Disclosed is a method for manufacturing a flexible printed circuit board and a flexible printed circuit board manufactured thereby, which minimizes a dielectric loss due to a high frequency signal and preventing a loss of the high frequency signal. The disclosed method for manufacturing the flexible printed circuit board according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes preparing a base sheet; preparing a bonding sheet having a melting temperature lower than a melting temperature of the base sheet; forming a laminate by stacking the base sheet and the bonding sheet; and bonding by heating and pressurizing the laminate.

In general, a flexible printed circuit board is a board capable of flexibly bending by forming a circuit pattern on a thin insulating film, and is widely used in a portable electronic device and an automated machine, a display product or the like that requires bending and flexibility when used by mounting therein.
The flexible printed circuit board is manufactured by adhering or die-casting a copper foil to a polyimide (PI) film. At this time, since the polyimide film has the characteristics such as high mechanical strength, heat resistance, insulation, and solvent resistance, it is widely used as a base board of the flexible printed circuit board.
Meanwhile, as the use of the services for transmitting large amount of information in real time such as a video call, watching a movie, and a live broadcast is increasing, the portable terminal is mounted with circuits for transmitting large capacity information by using a high frequency band (e.g., GHz) therein.
However, there is a problem in that when a high frequency signal is transmitted by using the flexible printed circuit board made of a polyimide film, a signal loss of the high frequency signal is caused by a dielectric loss that is inherent in the material.
That is, there is a problem in that the polyimide film has a high dielectric constant, a dielectric loss occurs during transmission and reception of the high frequency signal to cause a loss of a high frequency signal, thereby disconnecting the services in use such as a video call, watching a movie, and live broadcast.
In addition, there is a problem in that although the flexible printed circuit board made of a film having a low dielectric constant may minimize the loss of the high frequency signal, the heat resistance is reduced due to a low melting temperature, thereby melting the surface due to the high temperature of about 250° C. occurring in a Surface Mounter Technology (SMC) process for mounting an element for high frequency and occurring the failure.
In addition, there is a problem in that the film having a low dielectric constant and high heat-resistance is formed at a high price, such that the manufacturing cost of the flexible printed circuit board increases, thereby losing the market power.

Method for manufacturing flexible printed circuit board and flexible printed circuit board manufactured by same


A starter includes a starter motor, a main circuit section, a main switch section including a main contact section to cut a current, a main plunger driven to open and close the main contact section, suction and holding coils, battery and motor terminals, and a switch terminal connected to the battery through a start switch, and opening and closing the main contact section in accordance with movement of the main plunger, a suction circuit section connected in parallel with the main circuit section and connected in series with the suction coil, a holding circuit section connected in series with the holding coil, and a breaking section connected in series with the suction coil inside the suction circuit section. The breaking section cuts electricity conduction when electricity is continuously conducted to the suction coil to bring about layer short circuit and a short circuit current flows at the suction circuit section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a starter used in starting an engine of, for example, an automobile or the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
A starter of a background art is constructed by a constitution including a fuse in series with a suction coil constituting a starter. (Refer to, for example, JP-A-2005-54706, page 10, FIG. 2)
Further, also in a starter of a background art having an auxiliary switching function is constructed by a constitution including a fuse in series with a suction coil constituting the starter. (Refer to, for example, JP-A-2004-52572, page 8, FIG. 1)
A general starter is constructed by a constitution in which by closing a start switch provided for starting the starter, a pinion gear provided to the starter and a ring gear provided to an engine are brought in mesh with each other, and a rotating operation of the starter is transmitted to the engine and therefore, in a case in which teeth of both of the pinion gear and the ring gear collide with each other and are not brought in mesh with each other normally, and in a case in which the start switch for starting the engine is continuously closed and the suction coil is conducted with electricity for a long period of time or a case in which an operation of opening the start switch once and thereafter immediately closing the start switch is continuously carried out repeatedly and the suction coil is intermittently conducted with electricity for a long period of time, there is a concern that a temperature of the suction coil rises, an insulating coating of the suction coil is melted to bring about layer short circuit, and a short circuit current flows.
Therefore, according to the starter of the background art, there is used a fuse a melting temperature of which is set to be low to be connected in series with the suction coil such that electricity conduction to the suction coil is cut before bringing the suction coil into layer short circuit, however, the fuse is comparatively easily melted to cut by conducting normal current and therefore, by cutting the fuse, the starter is not operated, and the state in which the engine cannot be started is brought about frequently.
Further, according to the starter of the background art, a resistance value of the fuse varies widely from high and low owing to production tolerance or the like, as a result, a current having a value different from a normal value flows in the fuse, a temperature rise of the fuse is changed and also a time period of cutting the fuse becomes a different value. Hence, when the fuse is melted to cut by a time period shorter than normal, that is, there is further frequently brought about the state in which the engine cannot be started, and it is difficult to design a fuse melted to cut by a predetermined time period for avoiding the state.


A digital signal is equalized, for example in cellular radio systems, to combat intersymbol interference. Each sample received is associated with an estimated symbol representing the transmitted symbol. The equalization process comprises an iterative stage of intersymbol interference elimination, each iteration comprising for each sample of a set of received samples whose value has not been determined during a previous iteration: comparing said sample with at least one confidence threshold and if said sample exceeds any of said thresholds: associating with said sample an estimated symbol whose value depends on said threshold exceeded, the value of said sample being then determined; and eliminating the intersymbol interference caused to other samples belonging to said set of received samples by said estimated symbol.

1. Field of the invention
The invention concerns the reception of digital signals. To be more precise, the invention concerns the equalization of digital signals, in particular to combat intersymbol interference.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The characteristics (amplitude, sign, phase, etc) of a received digital signal depend on a plurality of information symbols transmitted in succession rather than just one symbol. This dependency is due in particular to the multiple paths taken by the transmitted signal to reach the receiver and also, in the case of cellular radio systems, for example, to the modulation technique employed.
It is difficult to recognize each symbol transmitted independently. To achieve this it is necessary to distinguish continuously the contributions of the various symbols in order to retain only one by the process of equalization. The contributions of the other symbols constitute what is known as intersymbol interference.
The invention applies to the reception of all types of digital signal and in particular to mobile reception. The problems arising from intersymbol interference are even more crucial in mobile application because reception conditions are continually varying (with the position and speed of the mobile). The equalization must therefore adapt to cater for such variations.
A particular application of the invention is to equalize signals incorporating learning sequences whose content is known to the receiver, such as those used in the GSM (Groupe Special Mobile) digital cellular radio system, for example. The GSM has drawn up specifications for the pan-European cellular radiotelephone system embodied in its recommendations. Information is transmitted between base stations and mobile station in packets at carrier frequencies in the order of 1 GHz using a GMSK modulator operating at 271 kbit/s.
Each packet transmitted is made up of a sequence of known symbols called the learning sequence and a sequence of symbols varying according to the data transmitted. The learning sequence is at the center of the packet, between first and second data sequences.
Various adaptive equalization methods are already known. In the GSM context, a recursive equalizer may be used whose coefficients are determined by estimating the impulse response of the channel. This method is somewhat unreliable in the presence of low signal to noise ratios, such as occur in the presence of selective fading, which frequently occurs on the radio channel.
It is also possible to use a Viterbi equalizer which operates in two stages:
it estimates the sequence of data symbols using a maximum likelihood criterion,
it subtracts the intersymbol interference.
The first stage is relatively costly in terms of processing time: this time is proportional to 2.sup.Nr where Nr is the impulse response duration expressed as a number of symbol periods.
A particular objective of the invention is to alleviate these drawbacks of the prior art.
To be more precise, an object of the invention is to provide an equalization method and device to combat intersymbol interference which are efficient and perform well under all receiving conditions, in particular in the presence of selective fading.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method of this kind which is relatively simple to implement and relatively economical in processing time as compared with known methods such as the Viterbi equalizer.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method of this kind which simultaneously estimates the symbols transmitted and eliminates intersymbol interference.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method and a device applicable to mobile reception, and in particular in radio communication systems. Another object of the invention is to provide a method and a device which are entirely compatible with the various GSM recommendations.

