each symbol, one of two types of reference signals known on a receiving side is alternately inserted into a pair of particular carrier waves of which frequencies are symmetric to each other with respect to a frequency of a central carrier wave for each symbol while changing the frequencies of the pair of particular carrier waves at two symbol intervals to insert the reference signal into all carrier waves every prescribed symbols, a symbol number is inserted into one carrier wave to specify the pair of particular carrier waves, and an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) signal composed of the modulated carrier waves are transmitted from transmitting apparatus to a receiving apparatus through a spatial transmission path. In the receiving apparatus, the OFDM signal is demodulated, two types of reproduced reference signals are obtained, a characteristic of a transmission path including the spatial transmission path and transmission characteristics of the transmitting and receiving apparatuses is detected by comparing the reproduced reference signals and the reference signals, a correcting equation is calculated, and each modulated information signal is reproduced according to the correcting equation. Accordingly, the reproduced information signals can be obtained with a high accuracy without complicating the configuration of the transmitting and receiving apparatuses.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an orthogonal frequency division multiplex signal transmitting method in which a coded digital picture signal transformed into an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) signal of a limited frequency band is transmitted and the digital picture signal is reproduced, an orthogonal frequency division multiplex signal transmitting apparatus in which the picture signal is transformed to the OFDM signal and is transmitted, and an orthogonal frequency division multiplex signal receiving apparatus in which the OFDM signal is demodulated and the picture signal is reproduced.
2. Description of the Related Art
As one method for transmitting a coded digital picture signal in a limited frequency band, an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) method in which digital information processed in a multivalued modulation according to a 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) method is transmitted as an orthogonal frequency division multiplex signal by using a large number of carrier waves is well-known because an adverse influence of a multi-path transmission or a transmission disturbance is not comparatively exerted on the OFDM signal and a frequency utilization factor in the OFDM method is comparatively superior. In this OFDM method, a large number of carrier waves orthogonal to each other are prepared, and a large number of pieces of digital information are separately transmitted by using the carrier waves. In this case, a sentence "a first carrier wave is orthogonal to a second carrier wave" denotes that a spectrum of the second (or first) carrier wave is zero at a carrier frequency of the first (or second) carrier wave.
In a transmitting apparatus for transmitting the OFDM signal, a plurality of pairs of in-phase (I) signals and quadrature (Q) signals in a digital base band are obtained by performing an inverse discrete Fourier transformation (IDFT) for a piece of transmission data, the I signals and Q signals pass through a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter and a low pass filter (LPF) and are transformed and combined to an OFDM signal of an intermediate frequency (IF) in an orthogonal modulating unit, the OFDM signal of the intermediate frequency is frequency-changed to a radio frequency band in a frequency changing circuit, an unnecessary frequency component is removed from the OFDM signal of the radio frequency band in a band pass filter (BPF), an electric power of the OFDM signal of the radio frequency band is amplified in a transmission unit, and the OFDM signal of the radio frequency band is radiated from a transmission antenna.
In a receiving apparatus for receiving the OFDM signal, the OFDM signal of the radio frequency band is frequency-changed to an intermediate frequency in a frequency changing circuit and is amplified in an amplifier. Thereafter, an unnecessary frequency component is removed from the OFDM signal of the intermediate frequency in a band pass filter, and the OFDM signal of the intermediate frequency is demodulated to the I signals and the Q signals in an orthogonal demodulating unit. Thereafter, the I signals and Q signals pass through a low pass filter, an analog-to digital (A/D) converter, a discrete Fourier transforming circuit and a quadrature amplitude modulation decoding circuit, and the transmission data is reproduced.
In the above transmission of the OFDM signal in the transmitting and receiving apparatuses, in cases where a relative amplitude characteristic difference or a relative phase characteristic difference between a group of the I signals and a group of the Q signals exists or in cases where a pair of modulating waves or a pair of demodulating waves exactly having a 90 degrees phase difference are not fed to the orthogonal modulating unit or the orthogonal demodulating unit, a code error occurs in an I or Q signal in the transmitting or receiving apparatus. That is, amplitude and phase changes of a frequency of the I or Q signal and a crosstalk (or an image component) from the frequency of the I or Q signal to an symmetric opposite frequency occurs.
To prevent the occurrence of the code error, various methods for preventing the occurrence of a characteristic difference such as an amplitude characteristic difference or a phase characteristic difference between a group of the I signals and a group of the Q signals are proposed in Published Unexamined Japanese Patent Applications H6-350658 (1994), H3-76623 (1991), H5-227239 (1993), H5-110369 (1993), H3-53735 (1991), H6-188932 (1994) and H4-290337 (1992).
Also, a correction for setting the frequency amplitude characteristics and the frequency phase characteristics of the I signals and the Q signals to prescribed characteristics has been proposed. For example, a correction of the frequency amplitude characteristics and the frequency phase characteristics in the I signals and the Q signals, a correction of phases of the orthogonal modulating waves, a correction of the frequency amplitude characteristics and the frequency phase characteristics in the processing of the signal of the intermediate frequency band and/or a correction of the frequency amplitude characteristics and the frequency phase characteristics in the processing of the signal of the radio frequency band are proposed for the transmitting apparatus, and a correction of the frequency amplitude characteristics and the frequency phase characteristics in the I signals and the Q signals, a correction of phases of the orthogonal modulating waves, a correction of the frequency amplitude characteristics and the frequency phase characteristics in the processing of the signal of the intermediate frequency band, a correction of the frequency amplitude characteristics and the frequency phase characteristics in the processing of the signal of the radio frequency band and/or a correction of the frequency amplitude characteristics and the frequency phase characteristics in a multi-path circumstance for an electric wave transmission are proposed for the receiving apparatus (Published Unexamined Japanese Patent Applications H6-311134 (1994) and H5-219021 (1993)).
3. Problems to be Solved by the Invention
However, configurations of the above conventional transmitting and receiving apparatuses in which one of the above correcting methods is performed are complicated, so that a manufacturing cost of each apparatus is increased. Also, in cases where a plurality of code errors occur, the configurations of the above conventional transmitting and receiving apparatuses are moreover complicated to correct the all code errors. Also, the code errors cannot be corrected with a high precision even though one of the above correcting methods is performed. Also, all of the above correcting methods are not appropriate for the OFDM signal.
In addition, a difference in amplitude between a group of I signals and a group of Q signals is not compensated in a conventional correcting method disclosed in a Published Unexamined Japanese Patent Application H6-188932 (1994) in which a difference in an orthogonal characteristic between transmitting and receiving apparatuses is compensated. Also, in a conventional correcting method disclosed in a Published Unexamined Japanese Patent Application H4-290337 (1992), though a digital orthogonal modulating unit is arranged at a front stage of a D/A converter in a transmitting unit and an error occurring in the transmitting apparatus is prevented in principle, because an operational speed of the D/A converter and a bit width are limited, there is a drawback that a useful transmitting apparatus is limited.
Therefore, because each of the amplitude characteristic difference between a group of I signals and a group of Q signals, the phase characteristic difference between a group of I signals and a group of Q signals, a difference in the orthogonal characteristic between a group of I signals and a group of Q signals is a direct cause of a code error in a transmitted signal and a received signal, the code error is removed or compensated in conventional transmitting/receiving method and apparatus. However, the improvement of the correction of the code error is limited. In addition, because frequency characteristic difference between a group of I signals and a group of Q signals is not compensated in any conventional transmitting/receiving method and apparatus, any transmitting/receiving method and apparatus appropriate for the OFDM signal is not proposed.

