An improved process for removing, by absorption, sulfur dioxide from a gaseous mixture such as a flue gas by scrubbing said mixture with an aqueous scrubbing liquor to which a solution of an alkaline reagent such as sodium carbonate is added to maintain alkalinity of the scrubbing liquor. The solution also has dissolved in it a quantity of silica which tends to precipitate when the solution is added to the scrubbing liquor. The silica precipitated in this manner tends to form extremely hard solid deposits in the scrubbing device and associated equipment. If a water soluble salt such as ferrous or ferric sulfate is added to the alkaline reagent solution prior to its use in the process, the precipitate formed has a minimum deleterious effect. The improvement to the process comprises the lowering of the pH of the alkaline reagent solution prior to the addition of the salt, thereby minimizing the amount of salt required.

1. Field of the Invention
The field of art to which the claimed invention pertains is liquid-gas absorptive separations. More specifically, the claimed invention relates to a process for the absorptive removal of sulfur dioxide from a gaseous mixture by means of a scrubbing liquor.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Due to the ever increasing concern about air pollution, great efforts have been expended in recent years toward the development of processes to reduce the pollutants introduced into the atmosphere from various industrial operations. One of the most onerous of these pollutants is sulfur dioxide which is present in the stacks of flue gases from various operations. For example, SO.sub.2 is a primary pollutant released into the atmosphere in the production of sulfuric acid. Also, great quantities of SO.sub.2 are produced and passed to the atmosphere in the generating of power, particularly where the fuel used is high in sulfur content.
It has long been known to the art how to abate sulfur dioxide pollution of the atmosphere. The so-called "wet process" is probably the most commonly used process to accomplish such abatement. In the wet process the SO.sub.2 containing gas mixture is contacted or "scrubbed" with water in which is dissolved or slurried a reagent, particularly an alkaline reagent, that chemically reacts with the SO.sub.2, thus effecting the removal of the SO.sub.2 from the gas mixture and incorporating the sulfur originally contained in the SO.sub.2 into a non-volatile compound dissolved in the scrubbing water. The sulfur is ultimately removed from the system by the discarding of the scrubbing water in which it is contained, or by removal from the water by further processing.
The alkaline reagent perhaps best known to the art for use in the scrubbing solution for the above wet process is alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate. The alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate reacts with the SO.sub.2 to yield alkali metal sulfite or bisulfite and CO.sub.2. Use of the alkali metal carbonate and specifically sodium carbonate or bicarbonate is particularly advantageous because solutions of that compound are commonly available as an abundant mineral deposit (Trona) occurring in the western part of the United States, and as process-waste streams from industries such as metals production, textiles and paper making. The use of such streams not only cuts operating costs but also permits economies in the capital costs of wet processes because it eliminates the need for equipment to store and mix reagents obtained from other sources. Examples of prior art wet SO.sub.2 scrubbing processes which utilize alkali metal carbonates are taught or claimed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,962,410; 3,963,825; 3,972,980; 3,984,529; and 3,987,147.
It has been observed that certain inexpensive sources of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate (soda liquor), such as that produced as a byproduct from the production of commercial grade sodium carbonate, contain quantities of silica which, when the soda liquor is used in the wet scrubbing process, precipitate and form deposits on the internals of the scrubbing apparatus. These deposits, which are extremely hard solids, interfere with the operation of the apparatus by eventually plugging the pipes and liquid circulating means which are a part of the apparatus. There is no practical way of removing these deposits.
Effective means of minimizing the deleterious effects of the presence of silica in the alkali reagent used in the wet SO.sub.2 scrubbing process has been developed prior to this invention. Such means comprise the addition of a water soluble salt of a metal such as iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or aluminum to the soda liquor prior to the use of the soda liquor in the wet scrubbing process so as to effect a chemical reaction between the silica and salt to obtain a silicon containing material having a minimum deleterious effect when precipitated. I have discovered an improvement to these previously developed means which enables the minimization of the amount of salt required to be added to the soda liquor, or the maximization of the amount of silica that can be rendered innocuous by a given amount of salt.


A system for overturning plate-shaped bodies, in particular slabs and sheets, having at least one overturn arm pivotally arranged about a pivot axis and can be brought into physical contact with a flat side of a plate-shaped body to be overturned, and at least one other overturn arm pivotally arranged about another pivot axis and can be brought into physical contact with another flat side of the plate-shaped body to be overturned. The two pivot axes are parallel to each other and mutually spaced. A permanent system is provided for overturning plate-shaped bodies with different dimensions, wherein noise generation associated with the overturning process is greatly reduced using the system. The system has at least one drivable eccentric arrangement with which a position of one of the pivot axes can be adjusted before and/or during an overturning process.

The invention relates to a system for turning over plate-shaped bodies, in particular slabs and sheets, having at least one turnover device arm which is arranged so as to be pivotable about a pivot axis and which can be placed in physical contact with a flat side of a plate-shaped body to be turned over, and having at least one further turnover device arm which is arranged so as to be pivotable about a further pivot axis and which can be placed in physical contact with a further flat side of the plate-shaped body to be turned over, wherein the two pivot axes are arranged parallel to and spaced apart from one another.
The invention furthermore relates to a method for turning over plate-shaped bodies, in particular slabs and sheets, using a turnover system having at least one turnover device arm which is arranged so as to be pivotable about a pivot axis and which can be placed in physical contact with a flat side of a plate-shaped body to be turned over, and having at least one further turnover device arm which is pivotable about a further pivot axis and which can be placed in physical contact with a further flat side of the plate-shaped body to be turned over, wherein the two pivot axes are arranged parallel to and spaced apart from one another.
Slabs and sheets are inspected on both flat sides for the purposes of quality control and for any necessary reworking. For this purpose, a slab or a sheet is normally placed onto an inspection bed such that one of the two flat sides can be inspected. To be able to inspect the other flat side of the slab or the sheet, the slab or the sheet must be turned over.
For turning over sheets, use is normally made of sheet turnover devices. These normally have positionally fixedly held turnover device shafts on which turnover device arms are pivotably mounted. As a result, the turnover device arms have a spacing to one another which, owing to the construction, cannot be varied. This has the effect, in particular in the case of thin slabs and sheets, that the slab to be turned over, or the respective sheet to be turned over, turns over with an impact as a result of its own weight during the transfer from an input side to an output side of a sheet turnover device.
A sheet turnover device of said type is known for example from EP 2 170 536B1. Said sheet turnover device comprises transferring turnover device arms situated on one turnover device shaft and receiving turnover device arms situated on a further turnover device shaft. The turnover device arms mounted on the respective turnover device shaft are arranged so as to be pivotable about a common pivot axis, which is identical to a longitudinal central axis of the respective turnover device shaft. The turnover device shafts and thus the pivot axes defined by them are arranged parallel to one another and spaced apart from one another. To reduce operating noises and vibrations in a sheet during a transfer of the sheet from the transferring turnover device arms to the receiving turnover device arms, the turnover device shaft of the receiving turnover device arms is arranged offset in relation to the turnover device shaft of the transferring turnover device arms. Furthermore, on the receiving turnover device arms, there is arranged at least one damping plate by means of which a turnover impact of the sheet against the receiving turnover device arms during a turnover process is mechanically dampened.
DE 10 2007 054 034 A1 relates to an apparatus for turning over plate-shaped bodies of different thickness, having turnover device arms mounted pivotably on turnover device shafts. The turnover device arms are in each case arranged so as to be pivotable about a pivot axis which is identical to a longitudinal central axis of the respective turnover device shaft. The turnover device shafts and thus the pivot axes defined by them are arranged parallel to one another and spaced apart from one another. To be able to turn over plate-shaped bodies of different thickness, one of the turnover device arms is fed to the plate-shaped body arranged on the other turnover device arm with a possibly repeating sequence of reduction and increase of the spacing of said turnover device arm to the plate-shaped body.
DE 31 23 673 A1 discloses a reversible sheet turnover device having turnover device arms mounted pivotably at pivot axes, wherein the spacing of the two pivot axes to one another in a horizontal direction is variable.

