A method to modify the availability of one or more attributes within a print network. One or more devices are interrogated to determine associated attributes. A first set of attribute combinations that cause device failure is determined and placed in an unsupported bank for each device. A second set of attribute combinations that do not cause device failure are determined and placed in a supported bank for each device. Access to the first set of attribute combinations is disabled and access to the second set of attribute combinations is enabled.

The following relates to client/server communication protocols. It finds particular application with protocols that allow a document management system to communicate inter-attribute constraints to its clients, and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment is also amenable to other like applications.
Typical networks contain a plurality of devices in communication with each other. In order to facilitate such communication, one or more software components are employed to allow seamless transfer of information and device interoperability. To this end, each device (e.g., a client, a service, etc.) on the network utilized a driver (or similar) to provide particular information to disparate devices. Such drivers were required to be designed for each specific type (model, manufacturer, etc.) of device. Thus, each time new devices were added to a network, a device specific driver was installed to allow communication between the newly added device(s) and the rest of the network.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional network architecture 100 wherein a control component 102 interfaces with processing component 1 104, processing component 2 106, and processing component 3 108. In the network 100, the control component 102 is required to include a driver for each processing component with which it interfaces. As known, a driver is a specific type of computer software, typically developed to allow interaction with hardware devices. This usually constitutes an interface for communicating with the device, through the specific computer bus or communications subsystem that the hardware is connected to, providing commands to and/or receiving data from the device, and on the other end, the requisite interfaces to the operating system and software applications.
A driver is a specialized hardware dependent computer program, which is also operating system specific, that enables another program, typically an operating system or applications software package, to interact transparently with the given device. It usually provides the requisite interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interfacing needs. Each driver is specific to the attributes of each processing component.
The key design goal of device drivers is abstraction. Every model of hardware (even within the same class of device) is different. Newer models also are released by manufacturers that provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often controlled differently. Computers and their operating systems cannot be expected to know how to control every device, both now and in the future. To solve this problem, operating systems essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled. The function of the device driver is then to translate these OS mandated function calls into device specific calls. In theory a new device, which is controlled in a new manner, should function correctly if a suitable driver is available. In this manner, the driver will ensure that the device appears to operate as usual from the operating systems' point of view.
Conventionally, inter-attribute constraints are hard coded on a client side such that the driver is tightly coupled with the each device. For example, in this embodiment, each processing component 104-108 has a particular driver to facilitate communication with one or more disparate components on a network. Thus, the control component 102 includes a driver 1 110, a driver 2 112, and a driver 3 114. In this example, the driver 1 110 is employed to communicate with processing component 1 104; the driver 2 112 is employed to communicate with processing component 2 106; and the driver 3 114 is employed to communicate with processing component 3 108. An interface component 116 allows a user to communicate with the control component 102.
Requiring a disparate driver for each component on a network is cumbersome and creates communication problems. This problem is exacerbated by the myriad protocols and communication standards required to communicate with a plurality of different models, manufacturers, etc of devices. In addition, different operating systems require different drivers. For example, a driver has to be developed for each operating system utilized by Mac, Linux, and the various instantiations of Windows. Web services technology was introduced in part to alleviate problems associated with specific print driver communication.
Web services are a distributed computing technology that offers interaction and collaboration among vendors and customers to provide computing that is omnipresent. Typically, web services are loosely coupled software components that are delivered over Internet-standard technologies. Conventionally, a web services model follows a publish, find, and bind paradigm. In a first step, a service provider publishes a Web Service in a Web Service registry. Secondly, a client who is looking for a service to meet their requirement searches in a registry. After successfully finding multiple matches, it chooses a service. The client then chooses a service based on its preferences and subsequently downloads the service description and binds with that to invoke and use the service.
One standard concern of Web-based programmers is how to transmit data in an interoperable manner. At the bottom-most layer, an XML standard addresses this. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is an XML-based mechanism for messaging and RPC (Remote Procedure Calls). It addresses the fundamental problem of firewall traversal in RPC systems by using HTTP as a transport. Thus, SOAP is the protocol used for invoking the service. WSDL (Web Services Description Language) provides an XML-based way of describing a Web Service to provide details of using such service. UDDI (Universal Description Discovery Integration) provides a directory of Web Services, making it easier for clients to discover the services of their choice. The service provider publishes the service description (WSDL) and other searchable details in the UDDI registry. A client uses UDDI to perform the find of a service.
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is an extensible, portable, and structured text format. XML initiative consists of bunch of related standards. Apart from the core XML standard, it includes XSL—Extensible Stylesheet language, which is used to transform XML data into a customizable presentation. XLink and XQuery provide a way to provide flexible query facilities to extract data from real and virtual XML documents on the Web. XPath and XPointer are languages for addressing parts of an XML document.
Utilizing XML involves creating XML documents and consuming XML documents. The creation process involves using editors and tools to create XML documents. On the other hand, consuming XML documents involves parsing the XML documents and extracting the useful data. Creating XML documents is a two step process, which involves 1) defining the grammar and restrictions over data for the XML document and 2) creating the XML document itself.
XML Schemas provides a means of creating a set of rules that can be used to identify document rules governing the validity of the XML documents that you create. Schemas provide a means of defining the structure, content, and semantics of XML documents that can be shared between different types of computers and documents. The XML Schema standard was designed to express object oriented design principles found in common object oriented programming languages into the specification. In addition, XML was designed to provide rich datatyping support similar to the datatyping functionality available in most relational database systems.
What are needed are systems and methods that facilitate comprehensive device communication across a network, wherein client software is device independent.

Protocol allowing modification of device attribute availability on a print network


A wheel bearing unit having at least one outer part, at least one inner part and having at least two rows of rolling elements between the outer part and the inner part, on the outer part at least one inner raceway, and on the inner part at least one outer raceway for the rolling elements of a row.

Known wheel bearing units have a relatively high weight and a relatively low bearing stiffness. The bearing stiffness is here the resistance which the unit puts up against elastic deflections provoked by loads. From the bearing stiffness a tilt stiffness results, which derives from the ratio of load-generated moments to the tilt angle in the bearing, e.g. in Nm/°. The more the bearing tilts under loads, i.e. the greater is the tilt angle under equal load, the lesser is this tilt stiffness. The loads are the loads which essentially act upon a vehicle wheel and the associated wheel suspension in the running state of a vehicle. The lower the bearing stiffness, the more the loads induce tiltings of the wheel system, which adversely affect the driving characteristics of the vehicle, especially when cornering, and adversely affect brake wear and brake functioning.


A body hoisting state display device to be mounted on a dump truck includes: an angle detection unit that detects a rotation angle of the body with respect to the frame; a seating detection unit that detects whether or not the body is seated on the frame; a calculation unit that causes an inclination angle of the body at which the body is rotated with respect to the frame from a seated state of the body to be calculated, based on the rotation angle detected by the angle detection unit, as a ratio to an angle of a rotatable range that is defined between the seated state and a state in which the hydraulic cylinder is stopped at the position short of the position at which the hydraulic cylinder is extended to the maximal extent; and a display control unit that causes the ratio of the inclination angle of the body that is calculated by the calculation unit to be displayed on a display screen.

A dump truck includes a body for loading soil, stone or the like and a frame on which the body is mounted. Usually, a rear part of the body is pivotably supported at a rear end of the frame and a front part of the body is hoistably supported by the frame by means of a hoist cylinder. With this configuration, in the case of the dump truck, an up operation or down operation of an operating lever by the operator of the dump truck causes the hoist cylinder to extend or retract, which makes it possible to control hoisting of the body, with the rear part of the body serving as a fulcrum point. Conventionally, a dump truck is known, which schematically displays a motion picture of a hoisting state of the body during the body is under hoisting control (cf., for example, Patent Document 1)

Dump truck body hoisting state display device

Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd.


The invention provides methods for the treatment and/or prevention of recurrence of a gastrointestinal disorder associated with Helicobacter pylori in a patient requiring said treatment and/or prevention, which comprise administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a first antibiotic which is an ansamycin and a therapeutically effective amount of at least a second antibiotic or antimicrobial agent. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions for use in the methods of the invention.

