Brake rotors each having a brake ring, first and second opposing braking surfaces, and inner and outer peripheral surfaces connecting the braking surfaces. A plurality of apertures may be disposed through the brake ring, extending between the two braking surfaces. A ceramic coating, for providing thermal insulation, is disposed at least on the two braking surfaces. In one preferred embodiment, the brake ring is formed from a composition comprising a substantial proportion of titanium.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to brake rotors for motor vehicles, including brake rotors which are suitable for race cars.
Further, the present invention also generally relates to brake rotors for motorcycles, including racing motorcycles. Other motor vehicles to which the present invention can relate, include three-wheeled motorcycles, as well as two-wheeled motorcycles, and three-or four-wheeled ATV vehicles.
2. Background Information
In automobile and motorcycle racing, as well as in other contexts relating to motor vehicles, there can be several critical factors which may influence the performance of the vehicle in question. One important factor is weight, in that an excessively heavy vehicle may not be able to perform effectively. This factor may, for example, have a decisive influence on the speed and fuel economy of the vehicle. Another important factor may be the ability for the vehicle to brake effectively. Particularly, the ability of the vehicle to stop quickly and efficiently, as well as the need to prevent excessive overheating of the brakes, can be tremendously important.
Conventionally, brake rotors have been formed of cast iron or steel, and often do not have a coating for serving as a thermal barrier.
A disadvantage often encountered with such rotors is excessive weight, both in terms of unsprung weight and rotating weight. Such excessive weight may often result in poor fuel economy, as well as an inhibited capability to accelerate. Typically, such a rotor may weigh approximately fifteen pounds, which would typically result in a total weight, for four brake rotors un a four-wheeled vehicle, of about sixty pounds. This has long been considered to be excessive for certain contexts, particularly for the context of race cars.
In conventional rotors, braking problems may also result from a coefficient of friction which may not be as high as desired for certain applications, such as in the context of race cars or racing motorcycles. In the case of conventional cast iron rotors, another disadvantage often encountered is the presence of void or stresses in the casting.
It has been known that the weight of conventional rotors can be reduced by utilizing a lighter material, such as aluminum. If, for example, a lightweight rotor, which may include aluminum, is provided on a vehicle, such as a race car or racing motorcycle, the unsprung weight and rotating weight of the vehicle may be reduced by as much as forty-eight pounds, particularly if each rotor weighs only about three or four pounds.
It has also been known to coat the braking surfaces of a brake rotor with ceramic, in order to provide a higher coefficient of friction than would normally be encountered with a plain cast iron or steel rotor. To date, such ceramics have often included a variety of materials. However, problems relating to durability may be experienced in these contexts. Particularly, in many known applications, it has been found that the ceramic coating may have a tendency to develop cracks with increased use, especially if high braking temperatures are created at the surface of the ceramic coating.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,572 discloses the provision of a ceramic coating on each of the two braking surfaces of an aluminum rotor. As disclosed therein, a plurality of circumferentially spaced cooling apertures are arranged between the braking surfaces. The apertures extend radially, between the large central aperture of the rotor and the outer circumference of the rotor, and essentially act to vent away excessive heat. However, it has been found that this aluminum vaned rotor is not necessarily provided with as significant a degree of thermal protection as may often be desired in certain contexts, such as in the context of a racing car or racing motorcycle. Further, it has been also found that this aluminum vaned rotor does not necessarily provide as great a reduction in either unsprung weight or rotating weight as may otherwise be desired in certain contexts, such as in the context of a racing car or a racing motorcycle.
In the context of motorcycles, including racing motorcycles, it would appear that weight reduction can be a particularly important consideration. Particularly, for a given rotor, it would appear that a reduction in rotor weight would be proportionally more significant in a motorcycle than in an automobile, owing to what would appear to be a significantly proportionally reduced weight of a motorcycle in comparison with an automobile. Thus, it would appear that a motorcycle, such as a racing motorcycle, having rotors with significantly reduced weight in comparison with conventional rotors, could be at a tremendous advantage with regard to performance and fuel efficiency, especially in the context of racing.
To date, another type of known rotor in wide use has been the carbon-fiber rotor. When initially manufactured, carbon-fiber rotors appeared to possess significant advantages over prior known rotors, especially in the context of motorcycles and racing motorcycles.
However, it is now believed that carbon-fiber rotors have fallen out of favor among, and have even been prohibited by, certain racing organizations. Further, carbon-fiber rotors can tend to be expensive to manufacture, and may not necessarily provide the desired advantages of heat resistance.
This inventor tried bare rotors made of a titanium composition. However, bare rotors having a titanium composition did not always tend to provide desired advantages of heat resistance or reflection. Further, at high speeds and high brake temperatures, bare titanium rotors, as well as other bare rotors, may "gauld" or "gall". Such "gaulding" or "galling" can essentially be thought of as undesirable rubbing or chaffing on the rotor surface, with the result of wearing away part of the rotor surface, at least partly possibly accounted for by the swelling of the rotor surface at high temperatures.
Therefore, it appears that a need has arisen for lightweight rotors capable of enhancing the performance and fuel efficiency of motor vehicles, including motorcycles, and which do not possess the disadvantages either of carbon-fiber rotors or of other rotors, such as bare titanium rotors.

Brake rotors with heat-resistant ceramic coatings


In an embodiment, a method is provided for prefetching attributes used in access control evaluation. In this method, an access control policy that comprises rules is retrieved. These rules further comprise parameters. At least one of the rules is categorized into a class from multiple classes based on at least one of the parameters. Here, the class is a grouping based on at least one of these parameters. An attribute associated with the at least one of these parameters is identified and this attribute is mapped to the class.

In computer security, business requirements for modern enterprise systems usually comprise a variety of dynamic constraints, such as constraints that limit the access of data to authorized users only. Particularly, in highly distributed systems, such as enterprise systems based on service oriented architecture paradigm, the time for evaluating access control constraints depends on the protocol between a central policy decision point and distributed policy enforcement points. In an example of a distributed enterprise system, various distributed policy enforcement points, which are embedded into different client applications, communicate with a centralized policy decision point. In this system, some attributes used for evaluations of access control requests are only accessible from the client applications. Accordingly, resolving attributes often require substantial network communication between the centralized policy decision point and the various distributed policy enforcement points.
One particular approach to resolving attributes is a trial and error approach where the centralized policy decision point requests the required attributes from the policy enforcement points in an iterative methodology. For example, if the evaluation of—an access control request requires a service attribute, the policy decision point returns the missing attribute message back to the client, including information about the missing attribute. As the policy decision point is usually stateless where it does not store the lat request, the initial request has to be resubmitted by the policy enforcement point with the requested attribute. However, if another service attribute is required, the policy decision point returns, once again, a missing attribute request to the policy enforcement point. This process is done repeatedly until all required attributes are resolved. Furthermore, the evaluation of access control requests is repeated every time the policy enforcement point submits a new request. This trial and error approach requires substantial network communication between the centralized policy decision point and the various distributed policy enforcement points, thereby possibly delaying the evaluation of access control requests.

