An adjustable height flight comprising a flight assembly and a cam mechanism. The flight assembly includes a flight base operationally connected to a rotational endless conveyance member, an adjustable flight bar slidably connected to the flight base, and an adjustment mechanism for adjusting and setting said flight bar at a desired height. The cam mechanism includes a cam frame, an adjustable cam track connected to the frame and operationally contacting the flight adjustment mechanism, a cam track adjustment mechanism attached to the frame and operationally contacting the cam track, and an engagement mechanism for selectively engaging and disengaging said cam mechanism from said flight assembly. The cam mechanism can be either engaged or disengaged from operational contact with the flight assembly. The cam track adjustment mechanism adjusts the position of the cam track to force the adjustable flight bar to a desired vertical position. The flight bar normally travels in a vertically locked position. The adjustment mechanism of the flight assembly engages both the button cam and the cam track in such a manner that the button cam unlocks the flight bar while the cam track adjusts the vertical position of the flight bar through the adjustment mechanism. The flight bar is locked again when the flight assembly travels off of the button cam.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, generally, to apparatus and methods used in the packaging industry. The present invention provides particular benefits in high speed and continuous motion cartoners. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and apparatus used to select and divide a bulk flow of containers into properly configured groups for loading into cartons.
2. Background Information
Continuous motion cartoning machines typically receive a flood of containers and present a bulk flow of these containers to an article group selection and transportation mechanism. One type of article group selection and transportation mechanism includes a series of selector flights mounted to a rotary conveyance member at predetermined intervals. The flights intersect and divide the bulk flow of containers into properly configured groups by selecting or raking the leading containers from the bulk flow, forming groups in between adjacent flights, and guiding the containers as they are transported along with and to the side of a synchronized stream of cartons traveling on a carton transportation mechanism. Each configured group is cross-loaded from the article group selection and transportation mechanism into a carton traveling on the carton transport mechanism.
Each flight is typically in the shape of a bar and is designed to prevent the containers from tipping during the selecting, grouping, transporting and loading process described above. The flight preferably contacts the container at or near its composite center of percussion, which is dependent on the height of a particular container. The proper vertical position of each flight is especially important to stabilize containers undergoing quick acceleration and deceleration in a high speed cartoner, and to stabilize stacked groups of containers because the upper level groups are more apt to tip.
The state of the art for selecting, grouping, transporting and loading containers includes flight assemblies that either are non-adjustable or are adjustable through a slotted/bolt design. These devices and methods are believed to have significant limitations and shortcomings. Specifically, the non-adjustable flight assemblies are designed for and dedicated to one container height having a specific center of percussion. Product changeovers to process containers of other heights incur considerable expenses, including the cost to manufacture a new dedicated set of flight assemblies, and the downtime and labor required to remove the old set of flight assemblies and install the new set. Although the slotted/bolt type flight assemblies are adjustable, product changeovers still entail considerable downtime and labor to manually loosen each bolt with a tool, measure and adjust the height of each flight, and re-tighten each bolt.
Applicant's invention provides an improved adjustable height flight assembly which overcomes the limitations and shortcomings of the known art. Specifically, an operator can adjust an entire set of flight assemblies quickly and effectively through a few simple operations. Thus, an operator can use the present invention to accommodate different sized containers introduced in a product changeover. Therefore, the adjustable height flight of the present invention minimizes the cost, and the downtime and labor associated with product changeovers.


A method and device for maintaining a PBX system by connecting the PBX system with a remote maintenance center 220 through a public switch telephone network (PSTN), a method for transmitting a state information of the PBX system to the remote maintenance by connecting a remote maintenance connection circuit automatically in case of the PBX system receiving an incoming call from the remote maintenance center, and a MODEM control circuit 302 for communicating the state information with an external device 220 by utilizing the MODEM 303 built in the system without using a separate port, are disclosed.

The present invention relates to a private branch exchange (PBX) system, and more particularly to a method and device for maintaining the PBX system by establishing a data communication path between a remote maintenance center and the PBX system through a public switching telephone network (PSTN).
With reference to FIG. 1, a central processing unit (hereinafter called as CPU) 101 controls an overall operation of the PBX system so as to perform a variety of functions and establish a speech path.
A memory 102 comprises a ROM for storing a program and initial service data to generate a basic call and perform all kinds of functions of the PBX system and a RAM for storing temporarily data generated while performing the program under control of the CPU 101.
An interface circuit 103 is connected between the CPU 101 and various structural elements of the PBX system and interfaces all kinds of signals and data generated while performing an exchange function of the PBX system. A switch circuit 104 exchanges all kinds of tone signals, dialing data and voice data through a channel designated by a control of the CPU.
An extension circuit 105 is connected between the switch circuit 104 and a subscriber telephone set 111, establishes an extension speech loop under a control of the CPU 101, supplies an electric current to the telephone set 111, and interfaces all kinds of state signals and voice signals between the switch circuit 104 and the subscriber telephone 111 or 111'.
A general office line circuit 106 is connected between the switch circuit 104 and the PSTN, establishes an office line speech loop by seizing an office line under a control of the CPU 101, transmits all kinds of state signals and voice signals received from the office line to the switch circuit 104, and in turn transmits the voice signal and state signal from the switch circuit 104 to the office line.
A DID (Direct Inward Dialing) office line circuit 107 is connected between the switch circuit 104 and the PSTN, connects a call signal to the subscriber 111 directly according to a dialing signal from the office line by seizing a DID trunk under a control of the CPU 101, and interfaces all kinds of signals and voice signals between the DID trunk and the switch circuit 104.
A DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) reception circuit 108 is connected to the switch circuit 104, converts a received dialing signal into a digital data and transmits it to the CPU 101. A tone generating circuit 109 is connected to the switch circuit 104 and transmits a designated tone signal to the switch circuit 104 under a control of the CPU 101. An input/output circuit 110 is connected to an external terminal 112 and printer 113 and interfaces data between the external terminal and the PBX system under the CPU 101.
A key telephone system may be used in place of the PBX system as described in the above statement.
Generally a function of maintaining the PBX system is performed by utilizing the telephone set 111 or the terminal 112. If an abnormal state occurs on the PBX system or changing information of the subscriber is required, it is possible to check the abnormal state or change the information of the subscriber by utilizing the telephone set 111 or the terminal 112.
But it is difficult for a system operator or an user to maintain and administrate the PBX system by themselves because an operation of the PBX system is complicated and varied. Accordingly, a technician from the maintenance center must visit a site of the PBX system, in order to inspect the abnormal state and add or delete a function requested by an user.
However it is difficult to satisfy an user's requirement promptly because the technician has to visit the site of the PBX system for maintaining directly, and also it takes much time to maintain because of the abnormal state being inspected on the spot. Furthermore an efficiency of the PBX system is decreased because an operation of the system may be impossible during the maintaining of the PBX system. And the maintenance center should employ a great number of maintenance workers for satisfying various users' requirements.

Remote maintenance method and device thereof in private branch exchange system


A grid-type microwave antenna comprises a multiplicity of generally parallel conductive rods. Each rod is curved along its length to form a section of a paraboloid so that when all the rods are positioned parallel to each other, in spaced apart relationship to each other, they form a paraboloidal reflector. A rim includes insulating members for receiving and holding the ends of the rods to position the rods in spaced apart and parallel relationship to each other.

Grid-type microwave antennas have been known for many years. These antennas offer certain advantages over antennas in which the reflecting surface is formed from one or more solid sheets of metal. Specifically, the grid antennas provide low wind loads, and their light weight reduces shipping and handling costs. They can also be shipped in totally disassembled form, in relatively small containers, and then assembled at the site where they are to be installed.
One of the problems with grid antennas, however, is the time required to carry out the many steps involved in assembling such antennas. A grid antenna is made up of a very large number of parts, including the dozens of rods which form the reflective grid. The time-consuming assembly operations increase the cost of the antenna, regardless of whether it is assembled at the manufacturing site or at the installation site. The complex assembly operation makes these antennas unattractive for certain customers, and can require the presence of specially trained personnel at an installation site.