This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and therapeutic methods for the treatment and/or prevention of recurrence of gastrointestinal disorders associated with infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
Helicobacter pylori has been found to cause chronic histological gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, such as gastric and duodenal ulcer. It also appears to cause a condition called non-ulcer dyspepsia where Helicobacter pylori causes inflammation in the stomach which is histologically associated with indigestion and epigastric pain. Helicobacter pylori is also thought to have a role in the causation of stomach cancer and its eradication may be instrumental in causing cure of ulcer disease, a reversal of a proportion of patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia, and prevention of gastric cancer development in those who may be predisposed to it.
Until recent times, H. pylori has been found to be difficult to eradicate using known chemotherapeutic agents. Although many antibiotics can suppress H. pylori growth in vivo the mucosal concentration appears to be inadequate and penetration of the usual gastric mucus layer is poor. Furthermore, there is frequently more than one infecting agent within the mucosa and hence, sensitivities of the various bacteria may vary within one patient and within one region of the mucosa. The development of adequate in vivo eradication methods for chronic H. pylori infection has therefore been difficult. Furthermore, single antibiotics are almost never adequate for use and double antibiotic combinations have also resulted in poor eradication rates. A further major looming problem progressively affecting current eradication therapies is the rapid development of clarithromycin resistance worldwide. The proportion of H. pylori infections which are resistant to clarithromycin is increasing by from 2-5% per year. Resistance is developing faster in the countries where clarithromycin is being used frequently; in particular, USA and Europe. Hence, new methods for eradication of H. pylori are urgently required. In addition, salvage therapies for patients who have failed first time therapy are also unavailable and such treatments are becoming in demand as more and more patients undergo therapy and fail initial eradication attempts.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a novel pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of recurrence of gastrointestinal disorders associated with H. pylori.
It is a further object of the invention to provide methods for the treatment and/or prevention of recurrence of a gastrointestinal disorder associated with H. pylori in a patient.
The present inventor has found that the use of a novel combination antibiotic therapy not only results in high initial eradication rates of H. pylori but also can be used as a salvage therapy. There is a large volume of literature describing numerous and varying combinations of antimicrobial agents for H. pylori eradication, to a large extent due to the fact that it is difficult to predict clinically which combination might work and which will be unsuccessful. Indeed, persons skilled in the art cannotxe2x80x94from in vitro studies or from their previous experiencexe2x80x94simply predict the success or failure of a particular regime.
Rifampicin is an antimycobacterial antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Recently, its semi-synthetic derivative, an ansamycin called rifabutin which is currently indicated for the treatment of tuberculosis or Mycobactenium avium complex infection, has been described as having in vitro activity against Helicobacter pylori when tested in culture. In the present invention combinations containing an ansamycin have been found to be clinically effective in eradicating H. pylori.
In a first embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders associated with H. pylori infection including a first antibiotic which is an ansamycin, at least one second antibiotic or antimicrobial agent selected from amoxycillin, tetracycline and bismuth compounds, and a proton pump inhibitor, together with at least one pharmaceutical acceptable carrier, diluent, adjuvant or excipient; wherein said ansamycin is rifabutin.
In a second embodiment, the invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention of recurrence of a gastrointestinal disorder associated with H. pylori in a patient requiring said treatment and/or prevention, which method comprises administering to said patient sequentially or simultaneously a therapeutically effective amount of a first antibiotic which is an ansamycin, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one second antibiotic or antimicrobial agent selected from amoxycillin, tetracycline and bismuth compounds, and a therapeutically effective amount of a proton pump inhibit; wherein said ansamycin is rifabutin.
Typically, a method of treatment in accordance with the invention results in the eradication of H. pylori from the patient who is treated.
In a third embodiment, the invention further provides the of a therapeutically effective amount of a first antibiotic which is an ansamycin, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one second antibiotic or antimicrobial agent selected from amoxycillin, tetracycline and bismuth compounds, and a therapeutically effective amount of a proton pump inhibitor for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of recurrence of a gastrointestinal disorder associated with H. pylori in a patent; wherein said ansamycin is rifabutin.
In a fourth embodiment, the invention still further provides a therapeutically effective amount of a first antibiotic which is an ansamycin and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one second antibiotic or antimicrobial agent selected from amoxycillin, tetracycline and bismuth compounds, and a therapeutically effective amount of a proton pump inhibitor when used for the treatment and/or prevention of recurrence of a gastrointestinal disorder associated with H. pylori in a patient; wherein said ansamycin is rifabutin.
The pharmaceutical composition of the invention includes, in addition to the ansamycin, one or more other antibiotics or antimicrobial agents. Typically, where the patient to whom the pharmaceutical composition is to be administered has previously not been treated for H. pylori infection, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention includes rifabutin, and just one other antibiotic or antimicrobial agent. In other cases, the pharmaceutical composition typically includes rifabutin, and two different antibiotics or antimicrobial agents.
Similarly, in the method of the second embodiment and in the third and fourth embodiments of the invention the ansamycin and a single other antibiotic or antimicrobial agent may be used, but more typically the ansamycin and two different other antibiotics or antimicrobial agents may be used.
In the method of the second embodiment, the active agents, namely the ansamycin, the one or more other antibiotics or antimicrobial agents, and the proton pump inhibitor may be administered simultaneously or sequentially, in any order.
The pharmaceutical composition of the first embodiment includes a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Similarly, a method of the second embodiment includes the administration of a proton pump inhibitor. The inclusion of a PPI can help to enhance the eradication rate of H. pylori and can improve the patient""s symptoms, since patients are often dyspeptic at the beginning of the treatment. The administration of the PPI in the method of the second embodiment may be separate from the administration of the ansamycin and other antibiotic(s) or antimicrobial agent(s), or the PPI may be co-administered with the ansamycin and/or one or more other antibiotics or antimicrobial agents. Suitable PPIs include omeprazole, pantoprazole, Iansoprazole and rabeprazole.
The antibiotic(s) or antimicrobial agent(s) included in the pharmaceutical composition, method or use of the invention may be selected from amoxycillin, bismuth compounds and tetracycline. Examples of bismuth compounds include bismuth subcitrate, bismuth aluminate, bismuth oxide, bismuth salicylate, bismuth sugballate, bismuth tannate, bismuth phosphate, bismuth tribromphenate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth subnitrate, and mixtures thereof.
Typically, in one form of the invention rifabutin is used in combination with pantoprazole, amoxycillin and a bismuth compound. An alternative second antimicrobial agent in this form of the invention is a tetracycline.
One preferred combination for use in the pharmaceutical compositions, methods and other embodiments of the present invention in patients who do not harbour resistant H. pylori is a combination of rifabutin, amoxycillin and a PPI such as omeprazole, pantoprazole or lansoprazole. A further preferred combination is a combination of rifabutin, tetracycline and pantoprazole. These combinations can be given for between three and 21 days to affect a cure.
In another combination, rifabutin can be combined with a bismuth compound and pantoprazole.
In a further combination rifabutin can be combined with bismuth subcitrate, amoxycillin, and a PPI such as pantoprazole or omeprazole. This combination has the added advantage that the dosage of each agent can be reduced, compared to clinically standard doses (with a reduction in the possibility of side effects as well as a reduction in cost) and the duration of treatment shortened, for example to 7 days.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, adjuvants, diluents or carriers which are generally known in the art.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention or for administration in a method of the invention may be prepared by means known in the art for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions including blending, grinding, homogenising, suspending, dissolving, emulsifying, dispersing and where appropriate, mixing of the active agents together with one or more excipients, diluents, carriers and adjuvants.
For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of tablets, lozenges, pills, troches, capsules, elixirs, powders, including lyophilised powders, solutions, granules, suspensions, emulsions, syrups and tinctures. Slow-release, or delayed-release, forms may also be prepared, for example in the form of coated particles, multi-layer tablets or microgranules.
Solid forms for oral administration may contain pharmaceutically acceptable binders, sweeteners, disintegrating agents, diluents, flavourings, coating agents, preservatives, lubricants and/or time delay agents. Suitable binders include gum acacia, gelatin, corn starch, gum tragacanth, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose or polyethylene glycol. Suitable sweeteners include sucrose, lactose, glucose, aspartame or saccharine. Suitable disintegrating agents include corn starch, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, xanthan gum, bentonite, alginic acid or agar. Suitable diluents include lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, dextrose, kaolin, cellulose, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate or dicalcium phosphate. Suitable flavouring agents include peppermint oil, oil of wintergreen, cherry, orange or raspberry flavouring. Suitable coating agents include polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid and/or their esters, waxes, fatty alcohols, zein, shellac or gluten. Suitable preservatives include sodium benzoate, vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, methyl paraben, propyl paraben or sodium bisulphite. Suitable lubricants include magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium oleate, sodium chloride or talc. Suitable time delay agents include glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate.
Liquid forms for oral administration may contain, in addition to the active agents, a liquid carrier. Suitable liquid carriers include water, oils such as olive oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, arachis oil, coconut oil, liquid paraffin, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, glycerol, fatty alcohols, triglycerides or mixtures thereof.
Suspensions for oral administration may further include dispersing agents and/or suspending agents. Suitable suspending agents include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, poly-vinyl-pyrrolidone, sodium alginate or cetyl alcohol. Suitable dispersing agents include lecithin, polyoxyethylene esters of fatty acids such as stearic acid, polyoxyethylene sorbitol mono- or di-oleate, -stearate or -laurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono- or di-oleate, -stearate or -laurate and the like.
Emulsions for oral administration may further include one or more emulsifying agents. Suitable emulsifying agents include dispersing agents as exemplified above or natural gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth.
Dosages of the ansamycin and the other antibiotic(s) or antimicrobial agent(s) in the methods of the invention are in accordance with their generally known and safe dosage ranges. For example, dosages for the antimicrobial agents are well known to medical practitioners, as are suitable dosages for rifabutin when it is administered for the treatment of tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Thus, for example the typical daily dosage of rifabutin in a method of the invention is in the range of about 50 mg to about 2000 mg, more typically about 450 mg. For tetracycline the typical daily dosage is in the range of from about 50 mg to about 4000 mg, more typically about 1500 mg; for amoxycillin, the typical daily dosage is in the range of from about 100 mg to about 5000 mg, more typically about 1500 mg; for bismuth the typical daily dosage is in the range of from about 50 mg to about 2000 mg, more typically about 300 mg; and for pantoprazole the typical daily dosage is in the range of from about 20 mg to about 500 mg, more typically about 120 mg.
The agents may be administered once per day or more frequently, in divided doses. For example, rifabutin can be administered from twice daily up to five times daily. Treatment is typically continued until eradication of the H. pylori infection has been completed. Usually, the treatment is continued for from three days to 14 days, but can continue for up to 28 days. Dosages may be varied during the course of treatment, depending on the attending physician""s assessment of the progress of the patient, or they may be maintained substantially the same throughout the treatment.
In addition, for resistant strains the patient can be pretreated with known immunising agents for Helicobacter pylori and then treated with any selected combination of the rifabutin-containing combination therapies of the present invention.