Adaptive equalization method reducing intersymbol interference, receive device implementing it and application thereof


A projector includes a light source device and an exterior casing, wherein an engagement moving portion slant surface is formed at an engagement moving portion, the engagement moving portion slant surface abutting on an engaging protrusion in a sliding manner when the engagement moving portion is moved to a not-engaging position to press the engaging protrusion toward a top portion.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a projector.
2. Related Art
There has been known a projector that includes a light source device and an exterior casing for housing the light source device and modulates a light beam irradiated by the light source device to project the light beam in an enlarged manner.
Such projector has a structure in which an opening is formed in the exterior casing at a position corresponding to a position of the light source device so that the light source device can be removed and replaced at the end of its life or in other case, the opening being covered with a lamp cover (lid), and the lamp cover being detachably attached to the exterior casing (for example, see Document 1: JP-A-2003-43583).
According to the projector described in Document 1, attached on the exterior casing are a lock lever movable by engaging with a second engaging portion formed at the lamp cover; a first biasing member for biasing the lamp cover so as to disengage the second engaging portion from the lock lever; and a second biasing member for biasing the lamp cover so as to keep holding a holder that holds the lamp cover relative to the exterior casing in a slightly opened manner when the second engaging portion and the lock lever are disengaged from each other. With the above-described structure, the light source device can easily be replaced.
However, in the projector described in Document 1, the lock lever, the first biasing member, the second biasing member, and the like need to be attached relative to the exterior casing, so that manufacturing of the projector is likely complicated. Therefore, a technique for attaching/detaching the lamp cover relative to the exterior casing easily with a simple structure is desired.

Projector with a detachably attaching lamp cover


A compound for an organic electroluminescence (EL) device is represented by the following Formula (1):

1. Field
Embodiments relate to a material for an organic electroluminescence device and an organic electroluminescence device including the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, organic electroluminescence (EL) displays, which are one type of image display, have been actively developed. Unlike a liquid crystal display and the like, the organic EL display is so-called a self-luminescent display which recombines holes and electrons injected from an anode and a cathode in an emission layer to thus emit lights from a light-emitting material including an organic compound of the emission layer, thereby performing display.

Material for organic electroluminescence device and organic electroluminescence device including the same

Abstract: In Formula (1), Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, and L is a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene group.


A door for a washing appliance is provided. The door includes an inner frame and an outer frame joined with the inner frame where one of the frames couples with a cabinet of the washing appliance. The door also has a glass door between the inner frame and the outer frame and a recess portion disposed in an inner circumferential surface of the outer frame.

The washing machine performs washing, rinsing and spinning processes for taking dirt off the clothes by using action of detergent and water. There are drum type, agitator type and pulsator type in the washing machines.
The drum type washing machine carries out washing by slowly rotating the drum around a horizontal axis in a state the detergent, the washing water, and the laundry are introduced into an inside of the drum having a plurality of tumbling ribs formed thereon so that the washing of the laundry is made by falling down impact of the laundry after being lifted by the tumbling ribs and friction force.
The drum type washing machine is used widely day by day because the drum type washing machine causes almost no damage to the laundry and no entangling of the laundry, and consumes a small amount of water.
The clothes drier dries a drying object by blowing hot air produced from a heater into the drum to evaporate moisture in the drying object. In the clothes drier, there are air discharging type, and air condensing type clothes driers depending on a system of processing moist air produced during the drying object is dried.
The air discharge type clothes drier discharges the moist air from the drum to outside of the drier, and the condensing type clothes drier condenses the moist air from the drum, to remove moisture from the air, and blows the dried air into the drum again, for re-circulating the air.
Those drum type washing machine and drier are provided with doors for preventing the laundry and the drying object, such as clothes, from being thrown out. A related art door will be described, with reference to the attached drawings.
Referring to FIG. 1, the door 10 is provided with an inner frame 12 having a hinge assembly 5 connected thereto for opening/closing of the door 10, and an outer frame 14. The inner frame 12 and the outer frame 14 are fastened with bolts 11, and there is a door glass 13 between the inner frame 12 and the outer frame 14. Accordingly, the door glass 13 is fixed by the inner frame 12 and the outer frame 14 at a circumference thereof.
The inner frame 12 has a hook 15 and a hook hole 12h for opening/closing the door 10, and the outer frame 14 has a handle 14a at one side thereof for opening/closing the door 10. The handle 14a is projected from one end of the outer frame 14.
The projection of the handle from the one end of the outer frame 14 impairs an overall appearance of the drum washing machine and the clothes drier.