System for overturning plate-shaped bodies


An apparatus for reclaiming coolant used in cutting machines and for returning the reclaimed coolant to the coolant system of the cutting machine is provided. The apparatus includes a shallow receptacle for supporting a barrel that cuttings are deposited into during a milling operation of a work piece. The apparatus includes a flange that extends from an inner surface of the receptacle and supports the bottom of the barrel allowing coolant to drain from the barrel into the receptacle. The collected coolant is returned to the coolant system of the cutting machine by gravity via a drain line. The apparatus further includes a plurality of casters allowing the apparatus along with the supported barrel to be moved from location to location relatively easy.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to coolant recovery systems for machine tools. More particularly, relating to an apparatus for more effectively reclaiming used coolant and returning the reclaimed coolant to a coolant supply tank for reuse.
2. Background of the Prior Art
It is known to use liquid coolants and lubricants during machining operations. The coolants and lubricants increase the performance of the machine tool and prevent over heating of the machine tool and the work piece. The coolants and lubricants also serve the purpose of flushing away cuttings from the machine tool and the work piece during the machining operation. With the expense of the coolants and the lubricants and their ecological effects on the environment it is not practical to dispose the coolant and lubricant after a single use. Accordingly, many prior art devices have been developed to recover used coolants and lubricants from the cuttings for continual usage. However, the prior art recovery devices and systems have been problematic and generally expensive to install, maintain and operate.
Therefore, a need exists for a new and improved apparatus for reclaiming coolant used in cutting machines that can be used to simultaneously recover used coolant and lubricant and return the coolant and lubricant back to the machine tool. In this regard, the present invention substantially fulfills this need. In this respect, the apparatus for reclaiming coolant used in cutting machines according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of simultaneously recovering used coolant and lubricant and returning the coolant and lubricant back to the machine tool.

Apparatus for use in reclaiming coolant used in cutting machines


Lightweight filament reinforced composite metal matrix structures is provided. The preferred process for producing tubing comprises wrapping alternate layers of metal and filament material to be molded around a mandrel. The mandrel is removed and in its place a test tube-shaped hollow glass cylinder is inserted. The wrapped cylinder is next placed in a cylindrical shaped mold and the entire assembly placed in an oven which is capable of heating the unit to the liquidus temperature of the metal matrix. The glass, which is of a type which softens at about the melting point of the matrix material, is pressurized to a medium high pressure. Under the influence of this pressure, the glass expands, forcing the composite metal matrix against the interior surface of the mold. The consolidated tubing is then cooled to a completely solidified state and removed from the mold.

This invention relates to filament reinforced metal matrix structure and the method of and apparatus for making such structure. The invention contemplates the manufacture of such structure by placing alternate layers of metal and fiber reinforcements on top of each other around a hollow form, placing this assembly into a female mold, then consolidating the layers into a metal matrix by the application of internally applied pressure to the form while the assembly is maintained at a high temperature. Gases may be evacuated to minimize oxidation of the matrix material. The consolidation takes place by plastic flow densification, melting and/or diffusion bonding.
Other methods of making filament reinforced materials are known. Cochran et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,547,180 teaches one method of producing reinforced composites. In the method of Cochran et al fibrous material, such as sapphire whiskers, is infiltrated with molten aluminum. This is done by placing a fibrous skeleton in an aluminum mold. The mold and its contents, together with an aluminum billet, are heated to at least 500 C., after which it is evacuated of gases. The temperature is then increased above the melting point of the aluminum billet. Pressure is next applied to force molten aluminum to infiltrate the fibrous skeleton within the mold. After cooling, the composite is removed from the mold and subjected to any further processing, such as machining.
Divecha et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,668,748 discloses means for producing a fiber reinforced metal composite of desired shape. The metal matrix and fibers are integrated under pressure with the mixture maintained at a temperature wherein the matrix system is partly in the liquid and partly in the solid phase, enabling consolidation through extrusion in a die cavity.
Richardson et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,377,657 discloses a method of molding reinforced plastic pipe. The pipe is nonmetallic being typically comprised of a corrosion resistant plastic lining encased within resin impregnated fibrous tapes having longitudinal reinforcing strands. A mandrel is used for laying up the tape.
Sara in U.S. Pat. No. 3,571,901 describes means for improving the wettability of carbon fibers which are to be imbedded in an aluminum composite article. Sara achieves improved wetting of the carbon fibers by first coating them with silver or silver-aluminum based alloys.
Pratt in U.S. Pat. No. 3,290,728 describes means for forming reinforced plastic pipe. Typically, the reinforcing material can be paper, asbestos, glass webs, glass filaments, or glass fabrics. One of the features of the invention is the utilization of a mandrel having an expansible sleeve or diaphragm on its exterior surface which can be internally pressurized to force the pipe material against an encircling mold during heat curing of the resin.
For purposes of this discussion, the term "filament" shall mean monofilaments, rovings comprising monofilaments, staple fibers, and thread or yarn made from staple fibers, short whiskers, etc. The physical form of such reinforcements is not critical to the practices of this invention.
There are materials, notably certain glasses, fused silica, and quartz which, when softened, retain sufficient strength to expand like an elastomeric material. Our invention makes use of these materials operating in the temperature range normally used for consolidating metal matrices to form metal matrix composites. In general, the consolidation temperatures are maintained so that the matrix system is partly in the liquid and partly in the solid phase.
It will be shown that over a specifiable temperature range, the walls of a softened glass container can be expanded under the influence of pressure to make metal matrix material positioned over the glass container to conform to the shape of a cavity. This is an improvement over prior art methods which, in general, utilize extrusion dies and expandable metal mandrels.

Method of and apparatus for fabricating filament reinforced metal matrix structures


A method of treating a mercaptan-containing sour petroleum distillate which comprises contacting said distillate at oxidation conditions with a mercaptan oxidation catalyst, such as a metal phthalocyanine disposed on a carrier, in the presence of a substituted ammonium compound, such as a benzyldimethylalkylammonium hydroxide, and a linear ionic compound, the latter preferably comprising a saturated compound having from about 9 to about 24 carbon atoms.

The field of art to which the claimed invention pertains is the treatment of sour petroleum distillates or fractions, the treatment being commonly referred to as sweetening. More specifically, the claimed invention relates to treating sour petroleum distillates with a catalytic composite, comprising a carrier material, a metal chelate, a substituted ammonium compound, and a linear ionic compound.

Method of treating a sour petroleum distillate


A compound hinge system includes a first link and a second link. The first link includes knuckles and arcing engaging surfaces next to stop portions that are configured for receiving engaging lug portions on a second link member. A second link member includes first and second sets of knuckles. One of the sets of knuckles cooperates with a hinged pin to pivot relative to the first link while the second set of knuckles receives a hinge pin to pivot relative to the second element. The lugs slide relative to the engaging surface and push against the stop portions to flex them outward and require additional force to move between various stops in the range of motion.

1. Field
The present invention is directed to a hinge, and in particular, to a hinge providing two pivot axes for two degrees of movement and greater range of motion.
2. Prior Art
Enclosures utilize hinges on covers or doors to provide access to the interior of the enclosure. Hinges often mount along the side of the enclosure so that the door does not close under its own weight. It can be appreciated that a device for preventing an enclosure door from closing and swinging freely would be advantageous to provide access to the interior of the enclosure for an extended period of time. Normal door and hinge construction often do not have closure devices and the balance and weight of the door prevent accidental closure. However, in some instances, it may be advantageous to have a door that includes a structural stop that allows opening and closing, but requires greater force to close so that the door may be held in an open position. This is especially important in outdoor conditions where wind may engage the planar surface area of the door and tend to open or close a door. Another common problem with doors and the hinges is providing sufficient mobility to the cover. In hinge and door combinations wherein the door opens only approximately 180 degrees, the door is extended away from the enclosure and as it is exposed, the door may be subject to closure from the wind or may endure forces in an opposite direction to closing that may cause damage to the hinge or even break off the hinge. This situation also occurs in enclosures having a cover on the top that opens and the door lies substantially horizontal and exposed in the open position. Although there are doors that open to a greater range of motion, workers often will place objects on the door or lean on the door in the open position, often damaging the hinge or breaking the door.
Door and hinge systems are known that provide a greater range of motion. However, such systems typically require special mounting arrangements and decrease the utility or the exterior appearance. Such systems may also limit the access to the interior of the enclosure. In addition, the systems do not provide any resistance to the door closing, so that the door may still accidentally swing shut such as when exposed to wind forces. Further disadvantages of such systems are the type of motion required often causes damage to gaskets that are wiped or rubbed by the cover during some portion of the opening and closing motion.
It can be seen then that a new and improved closure and hinge system is needed. Such a system should provide free range of motion so that the door may open against the side of the closure to minimize wind effect. Such a system should also provide resistance to accidental closure and provide a range of motion that does not damage or wear gaskets on the enclosure cover. The present invention addresses these as well as other problems associated with enclosures and hinges.
The present invention relates to a hinge, and in particular to a compound hinge, that provides two axes of rotation and a wide range of motion between the hinged elements.
The compound hinge includes a first base hinge link mounting to a first element. The first link includes raised knuckle portions for receiving a hinge pin therethrough. The base portion has recesses formed therein for receiving mounting devices such as screws or bolts for attachment to the first element. Intermediate the knuckles are arcing surfaces configured for receiving and aligning lug portions of a second link. The receiving portions are proximate a pair of opposed stop members that flex slightly and are flexed when pushed by the corresponding lugs. The stop portions act as a toggle to retain the hinge in position. The knuckles may also include stop portions for positioning the second link relative to the first link. A second link includes two sets of knuckles for receiving hinge pins. The first knuckle is configured for aligning with and having orifices coaxial with the knuckles of the first link. The second link is aligned so that the first set of knuckles and second set of knuckles are parallel with lugs extending substantially perpendicular to and aligned with the axes of the knuckles. The lugs are configured to extend into the receiving portions of the first link. The first knuckle is aligned with the knuckles of the first element and the second set of knuckles on the second link receive the pin for attaching to the second element. In this manner, the second link is hinged relative to the first link and the second link is also hinged relative to the second element. The first knuckle also includes complementary stop portions cooperating with the stop portions of the knuckles of the first link to limit relative rotation. The knuckles may also form a toggle device in one embodiment, providing further rotational resistance at a predetermined rotational position.
When assembled, the lugs engage the receiving surface and are held in place by the stop portions of the base on the first link member. As the cover or door is opened and rotated relative to a second link, it will reach its full range of motion, but it will be possible to open the door further relative to the first element, such as a housing. At this point, continued rotation will press the lugs against the stop elements and cause the stop elements to flex slightly until the lugs push beyond the stop elements. The second hinge member is then free to rotate relative to the first hinge member and an additional range of rotation is achieved.
To close the hinge, the second element rotates relative to the second hinge member, wherein the complementary stop portions engage and resist rotation. However, as further rotation occurs and the second element reaches its full range of motion relative to the second hinge member, further rotation of the second element causes the lugs to flex the stop elements and allow the lugs to push past the stop portions and return to the original position.
The arrangement of the present invention provides a simple, reliable hinge that provides a wide range of motion. In addition, the toggling effect from the lugs engaging the stop elements act as a retainer to hold the door in either the opened or closed position. However, with continued pressure, the door can be easily closed. The present invention is easy to assemble and can be retrofitted to other existing door and enclosures.


