According to one aspect, the subject matter described herein includes a method for communicating service data flow (SDF) event information. The method includes steps occurring at a policy and charging rules function (PCRF) node. The method also includes communicating, via an Rx interface, a request to a deep packet inspection (DPI) node to be notified when an SDF event occurs. The method further includes receiving notification from the DPI node that the SDF event has occurred.

A policy and charging rules function (PCRF) node may be utilized by multimedia networks to determine policy rules in real-time. Utilization of a PCRF may aid a network operator in making real-time, subscriber specific, policy decisions that may be utilized to provide varying levels of quality of service (QoS). As a central policy decision point for a network, a PCRF node may benefit from information provided by other nodes.
Deep packet inspection (DPI) is the use of a packet's non-header information by a network entity that is not an endpoint for that packet. DPI is employed by network operators for a wide variety of uses, e.g., anti-virus, spam filtering, intrusion detection, and gathering statistical information. A DPI node is a network node having DPI capability.
Based on operator policy, a PCRF node may need to be informed by a DPI node when a particular traffic for a user is encountered. Once informed by the DPI node that the specified traffic for the user has been encountered, the PCRF node may take appropriate action.
Accordingly, a need exists for methods, systems, and computer readable media for service detection over an Rx interface.

Methods, systems, and computer readable media for service detection over an RX interface


Embodiments of the present invention pertain to methods of evaluating processes for manufacturing components. In one embodiment, an average probability of a first component to fail is calculated based on a measurement of a parameter where the first component was built using a new process. Another average probability of a second component to fail is calculated based on a measurement of the parameter where the second component was built using an existing process. A process index is calculated by determining a difference between the average probabilities for the second component and the first component. An estimation is made as to whether the new process is better than the existing process based on the process index.

Manufacturers have frequently used statistical analysis to evaluate whether a product meets quality standards and can therefore be sold. The statistical analysis typically involves subjecting a product that is made of components to a test to determine whether the product passes the test. For example, a disk drive is made of many components, such as a read/write head, the pole tip of the read/write head, a platter, a head, etc. Each of these components have parameters that can be measured. For example, the recession of the pole tip and the strength of the magnetic signal generated by the read/write head (commonly referred to as "amplitude") are a couple of examples of parameters of read/write heads that can be measured.
The test used in determining the quality of the product, such as a disk drive, could involve creating a set (e.g., population) of disk drives and testing the set of disk drives along many parameters to determine the quality of the disk drives. For example, in testing for amplitude and recession a population of read/write heads can be built from a single wafer to try and make the read/write heads as identical as possible. Then the read/write heads can be sorted into categories from lowest to highest according to the amount of recession associated with the pole tips of the read/write heads so that each category has approximately the same amount of recession. Then disk drives can be built using the categorized read/write heads and the disk drives can be tested. While performing the test, the amplitude, can be measured.
The values of the measurements can be used to perform statistical analysis. FIG. 1 depicts aspects of performing statistical analysis. More specifically FIG. 1 depicts two graphs 110, 120 and two equations 130, 140. The graph 110 has an axis for the amount of recession 114 associated with pole tips and a probability of failure 112. Each pole tip will have a particular amount of recession 114 that will result in a particular amount of amplitude and an associated probability of failure 112. The amount of recession 114 that results in a particular amount of amplitude and probability of failure 112 are graphed on graph 110 resulting in the curves AMP1, AMP2, AMP3. Graph 120 plots the probability of failure 122 that results from various amounts of amplitude 124. Since amplitude is inversely proportional to the amount of recession associated with a pole tip, graph depicts the curves of recession (REC1, REC2, REC3) that result from the various the values of recession associated with various degrees of amplitude.
The probability of failure 130 (e.g., Pf) is an equation that is used to evaluate the probability of components to fail a test, such as a functional test of a disk drive, based on various parameters that were measured, according to one embodiment. Equation 132 is a simplified representation of the equation 130 and equation 134 is an expanded representation of the equation 130. The expanded version 134 of the equation 130 is a polynomial. Further, the probabilities to fail for each of the components can be used to calculate an average probability to fail. For example, all of the probabilities of failure for all of the components can be averaged to calculate an average probability of fail using equation 140.
Although the equations 130, 132, 134 are shown using values for the recession and amplitude parameters, values for many parameters can be used in calculating the results of the equations. For example, all dimensions of the read/write heads as well as various electrical and magnetic properties can be used. The equations 130, 132, 134 are commonly referred to as the multiple variant model fitting which is used in modeling of product yield based on parametric data.
In order to stay competitive, manufacturers have to constantly try to provide better quality products while at the same time maintaining or even reducing costs. There may be a number of reasons that manufacturers may want to modify a parameter of a component. For example, they may want to make a less expensive version of the component or a certain parameter of the component may be difficult to measure. So they may want a version of the component where that parameter is easier to measure or where that parameter does not need to be measured at all.
In order to do this, manufacturers have to design new processes for manufacturing their products. For example, the manufacturer of a disk drive may want to improve one of the components, such as the pole tip, that goes into creating a disk drive. They may design a new process that they believe will improve a parameter of the pole tip, such as pole tip recession. However, in modifying the pole tip recession other parameters of the pole tip, such as amplitude, may also be affected. Thus, it is difficult to determine whether a product meets quality standards for sale after using these new processes to build components of the product.
Determining whether a product meets quality standards involves setting up a manufacturing environment for building the product, building a lot of the product, and testing a lot of the product, all of which is very time consuming and expensive. For these and other reasons, a method for evaluating processes for manufacturing components would be valuable without requiring the setup of the manufacturing environment to build a complete product, etc.

Method for evaluating processes for manufacturing components

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


A cooling device for a light emitting device package of a vibration generating machine, includes: a heat releasing plate provided at one side of the light emitting device package; a vibrator disposed to face the heat releasing plate and vibrating to generate an air flow according to vibration of the vibration generating machine; and a vibration transfer unit configured to connect the vibrator and the heat releasing plate to allow the air flow generated from the vibrator to be transferred to the heat releasing plate so as to be cooled.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cooling device for a light emitting device package of a vibration generating machine and a head lamp for the vibration generating machine, and more particularly, to a cooling device for a light emitting device package for a vibration generating machine capable of cooling the light emitting device package used for the vibration generating machine by using vibration of the vibration generating machine itself, and a head lamp for the vibration generating machine.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a light emitting element (e.g., a light emitting diode, etc.) refers to a diode that emits excessive energy as light when injected electrons and holes are recombined.
With the advantages of a small size, the intensity of illumination of light, a long life span, and the like, the light emitting diode is increasingly used. Generally, the LED is used by being attached with a chip on a package body with phosphor or a resin mounted thereon through wire bonding. When the LED operates, the LED-attached portion has a temperature of about 150° C., and if the temperature exceeds 150° C., the attachment of the LED is broken to lose the use of the LED.
To ensure a long life span, the LED-attached portion should maintain at 120° C. or lower. An LED package used for a head lamp structure for a vibration generating machine that generates vibration due to the movement of bicycles, automobiles, trains, and the like, includes a structure for releasing heat of the LED.
Methods for cooling the head lamp for the conventional vibration generating machine may be classified into a passive cooling method using only a heat sink and a forcible cooling method using a cooling fan or pump in which a convection current heat transfer medium flows.
However, the passive cooling method using the heat sink has a low cooling efficiency, and the forcible cooling method using the cooling fan or the pump requires additional energy or space.

Cooling device for light emitting device package of vibration generating machine and head lamp for vibration generating machine


In a data carrier (46) with a data carrier body (14), a component (31) and a coil (2) are incorporated in the data carrier body (14) and the component (31) is disposed in a component level zone (Z2) of the data carrier body (14) and the coil turns (3) of the coil (2), at least in their area adjacent the component (31), are disposed in a winding level zone (Z1) situated outside the component level zone (Z2), and two module connecting contacts (32, 33) extend through the component level zone (Z2) up to the coil connecting contacts (4, 5).