Prefetch of attributes in evaluating access control requests


In a crystal unit, at least two places of an outer circumference of a quartz crystal blank, which are places that correspond to both ends of a stress sensitivity zero axis of the crystal blank, are supported by supporters and fixed to the supporters by conductive adhesives. Each supporter includes; a vertical portion with a surface extending vertically, a slit formed in the vertical portion as extending vertically and with both ends thereof being closed, and a tongue portion projecting from a lower end of the slit. Each conductive adhesive includes; a first portion formed between the tongue portion and a lower surface of the crystal blank, a second portion extending to an end face of the crystal blank from an outer surface of the supporter and through the slit, and a third portion formed between an inner surface of the supporter and an upper surface of the crystal blank.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a quartz crystal unit with high stability, which uses a quartz crystal blank such as an SC-cut crystal blank, an IT-cut crystal blank, an AT-cut crystal blank, or the like. In particular, the present invention relates to a holding structure for a crystal blank in the crystal unit in which supporters are used.
2. Description of the Related Arts
A crystal unit having a structure in which a quartz crystal blank is hermetically encapsulated inside a container is highly stable in terms of its vibration frequency. Such crystal units are being used as frequency sources for radio devices at base stations in communication networks, for instance. A crystal blank that configures such a crystal unit can be categorized into several types of "cut" based on the crystallographic orientation in cutting out a crystal blank from a single crystal of quartz. Typical types that are known, for example, are X-cut, AT-cut, BT-cut, and so forth. With respect to a crystal of quartz, three crystal axes that are X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are crystallographically defined.
In order to retain the frequency stability of the crystal unit, with high precision particularly, without the crystal unit being influenced by the ambient temperature, a kind of a mechanism which could heat the crystal blank by a heater and keep the temperature of the crystal at a certain temperature is used. The crystal unit, of which temperature is kept at a certain temperature by a heater or the like, is used in an oscillator of a communication device, such as a device for a radio base station, for instance. As a crystal unit to be used for that purpose, there is a kind that holds a crystal blank of a type such as an SC-cut, IT-cut or AT-cut in a horizontal direction with respect to a metal base, the crystal blank being hermetically encapsulated inside a container composed of the metal base and a metal cover.
FIG. 1A is a plane view showing one configuration example of a conventional crystal unit in which a crystal blank in the crystal unit is kept in a horizontal direction with respect to a metal base. FIG. 1A shows the manner of holding the crystal blank in a state without a metal cover. FIG. 1B is a partial sectional view showing a part of the crystal unit that holds the crystal blank. FIG. 1C is a perspective view of a supporter used in the crystal unit. Details of the structure of the crystal unit shown in these figures are described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-308067 (JP-A-11-308067), for instance.
In this crystal unit, crystal blank 1, of a disk-like shape for instance, is supported over metal base 2 through lead wires 6 and supporters 7. Lead wires and supporters 7 will be described later. Crystal blank 1 is hermetically housed inside a space between metal base 2 and a metal cover (not shown) while the metal cover is applied over metal base 2. Metal base 2 also has a disk-like shape.
Crystal blank 1 is an AT-cut quartz crystal blank, for instance, and includes excitation electrodes 3a, 3b of approximately circular shapes at central portions of both principal surfaces thereof, respectively. Extraction electrodes 4a, 4b extend from excitation electrodes 3a, 3b, respectively, toward an outer circumference of crystal blank 1. Here, an extending direction of extraction electrode 4a and an extending direction of extraction electrode 4b are apart by 120 degrees when seen from a center of crystal blank 1. Extraction electrodes 4a, 4b having been extracted to two parts of the outer circumference of crystal blank 1 further extend to an end face of crystal blank 1. The AT-cut crystal blank, considering X-, Y′- and Z′-axes of the crystal of quartz which are derived by rotating the three axes (i.e., X-, Y- and Z-axes) by 35 degrees with respect to the X-axis, will be a crystal blank having a principal surface which is a plane formed by X-axis and Z′-axis. The AT-cut crystal blank vibrates in a thickness-shear vibration mode.
At metal base 2, three lead wires 6 are arranged equally at 120-degree intervals when seen from a center of metal base 2, and these lead wires 6 are arranged in a way penetrating through metal base 2. Metal base 2 are provided with through-holes at the positions where respective lead wires 6 are penetrating through. Lead wire 6 is inserted to each of the through-holes. As shown in FIG. 1B, a space between lead wire 6 and metal base 2 in each through-hole is filled with glass 5, whereby each through-hole is hermetically sealed and lead wire 6 is electrically insulated from metal base 2. In this way, lead wire 6 and glass 5 form an airtight terminal at each through-hole.
To an apical end of each lead wire 6, supporter 7 as shown in FIG. 1C is connected. Supporter 7 is made with metal and has a tabular shape. A plate surface of supporter 7 extends perpendicularly with respect to metal base 2. Each supporter 7 is provided with slit 8 and tongue portion 9. Slit 8 is formed as being opened upwardly in an upper end thereof. Tongue portion 9 is formed at a lower end of slit 8 in a way bending at a right angle and extending perpendicularly with respect to the plate surface of supporter 7.
Crystal blank 1 is mounted on tongue portions 9 of supporters 7, at two places in the outer circumference of crystal blank 1 where extraction electrodes 4a, 4b are extended to, and at another different place in the outer circumference of crystal blank 1 which is apart from each of the other two places by 120 degrees, which makes a total of three places in the outer circumference of crystal blank 1. Thereby, over metal base 2, crystal blank 1 is held in a way such that the main surface of crystal blank 1 is parallel to metal base 2. Here, the end face of crystal blank 1 is to contact closely to slits 8 at respective positions of supporters 7. A concave portion formed by a lower end surface and both side surfaces of each slit 8 is to be filled with conductive adhesive 10, whereby crystal blank 1 is fixed to each of supporters 7 through conductive adhesive 10.
Such a crystal unit with high stability is to be mounted on a wiring board along with circuit elements composing an oscillation circuit and with other elements, and heated by a heater structure (not shown) to be maintained at a certain temperature. By maintaining the crystal unit at a certain temperature, the vibration frequency of the crystal unit will exhibit extremely high stability. More specifically, the amount of change in the vibration frequency will be kept to 1 ppb (i.e., one part per billion) or less, for instance. The wiring board with the crystal unit mounted thereon in the above-described manner can be placed inside a cassette, for instance, to be set in communication equipment used in a radio base station.
In the above-described crystal unit, crystal blank 1 with a disk-like shape is held at three points by supporters 7 being arranged equally at 120-degree intervals. In geometry, a plane is to be specified by three points that are not in the same straight line. With this in consideration, the above-described structure of the crystal unit can hold the crystal blank with little shakiness and most stably in geometric perspective. Accordingly, with respect to the holding system of the crystal blank, little deformation is caused even when possible impact strikes from outside. With this crystal unit, it is possible to maintain a good vibration characteristic with the crystal blank. Moreover, due to conductive adhesive 10 that fills inside of the concave portion of each slit 8, it is only the end face of crystal blank 1 that is to be connected with supporters 7 at the positions where supporters 7 are arranged. It is possible to keep the contact areas of supporters 7 with respect to crystal blank 1 small, whereby dissipation of vibration energy from crystal blank 1 toward supporters 7 can be kept small. Thus, desired vibration intensity can be obtained at crystal blank 1.
In the above-described configuration of the crystal unit, an equally-spaced three-point holding structure, which is geometrically most stable, is used However, crystal blank 1 is fixed to each supporter 7 through a little amount of conductive adhesive 10 that fills inside of the concave portion of slit 8 which is formed in each supporter 7 as being opened in the upper end. With this crystal unit, there is a problem in that the crystal unit will be greatly influenced by an impact that could strike at a time when a cassette containing the crystal unit is to be set in a communication device, or the like. More specifically, when impact from outside strikes the crystal unit, the holding state of crystal blank 1 by conductive adhesive 10 will change, which could result in changing the vibration frequency of crystal blank 1. This indicates that a stability of frequency with respect to the crystal unit is not good against impact.
In this case, conductive adhesive 10 at each supporter 7 is connected only with the outer circumference end face of crystal blank 1 at the concave portion inside slit 8. Therefore, when a comparatively large impact, such as an impact by a large earthquake, for example, strikes the crystal unit, there is a possibility that conductive adhesive 10 exfoliates from crystal blank 1. The crystal unit with possible exfoliation of the conductive adhesive may not be positively sufficient in terms of its use in a radio base station that requires high stability. With respect to a crystal unit with high stability, frequency change over 1 ppb (ire., one part per billion) with respect to the original vibration frequency is considered as a problem. Therefore, for the crystal unit with high stability, not only the vibration characteristic under static condition, but also an impact resistance characteristic taking in the perspective of possible exfoliation, etc. is considered significant.
As a background art of the present invention, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-261566 (JP-A-2002-261566) discloses a crystal unit in which a crystal blank is held by fixing an end face of the crystal blank to supporters by metal brazing, while the supporters are provided with slits but not with tongue portions. Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. 53-57777 (JP-U-53-057777) discloses a crystal unit that uses supporters with slits, an upper end portion of each slit being closed.


A method for determining a temperature at a predetermined location in a winding of subconductors of an electric machine is provided where each subconductor is encased in electric subconductor insulation. The method includes predetermining the location between one of the subconductors and the associated subconductor insulation; arranging, in said winding, an optical fiber with a sensor material piece that is fixed to the predetermined location, the optical properties of said sensor material piece being temperature-dependent and uninfluenced by stretching; exposing the sensor material piece to light via the optical fiber such that, following an interaction with the sensor material piece, light is emitted from said sensor material piece; measuring the spectrum of the light; and using this spectrum to determine the temperature at the predetermined location.

In an electric machine having a high terminal power, such as e.g. a power plant generator, electrical conductors having a high electrical conductivity are conventionally installed. If the cross section of an electrical conductor is increased, the conductivity does not increase to the same extent, however, on account of eddy currents occurring in the conductor. Therefore, a so-called Roebel bar is used in the electric machine, said Roebel bar having a transposition of electrical subconductors, each of the subconductors being sheathed by electrical subconductor insulation. In this case, the winding can additionally be sheathed by main insulation.
During the operation of the machine, the Roebel bar heats up, in particular owing to the current flowing through it. In order to prolong the service life of the Roebel bar, the Roebel bar is designed such that high temperatures are avoided. For this purpose, knowledge of the temperature of the Roebel bar during the operation of the machine is required; in particular, knowledge of the temperature of the hottest location, the so-called hot spot is required. The hot spot is situated between the hottest subconductor and its subconductor insulation.
Various methods are available for measuring the temperature of the Roebel bar. Conventionally, an electrical resistance thermometer or a thermoelement is introduced into the separator of the winding. However, the resistance thermometer or the thermoelement is not suitable for measuring the temperature directly at the subconductor, rather they are only used to measure temperatures within the slot but outside the main insulation.
As an alternative, an optical fiber is used, which is not electrically conductive. In this case an optical fiber is used with a so-called Bragg sensor arranged at its end. In the Bragg sensor, a periodic modulation of the refractive index is written into the optical fiber by means of a laser. This periodic modulation acts like an interference filter in which, after the interference filter has been exposed to light, light having a predetermined spectrum is reflected back. The central wavelength of the spectrum depends on the distance between two adjacent refractive index maxima in the periodic modulation. In the event of an increase in temperature, the Bragg sensor expands, as a result of which the distance between the refractive index maxima increases and the central wavelength of the spectrum changes.
A light source is arranged at that end of the optical fiber which is remote from the Bragg sensor, said light source being used to expose the Bragg sensor to light. The spectrum of the light reflected back from the Bragg sensor is measured and the temperature of the Bragg sensor is determined from the spectrum. If the Bragg sensor is fitted to a subconductor composed of copper, then a differential expansion arises between the sensor and the subconductor on account of the increase in temperature, since glass and copper have different coefficients of thermal expansion. The differential stress disturbs the measurement, with the result that the accuracy of the measurement decreases greatly. A remedy is provided by the Bragg sensor being sheathed by a glass capillary in which the Bragg sensor can expand without experiencing external stresses.
The Bragg sensor together with the glass capillary has such a large extent that it cannot be introduced between the subconductor and the subconductor insulation, but rather is introduced the winding between the subconductor insulations. As a result, the distance between the Bragg sensor and the hot spot is approximately 2 mm to 3 mm. The accuracy of the measurement of the temperature of the hot spot decreases greatly as consequence.