An apparatus .Iadd.and method .Iaddend.for measuring in a non-contact manner the depth of pits and grooves formed by etching in periodic patterns on the surface of a substrate. The measurement is based on the detection of the intensity of a diffraction ray excluding that of the 0th order through the irradiation of a light beam with variable wave length to the sample. Whereas, the conventional measuring system is sensitive to a diffraction ray of the 0th order, i.e., the major component of the reflected light, that hampers the detection of a higher order diffraction ray carrying information of the depth.

The present invention relates to the technological field of optical apparatus and, particularly, to an optical apparatus combined with a mechanical scanning device for measuring the depth of grooves forming fine circuit patterns on a semiconductor substrate.
In pursuit of more highly integrated semiconductor devices, the semiconductor circuit design is coming to a turning point from the conventional planar device structure to a cubical device structure. On this account, the technique of measuring the depth of etched grooves in a semiconductor substrate becomes indispesnsable. Such etched grooves are designed to have a depth of 3-5 .mu.m and a width of 1-2 .mu.m, but it is not easy to measure the actual etch depth. The following are publications disclosing techniques of measuring the depth or thickness of a fine structure.

Apparatus and method for measuring the depth of fine engraved patterns


A method for producing a battery includes providing a battery having a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte that includes a solvent and a salt. The capacity of the negative electrode is less than that of the positive electrode and the negative electrode includes an active material having an average potential versus a lithium reference electrode of greater than approximately 0.2 volts. The method also includes applying an initial charge to the battery at a voltage that is greater than a fully charged voltage of the battery for a sufficient amount of time to cause at least a portion of the solvent to undergo a reduction reaction. The step of applying an initial charge to the battery acts to increase the irreversible capacity loss of the battery during the initial charge and provides the battery with enhanced tolerance to deep discharge conditions.

The present application relates generally to the field of lithium-ion batteries or cells. More particularly, the present application relates to improved methods for initially charging (i.e., forming) such batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries or cells include one or more positive electrodes, one or more negative electrodes, and an electrolyte provided within a case or housing. Separators made from a porous polymer or other suitable material may also be provided intermediate or between the positive and negative electrodes to prevent direct contact between adjacent electrodes. The positive electrode includes a current collector having an active material provided thereon, and the negative electrode includes a current collector having an active material provided thereon. The active materials for the positive and negative electrodes may be provided on one or both sides of the current collectors.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a portion of a lithium-ion battery 10 such as that described above. The battery 10 includes a positive electrode 20 that includes a positive current collector 22 and a positive active material 24, a negative electrode 30 that includes a negative current collector 32 and a negative active material 34, an electrolyte material 40, and a separator (e.g., a polymeric microporous separator, not shown) provided intermediate or between the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30. The electrodes 20, 30 may be provided as relatively flat or planar plates or may be wrapped or wound in a spiral or other configuration (e.g., an oval configuration). The electrode may also be provided in a folded configuration.
During charging and discharging of the battery 10, lithium ions move between the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30. For example, when the battery 10 is discharged, lithium ions flow from the negative electrode 30 to the positive electrode 20. In contrast, when the battery 10 is charged, lithium ions flow from the positive electrode 20 to the negative electrode 30.
Once assembly of the battery is complete, an initial charging operation (referred to as a "formation process") may be performed. During this process, a stable solid-electrolyte-inter-phase (SEI) layer is formed at the negative electrode and also possibly at the positive electrode. These SEI layers act to passivate the electrode-electrolyte interfaces as well as to prevent side-reactions thereafter.
One issue associated with conventional lithium-ion batteries relates to the ability of the batteries to withstand repeated charge cycling that involves discharges to near-zero-volt conditions (so-called "deep discharge" conditions). This deep discharge cycling may decrease the attainable full charge capacity of the batteries, which is known in the art as capacity fade. For example, a battery that initially is charged to 2.8 volts (V) may experience capacity fade with repeated deep discharge cycling such that after 150 cycles the full charge capacity of the battery is much less than the initial capacity.
One consequence of capacity fade in rechargeable batteries is that the batteries will require increasingly frequent charging as the capacity fade progresses. In certain circumstances, this may be relatively inconvenient for the user of the batteries. For example, certain implantable medical devices may utilize rechargeable batteries as a power source. Increasing capacity fade will require the patient to more frequently charge the rechargeable batteries.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a rechargeable battery (e.g., a lithium-ion battery) with increased resistance to capacity fade for batteries that experience repeated deep discharge cycling.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Charging process for lithium-ion batteries


An air-conditioning system of a building includes a water supply system; a control system for controlling the flow of water from the water supply system; a water distribution system for distributing water near an outer surface of the building, the flow rate of the water being controlled by the control system; a water droplet generation system configured to generate water droplets from the water coming from the water distribution system, the water droplet generation system for generating water droplets generating water droplets on at least one portion of the outer surface of the building.

Today, numerous air-conditioning systems have been developed in order to meet the technical requirements of maintaining the temperature of certain premises (laboratories, operating theatres, computer rooms), or quite simply to improve comfort (shop, home, office).
Conventional air-conditioning systems known as "split-systems" are constituted of a unit placed inside a room and a unit placed outside said room. Thus, the internal unit draws on the heat contained in the air of the room and evacuates it out of the room through the external unit. Cooled air is thereby re-injected into the room by the internal unit. To do so, said system comprises an evaporator exchanger, a compressor, a regulator and a condenser exchanger.
However, this type of air-conditioning system has numerous drawbacks. Indeed, such systems are costly not just during their installation but also during their operation because they consume a large amount of electricity. Even more, when a building has poor insulation, the operating costs are all the greater because a portion of the cooled air escapes to the outside of the room. Finally, said systems may discharge greenhouse gases which could thus be harmful for the environment.