The invention relates to a data carrier comprising a data carrier body bounded by a body surface and incorporating a module and a coil, which coil is separate from the module and has coil turns and at least two coil connecting contacts, the module comprising a plate-shaped carrier, which extends substantially parallel to said body surface and which is bounded by a first carrier main surface facing said body surface and by a second carrier main surface substantially parallel to the first carrier main surface, and at least one component, which component is incorporated in the data carrier body, is connected to the carrier, is raised with respect to the second carrier main surface, and is disposed in a component level zone which extends transversely to said body surface, and at least two module connecting contacts connected to the carrier and arranged in the area of the second carrier main surface, and the coil turns of the coil, at least in their area adjacent the component, being disposed in a winding level zone which is situated outside the component level zone and which extends transversely to said body surface, the coil connecting contacts together with the coil turns being disposed in the winding level zone, and each coil connecting contact being disposed opposite a module connecting contact in a direction transverse to the second carrier main surface and being connected to the last-mentioned connecting contact in an electrically conductive manner, and the module connecting contacts projecting beyond the level of the component and extending through the component level zone up to the coil connecting contacts, which are disposed in the winding level zone, and the data carrier having a recess which terminates in said body surface and which accommodates the module.
The invention further relates to a method of manufacturing a data carrier, in which a data carrier body is manufactured, which data carrier body is bounded by a body surface and in which during the manufacture of the data carrier body a coil having coil turns and at least two coil connecting contacts is incorporated in the data carrier body, which coil turns, at least in their area adjacent a component after the method has been completed, are arranged in a winding level zone which is situated outside a component level zone of the component and extends transversely to said body surface, and the coil connecting contacts together with the coil turns are arranged in the winding level zone, and in which a module is incorporated in the data carrier body, which module comprises a plate-shaped carrier, which is bounded by a first carrier main surface and by a second carrier main surface substantially parallel to the first carrier main surface, and the component, which is connected to the carrier and is raised with respect to the second carrier main surface, and at least two module connecting contacts connected to the carrier and arranged in the area of the second carrier main surface, the first carrier main surface then facing said body surface and the second carrier main surface being remote from said body surface and the component then being disposed in its component level zone which extends transversely to said body surface, and each module connecting contact and each coil connecting contact then being disposed opposite one another in a direction transverse to the second carrier main surface and being connected in an electrically conductive manner, and in which for incorporation in the data carrier body a module is used whose module connecting contacts project beyond the level of the component of the module, and the module connecting contacts are passed through the component level zone up to the coil connecting contacts, which are disposed in the winding level zone, and are connected to the coil connecting contacts so as to form an electrically conductive connection, and in which a recess which terminates in said body surface is formed in the data carrier body.
Such a data carrier of the type defined in the first paragraph and constructed as a chip card, a method of the type defined in the second paragraph are known from, for example, the document EP 0 671 705 A2.
FIGS. 5 and 7 in the document EP 0 671 705 A2 each disclose a chip card whose data carrier body comprises a base foil, which carries the coil, and a plastic cover body which is connected to the base foil in an injection-molding process and in which the recess for accommodating the module is formed by taking appropriate steps during the injection-molding process for the formation of the plastic cover body. By said steps during the injection-molding process it is achieved that directly after the injection-molding operation, i.e. directly after the data carrier body with the recess has been obtained, the coil connecting contacts are freely accessible at least with a substantial part of their contact faces intended for electrical connection to the module connecting contacts and can consequently be connected to the module connecting contacts without any additional measures directly after the data carrier body has been obtained, if applicable, with the aid of electrically conductive connecting means to be introduced additionally. Chip cards whose data carrier bodies comprise a base foil and a plastic cover body have various drawbacks, for example, they tend to warp or bend, are comparatively intricate to manufacture and are not suitable for some uses, so that their field of use is limited.

Data carrier with a component-containing module and with a coil, method of producing such a data carrier and module therefor


A random access memory includes a redundancy repair circuit having a plurality of parallel connected transistors and a plurality of fuses connected to respective drains of the plurality of transistors. An electrically resistive element is connected to a common node to reduce a difference in operating speeds between a first case in which the circuit is precharged from a state in which discharge to a low level was effected via one of the transistors and a case in which precharging of the circuit is effected from a state in which discharging was carried out via a plurality of the transistors.

The present invention generally relates to a random access memory having a redundancy repair circuit.
In recent years, a redundancy repair circuit is often used in DRAM to replace defective normal memory cells with spare memory cells.
However, in conventional DRAMs, when the defective normal memory cells are replaced with the spare memory cells, the total resistance value between the precharged node and the grounding potential is substantially changed in accordance with an address signal. As a result, the operation timing of inner circuits is deviated, thereby causing the DRAMs to malfunctions.

Random access memory with redundancy repair circuit

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


When operating a first unit in a daisy chain of units allowing bidirectional communication, each unit is capable to transmit and to receive signals. A plurality of units including the said first unit transmits a respective signal to a preceding neighbor unit preceding in said daisy chain and to a following neighbor unit following in the daisy chain. In the daisy chain, the first unit determines whether or not it receives a signal from both of these neighbor units or not and if so, said first unit operates so as to put the at least one subunit into a first state. If the at least one subunit is not put into a first state, it operates so as to put the at least one subunit into a second state different from said first state.

In serial arrangements of communication units, coupled via a bus, a problem one has to commonly deal with is that the first and last communication unit in the series have to provide for a termination for the sake of impedance matching. This is depicted in FIG. 1:
A plurality of communication units C01, C02, C03 and C04 is serially coupled, each having a transceiver-interface for coupling to a following neighbor. Said transceiver-interface is, in FIG. 1 indicated at TCI-R, wherein TCI stands for "transceiver interface", and wherein "R" represents the right hand side in the figure. Each communication unit C01, C02, C03, C04 further is provided with a transceiver interface for coupling to a preceding communication unit, herein depicted as TCI-L (transceiver interface, to the left in the FIG. 1). In the present application, the following neighbor is the neighbor in the series of communication units following, according to the coupling series, in a first direction, whilst the preceding communication unit is the one following in the second coupling direction, wherein the second coupling direction is opposite to the first coupling direction.
The first communication unit C01 needs an impedance termination T, and the last one, C04, needs as well an impedance termination T. Such impedance termination T could be externally provided, but it is preferred that each communication unit itself includes such impedance termination, which might be activated and deactivated by means of a switch, or under control of electrical signals. The problem arising then, however, is that the communication unit would need to identify at which place in the chain it is connected. Namely, communication unit C01 would need to activate the impedance termination T, and communication unit C04 as well, whereas communication units C02 and C03 would not have to do so.
In the field, mechanical solutions are known for activating a terminal switch, see for instance U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,706,447 A, 6,058,444 A and 5,882,228 A. Switching due to switch signals is known from U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,068,064 B1, 6,411,122 B1, 6,888,370 B1, and 5,939,997. Well-known is the SIEMENS PROFIBUS TERMINATOR for providing a terminal impedance, see for instance the link available on 12 Dec. 2016: https://cache.industry.siemens.com/dl/files/444/19102444/att_111899/v1/3B_812_6727-10a_Terminator.pdf.
In the field of communication in daisy chains, generally, it is known that a communication device might change the communication path over which data are sent dependent on a received address and how that matches to a stored address, see US 2003/0126333 A1. U.S. Pat. No. 5,210,530 A discloses the use of a poll address in a daisy chain for communicating. U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,475 A teaches a master device to determine the position of each of the slave devices based on responses to a signal. These latter documents do not deal with switching for activating and deactivating of terminal impedances.

Method of operating a unit in a daisy chain, communication unit and a system including a plurality of communication units


A computer-implemented method for creating blanket purchase agreements in a manufacturing enterprise is disclosed. The method includes identifying one or more products or services needed for a first and second locations, identifying one or more suppliers having the capability of delivering the one or more products or services to the first and second locations, and creating a blanket purchase agreement (BPA). The first location operates in a first legal entity and the second location operates in a second legal entity.

1. Field of the Invention
One of the aspects of the present invention relates generally to a method and system for global purchasing and, more specifically, a method and system for global purchasing that includes using blanket purchase agreements.
2. Background Art
Distributed enterprises are organizations that have multiple operating units (OUs) spread across geographical regions, including continents and the entire world. In the existing business environment, many businesses have operating facilities located in multiple countries and continents. For example, an automobile manufacturer can have multiple management facilities, engineering facilities, manufacturing facilities, assembly facilities, distribution facilities, sales facilities and service facilities located within several countries and continents. These facilities commonly deal with a second-tier of equally-distributed supplier communities.
In distributed enterprises, procurement can be divided into two main categories: direct and indirect. Direct materials procurement includes the purchasing of resources that make up the product ultimately being manufactured. Indirect procurement includes the purchasing of "support" resources that are necessary to bring about the manufacture of the product. Direct material buyers are generally responsible for procuring the direct materials for production plants, otherwise referred to as ship-to locations, from suppliers that may have different supplier sites, otherwise referred to as ship-from locations, on the same blanket purchasing agreement (BPA). Indirect material buyers generally have the same responsibility with respect to procuring non-production materials. Consequently, direct and indirect material buyers typically negotiate global BPAs. In some instances, the buyer is responsible for buying materials for several ship-to locations that could span across multiple legal entities, such as national companies or OUs, located in one or more countries.
The negotiation of global BPAs present unique complications for buyers. In some of these circumstances, material price could vary by plant and within the same plant and material prices can also vary by dates depending on the "effective dates" for the price of the materials. Additionally, buyers are not usually aware of the exact material quantities to be bought or their delivery schedules. This information may be available once a production plan is finalized. Consequently, buyers can only set up a BPA with suppliers as to supply terms, with exact order being given at a later time.
Conventional global purchasing management software does not address these complications. For example, blanket order and blanket release functionality in Oracle applications have the following limitations: each blanket order can be created for only one supplier and one supplier site, a blanket order release has no supplier or supplier site specification and can only be created for the supplier and supplier site on blanket order agreement, a blanket order can only have one ship to location, blanket orders are not renewable automatically, blanket orders are restricted to only one operating unit, and blanket orders do not have a maximum release value which can automatically route them to a buyer for intervention.
Conventional systems prevent buyers from negotiating global BPAs. As a result, a buyer responsible for a specific part across OUs commonly creates and maintains several BPAs in each of the OUs. The creation of several different global BPAs is not feasible since it is overly burdensome to maintain such a system.
A method and system is needed in which the buyer has the ability to buy products and services for both manufacturing and non-manufacturing locations across legal entities. Buyers should be able to buy globally without having to switch operating units within purchasing management software.

