A spray head for a sprayer includes a body portion that receives a supply of fluid and a head portion in fluid communication with the body portion. The head portion of the spray head includes an outer surface which includes a plurality of spray nozzles used to direct a high velocity fluid flow from the spray head and a plurality of spray holes arranged as an outer ring which concentrically surrounds the spray nozzles and directs a lower velocity curtain of water that substantially surrounds the high velocity fluid flow. The lower velocity curtain of water reduces splashing that may result from the high velocity spray directed from the spray nozzles.

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of sprayers. For example, a sprayer may be used with a kitchen faucet as an extendable feature of a faucet spout, or as a side-spray. In other applications, a sprayer may be used as an attachment to a garden hose, or as a component of a pressure washer. Conventional sprayers are typically fluidly coupled to a water source having an inlet water pressure. Water sprayers also typically include a valve that controls the flow of water through a dispensing end of the sprayer. The dispensing end of a sprayer typically includes a spray head, and the configuration of the spray head generally determines various aspects of the water that is dispensed (i.e. water that is sprayed). For example, the configuration of a spray head may determine the general shape of the spray (i.e., whether the geometry of the spray is narrow, flat, conical, etc.). Some spray heads may include a nozzle, and the size, shape, and position of the nozzle may determine the direction and velocity of the water that is sprayed.
Commonly, a sprayer may be configured to increase the water pressure at the dispensing end of the sprayer, thereby increasing the velocity of the water that is dispensed. This type of sprayer can be useful, for example, to wash dishes. A sprayer that provides a high-velocity spray may be difficult for a user to control. As a result, the water dispensed from a sprayer may deflect off of a cleaning surface, such as a dish, and soak, splash or spray a surrounding object, such as a countertop or the person using the sprayer. Therefore, using a sprayer to wash objects can have many unintended and undesirable consequences. Therefore, a need exists for a sprayer that can produce a high-velocity spray that does not deflect off of an intended cleaning surface.
Further, the need to conserve water has increased due to its short supply in various parts of the world. In order to increase water conservation, various federal laws and regulations may limit water consumption in kitchens and bathrooms. For example, the Federal Energy Policy Act of 1992 currently limits the flow rates of faucets and spray heads used in kitchens to 2.2 gallons per minute (gpm). Therefore, a need exists to provide a sprayer that can operate effectively, by providing a stream of high velocity water that is not deflected off a surface, while also operating efficiently, so that water is conserved.


A camera includes a motor, a first planetary gear which revolves on the basis of an output rotation of the motor, a second planetary gear which revolves on the basis of the output rotation of the motor, a first camera operating mechanism which engages with the first planetary gear by the revolution of the planetary gear caused by a rotation of the motor in a first direction, a second camera operating mechanism which engages with the second planetary gear by the revolution of the second planetary gear caused by the rotation of the motor in the first direction, and a selector for selectively preventing the revolution of either of the first and second planetary gears. The selector selectively permits the operation of either of the first and second camera operating mechanisms during the rotation of the motor in the first direction.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a motor-driven camera which is arranged to drive a plurality of mechanisms by using one and the same motor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many patent applications have recently been filed for cameras of the kind using the output of one and the same motor for photographing preparatory actions such as a shutter charging action, etc. as well as a film transport for each one frame photographing. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,578 relates to a camera of this kind. Generally, the camera of this kind is arranged to carry out the photographing preparatory action while the film is being driven and transported (for film winding or rewinding) on the basis of the unidirectional rotation of the motor. Therefore, the camera is required to keep the phases of two driving systems in equivalent states. To meet this requirement, the film transporting action must be performed by driving a sprocket while a film take-up shaft is friction-coupled and rotated at a sufficiently higher speed than the sprocket. This results in a complex structural arrangement. Further, the use of the sprocket alone does not permit detection of a failure in automatic film loading. Besides, slipping which takes place at the friction coupling part has presented a problem in terms of an energy loss.
Among cameras of the kind adopting a method called a prewind system, a camera disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. SHO 57-89732 also has the above-stated structural arrangement.
To solve the problems stated in the foregoing, the film transport driving system and the photographing preparatory action driving system must be arranged to be independent of each other. For example, these two driving systems may be arranged to be driven by different motors. This method enables the film transporting action to be carried out by directly driving the take-up shaft which has its take-up rotation angle vary with the diameter of a film coil being formed on the take-up shaft. This method is, however, not desirable in terms of cost and space. Meanwhile, there has been proposed a method of driving both a film wind driving system and a shutter charge driving system with a single motor by switching the motor rotation between its normal rotation and reverse rotation, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,350,421. However, that method results not only in a complex structural arrangement but also in a large energy loss.
Further, motor driven cameras of the type using a motor as drive source for a film transport, a shutter charge and swinging a movable mirror have recently been proposed in varied kinds. For example, in the cases of cameras disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,466,719 and 4,572,636, film winding and rewinding actions are arranged to be both accomplished by using one and the same motor disposed within the camera in combination with a clutch change-over device. Meanwhile, U.S. Pat. No. 4,579,435 discloses a camera which is arranged to enhance the speed and efficiency of the film transporting action by separately using two motors for film winding and film rewinding purposes.
Further, U.S. Pat. No. 4,616,913 has disclosed a camera which is arranged to increase the speed and efficiency of a film transporting speed as much as possible by using different motors, respectively, for film winding, film rewinding and shutter charging.


An optical component includes a substrate or cell having two spaced-apart substrates, one or more orientation layers on the substrates and one or more anisotropic layers of cross-linked liquid crystalline monomers or oligomers with locally different orientation of the liquid crystal molecules. The surfaces of the orientation layers adjacent the liquid crystalline layers have orientation patterns with a defined parallel or fan-like line structure in locally limited regions. The average spacing between the lines of the fan-like line structure is not greater than the thickness of the liquid crystal layer and the angle between neighboring lines is not greater than 3.degree..

1. Field
The invention relates to an optical component comprising one or two substrates, one or more orientation layers on each substrate, and one or more anisotropic films of cross-linked liquid crystalline monomers or oligomers with locally different orientation of the liquid crystal molecules on the substrate or between the substrates. The invention also relates to the production and use of such components.
2. Description
Anisotropic transparent or colored polymer network layers with highly-resolved pre-set three-dimensional orientation of the optical axis are of great importance in display technology, integrated optics and prevention of forgery.
EP-A-545 234 discloses liquid crystal cells with fine structures comprising regions with defined different orientation and consequently different refractive indices. Refractive index patterns of this kind in a liquid crystal are produced by micromechanically generating a line structure on the surface of the orientation layer bounding the liquid crystal using a stylus moving in correspondence with the scanning pen of a scanning force microscope (scanning probe or atomic force microscope "AFM"!). Depending on the pressure exerted by the stylus, the lines can consist of relatively pronounced grooves or mere of strings of uniformly aligned molecules. In the following description, the term "scratching" is used for the process of producing a line structure by means of a stylus. In a cell of plates structured in this manner, the pattern on the orientation layer constitutes an orientation pattern which is transferred to the liquid crystal. Optically non-linear liquid crystalline or optionally frozen-in optical waveguide structures are important applications.
European Patent Publication No. 611 981, corresponding to U.S. application Ser. No. 08/194,234, which is commonly owned with the present application, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference discloses materials and methods of stabilizing orientation structures in monomeric liquid crystals by cross-linking. The orientation structures in the liquid crystal are induced by orientation layers of a photo-orientatable polymer network ("PPN layers"). To this end, in a first step the desired pattern is generated photochemically with polarized light in the PPN orientation layer and in a second step is transferred to a liquid crystal layer deposited thereon by spin coating (the "PPN method"). The liquid crystal structure is then stabilized by cross-linking. A cross-linked liquid crystal layer of this kind will hereinafter be called LCP ("liquid crystal polymer") for short.
European Patent Publication No. 689 084, corresponding to U.S. application Ser. No. 08/489,865, which is commonly owned with the present application, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, describes optical components having a layer structure of a number of PPN orientation layers and anisotropic layers of cross-linked liquid crystalline monomers. All of these are subject to the limitations of the PPN method, for example, limited resolution, only slightly variable direction of director and limited control of tilt angle.
The not yet published Swiss Patent Application No. 2036/95, corresponding to U.S. application Ser. No. 08/667,687, which is commonly owned with the present application, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, describes the production and use of optical components for use as masks, such as for transferring a polarization pattern to a polarization-sensitive layer.
European Patent Publication No. 689 065, which is commonly owned with the present application, corresponding to U.S. application Ser. No. 08/489,866, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, describes optical PPN components with a layer structure and the production thereof. Such components are particularly suitable for use against forgery.
It has now been found that the use of cross-linkable liquid crystals together with micromechanically scratched orientation layers can result in structures having much better or even completely new properties.

Optical component with plural orientation layers on the same substrate wherein the surfaces of the orientation layers have different patterns and direction


A recording medium which has a high recording density and realizes a short search time is provided. The recording medium according to the present invention is a recording medium which comprises addresses indicative of positions on the recording medium and which is for recording or reproduction using sectors as data rewrite units or data read units, and starting positions of said addresses and starting positions of said sectors are different in the recording medium.

