The present invention provides an ultraviolet detecting device which comprises a silicon semiconductor layer having a thickness ranging from greater than or equal to 3 nm to less than or equal to 36 nm, which is formed over an insulating layer, lateral PN-junction type first and second photodiodes formed in the silicon semiconductor layer, an interlayer insulating film formed over the silicon semiconductor layer, a first filter layer made of silicon nitride, which is formed over the interlayer insulating film provided over the first photodiode and causes light lying in a wavelength range of an UV-B wave or higher to pass therethrough, and a second filter layer made of silicon nitride, which is formed over the interlayer insulating film provided over the second photodiode and allows light lying in a wavelength range of an UV-A wave or higher to pass therethrough.

The present invention relates to an ultraviolet detecting device using photodiodes that produces currents in light and its manufacturing method, and an ultraviolet quantity measuring apparatus.
In a conventional ultraviolet receiving or detecting device, photodiodes laterally disposed opposite to each other in such a manner that comb teeth portions of both an N+ diffusion layer in which an N-type impurity is diffused in a high concentration and which is shaped in the form of an "E"-shaped comb type, and a P+ diffusion layer in which a P-type impurity is diffused in a high concentration and which is shaped in the form of "π"-shaped comb type, are brought into engagement with each other, are formed in a silicon semiconductor layer with an N-type impurity diffused therein in a low concentration, of a semiconductor wafer of SOI (Silicon On Insulator) structure in which a silicon semiconductor layer of an about 150 nm-thick is formed on a silicon substrate with an embedded oxide film interposed therebetween. A predetermined voltage is applied to wirings electrically connected to the N+ diffusion layer and the P+ diffusion layer to detect the intensity of ultraviolet light (refer to, for example, a patent document 1 [Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 7(1995)-162024 (paragraph 0025 in 4th page—paragraph 0035 in 5th page, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3)]).
With an increase in the exposure dose of ultraviolet light or rays due to destruction of the ozone layer, there has been a growing concern about the influence of ultraviolet light or rays contained in the sunlight on a human body and environments.
In general, the ultraviolet light or rays mean light invisible in an ultraviolet region or range of 400 nm or less in wavelength. The ultraviolet rays are classified into long wave ultraviolet light (UV-A wave: about 320 nm to 400 nm in wavelength), medium wave ultraviolet light (UV-B wave: about 280 nm to 320 nm in wavelength) and short wave ultraviolet light (UV-C wave: about 280 nm or less in wavelength). Influences exerted on the human body and environments differ depending on their wavelength regions or ranges. The UV-A wave causes skin to darken and reaches the inner or true skin, thus resulting in aging. The UV-B wave causes skin irritation and is in danger of inducing skin cancer. The UV-C wave will produce strong bactericidal action. The UV-C wave is however absorbed into the ozone layer and does not reach the ground.
Promptly notifying a daily exposure dose of ultraviolet light presents an important challenge in terms of human-body protection. An UV index that gives an indication of the quantity of ultraviolet light has been introduced in 1995. A recommendation has been made to announce this value together with a weather forecast or the like through mass media.
Such an UV index can be calculated using the CIE action spectrum defined by CIE (Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage) as the relative degree of influence on the human body. The photo-detection characteristic of a UV-B wave strong in the degree of influence on the human body is multiplied by the action spectrum every wavelength. The so-resultant ones are integrated in a wavelength range of the UV-B wave, so that the corresponding UV index can be calculated.
Therefore, there has been growing expectations for development of such a sensor as to separate ultraviolet light or rays lying in two wavelength ranges of UV-A and UV-B waves and detect their intensities.
The prior art referred to above has however a problem in that although the total quantity of ultraviolet light lying in an ultraviolet region or range of 400 nm or less in wavelength can be detected, the two wavelength ranges cannot be detected in separated form.

Ultraviolet detecting device and manufacturing method thereof, and ultraviolet quantity measuring apparatus


In order to provide a redundancy mechanism in a packet switched provider network, which allows faster recovery from a failure, it is proposed that in case of a failure, a redundancy mechanism is initiated to reroute packet transmission through the provider network via an alternate path and an address withdrawal message is sent to network nodes along the failed path using data plane protocol. A network node receiving the address withdrawal message will flush MAC addresses it had learned before.

While transport networks traditionally rely on time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology, techniques have recently been developed which allow native transport of packet services such as Ethernet traffic. A technology, which allows Ethernet transport through a provider network is known as Provider Bridge Network (PBN), where Ethernet switching devices in a provider network are termed Provider Bridges.
Ethernet frames contain physical source and destination addresses termed MAC addresses, where MAC stands for Media Access Control, a protocol for controlling access at the data link layer 2 in the OSI model.
The basic Ethernet standard IEEE 802.1 defines MAC address learning, a service that characterizes a learning bridge, in which the source MAC address of a received packet and the interface at which that packet was received are stored so that future packets destined for that address can be forwarded only to the bridge interface on which that address is located. Packets destined for unrecognized addresses are forwarded out every other bridge interface different from the interface the packet has been received from. This scheme helps minimize traffic on the attached LANs.
Ethernet bridged networks may use VLAN tags added to the Ethernet frames to define different and isolated broadcast domains over the same physical infrastructure. This technique can be useful in transport network to isolate traffic from different customers. Since VLAN tags can already be used by customers, a technique called Q-in-Q defined in IEEE 802.1ad expands the VLAN space by tagging the tagged packets, thus producing a "double-tagged" frame. A first VLAN tag called C-VLAN is available for customer purposes and a second VLAN tag called S-VLAN is than added by the service provider. VLAN-based provider bridge networks suffer from the limitation of 4096 VLAN IDs, thus making them impractical for use in large backbone networks.
Another technique, which is called MAC-in-MAC and which is defined in IEEE 802.1ah, neatly avoids this Layer 2 scaling issue and eliminates the need for core and backbone switches to learn hundreds of thousands of MAC addresses. This is achieved by adding at the edge node of the provider network backbone provider MAC addresses to the Ethernet frame.
An alternative technology for native Layer 2 transport is known as virtual private LAN service (VPLS), which uses Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology. The basic defining elements of VPLS are virtual switch instances (VSI) and pseudo wires (PW). The VSI is a virtual MAC bridging instance with "split horizon" learning and forwarding. Split horizon forwarding means unknown MAC addresses received from one PW will not be forwarded to any other PW. This avoids forwarding loops. The PW is used to transport traffic between VSIs in different nodes. A full mesh of PWs is required to ensure that all nodes can be reached.
A VPLS network is established by first defining the MPLS label switched path (LSP) tunnels which will support the VPLS PWs. This can be achieved through IP-based signaling protocols. Paths are first determined using the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) link-state protocol, which selects the shortest path for the LSP to a target destination. A full bidirectional mesh of LSPs needs to be established between all participating VPLS provider edge (PE) nodes. Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) or Resource Reservation Protocol—Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) is then used to distribute the label information. At a next step, PWs are established over the existing LSPs. This can be achieved using LDP (IETF RFC4762) or Border Gateway Protocol BGP (IETF RFC4761) to exchange PW labels.
Transport networks typically have a control plane, which is based on the GMPLS protocol suite, an extension of the MPLS-TE control protocols for transport applications, including OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE. For example, OSPF-TE will take bandwidth availability into account when calculating the shortest path, while RSVP-TE allows reservation of bandwidth.
The VPLS architecture is generic and is applicable on any suitable packet switched network. It is therefore possible to envisage a VPLS-like approach based on other tunnel mechanisms, such as T-MPLS, MPLS-TP, and PBB-TE.
An extension of VPLS is termed hierarchical VPLS (H-VPLS), which was designed to address scalability issues in VPLS. In VPLS, all provider edge (PE) nodes are interconnected in a full mesh to ensure that all destinations can be reached. In H-VPLS, a new type of node is introduced called the multi-tenant unit (MTU), which aggregates multiple customer edge (CE) connections into a single PE.

Method for client data transmission through a packet switched provider network


The disclosure relates to a combination forest biomass and tree harvester, a harvesting head assembly, and methods for harvesting trees and forest biomass. In some embodiments, the combination forest biomass and tree harvester includes a self-propelled vehicle base, a moveable arm, and a harvesting head assembly. The harvesting head assembly may include a frame member, a grabbing assembly, and a cutting assembly. The cutting assembly may include a primary cutting mechanism and a secondary cutting mechanism. As the combination forest biomass and tree harvester moves through a forest area, the cutting assembly may be used to cut trees and mow biomass.