A method is provided for treating dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramps) employing an interphenylene 7-oxabicycloheptyl substituted heterocyclic amide prostaglandin analog thromboxane A.sub.2 receptor antagonist such as ifetroban, alone or in combination with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,889 to Misra et al discloses interphenylene 7-oxabicycloheptyl substituted heterocyclic amide prostaglandin analog TXA.sub.2 antagonists having the structure ##STR1## and including all stereoisomers thereof, wherein m is 1, 2 or 3; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
Z includes ##STR2## wherein Y is O, a single bond or vinyl (--CH.dbd.CH--), with the provisos that when n is 0, Y cannot be 0; and when Y=vinyl, n=0; PA1 R is CO.sub.2 H, CO.sub.2 lower alkyl, CO.sub.2 alkali metal, CH.sub.2 OH, CONHSO.sub.2 R.sup.3, COHNR.sup.3a, or ##STR3## (--CH.sub.2 -5-tetrazolyl); X is O, S or NH; PA1 R.sup.1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aralkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, or amide ##STR4## wherein t is 1 to 12 and R.sub.a is lower alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl); PA1 R.sup.2 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; PA1 R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together with the nitrogen to which they are linked may form a 5- to 8-membered ring; PA1 R.sup.3 is lower alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and PA1 R.sup.3a is hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl or aralkyl. PA1 R.sup.2 is H, aliphatic hydrocarbon group or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group substituted by an aromatic group directly or through an O or S atom; PA1 R is --NH.CO.NH--R.sup.3 or --NH.CS.NH--R.sup.3 where R.sup.3 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic group or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group substituted by one or more groups directly or through an O or S atom.
or
The above Misra et al patent covers the thromboxane A.sub.2 receptor antagonist BMS180,291 which has the structure ##STR5## and the name [1S-(1.alpha.,2.alpha.,3.alpha.,4.alpha.)]-2-[[3-[4-[[pentylamino) carbonyl]-2-oxazolyl]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]methyl]benzenepropanoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof such as its sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt or magnesium salt.
For matter of convenience, BMS 180,291 will hereinafter be referred to as "ifetroban".
Published GB application 2217597A to National Research Development Corporation discloses use of compounds having thromboxane antagonist activity in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, endometriosis and fibroids, which may have the structure ##STR6## wherein ##STR7## is a bicyclo-heptane, -heptene, -octane or -octene group, including ##STR8## R.sup.1 is a 6-carboxyhex-2-enyl group or modification thereof, V and V.sup.1 either each separately is H or together are the second bond of a C--N double bond;
EP535924 and EP535923, each filed by Merck Frosst Canada, disclose various indole leukotriene inhibitors which have thromboxane antagonist activity, and thromboxane synthetase inhibitory activity, and which may optionally be used with an NSAID for treating dysmenorrhea.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,818 to Rubin et al discloses a combination of a thromboxane A.sub.2 receptor antagonist and an anti-inflammatory agent to treat inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis, while inhibiting formation of and/or treating ulcers.

Method of treating dysmenorrhea employing an interphenylene 7-oxabicycloheptyl substituted heterocyclic amide prostaglandin analog


An object tracking module establishes relationships between different types of data objects associated with application programs while a particular activity occurs. Contextual information associated with the data objects and the activity is collected to establish the relationship. The contextual information may include data objects that are accessed or created while the activity is in progress, or any other information associated with the activity. When an event related to the activity occurs, the object tracking module locates data relevant to the event based on the established relationships. The relevant data is presented in the same information space where the event occurs. A user may easily access the relevant information without manually searching for the data. The object tracking module may determine the degree of relevance between the data objects and the event such that only the most relevant objects are displayed.

Computer users often collect information associated with a certain topic, person or activity at different times. Retrieving information that is relevant at an appropriate time can prove difficult as the user may be uncertain where all of the pertinent information is stored. For example, when a salesperson receives a telephone call from a customer, the salesperson may have trouble quickly accessing all of the information related to the customer that is stored on the computer.
The content stored on a user's hard drive may be indexed by a text search engine. A key word search may be performed to locate content that includes the key word. An implicit query may be performed to identify key words as they are entered into an application. Any content that includes the key word may be displayed to the user for quick access. However, the text search limits the types of content that may be located because some relevant information may not include the key word.

Method and system for tracking objects associated with an activity


A method of filtering and encoding video data in a compressed format is provided. The method includes receiving pixels representing video data from an initial video display, receiving pixels representing video data from a subsequent video display, selecting a group of pixels from the subsequent video display as new video data, determining filtered pixel values from the new video data, and encoding the filtered values in a compressed format for communication to another computer accessible via a computer network.

Computer networks generally include a plurality of interconnected computer systems. Some computer networks utilize a local computer for communicating data to one or more remote computers that are connected to the local computer through the network. From the remote computer, users may control or view activity on a local computer over the network utilizing a hardware interface device connected to the local computer. For instance, utilizing the interface device, a user may view screens of video data on the remote computer that were generated by the local computer. Each screen of video data may comprise thousands or millions of pixels, with each pixel representing a single point in a graphic image. Each point or pixel in a graphic image is represented by a predetermined number of bits based on the number of colors that are displayed on a graphics display. For example, 256 colors may be represented utilizing eight bits per pixel while a "true color" image may be generated utilizing 24 bits per pixel.
Since a single screen comprising a graphics image may comprise millions of bits of video data, the video data must be compressed before being communicated between computers in a network. Video compression enables the communication of video data in fewer bits (and in less time) than if the video data was communicated in its raw form. Typically, video data compression involves compressing the pixel values that make up the frames of video data utilizing a compression algorithm. Many current compression algorithms utilize an exclusive disjunction or "XOR" filtering process to compare the pixel values at various locations in two frames (or screens) of video data. In the XOR process, pixel values at the same locations in successive frames of video data are compared. The result of each comparison is then encoded for communication over the network.
However, current video data compression algorithms based on the XOR process, suffer from a number of drawbacks. One drawback is that as a result of the XOR filtering process, pixel values from previous screens of video data are often compressed along with pixel values from current screens of video data. That is, using the XOR process, unchanged pixel values from previous screens of video data are carried over with changed pixel values from newer screens of video data for compression. As a result, when the video data is compressed, the unchanged pixel values are compressed along with the changed pixel values resulting in less than ideal compression.
It is with respect to these considerations and others that the present invention has been made.

Method, system, and computer-readable medium for the adaptive filtering and compression of video data


A work piece cutting apparatus including a base, a work table, a support post defining a void for a work piece being worked on to pass at least partially through the void, a cutting device, and attachment assembly for securing the cutting device to the support post. Another embodiment of the above apparatus includes a work table being movable to angle orientations relative to the base, and a locking mechanism for locking the work table into angle orientations. A further embodiment is an apparatus adapted for receiving a cutting device. The apparatus includes a base, a work table, and a tool dock base located about the work table. The tool dock base is adapted for receiving a cutting device. Another embodiment of the above apparatus includes a work table being movable to angle orientations relative to the base, and a locking mechanism for locking the work table into angle orientations.