Grid-type paraboloidal microwave antenna


A buckle includes a base that receives therein a pressing board having a front end pivotally coupled to the base and a rear end provided with a clutch portion for clutching a tooth of a head strap, and an operating member that is received in the base and corresponds to a back of the pressing board. The operating member has two buttons. When an arcuate bar pressing against the operating member is pressed inward, the arcuate bar deforms and pushes the pressing board to swing outward, making the clutch portion disengage from the tooth of the head strap, so that length adjustment of the head strap is allowed. After the adjustment, the pressing board automatically swings back due to the tension of the head strap, so that the clutch portion clutches another tooth of the head strap to position the head strap.

1. Technical Field
N/A
2. Description of Related Art
The present invention relates to a buckle allowing easy length adjustment of a head strap. The buckle primarily comprises a base, a pressing board that is engaged with the base and has a swingable rear end, and an operating member engaged with the base, such that the operating member is aligned with the back of the pressing board and two buttons of the operating member are jutting out of the base, while an arcuate bar linking the two buttons presses against the back of the pressing board. Thus, a user can use his/her two fingers' opposite, inward, small movements, which press the two buttons inward the base, to make the arcuate bar push the rear end of the pressing board outward, in turn easily causing a clutch portion at the rear end of the pressing board to depart from a tooth formed on the head strap which it originally clutches.


A photographic material which exhibits excellent dynamic properties and little curl is provided. The silver halide photographic material comprises at least one light-sensitive layer on a polyester support, wherein the polyester support is a polyester support having a glass transition temperature of 90.degree. C. to 200 .degree. C. and is subject to glow discharge treatment. The polyester support is preferably subjected to post heat treatment at a temperature ranging from 50 .degree. C. to lower than the glass transition temperature of said polyester support after the glow discharge treatment.

As the support for photographic light-sensitive materials there is generally used a fibrous polymer represented by triacetyl cellulose (hereinafter referred to as "TAC") or polyester polymer such as polyethylene terephthalate (hereinafter referred to as "PET").
In general, photographic light-sensitive materials are in the form of sheet film as in X-ray film, plate-making film and cut film or roll film as in color or black-and-white negative roll to be mounted in a cartridge having a width of 35 mm or less.
TAC to be used as the support for roll films exhibits a high transparency and an excellent decurlability after development.
On the other hand, PET films are excellent in mechanical strength and dimensional stability but are left much curled when unwound after development. This poor handleability puts restrictions on its application range despite its excellent properties.
In recent years, the photographic light-sensitive materials have found a variety of applications. For example, the reduction in the size of cameras, the increase in the film delivery speed upon picture taking and the increase in the magnification have been required. This requires a support having a high strength, a good dimensional stability and a small thickness.
Further, the reduction in the size of cameras accompanies a further demand for smaller cartridge.
In order to miniaturize the cartridge, two problems need to be solved.
One of the two problems is to inhibit the reduction in the dynamic strength accompanied by the reduction in the thickness of the film.
The other problem is a strong curl developed with time during storage due to the reduction in the size of the spool.
As an approach for reducing the curl of the polyester film there has been known a method as disclosed in JP-A-51-16358 (The term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application") and U.S. Pat. No. 4,141,735.
As a surface treatment method for rendering the polyester support adhesive to the silver halide emulsion layer there may be used glow discharge treatment.
For the details of glow discharge treatment, reference can be made to U.S. Pat. No. 3,462,335, 3,761,299, and 4,072,769, and British Patent 891,469.
The polyester support can easily be electrically charged upon picture taking or when carried in an automatic developing machine. When discharged, it may cause fogging. The state-of-the-art antistatic method is disadvantageous in that since the material used elutes with the processing solution, the antistatic properties are eliminated after development. Thus, dust attached to the material due to electric charge appears on the print.


An object of the invention is to provide a fuel injector delivery pipe which does not require a tool for holding an upper part and lower part together, and thereby eliminate the process of attaching and removing the tool, and increases the efficiency of the operation. Furthermore, in order to achieve this object, the fuel injector delivery pipe comprises an upper part 2 with an inverted substantially U-shaped vertical cross-section in the longitudinal direction formed with a top wall 2a and two side walls 2b, 2b, and also comprises a lower part 3 with a substantially U-shaped vertical cross-section in the longitudinal direction with a bottom wall 3a and two side walls 3b, 3b. Locking parts 5, 10 are formed in both side walls 2b, 2b of the upper part 2 and in both side walls 3b, 3b of the lower part 3 respectively for locking together the walls, and the locking parts 5, 10 are locked together to temporarily lock the upper part 2 and the lower part 3 together while the parts are integrated by brazing.

Fuel injection type internal combustion engines temporarily store fuel from the fuel pump in a delivery pipe, and supply fuel to each of the injectors by means of the delivery pipe.
These delivery pipes comprise an upper part with a substantially inverted U-shaped vertical cross-section in the longitudinal direction with a top wall and two side walls, and a lower part with a substantially U-shaped vertical cross-section in the longitudinal direction with a bottom wall and two side walls. The side walls of the upper part and the side walls of the lower part are overlapped and mated together, and the overlapped regions are integrated by brazing. (Refer to Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. H11-22575 or 2001-207934 for example.) Incidentally, the capacity of the delivery pipe for fuel injectors must be fixed at a certain capacity in order to prevent variation between engines caused by the amount of fuel supplied to the injectors.
However, with the aforementioned conventional delivery pipes, the edge of the sides of one part such as the upper part is inserted and contacts the bottom wall of the lower part to set the mutually position of the upper part and the lower part, and then in this condition, both parts are joined by brazing, and therefore, when heated, the region of contact may lift up and the desired standard capacity may not be obtained.
Therefore, with the conventional delivery pipe, when brazing, a tool is used to hold the upper part and the lower part together, and thereby lifting caused by heating can be prevented.
Therefore, during the delivery by brazing process, an operation to attach the tool and an operation to remove the tool are necessary, and therefore the operation is complex.
With the foregoing in view, an object of the present invention is to provide a fuel injector delivery pipe which increases the efficiency of the operation by eliminating the need for a tool to hold the upper part and the lower part together and thus eliminating the operation of attaching the tool and removing the tool.


Provided are charging/discharging spots which are connected to a power grid and which charge storage batteries of electric vehicles connected thereto and discharge charged power of the storage batteries to the power grid; a data center which collects and stores current position information of electric vehicles located in a territory and charging state information of storage batteries of the electric vehicles; and a power aggregator which ranks degrees of necessity of charging/discharging the storage batteries of the respective electric vehicles based on the stored position information, the charging state information of the storage batteries and position information of the charging/discharging spots and creates a ranking list indicating the ranks. The power aggregator distributes information for guiding each of the electric vehicles to a designated one of the charging/discharging spots for charging or discharging in accordance with the ranking list. Accordingly, moving electric vehicles can be guided to charging/discharging spots, so that power charged/discharged on the power grid side can be kept more surely.

For example, Patent Literature 1 has disclosed a power supply system which can receive power supply from electric vehicles and supply emergency energy in an emergency etc. that the power feeding amount runs short. In this literature, storage batteries of electric vehicles can be connected to a charging/discharging terminal and discharged simultaneously.

Power grid control system using electric vehicle, power grid control apparatus, information distribution apparatus, and information distribution method


A cooking vessel includes a circular bottom plate and an upwardly and outwardly extending side wall, which define an interior cooking region. The side wall has a flangeless upper edge that is square in configuration. The cooking vessel further includes a primary handle attached to the side wall proximate a corner of the flangeless upper edge.

Conventional pots are circular in configuration, with a round bottom plate, a side wall extending upwardly from the bottom plate and having a circular upper edge, and a handle projecting from the side wall. Some of these pots further include a circular or dome-shaped lid with a single handle or knob projecting from the top center of the lid.
Several problems exist with conventional pots. First, because these pots typically have a vertical side wall, it may be difficult for a user, particularly with larger volume pots, to view the contents inside. Second, the circular configuration of the side wall hampers the user's ability to pour liquids from the pot neatly, as there is no definite channel along which the liquids may flow. Finally, the centrally disposed knob on the lid is not ideally located, since the user must reach over the pot to remove the lid, thereby subjecting the user's arm to hot air or steam. In addition, when the lid is placed upside down, it rocks or tips about the centrally disposed handle, making the handle difficult to access.
In light of the foregoing, there is a need for an improved cooking vessel. In particular, it is desirable to provide a cooking vessel with increased visibility of the contents within. It is further desirable to provide a cooking vessel that facilitates removal of food or liquids placed therein. Finally, it is desirable to provide a cooking vessel that protects the user from rising steam or hot air.