Computer-implemented method and system for global purchasing


A pod for flights to and/or from space or near-space, including a pressurized body for hosting passengers, the pressurized body having a substantially ring-like shape provided around a central axis and having a central opening, wherein the pressurized body includes one or more windows.

Human spaceflight has been around for many years. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,093,346 discloses a manned capsule which can be lifted into orbit by a launching motor. The capsule can subsequently return to Earth using a parachute system. Another example is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,688 which discloses a booster vehicle to inject an orbiter into orbit. Both the booster vehicle and the orbiter are provided with crew compartments.
Human spaceflight has until recently been the exclusive domain of governmental or intern-governmental space agencies. However, at the end of the 1990's the phenomenon of space tourism emerged.
Until the day of today, about a handful of wealthy individuals have paid for a flight with a spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS) and a subsequent stay in the ISS in orbit. These first "space tourists" paid in excess of 20 million US dollars for their trip. The fact that people are willing to pay large sums of money shows that there is a demand for space tourism. It is obvious however, that the demand for space tourism will be very small at these steep prices. Apart from the high prices, another factor that might discourage potential space tourists is the long training period necessary before being allowed to fly. Space tourists may further suffer discomfort when experiencing prolonged weightlessness.
Recently, a number of start-up companies have started developing spacecraft suitable for sub-orbital flight, in the hope of offering a more affordable trip to "space" and developing a profitable space tourism industry. In such a sub-orbital flight, a spacecraft would take-off from Earth, ascend to an altitude of approx. 100 km and return to Earth. An advantage of the sub-orbital flight compared to the orbital flight is that passengers would not need a long training period before being able to board. These sub-orbital flights are however still projected to be very costly. For example, presently Virgin Galactic offers tickets starting at 200.000 US dollars. Furthermore, with available jet and rocket technology, it can be foreseen that the emissions from these vehicles will be potentially damaging to the environment in general and the ozone layer in particular.
There is therefore still a need to develop spacecraft or space vessels that have the potential of making space tourism more affordable. There is furthermore a need to make space tourism more comfortable and a more enjoyable experience. And there is also a need to make space tourism less contaminating.
Therefore, commercially offering "near-space" flights (to an altitude of approx. 30-40 km above Earth) with the aid of a gondola suspended from a balloon has been proposed ["The role of Balloons in the future development of Space Tourism", J. Lopez-Urdiales, IAC-02-IAA.1.3.02, 53rd International Astronautical Congress, 10-19 Oct. 2002, Houston].
At such an altitude in the stratosphere (30-40 km), passengers will have a view of the curvature of the Earth, a bluish layer around the Earth (caused by Rayleigh scattering), a dark sky and the sun. After viewing the Earth from this altitude, the gondola may return to Earth using e.g. a parachute or parafoil-like structure. In this way, a very comfortable way of viewing the Earth is achieved. Compared to e.g. a stay in the ISS, this form of space tourism offers the promise of less contamination, and a cheaper and more comfortable trip. At the same time, this form of space tourism can provide the passengers with a very attractive viewing experience.
Similar balloon flights have been performed in a non-commercial manner in the past. U.S. Pat. No. 2,865,581 discloses a largely cylindrical gondola suspended from a balloon. The gondola offers a space for one passenger (scientist). U.S. Pat. No. 2,950,881 discloses a similar gondola, provided with two seats.
These prior art systems are hardly suitable for commercial flights: the space available for passengers is very small, the windows are very small (practically inevitable with the shape of the gondola), and although some shock absorbing structure has been provided to soften the landing, the trip will hardly be pleasant for passengers. In order to be able to commercially offer this kind of human stratospheric balloon flights, there is a need to provide a gondola (or cabin or other unit for hosting passengers) that is able to make such a flight more pleasant for passengers. There is furthermore a need to provide such a unit for hosting passengers that can comfortably descend to Earth from a certain altitude using a parafoil or parachute like structure. There is furthermore a need to provide such a unit that can make other (non-balloon) space-flight in orbit more pleasant. The present invention aims at resolving one or more of these needs and achieves this with a pod according to claim 1. A pod in its general sense is a detachable or self-contained unit on an aircraft, spacecraft, vehicle, or vessel, having a particular function (in the case of the present invention: hosting passengers and/or crew).


A turn angle indicator or angular displacement indicator and, more particularly, relates to a capacitive turn angle indicator, especially a positioning sensor for a flap or throttle valve, including a supporting plate fastened to the apparatus at a close narrow distance in front of a further supporting plate which is rotatable planar-parallel relative thereto and which is utilized for a mutually oppositely located narrow spoke or sector-shaped electrode pattern, and with a bearing structure for the rotatable supporting plate and which is fastened to the apparatus. The supporting plates are guided relative to each other through the intermediary of compressively-loaded distance spacers which are arranged in the region of the outer edges of the plates which extend in parallel with the axis of rotation of the rotatable plate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a turn angle indicator or angular displacement indicator and, more particularly, relates to a capacitive turn angle indicator, especially a positioning sensor for a flap or throttle valve, including a supporting plate fastened to the apparatus at a close narrow distance in front of a further supporting plate which is rotatable planar-parallel relative thereto and which is utilized for a mutually oppositely located narrow spoke or sector-shaped electrode pattern, and with a bearing structure for the rotatable supporting plate and which is fastened to the apparatus.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
An angular displacement or turn angle indicator has become known from the disclosure of German Laid-Open Patent Appln. No. 29 37 248. The rotatable shaft of the movable electrode supporting plate thereof is supported in the bottom of a cup-shaped housing, and extends freely through the stationary electrode supporting plate which is fastened to the housing and which serves as a housing cover. This shaft is turned by the component, whose momentary position is intended to be measured by means of a capacitive analysis of the degree of overlapping by the sector-shaped electrodes, in that; for instance, there is directly measured the resulting capacitance or the magnitude of an alternating current which passes this reactance. Since in any event, the capacitance which enters into the measurement also depends upon the spacing between the electrodes, and during rapid rotational movements or during bending loads acting on the shaft this is neither constant over a period of time or over the circumference of the supporting plates, then for obtaining a reduction in the influence of spacing-dependent errors, there should be selected the largest possible spacing between the electrodes. This results in inaccuracies due to lower capacitances, which can only be compensated for by electrodes which are wide in the direction of movement; in essence, through large overlapping surfaces From this, there is finally obtained the result that the capacitive turn angle indicator of the type considered herein does not allow for the attainment of a large angular resolution and at only a limited accuracy. However, on the other hand, the latter is necessary when, for instance, for the electronically supported control over the function of an internal combustion engine there should not only be determined the flap or throttle valve position (for instance, for a carburetor or fuel injection system) with regard to specified, constructively available end positions; having reference to German Patent Specification 36 40 110, but there is to be directly evaluated the movement of the throttle valve in a precise angular resolution.


A registry monitoring method particularly applicable to a system (100) in which protected data is transmitted to a recipient computer. The method comprises requesting a handle for a registry key to a calling process, requesting a registry key value for the handle, modifying and deleting keys and values of protected data locations, and obtaining security clearance to complete the requests by checking secured process lists and rejection lists. Also included are a registry monitoring system, a secured data transmission system including registry monitorings, a machine-readable medium comprising a program to monitor a registry (110), and a computer configured to monitor a registry (110).

A registry is a hierarchical repository for configuration data. The terms "information" and "data" as used herein are each intended to include the broadest definition of the other, and each include text, audio and video data. By way of further example, the term "information" can mean raw data, processed data, or a combination of raw and processed data. The registry may keep track of all software stored on the computer, and the relationship between programs. The registry may keep track of a plurality of users and hardware configurations. Preferences may vary among the plurality of users.
Each piece of data in the registry has a key-value associated with it. Together the name and value is referred to as a value entry. A key is analogous to a folder and may itself contain one or more folders, which may be referred to as subkeys, and one or more name-value pairs. The key may also be referred to as a name or a handle. To access the data and retrieve the stored value the correct key is needed.
Because the registry is a database, and thus, is a data storage location, it may be exploited for leaking data. "Leaking data" as used herein means transferring data out of a system in which it is desired to have the data secured. A process may write information to the registry, for example, for temporary storage. Another process may then access the information from the registry and write the data to a registry key. Another process may then read the data from the registry key and write it to a disk or other storage device, thereby leaking data. Accordingly, for applications wherein data security is important, there is a need to limit data leakage from the registry.


A method for preserving data availability and I/O performance when creating a virtual RAID volume includes exposing a set of backend virtual volumes. The backend virtual volumes are implemented on a set of physical storage devices (e.g., physical disks or solid state drives) residing on a storage system. The method further enables selection of the set of backend virtual volumes to create a virtual RAID volume having a selected RAID level. The method further provides verification that the backend virtual volumes will be implemented on the physical storage devices in a way that preserves the data availability and I/O performance associated with the selected RAID level. A corresponding computer program product and apparatus are also described.

