A rack is provided within an outer case. A pinion to be in mesh with the rack is provided on an inner case. A torsion coiled spring for providing the energizing force to put the inner case out of the outer case is provided between the pinion and the inner case. The energizing force of the torsion coiled spring firmly holds the inner and outer cases horizontally and vertically.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a container holder for holding containers, such as canned juice and paper cups, which is used installed in automobiles, for example, buses and passenger cars.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIG. 13 shows a conventional container holder including an outer case 500 having an opening at one end, and an inner case 600 formed with holder holes 601 for receiving containers. The inner case 600 is held by the outer case in such a way that the inner case may be selectively positioned within or outside of the outer case through substantially horizontal movement. A swing frame (not shown), which is supported by the inner case 600, may be swung with respect to the inner case. The swing frame includes a holder section to hold the containers in cooperation with the holder holes 601 of the inner case 600.
An engaging member 503 with a coiled spring 502, and a push-lock-open clip 504 are disposed on the inner surface 501 of the rear wall of the outer case 500. Guide rails 505, serving to guide the inner case 600, are formed on the inner surfaces of the side walls of the outer case. On a rear wall 602 of the inner case 600, is an engaging hole 603, serving to engage the engaging member 503, and a lock pin 604, releasably locked into the push-lock-open clip 504.
In the container holder thus constructed, if the inner case is pushed by the finger or the like, toward the outer case 500 fixed to the car body or the like, the inner case 600 and the swing frame are pushed out of the outer case 500 by the biasing force of the coiled spring 502 while being guided by the guide rail 505, until the engaging hole 603 engages the engaging member 503 at the leading position, that is, the inner case 600 is spaced apart from the outer case 500 by enough distance (approximately 30 mm) so as to not be flush with that outer case and to receive a finger tip or the like. Thereafter, the inner case 600 is further pulled out of the outer case with the finger or the like, so that the swing frame turns with respect to the inner case by a predetermined angle and the holder section of the swing frame is maintained at a predetermined position with respect to the inner case.
Under this condition, containers, such as canned juice, are held within the holder holes 601 by the holder section. When not in use, the front end of the inner case can be pushed whereby the swing frame is pushed by the outer case 500 and turns upwardly and the engaging hole 603 engages with the engaging member 503. Further pushing against the biasing force of the coiled spring 502 results in the push-lock-open clip 504 engaging the lock pin 604 and becoming interlocked. At this point, the inner case and the swing frame are both accommodated within the outer case.
The above-described container holder, however, suffers from the problem of being impossible to operate with a single action whereby it is ready to hold containers. That is, to set up such a state, it is necessary to push the inner case 600 to release the push-lock-open clip 504 from the lock pin 604, so they can be disengaged from each other, and, thereafter, to pull the inner case out of the outer case with the operator's finger. When the container holder is installed in a passenger car, an operator must pull the inner case 600, with the finger or the like, out of the outer case until the inner case 600 can hold a container. During the course of such a manipulation, there is a tendency that the operator's arm will touch the torque control lever or the like. In this respect, the prior container holder is not always satisfactory when it is manipulated.
Further, in the above-described prior container holder, when it is assembled, clearances are inevitably formed in the top and bottom portions, and the right and left portions of the holder. As a result of these inevitable clearances, the inner case 600 is loosely coupled with the outer case 500, offensive sounds can be generated or it is possible to scratch the container holder per se.