Method for determining a temperature in a winding of subconductors of an electric machine


A buoyancy system (10) for an aircraft (1), said buoyancy system (10) comprises an inflatable float (15) and a cover (20). Said buoyancy system (10) includes at least one extensible connection means (25) fastened to the cover (20) to connect the cover (20) to a compartment (3) of an aircraft (1), while enabling the cover (20) to be retained and to be moved transversely during inflation of the float (15).

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of arranging a buoyancy system on an aircraft, to a buoyancy system for an aircraft, and to an aircraft provided with a buoyancy system.
The invention thus lies in the technical field of buoyancy systems enabling an aircraft, and more particularly an aircraft having a rotary wing, to ditch on water and to float in stable manner thereon.
Such a buoyancy system contributes to providing an aircraft with buoyancy and stability on ditching. When ditching has been forced, the buoyancy system may be used in particular in order to enable the occupants of the aircraft to be evacuated therefrom.
(2) Description of Related Art
A buoyancy system may comprise inflatable floats that are deployed either on command of the pilot and/or the copilot, or else on being triggered automatically, in particular by one or more immersion detectors. Such floats may comprise bags that are inflated by explosive or electrical deployment means, for example.
Under such circumstances, an aircraft may have a float that is arranged in a compartment. The compartment is then open to the outside in order to allow the float to be deployed. The aircraft may also have closure means for closing the compartment other than while ditching, while nevertheless enabling the compartment to be opened prior to ditching in order to deploy the float.
Conventionally, a float may comprise an inflatable bag folded in the volume available inside a compartment.
In a first embodiment, the float is fastened to a compartment of an aircraft, e.g. by straps. The compartment is also closed by a flexible tarpaulin.
Thus, when the float inflation means are activated, the volume of the float increases. Since the tarpaulin is flexible, it gives way under the pressure exerted by the float. The float then deploys so as to become operational.
In a second embodiment that is better optimized in terms of aerodynamics and/or appearance, the float is arranged in a compartment that is closed by a cover that is semirigid or rigid. A cover that is semirigid or rigid is referred to below as a "rigid" cover. A rigid cover is thus a cover that retains its shape under normal conditions of use, unlike a flexible cover and/or a flexible tarpaulin.
In a first variant of the second embodiment, an inflatable float is fastened to the aircraft, e.g. by straps, the compartment being closed by an ejectable cover. The cover can thus be ejected in order to enable an inflatable float to be deployed. Nevertheless, that variant can lead to harmful ejection of a cover towards an element of the aircraft, or indeed towards an inhabited region. Such ejection might be caused by untimely opening.
When overflying a stretch of water, the cover may also be ejected onto the liquid surface being overflown. Under such circumstances, when ditching, the ejected cover can become jammed between said liquid surface and the aircraft. The cover then runs the risk of giving rise to damage.
In a second variant of the second embodiment, an inflatable float is fastened to the aircraft by straps, with the compartment being closed by a cover that is rigid and movable, being hinged to the fuselage. The cover may optionally be a door that is fastened to the fuselage by a plurality of hinges.
The cover can thus be moved so as to allow an inflatable float to be deployed. For example, the cover may pivot in order to open the compartment.
That variant is advantageous, but implementing it can be complex.
Furthermore, the cover may constitute a danger at the time of ditching, depending on its location. Such a rigid and movable cover will be moved under the impact of ditching. The cover can therefore become wedged against the aircraft and/or the float, and runs the risk of damaging a portion of the aircraft and/or of the float.
In a third variant of the second embodiment, the cover is fastened to the inflatable float. The inflatable float is thus folded and then attached to the cover, e.g. by adhesive. The assembly comprising the float and the cover is then inserted into the compartment.
That third variant is advantageous. While the float is being deployed, the cover is moved away from the aircraft. Any risk of the cover damaging the aircraft is therefore reduced.
Nevertheless, folding the float can be difficult.
In addition, that configuration makes access to the compartment more complex. Since the inflatable float is contained in the cover, opening the cover, e.g. for maintenance purposes, can be dangerous.
In this context, it can be seen from the state of the art that installing an inflatable float on an aircraft is far from straightforward and raises numerous difficulties.
The state of the art includes document U.S. Pat. No. 3,004,737. That document describes a cover that is hinged to a fuselage.
Document FR 1 599 828 relates to landing gear for an aircraft. An inflatable tube is retracted into an enclosure formed by flexible covering elements.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 8,079,547 describes an emergency float combined with an emergency raft.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,415 discloses an emergency float attached to the landing skid of an aircraft.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 7,156,033 describes an airplane having a buoyancy system including an ejectable cover.
Document FR 2 517 620 describes a float having a protective shield.
Document EP 0 001 607 describes landing gear provided with a float.

Method of arranging a buoyancy system on an aircraft, a buoyancy system for an aircraft, and an aircraft


The present invention relates to an electronic apparatus, which integrates an adapter plate, a PCIE card and a fan into an input/output unit, communicates with other electronic elements in the electronic apparatus through the adapter plate in the input/output unit, and reasonably lays out elements in the input/output unit, so that more electronic elements can be laid out in a limited electronic apparatus case space, thus having a high utilization rate and a low cost. Moreover, the design of the internally integrated fan makes the input/output unit and the electronic apparatus have good heat dissipation effects, and the input/output unit may be designed as hot plug, facilitating replacement and maintenance of the whole input/output unit.

Field of Invention
The present invention relates to the communication field, and specifically to an electronic apparatus of high density.
Description of Related Arts
With development of communication industry, structural design of communication devices, especially high-density, high-performance design of the devices also has higher requirements, the existing communication devices, in order to implement more functions, often dispose lots of electronic modules in their case, and thus laying out more modules reasonably and neatly in a limited space to increase price performance of products and bring about better experience to users will become a direction of development of the communication devices.

Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong District,Shanghai

CELESTICA TECHNOLOGY CONSULTANCY (SHANGHAI) CO. LTD


Systems and methods for calculating the health of an intersection, including lane-level impacts, using traffic data obtained from the intersection.

It has been reported that the average urban commuter spends roughly thirty six hours per year in traffic jams. This figure corresponds to the average American work week. Therefore, the economic impact of such wasted time is in the billions of dollars each year. While harder to quantify, the social and emotional toll of traffic jams are also significant.
Various systems have been developed in an effort to ease traffic congestion and reduce time wasted in traffic jams. One such system involves measuring traffic speed along a given route to calculate an estimated travel time. Real-time data regarding travel time can then be overlaid on a map to create a visual indicator of which roadways are moving the fastest. However, this method provides a relatively inaccurate estimate for several reasons. Travel time between two points is a calculation of when a global positioning system (or other location device) indication identifies the spatiotemporal status of a vehicle, or probe, and compares it to a subsequent spatiotemporal measurement. Travel time between the two spatial (location) points is then estimated. Due to the nature of probe estimations, the route could have been compromised by a stop made by the probe vehicle or a detour on a similar route to avoid an incident resulting in a false report of travel time along the assumed route.
Further, while immediate reporting of a GPS-tracked probe vehicle's speed can be helpful to determine the traffic flow on a particular segment, it cannot be used to measure traffic volume—a key determinate of how well an arterial road is performing. If the tracked vehicle pulls to the side of the road, or stops to pick up dry cleaning on the way home, the probe system may mistake it for an incident if no other probes are flowing past that area at that moment.
Therefore, a need exists in the art for a system capable of accurately measuring both vehicle speed and traffic volume, in order to accurately calculate not only travel time along a given segment of road, but also the general health of the assumed route as well. To satisfy this need for volume, the intersections along the routes will be used. A system that properly measures the health of a network of intersections; through both speed and volume can more accurately determine the impact on the route between them.