An electric power receiving device according to the invention receives an electric power from a primary coil, with which a first alternating voltage is applied and through which a first alternate current flows. The device includes an electric power receiving section and a reducing-voltage generating section. The receiving section includes a secondary coil electromagnetically coupled to the primary coil and a capacitor connected to the secondary coil, and generates a second alternating voltage based upon the first alternating current. The generating section generates a reducing-voltage and applies the reducing-voltage to the receiving section, the reducing-voltage being capable of reducing a reactance voltage generated in the receiving section by a second alternating current generated in the receiving section due to the second alternating voltage, and the reducing-voltage being approximately equal to the second alternating voltage in frequency.

The present invention relates to a technique to receive electric power from a primary coil by means of a resonance circuit.
An example of a high-frequency electric power receiving circuit, which is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H10-108390, will be explained with reference to FIG. 5. The high-frequency electric power receiving circuit includes a secondary coil 102, a resonance capacitor 103, a rectifier circuit 104, and a constant voltage control circuit 105. The secondary coil 102 faces a primary side induction line 101 (primary coil) that passes a high-frequency alternating current. The resonance capacitor 103 is connected in parallel to the secondary coil 102. The rectifier circuit 104 is connected to the resonance capacitor 103 and rectifies an induced voltage generated at the secondary side coil. The constant voltage control circuit 105 is connected to the rectifier circuit 104 and controls an output voltage VOUT, so that the output voltage VOUT is maintained at a predetermined and constant reference voltage VE.
The constant voltage control circuit 105 includes a coil 107, a voltage generator 108, a comparator 109, an output adjusting transistor 110, a diode 111, and a capacitor 112. The coil 107 is used for current limitation. The voltage generator 108 generates the reference voltage VE. The comparator 109 compares the output voltage VOUT with the reference voltage VE of the voltage generator 108. The comparator 109 turns on the output adjusting transistor 110 when the output voltage Vout exceeds the reference voltage VE. The diode 111 and the capacitor 112 form a filter. The reference voltage VE is set to the same voltage as a voltage (load voltage) to be generated between both ends of a load 106 when the load 106 is fed with electric power.
When the output voltage VOUT falls below the reference voltage VE, the output adjusting transistor 110 is turned off and, therefore, the output voltage VOUT is increased. When the output voltage VOUT exceeds the reference voltage VE, the transistor 110 is turned on by an output from the comparator 109 and, therefore, the output voltage VOUT is decreased. Due to such an operation of the constant voltage control circuit 105, the output voltage VOUT is maintained at the reference voltage VE.

Electric power receiving device and method of receiving electric power


An encoding device includes a processor. The processor configured to determine, based on an integer value that corresponds to a bit string of a predetermined amount, quantities for a predetermined number of individual symbol values included in a symbol sting encoded from the bit string of the predetermined amount. The processor configured to specify positions of symbols in the symbol string for the individual symbol values from the quantities for the individual symbol values and a first parameter related to a number of arrangement patterns of the symbols that corresponds to the quantities for the individual symbol values. The processor configured to generate the symbol string by assigning to the specified positions the corresponding symbol values.

With an increase in transmission capacity of optical transmission devices, for example, multilevel modulation methods such as quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and 64 QAM are used. In the multilevel modulation methods, among symbols arranged in a constellation, symbols corresponding to values of individual bit strings in a frame to be modulated are assigned to the bit strings, thus an optical signal with a phase and an intensity based on the symbols is generated.
Probabilistic shaping (PS) is a technique that forms a probability distribution of symbol assignment by encoding values of bit strings so that, as the distance from the center of the constellation reduces, the likelihood of assignment of the symbol increases. Thus, power of the optical signal is reduced, and the noise immunity of the optical signal is improved.
The encoding process of the bit string is referred to as distribution matching (DM). For example, the DM is executed at a previous stage of the encoding process of forward error correction (FEC) on the optical signal transmission side. On the optical signal reception side, for example, at a subsequent stage of a decoding process of the FEC, inverse-DM that decodes into a bit string inversely to the DM is executed.
In the DM, conversion is performed such that the bit strings on the input side correspond to the symbol strings on the output side in a one-to-one relationship on a predetermined-data-amount-by-predetermined-data-amount basis. As means for realizing the DM, various methods have been proposed as follows.
(Method Using Look-Up Table)
The bit strings on the input side and the symbol strings on the output side are registered in a look-up table so as to correspond to each other in a one-to-one relationship. In the DM, values of the symbol strings corresponding to values of the bit strings are output from the look-up table. Since the size of the look-up table is exponentially proportional to the data amount of the bit strings, it is difficult to reduce search time for the look-up table.
(Method Using Arithmetic Coding)
A method using arithmetic coding is a method of determining the value of a symbol string by assigning the value of the symbol string to a plurality of sections provided on a number line and selecting a section corresponding to the value of a bit string. For example, a method called constant composition distribution matching (CCDM) is disclosed as one of these methods. In the CCDM, the numbers of symbols included in a symbol string are fixed on a value-by-value basis.
(Bit-by-Bit Processing Method)
A method of individually performing the DM for each bit level of multilevel modulation is disclosed. With the algorithm of this method, a low-loss conversion rate may be achieved even when the size of the symbol string is small.
(Symbol-by-Symbol Processing Method)
A method called enumerative sphere shaping (ESS) by which the DM is performed on a symbol-by-symbol basis is disclosed. With the ESS, a conversion rate with a lower loss than that of the CCDM may be achieved when the size of the symbol string is small.
U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/516,503 is disclosed as related art.
P. Schulte, et al. "Constant Composition Distribution Matching", IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 430-434, 2016, Y. Koganei, et al. "Optimum Bit-level Distribution Matching with at most O (N3) Implementation Complexity", in Proc. Opt. Fiber. Conf. San Diego, Calif., USA, March 2019, Paper M4B.4, and A. Amari, et al. "Introducing Enumerative Sphere Shaping for Optical Communication Systems With Short Block lengths", IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. vol. 37, no. 23, pp. 5926-5936, 2019 are also disclosed as related art.

Encoding device, decoding device, and transmission device


The present invention relates to a system for drawing patterns on a wafer by using a charged particle beam such as an electron beam, in which a complicated prealigning mechanism used for mounting the wafer on a stage is omitted. Instead, according to the present system, rotation of the wafer is detected and a shaped beam is rotated by an amount corresponding to the value detected. Subsequently, a predetermined pattern is drawn on the substrate. The system includes a detecting device for detecting the rotation of the wafer by using an orientation flat or adjusting marks; a computer for storing a value corresponding to the rotation thus detected; a rotating lens control circuit for receiving data from the computer; and a rotating lens.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system for drawing patterns of LSI, etc., directly on a substrate such as a wafer, etc., having an orientation flat and adjusting marks, by using a charged particle beam such as an electron beam having a rectangular cross-section, etc.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, in a variably-shaped-electron-beam lithography system for drawing a pattern on a wafer having an orientation flat and adjusting marks, the direction of the orientation flat is made to coincide with the X or Y direction of the X-Y movement of a sample table within about 5 to 10 mrad, and thereafter the direction is determined by using the adjusting marks by means of a prealigner within about 1 mrad (JP-A-Hei 2-202012). The prealigner may be located either in a sample chamber or outside thereof, but in all cases the construction is complicated.
The reason why a high-precision prealignment is required will be explained, referring to FIG. 2. If the prealigned state is bad, e.g. if the orientation flat is rotated by .theta. radians with respect to the moving direction of the stage, as indicated in FIG. 2, chips positioned on the wafer are rotated also by .theta.. It is easy to rotate the deflection direction of the electron beam used for the drawing by .theta. by detecting the adjusting marks to effect adjusting correction. This was effected heretofore.
However, since the shaped beam itself was not rotated, e.g. in the case where a line was drawn by using the shaped beam, there was a problem that the line was drawn stepwise, as indicated in FIG. 3. That is, supposing that the greatest dimension, of the shaped beam is .iota. .mu.m, the deviation .DELTA..iota. between two adjacent shots due to the shaped beam is equal to .iota..times..DELTA..theta..
Now, supposing that .iota.=10 .mu.m and .theta.=5 mrad, .DELTA..iota.=0.05 .mu.m. The pattern of different shots exposed on a photosensitive resin is stepwise, as indicated in FIG. 3. In order that this stepwise pattern on the photosensitive resin be invisible, .DELTA..iota.<0.01 .mu.m is necessary. Consequently it was necessary to carry out the prealignment so that .theta. is smaller than 1 mrad.
As described above, since prealignment work was necessary for the prior art system, extra devices and extra work were required. Concretely speaking, as one of the extra devices it can be cited that the wafer stage had a rotation adjusting function, in the case where the rotational angle was great. In this way the construction of the stage was very complicated, which could produce worsening in vacuum, sticking of dust on the wafer, trouble, and lowering in the drawing precision. Additionally, the system was expensive due to its complexity. Further, in the case where it was difficult to dispose the rotating function on the stage, the wafer rotation adjusting function was disposed within an external prealigner. Also, in this case, a problem similar to that described above took place.