Door and a drum type washing machine and a clothes dryer using the same


An image analyzing and expression adding apparatus for presenting an operator with image impressions displayed in terms of sensitive language and for allowing the operator to use stored design know-how in adding expressions to the image on display. An image segmenting unit segments an input image into a plurality of areas. An image feature storing unit stores the physical feature quantities of each of the segmented areas. The physical feature quantities are processed by an image analyzing unit preparing visual feature quantities about the entire image. A sensitive influence quantity computing unit receives the visual feature quantities thus prepared and, based on information from a design know-how storing unit, computes factors of the terms representing sensitivity. The operator is presented with the factors of the sensitivity-expressing terms. In response, the operator instructs desired expressions using the sensitivity-expressing terms through an expression instructing unit. An image expression adding unit receives the instructions about the expressions and modifies the image by referring to the information from the design know-how storing unit. The physical feature quantities of the segmented areas are also modified immediately, so that the impressions of the modified image are analyzed and displayed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to image processing techniques and, more particularly, to an image analyzing and expression adding apparatus for analyzing images such as quantified full-color pictures so that an operator may determine a suitable design plan according to the result of such analysis, the apparatus further allowing displayed images to be supplemented by necessary expressions in keeping with the design plan thus obtained.
2. Description of the Related Art
Today, desk-top publishing (abbreviated to DTP hereunder) is gaining widespread use and finding its way into small offices and households. Processing of images for use in DTP is becoming easier than before thanks to the development of image editing devices and image retouch systems. However, DTP has posed two major obstacles for ordinary users (i.e., nonspecialists) when it comes to adding suitable expressions to images such as photographs in a manner consistent with the purposes of the target document being prepared.
The first obstacle is that so-called suitable expressions to be added to an image are something that is difficult for people to understand in the first place. The second obstacle is the lack of a method for efficiently transmitting to the image processing system in use those locations within the image to which to add the desired expressions.
The second obstacle applies not only to ordinary users but also to specialists such as photo retouchers. There exist some conventional methods for designating necessary areas in images. One such method involves enclosing designated pixels with appropriate circles or rectangles. Another traditional method involves regarding contiguous pixels of similar colors as the same area and expanding that area collectively. One disadvantage of these methods is the difficulty in effectively designating areas in keeping with a given pattern. Yet another conventional method proposes applying area dividing techniques such as the k-means algorithm to designating image areas. This method is not very practical because the speed of processing drops considerably the larger the image. However, the second obstacle is being overcome by the recent development of algorithms of image segmentation such as the division k-means algorithm designed to divide large images into areas in a short time.
To return to the first obstacle, the so-called suitable expression to be added to the image merits scrutiny. In DTP, images are often pasted onto the target document. Suitable images are images that conform to the purposes of the document in question and assist in achieving such purposes effectively. For example, suppose that a bicycle retailer plans to stock a large number of mountain bicycles which are sturdy, designed to run at high speed, and operable by nonmuscular female users; that in a bid to sell the bicycles, the retailer develops a sales campaign and promotes it using leaflets targeted to the retailer's region; and that each of the leaflets has full-color photographs of the mountain bicycle being marketed. In this hypothetical case, the image of the leaflet as a whole needs to be determined, and the messages to be conveyed by the photographs are to be appropriately designed as well. To begin with, sensitive language (i.e., a term or a set of terms for expressing aspects of sensitivity or impressions) is used to express what is desired to be conveyed to potential customers. The terms of sensitive language to be used in the sales campaign are assumed to be selected from among those most commonly used, such as the terms listed in FIG. 3, "Color Image Scale" of Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Sho 52-80043 (1977). (In this laid-open publication, images and impressions expressed in colors are represented by terms of sensitive language called color image terms.) Since the sales campaign is targeted to female users, the retailer wants the leaflet to convey the "gentleness" of the product for use by female customers, the "sportiness" of the product because the bicycle is designed to run at high speed, and the "safety" of the product because the bicycle while running is most unlikely to overturn. With the sales campaign targeted exclusively to female prospects, the retailer decides to put high priority to the term "gentleness" and medium priority to "sportiness" and "safety."
Suppose next that the leaflet is to be designed by a DTP system. First to be prepared are the layout of the leaflet and the photographs of the marketed product in compliance with the overall design plan. This is where some questions arise with respect to the photographs actually taken of the product and prepared for the campaign: Are the photographs fully representative of the "gentleness," "sportiness" and "safety" of the product in appropriate proportions? Are the images indicative of the retailer's originality and appealing to those who see them? Should the images be judged inadequate, where do they need to be retouched, and in what manner? These are the questions which stem from image analysis and which concern additional expressions based on such analysis.
To those who use the DTP system, answering the above questions requires specialized knowledge about design in general. It is almost impossible for them to answer these questions directly by simply referring to physical features of the image in question. This is a major barrier that hampers efforts to render the designing process automatic or semiautomatic.
How far the research on image analysis has advanced and what can be done based on what has been found so far will now be outlined in three aspects: symbolic, concrete and abstract. The symbolic aspect of image analysis involves examining images in terms of characters and symbols. The concrete aspect of image analysis involves interpreting images as concrete objects such as human beings and automobiles, while the abstract aspect involves analyzing images in terms of color surface areas and compositions as in abstract paintings. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 5-225266 (1993) proposes a design apparatus for supporting design activities in their concrete aspect. However, as the preferred embodiment of the laid-open patent is shown to address only automotive parts, systems of the disclosed kind need to have their targets limited to certain fields. Otherwise the computers of such systems are incapable of processing huge quantities of image knowledge involved. At present, it is apparently difficult to implement general-purpose design apparatuses working on the concrete aspect of image analysis. Meanwhile, research on the abstract aspect of image analysis is making a significant progress promoted by a number of researchers. The abstract aspect of image analysis is particularly important for photographic images because their symbolic aspect was already determined when they were taken.
How the abstract aspect of images is analyzed is discussed illustratively by D. A. Dondis in "A primer of visual literacy", MIT Press, 1973, ("Katachi wa kataru" in Japanese, translated by Takayoshi Kaneko, Science-sha), and by Arnheim in "Arts and Vision" ("Bijutsu to shikaku" in Japanese, translated by Kanji Hatano and Yorio Seki, Bijutsu-Shuppansha). With respect to the synesthetic effects of colors, attempts have been made to grasp quantitatively the relations between the brightness of colors and their perceived heaviness as well as the relations between chromaticity and warmness (e.g., by Hideaki Chijiwa in "Chromatics" from Fukumura-Shuppan). In addition, the effects of colors are known to differ depending on the area occupied by each color, as described by Masako Ashizawa and Mitsuo Ikeda in "Area Effects of Chromatic Prominence" ("Iro no Medachi no Menseki-Koka" in Japanese, the periodical of the Japan Society of Chromatics, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1994). The chromatic effects of an image can be predicted to a certain extent with the colors and their areas in the image taken as parameters. The color image scale disclosed in the above-cited Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Sho 52-80043 is an application of the synesthetic effects of colors to image analysis. The disclosed color image scale is prepared by polling a large number of people on the impressions they receive from colors (i.e., color images) and by laying out the results of the poll in a space composed of three axes: warm/cool, hard/soft, and clear/grayish. The color image scale is applied extensively not only to colors but also to other image elements in diverse fields of design activities. However, since this scale was originally provided to address colors alone, inconveniences have often been experienced. For example, while colors give impressions of warmness or coolness mainly on the basis of their chromaticity, textures like furs tend to give warm impressions and those of metal surfaces are likely to give cool impressions. It follows illustratively that the texture of a blue fur and that of a red metal surface are both located close to the origin of the color image scale. That is, images are more likely to be located near the origin of the scale the more complex their component elements become. This negates the initial purpose of the color image scale, i.e., that of classifying images. Although the texture of, say, a red metal surface has a specific significance, its image is mapped near the origin of the scale and is thus expressed as something featureless and bland. To circumvent this problem, the laid-open patent proposes examining more detailed image terms in advance and mapping these terms in the color-based coordinates, whereby the expressions of diverse images are made possible in a simple, three-dimensional space. This technique promises an improvement in image differentiation but tends to highlight awkward aspects of the mapping of a design composed of numerous elements on the basis of the proposed image terms. The reason for such awkwardness is that distances in the image space are originally based on colors. That is, a long distance in the image space does not necessarily mean a large difference between images.
Another solution to the above problems in the abstract aspect of image analysis is a method of having a computer compute numerous physical and psychophysical quantities of target image colors. The results of the computations are arranged into axes constituting a space in which to map terms of sensitive language through "fuzzy" processing. Such a method is supposed to analyze a large number of image expressions. The method is expected to be effective when used on designs with simple visual effects but will not be suitable for analyzing complicated visual effects. The major reason for this is the difficulty experienced in furnishing design knowledge to the image analyzing system in use. The system is required to ensure direct correspondence between numerous physical and psychophysical quantities on the one hand, and the types of sensitivity (i.e., elements of sensitive language) given as impressions on the other hand. It is an enormously time-consuming task for the designer not familiar with physical or psychophysical quantities to prepare design knowledge in a way usable by the system. If the correspondence between a large number of physical and psychophysical quantities and the image types (elements of sensitive language) is acquired through statistical processing in order to eliminate the designer's chore, individual design techniques tend to cancel out one another the more complicated the composition of the elements in the design in question. That is, it is difficult to determine which of the techniques in the design is of utmost significance. In the example above of the bicycle retailer's sales campaign, two of the three key concepts, "sportiness" and "safety," are located at two extreme ends of one axis on the color image scale of FIG. 3 in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Sho 52-80043 (the scale is one of a number of known image scales proposed at present). There is no way that these two concepts are both satisfied on the proposed scale. An attempt forcibly to satisfy the two concepts simultaneously will simply map their images close to the origin of the scale.
Furthermore, a good designer should first of all have a firm grasp of general design techniques and of the effects that such techniques can exert to viewers. Secondly, the designer should be able to fully project his or her originality in the works rendered. This means that a competent system should also have a solid grasp of general design techniques and of the effects that such techniques can exert to viewers. In addition, the system should be capable of providing its works with its own distinctiveness (i.e., designer's originality). Only such a system can adequately address the tasks of image analysis and processing. As described above, conventional image analyzing systems merely compute the images that viewers directly receive from physical and psychophysical quantities and are incapable of sufficient image analysis. A system for analyzing complicated image expressions needs a knowledge database structure ready to accommodate designers' knowledge and expertise. This kind of knowledge database requires arrangements for incorporating general design techniques, designers' originalities as well as the differences in image perception between viewers of, say, different age groups and ethnic origins.
Another disadvantage of existing image analyzing systems is their limited ability merely to indicate in percentage points how much of the purpose of the image in question will have been achieved overall. (In the example of the bicycle retailer's sales campaign, the purposes of the images are expressed in priorities 2, 1 and 1 put respectively to the concepts "gentleness," "sportiness" and "safety." The larger the number, the higher the priority.) Although the percentage thus obtained provides a rule of thumb in the subsequent steps of image retouch and expression supplementation, the result of the analysis cannot be used directly in retouching images or in adding suitable expressions to images.
As outlined above, there has yet to be an image analyzing system capable of checking to see if the concepts of, say, the "gentleness," "sportiness" and "safety" in the above-cited hypothetical bicycle retailer's sales campaign are suitably expressed using priorities 2, 1 and 1 respectively, and to see if the target document has its originality.
Techniques for adding expressions to images will now be outlined. An ideal technique would be one allowing the result of the image analysis to be utilized directly in retouching images or in supplementing images with additional expressions. Since such a technique does not exist, the description that follows will focus on techniques for adding expressions to images.
Adobe Systems Incorporated is marketing the software product called PhotoShop (TM) that permits photo retouch with DTP systems. The same company also offers the software product called PageMaker (TM) offering edit features. These products are inexpensive and may readily be purchased by individuals. As discussed earlier, for those who never experienced retouching photographs, it is no easy task to define those areas in the image to which to add expressions. This function has yet to be implemented by PhotoShop. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 6-83924 (1994) proposes an image editing apparatus aimed at bringing about that function. The proposed apparatus divides a given image into segments that are labeled each, and allows the user to operate a pointing device to select collectively the pixels included in a given segment. Because the apparatus selects one of three factors, i.e., hue, chroma or value as image information used for segmentation, it suffers from the disadvantage of having long distances in an image grouped into a single segment each. Another disadvantage of the apparatus is that natural images used in printing tend to be large in size and thus take considerable time to segment.
Another method that has been practiced to convey additional expressions to the image editing system is one which allows a pen-like tool to be manipulated through the use of a pointing device in the same manner that a painter draws a painting. Another practiced method involves applying special effects to part or all of the image in question and/or carrying out color conversion on the image. There has also been proposed a similar method for performing color conversion by inputting not the values representing colors but the terms of sensitive language (image terms) mapped on the color image scale introduced earlier. Another proposed method involves classifying images in sensitive language and searching therethrough. In any case, it is not preferable to map on the color image scale the images containing complex information other than colors for the reasons discussed above.
A more serious problem is the absence of a system capable of carrying out the whole series of processing from image analysis to the addition of expressions to images in achieving the purposes of the target document using such images.
The major technical challenges discussed so far are summarized as follows:
(1) There exist no image analyzing and expressing systems capable of utilizing the result of image analysis in the process of adding expressions to the target image. PA1 (2) Operators having no design knowledge are unable to add suitable expressions to images. PA1 (3) Conventional image analyzing systems based on the existing image scales are incapable of fully analyzing an image that is expressed in those terms of sensitive language which have contradictory meanings. PA1 (4) Conventional expression adding systems based on the existing image scales, when using a pair of sensitive language terms having contradictory meanings, are incapable of adding the applicable expressions simultaneously to an image. PA1 (5) Designers' originalities cannot be expressed by conventional systems. PA1 (6) It is not easy for systems to acquire knowledge specific to individual designers. PA1 (7) Systems can only obtain simplified design knowledge. PA1 (8) There has yet to be an effective way of handling images.