Field of the Invention
This invention relates to apparatus and methods for preserving data availability and I/O performance when creating virtual RAID volumes with storage virtualization products.
Background of the Invention
Storage virtualization software running on a host computer or in a storage-area-network (SAN) may be used to create virtual RAID volumes such as striped or mirrored volumes. Applications may use these virtual RAID volumes instead of accessing physical disks directly. I/O performance may be improved by striping data across multiple physical disks. Data availability may be improved by replicating data across multiple physical disks.
With the increasing popularity of thin provisioning, disk array vendors may expose virtual volumes (e.g., virtual logical unit numbers, or LUNs) that are thin provisioned. In such volumes, physical storage space is allocated on demand. That is, the total virtual space allocated to a thin-provisioned volume is not fully backed by physical storage space until an application writes to the volume, at which time space is allocated to hold the write data. On-demand allocation may be performed from a storage pool that consists of physical disks within the disk array.
Unfortunately, on-demand allocation of physical space inside storage arrays can cause problems for virtual RAID volumes created by storage virtualization products such as IBM's Logical Volume Manager (LVM), Veritas Volume Manager (VxVM), VMWare, IBM's SAN Volume Controller (SVC), or the like. For example, to improve I/O performance, SVC may be used to create a three-way striped virtual RAID volume from three thin-provisioned volumes exposed by a backend disk array. The disk array is unaware that the thin-provisioned volumes are used in the three-way striped virtual RAID volume. When writes occur to the three-way striped volume, the disk array allocates physical space to the three thin-provisioned volumes from a pool of physical disks. Since the disk array is unaware that the thin-provisioned volumes are used in a virtual RAID volume, the disk array may allocate physical storage to the three thin-provisioned volumes from the same physical disk. This will defeat the very purpose of creating the three-way striped volume on the SVC.
Similarly, if storage virtualization software were to create an n-way mirrored virtual RAID volume from n thin-provisioned volumes, it is possible that the disk array would allocate space to some or all of the n thin-provisioned volumes from a single backend physical disk, thereby reducing or eliminating the data availability characteristic that the n-way mirrored virtual RAID volume was intended to create. As stated above, this occurs because the backend disk array is unaware of the I/O performance and/or data availability characteristics associated with virtual RAID volumes exposed by higher layers of storage virtualization software. This can create significant problems in enterprise data centers where the I/O performance and data availability characteristics of a virtual RAID volume are critical to an application's requirements.
In view of the foregoing, what is needed are apparatus and methods to preserve data availability and I/O performance associated with particular RAID levels when creating virtual RAID volumes.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Preserving data availability and I/O performance when creating virtual raid volumes

International Business Machines Corporation


A metal/insulator/metal capacitor and a fabrication method thereof are presented. The method includes forming a first electrode on an insulation film; forming a side wall made of insulating material on a side surface of the first electrode; forming an interlayer insulation film on the top surface of the insulation film including the first electrode and the side wall; forming a via hole to expose the first electrode by selectively etching the interlayer insulation film such that an edge area at which a side surface and a bottom of the via hole intersect is positioned on a top surface of the side wall; forming a dielectric layer on an inner wall of the via hole; forming a second electrode on the dielectric layer such that the via hole is filled; and forming a metal wire on the second electrode such that the metal wire is electrically connected to the second electrode.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fabrication method of a semiconductor device, and more particularly to a method for fabricating a thin film capacitor of a metal/insulator/metal (MIM) structure.
(b) Description of the Related Art
Recently, in a field of analog circuit requiring a high speed operation, semiconductor devices for realizing high capacitance have been developed. In general, since an upper electrode and a lower electrode of a capacitor are made of a conductive polysilicon in a case where the capacitor has a PIP structure where a polysilicon, an insulator, and a polysilicon are stacked in order, a natural oxide film is formed by an oxidation reaction at an interface between the upper and lower electrodes and a dielectric film, which results in reduction of the total capacitance.
To overcome this problem, the structure of capacitor has been changed to a metal/insulator/silicon (MIS) structure or a metal/insulator/metal (MIM) structure. Of these structures, since a capacitor of the MIM structure has a low specific resistance and no inner parasitic capacitance due to depletion, it is mainly used for high performance semiconductor devices.
Conventional techniques for a method for fabricating a thin film capacitor of the MIM structure are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,486,529, 6,426,250, 6,387,775, 6,313,003, and 6,284,619.
Hereinafter, a conventional method for fabricating a thin film capacitor of the MIM structure will be in brief described. FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a thin film capacitor of a conventional MIM structure.
In order to fabricate the thin film capacitor of the MIM structure shown in FIG. 1, typical processes for fabricating a semiconductor device are first performed on a semiconductor substrate 1, a lower insulation film 2 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 1, and then a lower metal wire 3 is formed on the lower insulation film 2 and is selectively etched leaving a predetermined width.
Here, the lower metal wire 3 corresponds to a first electrode layer in the MIM capacitor.
Subsequently, an interlayer insulation film 4 is thickly deposited on an entire top surface of the lower insulation film 2 including the lower metal wire 3.
Next, a via hole 100 is formed by selectively etching the interlayer insulation film 4 and then an insulation layer 5 is formed on an inner wall of the via hole 100.
Next, metal material 6 such as tungsten is deposited on the insulation layer 5 such that the via hole 100 is completely filled. Here, the metal material 6 corresponds to a second electrode layer in the MIM capacitor.
Finally, by planarizing the metal material 6 through a chemical and mechanical polishing process and forming an upper metal wire 7 thereon, fabrication of the thin film capacitor of the MIM structure is completed.
However, in the conventional method for fabricating the MIM capacitor as described above, there is a problem of over-etch in that, when the interlayer insulation film is plasma-etched for the formation of the via hole, an etching speed is increased at an edge area (indicated by a dotted circle in FIG. 1) in the bottom of the via hole due to a plasma characteristic that charges are crowded at the edge area.
Therefore, there is a fear of leakage of current through the edge area in the over-etched bottom of the via hole, which results in malfunction of devices, even breakage of devices.

Thin film capacitor and fabrication method thereof


Disclosed are substituted pyrazole compounds containing pyrimidinyl as shown in Formula I:

Disclosed in Patent WO9507278 were the substituted pyrazole compounds containing pyrimidinyl having general formula and the specific compounds CK1 and CK2 applied as fungicide, insecticide and acaricide in agriculture.

The following compounds CK3, CK4 and CK5 were retrieved via Scifinder database without specific literature disclosed.

However, the substituted pyrazole compounds containing pyrimidinyl represented by general formula I of the present invention have not been reported in prior literatures.

Substituted pyrazole compounds containing pyrimidine and preparation method and use thereof

Abstract: The definitions of each of the substituents can be seen in the description. The compounds of present invention have a good spectrum of bactericidal, insecticidal and acaricidal activity, and have good control effect on downy mildew of cucumber, powdery mildew of wheat, corn rust, rice blast, cucumber anthracnosis and the like. The compounds of present invention also show good insecticidal activity.

Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co., Ltd.


An α-glucan phosphorylase having improved thermostability, which obtained by modifying natural α-glucan phosphorylase, and a method for producing this α-glucan phosphorylase having improved thermostability are provided. The natural α-glucan phosphorylase is derived from a plant, this α-glucan phosphorylase having improved thermostability has an amino acid residue which is different from that of the natural α-glucan phosphorylase in at least one position selected from the group consisting of a position corresponding to position 4 in a motif sequence 1L or 1H, a position corresponding to position 4 in a motif sequence 2, and a position corresponding to position 7 in a motif sequence 3L or 3H, and wherein the enzyme activity of α-glucan phosphorylase having improved thermostability at 37° C., after heating in a 20 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.7) at 60° C. for 10 minutes, is 20% or more of the enzyme activity of the α-glucan phosphorylase having improved thermostability at 37° C., before heating.