Charged particle beam lithography system and method therefor


A thin, oversized, waterproof and water vapor permeable oversock which is adapted to be obtrusively worn over a wearer's foot and/or sock within a shoe, sneaker, boot or other type of footwear. The oversock includes a heat sealable, waterproof and water vapor permeable inner liner which is fully enclosed and freely movable within an outer protective shell. A stretchable knit cuff is affixed to an upper end of both the inner liner and the outer shell to prevent the oversock from sliding down a wearer's leg.

Several form fitting, waterproof and water vapor permeable (breathable) sock-type articles have recently been developed in an attempt to prevent a wearer's feet from becoming uncomfortably damp or wet within shoes, boots or other types of footwear. These socks, which are designed to be worn over the foot and/or an ordinary sock, are typically constructed out of a fabric having a microporous, waterproof, and breathable GORE-TEX membrane laminated thereto. As is well known in the art, the GORE-TEX membrane includes billions of minute pores per square inch which are sized to prevent external moisture from passing therethrough while simultaneously allowing water vapor from foot perspiration to escape outwards. Unfortunately, as detailed below, the prior art waterproof, breathable sock-type articles suffer from several disadvantages.
Presently available waterproof, breathable socks are typically constructed by stitching together one or more sections of a GORE-TEX laminated fabric. For example, a first commonly available sock is constructed by stitching together a waterproof, nonelastic, nonstretch sole component, a waterproof, nonelastic, nonstretch calf component and a waterproof, breathable, elastic and stretchable vamp component, wherein each of these components is formed using a three-ply laminate material having a waterproof, breathable, porous GORE-TEX membrane sandwiched between nylon-type fabrics. Similarly, a second such sock is formed using a single piece of a GORE-TEX laminated fabric which is adapted to be stitched together in the shape of a foot. Each of these socks is specifically designed to be form fitting and, as a result, must be provided in a plurality of sizes in order to accommodate different size feet. Unfortunately, due to the nature of the GORE-TEX fabrics and the resultant stitching which is required during the construction of the above-described socks, the stitched seams may include a plurality of holes and gaps which are large enough to permit the passage of external moisture therethrough. As a result, each of the stitched seams must be covered with a waterproof seam tape which adds an undesirable amount of stiffness and bulkiness to the socks.
As stated above, currently available waterproof socks are adapted to fit snugly about a wearer's foot and, as such, may be uncomfortably constricting, potentially reducing the flow of blood to a wearer's foot. The reduced blood flow, which may be exacerbated if one or more ordinary socks are worn under the waterproof sock, may lead to a premature cooling of the foot. As a result, the form fitting design of the currently available waterproof socks may limit their usefulness in cold environments, regardless of any waterproofing they may provide. Although this disadvantage may be overcome to some degree by wearing a waterproof sock which is several sizes too large, the resultant excess GORE-TEX fabric will generally wrinkle and/or bunch up uncomfortably about the foot.


A cleaning composition with a limited number of natural ingredients contains alkyl polyglucoside, solvent, acetic acid and water. The cleaning composition optionally contains dyes, glycerol, builders, fatty acids, polymers, fragrances, colorants, anti-foaming agents and preservatives. The cleaning composition can be used to clean hard surfaces and cleans as well or better than commercial compositions containing synthetically derived cleaning agents.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to cleaning compositions and methods for use on hard surfaces (i.e. glass). The invention also relates to cleaning compositions for use with cleaning substrates, cleaning heads, cleaning pads, cleaning sponges and related systems for cleaning hard surfaces. The composition also relates to natural cleaning compositions having a limited number of ingredients and having good cleaning properties and low residue.
2. Description of the Related Art
Cleaning formulations have progressed and created a large chemical industry devoted to developing new synthetic surfactants and solvents to achieve ever improving cleaning compositions for the consumer. Recently, consumers have shown increasing interest in natural and sustainable products. Obstacles in selling such products include the expense to the consumer, since many conventional cleaners typically cost half as much as natural products or products based on sustainable materials. Another inconvenience to consumers of such products includes the limited distribution of natural products, which are often found only in speciality stores. Finally, there remains a significant gap in the performance of natural products, relative to that of highly developed formulations based on synthetic surfactants and solvents which are produced from petrochemical feedstocks. Companies marketing natural or sustainable consumer products have had difficulty in formulating cleaners that deliver acceptable consumer performance, while utilizing only a limited number of natural and/or sustainably produced components.
Typical cleaning formulations require multiple surfactants, solvents, and builder combinations to achieve adequate consumer performance. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,025,069 to Deguchi et al. discloses alkyl glycoside detergent systems with anionic, amphoteric and nonionic surfactant ingredients. U.S. Pat. No. 7,182,950 to Garti et al. discloses nano-sized concentrates with examples using Tween® surfactants. U.S. Pat. No. 6,831,050 to Murch et al. discloses toxicologically acceptable cleaners containing oleic acid and citric acid. U.S. Pat. No. 6,302,969 to Moster et al. discloses natural cleaners containing anionic surfactants. U.S. Pat. No. 6,420,326 to Maile et al. discloses glass cleaners with ethanol, glycol ethers, and anionic surfactants.
Prior art compositions do not combine effective cleaning with a minimum number of ingredients, especially with natural ingredients. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a cleaning composition that overcomes the disadvantages and shortcomings associated with prior art cleaning compositions.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