A fastening assembly includes a bolt; a support for the bolt, the bolt being movable relative to the support between an extended position and a retracted position; and a keeper with which the bolt is engageable when in its extended position. The keeper comprises a keeper element and the bolt affords a formation able to receive and retain the keeper element. The bolt comprises portions movable relative to one another to permit the keeper element to enter the formation as the bolt is moved from its retracted to its extended position. Relative movement between the bolt portions is prevented when the bolt is in its extended position, whereby the keeper element is held retained in the formation.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a fastening assembly comprising a bolt and a keeper with which the bolt is engageable, for fastening doors or windows.
2. Description of Prior Art
Fastening assemblies each comprising a bolt and a keeper are well known for fastening doors or windows, and there are many different types of such fastening assembly. What such types have in common is a bolt carried by a Support means and movable relative thereto between an extended position in which the bolt is able to engage with the keeper and a retracted position in which it is not able to engage the keeper. Usually, support means for the bolt is mounted on an openable panel of the door or window and the keeper on the fixed frame relative to which the panel is openable. In its simplest form, the bolt is able to be directly manually, moved between its extended and retracted positions, but in more complex forms there are many different types of mechanism by which the bolt is movable. The bolt may form part of a lock, i.e. be movable between its extended and retracted positions by use directly or indirectly of a key.
A bolt for a pivotally openable window or door is usually provided at an edge of the window or door remote from the hinge or hinges by which the window or door is mounted relative to its fixed frame, the bolt being movable in a direction parallel or substantially parallel to the general plane of the window or door, to protrude beyond such edge of the window or door when it is in its extended position, thereby to be engageable with the keeper which is provided on or in the fixed frame. In some cases, however, it might be possible by application of force to effect relative movement between the window or door and fixed frame in the direction of retraction of the bolt, thereby to disengage the bolt from the keeper and permit the window or door to be opened without extraction of the bolt. There are fastening assemblies which aim to defeat the opening of a fastened window or door in this manner, but with the drawback of greater complexity, e.g. by requiring a bolt mounted to its support means in a manner enabling it to be moved in an arcuate path of movement.
Various forms of fastening assembly offering improved security are disclosed for example in the following references:
GB-2134960 discloses a locking device with a latch bolt engageable by a retaining element, in order to prevent the bolt from being forced back from its locking position. GB-1505455 discloses a sliding bolt fastening device for a vehicle panel or tailboard, with a toggle mechanism arranged to provide a self-tightening effect. GB-1422321 discloses a bolt which is lockable against axial releasing movement from its keep, by means of a plug which extends into the bolt and operates a detent mechanism. GB-1046541 discloses a lock whose bolt also includes an axial slider. After the bolt head has passed through a slot in the striker, the slider enters the slot to prevent withdrawal of the bolt from the slot. U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,597 discloses a lock whose bolt has auxiliary locking elements movable outwardly by a central plunger. U.S. Pat. No. 4,312,527 discloses a locking mechanism which utilises spaced plates with T-shaped tongues, between which bolt members are movable.

Fastening assembly comprising bolt and keeper

Brookvale Village, Erdington, Birmingham B23 7YG


An adjusting mechanism for a seat back of an exerciser includes a pressure rod provided behind a seat back frame. The pressure rod has a cylinder, with its top surface pivotally connected to the seat back frame and a cylinder piston rod having a pressure-leaking valve provided at a lower end to leak out pressure in the cylinder and activate the cylinder piston rod to extend and shrink. A control rod base is fixed behind the seat back frame, having a housing for receiving the cylinder shaft. A control rod is fitted with the control rod base, with its horizontal end contacting with the pressure-leaking valve and its vertical rod positioned beside the seat frame. When the vertical rod is swung up, the pressure-leaking valve leak out the pressure in the cylinder and the cylinder piston rod activate the seat back frame to move backward to any angle.

This invention relates to an adjusting mechanism for a seat back of an exerciser, particularly to one simple in structure, quick in assembling, convenient in handling, and capable to meet a user""s requirements in adjusting the seat back to any comfortable position.
A conventional adjusting mechanism for a seat back of an exerciser, as disclosed in a U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,553, is to have a sector tooth block provided under a main rod behind the seat back and a housing provided near a rear end of a fundamental base. The housing is pivotally provided with a control shaft fitted stably with a sleeve having a coronary tooth block and a wing member fixed on its solid portion. The control shaft is rotated to make the coronary tooth block engaged with or disengaged from the sector tooth block of the seat back so as to get a slanting angle of the seat back a user wants
However, the conventional adjusting mechanism mentioned above has the following defects.
1. It is inconvenient to assemble such an adjusting mechanism due to its complicated components.
2. An angle needed is adjusted mainly by engaging two tooth blocks together. Specifically, the control shaft is actuated to let one of the two tooth blocks move partially toward one side of the other tooth block and then make two tooth blocks engage each other after an angle needed is adjusted. But, in case the teeth of two tooth blocks are not exactly engaged together, it is most likely to result in irritating noises.
3. The angle adjusted is restricted by the width between every two teeth on the tooth block and every stage of adjustment is limited generally between 5-10 degrees, having no function of adjusting an angle to a most comfortable position.
This invention has been devised to offer an adjusting mechanism for a seat back of an exerciser, simple in structure, quick in assembling and possible to be adjusted to any position that is most comfortable for a user.