Recent technical developments for utilizing biomass as an alternative energy source have presented a number of promising opportunities for the forestry industry. Forest biomass generally includes any plant or tree material produced by forest growth. A key challenge in using forest biomass for energy production is getting feedstock harvested, processed, and transported at reasonable costs. Efficient feedstock harvesting methods should ideally match the unique requirements of each source. For example, logging residue collection could be accomplished by integrating biomass processing into a conventional logging operation. Understory biomass and small woody species present special problems that are not readily overcome with existing harvesting methods. A wide range of new technology is currently being developed to address these harvesting challenges.
Current traditional harvesting technology includes the following primary functions: felling, primary transport, processing, and highway transport. Two basic felling methods include manual felling (e.g., chainsaw) and mechanized felling (e.g., feller-buncher, swath cutting). A piece of mechanized felling equipment is typically referred to as a harvester.
Many equipment manufacturers are investigating the prospects of modifying conventional harvesters for cutting and/or gathering forest biomass. An example of work that is being done in the area is described in a paper published by Elseivier Ltd., which is hereby incorporated by reference. Raffaele Spinelli & Emmanuel Cuchet & Phillippe Roux, A new feller-buncher for harvesting energy wood: Results from a European test programme (2006). In addition, specialized harvesting equipment is also being developed for biomass applications. An example of such equipment is described in U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2009/0242077 A1, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Most biomass harvesters—whether developed from existing equipment or specialized biomass technology—are limited to the sole functionality of harvesting forest biomass. There is an opportunity to improve current technology by expanding the functionality of biomass harvesting equipment to include the capabilities of traditional harvesters (e.g., tree cutting) in one piece of equipment. Thus, there is a need to develop new systems and methods for biomass harvesting, which combine the functionality of conventional harvesting equipment with equipment suited for the harvesting challenges posed by forest biomass.

Combination forest biomass and tree harvester, harvesting head assembly, and methods for harvesting


A device for sorting railroad tie plates comprises hopper, singulator and chute assemblies mounted to a main frame capable of rolling movement along a railroad track. The device receives a plurality of tie plates from an upstream supply, e.g., a railroad gondola, and deposits the tie plates on the hopper assembly positioned above the singulator. Upon discharge from the hopper the tie plates are directed onto a central hub for guidance into a rotating track within the housing. The track width is selected so that the field and gage ends transverse the track upon the tie plates falling flat onto the track. Structure projects into the track to tip over the tie plates to a flat position during track rotation. Rotation of the track moves the tie plates towards a baffled opening for discharge from the opening. A chute assembly receives the tie plates and maintains the tie plate orientation for delivery to downstream devices, such as a conveyor belt. Upon rolling movement of the main frame tie plates are sequentially deposited along the course of the railroad track to enhance railroad track maintenance.

This invention relates to a device for positioning tie plates along a railroad track and, more particularly, to a device which orients tie plates into a desired position for downstream delivery and ultimate deposit along a railroad track.
Railroad tracks comprise two steel rails transversing spaced-apart railroad ties. Atop each tie is a tie plate which connects each rail to the underlying tie. Each tie plate is generally rectangular in configuration having a field end position outside the rail and a gage end inside the rail. The width of the tie plate is defined as a distance between these ends. The tie plates can vary in dimension and weight with most tie plates having a dimension of 7¾″ (L)×14¾″ (W) and weighing approximately 23 pounds, or 8″ (L)×18″ (W) and weighing approximately 35 pounds.
One phase of railroad track maintenance is replacement of railroad ties. As such, there is a need for delivery of not only the railroad ties but also the tie plates from a storage area to locations along the railroad track. Previously, tie plates were dumped in piles along the railroad track requiring the workers to redistribute the tie plates to positions adjacent the railroad ties. Obviously, this is a very labor intensive operation which increased labor costs, work-related injuries and was not compatible with rapid, efficient railroad tie replacement. The rapidity of the railroad tie replacement is important so as to reduce the amount of down time that the tracks are unavailable for traffic.
Various devices have been proposed to enhance the operation of tie plate distribution. Such devices were relatively complex mechanisms and in some cases required a manual feed of the tie plates. Accordingly, a tie plate feeding crew was required which again raised labor costs, lead to injuries and created inefficiencies associated with manual tie replacement.
It is thus desirable to have an efficient device which singularizes tie plates from a mass tie plate supply so as to sequentially offer tie places to downstream devices in a desired orientation for ultimate placement along the course of a railroad track. The device should diminish, as much as possible, the need of workers to handle the tie plates prior to their deposit along the course of the railroad track. Also it is desirable to have a device which delivers the tie plates in a desired orientation so as to enhance the downstream tie plate replacement process.


A process for the preparation of a compound having the formula

This invention relates to processes suitable for the large-scale preparation of enantiomerically-enriched phosphines, especially those useful as ligands in asymmetric allylic substitution catalysts.
Chiral phosphine ligands such as (1) and (2), and the opposite enantiomers thereon have been shown to be effective in palladium(O)-catalysed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions. For a review, see B. M. Trost and D. L. Van Vranken, Chem Rev. (1996) 96:395. For specific examples of such ligands, see WO-A-93 12260, B. M. Trost and X. Ariza, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (1997) 36:2635, and B. M. Trost and F. D. Toste, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1998) 120:815.
Such catalysts are eminently suitable for industrial applications, especially for the provision of chiral pharmaceutical intermediates in high enantiomeric purity. For this purpose, and in other industrial applications such as flavour and fragrance fine chemicals, the development of manufacturing processes requires in turn large amounts of a ligand such as (1) or (2), e.g. in kilogram quantity or greater. Thus, there is a requirement for efficient and scaleable methods for synthesis of such ligands.
A process for the manufacture of these ligands has been described by B. M. Trost. D. L. Van Vranken and C. Bingel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1992) 114:9327. This process is depicted in Scheme 1.
There are several limitations to using the methods described for the manufacture of this class of ligands on a commercially useful scale.
Firstly, the conversion of 2-chlorobenzoic acid to 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid gives modest yields, using literature methods. A 74% yield for this process is reported in DE-A-2264088, but in our hands this process gave yields in the range of 48 to 54% on a 1 to 2 kg scale. Typically, yields in the range of 40 to 50% are obtained; see Inorg Synth. (1982), 21:175, where a 49% yield is quoted.
An alternative method for preparing this class of phosphines has been described, starting from a fluoro-derivative; see Williams et al, Synlett. (1993) 509. An example is as follows:
This paper specifically states that 2-fluorobenzoic acid and the corresponding carboxylate did not provide the desired product under these conditions.
Hingst et al, Eur. J Inorg. Chem. (1998) 73, reports that the nucleophilic phosphanylation of 2-fluorobenzoic acid with Ph2PH in superbasic medium gave poor yields, and that a xe2x80x9cfair yieldxe2x80x9d is obtained if a solution of Ph2PK in THF is used to phosphanylate the K salt of 2-fluorobenzoic acid.
Secondly, the diamine has to be isolated from its salt. The tartrate salt is commonly used to provide enantiomerically-pure diamine; see E. N. Jacobsen et al, J. Org. Chem. (1994) 59:1939, and references therein, for 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and E. J. Corey and S. Pikul, Org Synth. (1992) 71:22, for 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethylenediamine. This salt has to be cracked, and then the air-sensitive and water-soluble diamine has to be extracted from aqueous solution. U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,771 describes an alternative method, where the tartrate salt is slurried in methanolic KOH, potassium tartrate is removed by filtration, and the diamine is isolated after evaporation of the solvent. This method still requires isolation of the sensitive diamine.
Thirdly, coupling of the diamine with 2-diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid using 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) gives the desired product in yields ranging from 60 to 90%, but requires silica chromatography for purification. The ligand is isolated as a waxy or glassy solid, with a broad melting point range 80-120xc2x0 C.; see Trost et al (1992) supra.
The known synthesis of the desired ligands is suitable for the preparation of 10 to 100 g samples, but is not economic for kilogram quantities of ligands. The poor yield of 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid is one factor that directly impacts on the commercial viability of the process. Isolation of the diamine, chromatography of the ligand, and the non-crystalline nature of the ligand isolated, all make the current process inefficient.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,801,263 discloses the following reaction
The present invention is based on three discoveries that give rise to an efficient, scaleable and economical synthesis of compounds effective as ligands, especially those represented by formula (3)
and the opposite enantiomers thereof, wherein Ar is an aromatic ring bearing the PR3R4 and CO groups in a 1,2-relationship. Ar is also optionally substituted by one or more non-interfering groups. The respective R groups are each any non-interfering group, or R1 and R2 may be joined to form a ring.
One aspect of the invention concerns the use of 2-fluorobenzoic acid in the reaction with NaPPh2, e.g. generated from triphenylphosphine, sodium and liquid ammonia at xe2x88x9260xc2x0 C., to provide 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid. Analysis of the crude product from the reaction of NaPPh2 with 2-chlorobenzoic acid showed that the major by-product was 3-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid, probably arising from benzyne formation and phosphine addition. Thus, several recrystallisations are required to access pure product and lower yields are obtained. Replacing 2-chlorobenzoic acid by the 2-fluoro derivative led to the surprising discovery that yields of 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid ranging from 75 to 85% could be obtained, with no significant contamination from 3-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid. Thus, a key component of the ligand system can be manufactured more efficiently.
A second aspect of this invention concerns the coupling of 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid, or a derivative thereof represented by formula (4), with a diamine, such as 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, represented by formula (5). An important feature of this invention is that, when the diamine is released from a salt form, such as the tartrate salt represented by formula (6), prior to the coupling reaction, there is no need to isolate the diamine from aqueous solution. Accordingly, the amine is generated in situ, by which is meant that it is not isolated.
Surprisingly, a mixed anhydride of 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid with diphenyl chlorophosphate (4: R3xe2x95x90R4xe2x95x90Ph and Yxe2x95x90PO(OPh)2) in dichloromethane reacts with an aqueous solution of the diamine (5)/potassium tartrate salt mixture. This mixture is obtained by dissolving the tartrate salt (6) in water and adding potassium carbonate or another, equivalent base. This provides the ligand, e.g. (1), in quantitative crude yield. An unexpected feature is that very little hydrolysis of the mixed anhydride to the acid is observed in this reaction, and excellent conversion to the ligand is obtained.
Another aspect of the present invention is that, surprisingly, the ligand is obtained in a crystalline form, whereas the literature protocol affords ligand as a glassy solid. Thus, the process of the present invention has advantages with respect to material handling and transfer. For example, isolation and purification of the ligand, after the coupling reaction, are simple. The reaction carried out as described above, is very clean and few by-products are seen. No extensive chromatography is required. In particular, after a simple filtration of the crude ligand through silica gel, the ligand can be recrystallised from hot acetonitrile, or acetonitrile/acetone mixtures, to provide the preferred crystalline ligand (1) with a sharp melting point (134-136xc2x0 C.). The yield of isolated pure, crystalline ligand is between 65 to 75%.
These discoveries allow the ligand to be manufactured on a large scale, with no need for extensive chromatography, and in reproducible quality.
The nature of R1, R2, R3, R4 or any substituent on the Ar rings. e.g. of up to 10, 20 or 30 C atoms, is not critical to the invention. It will be evident to the skilled man, as to which substituents will or will not affect the reaction. Similarly, while Y is preferably xe2x80x94P(O)(OZ)2, and Z is preferably a hydrocarbon substituent, most preferably phenyl, it will be evident that the nature of Y is determined only by the requirement that OY is a leaving group.
Ar represents an aryl (including heteroaryl) ring. It may be monocyclic. Examples of Ar include furan, thiophene and, preferably, benzene rings. The position of the essential substituents on the ring represented by Ar is determined by the requirement that the product acts as a ligand, e.g. that it can act to complex transition metals such as palladium, rhodium, platinum or iridium. Ar is most preferably 1,2-phenylene. Similarly, each of R3 and R4 may be any group that allows the final product to act as a ligand, e.g. methyl or other alkyl group, phenyl or other aryl group, e.g. of up to 10 or 20 C atoms.
The following Examples illustrate the present invention.