HMM training method comprising a first parameter predicting step, a centroid state set calculating step, a reconstructing step, a second parameter predicting step and a control step. In the first parameter predicting step, a parameter of an HMM (hidden Markov model) is predicted based on training data. In the centroid state set calculating step, a centroid state set is calculated by clustering the state of said HMM whose parameter is predicted in the first parameter predicting step. In the reconstructing step, an HMM is reconstructed with using the centroid state calculated in the centroid state set calculating step. In the second parameter predicting step, predicted a parameter of the HMM reconstructed in the reconstructing step with using the training data. And, the centroid step is reexecuted by the control step in the case that a likelihood of the HMM whose parameter is predicted in the second parameter predicting step does not satisfy a predetermined condition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for training Hidden Markov Model (HMM) used in speech recognition.
2. Description of the Related Art
As one of speech recognition techniques, a method for recognizing speech based on the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) (will be referred to as an "HMM method" hereinafter) has been known in the field.
Now, the speech recognition executed by this HMM method will be summarized with reference to FIG. 3.
In the HMM method, for instance, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is prepared for each word so as to recognize speech. That is, a model (HMM) is prepared for a word, and this HMM is constituted by a finite set of states (indicated as "S1" to "S4" in FIG. 3), a set of state transition probabilities (symbols a11, a12, . . ., aij denote transit probability from state Si to state Sj), a set of output probability distributions, and so on. It should be noted that the general form of the output probability distribution is expressed as "bi(y)". In the case that an acoustic parameter itself such as the LPC cepstrum is used, there are many cases that as the parameter for defining the output probability distribution, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the signals outputted when the transition occurs from the state Si are expressed by the Gaussian distribution (e.g., (ul, .sigma.l ), (u2, .sigma.2) . . . ).
Subsequently, the HMM training is carried out by employing the training data to define the respective HMMs in such a manner that the probability at which a word of interest is produced becomes maximum. In other words, the transition probability among the states and the output probability distributions for the respective states are determined in such a manner that the probability at which the word of interest is produced becomes maximum. Then, when the speech recognition is actually executed, such an HMM that the probability at which the observation result of the pronounced sound of the word is produced becomes maximum is specified, and then the word corresponding to the specified HMM is derived as the recognition result.
It should be noted that the above-described word HMM is described in, for example, The Bell System Technical Journal, 62, 4, 1983 Apr., pages 1053 to 1074, and Electronic Information Institute in Japan, July 1988, pages 55 to 61.
A confirmation is established such that the speech recognition with employment of such a word HMM can have a higher recognition precision. However, since no speech recognition can be done as to the words other than the words for which the HMMs have been prepared in this word HMM, when such a speech recognizing apparatus containing a large number of vocabularies to be recognized is realized, both a large amount of training data and the plural HMMs whose number is equal to that of the above-described vocabularies must be prepared.
To this end, it is conceivable that an HMM is prepared for each of phonemes so as to recognize a word. However, speech would be strongly influenced by a phoneme context called as "articulation coupling". In other words, speech sometimes contains phonemes which are discriminatable as an "allophone" in view of phonetics, although these phonemes are identical to each other in view of phonemics. It is difficult as a practical matter to represent as the phoneme HMM, such a phoneme whose phoneme pattern distribution to be observed is widened. Therefore, such a high recognition precision as achieved in the word HMM could not be achieved in the speech recognition using the phoneme HMM.
On the other hand, in order to remove the adverse influences caused by the articulation coupling, use of the diphone HMM and the triphone HMM has been proposed, which correspond to a phoneme model depending on forward/backward phonemics environments. In the diphone HMM, a model is prepared for every two phonemes, whereas in the triphone HMM, a model is prepared for every three phonemes. If these phonemics environments, depending type phoneme HMMs are employed, then the adverse influences caused by the articulation coupling can be removed. Accordingly, this phoneme HMM speech recognition can have higher recognition precision, as compared with the phoneme HMM without considering the phonemics environments. However, since a further large number of models should be prepared, plenty of training data are required so as to train these models.
To this end, the technical report on The Telecommunication Institute in Japan, SP 95-21, pages 23 to 30 has described such a proposal that the states of the triphone HMMs are shared in order to train the HMM with high precision while using a relatively small quantity of training data. According to this technical idea, the states of the triphone HMMs are clustered, and the centroid state (SA, SB) indicative of the state belonging to each cluster (A, B) is calculated, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 4. Then, the HMM training is carried out by employing this centroid state.
In accordance with this proposed technique, the HMM training can be performed with high precision while using a relatively small amount of training data. However, as indicated by the state SA1 in FIG. 4, in such a case that there is a state equal to the state belonging to the cluster A (namely, close to centroid state SA) and also close to the centroid state SB with respect to the cluster B, there is a problem that the recognition precision achieved when the HMM obtained by the training would deteriorate.
To solve the problem, the Applicant has proposed the multi sharing of states (Japanese Patent Application No. 7-34062). That is, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the multi-sharing of states is expressed by the linear combination of of centroid states. In accordance with this multi sharing of states method, since the states can be correctly represented, as compared with those of the single sharing, it is possible to obtain the HMM with high recognition precision.
However, in the HMM training method which employs such a state sharing, the state sharing is performed for all of the triphone HMM. As a consequence, there is a risk that the recognition precision of the triphone HMM which has been sufficiently trained is lowered. That is, in such a case that a sufficiently large amount of training data is prepared for a portion of the triphone HMMs, and a sufficiently large amount of training data are not prepared for other triphone HMMs, if state sharing is used, then there is a risk that the above-described effect to be expected by employing the state sharing, could not be achieved.

Method and apparatus for training Hidden Markov Model


A system and method that provides customized graphical user interfaces on mobile devices based on user inputs. An exemplary method includes detecting a computing device remotely connected to a remote server over a network and having an active session of a software application running on the remote server. Moreover, the method further includes identifying and selecting one or more hotkey buttons based on the detected software application, transmitting the one or more hotkey buttons to the computing device to be displayed in a customized interface while the software application is active, detecting an activation of the one or more hotkey buttons displayed on the computing device, and executing, by the remote server, an operation for the active software application in response to the activation of the one or more hotkey button by the user.

As mobile devices and other electronic appliances continue to develop with increasingly powerful processing capabilities and dynamic touchscreen displays, the software applications available on these devices also continues to get more complex. However, with these increasingly complex software applications comes a significant complexity in the number of keystrokes and other various inputs for users to interact with these applications, especially in the context of electronic gaming, for example. Moreover, while the processing abilities continue to increase for such mobile devices, the complex sequences of user interaction within such software application environments still consume significant processing resources.
Therefore, a customized and easy interface is still needed enabling users to easily and quickly interact with such sophisticated software applications. Moreover, it is desired to provide a system and method that minimizes resource consumption by the end client device.

System and method for providing a customized graphical user interface based on user inputs


The invention relates to 9-halogen-(Z) prostane derivatives of formula I ##STR1## in which ##STR2## Z represents the radicals Hal represents a chlorine or fluorine atom,. R.sub.1 represents ##STR3## A represents a --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --, a trans--CH=CH or --C.ident.C, W represents a free or a functionally modified ##STR4## group, D and E together represent a direct bond or PA1 D represents a straight-chain alkylene group with 1-10 C atoms, a branched-chain alkylene group with 2-10 C atoms or an annular alkylene group with 3-10 C atoms, which optionally can be substituted by fluorine atoms, and PA1 E represents an oxygen or sulfur atom, a direct bond, a C.ident.C bond or a --CR.sub.6 =CR.sub.7 group, and R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are different and mean a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group, PA1 R.sub.4 represents a free or functionally modified hydroxy, PA1 R.sub.5 means a hydrogen atom, an alkyl, a halogen-substituted alkyl, a cycloalkyl or an optionally substituted aryl or a heterocyclic group.

This invention relates to new 9-halogen(Z) prostaglandin derivatives, a process for their product and their use as pharmaceutical agents.
Form the very extensive prior art of prostaglandins and their analogs it is known that this class of substances because of its biological and pharmacological properties is suitable for treating mammals, including man. However, its use as a pharmaceutical agent often runs into difficulties. Most natural prostaglandins have too short a duration of effect for therapeutic purposes, since they are metabolically broken down too quickly be various enzymatic processes. All structural changes have the aim of increasing the duration of effect and the selectivity of the effectiveness.

9-halogen-(Z) prostaglandin derivatives, process for their production and their use as pharmaceutical agents


As things happen on a volume, the file system forwards events to an event list manager. The event list manager stores the events and associates them with epochs that were active at the time the event occurred. Event consumers can independently declare epochs at any time. When event consumers end an epoch, they can request events that occurred during the epoch, which are reported to the event consumer using the event list manager.

There are times when a user (be it a person or a process on a computer) is interested in knowing what is happening on a computer system. Obviously, the user could sit and watch the computer system over time, observing changes as they happen. But this is not a practical solution: the user would need to dedicate at least some of his attention to the computer system, and the computer system would have to grant the user fairly unfettered access to the computer system to check for events.
Rather than having the user directly observe the computer system, an alternative approach is to program the computer system to inform the user of events occurring on the system. This approach is better, in that it allows the user to do something other than direct his attention to the computer system. Once an event occurs, the computer system notifies the user of the event.
But there are some problems with this approach. First, the computer system informs the user of events one at a time. Although sometimes a user is interested in only individual events, more often the user is interested in looking at a number of events occurring over a period of time. Second, the interfaces to such systems are usually proprietary. That is, to request that a user be notified of events, the user must use special tools, both to make the request and to receive the events.
As an example of the first problem, consider a backup tool archiving the computer system. The backup tool is not interested in receiving individual events indicating changes to files on the computer system: the backup tool only wants to know what files have changed after the time the backup tool performs the archive. If the backup tool only receives individual events, the backup tool must then track the events until it is time to perform the archive.
A need remains for a way to provide a user with means to access events in a sequence preferably using a non-proprietary interface that addresses these and other problems associated with the prior art.