While the recent years have seen a use of an optical disk as a storage medium for a large-volume data file, music, video and the like, there still is an ongoing endeavor to increase a capacity of an optical disk in an attempt to use optical disks for an even more diversified applications.
A method generally used for efficient accessing of a large-capacity optical disk is to divide recording data into sectors having a data size of a constant unit or to record and reproduce using such sectors as a basic rewrite unit.
As for the sectors which serve as the basic rewrite unit, an address for identifying a sector is added to each sector.
A prior art optical disk having such a sector structure will now be described with reference to FIG. 23 which schematically shows a structure of this optical disk.
Part (a) of FIG. 23 shows a general overall structure of an optical disk according to a prior art example 1.
In part (a) of FIG. 23, denoted at 2301 is an optical disk substrate of polycarbonate, denoted at 2302 is a recording film, denoted at 2303 is a first recording track, denoted at 2304 is a second recording track, denoted at 2305 are zones which are provided by dividing the disk in accordance with a distance along the radius direction, denoted at 2307 are addresses for identification of sectors, and denoted at 2308 is a data recording area for recording data.
In the description on embodiments and the claims, "data" and "information" have the same meaning.
In part (a) of FIG. 23, a recording track is one recording track formed in the shape of a spiral which runs from an inner round toward an outer round of the optical disk, and the recording track contains the first recording track 2303 and the second recording track 2304. The first recording track 2303 and the second recording track 2304 each has the length equivalent to one round and alternate each round.
For the purpose of increasing the density along the direction of the tracks, the optical disk shown in FIG. 23 uses the land/group method which requires to use both a ditch portion for guiding the tracks (groove portion) and an inter-ditch portion (land portion) as a data recording area.
The data recording area 2308 is divided into a plurality of zones 2305 in accordance with a distance along the radius direction-of the optical disk, to thereby improve the recording density of the disk. In each zone, the addresses 2307 are aligned along the radius direction of the optical disk. In part (a) of FIG. 23, there are areas which are aligned along the radius direction and have different sector numbers, and the data recording area 2308 is divided into the two zones 2305. The data recording area 2308 may be divided into any desired number of zones. Hence, a sector which has a distance from the front edge of the address 2307 until the front edge of the next address 2307 remains at the same angle (an angle on polar coordinates whose origin is the center of the optical disk) in each zone.
The angle of the sector in the inner zone is larger than the angle of the sector in the outer zone. This sets the sector's average linear density in the inner zone approximately the same as the sector's average linear density in the outer zone.
The "linear density" means the volume of information recorded over a unit length in the recording track. The method described above which requires to provide a plurality of zones on a disk and change the angles of sectors in each zone to thereby ensure that average line densities of the respective zones become approximately constant within the disk is called the ZCAV method (Zoned Constant Angular Velocity method for recording or reproducing at a constant angular velocity) or the ZCLV method (Zoned Constant Linear Velocity method for recording or reproducing at a constant number of revolutions within a zone).
Part (b) of FIG. 23 is an enlarged view of one sector 2306.
The sector 2306 is obtained by dividing the first recording track 2303 and the second recording track 2304 by the addresses 2307. The respective sectors have the same angle (an angle on polar coordinates whose origin is the center of the optical disk) in each zone, and data having the same volume of information (e.g., the number of bits) are recorded in the respective sectors.
One sector 2306 is comprised of the addresses 2307 and the-data recording area 2308 (the first recording track 2303 or the second recording track 2304) which is sandwiched by the addresses 2307.
In part (b) of FIG. 23, the first recording track 2303 is formed in the ditch portion, while the second recording track 2304 is formed in the inter-ditch portion which is sandwiched by the ditch portion.
During tracking of a light beam, tracking control is executed in such a manner that the intensity of primary diffracted light which is created by diffraction caused by the ditches and is contained in reflected light from the disk will be balanced, whereby an optical pickup is positioned at the center of the ditch portion or the center of the inter-ditch portion. There are two points at which the primary diffracted light is balanced, one that the light beam comes falling on the ditches on the first. recording track 2303 and the other that the light beam comes falling on between the ditches on the second recording track 2304. However, since the primary diffracted light shows different polarities along the traveling direction of the light beam at these two points, by means of switching of the polarity during the tracking control, it is possible to easily switch between a state that the light beam is controlled to fall on the first recording track 2303 and a state that the light beam is controlled to fall on the second recording track 2304.
However, since the tracks of the first recording track (which is located in the ditch portion, and provided on the right-hand side and the left-hand side to which are the inter-ditch portion) and the second recording track (which is located in the inter-ditch portion, and provided on the right-hand side and the left-hand side to which are the ditch portion) alternate every round on the disk but are continuous to each other, it is necessary to inverse the tracking polarity at a point of transition from the first recording track to the second recording track and a point of transition from the second recording track to the first recording track. As marks to detect these switching points, inversion marks 2309 are provided in switching portions between the first recording track and the second recording track.
An optical disk. drive (which generally refers to recording apparatuses or reproducing apparatuses for optical disks, in which context recording apparatuses include recording and reproducing apparatuses and reproducing apparatuses include recording and reproducing apparatuses) detects the inversion marks 2309 and inverses the tracking polarity.
In the optical disk shown in FIG. 23, recorded data are modulated by the 1-7 modulation method. Since 1-7 marks (data modulated by the 1-7 modulation method.) permit retrieval of a clock necessary for demodulation from the data themselves, it is possible to demodulate and reproduce continuous data recorded in the recording area.
Part (c) of FIG. 23 shows a general structure of the address 2307.
The address 2307, which is added for identification of the sector 2306 and provision of position information on the optical disk, is comprised of a sector mark 2310 which indicates that this is the address area, a VFO mark 2311 which is used to generate a clock for reproduction of the address 2307, an address mark 2312 which expresses the beginning of address data, a sector number 2313, a track number 2314 and an error detecting code 2315.
The address is consisting of a pit (which is a concave or a convex formed on the optical disk).
Since the sector mark 2310 and the address mark 2312 are data patterns for identifying the beginning of the address data, these need be special patterns which would not appear in the sector number 2313, the track number 2314 and the error detecting code 2315.
To this end, the address data in 2313, 2314 and 2315 are recorded after bi-phase modulation, run length limit modulation (RLL modulation) or the like is executed.
Data patterns not emerging from modulation rules are obtained as a result of such modulation, and therefore, distinctive data patterns not in compliance with the modulation rules are used as the sector mark 2310 and the address mark 2312.
In addition, used as the sector mark denoted at 2310 is a mark which is sufficiently long so as to permit easy identification of the beginning of the address area even when a PLL (Phase Lock Loop) clock for synchronization is not locked.
In the prior art example shown in FIG. 23, the address data are modulated by the bi-phase modulation method. Bi-phase modulation realizes modulation of 0 into 00 or 11 and 1 into 10 or 01.
Through this modulation, ordinary data are converted into such data in which there is no string of three or more continuous ones or zeroes. Hence, a pattern in which three or more ones or zeroes appear in a row becomes a distinctive pattern which does not comply with the modulation rules.
In the prior art example shown in FIG. 23, the address mark 2312 is 10001110 while the sector mark 2310 is 1111111100000000. These pieces of data are distinctive patterns not complying with the modulation rules, and as such, can be distinguished from ordinary data.
A method of reproducing the address 2307 in the prior art example will now be briefly described.
First, the sector mark 2310 is detected. The sector mark is a distinctive pattern in which there is a string of eight continuous ones and zeroes, and therefore, using a self-driven clock of a PLL and detecting a mark whose length is equal to or longer than a certain length, it is possible to easily detect the sector mark 2310.
Upon detection of the sector mark 2310, a PLL clock for address demodulation is locked in the subsequent VFO 2311.
After locking of the PLL clock, ones and zeroes of reproduction data are judged referring to the PLL clock, thereby yielding judgment data.
As the pattern 10001110 which is the address mark 2312 is detected from the judgment data, the subsequent data are the sector number 2313, the track number 2314 and the error detecting code 2315. The detection of the address mark 2312 in this manner tells that the subsequent data are the sector number 2313, the track number 2314 and the error detecting code 2315 which are to be demodulated, and data demodulation is then executed.
As described above, when the address 2307 is read out, a position on the disk is specified from thus read address information using the track number 2314 which is position information at a radius and the sector number 2313 which is position information in the rotation direction, the particular sector 2306 is identified and recording or reproduction is performed. In this manner, data are reproduced and recorded based on address information which is added to a sector in the prior art optical disk.
In the optical disk shown in FIG. 23, pits on the optical disk substrate 2301 constitute the addresses 2307 and data of one sector which is a record unit are recorded for every recording area specified by one address 2307 as described above.
While the VFO pattern 2312 for clock synchronization is provided in the address portion 2308 in the prior art example above, there is a method which uses different means to obtain a clock for demodulation of address data.
A prior art optical disk of this type will now be described with reference to FIG. 24.
Part (a) of FIG. 24 shows a general overall structure of an optical disk according to a prior art example 2.
In part (a) of FIG. 24, denoted at 2401 is an optical disk substrate of polycarbonate, denoted at 2402 is a recording film, denoted at 2403 and 2404 are recording tracks, denoted at 2405 are zones which are provided by dividing the disk in accordance with a distance along the radius direction, denoted at 2406 are sectors which are provided by dividing the tracks into a plurality of portions in the circumferential direction, denoted at 2407 are addresses for identification of the sectors, and denoted at 2408 is a data recording area for recording of data.
In the optical disk shown in FIG. 24, a ditch portion (groove portion) alone is used as the data recording area, and the recording film is disposed which makes it possible to reproduce data by the DWDD scheme.
The DWDD scheme which realizes super resolution reproduction utilizing the mobility force of a magnetic wall necessitates magnetic blocking by means of a ditch. Hence, the tracking method shown in FIG. 24 is necessary for the purpose of realizing a narrow track pitch while using only the ditch portion (groove portion) as the data recording area. The first recording track 2403 and the second recording track 2404 which show different tracking polarities every round and the zones 2405 including different number of sectors in one round of the tracks are similar to those according to the prior art example shown in FIG. 23. Further, the data recording area 2408 is divided into the plurality of zones 2405 whose average recording density is constant along a distance in the radius direction, which is similar to the prior art example shown in FIG. 23.
Hence, a sector which has a distance from the front edge of the address 2407 until the front edge of the next address 2407 remains at the same angle (an angle on polar coordinates whose origin is the center of the optical disk) in each zone, which is also similar to the above-mentioned prior art example shown in FIG. 23. When tracking is to be performed using primary diffracted light from the ditch as in the above-mentioned prior art example described earlier, there is a limitation on intervals between tracks (track pitch) where only the ditch is used as the data recording area. The limitation upon the intervals between tracks is usually about λ/(n·NA).