Method for transmitting an orthogonal frequency division multiplex signal, apparatus for transmitting the signal and apparatus for receiving the signal


Advice of charge information is provided utilizing the session initiation protocol (SIP) in an Internet protocol multimedia subsystem without utilizing an application server. The advice of charge message is provided to a user via the serving call/session control function and the home subscription server. When a request for a service is received by the serving call/session control function, the state of a binary, Boolean flag associated with the originator of the request is analyzed. Depending upon the state of the flag, either the request is routed to its intended destination, or an advice of charge message is routed to originating user, advising the user of the charge for the requested service. If the user accepts the charge, the serving call/session control function transmits the request for routing to the intended destination, and the flag is toggled. If the user declines the charge, the call is ended.

New services continuously are being added to existing wireless communications systems. Some of the most popular services are related to providing and receiving multimedia via mobile equipment, such as mobile telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) (or similar/related hand held devices such as PBX wireless devices), SIP phones, and lap top computers. Many of these services are provided via the Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) conceptualized by the 3GPP standards body. Typically, when a new service is introduced into a wireless network system, few customers are subscribers to the new service. Thus, service providers tend to allow users to pay for services as used. Such pay-per-use functionality allows users to get acquainted with a service before deciding to subscribe.
Users prefer to know how much a service will cost before using the service. Accordingly, some service providers provide the cost of a service to a non-subscribed user when the user requests the service before actually providing the service. The user then has the opportunity to accept or decline the service. Providing the cost for a one time use of a service before the service is provided often is referred to as "Advice of Charge," or AoC.
Wireless and wireline communications systems too, continuously are being updated. Although the industry specifications for IMS are being developed within the industry standards, the realization of IMS has not truly matured. Thus, all desired features and/or specialized system functions have not been clearly defined/developed. This creates a challenge for carriers attempting to deploy IMS systems in which not all new systems and not all system upgrades are compatible with all new services. For example, not all IMSs are configured with the same components, and not all IMS services utilize the same components. Some IMS-based services comprise a component known as an application server (AS) as specified in the 3GPP standards. In services comprising an AS, the AS may support access to services by non-subscribed users. In this case, it would be natural for the AS to provide AoC functionality to a user. However, not all IMS-based services comprise an AS.