α-glucan phosphorylase (hereinafter, also referred to as GP) is an enzyme utilized in, for example, synthesis of glucose-1-phosphate (hereinafter, also referred to as G-1-P), and glucan synthesis. G-1-P is utilized, for example, as a medical antibacterial agent, an anti-tumor agent (as a platinum complex), a drug for treating heart disease (as an amine salt), or a substrate for glucan synthesis. GP is widely distributed in plants, for example in tubers such as potatoes; animals, for example in rabbit muscle; and microorganisms such as yeast.
Among the above, plant-derived GP is useful because it generally has the ability to synthesize glucans having a high molecular weight.
Various GPs can be used to produce G-1-P or glucans, inter alia, potato-derived GP is used in many cases because a relatively large amount of the enzyme is easily obtained.
In industrial production of G-1-P or a glucan using GP, it is necessary to essentially remove other enzyme activity derived from contamination of GP, particularly, phosphatase activity and amylase activity Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis are desirable hosts to express a GP gene when producing large amounts of GP. However, as shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, Escherichia coli has amylase activity and phosphatase activity, and Bacillus subtilis has amylase activity. However, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, enzymes expressed by these hosts cannot be inactivated by heat treatment at 55° C., but can be almost completely inactivated by heat treatment at 60° C. Therefore, a plant-derived GP having heat resistance whereby it's activity is not lost, even after heat treatment at 60° C., has been desired.
For reference, specific numerical values of amylase activity and phosphatase activity in cell extracts from various bacteria (Escherichia coli TG-1 strain, Escherichia coli BL21 strain, and Bacillus subtilis ANA-1 strain) before and after heating are shown in the following Table 1.
TABLE 1PhosphataseactivityAmylase(%)activity (%)TG-1BL21TG-1BL21ANA-1Before100100100100100heating50° C.99.198.621.628.633.855° C.60.9184.108.40.2069.860° C.220.127.116.113.065° C.2.52.00.902.4
However, a plant-derived GP which can synthesize high molecular weight glucans, and has thermostability, particularly, GP which can maintain sufficient activity at high temperatures (e.g. 60° C. to 75° C.), is not known. Regarding GP derived from organisms other than plants, GP having high thermostability, GP expressed by extreme thermophilic bacteria (Thermus aquaticus, Thermococcus litoralis, Aquifex aeolicus and the like) has been reported. However, since such the above GP is derived from organisms other than plants, it is unable to synthesize high molecular weight glucans, and is thus less useful.
GPs are classified into two groups based on homology between amino acid sequences, (see Non-Patent Document 1). GP having 30% or more identity to potato-derived GP is classified as being a group A GP, and a GP having less than 30% identity to potato-derived GP and having 30% or more identity to GP of Thermus aquaticus is classified a being a group B GP.
A glucan produced using GP derived from Thermus belonging to a group B has a considerably lower molecular weight when compared with a glucan produced using potato-derived GP which is classified as a group A GP. For this reason, there is the problem that high molecular weight glucans cannot be obtained using GP derived from Thermus.
In order to solve these problems, a plant-derived GP which is advantageous for industrial utilization, and has high thermostability, is required.
Theoretical methods for making a general enzyme more thermostable, such as proline theory and amino acid substitution based on enzyme steric structure information have been tried, but have not necessarily succeeded. For this reason, methods based upon random mutation, or methods using a combination of random mutation and theoretical methodology is currently being carried out. However, in any of these methods, every protein must be characterized by trial and error.
Regarding enzymes other than GP, it has been reported that, once the position of a particular amino acid(s) involved in improving the thermostability of an enzyme is determined, an enzyme can be made thermostable by substitution of the specified amino acid residue(s) with other amino acid residues (for example see Non-Patent Documents 3 to 5).
An example of GP having improved thermostability has been reported with regard to Escherichia coli maltodextrin phosphorylase (see Non-Patent Document 2). In this document, thermostable Escherichia coli maltodextrin phosphorylase is disclosed. Maltodextrin phosphorylase is one type of GP. In this GP having improved thermostability, asparagine at position 133 is substituted with alanine. This asparagine at position 133 is present at an active site, and is a binding site for pyridoxal 5′-phosphate which is a coenzyme essential in the enzymatic reaction. In this GP having improved thermostability, thermostability is improved by about 15° C., and the optimal reaction temperature is elevated from about 45° C. to about 60° C., and the GP is denatured at about 67° C., as compared with natural GP. However, this Escherichia coli GP, similar to Thermus-derived GP, does not have the ability to synthesize high molecular weight glucans h. Further, the enzyme activity at optimal temperatures for the GP having improved thermostability described in this document, is lower than the enzyme activity at an optimal temperature of natural GP. That is, due to mutation, the ability to synthesize a glucan thereof, is lowered. For this reason, this document teaches that substitution at position 133 is not preferable, at least from the viewpoint of glucan synthesizing ability.
Usually, an enzyme protein is unstable, and is sensitive to physical factors such as pH, temperature etc, as well as proteases, and thus may be easily degraded. Among enzymes, there are also enzymes which become more unstable, and therefore easily degraded, at high degrees of purification. For this reason, enzymes must be prepared at as low as possible temperatures, and must be prepared before every use. Degradation of an enzyme can be suppressed by freezing and storing. However, proteins are degraded upon thawing in some cases, and handling is therefore difficult when an enzyme is stored frozen and subsequently thawed. Generally, when an enzyme is degraded, the steric structure changes, and the nature of the enzyme with regard to optimal pH, pH stability, reaction rate, substrate affinity, and the like, similarly changes. Occasionally the enzyme activity is lowered, or inactivated. As such, degradation of an enzyme protein greatly influences enzyme reaction. For this reason, for industries that utilizing enzymes, it is desirable to use enzymes that have excellent stability as far as possible.
It has been known that natural potato type L GP is also easily degraded and, even when purified GP is refrigerated and stored, it gradually degrades from the point of purification. When degradation of a GP protein can be suppressed, it becomes possible to prepare a large amount of GP and store it long term, thus increasing production efficiency, which is a significant advantage in terms of both storage and use of an enzyme. For this reason, it is also preferable to provide GP which can be stored long term, without degradation.
(Non-Patent Document 1)
Takeshi Takaha, et al., "Structure and Properties of Thermus aqaticus α-Glucan Phosphorylase Expressed in Escherichia coli", J. Appl. Glycosi., 2001, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 71-78
(Non-Patent Document 2)
Richard Grieβler, et al., "Mechanism of thermal denaturation of maltodextrin phosphorylase from Escherichia coli", Biochem. J., 2000, 346, pp. 255-263
(Non-Patent Document 3)
Martin Lehmann and Markus Wyss, "Engineering proteins for thermostability: the use of sequence alignments versus rational design and directed evolution", Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2001, 12, pp. 371-375
(Non-Patent Document 4)
M. Lehmann, et al., "The consensus concept for thermostability engineering of proteins", Biochemica Biophysica Acta, 2000, 1543, pp. 408-415
(Non-Patent Document 5)
Junichi Miyazaki, et al., "Ancestral Residues Stabilizing 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase of an Extreme Thermophile: Experimental Evidence Supporting the Thermophilic CommonAncestor Hypothesis", J. Biochem, 2001, 129, pp. 777-782

Method of heat-stabilizing α-glucan phosphorylase (GP)


5-Substituted-amino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazoles have been found to be supersensitizers for silver halide photographic emulsions spectrally sensitized to the red region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the use of supersensitizers in photographic emulsions.
2. Background of the Art
In most uses of silver halide in photographic materials, it is desirable to increase the speed or sensitivity of the emulsion. There are a number of different techniques for increasing the speed of an emulsion which are usually classified as chemical sensitization or spectral sensitization. Chemical sensitization usually involves modification of the silver halide grains to make the most efficient use of the radiation that they absorb. The three general types of chemical sensitization are sulfur sensitization, reduction sensitization, and precious (noble) metal sensitization. These methods of chemical sensitization are well known and firmly established in the art (e.g., James, T. H. and Vanselow, W. "Chemical Sensitization", J. Photo. Sci., 1, 133 (1953), Freiser, H. and Ranz, E., Ber der Bunsengesellschaft, 68, 389 (1964), and Pouradier, J. "Chemical Sensitization", Photographic Theory: Liege Summer School, A. Hautot, p. 111, Focal Press (London 1963).
Spectral sensitization enables grains to benefit from radiation in regions of the electromagnetic spectrum where the silver halide would ordinarily not absorb. Dyes which absorb radiation and can transfer energy to the grains to help in the photoreduction of silver ions to clusters of silver metal are conventionally used to effect spectral sensitization.
Another phenomenon associated with the use of spectral sensitizing dyes is known in the art as supersensitization. The addition of other substances, frequently in quantities ranging from an equivalent molar rate to a 100 fold molar excess of supersensitizer to dye, can increase the spectrally sensitized speed of the emulsion by more than an order of magnitude. Some supersensitizers are dyes themselves, but many others do not absorb radiation in significant amounts in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Therefore, the effect of supersensitizers on spectral sensitization is not clearly dependent on the ability of compounds to absorb radiation in the visible portion of the spectrum. Certain cyanines, merocyanine compounds analogous to cyanines, certain acylmethylene derivatives of heterocyclic bases, and ketone derivatives such as p-dimethylaminobenzalacetone are known supersensitizers. An expanded selection of supersensitizers is therefore desired.
Mercaptotetrazoles are generally taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,403,977; 3,266,897; and 3,397,987.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,875,058 describes the use of triazines such as Leucophor BCF to supersensitize infrared sensitized silver halide emulsions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,030,927 and 4,105,454 describe red and infrared sensitive emulsions which are supersensitized by halogen substituted benzotriazoles and benzotriazole compounds, respectively.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,592,656 describes the super-sensitization of merocyanine dye sensitized silver halide emulsions with heterocyclic compounds selected from pyrazoles, 5-pyrazolones, 3-pyrazolones, 3,5-pyrazolidenediones, triazoles, tetrazoles, xanthines, imidazoles, imidazolidines, and imidiazolinium salts.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,457,078 describes the use of mercapto substituted oxazine, oxazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, imidazole or tetrazole as supersensitizers in combination with certain cyanine dyes.
U.S. patent application No. 59,932 describes the use of 5-substituted-amino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazoles as infrared supersensitizers to wavelengths above 750 nm.