The prior art example shown in FIG. 24 uses the sample servo method as a tracking method so as to set the track pitch to λ/(n·NA). The sample servo method is used for other purposes in addition to realization of a narrow track pitch because of a number of advantages, such as the resistance against tilting of a disk, over a method using primary diffracted light from a ditch. The sample servo method will now be briefly described.
Part (b) of FIG. 24 is an enlarged view of one sector 2406. The sector 2406 is obtained by dividing the recording track 2403 by the addresses 2407. The respective sectors have the same angle (an angle on polar coordinates whose origin is the center of the optical disk) in each zone. One sector 2406 is comprised of the addresses 2407 and a plurality of divided segments 2416 located between the addresses 2407. Regardless of whether belonging to the same zone or different zones, all sectors contain the same number of segments 2416.
Part (c) of FIG. 24 is a schematic enlarged view of one segment 2416.
One segment 2416 comprises a pre-pit area 2419 at the top and a subsequent data recording area 2420 which is consisting of a ditch. The pre-pit area 2419 includes a clock pit 2417 and a pair of wobble pits 2418. Disposed at the top of the pre-pit area 2419 is the clock pit 2417 which is for generating a window signal for sampling servo and a clock for data demodulation. This is followed by the pair of wobble pits 2418 for obtaining a signal for tracking.
In the optical disk shown in FIG. 24, tracking with a light beam is performed while sampling the amount of reflected light from the pair of wobble pits 2417. In short, the light beam irradiates a surface of the optical disk and the amount of the resulting reflected light is checked.
When the location of an optical pickup is off to the right-hand side or the left-hand side relative to the recording track, the amount of reflected light from the closer wobble pit 2418 decreases and the amount of reflected light from the farther wobble pit 2418 increases.
Hence, with tracking control performed such that the amounts of reflected light from the pair of wobble pits 2418 will be balanced out, it is possible to position the optical pickup at the center of the recording track 2403 or the recording track 2404. In this manner, since a track control signal (the wobble pit 2418) is buried as it is dispersed in a part of the disk according to the sample servo method, it is not necessary to obtain the track control signal (primary diffracted light) from the ditch unlike in the prior art example described above, and therefore, there is an advantage that it is possible to freely set the shape and the depth of the ditch of the data recording area 2420 which is comprised of the ditch.
Part (d) of FIG. 24 shows general structure of the address 2407.
The address is comprised of a pit (which is a concave or a convex formed on the optical disk).
The address 2407, which is added for identification of the sector 2406 and provision of position information on the optical disk, is comprised of an address mark 2410 which indicates the beginning of the address area, a sector number 2411, a track number 2412 and an error detecting code 2413.
As in the prior art example 1 described above, the address mark 2410 is a special pattern which would not appear in the sector number 2411, the track number 2412 and the error detecting code 2413.
The prior art example shown in FIG. 24, too, requires to modulate address data by the bi-phase modulation method and uses 10001110 as the address mark 2410, as in the prior art example described earlier. Since the data 10001110 are a distinctive data pattern which is not in compliance with the modulation rules of bi-phase modulation, it is possible to detect the address mark 2410.
A method of reproducing an address portion in this prior art example will now be briefly described.
First, the clock pit 2417 is detected. N-fold multiplication performed by a PLL using this clock pit generates a PLL clock for address demodulation.
As in the prior art example described above, ones and zeroes of reproduction data are judged at the fall of the PLL clock, thereby yielding judgment data.
As the pattern 10001110 which is the address mark 2410 is detected from the judgment data, the subsequent data are the sector number 2411, the track number 2412 and the error detecting code 2413.
The detection of the address mark 2410 in this manner tells that the subsequent data are the sector number 2411, the track number 2412 and the error detecting code 2413 which are to be demodulated, and data are then recorded or demodulated.
As in the prior art example described above, in this sample servo method as well, when the address is read out, a position on the disk is specified from thus read address information using the track number which is position information at a radius and the sector number which is position information in the rotation direction, a particular sector is identified and recording or reproduction is performed. In this manner, data are reproduced and recorded based on the address information which is added to the sectors.
As described above, in the optical disk shown in FIG. 24, pre-pits are formed on the addresses 2407 and the pre-pit areas 2419 on the optical disk substrate 2401 and data of one sector which is a record unit are recorded for every recording area specified by one address 2407.
As described above, in a prior art disk medium, the length or the angle of a recording track in one sector is determined in advance by a pre-pit or the like (i.e., by pre-formatting) on the disk. In other words, addresses comprised of pre-pits determine the lengths or the angles of recording tracks for every sector. In a similar fashion, addresses comprised of pre-pits and pre-pit areas determine the number of segments in each sector and the lengths of the recording tracks in each segment.
The capacity of an optical disk is determined by the total number of sectors in each zone and the optical disk has physical zone and sector structures which are pre-formatted, and therefore, it is extremely difficult to change the size of the sectors, the number of the sectors and the like on the optical disk.
Hence, even though it becomes possible to record and reproduce at an even higher density owing to an improved characteristic of a recording film of an optical disk realized by technological advance, it is not possible to increase the data capacities of optical disks which comply with an existing standard.
In order to increase the data capacities of optical disks, it is necessary to newly establish a new standard regarding optical disks and manufacture optical disks (wherein a new sector size or a new sector count is pre-formatted) which comply with the new standard.
This poses a problem that in the event that high-density optical disks are commercialized in accordance with the new standard, it would not be possible to record data in a new optical disk or reproduce data from a new optical disk using disk drives which are already available in the market since the disk drives already available in the market would not be compatible with the new format. In the case of a prior art optical disk, since a limit on a recording density is dependent upon λ/(2·NA) (where NA is the numerical aperture and A is the wavelength of reproduction light) which expresses the size of a light beam (i.e., the diameter of an area in which the intensity of the light beam is a half a peak intensity or more), for the purpose of realizing an improvement in recording density, it is essential not only to shorten the wavelength or increase the NA of a laser light source but also to enhance a capability of a recording medium. When an optical constant such as NA and λ is changed, the standard regarding optical disks needs be revised from the beginning, which obviously necessitates a change to the wavelength of a light source, a constant of a lens and the like of recording and reproducing apparatuses. Hence, the problem that it is not possible to enhance a density with the disk drives already available in the market has heretofore been considered as a problem which is strongly relevant to other problems (problems regarding optical constants such as NA and λ) and which can not be solved.
However, in the field of magneto-optical recording, the recent years have seen a number of proposals on a super resolution reproduction method which achieves a high density by means of an improvement made on a recording film without depending upon the value λ/(2·NA).
Reproduction methods according to which a recording density which permits reproduction is not dependent upon the value λ(2·NA) will be herein referred to as "super resolution reproduction methods." Of these, the DWDD scheme (Domain Wall Displacement Detection) for reproducing recorded data which have expanded in accordance with movement of a magnetic wall is a quite excellent method according to which it is possible to reproduce a recording mark which is 0.1 μm or smaller using a light beam whose half width is approximately 0.6 μm (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-290496). In a magneto-optical disk utilizing such a super resolution reproduction method, it is possible to improve a recording density merely by means of an improvement in capability of the recording medium, without changing μ/(2·NA). It is possible that even the disk drives already available in the market will easily record at a high density in or reproduce at a high density from a super resolution reproduction recording medium of the DWDD type or the like as long as the recording medium has an enhanced capability.
However, as described earlier, since there are pre-formatted zones and addresses in a prior art optical disk described above, it is not possible to change the sizes of sectors which are each associated with each one of the addresses or the number of the sectors. Because of this, despite an improvement in capability of a recording film of a recording medium, the improvement in capability of the recording medium fails to be reflected when the format of the disk medium remains the same and it is therefore extremely difficult to easily increase a recording density, thus making it necessary to change the disk standard (or replacement of optical disk drives to users).
Further, information such as pre-formatted addresses is engraved on an optical disk in the form of convexes and concaves. A recording density of these pits is under a certain restriction by a limit to reproduction dependent upon the value λ/(2·NA). Meanwhile, use of the super resolution technique such as the DWDD scheme lifts off the restriction exerted by λ/(2·NA)from a recording density in a data portion. This in turn leads to the following problem.
For instance, considering a sector in which addresses have 40 bytes and data have 2048 bytes, in the case of a prior art optical disk (a medium which does not utilize a super resolution reproduction method), a recording density in an address portion (an area where there are addresses recorded) is 0.5 μm/bit and a recording density in a data portion (an area where there are data recorded) is approximately 0.5 μm/bit.
In this case, the proportion of address data to the entire data (which is called the "address redundancy") is 0.5×40×8/(0.5×(40+2048)×8)=1.91%.
In the case of an optical disk utilizing a super resolution reproduction method such as the DWDD type (or the CAD type, the FAD (Front Aperture Detection) type or the RAD (Rear Aperture Detection) type, etc.), while a recording density in an address portion is 0.5 μm/bit, a recording density in a data portion is about 0.1 μm/bit, and hence, the address redundancy greatly increases to 0.5×40×8/((0.5×40+0.1×2048)×8)=8.9%.
The poor format efficiency is attributed to a format structure of the prior art optical disk in which one address is added to one sector.
This is also a big problem against realization of a high-density optical disk of a super resolution reproduction met hod.
Meanwhile, in the case of an optical disk having a zone structure, when accessing to a zone boundary is to be achieved, eccentricity of the disk, a seek error or the like makes it impossible to accurately move to a target zone in one seek operation. When it is impossible to move to a target zone, processing in a drive becomes very much complex and a seek time increases.
For example, in part (a) of FIG. 23, while the addresses 2307 are aligned along the radius direction within the zones, the addresses 2307 are not aligned along the radius direction between the adjacent zones.
Because of this, as the optical pickup moves back and forth between two adjacent zones, the optical pickup loses address information every time the optical pickup switches between the zones and it becomes necessary to-search for the addresses 2307 from the beginning. This tremendously slows down detection of the addresses 2307.
A prior art approach in light of this for a situation that an optical pickup needs to access a sector which is within a zone next to the current zone but which is in the vicinity of the boundary between the current zone and the next zone is a method according to which the optical pickup moves over an extra distance in advance considering even a seek error so as to be able to move to a desired zone without fail, and the optical pickup then jumps over a track from that position and moves to a desired recording track.
As described above, there is a problem that a seek time for accessing a zone boundary becomes long in an optical disk which has a zone and a sector structures which are pre-formatted in advance.
Further, there is another problem with the prior art techniques that even when one segment contained in a sector becomes defective (and hence it becomes impossible to record or reproduce), this sector as a whole becomes unusable since the sectors are in a fixed arrangement on the recording medium or since there is not spare segment in a recording area which corresponds to this sector.