Abstract: wherein Ar is an aryl group bearing the PR3R4 and COX groups in a 1,2-relationship, and optionally bearing also one or more non-interfering groups, R3 and R4 are each a hydrocarbon group optionally substituted by any non-interfering group, and X is OH or a non-interfering group, comprises (i) the reaction of NaPR3R4 with Fxe2x80x94Arxe2x80x94COX, or (ii) when X is an amine group, the reaction of R3R4Pxe2x80x94Arxe2x80x94COOY, OY being OH or a leaving group, with a solution of the amine obtained in situ by adding a base to a salt thereof.

Abstract: Certain ligands prepared by such a process are in a novel, crystalline form.


Provided is a mass spectrometer including: a prediction equation storage section 34 configured to store a plurality of prediction equations which respectively correspond to different kinds of isotopic ions originating from a compound, each prediction equation expressing a relationship between m/z of a monoisotopic ion of the compound and a ratio between the signal intensity at the monoisotopic ion of the compound and the signal intensity of an isotopic ion in a mass spectrum; a measurement section 1 configured to perform chromatograph mass spectrometry on a sample to collect data; a predicted mass spectrum creation section 33 configured to calculate a predicted value of the signal intensity ratio related to each isotopic ion, by applying, in the prediction equations, m/z information corresponding to a peak observed on a measured mass spectrum and information of a given charge state of the ion, and to create a predicted mass spectrum based on the predicted values; and a mass spectrum evaluation section 33 configured to evaluate the possibility that a plurality of peaks in the measured mass spectrum are peaks originating from one compound, by comparing the predicted mass spectrum and the measured mass spectrum.

In a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) or gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS), various components (compounds) contained in a sample are temporally separated from each other in the chromatograph unit, and the separated components are individually and sequentially detected in the mass spectrometer unit. In the present description, any type of device in which a chromatograph unit and a mass spectrometer unit are combined, such as the LC-MS or GC-MS, is generally called the chromatograph mass spectrometer.
In a chromatograph mass spectrometer, a set of data having the three dimensions of retention time, mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and signal intensity value can be collected by repeating a scan measurement covering a predetermined mass-to-charge-ratio (m/z) range in the mass spectrometer unit. In order to identify an unknown component or determine the presence or content of a specific component based on the collected data using a computer, various data-processing software products have conventionally been used.
For example, Non Patent Literature 1 discloses a product named "Profiling Solution" as a piece of software for processing chromatograph mass spectrometry data. This software can process a set of unprocessed data acquired with a chromatograph mass spectrometer (such data may hereinafter be called the "raw data" according to conventions) to detect peaks on mass spectra as well as peaks on chromatograms, and create a peak list for a multivariate analysis. Such a type of software is particularly useful for reducing the burden on the user, improving the efficiency of the analysis, or obtaining other favorable effects in the case where a huge amount of data is acquired by the measurement due to the presence of a considerable number of components in the sample or a considerable number of samples to be analyzed.

Data processing method for chromatograph mass spectrometry, chromatograph mass spectrometer, and non-transitory storage medium storing program for processing chromatograph mass spectrometry data


A road milling machine with a machine frame supported by a chassis with one front axle and one rear axle with wheels or crawler tracks, with a milling drum mounted at the machine frame to rotate between the rear wheels, where said milling drum ends nearly flush with a zero-clearance side, it is provided that the wheels or crawler tracks of the front axle as seen in the direction of travel are arranged offset from one another in such a fashion that one of the front wheels or tracks is arranged in front of the other front wheel or crawler track as seen in the direction of travel.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a road milling machine for working road or ground surfaces, as well as to a method for steering the wheels or crawler tracks of a road milling machine.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Such road milling machines are known, for example, from EP 0 836 659.
With such road construction machinery, in particular small milling machines, good maneuverability of the road milling machine is of the essence. Such road milling machine must not only be suitable for straight-ahead travel and normal cornering procedures, for example, but must additionally be able to follow the course of narrow bends, for example, when negotiating around traffic islands or a manhole cover.
In the known small milling machines, the milling drum therefore ends nearly flush with one outer side of the machine frame, the so-called zero-clearance side. Due to this arrangement, it is possible to mill very close along obstacles. It has also already been known for this purpose to pivot the rear wheel located on the zero-clearance side inwards, relative to the zero-clearance side, from an outer end position to an inner end position in front of the milling drum.
The possibility to follow the course of very narrow bends on said zero-clearance side is of particular importance as it enables highly precise milling operations to be performed around very small obstacles. It has therefore already been known in such road milling machines to design differently large steering angles for a cornering procedure to the inside or to the outside respectively, relative to said zero-clearance side, in particular to design an especially large steering angle for a cornering procedure to the outside.

Road milling machine for working road or ground surfaces, as well as method for steering a road milling machine


A method and apparatus for the endoscopic application of self-closing medical clips (3), in particular, for arresting internal bleeding. The distal end of a catheter tube (1) is introduced into the body of a living being to be treated. Several clips (3), arranged successively in the catheter tube (1), are pushed forward in the direction of the tube distal end by a user device located at the proximal end of the catheter tube (1). The foremost clip (3) to be applied is pushed out of the distal end and opened by an actuation device. The actuation device includes an actuation element (21) which can be actuated by the user device, moved longitudinally into the catheter tube (1), and acts on the first front clip (3), as well as a control part (25) which converts the actuation force of the actuation element into an opening movement of the legs (5) of the clip (3). After the opening of the clip (3), the actuation element (21) is separated from the clip (3), for releasing the clip to close its legs (5) for application, and to functionally link with the following clip (3) in the catheter tube (1).

Different processes using flexible endoscopes are known for stopping internal hemorrhages, for example, in the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract from varicose hemorrhages, post-polypectomy hemorrhages or ulcerative hemorrhages. Examples include coagulation, sclerosing, ligature, or application of self-closing clips. All the known processes are subject to disadvantages in various respects, whether the therapeutic success is not satisfactory or use is complex or very expensive. Recently, as the preferred process, the clip procedure has become established as being relatively favorable, that is, subject to few disadvantages. Further applications of these clips can be found in the area of attaching markers for identification of diagnostic or x-ray sections and surgical treatment procedures, for example, removal of polyps in the gastrointestinal tract.
In the clip procedure, a metallic clip is pushed out of the distal end of a catheter tube, opened and placed at the hemorrhage site such that it forms a clamp which clamps off the hemorrhage. U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,276 shows a device designed for implementing this clip procedure.
When the clip procedure is being carried out, in many cases several clips are needed to stop the bleeding. In the known clip procedure, this disadvantageously leads to delays in the course of the treatment because the applicator device must be removed from the body each time for re-seating of clips, provided with another clip, reinserted into the body with the catheter tube and placed at the treatment site. This procedure leads not only to a prolongation of the course of treatment, which can result in serious danger to the patient in a case of heavy bleeding, but also entails the danger of faulty placement.

Method and device for the endoscopic application of self-closing medical clips

Medwork Medical Products and Services GmbH


A magnetic field focusing assembly includes a magnetic field generating device configured to generate a magnetic field, and a split ring resonator assembly configured to be magnetically coupled to the magnetic field generating device and configured to focus the magnetic field produced by the magnetic field generating device.