Image analyzing and editing apparatus using psychological image effects


A system and method for detecting unknown signals is presented. A system includes a receiver, a multiplier logic, integrator logic and a peak detection logic. The receiver receives a first radio frequency (RF) input containing an unknown signal and first noise and a second RF radio input containing the same unknown signal and a second noise. The second RF input is orthogonally polarized with respect to the first RF input. The multiplier logic multiplies the first RF input with a conjugate of the second RF input to produce a multiplied signal. The integrator logic integrates the multiplied signal to product an integrated signal. The peak detection logic determines a coarse time of arrival (TOA) of a unknown signal located in the integrated signal based, at least in part, on a peak power in the integrated signal.

1. Field of Invention
The current invention relates generally to apparatus, systems and methods for detecting radar. More particularly, the apparatus, systems and methods relate to detecting low power spread spectrum radars. Specifically, the apparatus, systems and methods provide for detecting low power spread spectrum radars by analysing the same signal received by two orthogonal radio frequency inputs.
2. Description of Related Art
Modern spread spectrum radars are significantly more difficult to detect and characterize than the conventional Radar. One reason for this is because the transmit power is reduced from typically 4000 watts to under 100 watts. In addition to reduced transmit power, these radars use modulation waveforms that spread the RF energy over a broad spectrum. The combination of reduced transmit power and spread spectrum make these radars extremely difficult to detect. Significant additional processing gain over state of the art radar warning receivers may be needed. In addition to detection, signal parameter estimation may be especially challenging. Some radar detectors support coarse frequency and time of arrival (TOA) measurements based on the channelizer bin detection and the filtered pulse envelope. However to detect spread spectrum radars accurately, more resolution on both of these measurements is needed.
Other conventional techniques extract the phase time history of the signal and fit a straight line to the phase data. The slope of the phase line is the frequency. Various algorithms approach the Cramer Rao Lower Bound at signal to noise ratios higher than 6 dB. However, modern radars may need to look at a range of SNRs from −5 dB to +10 dB. A need, therefore, exists for a better radar (unknown signal) detector.

Signal agnostic matched filter parameter estimator

BAE Systems Information and Electronic Systems Integration Inc.


The present invention relates to a scanning device with a positioning senor and a processing method to obtain images, comprising a casing, linear contact image sensor (CIS), further comprising a system processor P3 for controlling the work of said CIS by timing signal, the optical coordinate sensors and the displacement processor P1 and P2 for estimating the coordinate increment (8001) and the coordinate increment (8002) of the real-time displacement, an A/D circuit and data buffer; said system processor P3 packets original scanning data with positioning information (8004), and then transfers to the upper machine. An image processing module in the upper machine de-packets said original scanning date (8004); Converts out the coordinate of the terminal pixel of said linear contact image sensor (CIS), and configures the image line in the object image configuring area; and calculates and rectifies the relative offset of the positioning coordinate of the two scanning bands making using of the statistical characteristic of part of pixel data in the overlapped area of the two scanning bands.

The traditional scanners are plate scanners. The images to be scanned are placed at the scanning window of the scanners, behind which the image sensor moves to acquire data of the scanned images. Such structure has large volume and is of heavy weight. Afterwards, the paper-feeding scanners came into existence, the media of the images to be scanned are driven to move across the scanning window of strip shape, and then the image sensor acquires data of the image to be scanned. Although such structure has decreased volume and weight, but it is inconvenient to scan all images of a whole book. As a result, the handhold scanning brush and scanning pen of smaller volume came into being. Users move such scanners by hand across the media to be scanned and then the images to be scanned can be read. But the scanning window of the scanning pen is so small that such scanner is just used to scan images of a-word area. Even though the scanning brush has a larger scanning window compared with the scanning pen, in order to ensure successfully revert scanning-obtained data, users are requested to move the scanner straight, so such scanner are generally equipped with a scanning guide which increases weight of the handhold scanning brush, meanwhile the scanning area is restricted by the scanning window's area.

Scanning device with a positioning sensor and a corresponding processing method to obtain images


An emulation system may have a built-in self-test circuit to generate one or more built-in self-test instructions. The one or more built-in self-test instructions may be pseudorandom. The one or more built-in self-test instructions may cause one or more emulation processors of the emulation system to generate one or more deterministic outputs. A testing processor of the emulation system may compare the one or more deterministic outputs to detect a faulty emulation processor, a faulty emulation processor cluster, or a faulty emulation chip of the emulation system.