Recording medium, its controller and controlling method

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A method is provided for producing an article which is transparent to infrared radiation. The method includes the steps of (a) disposing a plurality of nanoparticles on a substrate, wherein said nanoparticles comprise a metal sulfide or a metal selenide; (b) subjecting the nanoparticles to spark plasma sintering, thereby producing a sintered product; and (c) removing the sintered product from the substrate as a self-supporting mass.

Kodak and others demonstrated the production of zinc sulfide (ZnS) windows years ago by hot pressing ceramic powders. This method was subsequently replaced by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process in military applications where cost was not an important consideration. The CVD process is advantageous in that it allows ZnS windows to be fabricated in larger, flat or curved geometries which readily conform to the shape of aircraft.
Optical grade ZnS may be deposited or grown in a fully dense state by the CVD process. The resulting ZnS is polycrystalline and orange in color. Although this CVD-processed ZnS is transparent over a portion (about 0.5 to 12 microns) of the infrared region, it has poor transmittance in the visible region of the spectrum, due to scattering effects. This shortcoming may be addressed by annealing the ZnS. Thus, the transparency of the CVD-processed ZnS may be improved, in both the visible and infra-red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, by subjecting the material to a hot, isostatic press (HIP). The ZnS formed by this process is sometimes referred to as "multispectral" ZnS.

Ultra-high densification of ZnS for nano-grain optical windows


An electric drive for a transmission having a housing, a pump drive, and a primary sump configured to hold oil and operatively connected to a vehicle engine. The electric drive includes an oil-cooled electric generator electrically connected to an oil-cooled electric motor by an inverter. The electric generator includes a generator oil output operatively connected to and configured to deliver a flow of oil to a secondary sump located in the housing. The electric motor includes a motor oil output operatively connected to and configured to deliver a flow to the secondary sump. The secondary sump is separate from the primary sump, wherein the oil from the secondary sump is pumped back into the lubrication circuit of the transmission. The secondary sump includes a feature to allow overflow to drain to the primary sump.

Work vehicles are configured to perform a wide variety of tasks for use such as construction vehicles, forestry vehicles, lawn maintenance vehicles, as well as on-road vehicles such as those used to plow snow, spread salt, or vehicles with towing capability. Additionally, work vehicles include agricultural vehicles, such as a tractor or a self-propelled combine-harvester, which include a prime mover that generates power to perform work. In the case of a tractor, for instance, the prime mover is often a diesel engine that generates power from a supply of diesel fuel. The diesel engine drives a transmission which moves wheels or treads to propel the tractor across a field. Tractors often include a power takeoff (PTO) which includes a shaft coupled to the transmission and driven by the engine to provide mechanical power to a work implement being pulled or pushed through a field by the tractor.
The PTO that extends from the tractor to the implement is directly coupled to the implement to drive an operation being performed by the implement. In different embodiments, the implements include a spreader, a rotary mower, a rotary tiller, and other types of implements. The implement receives rotary power from the PTO to drive the operation of the particular implement to which the tractor is connected.
Work vehicles are made to incorporate different types of transmissions based on cost as well as intended applications of the work vehicle. Transmissions includes both manual transmission and automatic transmissions. Automatic transmissions includes what is known as a "conventional" transmission, that shifts between discrete individual gears, and a continuously variable transmission (CVT) that changes gears through a continuous range of gear ratios. A subset of a CVT is known as an infinitely variable transmission (IVT). In CVTs and particularly IVTs, the transmission can include a motor used to control the speed of the transmission. The motor, due to the work it performs can become excessively hot during operation and requires a cooling system. Known cooling systems, however, can be insufficient to provide proper cooling. What is needed therefore is an apparatus configured to provide sufficient cooling during operation of the transmission.


The disclosure provides a prebaking device and a prebaking system for display substrate. The prebaking device includes a top plate, a bottom plate, a first side plate, a second side plate, a third side plate defined opposite to the first side plate and a fourth side plate defined opposite to the second side plate, the top plate, the bottom plate, the first side plate, the second side plate, the third side plate and the fourth side plate form a chamber cooperatively, the first side plate is defined with a window, the second side plate is defined with an air inlet hole to connect an air supply pipe of a hot air system, the fourth side plate is defined with an air exhaust hole to connect an exhaust system, the inner surface of the top plate is defined with an anti-adhere film.

In the manufacturing process of display substrate, prebaking is required after a photoresist process to evaporate the solvent inside the photoresist, which is beneficial to the subsequent exposure and development processes. In addition, with the development of liquid crystal display panel to high resolution, the pigment used in the photoresist is granulated to improve color saturation, because only the pigment particles being thinned may ensure higher filtration, contrast, and chroma, etc. Therefore, when dispersing the pigment particles, it is common to add various blending agents and photochemical agents to ensure dispersion of the pigment particles, while, this causes more solvent vapor in the prebaking stage at the same time. If this solvent vapor cannot be exhausted well, the yield and quality of the product will be badly affected.

Prebaking device and prebaking system for display substrate


The problem with duty-cycle correction circuits used by conventional frequency doublers is that they typically analog solutions, such as variable delay lines with long chains of inverters or buffers, that directly adjust the reference signal used by a phase-locked loop (PLL). These solutions can considerably increase the noise (e.g., thermal noise and supply noise) of the reference signal, as well as the overall power consumption and cost of the PLL. Rather than directly correct the duty-cycle of the reference signal, the present disclosure is directed to an apparatus and method for measuring the period error between adjacent cycles of a frequency doubled reference signal in terms of cycles of the output signal generated by the PLL (or some other higher frequency signal) and adjusting the division factor of the PLL frequency divider to compensate for the measured period error.