System and method for determining arterial roadway throughput


Disclosed is a semiconductor integrated circuit in which four FETs forming a double balanced mixer are adapted to exhibit uniform operational characteristics so that the double balanced mixer can properly operate to prevent distorsion of electric signals. In the present semiconductor integrated circuit at least an interconnection line connecting source electrodes of two of the four FETs to a first source electrode terminal and a counterpart interconnection line connecting source electrodes of the other two FETs to a second source electrode terminal are made to have substantially the same electrical resistance.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit and, more particularly, to a semiconductor integrated circuit having a double balanced mixer composed of four field effect transistors (hereinafter referred to as "FETs").
A circuit having a double balanced mixer is used to prevent distorsion of electric signals. As shown in FIG. 2, a double balanced mixer section of such a circuit is composed of four FETs 31 to 34 which are symmetrically connected to one another. Respective source electrodes 31a and 32a of the first FET 31 and the second FET 32 form a pair which is connected to a first source terminal S.sub.1. Similarly, respective source electrodes 33a and 34a of a third FET 33 and the fourth FET 34 form a pair which is connected to a second source terminal S.sub.2. On the other side, respective drain electrodes 31b and 33b of the first FET 31 and third FET 33 form a pair which is connected to a first drain terminal D.sub.1. Similarly, respective drain electrodes 32b and 34b of the second FET 32 and fourth FET 34 form a pair which is connected to a second drain terminal D.sub.2. Further, respective gate electrodes 31c and 34c of the first FET 31 and fourth FET 34 form a pair which is connected to a first gate terminal G.sub.1 in order to control voltage applied to each of the FETs. Similarly, respective gate electrodes 32c and 33c of the second FET 32 and third FET 33 form a pair which is connected to a second gate terminal G.sub.2.
FIG. 3 is a plan view showing an example of an conventional electrical wiring for the double balanced mixer of FIG. 2 which is formed on a semiconductor substrate. In this example, the FETs 31 to 34 are arranged so that their gate electrodes 31c to 34c are disposed parallel to one another. Around the FETs 31 to 34, there are provided bonding terminals S.sub.1, S.sub.2, D.sub.1, D.sub.2, G.sub.1 and G.sub.2 as external terminals which are connected to the source electrodes, drain electrodes and gate electrodes of the FETs through interconnection lines 35, respectively.
With such double balanced mixer, it is preferable to make the gate width of each FET larger because gain or noise figure (hereinafter referred to as "NF") of the mixer can be improved thereby. However, if the gate width is made large, the width of each FET would become large with the result that the interconnection line 35 connecting each FET with the corresponding bonding terminal is lengthened. In addition, some of the interconnection lines 35 would need to go around other FETs. This results in a difference in length between the interconnection lines 35. These would affect FET characteristics such as constant K to be described later because an enlarged gate width causes the source/drain resistance to decrease to a value which is substantially the same as that of the resistance of the interconnection line 35.
Further, in a portion A where the interconnection lines 35 intersect, in general the lower interconnection line is formed of a first layer line such as of titanium or aluminum provided on the surface of a semiconductor substrate, while the upper interconnection line is formed of a second layer line such as of aluminum or gold provided on an insulating film intermediate between the first and second layer lines. The sheet resistance of the first layer line per 1 cm.sup.2 is about 100 m.OMEGA., which is about 2.5 times larger than that of the second layer line, or about 40 m.OMEGA.. Accordingly, there is a great difference in resistance between an interconnection line having a first layer line and that not having the same. This results in non-uniformity in operational behavior among the four FETs. Specifically, the relation between a drain current I.sub.d of a FET and a gate voltage V.sub.g thereof is represented by the following equation: EQU Id=K(V.sub.g -V.sub.th).sup.2 (1-.lambda.V.sub.ds)tanh .alpha.V.sub.ds( 1)
where K is a constant in mA/V.sup.2, Vth is a threshold voltage, .lambda. is a channel length modulation, V.sub.ds is a voltage between source and drain, and .alpha. is a tanh constant.
The constant K is greatly affected by the source resistance R.sub.s or gate width W.sub.g of the FET. FIG. 4 shows the relation between the source resistance R.sub.s and a relative value of the constant K, with the gate width W.sub.g as a parameter assuming 100 .mu.m, 200 .mu.m, 400 .mu.m, and 800 .mu.m. As is clear from FIG. 4, a relative value of the constant K greatly decreases with the increase of source resistance R.sub.s, and the larger the gate width W.sub.g, the more conspicuously it affects the rate of change in the constant K.
FIG. 5 shows the relation between the gate width W.sub.g and the constant K, with the source resistance R.sub.s as a parameter assuming 0.OMEGA., 0.5.OMEGA., 0.8.OMEGA., 1.0.OMEGA., 1.4.OMEGA., and 1.8.OMEGA.. As is also clear from FIG. 5, if the gate width becomes larger, the constant K greatly varies depending on the source resistance R.sub.s. Accordingly, although it is preferable to make the gate width larger in view of FET characteristics, it is necessary that the four FETs should have substantially the same source resistance R.sub.s in order to realize uniformity in operational behavior among the FETs.
Further, it is known that a wafer has a variation in electric characteristics such as threshold voltage radially from the center thereof due to, for example, variation in the impurity concentration of a semiconductor substrate, and variation in the thickness of a film nitride. In a semiconductor integrated circuit, which is susceptible to this variation, there is a need to narrow the distance between adjacent FETs so as to relax the influence of variation as much as possible. In addition there can be mentioned non-uniform offsets of the gate electrodes of FETs which also account for the above-mentioned non-uniformity in operational behavior among the FETs. Offsets of a plurality of gate electrodes existing on a wafer are inevitably non-uniform even if the gate electrodes are formed by any method. Particularly, with photolithography which is frequently used for formation of a gate electrode, the alignment precision of an apparatus for photolithography is close to the gate width; hence, non-uniformity in offset among the gate electrodes is not negligible.
The present invention has been attained in view of the above-mentioned circumstances. Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor integrated circuit wherein interconnection lines associated with four FETs forming a double balanced mixer are made to have substantially the same electrical resistance so as to realize uniformity in operational behavior among the FETs.


A method of trimming the width of a blind having a head rail and a fabric panel depending therefrom, by a predetermined trim measurement, by trimming a first length from the head rail, retracting the head rail away from a first side edge of said fabric panel, trimming a second length from the first edge of the fabric panel,; moving the head rail axially relative to the fabric panel so as to retract it from a second side edge of the fabric panel opposite to the first side edge, trimming a third length from the second edge of the fabric panel, and moving the head rail axially relative to the fabric panel whereby to locate it equidistant from the first and the second edges of the fabric panel. Also disclosed is apparatus for trimming such a fabric blind.

Blinds having a head rail and a panel of blind fabric suspended from the head rail are well known. Such blinds have a fabric panel which hangs vertically down from a head rail. Mechanism is provided in the head rail for raising and lowering the fabric panel. In many cases the panel is formed into horizontal folds or pleats, although this is not essential. Cords extend down from the head rail at spaced intervals and attach to the lower edge of the panel. Usually the cords run through holes in the fabric, or rings or loops or guides of some kind attached to the rear of the panel, although other arrangements are possible. In many cases the lower edge of the fabric panel contains or supports a rigid rail similar to the bottom rail in conventional venetian blinds. The head rails, and in many cases the bottom rails, are made of metal.
In the past blinds such as this type were usually sold by a salesperson visiting the home. The person would take measurements and write up an order. The blinds were then custom made in a factory, and delivered to the home and installed there.
Currently, in the marketing of such blinds, it is becoming the custom to market these blinds through department stores. Blinds are supplied to the store in standard widths. A customer will measure the actual window or door opening in which he wishes to erect a blind. He will then select a blind of a suitable design, for his taste and his specific window or door. He will then place his order for that blind, in the store. The sales clerk will then locate from amongst the inventory of standard width blinds in the store, a blind of the required design having a width greater than that required by the customer.
The sales clerk will then trim the blind so as to fit the customer's requirement. The cords are located equidistant from each side of the fabric panel. When trimming the width of the blind, each trim cut should be made at an equal spacing from each side edge of the blind. In this way the final trimmed blind has a symmetrical appearance, with the cords being an equal distance from each side edge of the blind, although that distance is less than in the blind before trimming. Trim cutting of the head rail and bottom rail does not require cutting at each end of each rail. This is because the head rail and bottom rail are axially slidable relative to the top and bottom of the fabric panel. Consequently, once the head rail and bottom rail are slid axially relative to the fabric panel, each rail can be cut to length by trimming only one end, of each rail.
Trimming or cutting the metal components, such as the head rail, and the bottom rail if provided, requires a considerable force. However the cutting device, preferably a cutting die, will move only a short distance to make the cut. Usually this distance is no more than the thickness of the metal itself. Various machines are available for trimming blinds. Some use cutting blades. Others use actual profiled cutting dies, especially for cutting metallic head rails.
Examples of such in store point of sale blind trimming machines can be seen in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,806,394, 6,196,099, 6,178,857, 6,089,134, all of which are owned by Shade-O-Matic Limited, also the owner of the present application.
As explained above, fabric panel blinds are typically formed with pleats or fold lines extending horizontally.
In a preferred form of fabric blind, as explained, the head rail is movable or slidable axially relative to the fabric panel. Similarly the bottom rail will be either movable or slidable relative to the panel, or will be contained within a pocket formed in the lower edge of the panel.
For purposes of trimming, the fabric panel will be folded into pleats in a series of tight folds. Cutting of the panel is achieved by means of a knife blade which slices through the folds of fabric cleanly in a single stroke. These cuts, at each side edge of the panel are made while the head rail and bottom rail are slid axially, to one side. In this way the cutter knife blade can slice through the fabric without also cutting the rails.
The folded fabric is much thicker than the metal forming the head rail and the bottom rail. Consequently the cutting stroke required to cut the folds of the fabric panel is much longer than the cutting stroke required to cut thin metal head rails or bottom rails. However cutting the fabric requires less manual effort than cutting the metal components. Thus either the manual effort required to cut the metal components must increase, as compared with the effort to cut the fabric panel, or the leverage available in the cutting machine, for cutting the metal, must be increased, as compared with the leverage required for cutting the fabric. For this purpose the cutting stroke of the head rail (and bottom rail) cutting die is powered through one transmission system, and the longer cutting stroke for the fabric cutting blade is powered through another transmission system. Both transmissions connect to a single common operating lever, and both are operated by a single manual stroke of the operating lever.

Fabric blind cut down apparatus and method of trimming fabric blinds


A touch sensor on a device is configured to accept user input in the form of touches. Control areas on the touch sensor may be designated to correspond to keys on a keyboard or other commands. These control areas may be arranged on either side of the touch sensor to allow the user to activate control areas with their thumbs while holding the device. Size and spacing of the keys may vary dynamically in response to environmental conditions, user interactions, and so forth. Thus, the area of a control on the touch sensor may be larger when operated in a high vibration or motion environment, such as on a train, walking, and so forth. Additionally or alternatively, the position of control areas may dynamically change to adjust to the user.