Processing systems may automate the combination of one or more substrates to form a product. Unfortunately, such systems are often static in configuration and are only capable of generating a comparatively limited number of products. While such systems may be capable of being reconfigured to generate other products, such reconfiguration may require extensive changes to mechanical/electrical/software systems.
RFID systems may be utilized in such processing systems to e.g., determine the type, quantity, and freshness of the available substrates that may be used to form the product. Unfortunately, due to the advancing complexity of such processing systems, current RFID systems may not provide the resolution necessary to achieve satisfactory results.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method is provided in one example and includes receiving a plurality of packets associated with a flow; parsing the plurality of packets associated with the flow; executing a first quality of service decision such that a first set of packets within the plurality of packets are not forwarded to their intended destination; receiving a second set of packets, which reflects a retransmission of at least a portion of the first set of packets; executing a second quality of service decision such that the second set of packets is forwarded to their intended destination; and billing the second set of packets in response to forwarding the second set of packets. In more detailed embodiments, the method includes accessing a table in which entries are provided for particular sequence number ranges for the first set of packets.

Networking architectures have grown increasingly complex in communication environments. As the subscriber base of end users increases and/or becomes mobile, proper routing and efficient management of communication sessions and data flows becomes critical. Typically, subscribers seek to access content from various locations in the network. Subscribers may be provided connectivity or services based on some type of policy or agreement that involves a service provider. The service provider relationship commonly dictates the terms under which subscribers operate in the network. In some instances, policy decisions are executed such that packets are not forwarded to their intended destination. The ability to properly manage subscriber policies and to accurately bill for data presents a significant challenge to component manufacturers, network operators, and system administrators.

System and method for providing a sequence numbering mechanism in a network environment


A system for remotely controlling a desired door locking or other function in a vehicle or other protected environment has a transmitter and receiver for communicating a message including a sequence number, the code of a selected function to be performed and an authenticator. An algorithm in the transmitter and in the receiver has a cryptographic key and a seed code. Each algorithm generates the authenticator as a function of both the seed code and the function code; if the authenticators are equal, the message is valid. Upon each transmission the seed code is updated and the sequence number is incremented. The receiver updates its seed code according to the transmitted sequence number to keep the algorithm in synchronism. Upon manufacture the transmitter sends the initial seed code and key to the receiver to program the receiver. This data is sent without delay when the battery is first installed but later a time delay is imposed to prevent sending inadvertent program messages. Resynch messages are also sent after a delay.

Personal-size remote control transmitters are widely used to provide a convenient method of locking or unlocking vehicles, and/or to remotely arm or disarm vehicle theft deterrent systems. They are also used to control home/business security systems and garage door openers. If these transmissions can be spoofed or played back, then these systems can be controlled by unauthorized parties to gain unwanted access to the protected environment. Most, if not all, of these systems provide very little protection against spoofing and no protection at all against the playback of legitimate messages that have been recorded and/or modified. The term "spoofing" as used herein refers to the creation of a false message that is accepted by the system as a valid message.
Message authentication using cryptographic techniques is a good method for preventing spoofing and playback attacks. The U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,905 to Markowski et al entitled "AUTHENTICATION METHOD FOR KEYLESS ENTRY SYSTEM", which is incorporated herein by reference, is an example of an improved system of that type which produces very secure authenticated messages requiring a short transmission time to economize battery life in a personal transmitter. Such a keyless entry system for a motor vehicle, as shown in FIG. 1, includes a number of portable remote controls or fobs 10 small enough to carry in one's pocket or on a key chain. Each fob 10 has buttons 12 for manual selection of desired functions to be performed in the vehicle, a microprocessor 14 responsive to button actuation for formulating a command message, including an authenticator code and a function code identifying the desired function to be performed, and a radio transmitter 16 for transmitting the message. The fob 10 functions are supported by a miniature battery 17 which should have a life of several years. In the vehicle a receiver 18 receives the transmitted message, if the vehicle is within the transmitter range, and a microprocessor 20 acts upon data in the received message to determine whether the authenticator code is valid, and if so, to perform the desired function.
Each microprocessor 14 and 20 is programmed to execute a cryptographic algorithm which operates on certain stored and/or transmitted data, as well as on a selected function code to generate an authentication code which is different for every transmission, thus preventing successful replay of a previously transmitted message. The authentication code is sufficiently short to be transmitted economically but the generation procedure has a complexity that renders it impractical for an adversary to predict the next valid code based on knowledge of previously transmitted messages. The procedure for message validation is first to compare the transmitter ID with IDs stored in the receiver memory, and if an ID match is found, then for the algorithm in the microprocessor to operate on a combination of shared secret data and transmitted data to produce authentication codes, and to determine that the command is valid if the codes are the same.
Two mechanisms are jointly used to assure that the authentication code changes in an unpredictable manner. First, the algorithm operates on a seed code which is changed according to a set of rules for each transmission. A sequence number is also incremented with each transmission and is included in the message so that the receiver algorithm will know how many seed code changes to execute in order to resynchronize with the transmitter since the receiver does not necessarily receive each transmission. Second, the authenticator code is generated as a function of the seed code and the cryptographic key as well as the desired function code. Since for each transmission the function code depends on which button the operator selects, another level of complexity is added to the authenticator code generation to confound attempts to determine a predictable progression of codes, all as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,905. As shown in FIG. 2, the actuation of any button 12 sends a signal to a respective hardware register 24 in the microprocessor 14 so that the microprocessor can determine which button or buttons are pressed. Pressing a certain sequence of buttons or a certain combination of buttons may be used for a special message whereas pressing a single button calls for a normal function such as door lock, unlock or trunk open.
In manufacture, the microprocessors of both the transmitter and the receiver are equipped with the same cryptographic engine to thereby calculate the same authenticator, given common input information. Each transmitter is permanently programmed with a cryptographic key, an initial seed, and an ID number. When a receiver is first matched with one or more transmitters, it must learn those three codes. This is accomplished by enabling the program switch 22 on the receiver and actuating the transmitter to send a program message containing these codes. The transmitter is typically actuated in this case by pressing two buttons simultaneously. The program message is shown in FIG. 3. It includes a preamble which indicates the start of a message, the transmitter ID, the initial seed, the cryptographic key and a CRC. The CRC (cyclic redundancy code) is calculated from all the other field data.
During use, a normal command is generated by pressing one transmitter button and a message is transmitted in the form shown in FIG. 4 including a preamble, a function code, the transmitter ID, a sequence number, an authenticator, and a CRC. If the transmitter normal message is sent a few times when the receiver is out of range, the receiver loses synchronization with the transmitter but can catch up by using the sequence number to resynchronize. If the receiver lags in sequence by a given amount such as 264 sequence numbers, it cannot automatically resynchronize. Then it is necessary to transmit a Resynch command which is like the normal command of FIG. 4 except that a randomly selected sequence number is used. When the Resynch command is given, the initial seed is used along with the new sequence number to determine the authenticator in both the transmitter and the receiver.
During manufacture of the system, the transmitters must be signed up to the receiver and then verified to ensure correct functioning of the system later when the system is attached to a vehicle. This has been accomplished by inserting the transmitters into a station where solenoids would manipulate the buttons in a particular way to induce a fast sign-up mode. This would send a program message after one second, but for only the first transmission of the program message. Thereafter the transmitter would require a 10 second delay for sending any subsequent messages. The longer delay is desirable to reduce the potential of inadvertently sending a program message once the transmitter was in the possession of the end user. The reduced time for initial sign up (along with the solenoid activity) is still too long for efficient manufacturing, and it is available only once. It is desirable to further reduce the sign up time and to increase its availability.

Keyless entry system with fast program mode


A device for deploying a tissue fixation apparatus of the type including first and second tissue anchors coupled together by an adjustable suture assembly. The device comprises a handle mechanism and a needle cartridge assembly releasably coupled to the handle mechanism. The needle cartridge assembly includes a needle cannula with a side opening through which a tissue anchor can be loaded into an internal chamber of the needle cannula. A push rod is disposed in the needle cannula and is operable between an extended position in which the push rod prevents the tissue anchor from entering the chamber through the side opening, and a retracted configuration in which the tissue anchor can be pushed into the chamber under the action of a resilient band positioned over the side opening.

Various medical procedures benefit from the use of tissue fixation devices for repairing damaged tissues and/or for securing other devices to the patient. Exemplary tissue fixation devices can include one or more tissue and/or bone anchors coupled to one or more suture elements. The particular configuration of the anchor/suture constructs can vary from procedure to procedure. There is a continuing need for improved devices and methods for deploying such tissue fixation devices in an efficient manner.

Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation


A photo album insert for holding at least one photograph and at least one compact disc. The insert includes at least two sheets of generally planar material, where at least one of the sheets is substantially transparent. Both of the sheets have a top edge, a bottom edge and first and second opposing side edges. The sheets are generally fixed relative to each other. The insert also includes at least a first photograph stop disposed between the transparent sheet top edge and the transparent sheet bottom edge to define at least a first photograph receiving area, and at least a first compact disc stop disposed between the first photograph stop and the transparent sheet bottom edge to define at least a first compact disc receiving area. The first compact disc receiving area overlaps with and at least partially extends below the first photograph receiving area, and the first compact disc receiving area and the first photograph receiving area cooperate to define a first photograph/compact disc pocket.