Adjusting mechanism for a seat back of exerciser


A headlamp assembly comprising a reflector defining an open front end, a lens adapted to close the open front end of the reflector to form a lamp chamber, a bulb mounted in the lamp chamber, and a mounting structure. The reflector and lens define respective annular flange portions which are seated together at an interface and the mounting structure is formed as an injection molding including an annular main body housing portion surrounding the reflector and an annular seal portion at the inner periphery of the main body portion encapsulating the seated together flange portions so as to seal the interface between the flange portions and seal the lamp chamber. Sealing of the lamp chamber is further facilitated by the provision of a series of annular grooves in the reflector flange portion and a series of annular ribs in the lens flange portion sized to fit in the respective annular grooves in the reflector flange portion.

This invention relates to headlamp assemblies and more particularly to an improved headlamp seal.
Automotive headlamps until the late 1930's consisted of a metallic reflector, a replaceable bulb, a glass lens, and some manner of bezel or molding to hold the lens in a position closing the open front end of the reflector. These units were replaced in about the 1939 and 1940 model vehicles by the well known sealed beam units in which the reflector and lens are formed of a single unitary glass structure and the bulb is encapsulated within the structure and is not replaceable. The sealed beam headlamps were legally mandated in the early 1940's by some governmental agencies.
Recently, however, due to pressures from automotive stylists, the mandate has been withdrawn and the stylists are now free to design the many exotic shapes of headlamps that are seen on modern day automobiles. The most typical construction for the new headlamps comprises a metal reflector, a bulb, a plastic lens, and a tongue and groove joint between the lens and the reflector augmented by some manner of adhesive. Problems have developed with this construction and, specifically, as the headlamp is turned on and off repeatedly the trapped air within the lamp heats and cools with a resultant increase and decrease in pressure and this increase and decrease in pressure fatigues the seal between the lens and the reflector, causes the seal to deteriorate, and eventually allows the leakage of moisture into the interior the lamp where it attacks the reflective surface of the reflector and forms beads on the interior surface of the lens which have the effect of scattering the light emitted by the headlamp and interfering with the delicate optical balance that had initially been designed into the lamp.


The invention is directed to a rotor having a vented hat section. A plurality of spaced apart vents are defined in the rotor hat wall. The vents are defined by a first aperture in the radially outer hat wall surface, a second aperture in the radially inner hat wall surface and a vent wall extending therebetween. The vent wall includes an upper surface and a lower surface which extend from the from the first aperture to the second aperture. The upper surface and lower surfaces form an angle A with respect to the outer surface of the hat wall which partially determines the quantity of air moved through the vents when the rotor turns. The vent wall also preferably includes a pair of approximately parallel side surfaces between the upper and lower surfaces which extend through the hat wall. The angle B of the vent wall side surfaces with respect to the radius of the rotor partially determines the quantity of air pushed or pumped through the vents when the rotor turns. Each vent aperture is elongated and extends along a first aperture axis. The aperture axis forms a predetermined angle C with respect to a line extending axially along the radially outer surface of said hat wall. The size of the angle C determines in part the quantity of air flowing through the vent when the rotor is turning.

The present invention relates to a vehicle brake rotor and specifically to a rotor having a vented hat section in which the angles of the vents are adjusted to increase the quantity of air flowing through the vents.
Rotors are generally well known in the art, and are used extensively in caliper disc brakes, power transmission devices, clutches, and other similar machinery and mechanisms. Brake rotors are used in vehicle disc brake system which slow the vehicle by inhibiting the rotation of the vehicle wheels. Rotors typically include a central hat section secured to the spindle or axle of the vehicle wheel and a peripheral friction surface extending radially from the hat section. When the driver applies the brakes, brake pads are moved into engagement with the friction surface creating frictional forces which slow the vehicle. A vast amount of heat is generated at the friction surface by the frictional forces during braking. The heat is conducted from the friction surface to the rest of the rotor and to other components to which the rotor is connected. Excess heat leads to premature brake wear and/or failure.
Rotors are commonly cooled using moving air to absorb the heat from the rotor and carry it away. It is known to "ventilate" the rotors by forming holes or vents through portions of the rotor. As the rotor turns, air is moved through the vents to cool the rotor. The cooling effectiveness of the vents is proportional to the quantity of air passing through the vents. The more air which moves through the vents, the more heat that is dissipated and the greater the cooling effects. Therefore, it is desirable to move as much air as possible through the vents.
Vents have been formed in the hat section to move cooling air through the hat section for cooling the rotor when the rotor turns. Typically these vents have been formed through the hat wall at right angles to the hat wall surface. As the rotor turns, the right angled vents create a pressure differential from one side of the hat wall to the other which causes the air to move from the areas of high pressure to the areas of low pressure. It is desirable to increase the amount of air moved through the hat wall vents to improve the cooling effectiveness of the vents.