The prior art has diverse examples of saws and saw assemblies, all achieving distinct purposes. Nevertheless, none of the inventions present in the prior art disclose the improvement subject of this application, a combination table-miter saw and assembly with the novel characteristic of allowing the adjustment of the orientation of the saw for cutting a workpiece at different angles, therefore being able to adjust the tool into a table saw or into a miter saw.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,185 (Poling et al, 1999) describes a folding workbench system. The invention in the prior art is different to the combination table-miter saw and assembly because the first is a folding workbench system that does not resemble the assembly of the combination table-miter saw and assembly. The prior art invention does not have a work table with a radial shaped side such as the miter saw platform (1b) of the combination table-miter saw and assembly. In addition, this prior art invention does not include the safety mechanism or the adjustable foot bases of the combination table-miter saw and assembly.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,865,079 (Itzov, 1999) claims an adjustable workpiece support apparatus for a compound miter saw. This invention is different from the combination table-miter saw and assembly because it only refers to a miter saw, while the invention subject of this application refers to a tool and assembly that can be used as a table saw or as a miter saw at user's preference. Moreover, the prior art invention does not include two platforms such as the table saw platform (1a) and the radial shaped miter saw platform (1b), nor the safety mechanism or adjustable foot bases of the combination table-miter saw and assembly.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,842,400 (McIntosh, 1998) describes a table saw assembly with elements that are different from the elements of the combination table-miter saw and assembly. Although the invention in the prior art may do both straight and angled cuts, the combination table-miter saw and assembly has different elements such as the table saw platform (1a) and miter saw platform (1b), and is therefore aesthetically very different from the prior art invention. Moreover, the prior art invention does not have the safety mechanism nor the adjustable foot pads of the combination table-miter saw and assembly. In addition, the combination table-miter saw and assembly may be smaller and therefore occupy less space, thus giving greater advantage to user.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,319 (Garuglieri, 1995) is for a pivoting power tool with a table. The combination table-miter saw and assembly differs from the invention in the prior art because it has different elements, such as the table saw platform (1a) and miter saw platform (1b), and is therefore aesthetically very different from the prior art invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,875 (Mayfield, 1994) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,806 (Mayfield, 1991) are for an anti-kick forward device for radial arm saws. This combination table-miter saw and assembly invention differs from the inventions in the prior art because it has novel elements, such as the table saw platform (1a) and miter saw platform (1b), and is therefore aesthetically very different from the prior art inventions. In addition, the combination table-miter saw and assembly may be smaller and therefore easier to store and to transport from one place to another.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,670 (Metzger, Jr., 1994) is for independently and jointly operable radial saw guards; U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,780 (Metzger, Jr. et al, 1994) describes a radial arm saw guard with operational interlock; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,779 (Metzger, Jr., 1994) claims radial safety guards and barriers. These inventions differ from the combination table-miter saw and assembly because the latter is for a tool or saw to be used either as a table saw or a miter saw in a single assembly, and it has novel elements such as the table saw platform (1a) and miter saw platform (1b). In addition, the combination table-miter saw and assembly is aesthetically very different from the prior art inventions for the first has adjustable and removable non-slip foot bases (9) while the prior art inventions have long legs to support their tables.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,886 (Rathje, Jr., 1993) is for a radial beam arm saw table. This invention is different to the combination table-miter saw and assembly because the invention in the prior art has different elements than the combination table-miter saw and assembly. The combination table-miter saw and assembly has a characteristic table saw platform (1a) and miter saw platform (1b). In addition, the combination table-miter saw and assembly is aesthetically very different from the prior art invention for the first has non-slip foot bases (9) while the prior art invention has long legs to support its table. Furthermore, since the prior art invention has a table with long legs, it needs more stability, hence the use of the water tank, which gives stability or rigidity to the stand. This problem is not encountered by the combination table-miter saw and assembly, which has a smaller platform and foot bases, therefore having no stability nor rigidity issues, therefore being more practical for user. Moreover, the combination table-miter saw and assembly may be easily transported to any place chosen by user without the need to use water, which further differentiates it from the invention in the prior art.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,553,462 (Silken, 1985) claims a radial arm saw; U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,633 (van de Wouw, 1984) claims a sawing device and associated clamp and safety cap; U.S. Pat. No. 4,184,395 (Blachy et al, 1980) describes a radial arm saw; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,664,389 (Bower, 1972) makes reference to a lateral adjustment means for radial arm saws. The inventions in the prior art are aesthetically different to the combination table-miter saw and assembly because they do not have the novel table saw platform (1a) nor the miter saw platform (1b) as the workplace where the work piece will be cut.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,989,094 (Panavas, 1961) is for adjustable stops and guide bar for power tool; U.S. Pat. No. 2,628,643 (Tompkins, 1953) is for a wood sawing machine; and U.S. Pat. No. 2,590,093 (Fuerr, Jr., 1952) is for a hand-operated motor-driven radial machine tool. These inventions differ from the combination table-miter saw and assembly because their elements are different. In addition, the combination table-miter saw and assembly may be portable and therefore giving greater advantages to user.


A ship includes a main pipe that guides CNG whose pressure is increased by an LNG pump to the engine; a pressure sensor that measures the pressure of CNG to be supplied to the engine; a pressure adjustment valve that adjusts the pressure of the CNG to a set pressure according to engine load; a differential pressure sensor that measures a differential pressure before and after the pressure adjustment valve; and a buffer tank that absorbs a variable pressure of the CNG in the main pipe. The discharge pressure of the LNG pump is controlled such that the differential pressure is increased when the pressure is low, and the differential pressure is decreased when the pressure is high.

Diesel engines, which inject into a cylinder high-pressure fuel gas, such as CNG (compressed natural gas) whose pressure is increased by gasifying LNG (liquefied natural gas), are known as, for example, gas fired low-speed diesel engines (SSD-GI; Slow-Speed Diesel-Gas Injection), and are regarded as being promising as main engines for propelling next-generation LNG ships and LNG/LPG fuel ships. The high-pressure fuel gas has a normal temperature (30 to 50° C.), and the pressure thereof is required to be adjusted to a range of about 150 to 250 bars (300 bars at the maximum) in accordance with the load of the diesel engines.
As the methods of producing the high-pressure fuel gas, there are generally two types. One is a liquid compression type (for example, refer to PTL 1) in which the temperature of LNG is raised to the normal temperature after the pressure of the LNG is increased by a liquid pump, and the other is a gas compression type in which the pressure of the gas after LNG has evaporated is made high by a compressor, and the high-pressure gas is cooled to the normal temperature with clean water or the like and is guided to a diesel engine.

Ship, fuel gas supply apparatus, and fuel gas supply method


An editing apparatus for editing digital video signals employs a number of video recording and/or reproduction devices, a signal processing mechanism, and a switching mechanism, wherein the number of transfer lines and the area occupied by the associated connectors is decreased by converting parallel signals into serial format.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for editing video signals and, more particularly, to an editing apparatus having a plurality of digital video appliances.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the conventional video signal editing apparatus, there is known a prior example disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,600. And there are also known those capable of processing video signals converted into a digital form (hereinafter referred to as digital video signals).
In such editing apparatus, video appliances (hereinafter referred to as digital video appliances) such as video tape recorders (hereinafter referred to as digital video tape recorders) capable of recording and reproducing digital video signals, a switcher and a special effect device are connected to one another by means of 25-pin connectors, and digital video signals are transferred among the appliances via such connectors.
In the conventional digital video appliances where digital video signals are transferred via such 25-pin connectors, the areas occupied by the connectors are wide to consequently raise a problem that the digital video appliances are rendered dimensionally large.
Particularly in the switcher which transfers input and output digital video signals from and to the individual digital video appliances, a multiplicity of connectors need to be employed to eventually cause a dimensional increase of the switcher.

Editing apparatus employing serial to parallel converters and parallel to serial converters to achieve a dimensional reduction of the apparatus


In a communications system a transmitter is arranged to transmit asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells in which synchronous transfer mode (STM) channels are assembled. In order to minimize the bandwidth required at lease some of the ATM cells include one or more switch command(s) (12) that indicate a change in the activation state of one or more STM channels (11-0 to 11-n).