Devices for the storage and display of photographs and the like have taken many forms. One form, commonly referred to as a photograph album, comprises a plurality of bound leaves disposed within an outer cover with photographs or similar objects mounted on the two planar surfaces, or display pages, of each leaf. The leaves within the photograph album are commonly made of either a stiff cardboard material or a flexible transparent plastic. In the latter instance, two sheets of transparent plastic are bound together to form a plurality of pockets into which photographs are inserted.
In recent years compact discs, digital versatile discs, digital video discs, CD-ROMs and other optical discs (hereinafter "CD's" or "compact discs") have become popular for storing digital media. For example, digital images or photographs can be stored on CD's. Some people like to have images stored on CD's for viewing on a computer while others enjoy actual hard copies of photos for mounting in photo albums.
For storing CD's flexible sleeves have become increasingly used by consumers for both protecting the CD's and enabling a user to store a group of CD's in a smaller space.
It is advantageous to store a CD with a picture or a contact sheet of pictures that came from the particular CD.


Nonaqueous electrolytes which can produce a battery of high capacity and excellent storability and cycle characteristics are provided, as are batteries produced with the electrolytes. The electrolytes include ones with (i) an aromatic compound having 7-18 carbon atoms in total and a fluorinated cyclic carbonate having two or more fluorine atoms, (ii) diethyl carbonate and a fluorinated cyclic carbonate having two or more fluorine atoms, (iii) at least one of a cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound, disulfonic acid ester compound, nitrile compound, and a compound of formula (1) and a fluorinated cyclic carbonate having two or more fluorine atoms, or (iv) a nonaqueous electrolyte solution for use in a high-voltage battery having a final charge voltage of 4.3 V or higher and having a fluorinated cyclic carbonate with two or more fluorine atoms.

Nonaqueous-electrolyte batteries including lithium secondary batteries are being put to practical use in extensive applications ranging from power supplies for so-called domestic use, e.g., ones for portable telephones and notebook type personal computers, to on-vehicle power supplies for driving, e.g., ones for motor vehicles. However, the recent desire for higher performances in nonaqueous-electrolyte batteries is growing more and more, and improvements in battery characteristics are required.
The electrolytes for use in nonaqueous-electrolyte batteries are usually constituted mainly of an electrolyte and a nonaqueous solvent. As main components of the nonaqueous solvent, use is being made of compounds such as cyclic carbonates, e.g., ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate; chain carbonates, e.g., dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate; and cyclic carboxylic acid esters, e.g., γ-butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone.
Various investigations are being made on nonaqueous solvents and electrolytes in order to improve battery characteristics of such nonaqueous-electrolyte batteries, such as load characteristics, cycle characteristics, and storability.
Patent document 1 proposes the use of ethyl methyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in order to inhibit the deterioration in overcharge characteristics and the deterioration through standing in a high-temperature environment which are attributable to the reaction of diethyl carbonate with lithium.
Patent document 2 proposes the use of a mixture of an asymmetric chain carbonate and a cyclic carbonate having a double bond as a nonaqueous solvent. There is a statement thereinto the effect that the cyclic carbonate having a double bond reacts preferentially with the negative electrode to form a coating film of satisfactory quality on the surface of the negative electrode and this inhibits the asymmetric chain carbonate from forming a nonconductor coating film on the surface of the negative electrode, whereby storability and cycle characteristics are improved.
Patent document 3 proposes that an additive which polymerizes at a battery voltage not lower than a maximum operating voltage of a battery is incorporated into the electrolytic solution to thereby enable the battery to increase in internal resistance and thus protect the battery. Patent document 4 proposes that an additive which polymerizes at a battery voltage not lower than a maximum operating voltage of a battery to cause gas evolution and a pressure increase is incorporated into the electrolytic solution to thereby enable an internal circuit breaker disposed for protection against overcharge to work without fail. Disclosed as these additives are aromatic compounds such as biphenyl, thiophene, and furan.
Patent document 5 discloses that a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be provided by using an electrolytic solution containing an alkylene carbonate having a fluorine group, such as cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one or trans-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.    Patent Document 1: JP-A-7-14607    Patent Document 2: JP-A-21-185806    Patent Document 3: JP-A-9-106835    Patent Document 4: JP-A-9-171840    Patent Document 5: JP-A-2004-319317

Nonaqueous electrolytic solutions and nonaqueous-electrolyte batteries


A can-covering polyester film which is bonded under heat to a metal surface of a can through a thermosetting resin adhesive to form a protective coat, wherein the adhesive layer is formed of a resin comprising an epoxy resin having a number average molecular weight of 5,000-20,000 and a trimellitic acid anhydride hardener at a weight ratio of 70/30 to 99/1.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a polyester film with a thermosetting resin adhesive layer, which is adapted to form a protective coat on a metal surface of a can, for example, a surface of a metal sheet for forming a can body, such as a surface-treated steel sheet both end edges of which are overlapped to each other to weld them, thereby forming the can body, or an outer side wall of a closed-end cylindrical can having an opening at one end thereof and formed by drawing with ironing or the like from a metal sheet for forming cans such as an aluminum alloy sheet, and a production process thereof.
2. Description of the Background Art
As metal cans used as containers for beverage, there have been known welded cans obtained by welding both end edges of a strip-like can body blank obtained by cutting a surface-treated steel sheet for cans, which has a tin deposit, to each other to form a can body and attaching can ends separately produced to both open ends of the can body by double-seaming. In order to prevent the corrosion of the surface-treated steel sheet for cans as a base metal due to the contact of the base metal with the contents in a can and the change in the flavor of the contents, which is caused by the dissolving of metal components of the can, the welded cans as described above have heretofore been coated with a coating such as an epoxy-phenolic resin on the inside thereof. In addition, coating has been conducted on the outside of the can to impart a good aesthetic appearance.
Such welded cans have been produced by conducting baking in a heating oven whenever coating was completed on each side of the surface-treated steel sheet for cans. Therefore, in this production process, heat in the heating oven and vaporized organic solvents have a tendency to impair a working environment. In particular, the tendency becomes more pronounced on the outer surface of the can, which is subjected to multicolor printing, because baking is carried out in the heating oven whenever printing is conducted with each of two to four coatings of different colors.
It has thus been studied to cover both sides of the surface-treated steel sheet for cans with a polyester film to form protective coats. Such covering can prevent the surface-treated steel sheet from corrosion on the inside of the can, and moreover protect the flavor of the contents in the can from being changed due to components slightly dissolved out of the coating film on the can on the inside of which an internal protective coating has been applied and baked as described above. On the other hand, a good aesthetic appearance and/or desired indication can be given to the outer surface of the can without conducting coating by covering it with a printed polyester film. Therefore, such covering makes it unnecessary to conduct the coating and baking in the conventional production process and hence can be expected to the improve working environment.
In order to cover both sides of the surface-treated steel sheet for cans with polyester films, it is considered to press-bond the polyester films to the surfaces of the heated steel sheet.
However, the mere press bonding of the polyester films to the surfaces of the surface-treated steel sheet for cans heretofore in use under heat for a short period of time cannot achieve sufficient adhesion. Besides, the bonding of the polyester films to the surfaces of the surface-treated steel sheet through a usual thermosetting resin adhesive requires a long time for heating at a high temperature to obtain sufficient adhesion. However, if the surface-treated steel sheet has a tin deposit, such a heating treatment is accompanied by a disadvantage that tin in the tin deposit forms a tin-iron alloy together with a base steel sheet during the heating, so that the amount of pure tin is decreased, and the weldability of the surface-treated steel sheet is hence reduced.
There have also been known cans obtained by forming a closed-end cylindrical can having an opening at one end thereof by drawing with ironing or the like from a metal sheet for forming cans such as an aluminum alloy sheet and attaching a can end separately produced to the opening of the can by double-seaming. As with the case of the welded cans, such cans are also accompanied by a disadvantage that heat in the heating oven and vaporized organic solvents impair a working environment if coating by printing is conducted on the outside of the can to impart a good aesthetic appearance.
In the case of the closed-end cylindrical can, coating is first conducted on the inner side of the closed-end cylindrical can formed by drawing with ironing or the like from the metal sheet for forming cans, and baking is then effected. Thereafter, 2 to 4 coatings of different colors are then coated on the outer side of the can one by one, and baking is conducted with every coating. Therefore, it is considered to press-bond the polyester film under heat to at least the outer surface of the closed-end cylindrical can.
As with the case of the surface-treated steel sheet for forming can bodies of welded cans, however, the mere press bonding of the polyester films to the surfaces of the metal sheet for forming cans heretofore in use under heat for a short period of time cannot achieve sufficient adhesion. Besides, the bonding of the polyester film to the surface of the metal sheet through a usual thermosetting resin adhesive involves a disadvantage that it requires a long time for heating at a high temperature to obtain sufficient adhesion, resulting in unavoidable reduction in operating efficiency and increase in cost.

Can-covering polyester film and production process thereof


The present invention relates to an adenosine deaminase inhibitor and a novel Bacillus sp. strain which produces it. Particularly, the present 5 invention relates to the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, and the novel Bacillus sp. IADA-7 producing the above adenosine deaminase inhibitor. The adenosine deaminase inhibitor of the present Invention shows superior antibacterial and anticancer activities to the previously reported adenosine deaminase inhibitors.

Adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 184.108.40.206), one of the enzymes involved in purine metabolism, generates inosine and ammonia by removing an amino group coupled to the sixth carbon of adenosine and is present ubiquitously in nature.
Purine is synthesized via two pathways: a de novo pathway from a micromolecule precursor and a salvage pathway from the purine.
The salvage pathway is a process which reuses a foreign substance such as a degrading product generated by destroying unstable RNA within a cell, a nucleic acid of dead cell and a degrading product of nucleotides, and has the advantage of preventing a loss in vital energy and precursors. While the de novo pathway is preserved in all species, the salvage pathway varies depending on the kind of species.
It has been known that animals, plants and microorganisms have a specific inhibitor for each enzyme reaction and these inhibitors are mostly macromolecule peptides, but an inhibitor for the adenosine deaminase is generally an adenosine analogue which is a micromolecule compound having 500 Da or less of a molecular weight. Further, it is known that an enzyme inhibitor isolated from a microbial metabolite is a micromolecular substance having an extremely low toxicity with a new structure. Some inhibitors are very similar in their structures. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention substrates, while others are completely different from their substrates.
As shown in the biosynthesis of antibiotics, there are cases that a plasmid is involved in a characteristic part of the procedure for biosynthesizing an enzyme inhibitor.
There have been reports on several microorganism-originated inhibitors for adenosine deaminase, such as coformycin (3-(α-D-ribo-furanosyl)-6,7,8-trihydroimidazol(1,3)diazepin-8(R)-ol) produced by Streptomyces kaniharaensis SF-557; and cordycepsin and 2′-deoxy coformycin produced by Aspergillus nidulans Y-176-2.
Coformycin produced by Streptomyces which produces formycin(7-amino-3-(β-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidine) is a specific inhibitor for the adenosine deaminase and its inhibition is in competition with a substrate. Further, coformycin, together with formycin, shows a synergistic effect in inhibiting a bacterial growth in most bacteria except for Xanthomonas oryzae, and effectively inhibits a proliferation of Yoshida rat sarcoma cells.
Further, it has been reported 9-α-D-mannopyranosyladenine(1), 9-β-D-xylopyranosyladenine(2), 9-α-D-arabinopyranosyladenine(3), 9-α-L-rhamnopyranosyladenine(4), 9-β-D-fucopyranosyl adenine(5), 9-β-L-fucopyranosyladenine(6) as adenosine deaminase inhibitors. All of them except for 9-α-D-mannopyranosyladenine(4) act as competitive inhibitors, and 9-α-L-rhamnopyranosyladenine is known to have the strongest inhibitory effect.
It has been known that cytotoxicity is developed in a cell inhibited by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine), an inhibitor of an adenosine deaminase, when the cell is treated with adenosine and deoxyadenosine.
It has been also reported that injection of an adenosine analogue such as arabinosyladenine, codycepin or formycin as into an animal can increase an anti-cancer effect.
An enzyme inhibitor has been effectively used for analyzing human physiological functions and medically important pathological phenomena, and in particular, specific inhibitors have been known useful for biochemical analyses of biological functions or pathogens. Further, the enzyme inhibitors are powerful means in discovering various characteristics of enzymes such as active sites of enzymes, in vivo roles and physiological functions, and they can be also applicable as markers for diagnosing various diseases or as therapeutic agents.
The study on adenosine deaminase has been conducted since 1980s when an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase was known as an inhibitor of an immune system based on the discovery that the deficiency in adenosine deaminase, an essential factor involved in immune system, leads to the decrease in T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte thus resulting in an immunodeficiency.
Further, it has been found that the adenosine deaminase inhibitor increases the amount of ATP synthesis in petroleum-decomposing yeast using adenosine as a substrate, and thus its application to ATP synthesis has been proposed.
The studies about enzyme inhibitors have been actively carried out at numerous research institutions. As a result, new metabolic systems or enzyme systems have been discovered, thus clarifying the controlling relationships among biophysical functions.
Most of adenosine deaminase inhibitors reported till now have been grouped to a purine analogue family, which is produced by Actinomycetes, but they are very toxic to human cells when applied for medical treatments, and therefore, it has been on urgent need to develop a new drug applicable for clinical trials.
Further, there has been no report on adenosine deaminase inhibitors produced by bacterial strains.
The present inventors have isolated a new bacterial strain from a soil which produces an adenosine deaminase inhibitor compound and found that the inhibitor compound has antibacterial and anticancer activities.


A photolithographic projection system for selectively irradiating a photosensitive layer on a wafer according to a predetermined pattern on a mask is discussed. The photolithographic projection system includes a radiation source which generates radiation such as light. A reflector reflects the radiation from the radiation source on a path which intersects the wafer. This reflector includes a radiation reflecting portion and a phase-shifting and partially reflecting portion adjacent the radiation reflecting portion. The reflecting portion may include a plurality of reflecting portions surrounded by the absorbing portion, or the reflecting portion may surround the absorbing portion. Alternately, the reflector may include a reflecting portion and an absorbing portion adjacent the reflecting portion. Related methods are also discussed.

Photolithographic processing techniques are used to create patterned layers for microelectronic structures. Each of the patterned layers can be used as an element of a microelectronic device being fabricated, as a mask for a dopant being provided to the substrate below or for other purposes such as an etch mask.
Typically, a photoresist layer is formed on a layer to be patterned. This photoresist layer is selectively exposed to radiation such as light and then developed to form a patterned photoresist layer. This patterned photoresist layer serves as a mask when etching the layer beneath. By etching the portions of a layer exposed by the patterned photoresist layer, the pattern of the photoresist layer can be transferred to the layer below.
As the line widths of microelectronic devices have been reduced to 0.35 .mu.m and smaller, the limits of resolution and the depth of focus (DOF) available through conventional i-line illumination systems may be exceeded. Accordingly, conventional illumination systems may be inadequate for the production of microelectronic devices requiring relatively narrow line widths. In particular, the line widths required for a 256 M dynamic random access memory have prompted the development of improved illumination systems. For example, illumination systems using KrF excimer lasers have been developed.
A conventional projection exposure system for photolithographic processing is illustrated in FIG. 1. The components of this projection exposure system include a light source 1, a first reflector 3, a shutter 5, filters 7, a second reflector 9, a fly's eye lens 11, an aperture 13, a photomask 15, a third reflector 17, a condenser lens 19, a fourth reflector 21, and an object lens 23. This system is used to project an image of the mask 15 onto the wafer 25. The light generated by the light source 1 is transmitted to the wafer 25 along the light path as illustrated.
A component of the light generated by the light source is transmitted to the wafer using the aperture 13. The aperture can be a quadruple aperture or an annular aperture. Both an annular aperture and a quadruple aperture may have the effects of phase-shift and semi-transmission. The modified illumination transmitted through the aperture 13 includes a component with oblique incidence. This modified illumination may also have a component with vertical illumination. Accordingly, resolution and depth of field may be increased when a pattern is formed. Various apertures for conventional projection exposure systems are illustrated in FIGS. 2-5. The quadruple aperture of FIG. 2 has four symmetrically arranged portions 29 which transmit light. Furthermore, a central portion 27 of the aperture blocks light so that only off-axis illumination is transmitted by the aperture.
An annular aperture is illustrated in FIG. 3. In the annular aperture of FIG. 3, a circular light blocking portion 31 is located in the center of the aperture. A light transmitting portion 33 forms an annulet surrounding the light blocking portion 31. The annular aperture may be generally more effective in the generation of illumination with an oblique incidence than a quadruple aperture.
In addition, a central region 35 of a quadruple aperture can provide a phase-shift of 180.degree. and allow the semi-transmission of light, as shown in FIG. 4. Similarly, a central region 36 of an annular aperture can provide a phase-shift of 180.degree. and allow the semi-transmission of light, as shown in FIG. 5.
A conventional reflector 37 for a projection exposure system is illustrated in FIG. 6. The reflector 37 has a surface 39 for reflecting nearly 100% of the light incident thereon.
According to the conventional projection exposure system, the light transmitted through the aperture 13 to the mask 15 has an oblique incident component. Even though the light intensity may be uniformly controlled by the fly's eye lens 11, diffraction generated by the aperture 13 may result in nonuniform light intensity of the wafer. Accordingly, it may be difficult to generate uniform line widths on the wafer 25.

Reflectors for photolithographic projection and related systems and methods


This invention relates to a light-weight foldable chair for leisure with seat and backrest loop capable to be folded once, which can be used in households, outdoors, in a courtyard, in a park and at the beach.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a chair for leisure with seat, backrest, armrest and frame folded once, in particular to a light-weight foldable chair for leisure that can be used in a variety of environments including, for example, in households, outdoors, in a courtyard, in a park, and at beach.
2. Description of the Related Art
At present, the foldable chair suitable for travel and leisure on the market is configured with only supports, backrest tubes and fabric connected. When unfolded, the chair is dragged by the fabric on the seat, which bears a great force and is likely to be damaged. So, one feels uncomfortable while sitting. The existing well known seat-loop foldable chair is configured with its upper portion made of an entire circle, unable to be folded, and having a large volume. The chair seat employs an insert-type structure, having a positioning and fixing device. When the chair is to be folded, it is necessary to open the fixing device first, and it is inconvenient for folding. The chair has a large volume after being folded, and so is inconvenient for carrying.