An automated computer-controlled method and apparatus for measuring the quality or fineness of a pigment dispersion sample, comprising placing the pigment dispersion at the deep end of the tapered path of a Hegman gage block, placing the Hegman gage block in a holder in a motorized drawdown device that draws the scraper along the length of the tapered path at an angle and to at a contact pressure and at a controlled rate, thereby creating a tapered film sample of paint whose thickness tapers from a maximum thickness of 100 micrometers to a minimum thickness of zero. An illuminator assembly illuminates the sample with a substantially collimated light source at an intensity level and the light reflected from the sample is collected by a lens onto a photodetector array in a digital camera. After a time interval the camera acquires an image of the sample. The image is digitized and stored in a memory in the computer and then a portion of the image within a region of interest corresponding to the sample in the tapered path is analyzed to detect and count pigment agglomerates that protrude above the surface of the sample.

Pigment dispersion quality in paint has traditionally been evaluated by trained human operators who make visual observations of the surface appearance of a paint "drawdown" sample. The drawdown evaluation typically uses a device known as a "Hegman Fineness Gage", usually referred to as a "Hegman Gage", as described in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard D1210 "Standard Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type Gage". The Hegman Gage comprises a hardened steel (or stainless steel or chrome-plated steel) block (called a Hegman Gage Block) and a hardened scraper of similar material. The hardened steel block has a flat ground planar surface and has a tapered path machined along its 127 millimeter length. The tapered path is 100 micrometers deep at one end and the path tapers to a depth of zero at its other end. The Hegman Gage for manual drawdowns has a one-half inch wide path. Calibration scales are marked along the lateral edges of the path. Along one edge the scale is marked in micrometers (designating the depth of the tapered path) and along the other edge the scale is marked in "Hegman Units", ranging from zero to eight, which correspond to a depth of 100 micrometers for a Hegman Unit of zero ranging to a depth of zero for a Hegman Unit of 8.
A paint or paste sample is mixed with a vehicle (usually an alkyd resin) and is prepared using well known methods. A predetermined quantity of paint or paste is deposited at the deep end of the tapered path of the Hegman gage block. The hardened steel scraper is placed on the steel block and drawn along its length, leaving behind, in the tapered path, a film-like deposit of paint whose thickness tapers from a maximum thickness to a minimum thickness.
The operator visually observes the sample and looks for pigment agglomerates that protrude from the paint film surface. These protrusions are known as "particles", "specks" or "scats". The operator visually determines the location along the gage where the specks first appear. Because the appearance of the drawdown sample changes as the paste or paint sample begins to dry, a visual observation must be made immediately. Within about ten seconds of the drawdown the operator makes a visual observation of the appearance of the drawdown sample. The operator determines the point along the gage where a definite pattern of specks appear. This point is called the "fineness line" or "fineness measurement" and provides an indication of the fineness or quality of the dispersion of the pigment. The operator also determines the locations of specks and counts them in predetermined ranges along the gage block. Although conducted under controlled lighting conditions these observations are still somewhat subjective.
Because this ASTM D1210 measurement protocol relies upon the expertise of human operators, both for the manual drawing of the hardened steel scraper along the length of the Hegman gage block and for making a visual observation, test results vary from operator to operator and thus lack repeatability. The ASTM measurement results are believed to be more qualitative than quantitative in nature.
Previous devices attempt to provide a quantitative evaluation of pigment dispersion quality in paint. Examples of such devices, which are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,721,055 and 5,249,029, still suffer from certain deficiencies. Both of these devices operate in a so called "dark field" optical mode, i.e., they only collect light scattered from surface anomalies and ignore light reflected from the surface. In a dark field operation, light reflected from the surface of a paint film sample is blocked from reaching a photodetector and only light scattered from pigment agglomerates that protrude above the film surface reach the photodetector. Both of these devices illuminate only a small portion of the paint film sample at a time and require movement of the Hegman gage block (also referred to as a "grindometer block") past an illuminator and photodetector arrangement, an inherently slow operation that typically takes several seconds. A wet paint film sample begins to dry immediately and changes in appearance as it dries. In the previous devices different portions of a freshly prepared wet film sample are imaged at different times, thus providing different levels of sensitivity on different portions of the paint film samples.
Because of the lack of repeatability of the visual method and the deficiencies of the previous dark field imaging methods, it is believed that there is a need for an improved imaging method and for a more quantitative evaluation of the drawdown sample appearance to provide accurate characterization of pigment dispersion.