Method for eradication of Helicobacter pylori


A dispersion of polymer particles, the particle containing, on average, one or more living radicals each, the radicals not being chemically protected. Further disclosed is a free radical polymerization process resulting in a dispersion containing polymer particles having on average one or more living radicals. The process involves carefully regulating the polymerization conditions to produce small size particles under monomer-starved conditions containing, on average, more than one living radical in every particle. These living polymer radicals can be further reacted to form polymers with a controlled architecture.

Free radical polymerization is a preferred technique in the synthesis of many polymers. One drawback of free radical polymerization is the lack of control over the polymer architecture produced. The type and amount of initiator, temperature, and delayed monomer feeds have all been used to control the final structure and size of the polymer particles.
Living polymers offer some control of the polymer structure. Living polymers are polymers having an active/growing end on a polymer chain (non-terminated polymer chain). Most commonly, living ends are formed by anionic polymerization in non-polar solvent, or involve a capping-mechanism to stop a growing free radical, then restarting the polymer growth by reversible removal of the cap.
Chemical trapping agents, polymerization mediators, or polymerization control agents are known in the art as a means of capping, or coupling with, a living polymer radical by a reversible means, then uncapping the living radical for latter continued polymerization. The capping, coupling or control mechanism could be reversible termination, chain transfer, complexation, the use of stable free radical forming agents, or other such chemical means that can be used to control radical activity. Unfortunately such a method requires additional purification costs to remove the trapping agent from the product. The trapping agents also add kinetic limitations, dependent on the specific trapping agent used.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,551 and "Studies of the Polymerization of Methacrylic Acid via Free-Radical Retrograde Precipitation Polymerization Process", J. Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 62, 2039-2051 (1996) describe the use of a free-radical retrograde polymerization process as a means of controlling the polymer molecular weight distribution. In this process a monomer mixture in a solvent is initiated by a solvent-soluble free radical initiator to produce polymer radicals that precipitate into polymer-rich phases in a solvent. The above patent also addresses the capability of FRRPP to control the activity of polymer radicals and use them to produce copolymers. Additionally it provides a detailed description of the original process, a possible apparatus for running it, and ways of regulating the rate of reaction through changing temperature and adding or removing monomers or inert diluents.
U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/045,881 and 10/045,725 describe free radical dispersions and copolymers that can be made by free radical retrograde precipitation. One drawback of FRRPP is that it requires poor solvents that precipitate a polymer above the lower critical solution temperature.
There is a need for a method to control polymer architecture, without the drawbacks found in the current art.
Surprisingly it has been found that a stable dispersion of particles having an average of one or more than one living radical per particle can be produced without chemical capping agents or mediation, and without the need to produce said radicals and particles through a free radical retrograde precipitation polymerization process.

National Starch and Chemical Investment Holding Corporation


An impeller, which is driven by a stator, includes a conducting shell, a hub and a plurality of blades. The conducting shell covers at least one side of the stator. The hub covers the conducting shell. At least one air gap is formed between the hub and the stator. A top portion of the hub has an opening to partially expose a top portion of the conducting shell. At least one airflow passage is formed between an inner wall of the hub and an outer surface of the conducting shell. The airflow passage has at least one inlet connected with the opening and at least one outlet connected with the air gap. The blades are disposed around the circumferences of the hub.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a fan, a motor and an impeller, and, in particular, to a fan, a motor and an impeller with good heat dissipation ability.
2. Related Art
With the rapid development of electronic products toward increasing performance, frequency, and speed, as well as increasing demand for compact, slim-profile, lightweight devices, the operating temperature of electronic products is correspondingly increasing. Due to this trend, there is also an increase in unstable heat-aggravated phenomena that influence product reliability. Therefore, current electronic products are often equipped with a fan that serves as a heat-dissipation device.
Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional fan 1 includes an impeller 11, a motor 12 and a frame 13. The impeller 11 includes a hub 111 and a plurality of blades 112 disposed around the hub 111. The motor 12 is accommodated in the hub 111, and is connected with the impeller 11 to drive the rotation of impeller 11. The impeller 11 and the motor 12 are disposed in the frame 13. The fan 1 encapsulates a top portion 1111 of the hub 111 to prevent foreign objects from entering the hub 111 in order to protect the motor 12. However, this causes the heat dissipated by the motor 12 to be restricted to the hub 111 and thus the heat-dissipating effect is poor. Thus, the efficiency of the fan 1 may deteriorate due to the greatly increased environmental temperature after a long period of operation.
Referring to FIG. 2, another conventional fan 2 includes an impeller 21, a motor 22 and a frame 23. The impeller 21 includes a hub 211 and a plurality of blades 212 disposed around the hub 211. The motor 22 is accommodated in the hub 211 and is connected with the impeller 21 to drive the rotation of impeller 21. The impeller 21 and the motor 22 are disposed in the frame 23. Atop portion 2111 of the hub 211 has an opening 2112 to expose a conducting shell 221 of the motor 22. The exposed portion of the conducting shell 221 has a plurality of holes 2211, through which the airflow "a" enters the motor 22 to dissipate the heat produced by the motor 22. However, foreign objects or dust may also fall down into the motor 22 and damage the motor as the airflow "a" flows through the holes 2211.
Thus, it is an important subject of the invention to provide a fan, a motor and an impeller capable of solving the problems of dissipating motor-generated heat and preventing foreign objects from entering the motor, thus enhancing the fan efficiency.


An apparatus and method to automatically activate a reserve resource when the load on a number of active resources (e.g., a number of CPUs or servers) meets a threshold. A resource usage policy specifying at least one threshold and having a corresponding task is compared to a monitored load on the active resource. When the monitored load meets the threshold as specified in the resource usage policy, the corresponding task is performed. For instance, the corresponding task can be to signal an event manager (e.g., a pager), to activate a reserve resource, etc. Once a reserve resource is activated, the load is balanced among the number of active resources and the activated reserve resource. When the load drops below the threshold, the processor can deactivate the reserve resource. In a preferred embodiment, the processor updates a configuration profile for tracking each of the resources. Another embodiment includes charging a fee for monitoring and activation.

Computing and network resources are subject to wide fluctuations in demand. For example, a computing system or a component thereof (e.g., a CPU or memory) can experience fluctuations from little to no load in the early morning hours or on weekends, to very high loads during late afternoon, weekday usage, or during the evening hours when many computing systems are programmed to perform high volume calculations and other data processing. Likewise, user demand on Internet or other network resources (e.g., a server or host computer) depend on a variety of factors such as the number of users or the time of day. In addition, traffic to a particular Internet site can start out slow and due to advertising, linking, etc., grow exponentially in a short period of time. The timing of such increases in demand are often difficult to predict, making it difficult to anticipate or plan for the computing and/or network resource capacity which is necessary to meet the demand at any given time.
One solution is to provide more resource capacity (e.g., more CPUs, more servers, etc.) than is estimated to be necessary for normal conditions. However, such over-allocation of resources can be costly and unnecessary. In addition, many small or start-up companies may not be able to afford extra resources until, for example, sales volume increases. Therefore, another solution is to provide both active resources and reserve resources, where the active resources are sufficient for typical demand and the reserve resources are only activated when there is a peak in demand (i.e., "capacity-on-demand"). However, current approaches to capacity-on-demand require manual intervention to activate an additional resource. That is, before the active resources reach capacity, the user must contact the vendor and obtain a code to "unlock" and activate the additional resource. Therefore, an administrator must be "on-call" at all times during operation (i.e., twenty-four hours every day, seven days a week) to monitor the active resources and activate reserve resources as necessary. In addition, sudden spikes in demand that require immediate deployment of an additional resource can cause interruptions in service before the additional resource can be activated.
It is therefore a primary object of this invention to provide the resource capacity that is necessary to meet fluctuations in user demand dynamically or automatically. Another object of the invention is to automatically activate a reserve resource when additional resource capacity is required to meet demand.