A wireless communication system has a plurality of wireless communication devices capable of communicating with one another directly without the intervention of another device, and a wireless control unit which accommodates these wireless communication devices. The wireless control unit manages the direct communication among the wireless communication devices as well as communication between the wireless control unit and the wireless communication devices.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a wireless communication system in which switching is performed among terminals or between terminals and a public line in wireless fashion, as well as to a method of controlling this system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Wireless communication is rapidly becoming more widespread and is finding use in a variety of fields. Telephone exchanges are no exception, and systems have been proposed in which communication between a main unit having a switching function and wireless telephones dedicated to the system (hereinafter referred to as wireless telephones) is performed in wireless fashion.
A wireless telephone exchange according to the prior art will now be described.
<System Architecture>
In a conventional wireless communication system, wireless transmission for low-power analog cordless telephones is employed for wireless communication between extension terminals and the main unit. Specifically, the modulation adopted is frequency modulation, two control channels and 87 voice channels can be used and the communication that is possible is 1:1 (point-to-point). In order that a wireless extension terminal may communicate with the main unit, a connecting device for the wireless extension terminal is required.
At the start of communication, first the voice channel to be used is decided by the control channel, a transition is then made to the voice channel and communication is continued using this channel.
Each component of the conventional wireless communication system and the basic operation thereof will now be described.
<Construction of Main Unit>
FIG. 34 is a block diagram showing the architecture of a conventional wireless communication system and the construction of a main unit thereof. A main unit J1, which is the principal component of an exchange system, accommodates a plurality of outside lines and a plurality of terminals and is adapted to switch calls among these. In order that a wireless terminal (referred to as a wireless telephone below) J3 to which a connecting device J2 is connected in point-to-point fashion can be accommodated in the system, the connecting device J2 is placed under the control of the main unit J1 and wirelessly controls the wireless terminal to establish a wireless transmission link. The wireless telephone J3 is a terminal for communicating, via the connecting device J2, with an outside line accommodated in the main unit J1 and with extensions.
The main unit J1 accommodates a PSTN (an existing public telephone network) J4, which is one outside line network, a PSTN line J5, which is an outside line from the PSTN J4, and an SLT (single line telephone) J6, which is one terminal connected to the main unit J1.
The internal construction of the main unit J1 will now be described.
As shown in FIG. 34, a CPU (J101) lies at the heart of the main unit J1 and supervises overall control of the main unit, inclusive of control of switching. The control program of the CPU (J101) is stored in the ROM J102. A RAM (J103) stores various data for control of the CPU (J101) and provides a work area for various computations.
A communication channel unit J104 switches calls (by time division switching) under the control of the CPU (J101). A PSTN line i/f (J105) performs PSTN line control, such as incoming call detection, selection-signal transmission and DC loop closure, under the control of the CPU (J101), in order to accommodate the PSTN line J5. An SLT i/f (J106) performs current feed, loop detection, selection-signal reception and call-signal transmission under the control of the CPU (J101) in order to accommodate the SLT (J6).
A telephone unit J107 has a handset, dialing keys, a speech circuit and a display, etc., for functioning as an extension multi-function telephone under the control of the CPU (J101) when the supply of power to the main unit is normal, and for functioning as an SLT in the event of a power failure. A tone transmission circuit J108 transmits various tones, such as a PB signal, dial tone and incoming call tone. A connecting device i/f (J109) sends and receives a voice signal and control signal to and from the connecting device J1 under the control of the CPU (J101) in order to accommodate the connecting device J2.
<Construction of Connecting Device>
FIG. 35 is a block diagram showing the construction of the connecting device J2 in the conventional wireless communication system. As shown in FIG. 35, the connecting device J2 has a CPU (J201) for controlling the overall connecting device, inclusive of control of the communication channel and wireless portions. A ROM (J202) stores the control program of the CPU (J201), and an EEPROM (J203) stores the call code (system ID) of the system. Furthermore, a RAM (J204) stores various data for control of the CPU (J201) and provides a work area for various computations.
A main unit i/f (J205) sends and receives a voice signal and control signal to and from the main unit J1 under the control of the CPU (J201). A PCM codec J206, which is under the control of the CPU (J201), converts a PCM-coded speech signal from the main unit i/f (J205) to an analog voice signal, transmits the analog voice signal to a voice processing LSI (J207), converts an analog voice signal from the voice processing LSI (J207) to a PCM code and transmits the PCM code to the main unit i/f (J205).
Under the control of the CPU (J201), the voice processing LSI (J207) receives a demodulated signal from a wireless unit J208, described below. If the received signal is control data, the voice processing LSI performs an A/D conversion and sends the converted data to the CPU (J201). If the received signal is a voice signal, the voice processing LSI executes processing such as descrambling and decompression and outputs the processed data to the PCM codec (J206). At the same time, the voice processing LSI subjects control data transmitted from the CPU (J201) to a D/A conversion, transmits the analog data to the wireless unit J208, subjects a voice signal from the PCM codec (J206) to scrambling such as scrambling and compression and transmits the processed signal to the wireless unit J208.
Under the control of the CPU (J201), the wireless unit J208 executes processing in such a manner that the control data and voice signal from the voice processing LSI (J207) can be modulated and wirelessly transmitted, transmits the processed signals to the wireless telephone J3, demodulates a signal received from the wireless telephone J3, extracts control data and a voice signal and transmits the results to the voice processing LSI (J207).
<Construction of Wireless Telephone>
FIG. 36 is a block diagram showing the construction of the wireless telephone J3 accommodated in the conventional wireless communication system. As shown in FIG. 36, the wireless telephone J3 has a CPU (J301) for controlling the wireless telephone J3, inclusive of wireless control and call control. A ROM (J302) stores the control program of the CPU (J301), and an EEPROM (J303) stores the call code (system ID) of the system and a sub-ID of the wireless telephone J3. A RAM (J304) stores various data for control of the CPU (J301) and provides a work area for various computations.
A communication channel unit J305 inputs and outputs speech signals to and from a handset J308, microphone J309 and speaker J310 under the control of the CPU (J301). Under the control of the CPU (J301), a voice processing LSI (J306) receives a demodulated signal from a wireless unit J307. If the received signal is control data, the voice processing LSI performs an A/D conversion and sends the converted data to the CPU (J301). If the received signal is a voice signal, the voice processing LSI executes processing such as descrambling and decompression and outputs the processed data to the communication channel unit J305. The voice processing LSI subjects control data transmitted from the CPU (J301) to a D/A conversion, transmits the analog data to the wireless unit J307, subjects a voice signal from the communication channel unit J305 to processing such as scrambling and compression and transmits the processed signal to the wireless unit J307.
Under the control of the CPU (J301), the wireless unit J307 executes processing in such a manner that the control data and voice signal from the voice processing LSI (J306) can be modulated and wirelessly transmitted, and transmits the processed signals to the wireless connection unit J2. At the same time, the wireless unit J307 demodulates a signal wirelessly received from the wireless connection unit J2, extracts control data and a voice signal and transmits the results to the voice processing LSI (J306).
The handset J308 inputs and outputs voice signals in order that a system user may communicate, the microphone J309 collects and enters voice signals and the speaker J310 emanates a voice signal. A dialed number entered from a key matrix J311, the status of outside lines, etc., are displayed on a display unit J312. The key matrix J311 comprises dialing keys (not shown) for entering telephone numbers, outside line keys, a hold key and function keys such as a speaker key.
<Operation of Conventional Wireless Communication System>
The basic operation of the conventional wireless communication system will now be described.
FIG. 37 illustrates the operating sequence of the conventional wireless communication system. When a request for originating a call is made at the wireless telephone J3, the latter sends the connecting device J2 a connection notification signal on a predetermined wireless control channel (sequence J401). Upon receiving the connection notification signal, the connecting device J2 checks the status of the wireless speech channels and, if a usable speech channel exists, sends a connection answer signal to the wireless telephone J3 (sequence J402).
Upon receiving the connection answer signal, the wireless telephone J3 changes over the frequency used from the wireless control channel to the wireless speech channel and transmits a channel-shift notification signal to the connecting device J2 (J403). Signals are sent and received on the speech channel from this point onward.
Upon receiving the shift notification signal, the connecting device J2 acknowledges the transition to the speech channel and transmits a channel-shift answer signal to the wireless telephone J3 (J404). The connecting device J2 then sends the main unit J1 notification of line connection (J405), after which a transition is made to the speech communication state.
If the wireless telephone J3 receives the channel-shift answer signal in sequence J404 and confirms establishment of a wireless link, the wireless telephone J3 sends the connecting device J2 an outside-line outgoing call signal (J406. Upon receiving the outside-line outgoing call signal, the connecting device J2 originates an outside-line call in the main unit 1 (J407). When there is a voice connection request from the main unit J1 to the connecting device J2 (J408) and from the connecting device J2 to the wireless telephone J3 (J409), a dial tone is transmitted (J410). Accordingly, it is possible to dial for making an outgoing call (J411). From this point onward, the outgoing call to the outside line is implemented. When the called party answers, a transition is made to speech communication (J412).
Through the procedure described above, a wireless telephone is capable of placing a telephone call via a public switched telephone line. With regard to an incoming call as well, a wireless speech channel is acquired and a telephone call can be initiated and continued through a procedure similar to that described above.
Similarly, when an extension call is placed, the call between extensions is implemented via the main unit.
There is also a system in which wireless telephones can perform direct extension communication with each other without the intermediary of the main unit. In the case of such a system, a wireless telephone on the originating side itself acquires an idle wireless link and notifies a wireless telephone on the called side. The notified wireless telephone performs extension communication by effecting a transition to the wireless link of which it has been notified.
In this conventional wireless exchange system, however, narrow-band frequency modulation is used as the method of wireless modulation. As a result, the transmission rate is limited and, hence, the audio from a plurality of wireless telephones cannot be multiplexed using a single carrier frequency. Accordingly, the connecting device and the wireless telephone must be used in a one-to-one (point-to-point) relationship. If the number of wireless telephones accommodated increases, the number of connecting devices must be increased. There is also a limit upon the number of connecting devices that can be accommodated by the main unit and upon the number of wireless telephones that can be accommodated.
In the case where extensions communicate via the main unit, the main unit is used as a relay and is subjected to a load. In the case where wireless telephones place extension calls to each other directly, the wireless telephones acquire the wireless channel. This means that the main unit cannot determine whether this wireless channel is currently being used or is incapable of being used because of disturbing waves.
Further, in the case where wireless telephones place extension calls to each other directly, the status of use of the wireless telephones and the status of use of the wireless channels cannot be managed by the main unit. Furthermore, since a wireless telephone J3 communicates using the wireless channel which it itself acquired, control information cannot be received from the main unit.