A communications network carries information among a number of locations. It consists of nodes connected by links carrying information between them. Rather than have a separate set of wires or separate radio channel for each voice or data conversation, time-division multiplexing (TDM) may be used. For example, ITU-T G.704 consists of 32 channels of 64 kbps, making up 2.048 Mbps. To meet increasing demand for bandwidth, ITU-T G.702 describes the pleisiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), in which the basic G.704 links are joined together using bit-stuffing to synchronise them. The basic 2.048 Mbps link is known as "E1", and the hierarchy is based on multiples of four E1, for example, E2 is made up of four E1s and offers 8 Mbps bandwidth. Since E1 is a synchronous TDM link, a channel that has been set up between two users is dedicated until the connection is torn down. Also, dropping and inserting traffic into a PDH link requires a full set of demultiplexers to separate the data stream into individual E1s. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) has capability for bandwidth on demand, and is made up of multiples of E1. Both PDH and SDH are circuit-based digital networks, and are referred to as synchronous transfer mode (STM).
Growth in the use of computers has led to the development of packet-based networks. In a packet-based network, the stream of data is split up into packets at the entrance to the network, and is re-assembled at the destination. A packet-based call does not require a dedicated circuit through the network, so allowing packets from one call to be inserted in-between packets from many other calls. Thus packet-based networks can utilise network bandwidth more efficiently than circuit-based networks, and so are better suited to carrying bursty data traffic. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) uses fixed-length packets (ATM cells) which allows switching of packets in hardware, resulting in higher speeds than is possible with Ethernet. ATM is very flexible, enabling transmission of different media types such as voice, video and data. It allows dedicated circuits to be set up simultaneously with different bandwidths and Quality of Service (QoS), with high priority and low priority traffic. ATM works in connection-oriented mode, so guaranteeing correct cell-sequencing for packets in a given connection. There are five classes of QoS, Class 0 (always guaranteed), Class 1 (CES and constant bit rate), Class 2 (variable bit rate audio and video), Class 3 (connection-oriented frame relay) and Class 4 (connectionless data transfer such as IP and SMDS).
However, packet-based networks usually do not work well for time-critical applications such as voice, because the packets may experience delay variations whilst travelling through the network. As a result, packets are not received at a constant bit rate, and this has a significant impact on the quality of time-critical connections, such as a telephone call. To allow network operators to carry different applications over a single network, a solution is needed which provides the advantages of both a circuit-based constant bit rate service, and a packet-based, high bandwidth utilisation service.
One approach offered by the ATM Forum, is circuit emulation service (CES) over ATM, described in; "Circuit Emulation Service Interoperability Specification", Version 2.0, January 1997, AF-VTOA0078.000, available for download from http://www.atmforum.com, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. CES over ATM establishes a logical path through the ATM network. In this respect, CES over ATM is similar to time-division multiplexing (TDM) in that all data follows the same path from one point to another in the network, and so packets should be received in the correct order. An ATM path can accommodate multiple circuits. Depending on the data rate needed for a given circuit, different bit rates can be assigned to different circuits using the same path, so providing a variety of service levels to different users, and allowing greater control over delay variations.
The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) converts data from higher-level formats such as X.25, Ethernet, and STM into ATM cells and back again. Within AAL, the convergence sublayer (CS) and segmentation and reassembly sublayer (SAR) take care of applications that require constant bit rate (CBR) and variable bit rate (VBR). ATM Adaptation Layer AAL 1 is used by CES, which requires a very low cell transfer delay and delay variation to carry STM services (for example, streams of E1) over ATM. AAL 1 handles synchronisation, delay jitter, cell loss and wrong cell insertion. The CS and SAR are included in the adaptation layer header, which sits between the ATM cell header and payload data in the ATM cell. When carrying an E1 stream over ATM each E1 frame is smaller than an ATM cell, which means that in order to make full use of the ATM cell payload, E1 frames are subdivided across two ATM cells by the AAL 1 adaptation layer. All ATM cells have a 1-byte AAL 1 header after the ATM cell header, consisting of a 3-bit sequence number, 4-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and 1-bit convergence sublayer indicator (CSI). The CSI bit in odd-numbered cells is used for synchronous residual time stamp (SRTS) synchronisation. Even-numbered ATM cells may also have a structured data transfer (SDT) pointer after the AAL 1 header. The CSI bit in even-numbered ATM cells is set to indicate the presence of an SDT pointer. The SDT pointer points to the first boundary of an E1 frame within the ATM payload, and acts as a check when re-assembling E1 frames. The SDT pointer contains a 7-bit offset having values 0-93 (byte offset split over two ATM cells) or 127 (dummy value), and a parity bit. ATM cells are collected together into a frame of eight cells, and only one SDT pointer is allowed to be active per frame, which makes the system slow to switch channels on and off.
Since E1 is a circuit-based service, it must continue to send data (even if the circuit is idle), until the connection is torn down. When carrying E1 over ATM, however, it is possible to save transmission bandwidth by leaving out any idle channels of the E1 stream. Information about which channels are active at any particular time, may be obtained from the signalling channel, or else by monitoring the E1 channels individually.
ATM Forum specification "(DBCES) Dynamic Bandwidth Utilization in 64 KBPS Time Slot Trunking Over ATM—Using CES", July 1997, AF-VTOA0085.000, available for download from http://www.atmforum.com, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference and also UK patent GB 2276518A, "Statistical gain using ATM signalling" describe a method of saving bandwidth when carrying STM over ATM. This method uses an ATM Adaptation Layer 1 (AAL 1) format that additionally includes a map indicating which STM channels are idle, the idle channels not being transmitted in the ATM cells, and this is achieved using a busy-map for each set of eight ATM cells. The busy-map is a field of length 1-byte up to 4 bytes, which has a 1-bit marker for each of the transmitted timeslots of the E1 bearer (up to 31 timeslots). The marker bit is set if the corresponding timeslot is busy. The length of the frame can be calculated by adding up the number of set bits in the busy-map, and the busy and idle bytes can be sorted using the pattern of bits in the busy-map. This method uses 4 octets (bytes) per frame, which is an overhead. If a cell containing the busy-map is lost, then the following cell may have to be discarded. The damage will extend from the lost cell through to the frame beginning after the next busy-map.
Drawbacks of the busy-map system are as follows:                (a) For data with rapid fluctuations from busy to idle, the busy-map is slow-reacting because it can only be updated at most once per ATM frame (that is eight ATM cells, or a minimum of twelve E1 frames). It is inefficient because it cannot change configuration quickly enough to delete E1 channels that become idle in-between busy-maps.        (b) A more serious problem is that if a channel changes from idle to busy, then there is no way of transmitting the data for that channel until the next busy-map, so resulting in lost data. This is less critical for voice trunking, but limits use for other data applications. The delay in switching on channels is at least twelve E1 frames (12×125 microseconds), equal to 1.5 milliseconds. Thus the busy-map bandwidth utilisation system is lossy, and this can only be overcome by inserting a prohibitively large number of busy-maps.
Therefore, an improved method is desirable for carrying TDM traffic (such as E1) over ATM, which is both more efficient and less lossy.

Abstract: The switch commands (12) and STM channels (11) fill the ATM cell from opposite ends of the cell.

Abstract: Activate switch commands comprise two bytes, a high byte including a pointer (18) pointing to the start of a block of STM channels (11) and a low byte that includes a pointer (19) that points to the channel within a block of STM channels (11) to which the switch command applies.


For use with a user communication device (UCD) that communicates over a packet network by alternately transmitting and receiving streams of associated continuous media communication data packets, systems and methods for providing call processing features, such as call forwarding and call blocking, to the communication device. In one advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the call processing system: (1) determines that a call composed of a stream of continuous media communication packets and associated with the UCD requires a specified alternative processing and (2) causes the continuous media communication data packets associated with the call to be processed in accordance with the specified alternative processing.

The present invention is directed, in general, to telecommunications and, more specifically, to a system and method for providing advanced calling features, such as call forwarding and call blocking, to a packet network-based telephone, such as an Internet telephone, and a packet network that employs the system or the method.
Call forwarding and call blocking are well known telephony services provided to subscribers by a local exchange carrier in circuit switched networks. Traditionally, call forwarding allows a subscriber (or user) selectively to xe2x80x9cprogramxe2x80x9d an incoming call to be forwarded to another communication device; call blocking, on the other hand, prevents an incoming or outgoing call from being completed.
As previously mentioned, call forwarding is a generally recognized calling feature provided in circuit switched networks and, as such, has been the subject of many prior art references. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,027,384, entitled xe2x80x9cPersonalized Automatic Call Routing,xe2x80x9d by Sanford J. Morganstein, issued on Jun. 25, 1991, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a system where the subscriber can preprogram the communication system to provide personalized voice responses and alternate destinations to assist the calling party in completing the call. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,691, entitled xe2x80x9cMethod and Apparatus for Call Routing in Switched Digital Networks Using Call Control Tables,xe2x80x9d by Steven Price, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, provides tables of call control information to facilitate the routing of calls in a switched digital network.
Regarding call blocking features, call blocking features have also been the subject of prior art references. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,388, entitled xe2x80x9cMethod and Apparatus for Selectively Blocking Incoming Telephone Calls,xe2x80x9d by James C. Reed, et al., issued on Nov. 14, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a system that allows a subscriber to selectively block incoming calls for selected time periods or during programmed time intervals to screen out unwanted calls from a particular caller or location. Obviously, the aforementioned U.S. patents are only examples of references directed to telephony services in circuit switched networks.
Internet telephony applications are becoming an attractive alternate for conventional telephony services, primarily because of the promise of substantial reduction in communication costs. There are currently no long-distance charges associated with Internet telephony. Furthermore, there are a large number of applications and new multimedia capabilities available on the World Wide Web. The Internet xe2x80x9ctelephonexe2x80x9d with a computing device, e.g., a personal computer, often employing a packet-based technology, provides the caller with a greater flexibility and control as opposed to the traditional telephone devices.
I have recognized that communication networks employing a packet-based technology, e.g., the Internet, provide challenges not readily apparent in circuit switched networks. For instance, the dynamic addressing techniques employed in packet networks are very different than the routing strategies employed in circuit switched networks. As a result, applying call forwarding and call blocking features to packet networks involves call processing techniques not presently available. The present invention provides, for use with a user communication device (UCD) that communicates over a packet network, such as an Internet telephone, systems for providing call processing features (e.g., call forwarding or call blocking) to the UCD. The present invention therefore adapts call processing techniques employed in circuit switching systems to packet-based networks. In one embodiment, the present invention: (1) determines that a call composed of a stream of continuous media communication packets and associated with the UCD requires a specified alternative processing and (2) causes the continuous media communication data packets associated with the call to be processed in accordance with the specified alternative processing.
The call forwarding system or the call blocking system may be directly connectible with the UCD or may be directly connectible with a point of presence (POP) of the packet network (such as an Internet Service Provider, or ISP). xe2x80x9cDirectly connectible,xe2x80x9d for purposes of the present invention, is defined as being directly associated with or a part of For example, one or both of the systems may be in a user""s telephone or computer UCD. One or both of the systems may be at the user""s ISP, such that they may operate even when the user""s UCD is not connected to the packet network.
In one embodiment, the call forwarding system stores call forwarding criteria and forwards incoming calls based on the call forwarding criteria. In one embodiment, the call blocking system receives information pertaining to a potential call with another party and blocks completion of the potential call based on a comparison of stored call blocking criteria with the information.