Supersensitization of red sensitized, silver halide emulsions with 5-substituted-amino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazoles

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company


The current invention provides new Gram negative polypeptides exhibiting lipid A 3-O-deacylase activity and are capable of modifying and/or detoxifying gram negative LPS. The present invention also provides Gram negative bacteria, Gram negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and compositions comprising LPS, which are provided with or treated with a 3-O-deacylase activity according to the invention and which may be used for pharmaceutical and/or veterinary purposes, in particular for the preparation of whole cell or acellular vaccines against pathogenic Gram negatives such as Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica.

Bordetella pertussis infection is causative agent of whooping cough, with an estimated number of 60 millions cases each year, killing approximately 355,000 people worldwide annually (WHO), in particular children and immune compromised individuals. Although treatment with antibiotics is available (erythromycin), by the time the disease is diagnosed, bacterial toxins have often caused severe damage. Prevention of the disease is therefore of great importance. The prime means of control remains vaccination. Conventionally, vaccines against pertussis ("whooping-cough") infections have been based on whole cells of B. pertussis. Whole cell Bordetella pertussis vaccines, comprising whole bacteria that have been killed by heat treatment, formalin or other means, have been included in general vaccination programs since the early 1950's.
Immunization with the whole-cell pertussis vaccine, while effective at preventing whooping cough in infants, has been associated with local, systemic and neurological reactions, including fevers, convulsions and encephalopathy in children. LPS is responsible for the major part of the adverse reactions in children following pertussis immunization. During bacterial infections of animals, LPS or its lipid A moiety activates the innate immune system through interaction with Toll-like receptors, primarily TLR-4. The host response to lipid A includes the production of cationic antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, chemokines and additional immunostimulatory molecules. In limited infections, the response to lipid A helps to clear the bacteria, but in overwhelming sepsis, high levels of circulating cytokines and procoagulant activity may damage the microvasculature and precipitate the syndrome of Gram-negative septic shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation.
No conclusive evidence for a protective role of LPS in pertussis vaccines is available, although passive immunization experiments in mice have demonstrated that antibodies against LPS can confer a level of protection. In addition and more importantly, the presence of LPS in a vaccine however does provide adjuvant activity by enhancing the immune response against other antigens (K. Mills: Immunity to Bordetella pertussis. Microbes and Infection 3: 655-677 (2001).
Concerns about safety have adversely affected vaccine uptake and have motivated the development of acellular pertussis vaccines, prepared with highly purified antigens from B. pertussis. In recent years, besides the so-called "whole cell vaccines" or "WCV's", also acellular vaccines or "ACVs" have now been introduced in several countries.
Acellular vaccines normally comprise of 1 to 3 or more antigens of the pathogenic organism. In the case of B. pertussis antigens commonly used are: pertussis toxin (PT, normally treated to destroy its toxicity while retaining immunogenicity), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae, and the 69 kD protein or pertactin (Prn). In general the reactogenicity of acellular vaccine is much lower than the reactogenicity of whole cell vaccine. Acellular vaccine is associated with a significantly reduced frequency of systemic reactions (fever, vomiting, fretfulness, anorexia) and local reactions (swelling, redness, warmth, tenderness, stiffness, pain). However, the clinical data are still controversial whether the protective immunity of acellular vaccines matches the protective effect of whole cell vaccine. In many studies the protective effect of whole cell vaccines is superior and a debate is ongoing whether this outweighs the risk of rare but serious adverse effects of whole cell vaccines in infants. Currently various immunizations schemes are being tested, wherein up to six doses of acellular vaccine are given. The whole cell vaccine was initially given 5 times, incorporated with the routine vaccines schedule with the last booster given between 4-6 years of age. The acellular pertussis vaccine is now recommended to be given 6 times including a last dose (combined with the diphtheria-tetanus vaccine) during the teenage years. The acellular vaccine appears to be safer than the whole cell-based vaccine, but both should not be given to children with a previous allergic reaction to the pertussis vaccine
The adverse side effects of pertussis whole cell vaccines have been well documented in the art (review: S. H. Yeh: Pertussis: persistent pathogen, imperfect vaccines. Expert Rev. Vaccines 2: 113-127 (2003). Although currently used acellular vaccines in part overcome these adverse side effects, the protective immunity provided by these vaccines is still controversial and leaves much room for improvement. Importantly, in a mouse model superior long-term protection was found with whole-cell as compared to acellular vaccines (K. Mills: Immunity to Bordetella pertussis. Microbes and Infection 3: 655-677 (2001)). Moreover, acellular vaccines are more costly and difficult to produce, requiring isolation, extensive purification and quality control of various antigens and mixing and formulating them in optimal/desired quantities. There is clearly a long felt need for better B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptica and other Gram negative vaccines.

Deacylation of LPS in gram negative bacteria


A vibration control system for electric tilt steering including a lower stationary and upper moveable column through which is rotatably passed a steering shaft having a steering wheel attached to an distal end projecting into a cabin of a vehicle, the moveable column being linked in vertically tiltable fashion to the end of the stationary column and the stationary column being fixed to a vehicle body, with tilting movement of the moveable column being driven by an electric motor to adjust a movable column vertical position. The system includes a control signal generating device for detecting control signal having control frequency and phase for attenuating vibration input to the steering based on a signal synchronized with operation of a vehicle engine, and a drive controlling device for controlling the electric motor drive based on the control signal, to give oscillation to the steering for attenuating vibration input to the steering.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a vibration control system for attenuating vibration input in steering equipped with a tilt mechanism for adjusting the vertical position of the steering wheel by means of tilting motion of a moveable column linked tiltably in the vertical direction to the distal end of a fixed column fixed to a vehicle body, and more specifically, relates to a vibration control system for an electric tilt steering system in which adjustment of steering vertical position is driven by an electric motor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Automobile steering has a cantilever support structure where a steering wheel is supported at one end, namely a fixed column end, on the body of the vehicle, and thus resonates in a low-frequency band of about 20–50 Hz corresponding to the idling frequency of a typical engine. Thus, the steering vibrates appreciably with vibratory force at this natural resonance frequency, resulting in the problem of vibration of steering during engine idling. One method for addressing such vibration of steering involves shifting the natural resonance frequency thereof into a higher frequency band than the low-frequency band mentioned above. According to this approach, mounting rigidity of the steering is made higher, or a dynamic damper is attached to the steering.
In recent years, steering systems equipped with electric tilt mechanisms or electric telescopic mechanisms for electrically-powered adjustment of the vertical and front/back positions of the wheel have become widespread. However, such electrically-powered mechanisms increase the mass of the steering, making it more difficult to raise the aforementioned natural resonance frequency. Additionally, in the case of steering equipped with a telescoping mechanism, since resonance frequency changes each time that a user makes positioning adjustments, a resultant problem is the difficulty of achieving vibration damping action with a single dynamic damper.
To cope with the above problem, JP-A-6-107186 discloses, for example, a modified dynamic damper wherein: an upper shaft has a conical circumferential face that decreases in diameter towards its end; a steering tube disposed about the upper shaft support an holder; and an elastic body is supported by the holder such that the elastic body has affixed to a first end thereof a sliding member that slides against the conical face and to the other end thereof a mass, in order to provide an effective deformation interval between the holder and the mass. According to this dynamic damper, the elastic body extends and retracts in association with vertical movement of the upper shaft so that the effective deformation interval changes in a manner proportional to the length of the steering shaft. Thus, the vibration frequency of the dynamic damper changes on the basis of change of the spring constant of the elastic body, whereby even if the length of the steering shaft should change, the vibration frequency of the dynamic damper will be adjusted automatically to correspond therewith.
Another device is a dynamic damper as described in JP-A-2003-40112, wherein the steering column or steering wheel is provided with a plurality of mutually independent dynamic dampers composed of mass members elastically supported by spring members. The natural frequencies of dynamic dampers are set such that at least one is present in a region of frequency variation range of the steering wheel in association with extension and retraction of the steering column, at both the low frequency end and high frequency end with the median value for the frequency variation range between them. This dynamic damper is able to provide advantageous vibration damping effect against changing natural vibration of the steering wheel in association with extension and retraction of the steering column, with a relatively small number of dynamic dampers installed.
However, the former dynamic damper stated above is mounted as a separate component onto the steering tube, and the latter dynamic damper described above is likewise mounted as a separate component onto the steering wheel. In either case, component costs are required and labor is needed to attach the component, so that higher steering cost becomes a problem.

Vibration control system for electric tilt steering


A (3R,5S)-3,5,6-trihydroxyhexanoic acid derivative and a process of producing the (3R,5S)-3,5,6-trihydroxyhexanoic acid derivative which comprises the step of enantioselectively hydrogenating an (S)-5,6-dihydroxy-3-oxohexanoic acid derivative with a specific ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex represented as a catalyst are disclosed. The (3R,5S)-3,5,6-trihydroxyhexanoic acid derivative which is a useful compound capable of being easily converted into a lactone moiety, which is the active part of an inhibitor on HMG-CoA reductase, can be easily and efficiently obtained under a mild reaction condition with a high selectivity for the syn-diol form.