System for automatically activating reserve hardware component based on hierarchical resource deployment scheme or rate of resource consumption

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A modular manifold for a tankless water heater includes a first cavity member and a second cavity member. The first cavity member includes a first opening, a second opening, and a first base wall. The second cavity member is coupled to the first cavity member and includes a first opening, a second opening, and a second base wall. Two of the openings are configured to receive a first conduit and a second conduit. The first and second base walls and the two openings that receive the first and second conduits define a fluid flow path through the modular manifold.

Tankless water heaters have arisen to eliminate the need for large space-occupying hot water heaters in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Typically, the tankless water heaters are located near the heated fluid disbursement location, such that the fluid is heated immediately prior to disbursement. Accordingly, tankless water heaters have been known as point-of-use water heaters, instantaneous water heaters, continuous water heaters, and on-demand water heaters, among several other names. In comparison to hot water storage tanks that only supply heated fluid in the amount stored in the tank, tankless water heaters can continuously heat fluid that flows through the heater (hence, continuous water heater).
Some known tankless water heaters include one or more conduits, one or more heating elements within the conduits, a manifold connecting the conduits in series and a controller to regulate the heating and supply process. The heating capacity of a tankless water heater will typically depend on the desired temperature, capacity, and the like. The higher the necessary heating capacity, the greater the number of conduits and heating elements that may be needed. As shown in FIG. 1 (prior art), the manifold for a typical tankless water heater is a one-piece component with the number of outputs depending on the number of conduits connecting thereto. Accordingly, for a variety of heating capacities, a tankless water heater manufacturer would need a variety of manifolds.

Modular manifold for a tankless water heater


Setting pitch on a windmill airfoil having a longitudinal axis, a rotor blade and a rotor base secured to the rotor blade is accomplished by marking a windmill rotor hub for receiving the rotor base with a reference mark at a location corresponding to a first plane parallel to a plane of rotation of the windmill airfoil in use. The airfoil is positioned along a second plane relative to and substantially completely intersecting the longitudinal axis of the airfoil. The rotor base is marked at a location substantially parallel to the second plane. The airfoil is positioned relative to the windmill rotor hub so that the rotor base is in substantial engagement with the hub. The airfoil is moved relative to the hub so that the mark on the rotor base is aligned with the reference mark on the windmill rotor hub and the rotor base is secured to the windmill hub. An apparatus for marking pitch on a windmill airfoil is also provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to windmill airfoils or rotors and, more particularly, to setting pitch on a windmill airfoil.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Alternative energy sourcing is a popular area of study and practice given the increasing cost and finite reserves of conventional energy sources. Harnessing wind, the realm of the age-old windmill, is one popular alternative energy resource. The technology in windmill apparatus, however, has greatly improved the design and efficiency of older conventional windmills. Typically, modern windmill apparatus comprises two or more windmill rotor blades having aerodynamic characteristics similar to aircraft propellers. Such aerodynamic rotor blades are commonly referred to in the industry as thick airfoils. As in aircraft use, the pitch of the rotor blade (the angle of the blade about its longitudinal axis generally measured at a given chord of the airfoil relative to the air flow direction) determines air flow and, in the case of windmills, the amount of force generated by the air flow. The desired rotor blade pitch of a given windmill is determined by the location of the windmill, expected air flow characteristics, altitude, temperature, season, power or torque desired and speed of rotation desired, among other factors.
Failure to set appropriate pitch generally results in inefficient or even non-operating windmills. For example, a difference of as little as 3.5.degree. pitch can cause a decrease in energy efficiency of over 46% in the same wind environment. Moreover, certain airfoils peak at a given wind speed and efficiency decreases at greater wind speeds. Accordingly, pitch needs to be adjusted to compensate for the higher wind conditions. In addition, all of the rotor blades on one windmill preferably should have identical pitch to optimize performance and efficiency of the windmill and to decrease the potential for overload and instable conditions (commonly referred to as yaw loads) that occur when two or more rotor blades do not have the same pitch.
Rotor blade pitch is conventionally adjusted and set in the field with the windmill apparatus already erected. Methods for setting and adjusting rotor blade pitch on windmills typically comprise holding the rotor blades in close proximity to the rotor hub or fastening point of the windmill, rotating the rotor blade about its longitudinal axis until the desired pitch is achieved and fastening the rotor blade to the rotor hub. Achieving the desired pitch in these prior art methods requires measuring the arc offset from the last known pitch angle and/or eye-bailing the desired pitch from a convenient vantage point. This method often leads to at least slight variations in the pitch angle of the rotor blades on a rotor hub due to the lack of an objective measuring standard. In addition, because windmill rotor blades have diameters from 7 to 20 meters and are relatively heavy, it is usually necessary to suspend the rotor blade by a crane or other lifting apparatus to hold the rotor blade in position until the pitch can be determined and the rotor blade is fastened to the rotor hub.
In view of the deficiencies and inefficiencies of the prior art, it would be desirable to have a method for setting pitch on a windmill rotor blade or airfoil which is safer, more accurate and more convenient than prior art methods.

Method for setting pitch on a windmill airfoil


The airbag of the present invention, when completely inflated, is formed into a generally square conical shape whose top is in a front end of the airbag. A protection portion to be located in rear side of the airbag upon airbag inflation includes shoulder restraining portions disposed generally side by side in left-right orientation in an area from upper part to rear part of the completely inflated airbag. Each of the shoulder restraining portions continuously projects in upper part to rear part of the airbag.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an airbag used for a top-mount type airbag device for front passenger's seat, which is mountable on top face side of instrument panel (as will be called "dashboard") in front of front passenger's seat.
2. Description of Related Art
In the prior art, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-335203, in FIGS. 17 to 28, discloses an airbag for front passenger's seat. This airbag includes: a gas inlet port for introducing inflation gas in the vicinity of front end thereof as completely inflated; and a protection portion adapted to be thrown against a passenger seated in front passenger's seat, in a rear side thereof as completely inflated. The protection portion includes two inflatable portions which are disposed side by side in left-right direction, and communicated with each other in the vicinity of the gas inlet port. In this airbag for front passenger's seat, the two inflatable portions are joined by a joint panel proximate to rear ends thereof. The joint panel is arranged along left-right direction and is adapted to receive and protect the passenger.
In the airbag for front passenger's seat in the prior art, however, since the joint panel for receiving a passenger is formed into a generally planar shape upon airbag deployment, there is a room for improvement in properly protecting the passenger while suppressing a reaction force applied to the passenger, when the joint panel is thrown against the passenger upon airbag inflation. Especially, in order to protect the passenger, there is a challenge in suppressing a reaction force applied to a passenger's head that is small in mass.
In the meantime, in the airbag for front passenger's seat in the prior art, the two inflatable portions constituting the protection portion are communicated with each other only in a small area in the vicinity of the gas inlet port. With this construction, it is difficult for the two inflatable portions to be inflated uniformly when the protection portion inflates with inflation gas from an inflator, which may slant the joint panel, and may lead to failure in protecting the passenger properly.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A vehicle navigation system computes an optimal route for a journey. When the system detects that a vehicle has deviated from the optimal route, information that tells the driver of the deviation of the vehicle is displayed. When the driver turns on a recomputation command switch after reading the information, a new optimal route is computed, with the vehicle's present location as the new starting point. If the vehicle deviates again after computation of the new optimal route, another new optimal route is automatically recomputed, again with the vehicle's present location as the new starting point. The driver is thus freed from having to initiate the recomputation manually.

The present invention relates to a vehicle navigation system, and, more particularly, to a system for computing an optimal route from a starting point to a destination and for guiding a vehicle according to the computed optimal route.
Generally, a vehicle navigation system computes the optimal route to a destination before the vehicle starts its journey. En route, the system computes local directions along the optimal route with reference to the vehicle's present location in real time. The system guides the vehicle's navigation from a starting point to the destination by displaying route information in real time on a display device.
When a vehicle travels, it sometimes deviates from the optimal route. For example, assume a vehicle is traveling on a road in a particular direction. A route guidance display instructs the driver to turn right where the road he is on intersects a second road at right angles. However, the driver cannot make the turn because the second road is under construction. In such a case, the driver is forced to travel straight along the road he is on, without turning to the right at the next intersection. Thus the vehicle has deviated from the optimal route.
Under such circumstances, conventional navigation systems require a manual operation to recompute a new optimal route from a new starting point to the destination. The recomputation takes the vehicle's present location at the time of the manual operation as the starting point.
Conventional navigation systems sometimes require repetitive, continuous operations in order to recompute the optimal route.
Computation of an optimal route generally requires several seconds. Therefore, when a vehicle keeps on traveling after it has deviated, it moves forward by distance L from the new starting point during the time the new optimal route is computed, where L is given by the equation EQU L=V.times.T,
where V=the velocity of the vehicle and T=the time to compute the new optimal route.
Should the recomputed optimal route require a right turn at a second intersection where the road currently traveled intersects a third road, the vehicle has passed through the second intersection if the distance between the first and second intersections is shorter than the distance L. As a result, the vehicle is once more off the optimal route, which must be again recomputed in response to a manual operation by the driver. This is a great inconvenience for the driver.

Navigation system with off-route detection and route recalculation


A tow-rope terminal section for watersports is provided for attachment to the end a tow rope and forming a final link to the inner tube or whatever inflated or floating towable. The tow-rope terminal section is provide with climb-aboard provisions so that fallen riders can climb back aboard the towable more easily.