System and method for providing advanced calling features to a packet network-based communication device and packet network employing the same


An electronic circuit unit includes a substrate on which a wiring pattern is provided; electronic parts, including a semiconductor bare chip disposed on a surface of the substrate; and a soft sealing resin provided on the substrate so as to cover the electronic parts. A wire of the semiconductor bare chip is connected to the wiring pattern and is covered with the soft sealing resin and a protection member made of a resin harder than the sealing resin having an upper wall having a flat external surface and leg parts extending from the upper wall to the substrate. Since the leg parts are secured to the substrate while the protection member covers the sealing resin, the protection member can protect the sealing resin without being cracked even when external force is applied to the protection member, thereby preventing the wire from breaking.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic circuit unit suitable for use in a voltage controlled oscillator and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Regarding the drawings of the conventional semiconductor device, FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional semiconductor device, and FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional semiconductor device to which external force is applied.
Hereinafter, a configuration of the conventional semiconductor device will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7. A semiconductor bare chip 52 is bonded onto a substrate 51 made of ceramics or the like, and a wire 53 of the semiconductor bare chip 52 is connected to a terminal (not shown) provided on the substrate 51.
A sealing resin 54 made of a soft resin material is coated on the substrate 51 so as to cover the semiconductor bare chip 52 and the wire 53. By coating with the sealing resin 54, moisture resistance of the semiconductor bare chip 52 is secured. At the same time, since the linear expansion coefficient of the sealing resin 54 is greater than that of the wire 53, it is possible to reduce stress of the semiconductor bare chip 52 or the wire 53 and to prevent the wire 53 from breaking by using the soft sealing resin 54.
An overcoat film 55 made of a material harder than that of the sealing resin 54 is formed on a portion of the outer surface of the sealing resin 54 so that when external force is applied to the overcoat film 55, cracks are easily generated on the overcoat film 55 (for example, see Patent Document 1).
The overcoat film 55 made of the material harder than that of the sealing resin 54 is provided on the sealing resin 54, but is cracked when external force is applied in the direction of the arrow A, as shown in FIG. 7. As a result, breaking of the wire 53 is easily detected.
Therefore, the overcoat film 55 not only fails to protect the wire 53 and causes breaking of the wire 53 when external force is applied, but also, even if the semiconductor device is mounted on a predetermined place by a mounting machine, the overcoat film 55 cracks when adsorption is applied to it by an adsorption unit of the mounting machine. As a result, it is impossible to mount the semiconductor device using the mounting machine.

Electronic circuit unit that is easy to manufacture and method of manufacturing the same


A printer cartridge for an image forming apparatus includes a cartridge body having a refillable reservoir and a heater mechanism. The refillable reservoir is adapted to receive developer particles suspended in a fluid medium. The heater mechanism heats the refillable reservoir to evaporate the fluid medium from the refillable reservoir leaving the developer particles behind.

Many image forming apparatus, such as laser printers, copy machines and facsimile machines, utilize electrophotographic printing processes for producing images and text on media. In general, these electrophotographic printing processes involve first charging a photoreceptor which is a roller (i.e., drum) or a continuous belt bearing a photoconductive material. Next, the charged area of the photoreceptor is exposed to a light image of the text and/or image to be reproduced to produce an electrostatic charge on the charged area in the shape of the image and/or text. Developer particles (i.e., toner) are then presented to the photoreceptor so that the particles are transferred to the charged area in the shape of the image and/or text. Next, the toner particles are transferred, in the shape of the image and/or text to be reproduced, from the photoreceptor to the media. These toner particles on the media are then fixed or fused to the media. Lastly, the photoreceptor is cleaned or restored to be made ready for the next printing cycle.
As described above, electrophotographic printing processes use toner to print or copy the desired image and/or text onto media. This toner is a powdery substance made up of polymer based toner particles, with each toner particle typically having a diameter of less than five microns. The toner is contained within a toner hopper (i.e., reservoir) of a removable toner cartridge. Generally, the toner cartridge also includes the photoreceptor, a charging assembly for charging the photoreceptor, a developing assembly for transferring the toner from the toner hopper to the photoreceptor and a cleaning assembly for restoring the photoreceptor for the next printing cycle. Since the electrophotographic printing process consumes toner, the toner cartridge must be replaced or the toner hopper of the toner cartridge must be refilled once the toner is exhausted. Unfortunately, since the toner cartridge includes the photoreceptor, charging assembly, developing assembly and the cleaning assembly, the toner cartridge design is relatively expensive. In addition, the photoreceptor, charging assembly, developing assembly and the cleaning assembly last considerably longer than the amount of toner contained within the toner hopper. Thus, the disposal of the entire toner cartridge results in unnecessary waste of material and landfill space with the costs being passed on to the consumer.
The process of refilling the toner hopper has also presented drawbacks, since the refilling process proven to be difficult and messy. Since the toner is a fine powdery substance, it tends to spill over the components of the toner cartridge. In addition, the toner tends to linger in the air and to adhere to the clothes of the individual who is refilling the cartridge. Excess toner on the photoreceptor as a result of the filling process can cause blotching, streaking or voiding of prints and copies produced by the electrophotographic printing process. Moreover, toner spillage on moving parts of the toner cartridge can cause the moving parts to wear out more rapidly and may even short out the electrical components in the cartridge. As such, toner spillage as a result of the refilling process can reduce the quality of prints and copies, increase maintenance cost, and can even decrease the useful life of the image forming apparatus.
There is a need for improved refillable toner cartridges and methods of refilling the toner cartridge with toner. In particular there is a need for an improved refillable toner cartridge that can be refilled with toner using a refill method that minimizes toner spillage and the attendant drawbacks associated therewith.

Refillable print cartridge and method of refilling

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


Water-gun Target Game and Apparatus in which a direct-current electrical water-presence detector, supported by or worn on an outer garment, is the bull's-eye. A hit by the water jet initiates action by a direct electrical effect, such as a resistance change, ordering responses by switching, sound or visual signaling, and scoring devices. A water-level sensor option initiates a steady signal after a succession of hits or a strong continuous hit. A single shunt option can be used to prevent false triggering. An absorption option disposes of received water, allowing repetitious operation. A tank for the water level sensor has a discharge stopper, which when removed, opens a power source circuit and inhibits any response. The object of the game is to project the jet stream of the water gun on to the target, making one or repetitious hits on the apparatus-bearer's bull's-eye. Counter-circuitry provides digital visual scoring.

1. Field of Invention
This invention is a novel direct current Electronic Fluid Sensing Actuating Target Apparatus designed to respond upon penetration of fluid to sensing electrodes, thereby actuating noise-making, lighting, digital counting, electromechanical, and any electronic exciter response desired.
2. Description of Prior Art
By nature man is an aggressive being. This competitive nature is reflected in history's vast catalog of combative sports and other games popularly played over the years. Such combative games provide an entertaining outlet for man's more beastly passions. Warrior/hero role playing in competition allows healthy release of hostile and aggressive tendencies.
Squirt guns, water pistols and water targets have long been implements of such entertainment. Some of today's squirt guns shoot water up to 50 feet, others only inches. When children use squirt guns without accessories, little interaction occurs, outside of mutual soaking. Likewise, typical water targets are simple, unchallenging instruments of play. Such art offers some diversion, and promotes interaction among children involved in water toy games. However, the present art lacks an apparatus for making such games more fun, more challenging, safer and friendlier.
At carnivals, squirt guns using water under pressure shoot at targets, actuating external devices. Targets of this type plug into alternating current receptacles and employ mechanically actuated switching components requiring high water pressure, limiting the compactness, mobility and general use of these arrangements.
A water gun target U.S. Pat. No. 3,434,717 by Arthur Schwartz of Annapolis, Md., issued Mar. 25, 1969, utilizes foamed plastic material for creating a distinct "splat" sound when impinged by a water beam. Additionally, the target portion includes a plurality of apertures providing moveable members pivotally mounted for easy rotation upon the impingement of a water beam, thereby causing electrical contact to lamps connected therein. No means is provided for electronic noise-making, digital counting, electromechanical, or other exciting responses. Compactness and mobility is also compromised.
A water gun and target combat game by Robert T. Auer, East Stroudsbourg, Pa. and Richard L. Keats, Sands Point, N.Y., U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,030 issued May 10, 1988, utilizes a target constituted by a plaque or other hit indicator covered by a mask that conceals the indicator. The hit indicator is rendered readable only when the mask is made wet and transparent by a water beam impinging thereon. With this arrangement the instantaneous impingement of a second or third water beam will not register, nor does the target elicit high levels of challenge and excitement, like that obtained from the present invention. The present invention allows such registration from simultaneous water beams.
Current products fail to provide a direct current apparatus for direct electronic sensing and response to the water stream emanating from water ejecting toys. Such an apparatus, if simple enough, could be supported by and worn on various types of garments, offering exciting electronic responses. This may include noise generating, digital counting, lighting, electromechanical manipulation and any electronic response desired in reaction to the impingement of a water beam. Such target equipment would offer a degree of protection from soaking streams. More importantly, the high levels of excitement created by such a target apparatus cause the target apparatus to be the focus of water streams, promoting friendlier and safer interactive play.
Products currently available in the art fail to offer an apparatus to perform as:
An electronic fluid sensing actuating target apparatus responding upon penetration of fluid to sensing electrodes, thereby actuating noise, lighting, digital counting, electromechanical and any exciter response desired. PA1 A lightweight, mobile, inexpensive, direct current electronic water target apparatus of simple structure and simple operation. PA1 An electronic water target apparatus for easy assembly into helmets, belts, vests, shields, wrist, arm, leg bands, moving targets, stationary targets, or structures. PA1 An electronic water target apparatus which responds to various intensities of drenching. PA1 An electronic water target apparatus for electronically measuring and responding to preset fluid flow accumulation time or preset volume of accumulated fluid. PA1 A safe, electronic fluid sensing actuating target apparatus to serve as the focus of water streams from squirt guns and other liquid ejection toys.