Multi-epoch method for saving and exporting file system events


An information display apparatus and an information display method configured to display video information of a virtual image on a windshield of conveyance is provided. The information display apparatus includes: a display configured to display the video information; and a virtual image optical system configured to display a virtual image at a front of the conveyance by reflecting light emitted from the display by means of the windshield. The virtual image optical system includes a concave mirror and an optical element. A reflective film is formed on a reflecting surface of the concave mirror. A protective film for preventing moisture absorption is formed on a facing surface. By forming end surfaces of the two surfaces as a curved surface or an inclined surface and forming them on the end surfaces to block moisture, moisture absorption of plastic is prevented.

A so-called head up display (HUD: Head Up Display) apparatus has already been known by Patent Document 1 below. The head up display apparatus projects video light onto a windshield or a combiner of a vehicle to form a virtual image, thereby displaying traffic information such as route information or traffic jam information and vehicle information such as a remaining amount of fuel or cooling water temperature thereon.
In this type of information display apparatus, it is desired that a region that a driver can view a virtual image is enlarged. However, it is an important performance factor that a virtual image has high resolution, low distortion, and high visibility.
A head up display apparatus necessarily requires a windshield or combiner as a final reflecting surface by which a virtual image is provided to a driver. In order to obtain video with high visibility, good resolution performance, and low distortion, the inventors of the present application have proposed to obtain a head up display apparatus that satisfies performance factors described above by causing a shape of a concave reflecting mirror as an optical element for forming a virtual image to have an eccentric aspherical shape or a free-form surface shape having a large degree of freedom in design.
In order to obtain the eccentric aspherical mirror or the free-form mirror described above, a plastic mirror generally obtained by injection molding is used. Since plastic material as raw material expands or contracts depending upon an operating temperature, a shape of reflecting surface (the mirror) changes depending upon a temperature. Moreover, since a size change also occurs due to moisture absorption, it is a problem to use the plastic mirror in an actual usage state.
As raw material of a mirror for reducing the shape change described above, usage of cycloolefin polymer (Nippon Zeon co. ltd.: Zeonex (registered trademark)) or cycloolefin copolymer (Mitsui Chemicals: APEL (registered trademark)), which are raw materials with ultra-low moisture absorption, has already been proposed.

Information display apparatus and reflecting mirror used therein


A microwave-driven plasma spraying apparatus can be utilized for uniform high-powered spraying. The plasma sprayer is constructed without a dielectric discharge tube, so very high microwave powers can be utilized. Moreover, the plasma sprayer is relatively free of contamination caused by deposits of heat-fusible material.

Plasma spraying devices for spraying heat fusible materials have proven effective for surface treatment and coating applications. Generally, plasma spraying devices operate by first generating a plasma discharge and then introducing a heat-fusible material into the plasma. A resultant spray of plasma and material is discharged through a nozzle in the form of a plasma jet.
Plasma discharges can be generated in various ways. Conventional plasma spraying devices utilize direct current (hereinafter "DC") plasma discharges. To create a DC plasma discharge, a potential is applied between two electrodes, a cathode and an anode, in a gas. A resulting current passing through the gas excites the gas molecules, thereby creating a plasma discharge. Once a discharge is formed, most of the space between the cathode and anode is filled by a plasma discharge glow. A comparatively dark region forms adjacent to the cathode corresponding to the cathode plasma sheath. A similar dark region forms adjacent the anode, but it is very thin compared to the cathode dark region.
The interaction between the plasma and the electrodes eventually results in erosion of the electrodes. In addition, the interaction between the plasma and the electrodes results in the deposition of some heat-fusible material on the electrodes.
DC plasma discharges can result in unstable operation which may make it difficult to strike and maintain the plasma. Also, the unstable operation may result in nonuniform plasma spraying.
Radio frequency (RF)-driven plasma sprayers have been developed to overcome problems inherent to DC plasma discharge sprayers. Prior art microwave-driven plasma sprayers utilize plasma discharge tubes formed of dielectric material to confine the plasma. Some RF-driven plasma sprayers utilize small diameter discharge tubes to encourage gas circulation at a low flow rate.
Discharge tubes formed of dielectric material are limited in the microwave powers they can withstand. In addition, because of the interaction between the plasma and the dielectric tube, some heat-fusible material deposits on the tube. Deposits of heat-fusible material on the dielectric tube contaminate the sprayer and cause unstable operation which may result in nonuniform plasma spraying.
It is therefore a principal object of this invention to provide a microwave-driven plasma sprayer without a discharge tube which can be utilized for uniform high-powered plasma spraying. It is another object of this invention to provide a plasma sprayer relatively free of contamination caused by deposits of heat-fusible material. It is another object of this invention to provide a plasma sprayer which generates a uniform plasma spray.

Microwave-driven plasma spraying apparatus and method for spraying


A light sheet microscope includes an object slide, and optical illumination and detection systems. The optical illumination system includes an illumination objective configured to illuminate a first object plane that is oblique relative to a slide plane with a light sheet. The optical detection system includes a detection objective and an image sensor device. The image sensor device is configured to define a first image plane which is orthogonal to an optical axis of the detection objective and to define a second image plane which is tilted relative to the first image plane. The detection objective is configured to image a focal plane onto the first image plane and to image a second object plane of the object onto the second image plane, the focal plane being coincident with the first object plane, and the second object plane being parallel to or coincident with the slide plane.

In light sheet microscopy only a thin slice of an object is illuminated by a so-called light sheet being formed by an illumination light distribution which is approximately planar in the object region to be imaged. The illuminated slice of the sample, hereinafter simply referred to as illuminated plane, usually has a thickness of a few hundred nanometers to a few micrometers. Thus, light sheet microscopy allows optical sectioning by reducing out-of-focus light. Further, the amount of incident illumination light which may harm sensitive biological samples can be drastically reduced. Light sheet microscopy combines the benefits of widefield fluorescence imaging as in particular faster imaging speed with an optical sectioning capability known from non-widefield approaches as for example confocal imaging.
According to a basic light sheet setup, the object is illuminated perpendicular to the direction of detection, and two separate objectives are used for illuminating the object with the light sheet and for detecting the fluorescence light emerging from the illuminated plane, respectively. In a specific design that has been particularly preferred in recent years, these two objectives are arranged in such a way that their optical axes pass through a slide plane of an object slide at an angle other than 90°, for instance 45°. The object slide may be formed by a thin glass plate, a surface thereof defining a slide plane on which the object is located. Further, the two objectives are arranged on the same side of the object slide either above or below the slide plane.
In order to obtain an overview image of the object, a light sheet microscope may be provided with a third objective which is typically located on the opposite side of the object slide with respect to the tilted objectives which are used for light sheet imaging. In this case, the third objective is oriented with its optical axis perpendicular to the slide plane on which the object is held. Such a light sheet microscope comprising three objectives is disclosed e.g. in DE 10 2016 212 020 A1.
In such a conventional configuration where the object is surrounded by objectives on both sides of the object slide, the object is mechanically difficult to access. Further, the object is viewed from opposite directions, and it is therefore mandatory that the object slide is transparent. In order to avoid this disadvantage, it would be desirable to dispense with the third objective which is specifically provided for acquiring an overview image.
For this, WO 2020/001938 A1 proposes a light sheet microscope which is suitable for obtaining an overview image without requiring a third objective. The light sheet microscope has an optical detection system comprising a detection objective, an optical axis thereof being perpendicular to an object slide. A numerical aperture of the optical detection system can be switched between high and low. A light sheet is irradiated into the sample in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis of the detection objective. In order to generate a 3D overview image, a depth of field of the optical detection system is increased by reducing the numerical aperture. However, this conventional configuration is not applicable in a scheme in which both an illumination objective and a detection objective are tilted relative to the object slide.
DE 10 2005 027 077 B4 discloses a light sheet microscope comprising a condenser which illuminates a sample with a light sheet in a direction which is oblique relative to an object slide holding the sample. This light sheet microscope further comprises a detection objective located on the opposite side of the object slide, an optical axis thereof being perpendicular to the object slide. The illuminated plane is imaged through the detection objective onto an image sensor which is tilted relative to the object slide. This approach does not allow to obtain an overview image in a configuration in which means for illumination and detection are provided on the same side of the object slide.
Further, a scheme deviating from the basic light sheet setup is the so-called oblique plane microscopy (OPM) as disclosed e.g. in WO 2010/012980 A1. In OPM, a single objective is used for both illumination and detection. According to the afore-mentioned publication, it is not possible to simply tilt a detector with respect to the optical axis of the single objective in order to compensate for the oblique orientation of the illuminated object plane due to unwanted spherical aberrations that would arise in case that the detector is tilted.
In the field of image processing, it may be envisaged to acquire a stack of images corresponding to object planes which are tilted relative to the object slide, and to perform a post-processing of these images applying algorithms for de-sharing and re-sorting of the image stack to create an overview image corresponding to an object plane which is parallel to the object slide. However, this approach requires a high computational effort without a guarantee of obtaining a synthesized image of good quality.