Electronic devices that accept input from users are ubiquitous, and include cellular phones, eBook readers, tablet computers, portable media devices, and so forth. Increasingly, users desire these devices to be easily portable yet remain capable of rapid and accurate data entry. However, ambient motion such as vibration, accelerations, and so forth may adversely affect the user's ability to correctly enter data or commands into the device.


A consumables monitoring system is in communication with computing means and has a dispenser assembly formed of a dispenser and a mounting unit. The mounting unit and dispenser are arranged such that a plurality of sensors in the mounting unit is able to measure the quantity of consumables in the dispenser, and the dispenser assembly communicates sensor data to the computing means, which thereby monitor the usage of the dispenser. The plurality of sensors have different sensitivities over a range of inputs, wherein system is configured to switch between the sensors depending on the value of the inputs detected. The fact that the mounting unit may engage multiple different types of otherwise stand-alone dispensers provides for a monitoring system that can be used in conjunction with any type of dispenser and consumable. The plurality of dispensers allows for optimum sensitivity across a broad range of dispenser fill levels.

In a facility or services context it is known to provide a number of consumables including liquid hand soap, foaming hand soap, alcohol based hand rubs, toilet paper, hand towels, air fresheners, etc. In order to maintain the appropriate level of a given consumable within a particular location (e.g. the amount of soap in a washroom) the level of the consumable must be measured on a periodic basis. Such measurements may be time consuming and furthermore are typically subject to variation based on the person performing the measurement.
Often the suppliers of these consumables to a single facility, or location, are made up from a number of different manufacturers, e.g. in a washroom the paper supplier may not be the same company as the soap supplier, and the maker of a soap dispenser may not necessarily be the same company who supply the soap. This may introduce variations in the measurement of the consumable.
In the prior art conventional consumables monitoring methods require a monitoring system that is physically integrated into a dispenser housing, which results in the need for either multiple separate monitoring systems to cope with the dispensers and consumables of different manufacturers, or for the facility to move the supply of all consumables to a single source.
An object of the present invention is to mitigate some of the deficiencies of the prior art mentioned above.


The invention relates to an ESD protection with ability to enhance trigger-on speed of a low voltage Triggered PNP (LVTPNP) unit for protecting internal circuits of an integrated circuit from attack of an ESD stress. The ESD protection unit incorporates either detection circuit or power clamp circuit to efficiently trigger on a trigger node as a heavily doped region of LVTPNP devices among an I/O pad, a VDD pin and a VSS pin. As soon as the trigger node of each LVTPNP device receives a trigger signal from either the ESD detection circuit or power clamp circuit, the threshold voltage of the LVTPNP devices are capable of being therefore reduced to enhance trigger-on speed of the LVTPNP devices that discharge ESD current.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an ESD protection unit, and particularly to an ESD protection unit capable of enhancing trigger-on speed of a low voltage Triggered PNP (LVTPNP) thereby achieving a better ESD performance.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As known, an ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) total-protection design is usually considered as one of the reliability for an integrated circuit (IC). Even through less ESD may cause serious damages on the integrated circuit. For example, during delivery process, such IC products are readily to suffer accidental attacks of various external static electricity, i.e. a HBM (Human Body Model) or MM (Machine Model) ESD stress. Generally speaking, each of the input and output pins of IC products has to sustain HBM ESD stress over ±2000V and MM ESD stress over ±200V. Therefore, ESD protection circuits need be disposed around the input and output (I/O) pads of the IC. Presently, a semiconductor circuit such as a CMOS with an on-chip ESD protection utilizing large amount of diodes or MOS transistors that occupy larger silicon areas. Furthermore, to overcome the high diode reverse-biased breakdown voltage and high MOS transistors holding voltage would cause the ESD protection inefficient.
FIGS. 1–3 are schematic circuit diagrams introducing three traditional ESD protection circuits.
In FIG. 1, the ESD protection device 1 includes two diodes 61, 62 connected between an input pad 103 and a high power supply VDD, and the input pad 103 and a low power supply VSS, respectively. The diode 61 is turned on by a positive ESD pulse across the input pad 103 that flows therefrom to the power supply VDD rather than to the internal circuit 104. Similarly, the diode 62 is turned on by a negative ESD pulse across the input pad 103 that flows therefrom to the power supply VSS rather than to the internal circuit 104.
In FIG. 2, the ESD protection device 2 includes a P-type MOS FET (Metal-oxide semiconductor Field-effect Transistor) 63 and N-type MOS FET 64. Operations of the ESD protection devices 1 and 2 are similar. The transistors 63 and 64 are turned on by a positive and negative ESD pulse across the input pad 103 that flows therefrom to the power supply VDD and VSS, respectively. This protects the internal circuit 104 from being damaged by ESD stress.
Generally speaking, the highest and lowest voltage levels of the input signals of integrated circuits are between the power supply voltages VDD and VSS. However, with the advance of the CMOS manufacturing process, ICs derived from different processes operate at different voltages. For example, the ICs derived from a 0.5 μm CMOS process operate at VDD of 5V, while those derived from a 0.18 μm CMOS process operate at VDD of 1.8V. On a single circuit board, there may be several ICs providing different functions and having I/O pads electrically connected with each other. Thus, each IC may receive I/O signals with different high and low voltage levels. For example, an IC using VDD of 1.8 or 3.3V may receive signals having a high voltage level of 5V output from another IC. This results in an input signal level higher than VDD. Similarly, some situations may cause an input signal lower than VSS. Moreover, in some ICs for network communication, such as ICs receiving signals from a remote device through connection lines, there may be input signals with voltage levels higher than VDD and lower than VSS. The previously described traditional ESD protection devices do not apply to an IC receiving input signals with voltage levels higher than VDD or lower than VSS since they induce leakage currents.
In FIG. 3, the ESD protection device is applicable to ICs receiving input signals with voltage levels lower than VSS. It includes a PNP bipolar junction transistor 67, a silicon controlled rectifier 66 and a PMOS transistor 65. Although this circuit provides ESD protection for ICs receiving input signals with voltage levels lower than VSS, the N well 661 is floated to prevent forward bias of the parasitic diode formed by the junction between the P substrate 662 and N well 661, which makes the silicon controlled rectifier 66 easy to be unintentionally triggered on. This results in latch-up issue to the circuit.
A low voltage triggered PNP (LVTPNP) technology disclosed in a pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/383,643 which now is a publication No. 2004/0085691, just provides an internal circuit with an ESD protection from input signals with voltage level either higher than VDD or lower than Vss, by way of a floating region such as "N+" without usage of any other external trigger signal applied thereon. The disclosure of which is incorporated here. However, since the threshold voltage of the LVTPNP has a higher potential, therefore results in slowing down the conduction speed of the LVTPNP. The internal circuit is still easy to be directly damaged by the ESD stress if ESD current is not able to pass through the LVTPNP in time to the ground. Furthermore, the on-stage high voltage of the LVTPNP device facilitate heat energy rise and may burn itself out at last to result in lost in ESD protection.
Conventional ESD protection circuitry is located between the input pads and the ground potential, VSS and the high voltage, VDD. However, there continues to be a need to prevent damage to the internal circuitry from the increased power supply voltage associated with electrostatic discharge. Thus, it is necessary to design a power clamp circuit disposed between VDD and VSS.
As known, a variety of power clamp circuits have been widely used in ICs. These clamp circuits consist of a primary device to carry the current and a control circuit to condition the primary conduction device to conduct during an ESD event, but not conduct under normal IC operation. The primary conduction devices that have previously been used in CMOS ICs are the NMOS transistor, the PMOS transistor, and a special device called as silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). Puar in U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,241 describes an ESD network using a PMOS clamp circuit. Ker in U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,681 used an SCR clamp. Each of these primary conduction devices has their respective advantages and disadvantages. The NMOS transistor has a high conductivity, but is itself susceptible to damage by the ESD event. The PMOS transistor is more rugged than the NMOS type, but the PMOS is less than half the conductivity per unit area when compared to the NMOS type. The SCR is both highly conductive and rugged, but difficult to appropriately control. Maloney in U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,612 discusses diodes that function as clamp circuits that result in parasitic PNP transistors for use between isolated power buses.
The clamp circuit requires that the control circuitry be relatively simple, spatially compact, electrically rugged, and also reliable, triggering the conduction of the primary conduction device only during the ESD event. The primary feature of most ESD control circuits is their use of the fast transient nature of the ESD event to trigger the conduction device. The control circuits switch the conducting device to the conducting state when the power bus to ground bus potential increases faster than a certain rate and the increase is greater than a certain value. In some cases, the clamp circuit may become conductive simply when a certain power bus to ground bus potential is exceeded. Dugan in U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,391 describes improvements to the control circuitry and thereby reaching minimum of triggering the ESD conducting device when the IC is in normal operation, but results in consuming additional area and circuit complexity.

ESD protection unit with ability to enhance trigger-on speed of low voltage triggered PNP


Disclosed are fiber optic ribbons having at least one optical fiber and a protective covering such as a matrix material. The fiber optic ribbons include an attachment portion for providing the craft an installation option for securing the same. Specifically, the fiber optic ribbon has a first portion that has at least one optical fiber and an attachment portion. The attachment portion generally extends away from the first portion, thereby providing a portion of the fiber optic structure suitable for receiving a fastener therethrough without damaging the at least one optical fiber or causing undue levels of optical attenuation. Moreover, the fiber optic ribbon may be used by itself if a rugged construction is provided or can further include cable components such as a cable jacket. The fiber optic structures may also have a bulbous first portion for indicating the location of the optical fiber to the craft.