Wireless communication system and method of controlling same


There is provided an image forming apparatus that reduces an operation speed of a unit configured to generate pieces of correction data with which the light intensity of laser light is corrected. Pieces of first correction data in a scanning direction of a photoconductor drum are associated with light sources and stored in memories. For a plurality of regions of the surface of the photoconductor drum, a CPU outputs, for each of the regions, pieces of correction data including pieces of second correction data for correction of electric potential characteristics of the region. The positions of pieces of first correction data match some of the positions of pieces of second correction data. A laser driver IC controls light intensity of laser light at the timing of the pieces of second correction data in accordance with a piece of first correction data and a piece of second correction data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present inventions relate to at least one image forming apparatus that forms an image by scanning a photoconductor with a light beam and at least one correction data generation method.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, an image forming apparatus is known that performs image formation by developing, using toner, an electrostatic latent image formed by scanning a photoconductor with laser light and transferring a toner image formed on the photoconductor to a transfer material. The image forming apparatus corrects (performs shading on) the light intensity of laser light in accordance with an exposure position on the photoconductor. The reason this is performed is to correct nonuniformity in characteristics of sensitivity at a plurality of positions corresponding to laser light on the photoconductor and nonuniformity in light intensity of laser light guided onto the photoconductor by optical characteristics of an optical member such as a lens or a mirror, which guides laser light onto a photoconductor, in a main scanning direction. A main scanning direction is a direction in which laser light scans a photoconductor.
Previously, in correction of light intensity in a main scanning direction, the light intensity of laser light is changed from exposure position to exposure position on a photoconductor in the main scanning direction using a generation time of a BD signal as a reference. In contrast, in correction of light intensity in a rotation direction of the photoconductor (a sub-scanning direction), an exposure position of laser light is determined on the photoconductor in the sub-scanning direction from a photoconductor home position and laser light is changed so as to have a light intensity corresponding to a determination result. An exposure position in the main scanning direction is determined by counting a clock signal output from an oscillator using a BD signal as a reference (for example, see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-223716).
FIG. 16 illustrates a correction profile 1601, a correction profile 1602, and a correction profile 1603. The correction profile 1601 is a correction profile for correcting nonuniformity in characteristics of sensitivity of a photoconductor. The correction profile 1602 is a correction profile for correcting nonuniformity in light intensity of laser light in the main scanning direction, the laser light having been guided onto the photoconductor by optical characteristics of an optical member. The correction profile 1603 is a correction profile obtained by multiplying the correction profile 1601 by the correction profile 1602. The horizontal axis of FIG. 16 represents a scan position of laser light in the main scanning direction in millimeters, and the vertical axis of FIG. 16 represents a correction amount of the light intensity of laser light in the case where it is assumed that the light intensity of laser light on the photoconductor when the light intensity of laser light is not corrected corresponds to 100%.
For correction of characteristics of sensitivity of the photoconductor, for example, laser-light light intensity correction is needed with a spatial frequency having a period of about 12 mm as a distance on the surface of the photoconductor and with a high resolution greater than or equal to 8 bits (256 levels of gray). In contrast, for correction of optical characteristics of the optical member, for example, light intensity correction is needed with a spatial frequency having a period of about 26 mm as a distance on the surface of the photoconductor and with a high resolution greater than or equal to 8 bits (256 levels of gray).
For pieces of correction data for characteristics of sensitivity and pieces of correction data for optical characteristics of the optical member, pieces of data at positions of plots illustrated in FIG. 16 are stored in a memory unit and pieces of data at positions each of which is between plots are generated by linear interpolation computation. A piece of correction data is read from the memory unit in accordance with an exposure position of laser light, and a piece of light-intensity correction data for laser light is generated by computation in accordance with the read piece of data. That is, previously, a piece of correction data for characteristics of sensitivity of the photoconductor has been read at a period of 12 mm as a spatial frequency, and a piece of correction data for optical characteristics of the optical member has been read at a period of 26 mm as a spatial frequency.
In the case where one main scanning period of laser light is 10 kHz, the scan speed of laser light on the photoconductor is 1000 mm/second. Light intensity correction for laser light in the main scanning direction is performed by converting the correction profile 1603 into an analog signal by a DA converter inside a laser driver and then correcting a driving current to be supplied to a semiconductor laser using the analog signal obtained as a result of the conversion.
However, in the case where a read period of a piece of correction data for characteristics of sensitivity of the photoconductor differs from a read period of a piece of correction data for optical characteristics of the optical member, the relative read timing for pieces of correction data becomes nonperiodic in a one-scan-line period. In the case where relative read timings for pieces of correction data become nonperiodic, there may be the case where the relative read timing for pieces of correction data becomes fast and there may be the case where an electric current correction operation for a correction amount is necessary many times for a short period of time.
For example, an electric current value at a position of 11 mm is a value obtained when the light intensity of laser light corresponds to 88.5% in the main scanning direction in FIG. 16; however, the electric current value needs to be immediately changed to a value obtained when the light intensity of laser light corresponds to 87.5% at a position of 12 mm. In such a case, switching to pieces of correction data for optical characteristics of the optical member to be used for computation needs to be performed since a piece of correction data for optical characteristics of the optical member is read immediately after a piece of correction data for characteristics of sensitivity of the photoconductor is read. An image forming apparatus needs to include a circuit the operation speed of which is fast, in order to do these processes.
For such a high-speed and high-accuracy digital computation circuit operation and an analog operation, a differential circuit or the like needs to be driven at high power and thus heat generated by a driving circuit increases. Thus, there is an issue in that a driving circuit becomes large because of a heat-dissipating component, a power-source stabilizing circuit, and the like and the manufacturing cost is increased because of a large scale of the driving circuit.
The present inventions provide at least one image forming apparatus that reduces an operation speed of a unit that generates pieces of correction data with which the light intensity of laser light is corrected.

Image forming apparatus and correction data generation method


An electrolytic solution for an electric double layer capacitor comprising a quaternary ammonium salt in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate as an electrolyte. The electrolytic solution for electric double layer capacitor has a low coefficient of viscosity, has an excellent low temperature characteristics of not coagulating at a low temperature, possesses high electrical conductivity over a wide temperature range, and has a long-term reliability.

An electric double layer capacitor is a charge accumulation device utilizing an electric double layer formed at the interface of polarizable electrodes and an electrolytic solution.
When the electrolytic solution used in an electric double layer capacitor possesses a high coefficient of viscosity or a low electric conductivity, the internal resistance of the electric double layer capacitor increases thereby decreasing the voltage of the capacitor during charging and discharging. Therefore, an electrolytic solution used in an electric double layer capacitor is required to possess a low viscosity and a high electric conductivity. In addition, the electrolytic solution is required to be durable over a long period of time.
Conventionally, in view of ensuring long term durability, electrolytic solution for use in electric double layer capacitors comprising a quaternary ammonium salt such as triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (hereinafter referred to as "TEMA-BF4") dissolved in propylene carbonate (hereinafter referred to as "PC") has been used (e.g. Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-114105).
However, due to a high coefficient of viscosity of about 2.5 mPa·s at 30° C. possessed by the PC solvent, the electrolytic solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved in this solvent has a problem of a high coefficient of viscosity and a low conductivity, resulting in a large internal resistance of the electric double layer capacitor produced using this electrolytic solution.
For this reason, an electrolytic solution for an electric double layer capacitor having a low coefficient of viscosity, excellent low-temperature characteristics, and high long-term reliability has been desired.
An object of the present invention is to provide an electrolytic solution for use in an electric double layer capacitor possessing a low coefficient of viscosity and excellent low-temperature characteristics, i.e. exhibiting a high conductivity without coagulating over a wide temperature range including a low temperature range and having superior long-term reliability, and to provide an electric double layer capacitor using this electrolytic solution.

Electrolytic solution for electric double layer capacitor and electric double layer capacitor