The invention relates to watersports and, more particularly, to the terminal section of a tow rope, as for towing an inner tube or other inflated towable and the like (ie., a towable) for tubers (ie., pleasure riders) to ride on, wherein such terminal section of said tow rope is provided with climb-aboard provisions so that fallen tubers can climb back aboard the towable more easily.
A number of additional features and objects will be apparent in connection with the following discussion of the preferred embodiments and examples with reference to the drawings.

Tow rope terminal section with climb-aboard provisions


The electronic component integrated module includes a wiring board; an electronic component provided on the wiring board; solder for electrically connecting the electronic component onto the wiring substrate; and an encapsulating resin for encapsulating the electronic component and the solder. The average linear thermal expansion coefficient α of the encapsulating resin, which is calculated by using the glass transition temperature of the encapsulating resin, a linear thermal expansion coefficient α1 obtained at a temperature lower than the glass transition temperature, a linear thermal expansion coefficient α2 obtained at a temperature exceeding the glass transition temperature, room temperature, and a peak temperature of reflow packaging of the electronic component integrated module, is not less than 17×10−6/° C. and not more than 110×10−6/° C.

The present invention relates to an electronic component integrated module and a method for fabricating an electronic component integrated module, and more particularly, it relates to an electronic component integrated module in which an electronic component is encapsulated with a resin and a method for fabricating the same.
Recently, in accordance with reduction in the size and weight of electronic equipment such as a cellular phone and a data communication terminal, there are increasing demands for reduction in the size and weight of module products included in the electronic equipment. In such a module product, an IC chip (a semiconductor device) and a chip component (a surface mount electronic component) are provided on a substrate with an epoxy adhesive, and the IC chip and the chip component are encapsulated with an encapsulating resin for protection (see, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-190564).
Such a module product is provided on electronic equipment through secondary packaging reflow on a mother board (a packaging substrate) of the electronic equipment. Herein, a method of packaging a module product on a mother board of electronic equipment or the like with solder is designated as "secondary packaging reflow", and a method of providing an IC chip or the like on a substrate with solder in fabrication of a module product is designated simply as "packaging reflow". In some cases, solder included in the module product may be re-melted during the secondary packaging reflow, which may cause a failure such as short-circuit. The short-circuit seems to be caused as follows: When the solder is re-melted, melting expansion pressure is caused in the solder, and a space is formed between the upper face of the chip component and the encapsulating resin by the melting expansion pressure. Therefore, the re-melted solder flows into the space in the form of flush, so as to connect end terminals of the chip component.
In order to solve this problem, use of a low-stress resin as the encapsulating resin has been proposed (see, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-208668). According to the description of Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-208668, when a low-stress resin is used as the encapsulating resin, the melting expansion pressure caused in the re-melting of solder is reduced, resulting in preventing a space from being formed between the upper face of the chip component and the encapsulating resin.
Furthermore, in order to meet recent demands for reduction in cost and weight of electronic equipment, substrates used in module products have been changed from ceramic wiring boards to organic wiring boards. When an organic wiring board is used, however, the moisture absorption of the substrate is increased as compared with the case where a ceramic wiring board is used. Therefore, it is apprehended that the organic wiring board absorbs moisture of the air during the fabrication or storage of the module product, and thus, the reflow resistance and the humidity resistance of the module product are degraded.
Moreover, when a voltage is applied between terminals (electrodes) of the chip component, the solder may migrate between the terminals of the chip component, and in such a case, short-circuit is disadvantageously caused between the terminals of the chip component.


Apparatus for constructing a digital telephone message including a message defining unit, configured for allowing a sender to define a message for sending to a recipient, and a response defining unit, configured for allowing the sender to predefine a recipient response, and to include the predefined recipient response in the message for activation at the recipient. Apparatus for receiving a digital telephone message, the message including an activatable sender-defined response, the apparatus including a receiving unit for receiving the message, a notification unit for notifying a recipient of the arrival of the message, and a response activation unit for displaying the sender-defined response, and associating the sender-defined response with a user action for providing user input to send the response. Related apparatus and methods are also described.

Microsoft provides the following service within the Outlook application. A person receiving a meeting invitation can press ACCEPT or DECLINE, thereby providing a response to the sender. In order to press ACCEPT or DECLINE, the person must either open the invitation, or use an Outlook function named preview, which displays at least some of the invitation, in a preview window.
Amazon.com provides a one-click purchasing service, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,960,411 to Hartman et al. An order is placed by a purchaser at a client system and received by a server system. The server system receives purchaser information including identification of the purchaser, payment information, and shipment information from the client system. The server system then assigns a client identifier to the client system and associates the assigned client identifier with the received purchaser information. The server system sends to the client system the assigned client identifier and an HTML document identifying the item and including an order button. The client system receives and stores the assigned client identifier and receives and displays the HTML document. In response to the selection of the order button, the client system sends to the server system a request to purchase the identified item. The server system receives the request and combines the purchaser information associated with the client identifier of the client system to generate an order to purchase the item in accordance with the billing and shipment information whereby the purchaser effects the ordering of the product by selection of the order button.
Seppanen et al describe a mobile terminal having one key user message acknowledgment function in U.S. Pat. No. 5,692,032, assigned to Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd. Seppanen describes a cellular radiotelephone which includes a keypad having a plurality of keys and a display device for displaying information, including messages, to a user. A method includes the steps of: (a) transmitting a short message service (SMS) message from a network to the cellular radiotelephone; (b) receiving the SMS message from the network and storing the message in a memory of the cellular radiotelephone; (c) presenting the stored SMS message to a user; (d) determining if the presented SMS message requires a manual acknowledgment by the user and, if so, monitoring an output of the keypad to detect a single key depression by the user. The method further includes a step of (e) determining if the user's single key depression is a correct manual acknowledgement and, if so, automatically generating and transmitting to the network a SMS manual acknowledgement message that includes an identification of the single key depressed by the user.
Additional background art includes:
U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,582 to Davis.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,909 to Alanara et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,735 to Etelapera.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,389 to Isomursu et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,221,953 to Roche.

Method and system for rapid awareness, recognition, and response to digital messages


A confocal microscope of the present invention comprises a pinhole disk having a plurality of pinholes, a wavelength selection section for switching a wavelength or wavelength range of at least one of illumination light and observation light in synchronism with rotation of the pinhole disk, and an irradiating section for rotating the pinhole disk and irradiating the irradiation light, which has passed through each of the pinholes, toward a specimen.