Some of the optically active compounds, (3R,5S)-3,5,6-trihydroxyhexanoic acid derivatives having the specific configuration shown by following formula (1') ##STR1## (wherein R.sup.1' and R.sup.4 each represents a hydrogen atom or a protective group for a hydroxy group and R.sup.2' represents an ester forming group), are already known compounds and it is reported that these compounds can be easily converted into lactone moieties of a chemical structure of compactin, mevinolin, etc., which are given attention as an antihyperlipemia as described in K. Prasad et al., Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 25, No. 32, 3391-3394(1984). It is considered that the lactone moiety is the active part of an inhibitor on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (hereinafter, is referred to as "HMG-CoA") reductase, one of the predominant enzymes taking part in the increase of the concentration of cholesterol, which is the cause of hyperlipemia and many analogs having the lactone moiety have been synthesized [J. R. Prous, Drugs of the Future, Vol. 12, No. 5, 437-442(1987)].
Many methods of synthesizing the (3R,5S)-3,5,6-trihydroxyhexanoic acid derivatives shown by foregoing formula (1') have been reported. In these methods, as a method originated in a raw material compound having asymmetric carbon atoms at two portions, there is a method of synthesizing from D-glucose which is a natural optically active compound as described in T. Lee, Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 26, No. 41, 4995-4996(1985) but the method has a disadvantage that the reaction step up to obtained the desired compound is long.
Also, as a method of simultaneously introducing hydroxy groups at two portions into a syn-diol form, there is a method of obtaining a 3,5-dioxohexanoic acid derivative by reacting an acetoacetic acid derivative and an amide compound and reducing the reaction product using sodium borohydride and an alkoxydialkylborane at a temperature from -70.degree. C. to -78.degree. C. as described in JP-A-1-165547 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application") and T. Hanamoto et al., Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 29, No. 49, 6467-6470(1988) but by the method, a diastereomer only is determined but a desired optically active material can not be obtained.
A method of forming asymmetric carbon atoms at two portions one by one has been most widely utilized and as the methods, following methods (a) to (g) are reported.
(a) A method of obtaining an (S)-5,6-dihydroxy-3-oxohexanoic acid derivative shown by following formula (2') ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1' and R.sup.4 each represents a hydrogen atom or a protective group for a hydroxy group and R.sup.2' represents an ester forming group, from an (S)-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid ester derivative shown by following formula (5) ##STR3## wherein R.sup.1' and R.sup.4 have the same meaning as described above and R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, synthesized from L-malic acid, which is a natural material, and diastero-selectively reducing the foregoing hexanoic acid derivative using a reducing agent such as a mixture of sodium borohydrate and a trialkylborane or a mixture of sodium borohydrate and an alkoxydialkylborane under a low temperature condition of about -70.degree. C. [European Patent 0 244 364 A2, U.S. Pat. No. 4,970,313, G. Wess et al., Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 31, No. 18, 2545-2548(1990), and K. Prasad et al., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, Vol. 1, No. 5, 307-310(1990)].
(b) A method of obtaining the compound shown by foregoing formula (2') by reacting an optically active butyronitrile derivative and an .alpha.-haloacetic acid ester in the presence of zinc and diastero-selectively reducing the reaction product as in step (a) described above (U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,759).
(c) A method of synthesizing the compound shown by formula (2') from an optically active 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde derivative and diastero-selectively reducing the synthesized product as in step (a) described above [M. Fukui et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., Vol. 38, No. 10, 2890-2892(1990)].
(d) A method of synthesizing the compound shown by formula (2') from 3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-ol and then diastero-selectively reducing the synthesized compound as in step (a) [D. A. Evans et al., J. Org. Chem., Vol. 56, No. 2, 741-750(1991)].
In addition, the diastero-selective reducing reaction of compound shown by formula (2') common to the steps (a) to (d) is also reported in K. Chen et al., Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 28, No. 2, 155-158(1987), K. Chen et al., Chemistry Lett., 1923-1926(1987), etc. Also, in F. G. Kathawala et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, Vol. 69, 803-805(1986), the diastero-selectivities for the compound shown by foregoing formula (1') obtained in the case of using sodium borohydrate and a trialkylborane, the case of using ferrous chloride, the case of using zinc borohydride, etc., for the diastero-selective reducing reaction of the compound shown by formula (2') are compared. Furthermore, it is reported that in the compound shown by formula (1') having an allyl group or a cyano group in place of the hydroxy group at the 6-position, which is an analogous compound to the foregoing compound shown by formula (1'), by applying the diastero-selective reducing reaction to the substrate obtained by carrying out, for example, an asymmetric aldol condensation of the aforesaid compound, and then optically resolving the reaction product, a corresponding optically active 3,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid derivative can be obtained [J. E. Lynch et al., Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 28, No. 13, 1385-1388(1987); N. Balasubramanian et al., J. Med. Chem., Vol No. 9, 2038-2041(1989); S. Y. Sit et al., J. Med. Chem., Vol. 33, No. 11, 2982-2999(1990), U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,080].
(e) A method of obtaining the compound shown by formula (2') by reacting the dianion of acetoacetic acid ester with aldehyde and reducing the compound by reacting the compound using sodium borohydrate in absolute ethanol under ice-cooling (U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,889).
(f) A method of obtaining the compound shown by formula (5) by ring-cleaving optically active 1-benzyloxy-2,3-epoxy-4-hydroxybutane and after introducing a protective group to the hydroxy group, oxidizing the product, and synthesizing by carrying out a Reformatsky reaction of the compound of formula (5) using ethyl bromoacetate and zinc [K. Prasad et al., Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 25, No. 32, 3391-3394(1984)].
(g) A method of reacting a (3R,5R)-5-amino-3-hydroxyhexanoic acid derivative and a specific cyan compound [Na.sub.2 Fe(CN).sub.5 NO] using potassium carbonate [G. J. McGarvey et al., J. Org. Chem., Vol. 51, No. 20, 3913-3915(1986)].
However, the above-described methods each has the following defect.
That is, the method (e) is a method of obtaining a racemic modification and a desired optically active substance can not be obtained.
In the method (f), it is difficult to obtain the optically active epoxide which is the raw material, and also the Reformatsky reaction does not have the selectivity for the desired syn-diol form.
In the method (g), it is difficult to obtain the raw material and also the yield for the desired compound is low.
The diastereo-selective reducing reaction which is utilized for methods (a) to (d), which are mostly reported, is a method of inducing an asymmetric point at another portion by utilizing the asymmetric point of one portion and in methods (a) to (d), a desired compound can be obtained with a considerably high syn-diol form selectivity as compared with methods. (e) to (g). However, in methods (a) to (d), the reaction must be carried out under a low temperature condition, whereby a specific equipment is required in the case of synthesizing in an industrial scale, and also in these methods, an expensive reagent is required. Furthermore, in the method (a), L-malic acid which is the raw material is a very expensive compound.
As a method for improving these faults, a method of carrying out an enantioselective hydrogenation of a 4-tert-butoxyacetoacetic acid ester, which can be synthesized at a low cost, as a raw material using a ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex as a catalyst to form an (S)-4-tert-butoxy-3-hydroxybutyric acid ester, reacting the butyric acid ester thus obtained and the lithium enolate of an acetic acid ester to provide an (S)-6-tert-butoxy-5-hydroxy-3-oxohexanoic acid ester, and obtaining the desired compound shown by formula (1') by diastereo-selectively enantioselectively hydrogenating the product thus obtained under a mild temperature condition using a ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex as a catalyst is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 994,602.
However, although the method can overcome the foregoing defects in the points of the raw material and the reaction condition, the method is not sufficiently satisfactory in the point that the diastereo-selectivity of the hydroxy group at the 3-position of the compound of formula (1') obtained is not so high as from 60% d.e. to 82% d.e.
In addition, in the foregoing methods, in the methods of carrying out the diastereo-selective reaction, R.sup.4 of the compound shown by formula (2') is a hydrogen atom in all cases. Accordingly, R.sup.4 of the compound shown by formula (1') obtained is also a hydrogen atom. In other methods, the compounds shown by formula (1') wherein R.sup.4 is a hydrogen atom or a protective group for a hydroxy group are synthesized but the protective groups for the hydroxy group practically disclosed are a 3-substituted silyl group and a phenylaminocarbonyl group only, which are reluctant to deprotect, from the reasons of requiring a very expensive reagent and a severe reaction condition.
Thus, the development of a method of simply and efficiently obtaining a (3R,5S)-3,5,6-trihydroxyhexanoic acid derivative the hydroxy group at the 5-position of which can be easily deprotected has been desired.

(3R,5S)-3,5,6-trihydroxyhexanoic acid derivative and production method thereof


According to the invention, it provides a method for synchronizing a signaling message transmitted over multi-cell MCCH. The method comprises the following steps: transmitting, by a gateway, the signaling message carried with activation time information to a base station via a MCE (MBMS Control Entity), or transmitting, by a MCE, the signaling message carried with activation time information directly to a base station; and making, by the base station, the signaling message take effect synchronously based on the activation time information contained in the signaling message.