Communication networks are used to transport a variety of signals such as voice, video, data transmission, and the like. Traditional communication networks use copper wires in cables for transporting information and data. However, copper cables have drawbacks because they are large, heavy, and can only transmit a relatively limited amount of data compared with optical waveguides such as optical fiber. Consequently, optical waveguide cables replaced most of the copper cables in long-haul communication network links, thereby providing greater bandwidth capacity for long-haul links. However, most communication networks still use copper cables for drop links on the subscriber side of the central office. In other words, subscribers have a limited amount of available bandwidth due to the constraints of copper cables in the communication network. Stated another way, the copper cables are a bottleneck that inhibit the subscriber from utilizing the relatively high-bandwidth capacity of the optical fiber links.
As optical waveguides such as optical fiber are deployed deeper into communication networks, subscribers will have access to increased bandwidth. But certain obstacles exist that make it challenging, time-consuming, and/or expensive to route optical waveguides/optical cables to the subscriber. As the optical network pushes toward the subscriber, the craft needs solutions that provide quick and reliable installation without requiring special installation techniques. The present invention discloses structures that satisfy this need.

Fiber optic ribbons having an attachment portion


An airbag device includes: an airbag having an exhaust hole capable of discharging a part of the inflation gas introduced therein upon opening; and an opening/closing control device capable of controlling opening/closing of the exhaust hole. The airbag has: a flexible bag main body; a discharge part having the exhaust hole; and a coupling member. Peripheral edges of a pair of peripheral wall constituting parts are joined to form the bag main body and the discharge part. Discharge part forming portions, which constitute the discharge part, partially protrude in the peripheral wall constituting parts, respectively. An opening, which constitutes the exhaust hole, is formed in a region, which is closer to a tip end-side of the discharge part than seal parts crimped to each other when the discharge part is pulled into the bag main body.

In the related art, an airbag device including an airbag, which is provided with an exhaust hole for discharging a part of an inflation gas, and configured to control opening/closing of the exhaust hole by an opening/closing control device, in correspondence to a sitting position and a physique of a passenger sitting on a seat, and to control an internal pressure upon inflation of the airbag is available (for example, Patent Document 1). Specifically, according to the airbag device of the related art, the airbag has a bag main body, and a coupling member provided to the bag main body and configured to couple a discharge part having the exhaust hole to the opening/closing control device, and when the bag main body inflates in a state where the coupling of the coupling member with the opening/closing control device is kept, the discharge part is pulled into the bag main body, so that a closed state of the exhaust hole is kept, and when the bag main body inflates in a state where the coupling of the coupling member with the opening/closing control device is released, the pulled state of the discharge part into the bag main body is released, so that the discharge part protrudes to an outside of the bag main body and opens the exhaust hole.
Also, an airbag device including an airbag having a protrusion provided separately from a bag main body is available in which the protrusion is provided with an exhaust hole having a substantially circular shape, a coupling member extending from a tip end-side of the protrusion is coupled to an opening/closing control device, and opening/closing of the exhaust hole is controlled and an internal pressure upon inflation of the airbag is controlled by keeping or releasing the coupling of the coupling member with the opening/closing control device (for example, refer to Patent Document 2).
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent No. 4,840,157
Patent Document 2: JP-A-2012-171408
However, according to the airbag device disclosed in Patent Document 1, the exhaust hole formed in the discharge part is formed from a gap part configured as peripheral edges of peripheral wall constituting parts constituting the bag main body are not partially coupled. As a result, the exhaust hole has different opening shapes such as a largely widened opening and an opening with a small opening width dimension, so that it is difficult to make an opening area of the exhaust hole constant upon opening and to thus stabilize an exhaust amount of the inflation gas.
Also, according to the airbag device disclosed in Patent Document 2, it is possible to stabilize the exhaust amount of the inflation gas from the exhaust hole opened in a circular shape. However, the exhaust hole is formed in the protrusion provided separately from the bag main body, and the coupling member extending outward from the tip end-side of the protrusion is configured to once pass an inside of the bag main body, to make a tip end thereof protrude to the outside of the bag main body and to couple the same to the opening/closing control device. Therefore, the configuration is not simple, and there is room for improvements on reductions in the manufacturing man-hours and the cost.
The present invention has been made in view of the above situations, and an object thereof is to provide an airbag device having a simple configuration and capable of stabilizing an exhaust amount of an inflation gas upon opening.

Airbag device having controlled exhaust hole


A printed circuit board is designed to meet the following requirements. A front-back copper foil residual rate difference a−b falls within a range of −10% to 10%, where the insulative board is divided into a plurality of divisions, in which front and back surface copper foil residual rates of each division are a % and b %, respectively. A difference (a−b)−(c−d) between front-back copper foil residual rate differences of adjacent divisions falls within a range of −10% to 10%, where the front and back surface copper foil residual rates of a division adjacent to the each division are c % and d %, respectively. There are not three or more consecutive divisions for which the difference between the front-back copper foil residual rate differences goes beyond a range of −5% to 5%.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a printed circuit board in which a circuit pattern is formed, and particularly relates to a printed circuit board for which the warpage can be reduced even if a phenolic paper substrate is used.
2. Background Art
<A Traditional Printed Circuit Board>
When the pattern of a printed circuit board is designed, traditionally, no limit is set in the ratio of copper foils formed on the front surface and the back surface of the circuit board or copper foil balance.
<In the Case of a Phenolic Paper Substrate>
However, when a phenolic paper substrate (FR1) is used, the board is warped when the traditional pattern design method is used. If the board is being warped, when components are mounted, the following problems will happen. For example, the component is not well soldered, or the component is not in an automatic soldering reflow groove. Moreover, stress among the mounted component, the soldering part and the copper foil is produced due to the warp after the solder is solidified in the reflow groove.
<Related Arts to Prevent a Warp of the Circuit Board>
As a circuit board in view of the above situation, JP-A-2002-261402 discloses to prevent the warp of a circuit board as follows. According to JP-A-2002-261402, the overall area of the circuit pattern provided on the front surface of the circuit board is generally the same as the overall area of the circuit pattern provided on the back surface of the circuit board.
Thereby, the warp of the circuit board becomes extremely small. When an electric component is soldered, the electric component can be soldered surely. Meanwhile, the solder of the electric component can be prevented from being stripped when the electric component is soldered to a mother board or in use.
<Problems of JP-A-2002-261402>
In the method described in JP-A-2002-261402, the overall area of the circuit pattern on the front surface is generally the same as the overall area of the circuit pattern on the back surface, but in many cases, the circuit patterns are formed with sparse parts and dense parts. Therefore, even if the overall areas of the circuit patterns on the front surface and the back surface are the same, it naturally occurs that the sparse part of the circuit pattern on the front surface may correspond to the dense part of the circuit pattern on the back surface, or the dense part of the circuit pattern on the front surface may correspond to the sparse part of the circuit pattern on the back surface. In such a case, a deformation occurs between the front surface and the back surface, and a warp occurs.
<Related Art 2 to Prevent a Warp of the Circuit Board>
JP-A-2009-267162 also discloses to prevent a warp of the circuit board as follows. According to JP-A-2009-267162, a circuit pattern which includes a solid pattern for power supply is formed on the front surface of the circuit board, a circuit pattern which includes a solid pattern for grounding is formed on the back surface of the circuit board, and a plurality of holes are formed in the solid patterns in areas where the two solid patterns are not overlapped (in a top view) to alleviate the stress and control the warp.
<Problems of JP-A-2009-267162>
According to the method described in JP-A-2009-267162, for the solid patterns in the areas where the two solid patterns are not overlapped (in a top view) the stress is alleviated so that the deformation is hard to occur. In areas, however, where the two solid patterns are overlapped in a top view, circuit patterns which include the solid patterns are formed respectively. Since it also naturally occurs that the dense part of the circuit pattern on the back surface may correspond to the sparse part of the circuit pattern on the front surface, like JP-A-2002-261402, deformation in the parts occurs, and a warp occurs.


There are provided Idbf (inhibitor of Dvl and bone formation) which is a novel Dvl-binding protein that binds to Dvl to inhibit signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, a gene for coding for the same, the use thereof, and the use of an inhibitor of the Idbf. The Idbf was known to be expressed by activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and bind to Dvl to block signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, the Idbf can be used in development of medicines for inhibiting the signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and an Idbf inhibitor can be used in preparation of medicines for activating the signal transduction carried out through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

A Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a signaling pathway which plays a critical role in the development, growth and homeostasis of vertebrate animals. An abnormal Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway causes various diseases including cancer and osteoporosis. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is initiated from binding a receptor, Frizzled (Fz), and a co-receptor, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 and 6 (LRP 5/6), to a ligand, Wnt. A component protein, Dvl, of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway present in the cytoplasm functions to transmit a signal generated from the binding of Wnt to Fz and LRP5/6 to a β-catenin destruction complex serving as a protein complex, and the signal transduction by Dvl serves to facilitate dissociation of the β-catenin destruction complex, thereby blocking polyubiquitination of a core factor, β-catenin, of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and thus destroying the β-catenin. Therefore, as the β-catenin in the cytoplasm is increased in amount, some of the β-catenin moves into cell nuclei, thereby facilitating expression of target genes having β-catenin transcriptional activities.
Dvl has three evolutionarily conserved functional domains. Among these functional domains, a Post Synaptic Density-95, discs-large and Zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domain consists of approximately 90 bases. Some Dvl-associated proteins binding to Dvl function in such a PDZ domain regulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Yonsei University


A robot control device includes a position-accuracy-information storage unit that stores position accuracy information at a plurality of division points defined when an operating area space of the multi joint robot is divided into a plurality of areas in a grid shape, a position-accuracy calculation unit that calculates position accuracy at the end-effector position based on the position accuracy information and the current end-effector position of the multi-joint robot, and a position-accuracy output unit that outputs the calculated position accuracy to an outside.