The present invention relates to a confocal microscope and, more particularly, to a confocal microscope which performs excitation and fluorescence observation of a specimen (sample).
As an example of a confocal microscope of this type, for example, a Nipkow disk type confocal microscope using a disk helically formed with a large number of pinholes at equal pitches is known. This Nipkow disk is fabricated such that the respective pinholes are separated from each other by a distance about ten times the pinhole diameter so as not to degrade the image from the sample. Otherwise, crosstalk (light leakage) from each pinhole causes noise in the adjacent pinhole to degrade the quality of the image, and the confocal effect cannot be achieved.
If, however, the space among the pinholes is increased in this manner, the density of the pinholes on the Nipkow disk decreases, and most of light that becomes incident on the disk is undesirably cut by the disk itself. The amount of light passing through the pinholes accordingly becomes, e.g., about one hundredth that of incident light, darkening the image.
In order to solve this drawback, e.g., Jpn. UM Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 4-89906 describes a technique in which microlenses are arranged to correspond to the respective pinholes of the pinhole plate. Although this technique improves the utilization efficiency of the light source, since a large number of lenses are arranged, the pinhole plate becomes expensive.
A technique which is an improvement over the Nipkow disk and pinhole plate described above is described in "Efficient real-time confocal microscopy with white light sources" by R. Juskaitis, T. Wilson, et al., Nature, Vol. 383, October 1996, pp. 804-806. According to this technique, a confocal image having a small degradation can be obtained with a confocal microscope which uses a rotary disk having opening portions and a random pinhole portion where a plurality of pinholes are formed at random.
R. Juskaitis et al. has found that, of two images obtained through the random pinhole portion or opening portions formed in this rotary disk, the image obtained through the random pinhole portion is the sum of a confocal component and a non-confocal component, and the image obtained through one opening portion is a non-confocal component.
FIG. 14 shows the arrangement of a conventional confocal microscope. An optical lens 102 and a half mirror 103 are arranged on the optical path of light emitted by a light source 101, and a sample 106 is arranged on the reflection optical path of the half mirror 103 through a rotary disk 104 and an objective lens 105.
FIG. 15 shows the arrangement of the rotary disk 104. A random pinhole portion 104a on which a plurality of pinholes are formed at random positions and an opening portion 104b through which light can pass freely are formed on the rotary disk 104 at positions to oppose each other. Light-shielding portions 104c and 104d are formed between the random pinhole portion 104a and the opening portion 104b. In the random pinhole portion 104a, the average space among the respective pinholes is substantially equal to the pinhole diameter.
As shown in FIG. 14, the rotary disk 104 is connected to the rotating shaft of a motor (not shown) through a rotating shaft 107, and is rotated at a constant rotation speed. A CCD camera 109 is arranged on the transmission optical path of the half mirror 103 through a condenser lens 108. A computer 110 comprising a CPU and the like is connected to the image output terminal of the CCD camera 109, and a confocal image obtained by arithmetic operation of the computer 110 is displayed on a monitor 111.
With this arrangement, light emitted by the light source 101 passes through the optical lens 102, is reflected by the half mirror 103, and becomes incident on the rotary disk 104 rotating at a constant rotation speed. Light that has passed through the random pinhole portion 104a or opening portion 104b of the rotary disk 104 is focused by the objective lens 105 to become incident on the sample 106. A light beam reflected by the sample 106 when irradiating the sample 106 with light passes through the random pinhole portion 104a or opening portion 104b again, is transmitted through the half mirror 103, and is focused on the image pickup surface of the CCD camera 109 by the condenser lens 108. The image pickup timing of the CCD camera 109 is controlled in synchronism with the rotation speed of the rotary disk 104, and the CCD camera 109 separately picks up two images that have passed through the random pinhole portion 104a and opening portion 104b.
More specifically, when light emitted by the light source 101 passes through the random pinhole portion 104a, and is focused by the objective lens 105 to become incident on the sample 106, the light beam reflected by the sample 106 at this time passes through the random pinhole portion 104a again, is transmitted through the half mirror 103, and is focused by the condenser lens 108 to form an image, including a confocal component and a non-confocal component, on the image pickup surface of the CCD camera 109. The image picked up by the CCD camera 109 and including the confocal and non-confocal components is fetched by the computer 110 as an image signal and is accumulated as image data.
When light emitted by the light source 101 passes through the opening portion 104b and is focused by the objective lens 105 to become incident on the sample 106, the light beam reflected by the sample 106 at this time passes through the opening portion 104b again, is transmitted through the half mirror 103, and is focused by the condenser lens 108 to form an image including the non-confocal component on the image pickup surface of the CCD camera 109. The image including the non-confocal image picked up by the CCD camera 109 is fetched by the computer 110 as an image signal and is accumulated as image data.
In this manner, of the two images obtained through the random pinhole portion 104a and opening portion 104b of the rotary disk 104, the image obtained through the random pinhole portion 104a is the sum of the confocal component and the non-confocal component, and the image obtained through the opening portion 104b is the non-confocal component. Hence, the computer 110 obtains a confocal image by calculating a difference between the image obtained through the random pinhole portion 104a and the image obtained through the opening portion 104b, and displays this confocal image on the monitor 111. The stereoscopic image near the surface of the sample 106 is obtained by moving the sample 106 in a vertical direction a shown in FIG. 14 by, e.g., a piezoelectric element or a movable table.
In the conventional Nipkow disk type confocal microscope, reflected light that can be utilized is 0.5% to 1% the incident light emitted by the light source. However, it is reported that, with the confocal microscope of T. Wilson et al., reflected light that can be utilized is 25% to 50% the incident light emitted by the light source, so that a brighter image can be obtained.
FIG. 16 shows the arrangement of a conventional Nipkow disk type scanning confocal microscope. This confocal microscope can perform excitation and fluorescence observation of the specimen, and is constituted by a light source 201, a scanner unit 202 having a lens 223, an excitation filter 203A, a microlens disk 204, a short-path dichroic mirror 205, and a pinhole disk 206, an objective lens 208, and an observation unit 210 having a photometric filter 211, a condenser lens 212, and an image pickup element 213.
Referring to FIG. 16, light emitted by the light source 201 is collimated into parallel light by the lens 223, and this parallel light passes through the excitation filter 203A and is transmitted through the microlenses of the microlens disk 204. The parallel light which has been transmitted through the microlenses is then transmitted through the dichroic mirror 205 and is focused on the pinhole surface formed on the pinhole disk 206. The light which has passed through the pinholes of the pinhole disk 206 is transmitted through the objective lens 208 and is focused again on the surface of a specimen 209. Thereafter, the fluorescence emitted by the surface of the specimen 209 is transmitted through the objective lens 208 and focused on the pinhole surface. The light which has been transmitted through the pinholes is reflected by the dichroic mirror 205, passes through the photometric filter 211 and condenser lens 212, is focused on the image pickup element 213 or an eyepiece (not shown), and is confirmed as a specimen image.
The excitation filter 203A for extracting excitation light is set between the light source 201 and microlens disk 204, and the photometric filter 211 is set before the image pickup element 213 or eyepiece (not shown). This enables 1-wavelength excitation and 1-wavelength fluorescence observation.
With the arrangement shown in FIG. 16, however, both the excitation filter 203A and photometric filter 211 for transmitting a specific wavelength are fixed. Although 1-wavelength excitation and 1-wavelength fluorescence observation and measurement can be performed, multiple excitation and multiple fluorescence observation and measurement (to be described hereinbelow) are sometimes difficult to perform depending on the type of the specimen. Multiple excitation is excitation of a specimen with a plurality of wavelengths when introducing excitation light. Multiple fluorescence observation is observation and measurement of fluorescence, emitted from a specimen, with a plurality of wavelengths.
FIG. 17 shows the arrangement of a scanning type confocal microscope in which a dichroic mirror 331 and observation units 330A and 330B are added to the arrangement of FIG. 16 in order to improve the drawbacks of the arrangement shown in FIG. 16. The observation unit 330A is constituted by a condenser lens 312A, a photometric filter 328A, and a TV (television) camera 329A. The observation unit 330B is constituted by a condenser lens 312B, a photometric filter 328B, and a TV (television) camera 329B.
In the arrangement shown in FIG. 17, since the observation units 330A and 330B are disposed on the optical path of the dichroic mirror 331, 2-wavelength fluorescence observation and measurement can be performed if the photometric filters 328A and 328B have different wavelengths. When a ratio image (a ratioing image) is to be calculated based on the respective images obtained by the TV cameras 329A and 329B, it is very difficult to perform adjustment such that the pixels of the images of the respective TV cameras 329A and 329B coincide with each other. Since the performances of the two TV cameras 329A and 329B vary, when the TV cameras 329A and 329B are to be replaced with new ones, adjustment must always be performed, which is cumbersome.


This invention is directed to a kit for performing adhesive audits and a method of doing the same. The kit and method can be used to improve the speed and ease with which adhesive audits are performed.

Adhesives are often used to bond substrates together so as to maintain the two substrates in a fixed relation to each other. In the area of industrial adhesives, adhesives (e.g. hot melt adhesives) are commonly used to bond together a wide variety of articles including e.g. cases, cartons, filters and disposable articles. Makers of these articles often switch between various adhesive suppliers based on criteria such as cost and performance or alternately are interested in optimizing the application of a current adhesive.
Prior to moving to a new adhesive or to optimize application of a current adhesive it is common to perform an audit to assist the user in optimizing the adhesive application amount per item (e.g. filter, case or carton).
In the manufacture of cases or cartons, adhesive audits are commonly performed using painter's tape to allow adhesive release for weight determination. Adhesive application amount can be then optimized to a specified weight target or range. Painter's tape is applied to the areas of the unfilled case or carton to which the adhesive is to be applied. The case or carton is then processed through the filling and adhesive application line (e.g. packaging line). At the end of the line, the case or carton is disassembled and the cooled adhesive is pulled from the painters tape and weighed to determine the adhesive application amount per case/carton.
Applying tape is a time consuming process and some adhesives with aggressive bonding characteristics do not pull easily from the tape but rather stick in spots which can reduce the accuracy of the audit.
It would be desirable to have a less time consuming way of performing an adhesive audit. Further, it would be desirable to have a material that even aggressive bonding adhesives could be pulled easily from but yet enables the article bonded to stay intact, or when the article is a case or carton, for the case or carton to stay together through the filling step and the adhesive application line.

Kit for performing adhesive audits and a method for doing the same


A data storing method for non-volatile memory is provided, wherein the non-volatile memory includes at least one memory block having a plurality of strong pages and weak pages. A logic block writing command is received for storing the corresponding writing data into the memory block. It is then determined whether the writing data is larger than one page. The writing data is divided into a plurality of page data according to the memory size of the page when the writing data is larger than one page. Next, a first storing page for each page data is determined according to a starting writing page according to the logic block writing command. And, the page data are sequentially written into the first storing pages. Note that each first storing page is a strong page within the memory block.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to flash memory, and more particularly to a data storing method and apparatus for multi-level cell (MLC) flash memories.
2. Description of the Related Art
Non-volatile memory, such as a NAND flash memory, which has the advantages of a speedy programming time, a small chip area and low power consumption, commonly serve as storage media for various kinds of multimedia data, e.g., secure digital (SD) cards or compact flash (CF) cards.
In general, a NAND flash memory may comprise a single-level cell (SLC) flash memory and a multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory, wherein each single-level cell may store two values '0' and '1' and each multi-level cell may store four values, such as '00', '01', '10' and '11', thus allowing for higher storage density. However, compared with the single-level cell flash memory, the multi-level cell flash memory disadvantageously involves a low data transfer rate and is subject to data corruption and data loss.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a data storing method capable of solving the problems due to data loss induced by the multi-level cell flash memory and further improving the reliability of data retention.