Light sheet microscope and method for imaging an object


A system for manipulating, updating, creating, and displaying data from sources of Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents. The information from one or more XML document sources is structured and reorganized into management records. The management records interact with the dynamic documents to reformat the data into the form desired by the user. Both the management records and dynamic documents are also used to execute operations on the data such as sorts, filters, and logical and mathematical functions. The present invention also include a plurality of unique methods for defining a point of view for viewing the data, a method for assembling the data extracted from the XML documents, a method for reorganizing the data in management records into any form of dynamic documents, and methods for displaying and printing dynamic documents.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for interfacing with and using Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods that allow the non-programmer to easily modify the display format, functions, and filters operating upon data extracted from XML documents.
2. Description of the Related Art
Companies use XML documents to publish various types of information for use by customers and partners. The type of information in such XML documents iis frequently common transactions such as invoices and purchase orders and common reference documents such as customer profiles and price lists. Computer programmers design these XML document formats in a technical manner. People and programs that extract data from corporate databases typically create the XML documents containing actual data.
While XML formats are convenient for the company that creates them, the partners of that company may find them incompatible with their own XML formats, relational database schema, and message formats and therefore difficult to work with. In many cases, the user is forced to have programmer create a program to merge, filter and transform XML documents into the format they want. Thus, XML documents are very difficult for the businessperson or non-technical user to operate. Therefore, there is a need for a system that both allows the user to view and update XML documents in different formats, and allows the user to manipulate the data and perform actions without programming skills.

System and method for non-programmers to dynamically manage multiple sets of XML document data


A method of and apparatus for measuring chirp passes an input modulated optical signal through a Waveguide Grating Router (WGR) and processes the signals from adjacent WGR output ports in an oscilloscope, to obtain the real-time dynamic chirp measurements of the modulated optical signal.

The pattern-dependent chirp characteristics of an intensity modulated optical source significantly impact its performance in long-haul lightwave systems. Externally modulated lasers (EML) are routinely tested in the factory to have less than 1 .ANG. wavelength excursion. Conventional time resolved chirp measurements techniques typically used either an optical filter (monochromator) or frequency discriminator (Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder interferometer). Time resolved chirp measurement technique using an optical filter is described in the article by R. A. Linke, "Modulation Induced Transient Chirping in Single Frequency Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-21, no. 6, pp. 593-597, 1985. Time resolved chirp measurement technique using a frequency is described in the articles by N. S. Bergano, "Wavelength Discriminator Method for Measuring Dynamic Chirp in DFB Lasers," Electron. Lett., vol. 24, no 20, pp.1296-1297, 1988 and R. A. Saunders, J. P. King and I. Hardcastle, "Wideband chirp measurement technique for high bit rate sources," Electron. Lett., vol. 30, no 16, pp.1336-1337, 1994. The first technique, referred hereafter as the classical method, scans the optical filter around the source wavelength and several traces are recorded in order to calculate the chirp. The second technique calculates the chirp from measurements at two or three settings of the frequency discriminator.
While such prior art measurement techniques have been successful they need to acquire several traces for different optical filter positions and require post-processing of the traces to calculate the chirp characteristic.

Real-time dynamic chirp measurements of optical signal


The flush-fit mounting of an accessory such as a sink or bowl in a surface of hard material such as granite or marble can be achieved by a method comprising the steps of:. forming an opening in the mounting surface for seating the accessory within the perimeter of the edges of the opening; PA0 supporting, in proximity to the opening, a guide means having the contour of a mounting edge of the accessory, PA0 cutting, using cutting, means movable in relation to the guide means, the edges of the opening to provide a bevelled edge suitable for mounting the accessory edge in flush-fit fashion; and PA0 adjusting the cutting means in relation to the guide means as necessary, during the cutting step, so as to maintain the cutting means sharp while maintaining uniformity for the bevelled edge over the perimeter of the opening.

The prior art of assembly methods for mounting a sink unit or bowl in a kitchen cabinet or on a kitchen work surface includes techniques wherein the bowl is fitted for seating within a cutout opening of the mounting surface, and a sealing material is used to prevent the leakage of water through the gap formed therebetween. The bowl may be seated such that its edges are above the mounting surface, or an aluminum or other metal frame may be applied to the perimeter of the bowl edge, in an attempt to make a flush-fit connection between the two surfaces.
Alternatively, the bowl may be mounted underneath the mounting surface, and held in place by mounting hardware, with a sealing material applied to the gap. An inherent disadvantage of these constructions is that water, dirt and contamination accumulate in the sealed gap, creating an unsightly appearance and health risks due to the possibility of bacterial growth.
Prior art patents disclosing mounting assembly methods as described above include European Patent EP 0 169 981 B1, which discloses use of a profiled frame for flush-mount of a sink unit with a table top. German Patent 2,900,833 discloses use of a sealing material around the bowl edge for closing the gap with a mounting surface. German Patent 2,902, 194 discloses use of a profiled frame around a sink unit for closing the gap. French Patent 8,015,221 discloses use of a sealing material for closing the gap with a mounting surface.
Another sink mounting assembly method is to mold a single surface which already includes the sink in it, from various plastic or polyester materials, for specific dimensions.
Still another prior art mounting technique is applicable to certain sink mounting surface materials marketed and available from DuPont under the tradename "Corian". This is a plastic-type mounting surface material which can be easily machined with a router, enabling the production of a bevelled edge in the cutout opening for achieving a flush-fit of a sink with the mounting surface. A problem with this approach is the use of a special glue to seal the edges of the sink. The glue causes the mounting surface and sink to become a single unit, which cannot be separated again, so that if it is necessary to remove and replace the sink, the mounting surface must be destroyed.
Production of a bevelled edge, while easily achieved with the "Corian" plastic-type mounting surface material, is very difficult to achieve with hard mounting surfaces, such as granite or marble. The latter are popular in kitchens for their hardness and durability, and because they are impervious to water. Typically, due to their hardness, the mounting approach using these materials is to use a standard cutout opening, with the sink edge placed over or under the cutout opening, and sealed thereto with appropriate sealing materials. The difficulty in cutting a bevelled edge in granite or marble mounting surfaces would preclude the flush-mount mounting approach possible with "Corian" plastic-type materials.
It is believed that workmen of ordinary skill in the art of granite and marble cutting have not applied the bevelled edge sink mounting technique used with "Corian" materials, due to the extreme difficulty encountered in making an exact cut in these materials for the entire contour of the cutout opening with the necessary accuracy and uniformity to allow for a flush-fit.
However, it would be desirable to adopt the bevelled edge sink mounting technique to granite or marble surfaces, since this would enhance the aesthetic appeal of kitchen designs, without sacrificing the benefits of these mounting surfaces.


The present invention relates to processes for preparing a dihydropyrimidine derivative having Formula (I) or a tautomer thereof having Formula (Ia), as well as a intermediate thereof. The processes of the invention have simple operation, high optical purity of product, high yield and convenient work-up, which is suitable for industrial production.