Modern semiconductor based integrated circuits are incredibly complex and contain millions of circuit devices, such as transistors, and millions of interconnections between the circuit devices. Designing such complex integrated circuits cannot be accomplished manually, and circuit designers use computer-based electronic design automation tools for synthesis, debugging, and functional verification of the integrated circuits. A significant function of the electronic design automation tools is an emulation of a logical system (e.g., an integrated circuit design) to perform pre-silicon functional verification, firmware and software development, and post-silicon debug. To achieve this, a typical processor-based emulation system includes several application specific integrated circuits all working together to execute a program generated by an emulation compiler generated from the integrated circuit design. The compiled program code may model a design under test that is a logical representation of the integrated circuit design running on the emulation system.
The emulation system may include one or more emulation chips, which may further include one or more hardware components, such as one or more emulation processors capable of processor-based (e.g., hardware-based) emulation of the integrated circuit design to test capabilities of the integrated circuit design. By executing various forms of programmable logic, the one or more emulation chips may be programmed to mimic functionality of the integrated circuit design that may be undergoing testing.
The emulation system may include a number of resources to prototype the integrated circuit design using reprogrammable computing hardware before a manufacturer may expend resources manufacturing a logic system product based on the integrated circuit design. The resources may include complex circuits, which may further include various types of logic gates, such as registers, Boolean logic gates, memories, and the like. The resources may further include hardware emulators having identical emulation processors arranged into groups of emulation processors known as clusters. Each emulation processor cluster may include different types of connections, data paths, memory paths, and control paths. The complexity and the number of connections present within each emulation processor cluster is considerably high.
An output of each emulation processor cluster may depend on one or more emulation instructions (for example, mission instructions) within a control store and one or more inputs to each emulation processor within the emulation processor cluster. When any emulation chip within the emulation system may have hardware defects in any of its paths, such as inputs paths, output paths, or memory paths, it may be extremely difficult to detect output failures because each emulation processor cluster on the emulation chip is capable of an independent operation to emulate a logic gate and mimic a function of the logic gate in the integrated circuit design.
To prevent such output failures, the emulation system may be tested on a regular basis to detect any defect in its components using a conventional diagnostics software. However, conventional software-based testing of the emulation system using the diagnostics software is inadequate. For instance, the diagnostics software may generate testing instructions, which may be downloaded to a memory. The number of testing instructions that may be downloaded to the memory may depend on a size limit of the memory. Once all the testing instructions are downloaded to the memory, the conventional software-based testing may be confined to running a same set of the testing instructions to test the emulation system.
Because only a limited number of testing instructions can be downloaded to memory for execution, test coverage of a software-based test for the emulation system using the diagnostics software is very low, as the testing instructions may not utilize a majority of components, data paths, control paths, etc., of the emulation system. As a result, the conventional software-based testing of the emulation system may require multiple time-consuming test runs, and a new set of testing instructions may have to be generated using a different seed for a better test coverage. Moreover, there is still no mechanism available to determine a total number of test runs, which may be needed to have a complete test coverage of the emulation system. Therefore, the software-based testing of the emulation system using the conventional diagnostics software is very inefficient and cumbersome.

Functional built-in self-test architecture in an emulation system


A zoom camera has a lens barrier apparatus, a front lens group, a rear lens group, a rear lens group is lens barrel that houses said front lens group and said rear lens group, said rear lens group is supported such that a distance between the front lens group and the rear lens group is changeable, and the lens barrel is movable between a housed position, at which the lens barrel is retracted furtherest with respect to the camera body, and a photo-ready range, at which the lens barrel is extended from the housed position. A rear group moving device is mounted on the lens barrel, for moving the rear lens group relative to the front lens group. An entire movement device moves the lens barrel without changing a distance between the front lens group and the rear lens group, and a lens barrier apparatus, which is provided with barrier blades that are mounted on the front end of the lens barrel is provided. The rear group moving device is connected to the lens barrier apparatus and drives the lens barrier apparatus to operate the barrier blades when the lens barrel is at the housed position and is connected to and drives the rear lens group relative to the front lens group when the lens barrel is extended from the housed position.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a camera provided with a lens barrier apparatus. In particular, the present invention is directed to a lens barrier apparatus which is provided as a barrier to cover the lens when the camera is not in use.
2. Description of the Related Art
A camera may include a lens barrier apparatus that operates such that when the camera is turned ON, a lens barrel containing the lens (or lens group) moves from a housed position in which the lens barrier is closed, to a photo-ready position in which the lens barrier is open. Similarly, when the camera is turned OFF, the lens barrel moves from the photo-ready position in which the barrier apparatus is open, to a housed position in which the barrier apparatus is closed.
In most cases, including zoom lens cameras, a lens barrel motor is provided to drive the lens barrel from the housed position to the photo-ready position. Thus, a conventional method of driving the barrier apparatus is to use the lens barrel motor to open and close the barrier apparatus.
One such method uses a spring-loaded barrier apparatus that is designed such that the barrier is constantly urged in the opening direction by a spring. In this case, as the lens barrel moves from the housed position to the photo-ready position, a catch is released such that a stored spring force is released to open the barrier. Then, when the lens barrel motor drives the lens barrel from the photo-ready position to the housed position, the barrier is closed against the force of the spring by a cam mechanism or the like and the spring is reset to prepare for the next opening operation.
With such a barrier apparatus, the motor must operate against the force of the spring in order to close the barrier. As such, the motor, and in particular, the contact points between a cam pin and a barrier driving ring are subject to a load. In this case, misalignment of the cam pin and the barrier driving ring could result in a failure. Further, in the particular case of a zoom lens, in which the lens barrel motor may be used to drive a number of lens barrels, the additional load may require a larger lens barrel motor.
Since in the above method the opening of the barrier is spring-biased, if the barrel has accidentally been exposed to a sticky liquid, such as juice or the like, the barrier may not open correctly because the spring force cannot overcome the external sticking force. In this case, a larger than usual force is required at the initial stages of the opening operation. However, if a stronger spring is used in order to provide a larger force to overcome the external force, the design choices available become more restricted and there is a higher probability of failure because of wear.
The above problem can be overcome if the barrier apparatus includes a barrier motor that drives the barrier apparatus independently. However, this method also has problems in that, for example, the size of the camera is increased due to the inclusion of an independent barrier motor and the components required for the operation of the barrier motor. Further, with this arrangement, a sensor that determines the condition of the barrier apparatus is required in order to prevent problems if the barrier motor fails. For example, if the barrier motor fails but the lens barrel motor does not, the user may not be aware of the problem and may attempt to take a photograph with the barrier closed, or, store the camera with the barrier open and damage the lens.


A protective garment, such as a firefighting garment, is provided that is relatively lightweight, possesses relatively high resistance to liquid water absorption, and also possesses high moisture vapor transport characteristics when compared to conventional firefighter garments. The garment of the present invention comprises at least an outer shell, and thermal liner positioned within the outer shell. A discrete moisture barrier layer is not required, but is utilized in certain embodiments. At least the insulating material of the thermal liner is treated with a durable, water repellant finish to reduce the amount of moisture absorbed by the thermal liner. Preferably, the outer shell, and optionally, the fabric substrate of the thermal liner may also be treated with a durable, water repellant finish to minimize liquid transfer therethrough. Thus, the construction of the garment substantially reduces the amount of liquid moisture absorbed by the thermal liner, thereby maintaining insulating properties of the thermal liner and also maintaining desirable lightweight properties of the thermal liner for longer periods. Furthermore, the construction of the garment enhances the transport of moisture vapor therethrough for breathability and enhanced body-cooling. Such durable, water repellant finishes are provided by treating the components with a commercially available perfluorohydrocarbon finish such as TEFLON (a trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.).