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is used to establish and maintain a phase relationship between a generated output signal and an input reference signal. To provide such functionality, a PLL includes a variable frequency oscillator to generate the output signal and a phase detector to compare the phase of the output signal to the phase of the reference signal. Based on the comparison, the PLL adjusts the variable frequency oscillator to establish and maintain the phase relationship between the output signal and the reference signal. Once the phase relationship between the two signals becomes substantially constant in time (a result of which is that the input reference signal and the output signal frequencies are equal), the PLL is said to be "in lock."
Often, rather than comparing the phase of the output signal directly to the phase of the reference signal, a frequency divider is used to first reduce the frequency of the output signal by a division factor to generate a comparison signal. The phase detector then compares the phase of the comparison signal to the phase of the reference signal and any adjustment needed to the variable frequency oscillator is made based on this comparison. The use of a frequency divider results in the frequency of the output signal being generated with a frequency that is multiple times greater than the frequency of the reference signal by an amount equal to the division factor.
A PLL has several figures of merit that are used to characterize its performance. Often, one of the more important PLL figures of merit is output phase noise. All ideal PLL generates an output signal with a single tone at a desired frequency. For such an ideal PLL, the spectrum of the output signal assumes the shape of an impulse. In practice, phase noise is seen in the spectrum of the output signal as random fluctuations or "skirting" around the impulse. For many applications, phase noise in the output signal can have a negative impact on performance.
In communication systems that use a PLL output signal to down-convert a signal, this phase noise can corrupt the resulting frequency translated signal. For example, in a received signal, a desired channel centered at a frequency ω0 can be spaced very close to a strong undesired channel centered at a frequency ω0−ΔΩ. To down-convert the desired channel to baseband, the PLL can be configured to provide an output signal with a frequency equal to the center frequency ω0 of the desired channel, and the two signals can be mixed.
In the ideal ease, the PLL output signal consists of a single tone, with no phase noise, at the frequency ω0, and only the desired channel is down-converted to baseband. In practice, the PLL output signal includes phase noise around the single tone at ω0. This phase noise further mixes with the received signal and, if the bandwidth of the phase noise is larger than the distance separating the two channels (i.e., larger than Δω), the strong undesired channel will be down-converted to baseband where it will interfere with the desired channel and reduce the sensitivity of the communication system.
One way in which the phase noise of a can be reduced is by increasing the frequency of the reference signal. A higher frequency reference signal allows for a smaller division factor to be used by the frequency divider, As described above, the division factor has the effect of multiplying the frequency of the reference signal to produce the output signal at a higher frequency. In the process, the phase noise of the reference signal is also multiplied. Thus, even though the reference signal is typically generated by a crystal oscillator with low phase noise, high-levels of noise multiplication due to a large division factor can still cause the reference signal phase noise to degrade the phase noise of the output signal.
Increasing the frequency of the reference signal allows for a decrease in the division factor and a corresponding decrease in phase noise from the reference signal in the output signal. At the same time, a higher frequency reference signal enables a higher loop bandwidth, which can reduce phase noise contributions from the variable frequency oscillator of the PLL in the output signal. A higher frequency reference signal can also provide for a lower quantization noise from the PLL divider (e.g., from a PLL divider implemented using a sigma-delta modulator).
To achieve a higher frequency reference signal, a crystal oscillator that produces a reference signal at a higher frequency can be used, but such a solution is typically costly. Another approach is to use a frequency doubler to increase the frequency of the reference signal by a factor of two. Conventional methods of doubling the frequency of the reference signal rely on duty-cycle correction circuits to first correct the duty-cycle of the reference signal provided by a crystal oscillator to be 50%. The duty-cycle of a signal is the percentage of a cycle of the signal in which the signal is "active" or high. The problem with duty-cycle correction circuits is that they are typically analog solutions, such as variable delay lines with long chains of inverters or buffers, that directly adjust the reference signal. These solutions can considerably increase the noise (e.g., thermal noise and supply noise) of the reference signal, as well as the overall power consumption and cost of the PLL.
In general, a crystal oscillator provides a reference signal at a stable frequency and with low levels of phase noise but often with a duty cycle that is not 50%. The duty-cycle correction circuits are used because, without a 50% duty-cycle reference signal, a frequency doubler will typically produce a frequency doubled version of the reference signal with a constant duty-cycle variation and period variation between adjacent cycles. As a result of these variations, edges (either rising or falling) of the frequency doubled reference signal that are used as reference points by a PLL phase detector to measure phase error in the PLL output signal will deviate from their ideal positions and cause a periodic inaccuracy in the measured phase error.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example frequency doubler 100 that can be used to double the frequency of a reference signal. As shown in FIG. 1, frequency doubler 100 includes a delay element 102 and an exclusive-OR gate 104. Delay element 102 is configured to delay a reference signal 106 with a stable frequency and low phase noise to produce a delayed reference signal 108. Exclusive-OR gate 104 is then configured to exclusive-OR the reference signal 106 and the delayed reference signal 108 to produce a reference signal 110 with double the frequency of reference signal 106.
A waveform diagram 112 is further provided in FIG. 1 to illustrate the operation of frequency doubler 100 when reference signal 106 does not have a 50% duty-cycle (i.e., TH/TH+TL)≠0.5). As can be seen from waveform diagram 112, when reference signal 106 does not have a 50% duty-cycle, frequency doubler 100 produces frequency doubled reference signal 110 with a constant duty-cycle variation and period variation between adjacent cycles. More specifically, between adjacent cycles 1 and 2 in frequency doubled reference signal 110, there is an apparent duty-cycle variation and period variation. This same duty-cycle variation and period variation also occurs between all other subsequent adjacent cycles, including cycles 3 and 4 and cycles 5 and 6 shown in waveform diagram 112.
The present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawing in which an element first appears is typically indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the corresponding reference number.

Frequency multiplier for a phase-locked loop


An apparatus for applying fluid matter to eyelashes includes a member having an applicator surface for receiving fluid matter and transferring fluid matter onto an eyelash, a vessel structurally connected to the member for containing the fluid matter, a passageway extending from the vessel to the applicator surface, and a pump for pumping fluid matter from the vessel through the passageway to the applicator surface. The vessel is preferably contained within the member, and more specifically within a void within the member and the vessel is preferably a cartridge which can be removed from the void and replaced. The pump is preferably contained within the vessel. The vessel wall is preferably cylindrical, having two open ends, and having end walls which conform to and slidably fit within the vessel wall open ends, such that the end walls advance toward each other as fluid is pumped out of the middle of the vessel. A second member is preferably provided, also having an applicator surface, the second member being attached to the first member in a hinged relationship so that the applicator surfaces meet when the members are pivoted together. The applicator surfaces are preferably curved to conform to the curvature of a human eyelid and also curved to bend eyelashes gripped between the applicator surfaces into a curve. A bristled pad member is also provided, for removable attachment to an applicator surface. Each member preferably comprises a handle portion for holding and operating the apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of devices for curling eyelashes, and more specifically to a combined eyelash curler and mascara applicator including a pair of elongate arm members having first and second ends, the first end of one arm member being pivotally joined to the first end of the other arm member, the second ends being resiliently spaced apart and each second end being fitted with a mascara brush, the mascara brushes having mating curved surfaces for gripping and curling an eyelash, one arm member containing a mascara delivery passageway and a replaceable mascara cartridge having a dispensing pump and a pump button directed toward the other arm member, such that pivoting the two arm members together depresses the pump button and dispenses a measured amount of mascara through the passageway onto the brushes and eyelash.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There have long been devices for curling and applying mascara to eyelashes. Holland, U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,701, issued on together at one end to form a V-shape. A mascara brush is attached to the other end of each handle member such that squeezing the members closes the brushes together. The brushes are each curved to fit easily upon the surfaces of the eyelashes and can simultaneously apply mascara and curl an eyelash gripped between them. A matching storage case containing mascara is provided. A problem with Holland is that one must dip the brushes into the case to re-coat them with mascara. The mascara in the case can spill, harden in the case or become contaminated with bacteria. Another problem is that the amount of mascara which happens to cling to the brushes when they are dipped into the case is not necessarily the proper quantity for an application. Finally, the case cannot be conveniently refilled with mascara.
Marcellus, U.S. Pat. No. 2,635,611, issued on Apr. 21, 1953, discloses an eyelash curler and mascara applicator. The Marcellus device teaches a pair of hinged linkages which operate jaws made up of a sliding plate which abuts edge to edge with a fixed plate. A brush laden with mascara is mounted so that its bristles extend essentially perpendicular to the plates near their abutting edges. An eyelash is inserted between the plates, the brush deposits mascara and the plates are closed together onto the eyelash. Then the eyelash is pulled through the plates, spreading the mascara and curling the eyelash. A problem with Marcellus is, once again, that the brush must periodically be dipped in mascara. This is inconvenient and requires that a separate mascara container be available. In addition, the amount of mascara which happens to stick to the brush is random rather than measured. Moreover, since the mascara is not stored in a vacuum sealed container, it can become infected with bacteria. Finally, Marcellus has numerous separate parts, making it complicated, costly, and susceptible to failure.
Hutton, U.S. Pat. No. 3,016,059, issued on Jan. 9, 1962, discloses a linkage apparatus similar to that of Marcellus for simultaneously curling and treating eyelashes. Pivoting linkage members operate jaws made up of two pads, shaped to follow the curvature of the eyelid. The pads are covered with mascara and have abutting faces which bend eyelashes gripped between them upward to effect a curl. Hutton shares the problems presented by Marcellus.
An earlier version of Marcellus, U.S. Pat. No. 2,444,937, issued on Jul. 13, 1948, reveals essentially the same eyelash curler and mascara applicator as the above, later version. The brush of this earlier version rests against the length of a lower jaw, which is a resilient rubber tube. The problems presented are the same as those of the later Marcellus device.
Ehmann, U.S. Pat. No. 1,795,482, issued on Mar. 10, 1931, teaches an eyelash and eyebrow coloring device. Tongs are pivotally secured together, presenting finger loops at one end and eyelash gripping jaws at the other end. These jaws are soft rubber tubes, curved to conform to the curvature of the eyelid, onto which eyelash coloring matter is placed. Ehmann shares all of the problems identified above, in addition to the fact that it is not designed for curling the eyelashes, which must be done separately.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a combination eyelash coloring and curling apparatus integrally including a container of fluid matter for coloring.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such an apparatus which dispenses fluid matter automatically onto opposing brushes when the brushes are closed together around an eyelash.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide such an apparatus which dispenses the fluid matter in optimal measured amounts.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide such an apparatus which stores the fluid matter in a replaceable vessel which is air-tight to prevent bacteria from growing in the matter.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide such an apparatus having replaceable fluid matter application pads with bristles.
It is finally an object of the present invention to provide such an apparatus which is simple and reliable in design and inexpensive to manufacture.