In a MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) system, 3GPP (Third Generation Partner Project) has agreed multi-cell MBSFN (MBMS Single Frequency Network) transmission of MCCH. Thus, a mechanism is needed to ensure the MCCH synchronization. Parameters such as MSAP (MBMS Subframe Allocation Pattern) allocated by a MCE (MBMS Control Entity) should be synchronized at different eNBs (base stations) for the sake of user plane content synchronization.
There is an existing proposal in 3GPP RAN3 (Radio Access Network, task group 3), wherein a new AMBR (Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate) to the eNB is needed to be activated simultaneously, so that all the eNBs can make a scheduling according to the new AMBR at the same time. This can be done by a simple mechanism wherein a time stamp indicating for example the next scheduling interval is carried inside a Session Update message. Such a procedure is also needed when there is change for a single service carried on a GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) bearer.
However, there are the following defects in the above proposal.                1) In the above proposal, only the Session Update message is mentioned. However, there are a lot of other messages over M2 and M3 interfaces.        2) The proposal is based on a time stamp, e.g. scheduling period, which relates to a user plane idea, different from controlling information element in the invention as described hereinafter. On the other hand, the scheduling period may not be suitable for a GW (gateway) because the GW does not know the scheduling information.        3) There is no description about how eNB responds to the activation time information in the above proposal.        4) How to set the activation time information is not mentioned in the above proposal.

Method and base station for synchronizing signaling message


A thermal responsive, water soluble copolymer is disclosed, which comprises the co-polymerization product of: (a) 0.5˜20 wt % of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm); (b) 0.5˜20 wt % of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (VPD); (c) 0.01˜10 wt % of acrylic acid (AA); and (d) 80˜90 wt % of acrylamide. The viscosity of.the co-polymerization product is adjustable by temperature. Moreover, phase-separating does not occur in the copolymer while temperature is changing and the structure as well as the fluidity are maintained, therefore, the copolymer of the present invention is suitable for the application of a micro-fluidic chip.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to polymer materials and more particularly to thermal responsive, water-soluble polymers.
2. Description of Related Art
Materials that adapt to environmental stimulations to change their own properties are called smart polymers. Smart polymers adapt to chemical or physical stimulations including temperature, pressure, pH value, and electric fields to initiate contracting or expanding and produce a change larger than 1,000 times their original size. Current development in smart watergel of smart polymers mainly seeks to (1) adapt to stimulations of different fields or different properties; (2) achieve a fast responsive property; and (3) respond within a small stimulation range. Due to the unique property of smart watergel, it is applied in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, chemistry, environmental engineering, and biological fields.
The solubility of most polymer materials increases as the temperature rises. Nevertheless, the solubility of smart watergel decreases as the temperature rises. This property is referred to as the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). This phenomenon is due to the hydrogen bonding between a hydrophilic portion of the polymer and the water molecule being stronger at low temperatures; thus it is dissoluble. When the temperature rises, the hydrophobic portions of the polymer have a stronger inter-reaction, causing a weakened reaction with hydrogen bonding of the water molecule, therefore the solubility is decreased.
Watergel is a three-dimensional polymer with a net structure that expands or contracts when adsorbing or abstracting the solvent. This characteristic makes the property of watergel fall between liquid and solid. Presently, the main limitations of the application of watergel in industry are the difficulties in shape, size, and phase variety. Researchers have been enthusiastically seeking how to apply smart watergel in biomedicines, drug release agents, and tissue engineering. Meanwhile, the temperature and pH value of watergel are the main factors to be controlled to adapt to human bodies. Consequently, to design a fast-response smart watergel having biological-compatibility (bio-degradable) is the current developmental goal.
A microfluidic chip is a chip full of capillary channels for small volume as microliter or even nanoliter fluid infused therewithin, to carry out manipulations in a laboratory such as mixing, isolating, culturing, heating, and the process of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) by means of mechanical or non-mechanical pumping. In the microfluidic chips for the isolating process, the biological materials to be isolated or cultured are contained in the isolating fluid. To achieve the best result, the isolating resolution and its fluidity of the isolating fluid in the capillary channels should be considered. Accordingly, applying smart watergel in microfluidic chips and controlling the temperature externally for viscosity variation in the capillary channel can improve the fluidity and resolution of the microfluid. When a utilizing polymer with a net structure to process high resolution isolating, the fluid with high molecule weight will not damage the structure or effect the fluidity due to the phase isolation created by temperature change.

Thermo-responsive water-soluble polymers for viscosity switch

Industrial Technology Research Institute


A semiconductor apparatus comprises a plurality of transistor devices including a control terminal being inputted with a control signal and a first and a second terminals that a current flows therein according to the control signal, and a plurality of substrate conductive portions each formed in a region different from a region where the plurality of transistor devices are formed therein, wherein the transistor devices are connected to the substrate conductive portions, and each of the substrate conductive portion includes a semiconductor layer separated from other substrate conductive portions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor apparatus and method of manufacturing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a structure of silicon bipolar junction transistor used for high frequency grounded emitter amplification and a structure of a silicon field effect transistor used for high frequency grounded source amplification, and a method of manufacturing the transistors.
2. Description of Related Art
To develop high frequency radio communication technology, it is essential for an amplifier technology used in communication devices to develop. An amplifier for high frequency radio communication is desired to further increase an output from communication wave of higher frequency range.
Semiconductor devices formed by compound semiconductor is used to amplifiers in a conventional high frequency radio communication technology. However to form a semiconductor device using compound semiconductor, expensive substrate material is needed with a complicated manufacturing process, thereby rising price of the semiconductor device formed by compound semiconductor. Accordingly an amplifier using semiconductor device formed of cheap silicon is required.
A technology to make a substrate conductive with an emitter as a BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) designed for high gain used in a conventional high frequency radio communication technology is disclosed (for example in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-128142). FIG. 22 shows a plan layout view showing each electrode and line of a sub-emitter BJT 90 aiming for high gain according to a conventional technique. FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional diagram taken along the line XXIII-XXIII of FIG. 22 according to a conventional technique.
In the sub-emitter BJT 90, a high resistance p− type epi 902 is formed on a low resistance p+ type substrate 901. In a device forming region inside the high resistance p− type epi 902, a highly concentrated and low resistance n+ type buried layer 903 is formed to be a collector. A high resistance n− type epi 904 is formed on the high resistance p− type epi 902.
In regions other than the device forming region for the p− type epi, a highly concentrated and low resistance p+ type buried layer 909 is mounted. A highly concentrated and low resistance p+ type sub-emitter layer 910 is mounted to the n− type epi 904 above the p+ type buried layer 909. The p+ type buried layer 909 is formed to penetrate the p+ type epi 902. The p+ type sub-emitter layer 910 is formed to penetrate the n− type epi 904.
Further, a p type base layer 905 is formed on the n− type epi 904 above the n+ type buried layer 903. An n+ type emitter layer 907 is formed on the p type base layer 905. On the n− type epi 904, an n+ type epi 908 collector layer with its bottom reaching to the n+ type buried layer 903 is formed.
A base electrode B, an emitter electrode E, and a collector electrode C are formed via openings provided in an insulator film 911 respectively on the p type base layer 905, the n+ type emitter layer 907, and the n+ type contact layer 908.
The emitter electrode E is connected with a sub-emitter electrode SE by an electrode line. The emitter electrode E is conductive with the low resistance p+ type substrate 901 via the sub-emitter electrode SE, a p+ type buried layer 909 and a p+ type sub-emitter layer 910. A metal layer 925 is deposited on a back side of the low resistance p+ type substrate 901.
A chip of the conventional sub-emitter BJT 90 arranged as described in the foregoing is mounted on an island of a lead frame using the metal layer 925 mentioned above as well as electrically connected with the island.
Although not shown in FIG. 17, a collector bonding pad CP and a base bonding pad BP shown in FIG. 18 are electrically connected to a lead of a lead frame by a bonding wire.
The sub-emitter BJT 90 formed as described in the foregoing is electrically connected to an emitter lead frame using the metal layer 925 on the back side of the chip, thereby not requiring the bonding wire to connect to the emitter lead. Therefore, an inductance caused by the bonding wire is completely eliminated, so that a high frequency power gain when amplifying grounded emitter (2 to 4 dB improvement in 0 to 8 GHz).
Further, in the sub-emitter BJT 90 of a conventional technique, as the low resistance p+ type sub-emitter layer 910 provided to the p− type epi 902 and the n− type epi 904 is placed below a bonding pad 924, the p+ type sub-emitter layer 910 is connected to ground via a back side of a chip.
It is therefore possible to suppress thermal noise generated due to resistance in the epi layer from entering into the base electrode through parasitic capacitance in an insulator film placed below the base bonding pad BP. Accordingly noise of the sub-emitter BJT can be reduced (i.e. The NF of the sub-emitter BJT can be reduced).
To attempt to increase an output of a semiconductor device using a high gain characteristic of a sub-emitter structure, unit devices in the sub-emitter structure are connected in parallel to form multi-cell so as to expand an emitter area. If each unit device behaves unequally, a thermal runaway could occur as the sub-emitter region is not separated by each unit device.
Further, in the BJT having a sub-emitter structure, a positive correlation exists between an emitter current and a device temperature. That is, if the temperature increases, the emitter current also increases, and if the emitter current increases, the temperature further increases, inducing a vicious cycle. Therefore, the devices may be destroyed due to the thermal runaway and it is impossible to have a stable high output operation with a structure in which unit devices of a sub-emitter structure being connected in parallel to form multi-cell.

Semiconductor apparatus and method of manufacturing the same