Advice of charge for internet protocol multimedia subsystem services without utilizing an application server


A method for reducing engine deposits in an internal combustion engine, using selective fuel and EGR supply scheduling, is provided including an engine having a first and second plurality of cylinders. A fuel injection system for injecting fuel into both of the first and second plurality of cylinders is located on the engine. An exhaust gas recirculation system supplies a portion of the exhaust gases from the engine to both of the first and second plurality of cylinders. During operation, the engine repeatedly combusts fuel in both of the first and second plurality of cylinders. Additional fuel is supplied to one or more selected cylinders following each combustion cycle while recirculated exhaust gases are supplied from a remaining plurality of cylinders, preventing interaction of post-combustion injected and recirculated exhaust gases and reducing deposition of undesirable material.

The present invention relates to automotive powertrain systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to an exhaust gas recirculation system using selective fuel and EGR supply scheduling.
The exhaust gas of internal combustion engines contains various amounts of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Emission of these materials to the atmosphere is undesirable. The problem is more acute in urban areas having a high concentration of motor vehicles. During recent years, researchers have investigated extensively means of reducing exhaust emissions. This research has been quite fruitful. As a result, present-day automobiles emit only a fraction of undesirable materials compared to those of less than a decade ago.
There are many methods for reducing exhaust emissions. One such method is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems. These systems are employed in automotive vehicles in order to help reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Such systems typically employ an EGR valve that is disposed between the engine exhaust manifold and the engine intake manifold, and operable, when in an open position, to recirculate exhaust gas from the exhaust side of the engine back to the intake side. Unfortunately, components left in the exhaust gas due to incomplete combustion may leave deposits within the EGR, induction, and combustion systems. Unburned carbon or other substances contained in the exhaust gas tend to stick to and deposit on surfaces exposed to these exhaust gases. This undesired accumulation could result in reduced engine life and performance.
Another technique for reducing emissions involves injecting fuel into an engine cylinder during a post-combustion time period. This post-combustion injected fuel acts as a reductant for the operation of lean nitrogen oxide catalysis to reduce internal combustion engine nitrogen oxide emissions. However, the combination of EGR with post-combustion injection of fuel to reduce nitrous oxide emissions tends to compound the problem with EGR systems. The interaction of post injected fuel and EGR may increase the level of deposition within the EGR, induction, and combustion systems. Because of the nature of their combustion process, this problem is particularly acute in diesel engines.
The disadvantages associated with these conventional EGR systems using post-combustion fuel injection techniques have made it apparent that a new technique for EGR and fuel injection scheduling is needed. The new technique should reduce the amount of undesirable unburned carbon or other substances contained in the exhaust gas from depositing on the EGR, induction, and combustion systems. Additionally, the new technique should increase overall engine life and performance while reducing long term emissions. The present invention is directed to these ends.
It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide an improved and reliable EGR system using selective fuel and EGR supply scheduling. Another object of the invention is to reduce the amount of undesirable unburned carbon and other substances contained in the exhaust gas from depositing on the EGR, induction, and combustion systems.
In accordance with the objects of this invention, an EGR system using selective fuel and EGR supply scheduling is provided. In one embodiment of the invention, a method for reducing engine deposits in an internal combustion engine, using selective fuel and EGR supply scheduling, includes an engine having a first and second plurality of cylinders. A fuel injection system for injecting fuel into both of said first and second plurality of cylinders is located on the engine. The engine also includes an exhaust gas recirculation system for supplying a portion of the exhaust gases from the engine to both of the first and second plurality of cylinders. During operation, the engine repeatedly combusts fuel in both of the first and second plurality of cylinders. In accordance with the present invention additional fuel is supplied to one or more selected cylinders following each combustion cycle while recirculated exhaust gases are supplied to the remaining plurality of cylinders. In this way, the interaction of post-combustion injected fuel and recirculated exhaust gases is prevented and the amount of deposition of undesirable materials in the engine is reduced.
The present invention thus achieves an improved EGR system using selective fuel and EGR supply scheduling. The present invention is advantageous in that overall engine life and performance is increased while reducing long term emissions.
Additional advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the description that follows, and may be realized by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

EGR system using selective fuel and ERG supply scheduling