Method and apparatus for quantifying pigment dispersion quality by paint drawdown


Presented herein inter alia are novel compounds and methods of using the same for the treatment of cancers.

Breast Cancer is the most common type of cancer that occurs in women in the US, and it ranks as the second leading cause of cancer death after lung cancer. About 15-20% of breast cancers are classified as "triple negative" (TNBC), a subtype that lacks clinical expression of estrogen receptor-alpha, progesterone receptor and HER-2 overexpression or lacks clinical expression of ERα, progesterone receptor and HER2 receptor or lacks immunohistochemical expression of ERα, progesterone receptor and HER-2 receptor overexpression. These patients will face limited and often ineffective therapeutic options. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new and more effective therapies for this deadly subtype of breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cannot be treated with current endocrine or HER-2 targeted therapies (11). TNBC occurs in about 15-20% of breast cancers, yet accounts for nearly half of all breast cancer deaths. It is associated with a significantly higher probability of relapse and worse overall survival in the first few years after diagnosis when compared with other breast cancer subtypes (12). This is observed despite its high sensitivity to chemotherapy. Although initially responsive to some chemotherapies, TNBCs tend to relapse early and metastasize, leading to poor patient survival.
Pancreatic carcinoma is a highly lethal disease and the fourth-leading cause for cancer death in men and women in the US (1). The overall 5-year survival rate is approximately 4%. Conventional treatment approaches (chemotherapy, radiation, surgery or combinations of these modalities) have had little impact on the course of this disease. Surgical resection is the only chance at cure, but most patients present with advanced, unresectable disease (2,3). Since effective therapies are largely lacking, it is clear that new therapeutic approaches to treat pancreatic cancer are urgently needed. Metformin (1,1-dimethyl-biguanide hydrochloride) is a widely prescribed antihyperglycemic drug used as first-line therapy for diabetes mellitus type 2, and is now reported to have antitumor efficacy in pancreatic cancer (4-7). The primary systemic effect of metformin is to lower blood glucose, but it also reduces hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance. Provided herein are solutions to these and other problems in the art.

Compounds and methods of treating cancer

The Regents of the University of California


Aluminum surfaces are protected with increased corrosion resistance by anodize, and sealing with a liquid fatty acid free of flammable solvents, suitably in the presence of a heterocyclic aromatic azole treating agent where the aluminum surface is of a copper containing aluminum alloy.

Aluminum alloys with copper, e.g. the Series 1000, 2000 and 7000 aluminum alloys, are extensively used in architectural, aircraft and marine applications, and as such are desirably improved in corrosion resistance without adverse trade-offs such as increased weight or discoloration. At the same time, increasing environmental concerns dictate that improvements be obtained without undue use of environmentally hazardous chemicals in anodizing, such as chromates.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,548 to Shulman and Bauman, improvements in corrosion resistance of aluminum were obtained by conditioning a freshly anodized aluminum surface with alcohol and treating with a fatty acid. Corrosion resistance to as much as 2856 hours was obtained using stearic acid and isopropyl alcohol. This technique avoided the problems inherent in use of highly heated baths of fatty acid for this purpose as previously taught, e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,466 to Kramer.
Industrial scale application of fatty acid sealing with the use of an alcohol solvent raises concerns of fire hazard, when conducted indoors, and there is need to obtain the benefits of fatty acid sealing of aluminum surfaces without the flammability difficulties accompanying use of an organic solvent for the fatty acid.