In a known technique in the related art, end-position information of a multi joint robot is measured with a three-dimensional-position measuring device or the like at a plurality of measuring points, and D-H (Denavit-Hartenberg) parameters, including link lengths, and the like are corrected, or the amount of distortion is corrected by calculating the distortion generated from a load torque acting on a motor of a rotation joint and adding this to a motor instruction, thereby improving the absolute accuracy of the end of the jointed robot.
For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2014-65100 discloses a technique for calculating and collecting the amount of shift between a position instructed to a multi joint robot and the actual position thereof. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. Hei 6-83427 discloses a technique for estimating and correcting the amount of shift due to the distortion of a joint by using a learning model.


A system for use in a well includes plural flow control devices to control fluid flow in respective zones of the well, where each of at least some of the flow control devices includes a membrane having a permeable material to provide a flow restriction. The membranes of the at least some flow control devices have different permeabilities to provide corresponding different flow restrictions.

A well (e.g., a vertical well, near-vertical well, deviated well, horizontal well, or multi-lateral well) can pass through various hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs or may extend through a single reservoir for a relatively long distance. A technique to increase the production of the well is to perforate the well in a number of different zones, either in the same hydrocarbon bearing reservoir or in different hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs.
An issue associated with producing from a well in multiple zones relates to the control of the flow of fluids into the well. In a well producing from a number of separate zones, in which one zone has a higher pressure than another zone, the higher pressure zone may produce into the lower pressure zone rather than to the surface. Similarly, in a horizontal well that extends through a single reservoir, zones near the "heel" of the well (closest to the vertical or near vertical part of the well) may begin to produce unwanted water or gas (referred to as water or gas coning) before those zones near the "toe" of the well (furthest away from the vertical or near vertical departure point). Production of unwanted water or gas in any one of these zones may require special interventions to be performed to stop production of the unwanted water or gas.
In other scenarios, certain zones of the well may have excessive drawdown pressures, which can lead to early erosion of the flow control devices or other problems.
To address coning effects or other issues noted above, flow control devices are placed into the well. There are various different types of flow control devices that have conventionally been used to equalize flow rates (or pressure drops) in different zones of a well. However, conventional flow control devices generally suffer from lack of flexibility and/or are relatively complex in design.

Flow control device with a permeable membrane


A tappet for an internal combustion engine is formed from a high-carbon, bearing grade steel. The high-carbon, bearing grade steel has a relatively high surface fatigue strength that provides the tappet with the ability to absorb a relatively large contact stresses during operation, thereby minimizing the formation of cracks within the tappet. Additionally, the high-carbon steel tappet can be heat treated to provide a substantially uniform hardness, between about 58 Rockwell Hardness C (HRC) and 62 HRC, and a substantially consistent microstructure throughout the tappet, thereby minimizing wear of the tappet during use.

Conventional internal combustion engines utilize intake and exhaust valves to provide a flow of air into, and combusted gas from, the cylinders during operation. Internal combustion engines utilize a valve train that includes tappets, in conjunction with a rotating camshaft, to control the position of the intake and exhaust valves. Each tappet of the valve train is disposed within the engine between a cam on the camshaft and a pushrod linked to an intake or exhaust valve through the rocker arm. During operation, the camshaft rotates the cam relative to the tappet and causes the cam to slide across the tappet face. The sliding motion of the cam relative to the tappet causes the tappet to reciprocate within the engine, and by acting through the pushrod and rocker arm, actuate the intake or exhaust valve between an open and closed position.

Tappet for an internal combustion engine

Lycoming Engines, a division of Avco Corporation


An exhaust aftertreatment system for an internal combustion engine has an exhaust system having at least one three-way catalyst near the engine, wherein a particulate filter is arranged downstream from the three-way catalyst, preferably in an underbody installation in a motor vehicle. A heated catalyst, which has at least one heating stage that can be heated by means of an electric heating element, is provided upstream from the at least one three-way catalyst and downstream from the particulate filter. The at least one electrically heatable heating stage is supplied with electric power directly from a generator that is operatively connected to the internal combustion engine, so that heating of the heated catalyst takes place essentially independently of the charge status of the vehicle battery.

As regulations governing exhaust emissions have steadily become more stringent, the resulting high demands on automobile manufacturers must be met through appropriate exhaust aftertreatment and corresponding measures to reduce crude engine emissions, and with the introduction of the EU6 stage of legislative requirements, the stipulated limits for particle counts for gasoline engines will in many cases necessitate the use of a gasoline particulate filter. Such carbon black particles are formed in particular after a cold start of an internal combustion engine due to incomplete combustion in combination with a sub-stoichiometric combustion air ratio after a cold start as well as the cold cylinder walls and the heterogeneous mixture distribution in the combustion chambers of the internal combustion engine. In contrast with the load of a diesel particulate filter, the carbon black load of a gasoline particulate filter depends on the temperature of the combustion chamber to a significant extent and declines with an increase in the temperature of the combustion chamber. The cold start phase is thus definitive for maintaining the particle limit values stipulated by law with regard to the particle mass as well as with regard to the particle count. When outside temperatures are cold, in particular when ambient temperatures are below 0° C., high particle emissions are created with a gasoline engine in particular because of the evaporation of fuel, the initial enrichment and the low homogenization of the mixture. Furthermore, a cold start with a sub-stoichiometric, rich combustion air ratio leads to higher emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) because it is not yet possible to convert them to carbon dioxide and water vapor due to the cold catalyst. In driving operation of motor vehicles having a gasoline particulate filter, the gasoline particulate filter is then loaded further with carbon black. To prevent the exhaust gas back-pressure from rising too much, the gasoline particulate filter must be regenerated periodically or continuously. The increase in exhaust gas back-pressure can result in increased fuel consumption by the internal combustion engine, a loss of power and negative effects on smooth running, and even misfiring. To implement thermal oxidation of the carbon black retained in the gasoline particulate filter with oxygen, a sufficiently high temperature level is required in combination with oxygen that is present at the same time in the exhaust system of the gasoline engine. Since modern gasoline engines are normally operated with a stoichiometric combustion air ratio (λ=1), i.e., without excess oxygen, additional measures are therefore required. For example, an increase in temperature by adjusting the firing angle, a temporary adjustment to a lean mixture of the gasoline engine, injection of secondary air into the exhaust system or a combination of these measures may be considered. So far, a firing angle adjustment in the late direction or a combination with a lean adjustment of the gasoline engine is preferably used because this method does not require any additional components and can supply a sufficient amount of oxygen in most operating points of the gasoline engine.
Because of the good efficiency of the gasoline engine, regeneration of a particulate filter is impossible in a underbody installation in certain operating situations Therefore, special driving cycles are required to regenerate a particulate filter in an underbody installation.
DE 10 2010 046 747 A1 discloses an exhaust aftertreatment system for a gasoline engine and a method for exhaust aftertreatment. A particulate filter is situated downstream from a three-way catalyst, and a secondary air system can be provided for regeneration of the carbon black particles retained in the particulate filter, such that the secondary air system injects fresh air into the exhaust system downstream from the three-way catalyst and upstream from the particulate filter. Secondary air is used in these situations to exothermically convert the unburned constituents of the exhaust, in particular unburned hydrocarbons, and to heat the exhaust stream as well as to supply the oxygen necessary for regeneration of the particulate filter.
However, one disadvantage of these approaches is that a high temperature level must be reached in the exhaust system for this exothermic reaction in order to exothermically convert the unburned exhaust constituents.

Exhaust aftertreatment system and method for regenerating a particulate filter


The present invention provides a rubber composition for a base tread, which improves balance in low heat generating properties and steering stability, and a pneumatic tire using the same. Specifically, the present invention provides a rubber composition for a base tread of a tire comprising 5 to 120 parts by weight of a laminated natural mineral having aspect ratio of 3 to 30 and average particle size of 2 to 30 μm, based on 100 parts by weight of a diene rubber component, and a pneumatic tire having a base tread comprising the rubber composition.

The present invention relates to a rubber composition for a base tread and a pneumatic tire using the same, particularly a rubber composition for a base tread, which has excellent fuel efficiency and steering stability, and a pneumatic tire using the same.
In recent years, demands regarding fuel efficiency are severe and low heat generation is desired in tread rubber, which occupies a high proportion of a tire. Therefore, the method of preparing a tread having a two layer structure of cap/base and using rubber having low heat generating properties for the base tread is common.
In order to reduce heat generation of the base tread, either the amount of carbon black is reduced or carbon black having large particle size is used. Also, the method of achieving both low heat generating properties and reinforcing properties by using silica and carbon black together is suggested (for example, see JP-A-2003-12866). However, in these methods, the hardness of the rubber decreases, thereby lowering the stiffness of the tire tread, and as a result, there is the problem that steering stability decreases.
Also, the method of improving air permeability resistance by compounding a laminated natural mineral in the inner liner rubber is known (for example, see JP-A-2002-88208). However, it is not described whether low heat generating properties and steering stability can sufficiently be obtained by compounding a laminated natural mineral in the base tread rubber.