Electronic fluid sensing actuating target apparatus


A method for impregnating an aluminum product with a hard wear resistant surface area comprises providing a desired pattern of particles thereon, providing a sand core which has an high temperature adhesive layer on at least a portion thereof and transferring the pattern of particles onto the adhesive layer, in such a manner so as to minimize contact with the adhesive. After the adhesive is cured, an aluminum melt is cast around the carbides so as to produce an aluminum product having a wear resistant material surface layer. Preferably, the aluminum alloy contains about 4% by weight of copper and the wear resistant material comprises tungsten carbide containing 12 wt. % Co. In one embodiment, the particles are transferred onto the adhesive layer through the use of an adhesive tape which is used to pick up the pattern of particle and then placed upon the adhesive layer on the core surface.

The present invention relates to a process for the impregnation of an aluminum alloy with a surface comprising a hard wear-resistant material.
A wide variety of techniques are known for the impregnation of iron with a hard wear-resistant surface. Such techniques include flame spray coating and plasma spray coating. However, each of these spray coating techniques suffer from problems associated with the spalling of surface layers during the coating process and during service as well as the particularly large expense associated with the use of these techniques.
Cast-In-Carbides are also known in which carbide particulate are placed within a mold and molten iron is then cast. See, for example, the discussion within U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,459 to Ekemar et al. It is difficult, however, with such castings to accurately maintain the carbide particles in the desired location and in a regular distribution pattern.
In addition, certain cast-on hard surfacing techniques for use with polystyrene patterns are also known in the art. See, for example, the discussion in Hansen et al, "Application of Cast-On Ferrochrome-Based Hard Surfacings to Polystyrene Pattern Castings," Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8942, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1985.
While those methods have been used for the impregnation of iron, they have not heretofore been employed with aluminum alloys. The art has instead made composite materials from aluminum having a cylindrical shape by centrifuging a slurry of molten aluminum and fine carbide particles such that either the metal or the carbides segregate preferentially to the outer circumference of the cylinder so as to yield the higher concentration of that respective phase.
However, such a method would be unsuitable for casting heavy carbides, such as tungsten carbide, whose density is more than five times that of aluminum since it would be impractical to hold these heavy particles in suspension. Furthermore, such a method would not be effective in introducing a hard wear resistant surface into selective areas of the casting as well as casting complex aluminum shapes which are desirably impregnated with a wear resistant material.
Accordingly, the need still exists for a method of impregnating aluminum alloy surfaces with a hard wear-resistant material.

Method of impregnation of aluminum alloy with a wear-resistant material


A lithium rechargeable battery includes an insulation case positioned on top of an electrode assembly where the insulation case has least one hole to improve the stability of the battery by evacuating gas that may be generated by the electrode assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lithium rechargeable battery adapted to more easily evacuate gas generated inside the battery and improve the stability of the battery.
2. Discussion of the Background
As portable electronic appliances continue to be made lighter and more compact, small-sized high-capacity batteries have become increasingly necessary as a power source. Lithium rechargeable batteries are increasingly used in the industry because they have a high energy density per unit weight and an operating voltage of 3.6V, which is three times larger than that of nickel-hydrogen or nickel-cadmium batteries.
Lithium rechargeable batteries create electric energy by oxidation and reduction reactions that occur during intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions at the positive and negative electrodes. Materials enabling lithium ions to undergo reversible intercalation and deintercalation are used as the active materials of the positive and negative electrodes. An organic electrolyte or a polymer electrolyte is used to fill the space between the positive and negative electrodes.
Lithium-containing metal oxide may be used as the positive electrode active material of the lithium rechargeable batteries. Examples of a lithium-containing metal oxide include lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), and lithium manganese oxide (LiMnO2).
Lithium or lithium alloy is conventionally used as the negative electrode active material. Lithium has the drawback that the batteries tend to short-circuit and explode due to dendrite formation. To overcome this problem, lithium has been replaced by carbon-based materials, including amorphous and crystalline carbon. The lithium rechargeable batteries are manufactured in various shapes including cylinders, squares, and pouch types.
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing a conventional lithium rechargeable battery.
Referring to FIG. 1, a lithium rechargeable battery is formed by placing an electrode assembly 12 including a first electrode 13, a second electrode 15, a separator 14, and an electrolyte into a can 10 and sealing the opening of the can 10 with a cap assembly 70.
The cap assembly 70 includes a cap plate 71, an insulation plate 72, a terminal plate 73, and an electrode terminal 74. The cap assembly 70 is coupled to the opening of the can 10 and to a separate insulation case 79 that seals the can 10.
The cap plate 71 is made of a metal plate with a size and a shape corresponding to the shape of the opening of the can 10. The cap plate 71 has a terminal through-hole of predetermined size formed at its center, into which the electrode terminal 74 is inserted. A tubular gasket 75 is coupled to the outer surface of the electrode terminal 74 to insulate the electrode terminal 74 from the cap plate 71. The cap plate 71 has an electrolyte injection hole 76 of predetermined size formed on a side. The cap assembly 70 is connected to the top opening of the can 10. An electrolyte is injected via the electrolyte injection hole 76, and the electrolyte injection hole 76 is then sealed by a plug 77.
The electrode terminal 74 is electrically connected to a second electrode tab 17 of the second electrode 15 or to a first electrode tab 16 of the first electrode 13 via the terminal plate 73, which acts as a second or first electrode terminal. Insulation tapes 18 are wound around portions of the electrode assembly 12 through which the first electrode tab 16 and the second electrode tab 17 are drawn to avoid a short circuit between the electrodes 13 and 15. The first electrode 13 or the second electrode 15 may act as either a positive electrode or a negative electrode.
A conventional lithium rechargeable battery is in danger of fracture if the voltage abruptly rises due to an internal or external short circuit or overcharging or over-discharging of the electrode assembly. When the battery is overcharged, excessive deintercalation of lithium occurs at the positive electrode and excessive intercalation of lithium occurs at the negative electrode. This renders the positive and negative electrodes thermally unstable and generates radical heating reactions, including decomposition of the organic solvent of the electrolyte, reaction between the negative electrode active material and the electrolyte, and solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film thermal decomposition reaction of the negative electrode. In addition, a thermal runaway phenomenon occurs and seriously degrades the stability of the battery.
The lithium rechargeable battery is equipped with a safety device, such as a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor or a safety vent to prevent the battery from catching fire or exploding due to an abnormality. The safety vent is formed on the cap plate or on the can and is adapted to open at a predetermined pressure to evacuate gas inside the battery to the exterior.
Despite being equipped with such a safety device, the danger remains that the safety device may fail to function in time to avoid a fracture if gas is not properly evacuated from the electrode assembly.


Disclosed herein is an image processing apparatus including: a nearness computation block configured to compute a nearness between a representative position representative of a user and a position of an object; a movement determination block configured to determine a movement of the object in a virtual space with an accuracy corresponding to the computed nearness; and a drawing block configured to draw an image on the basis of the determined movement.

The present disclosure relates to an image processing apparatus, an image processing method, and a program.
A technology is known in which, when a user enters a three-dimensional position by manipulating a controller or selects an object inside a virtual space to be manipulated, interaction between the manipulation by the user and the object inside the virtual space is realized.

Image processing apparatus, image processing method, and program