Automatic mascara dispensing eyelash curler


A spindle-drive motor, especially for driving a hard drive, with a stator, a rotor, an axle between them having at least one bearing, and a drive, where the rotor or stator is provided with a bushing which accommodates at least one bearing. The bushing and bearing together form a sealing gap which seals the rotor and the stator with respect to each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a spindle-drive motor with a supporting bushing, and more particularly to such a motor where the bushing and a bearing form a sealing gap which seals the rotor and stator with respect to each other.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Spindle-drive motors of the type of the present invention have become known which have a winding stack consisting of a laminated core and windings arranged in a stator, and a rotor which is rotatably mounted on an axle by means of bearings spaced a distance apart. Such spindle-drive motors consist in a traditional manner of a stator which is fixedly attached to the axle, with the bearings being mounted on the axle and in turn connected to the rotatable rotor.


A system and method for observing patients in geographically dispersed health care locations. A portable monitoring station is associated with a patient assigned to a health care location. The portable monitoring station comprises monitoring equipment that monitors physiological measures of the patient. A remote command center receives the monitored data elements, accesses patient data elements indicative of a medical condition associated with the patient, and applies a patient-specific rule to selected data elements to determine whether the patient-specific rule has been contravened. The monitored equipment may further comprise video and audio equipment that captures patient video data and patient audio data and provides these data to the central command center.

While the severity of illness of ICU patients over the past 15 years has increased dramatically, the level of and type of physician coverage in most ICUs has remained constant. Most ICU patients receive brief minutes of attention during morning rounds from physicians with limited critical care experience. During the remainder of the day and night, nurses are the primary caregivers, with specialists called only after patient conditions have started to deteriorate. The result of this mismatch between severity of illness and physician coverage is an unacceptably high ICU mortality rate (10% nationwide), and a high prevalence of avoidable errors that result in clinical complications. In 1998, an Institute of Medicine Roundtable determined that avoidable patient complications were the single largest problem in medical care delivery. In another prominent 1998 study of 1000 patients, 46% experienced an avoidable adverse event in care, with 40% of these errors resulting in serious disability or death.
The physicians who can remedy this situation are in critically short supply. Numerous studies have shown that Intensivists (physicians who have trained and board certified in Critical Care Medicine) can markedly improve patient outcomes. However, only one-third of all ICU patients ever has an Intensivist involved in their care, and the number of Intensivists would need to increase tenfold (nationally) to provide 24-hour coverage to all ICU patients. With the rapid aging of the population, this shortfall of expertise is going to increase dramatically.
Even where Intensivists are present (and especially where they are not), patients suffer from unnecessary variation in practice. There is little incentive for physicians to develop and conform to evidence-based best practices (it takes significant work and a change in behavior to develop and implement them). This variation contributes to sub-optimal outcomes, in both the quality and cost of care delivered to ICU patients.
What is needed is a redesigning of the critical care regimen offered to patients in an ICU. Rather than the consultative model where a periodic visit takes place and the doctor then goes away, a more active 24-hour intensivist managed care is required. Further, technology that leverages the intensivists' expertise and standardizes the care afforded to patients in an ICU is required. Further, continuous feedback to improve the practice of intensivists in an ICU is necessary to provide the intervention required to minimize adverse events. This invention seeks to provide new methods for managing and delivering care to the critically ill.
Attempts to automate various aspects of patient care have been the subject of various inventions. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,669 to Iliff was issued for "Medical Diagnostic and Treatment Advice System." The disclosed invention is for a system and method for providing knowledge based medical diagnostic and treatment advice to the general public over a telephone network.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,823,948 to Ross, Jr. et al was issued for "Medical Records Documentation, Tracking and Order Entry System". The disclosed invention is for a system and method that computerizes medical records, documentation, tracking and order entries. A teleconferencing system is employed to allow patient and medical personnel to communicate with each other. A video system can be employed to videotape a patient's consent.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,878,175 to Norden-Paul et al. was issued for "Method for Generating Patient-Specific Flowsheets By Adding/Deleting Parameters." The disclosed invention is for an automated clinical records system for automated entry of bedside equipment results, such as an EKG monitor, respirator, etc. The system allows for information to be entered at the bedside using a terminal having input means and a video display.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,544,649 to David et al. was issued for "Ambulatory Patient Health Monitoring Techniques Utilizing Interactive Visual Communications." The disclosed invention is for an interactive visual system, which allows monitoring of patients at remote sites, such as the patient's home. Electronic equipment and sensors are used at the remote site to obtain data from the patient, which is sent to the monitoring site. The monitoring site can display and save the video, audio and patient's data.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,821 to Ballantyne et al. was issued for "Method and Apparatus for Electronically Accessing and Distributing Personal Health Care Information and Services in Hospitals and Homes." The disclosed invention is for an automated system and method for distribution and administration of medical services, entertainment services, and electronic health records for health care facilities.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,832,450 to Myers et al. issued for "Electronic Medical Record Using Text Database." The disclosed invention is for an electronic medical record system, which stores data about patient encounters arising from a content generator in freeform text.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,812,983 to Kumagai was issued for "Computer Medical File and Chart System." The disclosed invention is for a system and method which integrates and displays medical data in which a computer program links a flow sheet of a medical record to medical charts.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,387 to Lamb et al. was issued for "Method and Apparatus for Coordinating Medical Procedures." The disclosed invention is for a method and apparatus that coordinates two or more medical teams to evaluate and treat a patient at the same time without repeating the same steps.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,725 to Suto et al. issued for "Data Processing System which Suggests a Pattern of Medical Tests to Reduce the Number of Tests Necessary to Confirm or Deny a Diagnosis." The disclosed invention is for a data processing system that uses decision trees for diagnosing a patient's symptoms to confirm or deny the patient's ailment.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,187 to Sorensen issued for "Computer Aided Medical Diagnostic Method and Apparatus." The disclosed invention is for an interactive diagnostic system which relies on color codes which signify the presence or absence of the possibility of a disease based on the symptoms a physician provides the system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,553,609 to Chen et al. issued for "Intelligent Remote Visual Monitoring System for Home Health Care Service." The disclosed invention is for a computer-based remote visual monitoring system, which provides in-home patient health care from a remote location via ordinary telephone lines.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,842,978 to Levy was issued for "Supplemental Audio Visual Emergency Reviewing Apparatus and Method." The disclosed invention is for a system which videotapes a patient and superimposes the patient's vital statistics onto the videotape.
While these inventions provide useful records management and diagnostic tools, none of them provides a comprehensive method for monitoring and providing real time critical care at disparate ICUs. In short, they are NOT designed for critical care. Further, none of these inventions provide for the care of a full time intensivist backed by appropriate database and decision support assistance in the intensive care environment. What would be useful is a system and method for providing care for the critically ill that maximizes the presence of an intensivist trained in the care of the critically ill. Further such a system would standardize the care in ICUs at a high level and reduce the mortality rate of patients being cared for in ICUs.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

System and method for observing patients in geographically dispersed health care locations