The present invention relates to hazardous duty garments and, more particularly, to lightweight firefighter garments which protect a wearer from extreme ambient conditions.
Protective garments are designed to shield a wearer from a variety of environmental hazards, and firefighter garments are representative of such garments. A conventional firefighting ensemble comprises a turnout coat and pant, each of which includes an outer shell, a moisture barrier located within the outer shell, a thermal liner located within the moisture barrier and an innermost face cloth layer. The outer shell typically is constructed of an abrasion-, flame- and heat-resistant material such as a woven aramid material, typically NOMEX or KEVLAR (both are trademarks of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.) or a polybenzamidazole such a PBI (a trademark of Celanese Corp.) fiber material. The moisture barrier typically includes a semipermeable membrane layer which is moisture vapor permeable but impermeable to liquid moisture, such as CROSSTECH (a trademark of W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc.). The membrane layer is bonded to a substrate of flame- and heat-resistant material, such as an aramid or PBI material.
The thermal liner is typically positioned within the moisture barrier in order to prevent the thermal liner from soaking up liquid moisture flowing through the outer shell from the ambient. The thermal liner typically comprises a layer of insulation material, such as a relatively thick layer of aramid fiber batting or needlepunch, which is often quilted to a lightweight aramid fabric substrate or face cloth. The batting of the thermal barrier traps air and possesses sufficient loft to provide the necessary thermal resistance, and the fabric substrate protects the batting of the thermal liner from abrasion from the wearer.
The aforementioned components typically are arranged within the garment so that the moisture barrier layer is positioned between the thermal liner and the outer shell. This is necessary to prevent the insulating material of the thermal liner from absorbing an excessive amount of liquid moisture from the ambient, which increases the overall weight of the garment and reduces breathability of the thermal liner, thereby increasing the stress imposed by the garment on the wearer, and reduces its loft and thermal resistance characteristics. However, one disadvantage with such an arrangement is that the laminated membrane of the moisture barrier is relatively delicate and can be damaged by heat, abrasion or puncture. Such damage results in increased exposure of the thermal liner to liquid moisture, which increases liquid moisture absorption.
Another disadvantage inherent in such an arrangement is that the moisture barrier layer adds to the bulk and weight of the garment and inhibits freedom of movement of the wearer, producing a "hobbling effect," increasing the stress imposed on the wearer in situations requiring high activity, and accelerates the onset of fatigue. Furthermore, with such an ensemble some perspiration moisture vapor from the wearer is absorbed by the thermal liner. Moreover, the combination of a discrete moisture barrier and thermal liner limits breathability, especially if the thermal liner is positioned within the moisture barrier.
Additionally, many conventional firefighting garments are designed such that their thermal liner, while positioned within the moisture barrier, actually promotes the absorption of fluids, such as a firefighter's perspiration. While such a garment may provide the firefighter short term comfort by keeping the firefighter's skin relatively dry, in the long term, such a thermal liner will tend to lose its insulating characteristics (much like a wet pot-holder) because moisture conducts heat energy better than air.
Accordingly, there is a need for a protective garment in which the susceptibility of the thermal liner to absorption of perspiration moisture and other moisture is minimized; a protective garment which is relatively thin and lightweight, yet provides adequate thermal protection; a protective garment which is inherently able to withstand a temperature of 500.degree. F. for at least five minutes without igniting, melting or dripping, making it suitable for use as a firefighting garment; and a protective garment which minimizes the restriction of movement and hobbling effect characteristic of conventional firefighting garments.


A scanning system is capable of open or closed loop operation for generating arbitrary rotatable multi-dimension with frequency compensation of scanning element. The system includes at least two scan elements positioned substantially orthogonally to each other for generating the arbitrary rotatable multi-dimensional scanning patterns. A power supply is responsive to respective control signals from a set of drive waveforms as inputs to the at least two scan elements. A controller includes an information processing system to store in digital form the desired set of arbitrary rotatable multi-dimensional scan patterns. In a closed loop mode, the controller stores feedback parameters for each scan element with a particular rotational angle and a feedback value at a particular frequency. The controller uses a feedback signal from the scan elements to compute an error signal indicative of the difference in frequency response between the desired frequency response and the actual frequency response and the difference in phase between the scanning elements. The error signal adjusts the control signal provided to the power supply to conform the actual and desired frequency response of the scanning elements thereby substantially eliminating distortion in pattern generation. In an open loop mode, the scanning system is operated without a feedback signal, but the drive waveforms are regularly fine tuned in amplitude and phase to compensate for changes in frequency response due to temperature variations and aging of the scanning elements.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to scanning systems and methods of operation. More particularly, the invention relates to wide band scanning systems operable in both portable and fixed modes of operation for reading various types of indicia.
2. Description of Prior Art
Wide band or omni-directional scanners provide radially symmetric patterns which facilitate reading and decoding of indicia at high speeds in single or multi-axis scan patterns wherein the indica may have parts of different light reflectivity. Typically, such scanners include a high speed scanning component including an electric motor operative for reciprocatingly oscillating a reflector in opposite circumferential directions relative to an output shaft of the motor. Electric power is continuously applied to the motor during scanning. A light beam which impinges on the reflector is rapidly swept across a symbol to be scanned in a predetermined cyclical manner. The scanning component comprises at least one scan means for sweeping the symbol lengthwise along an X-axis direction. Another scan means sweeps the symbol along a transverse Y-direction which is substantially orthogonal to the X-direction to thereby generate various scan patterns such as single line, raster type, lissajous and other omni-directional patterns. When the X and Y axis scanning motors are both driven such that the light reflectors are at a sinusoidally varying rate of speed, the scan pattern at a reference place will be a lissajous type pattern for omni-directional scanning of the indicia. Each scanning element is likely to have a slightly different frequency response due to manufacturing and physical tolerances. Such frequency response differences introduce distortion in pattern generation. To determine the relative differences in scanning performance between two scan elements and to be able to correct for such differences if necessary, motion feedback from the scan elements is required. Motion feedback may be used to (i) correct for spot speed and other dynamic distortions; (ii) determine the scan amplitude of the light beam and maintain it throughout the operating temperature range for the lifetime operation of the scan element; (iii) construct a closed-loop velocity system where the scan mirror movement can be precisely controlled, and (iv) determine if a mechanical failure has occurred by the motor. Typically, a feedback signal is provided from a secondary pickup coil positioned near the primary motor drive coil such that there is no interference between the magnetic fields of the drive and feedback coils. However, the feedback coil should also be close to the oscillating permanent magnet assembly to pick up a strong and clean signal. The position of the drive and pickup coils for optimum performance present conflicting requirements.
The prior art directed to wide band scanning systems includes the following:
U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,597 to J. M. Eastman et al., issued Apr. 6, 1993, discloses a portable bar code scanner and reader which produces an elliptical beam utilizing optics to shape the beam and maintain its elliptical aspects constant over a distance in front of the scanner where bar codes may be located. A digital control system utilizing a computer generates digital gain control signals depending upon the intensity of the return light detected on a scan and adjusts the gain digitally so that on a subsequent scan, the signal level is optimum. The digital gain control can be non-linear by changing the relationship between the value of the digital control signal and the intensity of the detected light in a way to more quickly bring the gain of the system to its proper value as would be the case with an analog automatic gain control system. The digital control of gain is afforded by a digitally operative potentiometer and amplifiers which amplify the photo detected bar code signal and which can be set to provide a required resistance corresponding to a desired level of amplifier gain.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,165 to P. Dvorkis et al., issued Jan. 18, 1994, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, discloses a scanner component supported by holder means for angular oscillating movement in a single scan direction between a pair of scanned end positions or, alternatively, in first and second scanned directions between first and second pairs of scanned end positions. The component is simultaneously angularly oscillated between the first and second pairs of scanned end positions for directing light along the first and second scanned directions, thereby effecting a multidirectional scan pattern over the indicia.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,477,043 to P. Dvorkis, issued Dec. 19, 1995, having an effective filing date of May 8, 1992, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, discloses a rapidly oscillated scan element or mirror enabling the generation of omni-directional scanning patterns, preferably a resonant asymmetric scan element wherein the scan element is preferably mounted on a vibratory set of components. A control device varies the intensity of electrical energization or the frequency of the electrical energizing current applied to a read-start unit so as to generating varying types of omni-directional scanning patterns over an indicia which is being read by the scan. The read-start unit may impart operation of at least two modes to the scanned element so as to create a precessive lissajous scanning pattern which provides for an annular redundancy of the scan lines of a 1/3-omni-directional scan which can decode at least 33.33% of a 360.degree. orientation enabling the indicia, such as a bar code symbol, to deviate at angles relative to the scan direction of the scanner while being scanned in either presentation or pass-through mode by the scanner.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,316 to R. Bridgelall et al., issued Apr. 2, 1996, filed Nov. 17, 1993, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, discloses systems and methods for scanning one-dimensional and two-dimensional bar code symbols with a first scan pattern that is relatively small and dense so as to be visible to the user and, thereafter, a second, larger and more robust scan pattern for decoding. A light beam scanner generates a light beam toward a symbol to be read and moves the beam along the symbol in an omni-directional scanning pattern. A light detector receives reflected light from the symbol and generates electrical signals responsive to the reflected light and the scanning pattern is controlled in response to the electrical signals. The scanning pattern may be radially symmetric, a rotating line pattern, or a spiral pattern. The pattern control may vary the diameter or trajectory of the light beam and, more particularly, may move the light beam selectively along a first path or a scan path depending on the electrical signals.
None of the prior art discloses a wide band scanner system including a controller which maintains arbitrary rotatable multi-dimensional patterns in an open or closed loop mode of operation; achieves frequency compensation of the scanning elements, and simplifies the generation of feedback signals for error correction purposes.