Liquid fatty acid protection of anodized aluminum


The present invention discloses a method for obtaining feed pellets. The method includes the addition of active ingredients to feed pellets after the pellets have been extruded. The method further includes the addition of a solution or suspension of the desired feed or ingredient in a water or oil phase to the pellets under reduced pressure and subsequently increasing the pressure. The method results in pellets with a high degree of loading and in which the active ingredients are homogeneously distributed.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing feed pellets. The process for the addition of sensitive ingredients during the preparation of pellets is so altered that activity losses are minimized. Specifically, the pellets are treated by mixing a suspension or solution of active ingredients in a fluid phase (for example oil or water) under appropriate conditions with carrier material which has been previously granulated.
Feed is generally prepared by mixing different ingredients which are found to be necessary (active ingredients) with carrier materials essential to obtain the feed in the desired form. The desired form may be a powder, a pellet, a solution or a suspension. The preferred form will depend on the application conditions, the composition and the transport.
A well known problem in feed preparation is the loss of active substance during the pelleting process, especially when extrusion is used. Extensive research results have been published describing the loss of activity of the active ingredients during extrusion cooking.
Lee et al. (AIChE Symposium Series (1978) 172: 192-195) investigated the stability of vitamin A in extrusion cooking processing. The percent of retention of the different tested forms of vitamin A ranged from 50 to 100%. This was reported to be relatively stable when compared with the retention of cantaxanthin which was reported to be in the range of 30 to 35%. Berset (Ind. Aliment. Agric. (1987) 104: 529-533) reports a loss of 18% of cantaxanthin when a commercial preparation was treated. Hencken and Estermann (Aquaculture Ind. Develop. Report (1991) 91: 34-51) report a 25 to 48% loss of activity of synthetic astaxanthin during fish feed preparation using extrusion cooking.
A possible solution to this loss of active substance during granulation is to add the active ingredient in a suitable form like a suspension or solution in a fluid phase subsequent to the granulation step. Mixing of components with a fluid phase can be difficult since active ingredients are not always soluble. Furthermore, the addition after the extrusion step makes it more difficult to obtain a homogenous product.
High concentrations of active ingredients in feed for cattle, poultry or fish in a form which is easy to handle and easy to quantify can be obtained by soaking granulated particles with a suspension or solution containing the desired feed or ingredients thereof. The granulated material contains pores which are filled with the solution or suspension and the loaded pellets can easily be used.
The loading of the pellets is generally performed at atmospheric pressure. The process poses some severe drawbacks:
it is difficult to reproduce the amount of suspension or solution which is absorbed into the pellets, this is especially relevant if the aim is to control the amount of fluid (oil etc.) which is fed to the animal concerned,
the pellets are generally preferentially covered at their surface, which may cause problems (like oxidation) of the active ingredient,
the particles in the suspension may block the pores leading to an inefficient use of the particle pore volume and to the above mentioned surface phenomena.
There is thus a lack of reproducibility in dosage of the active substance and a higher chance to losses of active ingredient as a consequence of insufficient penetration of the active ingredient in the feed granule.
To avoid these problems granulated material with wide pores can be used but this evidently leads to loss of strength of the loaded pellets.
The present invention overcomes the problems described above.
The present invention discloses a method for minimizing the loss of activity of sensitive materials due to the well known extrusion process. The invention discloses that this can be done by addition of the material after the extrusion process. The invention is exemplified by the addition of astaxanthin in oil to feed pellets. The invention thus discloses a method for preparing feed pellets loaded with an active ingredient comprising the addition of active material after the extrusion process. The active ingredient is an enzyme, a vitamin, a pigment or a carotenoid. Preferably, the active ingredient is astaxanthin.
The present invention further provides a method for preparing pellets which are homogenously loaded with active ingredient. The method comprises the addition of a suspension or solution of the active ingredients to pellets under reduced pressure and subsequently increasing the pressure. Preferably, the addition is performed under vacuum.
The present invention also provides feed pellets which have been obtained by this method. Specifically, fish meal pellets soaked with an oil suspension containing astaxanthin are disclosed. Such pellets can be recognized by their high degree of loading which is moreover relatively homogenous. A fish pellet is disclosed which contains more than 81.5 mg astaxanthin per kg dry matter.