The present invention relates to an electroluminescent (EL) element comprising at least a substrate, an electrode formed on the substrate and an electric light emitting layer and to a display using this element as pixel unit. The object of the present invention is to provide a display without property deterioration due to heating of the EL layer or remaining of the solvent, and is practical though the thickness of the film is uneven. A display comprising the electroluminescent element, wherein the light emitting region is changed by the applied voltage, as a pixel unit wherein the display is driven by a digital gradation driving method in which a low voltage value at which the pixel dose not emit light is a non-selected state, and a high voltage value at which the light emitting region within the pixel is saturated is a selected state. By using the present invention, though the film thickness is not even, a practical display with excellent gradation control property can be provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information display. Particularly, the present invention relates to a self light emitting display, further, to an electroluminescence (EL) display. Moreover, the present invention relates to an electronic device using the above mentioned display as its display.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, flat displays are used in many fields and places, and the importance is growing with the progressing of computerization. Nowadays, the typical examples of flat displays are liquid crystal displays (LCD), however, as flat displays based on a different display mode from that of LCD, organic EL, inorganic EL, plasma display panels (PDP), light emitting diode displays (LED), vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD), field emission displays (FED), and the like are being actively developed. These new flat displays are all called a display of self light emitting type, and are significantly different from LCD in the following points and have excellent features not observed in LCD.
LCD is called a light receiving type in which a liquid crystal itself does not emit light and acts as so-called shutter allowing permeation and shutoff of outer light, constituting a display. Therefore, it needs a light source, and in general, a back light is necessary. In contrast, that of light emitting type does not require a separate light source since the apparatus itself emits light. In those of light receiving type such a LCD, a back light is constantly on, irrespective of the form of displaying information, and electric power approximately the same as that under the entire display condition is consumed. In contrast, that of self light emitting type has a theoretical merit that consumption of electric power is smaller as compared with a display of a light receiving type since only portions required to be on depending on display information consume electric power.
Likewise, in LCD, since dark condition is obtained by shading light of a back light source, it is difficult to inhibit light leakage completely, even in small quantity, while in a display of self light emitting type, no light emitting condition is directly dark condition, therefore, theoretical dark condition can be obtained easily, and a display of self light emitting type is overwhelmingly excels also in terms of the contrast.
Since LCD utilizes polarization control by double refraction of liquid crystal, there is so-called strong visibility angle dependency, which display condition varies significantly depending on observing direction, while in the case of a display of self light emitting type, this problem scarcely happens.
Further, since LCD utilizes alignment change derived from the dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystal which is an organic elastic substance, the response time against electric signals is theoretically 1 ms or more. In contrast, in the above-mentioned technologies being developed, so-called carrier transition such as electron/hole, electron discharge, plasma discharge and the like are utilized. Consequently, the response time is in "ns" order, and incomparably faster than that of liquid crystal, causing no problem of remaining of animation derived from slowness of the response of LCD.
Among them, study of organic EL is particularly active. Organic EL is also referred to as OEL (Organic EL) or organic light emitting diode (OLED: Organic Light Emitting Diode).
An OEL element and OLED element have a structure in which a layer (EL layer) containing an organic compound is sandwiched in between a pair of electrodes of an anode and a cathode, and a lamination structure of "anode electrode/hole injection layer/light emitting layer/cathode electrode" such as of Tang etc. is a basic structure (see Japanese Patent No. 1526026).
While a low molecular weight material such as Tangs etc. is used, Nakano et al. use a high molecular weight material (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 3-273087).
Further, improvement in efficiency using a hole injection layer or electron injection layer, or control of light emitting color by doping a fluorescent dye and the like to a light emitting layer, are also conducted.
As the method for manufacturing a display using organic EL, formation of a light emitting layer by discharging a light emitting material using an ink jet discharging apparatus is known, and some methods are conventionally suggested (for example, see JP-A No. 2002-164181, International Publication No. 00/59267 pamphlet, JP-A No. 2001-85161 and JP-A No. 2001-341296).
In conventional methods, as described below, an electrode disconnection at a partition corner part which retains light emitting material ink in the form of solution and unevenness of the EL layer thickness due to a meniscus phenomenon are major problems. In JP-A No. 2002-164181, by smoothing the form of a partition as shown in FIG. 4, a problem of disconnection at a partition corner part can be solved. However, a problem of uneven thickness of an EL layer due to a meniscus phenomenon is not solved.
The problem of uneven thickness due to a meniscus phenomenon occurs not only in an EL light emitting layer but also in other functional layers, for example, a hole injection layer, hole transportation layer, electron injection layer and electron transportation layer when formed from a solution.
In manufacturing method for organic EL display by ink jet method, a method of evaporation drying a solvent forcibly, when the light emitting layer in the form of ink solvent is formed into a film, is already reported as a conventional method for solving the problem.
For example, in the International Publication No. 00/59267 pamphlet, a light emitting material which has been made into ink using a solvent having high boiling point is fed and distributed on a substrate, then, the substrate is heat treated. This procedure is performed to obtain an effect of drying a substrate by heating, even after formation of a light emitting layer on the entire surface of a substrate, by using a solvent of high boiling point to slow the evaporation speed of the solvent and to elongate air drying time. However, removing of a solvent of high boiling point completely cannot avoid a problem that heating treatment at higher temperature is necessary, leading to deterioration of a light emitting material. Though deterioration is not observed in the initial light emitting property, this problem exerts a large influence particularly on shortening of light emitting life. If heating treatment is not conducted at sufficient high temperature, a problem of heat deterioration of a light emitting layer will not occur, however, its leads to significant deterioration of the reliability of a light emitting layer due to the remaining of a solvent in a light emitting layer formed as a film.
In the JP-A No. 2001-85161, heating treatment is conducted at higher temperature than the softening point of a material of a light emitting layer, and there is a problem of deterioration as described above.
The method for manufacturing an organic EL display by an ink jet method will be described. As shown in FIG. 5, an EL material ink in the form of solution is precisely discharged to predetermined openings on a substrate by a finely processed nozzle.
Usually, when a light emitting layer is formed by an ink jet method, a light emitting material ink is discharged per one pixel in a dot, as shown in FIG. 6. Partitions are formed according to this. FIGS. 3 and 4 show cross sectional view of an arrow AB or an arrow CD of FIG. 6.
When light emitting layers of the same light emitting color are formed for plural adjacent pixels, such as a data line of passive matrix display, or even for an active matrix display when pixels are arranged in stripes, light emitting layers of the same color can be formed on the data line as well. In such a case, partition openings can also be formed in lines as shown in FIG. 7. In this case, in addition to the ink jet method, formation of a light emitting layer by so-called dispenser method is also possible.
In FIG. 5, the surface of the substrate is drawn as a flat surface. However, actually as shown in FIG. 3, there are partitions having a height of about 5 μm is formed on a substrate to retain the discharged ink. When the solution is discharged to inside of such fine partitions, formation of so-called meniscus surface condition, by the surface tension of liquid, cannot be avoided. When an EL material ink is dried by evaporation of a solvent under this meniscus surface condition, the meniscus surface condition as ink state is reflected as it is, and the thickness of an EL layer becomes uneven as shown in FIG. 3.
When an EL material ink is dried by evaporation of a solvent under this meniscus surface condition, the meniscus surface condition as ink state is reflected as it is, and the thickness of an EL layer becomes uneven as shown in FIG. 3. Conventionally, with such an EL layer having uneven thickness, even light emitting condition within a pixel could not be obtained. Particularly, there was a problem that gradation displaying control, which is a half tone, is difficult.
Otherwise, a problem of disconnection of facing electrodes is also important. Usually, since a facing electrode is formed by vapor depositing a metal thin film, thickness from 100 nm to at most 500 nm is a limitation for stable formation. When thicker than this, a risk of peeling increases due to the tension of a metal itself since it is no longer a thin film. With thickness in this range, when a partition has a height of 5 μm or more, disconnection tends to occur at a corner part of a partition 200, as shown in FIG. 3, and a lot of defective pixels occur in which electric field is not applied to an EL layer.
In the above, a case where an EL layer is formed by an ink jet method is mainly explained. That is because the problem of uneven thickness is most likely to occur remarkably when ink jet method is used. However, in cases where an EL layer is formed by other methods, it is not easy to completely solve the problem of uneven thickness within a pixel. For example, in casting method, layer-by-layer self-assembling method, spin coating method, dipping method, and the like, the problem of uneven thickness as same as an ink jet method will likely to occur since they are wet processes. Further, in vapor deposition method, cases where partitions as the above are used in order to keep a mask and a substrate surface from being in contact. And in that case, the thickness may become uneven near the partitions, leading to the same problem in such a case.


Hybrid repeaters are described that are capable of transmitting data in accordance with different versions of a serial data protocol are described. The appropriate circuitry to be used to transmit incoming serial data is determined by monitoring sideband communication (e.g., a link training handshake) between the transmitter and the receiver.

Transmission protocols used to transmit serial data between connected devices are constantly in the process of being revised with new and improved versions being deployed every few years. Examples of such protocols include the DisplayPort standard, the High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) standard, the Serial ATA standard, the Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI-E) standard, and the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard. While the continued evolution of these and other protocols is generally desirable, it is important to provide support for legacy devices during the remainder of their useful lives.

Hybrid repeater for supporting backward compatibility


The invention provides a photosensitive member cartridge, that has, for example, a case including a bottom wall, an upper wall, and side walls. A photosensitive drum and a transfer roller are rotatably disposed in a space surrounded by the bottom wall, the upper wall, and the side walls. The bottom wall extends below the transfer roller. A developer cartridge, having a developing roller, is set on the extending portion of the bottom wall.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a photosensitive member cartridge and a process cartridge for use in an electrostatographic image forming apparatus.
2. Description of Related Art
Some electrostatographic image forming apparatus in which a visible image is obtained by supplying toner to an electrostatic latent image formed on a photosensitive drum, are disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 8-54786 and 9-319285, which correspond to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,845,176 and 5,805,959, respectively.
The former publication discloses such structures that a photosensitive member cartridge including a photosensitive drum, and a developer cartridge including a developing roller, are separately set in a housing.
The latter publication discloses such structures that a photosensitive member cartridge and a developer cartridge are movably connected at one portion by a pin, so that a photosensitive member and a developing roller press against each other.
Generally, the surface of the photosensitive drum is coated with a light-sensitive material. To prevent the surface of the photosensitive drum from being scratched or contaminated, some measures need to be taken. Otherwise, when a portion of the photosensitive surface is scratched or contaminated with, for example, dust, such as would be caused by touching the surface of the photosensitive drum by hand, the photosensitive characteristics of the photosensitive surface are changed. Consequently, the image quality is adversely affected.
Accordingly, a well-known structure, in which the photosensitive drum is covered with a shutter, is employed for apparatus, such as those disclosed in the above-described publications.
However, the shutter needs to be constructed so as to open when the photosensitive member cartridge is set in a body (housing), and so as to close when the photosensitive member cartridge is removed from the body (housing). This makes the structure of the photosensitive member cartridge complicated. In addition, the possibility arises that a user may accidentally open the shutter and touch the surface of the photosensitive member cartridge.
Further, when the photosensitive member cartridge is placed on a table, the shutter may accidentally open, so that the photosensitive drum may be exposed.