Scanning system and method of operation using wide band scanning elements for generating arbitrary rotatable multi-dimensional scanning patterns in portable or fixed scanning modes


An oblique projection optical system enlarges an image formed on a display device surface, and obliquely projects the enlarged image on a screen surface. The oblique projection optical system has, in the order from a reduction side: a refraction optical portion having a positive optical power, a concave reflection surface having a positive optical power, and a convex reflection surface having a negative optical power. The refraction optical portion includes a rotationally symmetric coaxial refraction group. An intermediate image of the image formed on the display device surface is formed between the refraction optical portion and the concave reflection surface. An aperture stop image is formed between the concave reflection surface and the convex reflection surface. The concave reflection surface and the convex reflection surface fulfill prescribed conditional formulae.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an oblique projection optical system, for example, to an oblique projection optical system that is incorporated in an image projection apparatus, which has a display device such as a digital micromirror device and a liquid crystal display device, enlarges an image formed on a display device surface and obliquely projects it on a screen surface.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, the demand for wide-angle projection in a projector is increasing. And not only in use of rear projection but also in use of front projection, wide-angle projectors that use mirrors in a projection optical system have been developed one after another. Using mirrors in a projection optical system makes it possible to achieve wide-angle projection that has been impossible with only a refraction lens. Accordingly, various types of projection optical systems that include mirrors have been proposed. For example, the Patent Document 1 proposes an oblique projection optical system that has a refraction lens, a concave mirror, and a convex mirror.
Patent Document 1: US2007/184368A1
In a case of a projection optical system for front projection, not only a simple focus mechanism is required but also more compactness of the projection optical system is required compared with that for rear projection. However, in the oblique projection optical system described in the Patent Document 1, because the convex mirror's optical power is weak, the mirror size is large. Besides, because the rotationally symmetric coaxial refraction lens group is relatively long, the lens diameter on the enlargement side is large. Accordingly, it is difficult to achieve compactness of the projection optical system. Besides, in the oblique projection optical system described in the Patent Document 1, because the distance between the concave mirror and the convex mirror is short, aberration correction is inefficient. In addition, because there are only two reflection surfaces that are disposed as optical surfaces in the vicinity of and after the intermediate image, the burden of aberration correction on the reflection surfaces is heavy, and it is concerned that error sensitivity and size would increase.


Oral compositions containing a combination of antioxidants consisting of a water soluble vitamin, a water insoluble vitamin, a tea extract and gallic acid are used to maintain a beneficial amount of such antioxidants in a consumers bloodstream for maintenance and protection of healthy skin. The unique combination of ingredients provides a decrease in oxidative stress when exposed to UVB radiation, thereby promoting healthy skin.

This invention relates to oral compositions useful to maintain healthy skin and more particularly, compositions containing a unique blend of antioxidants to decrease oxidative stress in a consumer thereby providing and maintaining healthy skin.
The solar ultraviolet light (UV) that reaches the earth's surface is divided into two components, UVB (280-320 nm) and UVA (320-380 nm). The UVB component, which is directly absorbed by cellular macromolecules including DNA and protein, may cause DNA photodamage and mutagenesis. In humans, both acute and chronic exposures to sunlight are associated with various physiological and pathological states. The acute response leads to immediate effects such as erythema, sunburn, pigmentation, hyperplasia, immunosuppression and vitamin D synthesis, and the chronic response leads to delayed effects such as cataract, skin ageing and cancer. Skin ageing is characterized clinically by coarseness, wrinkles, mottled pigmentation, sallowness, laxity, premalignant, and ultimately malignant neoplasms. Skin ageing commonly occurs in skin that is habitually exposed to sunlight, such as the face, ears, bald areas of the scalp, neck, forearms, and hands.
It is known that most of these effects are wavelength dependent and usually occur as a result of cumulative solar UV dose, thereby causing oxidative stress and inducement of apoptosis. In photodermatological studies, special attention has been given to sunburn keratinocytes. The sunburn cells were originally discovered in the epidermis of mammalian cells exposed to UVB radiation and later regarded as an example of apoptosis. Dysregulation of the apoptotic mechanism in skin can lead to erythema multiforme, lichen planus, papillomas and skin cancer.
Sunscreens are commonly used to prevent skin ageing, and the formation of apoptotic sunburn keratinocytes that are exposed to sunlight. Sunscreens are topical preparations that contain ingredients that absorb, reflect, and/or scatter UV light. Because such preparations are often visible or occlusive, and many people consider these formulations cosmetically unacceptable. While some sunscreens may be more acceptable cosmetically, they are still relatively short-lived and susceptible to being removed by washing or perspiration. Topical applications can be messy, leave skin surface residue, emit unpleasant odors and are not convenient to apply.
Generally, vitamins, tea extracts and gallic acid have been shown to possess strong anti-oxidative characteristics in both dietary supplements and topical applications. Although these antioxidants have been used widely in a variety of product forms, there are few studies on the oral intake of combinations of antioxidants for protection and maintenance of healthy skin.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a consumer friendly delivery vehicle which overcomes the deficiencies of topical therapies (over the counter (OTC) and prescription) for maintenance and protection of healthy skin.


A projection optical system including a unity magnification reflecting optical system which forms an intermediate image of an object positioned on an object plane. The reflecting optical system includes a first mirror which reflects light emitted from the object plane, an optical system which reflects the light from the first mirror, and a second mirror which reflects the light from the optical system toward a forming position of the intermediate image. The first mirror, the second mirror and the optical system are positioned so as to satisfy a condition in which a distance between a position of reflection of the light on the second mirror and the forming position of the intermediate image is smaller than a distance between a position of reflection of the light on the first mirror and the object plane.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a projection optical system, an exposure apparatus, and a method of manufacturing a device.
2. Description of the Related Art
A liquid crystal display panel has come to be generally used as a display device such as an FPD (Flat Panel Display). A liquid crystal display panel is manufactured using a photolithography method which employs an exposure apparatus. Further, with the recent increase in size of, for example, a television, an exposure apparatus compatible with such an increase in size using a plurality of projection optical systems, as described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-290279, has been proposed.
A method of vertically stacking two projection optical systems has been proposed to form an erected image in an exposure apparatus which uses a plurality of projection optical system. However, upon stacking two projection optical systems, the overall height of the projection optical systems rises, and the height of the exposure apparatus, in turn, rises, thus increasing the size of the exposure apparatus.