The hepatitis B virus belongs to the family of hepadnaviridae. It can cause acute and/or persistent or progressive chronic diseases. Many other clinical manifestations in the pathological morphology can be also caused by HBV—in particular chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, coinfection with hepatitis D virus may have adverse effects on the progress of the disease.
The conventional medicaments approved to be used for treating chronic hepatitis are interferon and lamivudine. However, the interferon has just moderate activity but has an adverse side reaction. Although lamivudine has good activity, its resistance develops rapidly during the treatment and relapse effects often appear after the treatment has stopped. The IC50 value of lamivudine (3-TC) is 300 nM (Science, 2003, 299, 893-896).
PCT Publication No. WO2008154817 discloses a series of compounds used for preventing, managing, treating or lessening a viral disease in a patient, particularly HBV infection or a disease caused by HBV infection. The patent also provides the processes for preparation of specific compounds, such as ethyl 4-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-6-(morpholinomethyl)-2-(thiazol-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate as shown in Formula (Ib).

PCT Publication No. WO2008009210 discloses a series of optically pure compounds and preparation method thereof, which used for preventing, managing, treating or lessening an acute or chronic viral disease in a patient, particularly an acute or chronic HBV disease. The patent also provides the processes for preparation of specific compounds, such as, (R)-ethyl 4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-(thiazol-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate.
Dihydropyrimidine derivatives can be prepared by several methods described in prior arts, such as patents WO1999054329, WO2008154817, WO2001068641 and WO2010069147, and so on. But the process for preparing an optically pure dihydropyrimidine compound disclosed herein has not yet been published.

Processes for preparing dihydropyrimidine derivatives and intermediates thereof


An electronic component built-in multi-layer wiring board that comprises collectively stacked therein a plurality of first printed wiring boards by thermal compression bonding, and that comprises an electronic component package built in thereto, wherein the electronic component package comprises a first electronic component built in thereto and a plurality of second printed wiring boards stacked to have electrodes on an outermost surface of the package at a pitch that is wider than the electrode pitch of the first electronic component and that is matched to the wiring pitch of the first printed wiring boards, the electronic component built-in multi-layer wiring board includes a second electronic component having a thickness which is greater than that of the first electronic component, and the electronic component package having a thickness which is 80% to 125% of the thickness of the second electronic component.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an electronic component built-in multi-layer wiring board having an electronic component built in thereto, and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
With the recent miniaturization of electronic equipment or the like, the multi-layer wiring board, which is one of the parts of the electronic equipment or the like, has required various improvements, and the chip size of the wafer level package (WLP), for example, that is surface mounted on the multi-layer wiring board has been reduced with respect to the number of IC pins.
Thus, a problem often arises where the bump pitch of a usual WLP is too small to allow for surface mounting of the WLP on the multi-layer wiring board. To respond to this problem, mixing of wiring patterns or electrodes having different wiring pitches on the multi-layer wiring board will reduce the whole production yield. With respect to this problem, for example, a solution as the multi-layer wiring board disclosed in JPH 11-317582 is proposed.
Specifically, the multi-layer wiring board in JPH 11-317582 has a structure in which the mother wiring board having a usual-density wiring pattern formed thereon has a recess formed therein, the recess contains a carrier wiring board having a high-density wiring pattern formed thereon, and the wirings are electrically connected. The multi-layer wiring board may thus surface mount various electronic components of different electrode pitches.

Electronic component built-in multi-layer wiring board and method of manufacturing the same


A waterway switch valve set and a shower head using same includes a fixed unit with an inlet waterway and a rotation unit rotatably connected to the fixed unit. The rotation has a water diversion base and a sealing component unit and can rotate about a rotation axis. The water diversion base is has a cooperated surface vertical to the rotation axis, the cooperated surface is disposed with a plurality of diversion water holes annularly arranged about the rotation axis, the diversion water holes are available to connect to the inlet waterway; the sealing component has a rotation frame and a plurality of press blocks, the rotation frame and the water diversion base are assembled together, and form a synchronous rotation relationship, the press blocks are slidably connected to the rotation frame and are available to slide parallel to the rotation axis.

Existing waterway switch valves have rotation switch type and sliding switch type. The rotation switch type valves have a valve body, a switch unit and a rotation sleeve, the switch unit is rotatably disposed inside the valve body, the rotation sleeve and the switch unit are assembled together, the user rotates the rotation sleeve to drive the switch unit to rotate with respect to the valve body so as to switch the valve. The sliding switch type valves have a valve body, a switch unit and a sliding sleeve, the switch unit is slidably disposed inside the valve body, the sliding sleeve and the switch unit are assembled together, the user makes the sliding sleeve sliding to drive the switch unit to slide with respect to the valve body so as to switch the valve. whether rotation switch type or sliding switch type, there is always friction between the switch unit and the valve body during switching, the sealing component of the switch unit becomes worn so quickly, besides the user has to use force hard in the switch unit.

Waterway switch valve set and a shower head using same

XIAMEN SOLEX HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES CO., LTD.


A micro display projection system having electronically controlled color switches comprises: an image producing part for producing images to be projected under electronic control; an illumination part for illuminating light; a color division part having semitransparent reflection mirrors for transmitting red(R), green(G) and blue(B) colors, respectively, derived from the illuminated light; a color switching part having plural color switches disposed on the respective light paths from the respective reflection mirrors, each color switch having a light stopper region and a light transmission region to project the respective R, G and B colors separated in the color division part; and a light collecting part disposed adjacent to the color switching part for converging the colors so as to illuminate the respective colors on regions of the image producing part.

This application makes reference to, incorporates the same herein, and claims all benefits accruing under 35 U.S.C. xc2xa7119 from my application AN OPTICAL IMAGE PROJECTION SYSTEM USING SIMPLE ELECTRONIC COLOR SWITCHES filed with the Korean Industrial Property Office on Nov. 2, 2000 and there duly assigned Serial No. 64938/2000.
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a micro display projection system having an electronically controlled color switch and, more particularly, to a micro display projection system having electronically controlled color switches which are capable of realizing color images by dividing a color switch plane into three equal parts, each of which projects video images having only one of red(R), green(G) and blue(B) colors.
2. Related Art
Basically, a micro display projection system for realizing a color screen includes a color separating part which separates and projects, on a screen part, light carrying video image signals corresponding to respective images of R, G and B colors produced by an image producing part. The color separating part typically includes a color wheel, a color switch, a scrolling color switch, and the like.
However, there is a problem in the operation of the color wheel and the color switch in that a xe2x80x9ccolor break phenomenonxe2x80x9d is experienced. In addition, the color wheel and color switch have one third of the brightness of a micro display projection basically constituted with three panels.
Use of a scrolling color switch avoids one of the latter problems in that the color break phenomenon caused by use of the color wheel or the color switch does not occur. However the manufacturing cost of the color switch is high since the R, G and B colors have to be transmitted by one color switch. Moreover, the brightness of the color switch decreases to one third that of the existing three-panel micro display projection system.
Therefore, there is a need for development of a micro display projection system which avoids all of the latter problems, that is, the color break phenomenon, the reduction in brightness, and high production cost.
In order to overcome the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a micro display projection system having electronically controlled color switches.
In order to achieve the above object, a micro display projection system having color switches comprises: an image producing part electronically controlled by an image producing unit for producing an electrical signal having an image signal, and for producing an image to be projected; an illumination part constructed so as to illuminate light on the image producing part; a color division part, including semitransparent reflection mirrors disposed between the illumination part and the image producing part, for transmitting only the light corresponding to each of the R, G and B colors from the illuminated light; a color switching part constructed with plural color switches disposed on respective light paths having R, G and B colors separated by the respective reflection mirrors of the color division part; and a light collecting part disposed adjacent to the color switching part, and illuminating respective light on trisected regions of the image producing part. Each color switch transmits light through only one region of the trisected regions, each transmitting the light separated by the color division part in different regions relative to each other, and each being electronically controlled to sequentially change the light transmission regions formed in the respective color switches on the surfaces of the color switches. The light collecting part is trisected in the same manner as the color switching part, and projects light having a video image signal.

Micro display projection system having electronically controlled color switches