A unique illuminated, flexible, portable reading material support apparatus permits the user to read more easily in certain situations, such as while sitting or lying in bed, due to the use of a special base, a goose-neck flexible support, and a swivel attachment means connecting the goose neck flexible support to a specially contoured reading support platform. The reading material support platform is comprised of a linear deep recess for receiving the binding (back) of a book or other reading material, top and bottom ledges, and left and right reading material page supports that vary in depth from that of the deep linear recess from whence they originate, to zero depth at the extreme left and right edges, respectively. This topography is designed to match the "natural" contours of opened reading material positioned upon the reading material support platform. In addition, two elastic bands placed about the reading material support platform function to hold pages of reading material flush against the reading material support platform, thereby permitting easier notating and highlighting of reading material. A reading lamp is attached to the top ledge, and is adjustable to permit optimal lighting. The special base is a light weight flat material in a generally rectangular shape, or is a clip or clamp to facilitate attachment to various surfaces.

Supports for reading and other materials are well known. One of the most common types of supports is that for musical scores, as is seen in symphonies and music recitals being used by musicians. These supports include a floor stand with an adjustable, tiltable, flat music support with a bottom ledge to prevent the musical scores from slipping down. These supports also include fixed ledge and tilted, fixed-angle back supports as are found, for example, in pianos and organs. Another common support is the lectern or podium that lecturers and teachers use to hold, in a fixed orientation, their notes and other materials used in presentations.
The above supports are designed for specific, relatively limited applications. However, a variety of other kinds of supports for reading and other materials have been disclosed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,790,770 to Stern discloses an illuminated reading material support designed to facilitate reading while seated or lying in bed. One embodiment features a cantilevered arrangement whereby legs with wheels may roll under a bed or chair, for example, and the orientation of the lighted book-holding support platform may be varied both by a rigid adjustable arm and an adjustable vertical support pole. Further, the positions of two sets of tubular lights, located on opposite sides of the material support platform, may be varied according to need. In another embodiment, the reading material support is a flat sheet of clear material that, along with the two sets of adjustable tubular lights, is attached by an adjustable rigid support to the head board of a bed. The user then places the reading material face down onto the clear reading material support, which permits the user to read from below, for example, while lying on his back.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,823,312 to Weinstein discloses an illuminated reading material support that features hinged leaves for supporting the pages and the cover of a book, bands to secure the back and front covers of a book, and a switch that turns the light on when the hinged leaves are opened. A spine comprises a holder for batteries, as well as attachment points for the hinges of the hinged leaves and for a support arm for the light. The position of the light is adjusted at a hinge in the support arm.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,021,013 to Wiersma discloses an illuminated book holding device comprising a support surface with a ledge and a means for attachment to the headboard of a bed. The ledge, against which the bottom of a book may rest, is attached to a lower edge of the support surface. Two mounting/support rods, which attach the support surface to a headboard, are swivelled to permit positioning of the support surface to the benefit of the user.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,759 to Hauville discloses an illuminated, hanging book support that maintains a book in a suspended position. Back, side and bottom members support a book placed in the book support. The bottom member is metallic, and two magnets may be attached thereto to hold the book's pages in place for easier reading. A lamp shade is featured, as is an adjustable (up/down) suspension member.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,162,055 to Summers discloses a copyholding device that comprises a flat rectangular base, an upright pivotable support column, and a support platform for written material. The support platform has a lower ledge to support written material, and a magnet for securing written material to the platform and/or for holding written material flat against the platform. Interchangeable pivotable support columns may be used.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,465,255 to Hill discloses a book holder for use in bed. A planar base can be inserted between a mattress and box springs to anchor the lower ends of the pivotable support arms that attach to the base. A transparent platform is flexibly attached to the upper ends of the support arms. A clip/clamp holds a book or magazine in place, face down, so that it may be read by an individual lying in bed. A lighting fixture may be attached to the platform.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,124 to Hellenbrand, et al. discloses an illuminated book support for removable attachment to a hospital bed frame. A series of pivotable and slidable articulations, held in position by wing nut and bolt assemblies, permit adjustment for optimal reading position. The position of the lamp is also adjustable.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,907,777 to Stewart discloses an illuminated book support for reading while reclined. A pivotably mounted support assembly includes two ledges to support the bottom and one side of an open book. Pegs fit in holes in the ledges to hold the book and the book pages in place. A lamp is mounted in an open box base.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,714 to Stewart discloses a book support for attachment to a pole lamp. Adjustable ledges permit optimal positioning of a book or other reading material. Pegs may be placed in holes in the ledges to hold the book and its pages in proper position. A fan-shaped shade is attached to an adjustable arm to shade the reader's eyes from the light from the pole lamp.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,680 to Rivera discloses an illuminated, adjustable book holder. A cage-like structure holds a book, and a horizontal pair of rods secures the book and its pages in position for reading. The position of a light is fully adjustable upon a flexible goose-neck that forms a generally vertical support for the light.
U.S. design Pat. No. 296,629 to Tong discloses a design for an illuminated, foldable, easel-like book support. The support arm for the lamp is hinged at two joints. Slidable supports for the back of the book are featured at the top portion of the book support. A ledge at the bottom includes pegs for securing the front and the back of a book positioned on the ledge.
U.S. design Pat. No. 362,130 to Alba discloses a design for an illuminated, adjustable book support that also has a support for an adjustable snack tray. The vertical support column for the snack tray and book support is slidably extendable.
The above patented material supports all appear to function well within their mechanical limits. However, these supports do not disclose a means for facile movement of the support surface for the book, magazine, or other reading material. In addition, the above supports do not disclose a material support with a topography that closely matches the natural contours of a book or magazine thereon; without this type of support, mechanical strain on the reading material can lead to a shortened practical life.
Thus, an improvement over previous reading material supports would include a totally facile positioning means for the reading material support surface, implemented by incorporating such a mechanical means in a generally vertical support column. Another improvement over previous reading material supports would include a reading material support surface with more "natural" contours in the topography such that the support surface more closely matches the natural shape of the reading material, thereby putting less strain on the reading material and simultaneously adding more practical life to the reading material. In addition, such a latter feature would carry an added benefit of permitting easier writing and notating upon the reading source pages (owing to the pages being flush against the support surface), this being important, for example, for a student highlighting more important passages for later review and study. Such a feature also would benefit the individual who was writing a letter, composing music, etc.


A cigarette packet substantially having the shape of a parallelepiped and containing a group of cigarettes includes an outer case formed by two larger lateral walls, respectively a front wall and a rear wall, and by two smaller lateral walls or sides, by a lower wall or base and by an upper wall or lid. An inner case is inserted in the outer case. The outer case includes a projection for controlling the lid, the projection being interposed between the front wall of the outer case and a front wall of the inner case and moveable between a first position in which the lid is closed and a second position in which the lid is open. A mechanism is provided for reciprocal engagement of the projection and the inner case for partially extracting the group of cigarettes from the outer case.

Known in the prior art is, for example, a hard packet with a hinge lid (or flip top) made from a flat paperboard blank which is preweakened and precreased. The packet consists of a container open at one end and a lid hinged to an end edge of the container.
The packet also has an inner element or frame extending from the open end of the container which it is fixed to at a front wall and two lateral walls and whose function is to connect the container to the lid.
Once the packet has been opened, however, it tends to be difficult to keep the lid in the correct position, despite the presence of opposing elements at the corners of the inner frame to hold it in place.
This drawback causes loss of cigarette humidity and flavour.


A power system includes an engine; a sensor to determine an engine speed; and a transmission. The transmission includes an input element configured to receive the power from the engine as input torque; an output element configured to provide at least a portion the power from the engine as output torque; and a clutch arrangement to transform the input torque into output torque. The clutch arrangement includes at least one clutch selectively positionable between a fully engaged state, a partially engaged state in which a portion of the input torque is transformed into the output torque, and a fully disengaged state. A controller is coupled to the at least one clutch and configured to generate clutch commands based at least in part on the engine speed to position the at least one clutch into the fully engaged state, the partially engaged state, or the fully disengaged state.

Heavy work vehicles, such as used in the construction, agriculture, and forestry industries, typically include a power system with an internal combustion engine in the form of a compression ignition engine (i.e., diesel engine) or a spark ignition engine (i.e., gasoline engine). Many of the work vehicles, such as a motor grader, have a direct drive transmission (or direct drive modes) in which the output of the engine is directly coupled to the wheels of the work vehicle. In such arrangements, it may be desirable to improve regulation of the torque through the drive train.

Work vehicle direct drive power system with torque control mode