Projection optical system, exposure apparatus, and method of manufacturing device


An antenna structure for a magnetic resonance device constructed as a radiating or transmitting antenna of the magnetic resonance device, has a non-metallic antenna conductor containing a discharge gas. When energy is imparted to the discharge gas, the antenna conductor forms an electrically conducting gas discharge column and can be used as an electrically conducting antenna element.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an antenna structure for a magnetic resonance of the type suitable for use in a radiating (transmitting) antenna.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An antenna arrangement of a magnetic resonance device is formed by resonant circuits. Each resonant circuit exhibits, along with metallic conductors, also capacitive elements, which form an antenna structure.
In the case of a magnetic resonance device, a number of antenna structures are arranged in the closest possible space, so that individual antenna structures are mutually influenced by coupling and magnetic field shifts or offsets.
In order to mitigate the coupling, in each case non-required, inactive antenna structures are detuned by activating active or passive detuning circuits.
In addition it is possible to provide metallic decoupling devices with the antenna structures which on the basis of their spatial location and on the basis of their shaping minimize the coupling between the respective antenna structures.
These measures are expensive in development and in construction and ultimately lead to only a minimization of the coupling effects.
However, even ideally detuned antenna structures continue to cause magnetic field displacement (shifting or offset).
In addition, in each metallic antenna structure, in particular in the case of high field systems numerous spurious resonances that cannot be detuned are present, which, e.g. in the case of spectroscopy operation, can be interfering.

Antenna structure for a magnetic resonance device


A substrate processing apparatus includes a process container; a process gas supply mechanism; a substrate loading table; a temperature adjusting medium passage; a temperature adjusting medium extraction mechanism; a heater; and a temperature controller. The temperature controller is configured to adjust a temperature of a target substrate to a first temperature by allowing a temperature adjusting medium to flow through the temperature adjusting medium passage of the substrate loading table; and adjust the temperature of the target substrate to a second temperature higher than the first temperature by extracting the temperature adjusting medium of the temperature adjusting medium passage using the temperature adjusting medium extraction mechanism while heating the target substrate using the heater.

For example, a chemical oxide removal (COR) process has been studied as a process capable of removing a natural oxide film of silicon existing in complicated structural portions such as source and drain portions of a FinFET. The COR process is a technique of etching a silicon oxide film by a process of adsorbing a hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas and an ammonia (NH3) gas onto the silicon oxide film (SiO2 film) at a temperature of, for example, about 30 degrees C., and reacting these gases with the silicon oxide film to generate ammonium fluorosilicate ((NH4)2SiF6; AFS), and a process of subliming the AFS by heating it at a temperature of, for example, about 90 degrees C.
Conventionally, when attempting to perform these processes at different temperatures within a single chamber (process container), it takes time to change the temperatures, and so it is common to perform these processes in separate chambers.
However, due to the complexity of a semiconductor manufacturing process, it is desired to perform a plurality of processes in a single chamber. Thus, there is a demand for an apparatus capable of performing such processes at different temperatures in a single chamber with high throughput.
Apparatuses that can raise and lower a substrate temperature at high speed have been used, but they are not intended to continuously perform a series of processes at different temperatures in a single chamber, making it difficult to apply to such applications.

Substrate processing apparatus and substrate loading mechanism


A drywall tape or corner material dispenser that allows dispensing of the material directly from the box it is supplied in. The invention can contain a pair of parallel arms that grip the box and a strap that runs between the ends of the straps to close around the box. The strap can be fabric or other material and can be attached using hook/loop material like VELCRO. A handle on the other end of the arms can be used to grip the device and feed the material. The handle can have spring members top and bottom to further grip the box.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of drywall installation and more particularly to a box dispenser that can dispense drywall tape or corner material directly from the box.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Previous systems have required drywall installers to remove a roll of tape or corner material from the box it comes in. Typically the drywaller takes the roll from the box and lays it on the floor. Every vertical or horizontal corner is then measured. Next the drywaller measures the correct length of taping or corner material while it is still on the floor. Finally the drywaller cuts the material to length and installs it in each corner.


A USHA (UPS SNMP HTTP AGENT) card (310) includes an interface (400); a CPU (700); a connector (900); a first transceiver (510) including a receiver (511) electrically connected between the interface and the CPU, and a transmitter (512) electrically connected to the interface; a first multiplexer (610) electrically connected between the transmitter of the first transceiver and the CPU; a second transceiver (520) including a receiver (521) electrically connected between the connector and the CPU, and a transmitter (522) electrically connected to the connector; and a second multiplexer (620) electrically connected between the transmitter of the second transceiver and the CPU. The first and second multiplexers are capable of being controlled by the CPU to electrically connect the transmitter of the first transceiver and receiver of the second transceiver and the transmitter of the second transceiver and receiver of the first transceiver.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a USHA card and a UPS system which incorporates the USHA card.
2. General Background
Referring to FIG. 3, a UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) system with a network communication function is shown, which includes a PC (Personal Computer) 10′, a UPS 30′ electrically connected to the PC 10′, a typical USHA (UPS SNMP HTTP AGENT) card 310′ plugged in the UPS 30′ for the network function. The PC 10′ includes two serial ports 110′, 120′. The USHA card 310′ includes a serial port 400′ and a connector 500′. The UPS 30′ includes a control board 330′, first and second buses 320′, 321′, and a serial port 410′. The first bus 320′ is electrically connected between the connector 500′ and the control board 330′, and a serial cable 20′ is provided to connect the serial port 400′ of the USHA card 310′ and the serial port 110′ of the PC 10′, for remotely managing the UPS 30′ via the USHA card 310′. The second bus 321′ is electrically connected between the serial port 410′ and the control board 330′, another serial cable 21′ is provided to electrically connect the serial port 120′ of the PC 10′ and the serial port 410′ of the UPS 30′ for realizing communication between the PC 10′ and the UPS 30′ and firmware-upgrading of the UPS 30′. However, the UPS system needs two serial cables and two buses to manage the UPS and communication between the UPS and the PC.
What is desired, therefore, is a USHA card via which a UPS can communicate with a PC. What is also desired is a UPS system which reduces the number of serial cables and buses required.

USHA card and UPS system incorporating the same


This application discloses a system implementing tools and mechanisms to identify alterations made to a baseline harness design that describes a wire harness, and selectively modify a target harness design based, at least in part, on the alterations made to the baseline harness design. The tools and mechanisms can perform the selective modification of the target harness design through a three-way comparison of the baseline harness design, an altered version of the baseline harness design, and the target harness design. During the three-way comparison, the tools and mechanisms can compare the target harness design to the baseline harness design, and compare the altered version of the baseline harness design to the baseline harness design. The tools and mechanisms can then selectively modify the target harness design based on the alterations made to the baseline harness design and the differences between the target harness design to the baseline harness design.

Wire harness development often includes generating a harness design that describes a wire harness to be manufactured. Typically, a harness design is generated through an incremental revision process, for example, a designer can generate an electronic copy of the harness design, perform any alterations or modifications to the copy, and, usually after receiving administrative approval, merge the altered copy with a baseline version of the harness design that was utilized to generate the copy. This iterative process can continue until the harness design describes the wire harness to be manufactured.
Since these harness designs are typically developed with design teams, there can be overlap in the incremental revision process, which can sometimes lead to versioning conflicts. For example, when multiple designers perform alterations or modifications to copies of the harness design in parallel, the merge process often will merge at least one of the altered copies with a different version of the harness design than was utilized to generate that copy. This versioning conflict forces one or more of the changes, either to the copy or an intervening change to the harness design, to be overwritten during the merge. For example, when a tool implementing the merge functionality considers the altered copy a master, any intervening changes to the baseline version of the harness design will be undone during the merge process. Conversely, if the tool implementing the merge functionality considers the harness design the master, one or more of the changes in the alter copy may not update the harness design. The best case is that the previously performed design work will typically need to be re-done and re-merged with the updated harness design, while the worst case results in failing to appreciate the merge process inadvertently removed intervening changes or did not update the harness design as expected.