Data storing methods and apparatus thereof


A system, method and article for handling ambiguous joins among a plurality of tables based on a query are disclosed. Metadata associated with the plurality tables is generated. The metadata comprises ambiguous join dimensions and special measures, where the ambiguous join dimensions provide a list of all dimensions used in conditions of the query that are ambiguous, and the special measures provide a list of measures that are affected by the ambiguous join dimensions. Data is aggregated in the plurality of tables according to an aggregation level expressed in the query and based on the metadata.

This disclosure relates generally to information analytics, and more particularly to generating information necessary for handling ambiguous joins within any information provider.
In relational databases, a join operation matches records in two tables. The two tables must be joined by at least one common field, i.e., the join field is a member of both tables. A join operation is usually part of a query. A typical OLAP-Query, for example, contains subtotal lines for many dimensions, and an overall total. Therefore, the measures contained in the query have to be aggregated on different levels. Previous methods include techniques to locally aggregate the data before the join, considering the requested aggregation level by building a partial query and then returning the data. However, it is not possible to build higher level subtotals by aggregating the measures over all dimensions contained in the result set. Also previous methods are not able to correctly handle all cases of table layouts with more than one join.
What is need is a method that allows to aggregate measures contained in data layouts involving ambiguous joins without reading the data several times on different aggregation levels, so data caches can be used.


An active matrix display device which includes a pair of insulating substrates, a first group of buses formed on one of the sides of the insulating substrates, a second group of buses crossing the first group of buses, conductive film wirings formed on the second group of buses, wherein the width of each conductive film wiring at stepped portions of the first group of buses is not smaller than that of the conductive film wirings located out of the stepped portions.

1. Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates to a display device which displays by impressing drive signals on pixel electrodes used for display through switching elements, and more particularly to a display device which can perform a high density display by arranging pixel electrodes in a matrix.
2. Description of the Prior Art:
A liquid crystal display device, an EL display device and a plasma display device are known in the art in which pixel electrodes are selected and driven so as to display desired patterns on a screen. The display medium sealed between the electrodes is optically modulated by impressing a voltage between the selected pixel electrodes and the respective counter electrodes. The optical modulation is visually observed. An active matrix driving method is known as a driving method of pixel electrode. The active matrix driving method will be described as follows:
Pixel electrodes are independently arranged, and then provided with switching elements. The pixel electrodes are driven through the switching elements. TFTs (thin film transistor), MIMs (metal-insulating layer-metal), MOS transistors, diodes, varistors and other known devices are known as switching elements which select and drive the pixel electrodes. This type of active matrix method enables the display device to have a good contrast in the picture, and finds many applications such as in television, word processors, and display panels of computer terminals.
In the known active matrix display devices, buses are likely to be formed with the possibility of breakage during the fabrication of switching elements, buses, pixel electrodes on the active matrix substrate. A possible breakage of buses is detected as a line defect on the screen. The line defect is fatal for the display device. Defective display devices must be discarded, thereby decreasing production yield of display devices.
In order to solve these problems mentioned above, various proposals have been made. One example is shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows an active matrix display which is driven by TFTs 31. The active matrix has a structure made by two layers in which a conductive film wiring 23 is stacked on source buses 22 which cross over gate buses 21. This active matrix has a dual structure which includes conductive film wiring 23 arranged on the source buses 22. This dual structure is obtained by leaving the transparent conductive film on the source buses 22 after the source buses 22 are formed in pattern, when pixel electrodes 41 are formed with a transparent conductive film.
However, in the dual structure described above, the source buses 22 and the conductive film wirings 23 pass portions stepped by the gate buses at the junctions of the gate buses 21 and the source buses 22, so that the source buses 22 and a conductive film wiring 23 are likely to break. This is caused by the fact that the source buses 22 and the conductive film wiring 23 do not fully cover the stepped portions made by the gate buses 21, and that the source buses 22 and the conductive film wiring 23 are separated owing to poor adhesion of the insulating films to the source buses 22. The problem of breakage is nevertheless not solved by the dual structure.
In addition, when the source buses 22 are fabricated by etching, the etchant is likely to erode the metal parts of the source buses 22. The source buses 22 are liable to breakage.


A method for producing an aluminum foil of the present invention is characterized in that an aluminum film is formed on a surface of a substrate by electrolysis using a plating solution containing at least (1) a dialkyl sulfone, (2) an aluminum halide, and (3) at least one nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of an ammonium halide, a hydrogen halide salt of a primary amine, a hydrogen halide salt of a secondary amine, a hydrogen halide salt of a tertiary amine, and a quaternary ammonium salt represented by the general formula: R1R2R3R4N.X (R1 to R4 independently represent an alkyl group and are the same as or different from one another, and X represents a counteranion for the quaternary ammonium cation), then the film is separated from the substrate to obtain an aluminum foil, and the obtained aluminum foil is subjected to a heat treatment.

It is a well known fact that lithium ion secondary batteries, which have high energy density and whose discharge capacity does not significantly decrease, have been used for a power source for mobile tools such as mobile phones and laptop computers. In recent years, with the miniaturization of mobile tools, there also is a demand for the miniaturization of lithium ion secondary batteries to be mounted therein. In addition, with the development of hybrid cars, solar power generation, and other technologies as a measure to prevent global warming, etc., the application of supercapacitors having high energy density, such as electrical double-layer capacitors, redox capacitors, and lithium ion capacitors, has been increasingly expanding, and there is a demand for a further increase in their energy density.
An electrical storage device, such as the lithium ion secondary battery or the supercapacitor, has a structure in which, for example, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator made of a polyolefin or the like between them are arranged in an organic electrolytic solution containing a fluorine-containing compound, such as LiPF6 or NR4.BF4 (R is an alkyl group), as an electrolyte. Generally, the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material, such as LiCoO2 (lithium cobalt oxide), LiMn2O4 (lithium manganese oxide), LiFePO4 (lithium iron phosphate), or active carbon, and a positive electrode current collector, while the negative electrode includes a negative electrode active material, such as graphite or active carbon, and a negative electrode current collector, and, with respect to the shape, the electrodes are each obtained by applying the active material to the surface of the current collector and forming the same into a sheet. The electrodes are each subjected to high voltage and also immersed in the highly corrosive organic electrolytic solution that contains a fluorine-containing compound. Accordingly, materials for the positive electrode current collector, in particular, are required to have excellent electrical conductivity together with excellent corrosion resistance. Under such circumstances, currently, aluminum, which is a good electrical conductor and forms a passive film on the surface to offer excellent corrosion resistance, is almost 100% used as the material for a positive electrode current collector (as materials for the negative electrode current collector, copper, nickel, or the like can be mentioned).
One method for providing the electrical storage device with smaller size and higher energy density is to thin a current collector that constitutes a sheet-shaped electrode. Currently, an aluminum foil having a thickness of about 15 to 20 μm produced by rolling is generally used as the positive electrode current collector. Therefore, the object can be achieved by further reducing the thickness of such an aluminum foil. However, it is difficult to further reduce the foil thickness by rolling on an industrial production scale.
A possible aluminum foil production method to replace rolling is a method that produces an aluminum foil by electrolysis. The production of a metal foil by electrolysis is performed, for example, by forming a metal film on the surface of a substrate such as a stainless steel plate by electroplating, followed by the separation of the film from the substrate. Such production is well known as a method for producing a copper foil, for example. However, aluminum is an electrochemically base metal, and thus electroplating is extremely difficult. Therefore, it is not easy to produce an aluminum foil by electrolysis. Patent Document 1 discloses, as a method for producing an aluminum foil by electrolysis, a method that uses an electrolytic bath containing 50 to 75 mol % aluminum chloride and 25 to 50 mol % an alkylpyridinium chloride or an electrolytic bath prepared by adding an organic solvent to such a bath. However, in these methods, the plating solution has an extremely high chlorine concentration. This leads to a problem in that during a plating treatment, chlorine contained in the plating solution reacts with moisture in the ambient to produce hydrogen chloride gas, causing the corrosion of the equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to take a measure to prevent the production of hydrogen chloride gas or a measure to protect the equipment from corrosion due to the produced hydrogen chloride gas. In addition, the method described in Patent Document 1 also has a problem in that the applicable current density is at most about 2 A/dm2, and thus the film formation rate is low (a further increase in the applied current density causes the decomposition of the plating solution, etc., making it impossible to stably perform a plating treatment). The addition of an organic solvent, such as benzene or toluene, to the plating solution is expected to improve the film formation rate. However, these organic solvents have high toxicity and high inflammability. Because of such risks, it must be said that the addition of such organic solvents to a plating solution is problematic in terms of the ease of liquid waste disposal and safety.
In addition, even when a thin aluminum foil can be obtained by electrolysis, to be thin is not the only thing required for an aluminum foil for use as a positive electrode current collector. During the electrode manufacturing process, the foil is tensioned. In addition, during the drying process after the application of a positive electrode active material to the surface of the foil, the foil is exposed to a high temperature of 100° C. or more. Therefore, an aluminum foil for use as a positive electrode current collector has to have excellent tensile strength, and the strength has to be stably maintained even after exposure to high temperatures. Further, in order for an aluminum foil to have excellent electrical conductivity, the purity is preferably as high as possible.