Rubber composition for base tread and pneumatic tire


An absorbent body for hygiene articles, particularly sanitary napkins or panty liners, includes a liquid absorbing and distributing layer facing the body and made of a first fibrous material with a first pore size, and a liquid storage layer facing away from the body and including at least 20 to 98 wt. % cellulose fibers, with a second pore size smaller than the first pore size. The first fibrous material is made of interlinked cellulose fibers, and the layers are interconnected, without adhesives by a multitude of embossing points provided in grid-like manner which results in the formation of a funnel-shaped pore gradient in the liquid absorbing and distributing layer around the embossing points. This pore gradient assists in the introduction of liquid into the underlying storage layer.

The invention relates to an at least double-layer absorbent body for hygiene articles, specifically for sanitary napkins or panty liners, having a fluid absorption and distribution layer facing the body made of a first fibrous material with a first pore size and a fluid storage layer facing away from the body with a second pore size.
An absorbent body structure of this type is known from a plurality of publications, for example, EP 0 512 010 B1. In the case of this known absorbent body, the fluid absorption and distribution layer facing the body is formed from intra-linked cellulose fibers, known as curled-fiber material, which, even in its saturated state, retains a high pore volume and therefore promotes the rapid uptake of large quantities of fluid without capillary interstices becoming blocked and causing the impinging fluid to run off to the sides. In this curled-fiber material, the fibers are stiffened by hydrogen-bridge bonds formed inside a cellulose fiber, and the fibrous material tends, with suitable pre-compression, to expand in a saturated state, i.e., to increase in volume. Other fibrous materials which are suitable for the fluid absorption and distribution layer facing away from the body are thermally welded thermoplastic bi-component fibers which, as a result of the thermal welding, do not tend to collapse when impinged upon by fluid.
The task of the fluid absorption and distribution layer facing the body is to absorb impinging fluid, to hold it temporarily and distribute it within the layer, and then to release it to a storage layer lying thereunder which has a smaller pore size and thus higher capillarity. The greater the pore size of a fibrous layer, the less its capacity to transport fluid within the layer on the basis of capillary mechanisms, i.e., the lower the capillarity of this layer and vice-versa. Because of the small capillary fiber interstices in the storage layer, the fluid is transported to still unused areas of the absorbent body as the result of capillary fluid transportation within the storage layer. This transportation process requires a certain time, for which reason rapidly absorbing fluid absorption and distribution layers of the previously described type are used.
The layers used here are intended to be bonded to each other in a suitable way to simplify the handling of large panels of web material, but also to prevent slippage of the layers against each other when a hygiene article is used. To this end, a plurality of methods and means are known, as for example, the use of pressure-sensitive adhesives, thermal bonding of fibrous webs with the addition of thermoplastic fiber materials or of adhesive materials or the application of weld joints. Further, the bonding of large panels of web material by calendaring is known at least in principle as a measure to the person skilled in the art, although a possibly unintentional compression of the web material may result.
From EP 1 032 342 B1 it is known for example, for the adhesive-free production of a fibrous material web consisting of cellulose fibers, starting with an air-laid cellulose fibrous nonwoven, to take this nonwoven through the gap of a pair of calendaring rollers, where the pair of calendaring rollers has punctiform elevations which can be positioned opposite each other to almost touch and produce embossing points on both sides in the nonwoven and thus bond the nonwoven.


A class of compounds for the treatment of viral infections. Compounds of particular interest are defined by Formula II ##STR1## wherein R.sup.28 is selected from (a) amino substituted with one or two radicals selected from alkyl, aralkyl, heterocycoalkyl, heterocyclo, and aryl, and (b) amino acid residues and derivatives thereof; wherein R.sup.29 is selected from hydrido, alkyl, halo, ##STR2## wherein R.sup.30 is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, carboxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy, alkylaminoalkoxy, alkylaminoalkylamino, heterocycloalkylamino, and N-aralkylamino; wherein R.sup.31 is alkyl; wherein R.sup.32 is alkyl and aryl; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

There is a great need for new therapies active in the treatment of viral diseases. Whereas there has been great progress in developing a variety of therapies for the treatment of bacterial infections, there are few viable therapies for the treatment of viruses. Zidovudine is the primary approved treatment for human immunodeficiency virus. Ganciclovir, acyclovir and foscarnet are currently utilized for the treatment of herpesvirus infections. However, these therapies can have substantial side effects based on their deleterious effects on host cell DNA replication or effect of a limited number of viral infections. In addition, viruses are known to develop resistance to therapies which causes a progressive decline in efficacy [Ljungman et al., J. Infect. Dis., 162, 244 (1990) and Gately et al, J. Infect. Dis., 161, 711 (1990)].
Viruses are classified into broad categories based on whether they incorporate RNA or DNA. Important virus families classified of RNA type include orthomyxoviridae, paramyxoviridae, picornaviridae, rhabdoviridae, coronaviridae, togaviridae, bunyaviridae, arenaviridae and retroviridae. Important virus families classified of DNA type include adenoviridae, poxviridae, papovaviridae and herpesviridae.
Herpesviridae is a family of DNA viruses which include herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV6), human herpesvirus-7 (HHV7), human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8), pseudorabies and rhinotracheitis, among others.
It is known that herpesviruses express their genetic content by directing the synthesis of a number of proteins encoded by the herpesvirus DNA in the host cell. One of the important virus encoded proteins is made as a precursor consisting of an amino terminal-located protease and carboxyl terminal-located assembly protein. This precursor is proteolytically processed in an autocatalytic manner at a specific amino acid sequence known as the "release" site yielding separate protease and assembly protein. The assembly protein is cleaved further by the protease at another specific amino acid sequence known as the "maturation" cleavage site. Recently, EP No. 514,830, published Nov. 25, 1992, describes a virus-specific serine protease which has a role in herpesvirus replication. Additionally, Lui and Roizman [J. Virol, 65, 5149 (1991)] describe the sequence and activity of a protease and the associated assembly protein encoded by U.sub.L 26 of HSV-1. A. R. Welch et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 10792 (1991) and WO93/01291, published Jan. 21, 1993] describe the related protease (also known as assemblin) and assembly protein encoded by U.sub.L 80 of CMV. An approach currently being investigated for potential use in the treatment of herpesvirus infections is the development of inhibitors of herpesvirus proteases.
4H-3,1-Benzoxazinones have been described in the literature as having serine protease activity, among others. While compounds of this type have been reported to have serine protease inhibitory activity, none have been reported to inhibit viral assemblin protease. For example Teshima et al. [J. Biol. Chem., 257, 5085-5091 (1982)] describe various 2-alkyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones as enzyme inhibitors. Moorman and Abeles [J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 104, 6785-6786 (1982)] describe 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2,4-dione as having some enzyme inhibitory activity. R. Stein, et al. [Biochemistry, 26, 4126-4130, (1987)] describe 2-alkyl-4H-benzoxazin-4-ones, with further substitution at the 5, 6 and 7 positions, as inhibiting the elastase enzyme. WO publication 92/18488 (published Oct. 29, 1992) describes 2-alkyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones with substitution at the 5 and 7 positions as selective inhibitors of elastase. European Application 206,323 (published Dec. 30, 1985) describes 2-alkoxy-, 2-aryloxy- and 2-aralkoxy-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones, having substitution at the 5, 6, 7, and 8 positions, as enzyme inhibitors. U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,116, to A. Kranz et al. claims 2-alkoxy, 2-aryloxy- and 2-aralkoxy-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones, having further substitution at the 5, 7 and 8 positions, as enzyme inhibitors.
2-Amino-4H-3,1-benzoxazinones have been described. A. Krantz et al. [J. Med. Chem., 33, 464-479 (1990)] describe 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones substituted with alkyl, alkylamino, alkoxy and alkylthio substituents at the 2-position, and with further substitution at the 5, 6 and 7 positions, as elastase inhibitors. Uejima, et al. [J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 265, 516-522 (1993)] describe 2-alkylamino-5-methyl-7-acylamino-4H-3.1-benzoxazin-4-ones as highly selective elastase inhibitors with significant plasma stability. U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,893, to A. Krantz et al, describes 2-alkylamino- and 2-alkylurido-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones having further substitution at the 5, 7 and 8 positions, as enzyme inhibitors.
F. L. M. Alvarez [An. Quim., 79, 115-17 (1983)] describes the preparation of 2-sulfonylamino-4H-3,1-benzoxazinones. J. G. Tercero et al. [An. Quim., 83, 247-50 (1987)] describe the preparation of 2-arylsulfonylamino-4H-3,1-benzoxazinones.
I. Butula et al. [Croat. Chem. Acta, 54, 105-8 (1981)] describe the synthesis of 2-alkylamino-4H-3,1-benzoxazinones. H. Ulrich et al. [J. Org Chem., 32, 4052-53 (1967)] describe the synthesis of 2-alkylamino-4H-3,1-benzoxazinones. E. Papadopoulos [J. Heterocyclic. Chem., 21, 1411-14 (1984)] describes the use of 2-haloalkylamino-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one as a starting material for the synthesis of phenylureas. European Patent Application 466,944 (published Jan. 22, 1992) describes 2-alkylamino-7-acylamino-5-alkyl-4H-benzoxazin-4-ones as selective enzyme inhibitors of elastase.
M. Badawy et al. [J. Heterocyclic. Chem., 21, 1403-4 (1984)] describe the use of N-phenyl-2-amino-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one as a starting material for the synthesis of quinazolines. R. Khan and R. Rastogi [J. Chem. Research(S), 342-43 (1992)] describe the synthesis of 2-[5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]amino-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones.
4H-3,1-Benzoxazin-4-ones have not previously been described as selective assemblin protease inhibitors or for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of viral infection.

2-amino-benzoxazinones for the treatment of viral infections