In a MRI system having a FID detector unit and a computer unit for processing FID signals, phase errors introduced into the FID signal at the detector unit are corrected at the computer unit by transmitting a pilot signal from the computer unit to the detector unit, processing the pilot unit along with a detected FID signal at the detector unit, transmitting the processed signals to the computer unit, obtaining the pilot signal and FID signal at the computer unit, and combining the pilot signal and the FID signal whereby phase errors cancel.

This invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and more particularly the invention relates to transmission and phase synchronization of a detected free induction decay (FID) signal to signal processing apparatus in a MRI system.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires placing an object to be imaged in a static magnetic field, exciting nuclear spins in the object within the magnetic field, and then detecting signals emitted by the excited spins as they precess within the magnetic field. Through the use of magnetic gradient and phase encoding of the excited magnetization, detected signals can be spatially localized in three dimensions.
FIG. 1A is a perspective view partially in section illustrating conventional coil apparatus in an NMR imaging system, and FIGS. 1B–1D illustrate field gradients which can be produced in the apparatus of FIG. 1A. This apparatus is discussed by Hinshaw and Lent in "An Introduction to NMR Imaging: From the Block Equation to the Imaging Equation," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 71, No. 3, March 1983, pp. 338–350. Briefly, the uniform static field B0 is generated by the magnet comprising the coil pair 10. A gradient field G(x) is generated by a complex gradient coil set which can be wound on the cylinder 12. An RF field B1 is generated by a saddle coil 14. A patient undergoing imaging would be positioned within the saddle coil 14.
In FIG. 1B an X gradient field is shown which is parallel to the static field B.sub.0 and varies linearly with distance along the X axis but ideally does not vary with distance along the Y or Z axes. FIGS. 1C and 1D are similar representations of the Y gradient and Z gradient fields, respectively.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of conventional imaging apparatus. A computer 20 is programmed to control the operation of the NMR apparatus and process FID signals detected therefrom. The gradient field is energized by a gradient amplifier 22, and the RF coils 26 for impressing an RF magnetic moment at the Larmor frequency are controlled by the transmitter 24. After the selected nuclei have been flipped, the RF coil 26 is employed to detect the FID signal which is passed to the receiver 28 and thence through digitizer 30 for processing by computer 20.
Heretofore, the detected FID signals have been coupled to the signal processor via coaxial cables. However, cable transmission can degrade the detected signal, and coaxial cables require the use of balans for signal coupling. Further, cables present a contamination problem in interventional MRI which requires a sterilized coil.
Wireless transmission of the detected FID signals to the processor has been proposed to eliminate the need for cables. See for example, Leussler U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,288 and Murakami et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,536. Since frequency and phase of the detected signals are critical in signal processing, Leussler proposes transmitting an auxiliary signal from the signal processor to the signal detector for use in a local oscillator for frequency shifting the FID signal for transmission. The processor can then compensate for any phase errors introduced through signal modulation by comparing the received modulation signal to the transmitted auxiliary signal. Since the detector oscillator frequency is generated from this auxiliary signal, it is assumed that no phase errors are incurred.
Murakami et al. propose a similar wireless MRI system which employs a reference signal transmitted from the processor to the detector for use in frequency conversion (modulation) of the detected FID signal for transmission to the processor.
Unfortunately, the detected auxiliary signal suffers fluctuations when received by the detector electronics due, in part, to the relatively high voltage pulses of the MRI pulse sequence RF transmitter modulated FID signal. The phase locked loop driven by the auxiliary signal in controlling the local oscillator suffers instability in operation and requires continual phase locking. This electronics has a finite recovery time and will suffer phase skips due to counting errors in the phase locked loop. Moreover, the extra locking circuitry on the detector adds to the detector complexity.
Basically, whenever a FID signal undergoes a frequency change due to mixing with a local oscillator, a phase shift is created. The present invention is directed to providing wireless transmission of FID signals to a processor which can be readily compensated for phase variations in the FID detector and in transmission.

Synchronization of wireless transmitted MRI signals in MRI system

The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University


An ion exchange device main body 3 includes: a tubular body 31 into which an ion exchange resin bag 5 accommodating the ion exchange resin is inserted through an opening and which has a liquid outlet 312 in which a liquid outlet port 314 for discharging an ion exchange target liquid to outside is formed; a lid 32 that is supported by the tubular body 31 and has a gas injection portion 324 in which a gas injection port 325 for injecting a to an inside 311 of the tubular body 31 is formed; a lead-out pipe 42 that is connected to the liquid outlet 312 and guides the ion exchange target liquid to the outside; and a check valve 44 that is provided in the lead-out pipe 42 and prevents the ion exchange target liquid from flowing backward from the outside to the inside.

Generally, there is an ion exchange device main body in which an ion exchange resin that performs ion exchange of an ion exchange target liquid is accommodated. The ion exchange device main body is, for example, a container accommodating the ion exchange resin. Ion exchange of the ion exchange target liquid is performed by allowing the ion exchange target liquid to pass through the ion exchange resin accommodated in the container. Ion exchange resins have a life. That is, the ion exchange resin accommodated in the container is replaced with a new ion exchange resin when a predetermined amount of ions is exchanged. At this time, the ion exchange resin accommodated in the container is taken out of the container. However, there is a problem that it is troublesome for an operator such as a maintenance worker or the like to take out the ion exchange resin accommodated in the container and place a new ion exchange resin in the container.
To resolve this problem, PTL 1 discloses an ion exchange resin bag to be put in a resin tubular main body of an ion exchange resin device for an electric discharge machine. The operator can replace the ion exchange resin by taking out the ion exchange resin bag accommodating the ion exchange resin and put in the resin tubular main body from the resin tubular main body, and putting an ion exchange resin bag accommodating a new ion exchange resin in the resin tubular main body.
However, when ion exchange of an ion exchange target liquid is performed, the inside of the resin tubular main body described in PTL 1 is in a state of being filled with the ion exchange target liquid. It is difficult for an operator to take out the ion exchange resin bag from the resin tubular main body in a state where the inside of the resin tubular main body is filled with the ion exchange target liquid. In addition, even if the ion exchange target liquid filled inside the resin tubular main body is discharged to the outside of the resin tubular main body, the ion exchange target liquid may flow backward from the outside of the resin tubular main body into the resin tubular main body.

Ion exchange device main body and ion exchange device


A differential score protection system that regulates an engine to inhibit damage to a differential driven by the engine includes a first module that initiates a differential score protection mode and a second module that decreases an engine speed when the engine speed exceeds an engine speed limit. The engine speed limit is one of a plurality of pre-determined values based on a design slip speed limit of the differential.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
A vehicle includes a power plant, such as an internal combustion engine that drives a transmission and a driveline to propel the vehicle along a surface. More specifically, the power plant generates drive torque that is multiplied by a gear ratio through the transmission. The drive torque drives a differential that directs the drive torque to driven wheels, that provides a final gear reduction, and that transmits drive torque to the wheels while allowing them to rotate relative to one another (i.e., at different speeds).
Although the differential enables the driven wheels to rotate at different speeds, the differential can be damaged or scored with an excessive difference in wheel speed or ΔRPM across the differential. A ΔRPM across the differential can occur when the driven wheels are on surfaces having different frictional coefficients. For example, if one wheel is on a low frictional surface (e.g., ice) and the other is on a higher frictional surface (e.g., dry pavement), the wheel on the lower frictional surface can rotate at a higher speed than that on the higher frictional surface.
If the differential is damaged as a result of experiencing an excessive ΔRPM for an extended period, the differential must be replaced. In some instances (e.g., front wheel drive vehicles), the differential is integrated into the transmission. As a result, the cost to replace the differential is compounded by the additional work required to access the differential within the transmission.
Accordingly, vehicles implement a differential score protection (DSP) control to prevent damage to the differential. Traditional DSP control regulates engine torque output when wheel slip occurs. More specifically, the traditional DSP control decreases engine torque to reduce engine output power, allowing the wheels to grip their respective surfaces and to resolve the wheel slip condition.
The amount of engine torque reduction is calibrated based on various ΔRPM values. This calibration, however, is time and cost intensive. More specifically, a calibration engineer must develop the calibrations to resolve the wheel slip condition, while providing sufficient drivability or feel for the vehicle operator. For example, the vehicle operator should not perceive excessive power sags or surges while the DSP control is active. Also, when the DSP control goes inactive, a calibration is provided to ramp the engine torque out of the DSP mode.
The DSP control is executed by a control module, which can be supplied by multiple manufacturers for a single vehicle platform. As a result, the calibration process is compounded because the calibration parameters developed for a particular vehicle must be translated for the various control module types. For example, if the calibration parameters require an engine torque decrease of X Nm for a ΔRPM of Y, the control modules interpret the X Nm value differently and therefore must be correspondingly calibrated to provide the proper engine torque reduction response based on the particular control module that is used.