Method for the preparation of feed pellets


The disclosure concerns a stone roller for use in a paper making machine as a pressure roller, or for other like uses. The stone roller may be comprised of granite. To prevent roller cracking and sagging, it is axially stressed by clamping plates at opposite ends. A plurality of tie-rods preferably placed closer to the periphery than the axial center of the roller, pass through the roller and join and draw together the clamping plates so as to axially stress the body. Either a single large diameter borehole or a plurality of boreholes are provided in the roller body, through which the tie-rods pass. The open space in the boreholes may be filled with a filler, such as concrete. To protect the tie-rods from abrasion, they may be covered by a protective sheath of plastic or rubber. In an alternate form, the stone roller body may be comprised of an axial series of roller body parts, having complementary formations on their adjoining faces for properly relatively positioning them.

The present invention relates to stone rollers, particularly for paper making machines. Such a roller includes a roller body of stone with clamping plates arranged at its axial ends, and the plates are connected to each other through the roller body and hold the body under axial stress. An example of such a roller can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,962.
Stone rollers of this type are used particularly as press rolls in the press sections of paper machines. However, they may also be used in other sections of the paper machines, for instance in the dry end or in calenders.
The body of the roller is normally comprised of granite. In operation, the stone roller rests with a predetermined pressure against a counter-roller. As a result, the stone roller, which is several meters long, is stressed in flexure between its end support points. In order to prevent the stone body from breaking apart, it is clamped between clamping plates arranged at its ends. For the clamping purpose, an axial tie-rod positioned at the middle or axis of the roller is used to draw the clamping plates together. The tie-rod is given an initial static stress, usually a few hundred t (150-1200 t). 1 ton=1000 kg. oscillating load, which derives from the forces of reaction of the rotating roller on its end supports. The traditional construction of a stone roller therefore requires a correspondingly large tie-rod of very great weight which must be manufactured as a special forged part for each roller.
Tie-rods placed at the center of the roller could have much smaller cross-sections if they only had to transmit the initial static stress. But, experience has shown that these tie-rods break during operation since they receive an additional alternating load from flexing forces. Breaking of the tie-rods usually occurs at places having notches, and, therefore occurs at the clamping threads on the rods. These difficulties have previously been eliminated by making the cross-sections of the single centrally disposed tie-rods considerably larger. But, this has resulted in greater weight and higher expenses.
In addition, the steel clamping plates which transmit the initial force from the tie-rod to the stone roller, at the ends of the roller, must usually be very thick since they have to take up a high bending or inversion moment. The thickening of the plates has the disadvantage that for the stone roller, there is an even greater distance between the end supports than with customary rollers of a paper machine. The tie-rod can additionally be surrounded by filler material in the borehole which contains it.
Another type of known roller that uses a tie-rod is the drying cylinder of a paper machine, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,576,036 and West German Provisional Patent (Auslegeschrift) 1,160,723. Here, the tie-rod serves merely to relieve the cylinder heads which are acted on by steam pressure.


A liquid dispenser comprise a nozzle comprising an inlet in fluid communication with an outlet to form a flow path, a thermistor in fluid communication with the inlet, an actuator rod comprising a gasket rod tip viton, at least one centering pin to center the actuator rod in at least a portion of the flow path, a flowmeter in fluid communication with the inlet, a double acting pneumatic cylinder comprising a first pneumatic inlet and a second pneumatic inlet operatively connected to the actuator rod, and a switch lever operatively coupled to a micro switch, wherein the nozzle opens when gas enters the first pneumatic inlet when the switch lever is activated by pressing on the micro switch and closes when gas enters the second pneumatic inlet when the switch lever is deactivated. Portable and non-portable liquid dispensing systems comprising the liquid dispenser are also described.

The present disclosure relates to a fluid dispensing system for reducing the amount of foam created when dispensing a carbonated liquid into a container.
Carbonated beverages, such as draft or draught beer, are commonly stored in large volume containers and then dispensed to glasses or cups for consumption. For example, beer may be served from a keg rather than from a bottle or can. Beer is often stored under pressure in a large volume (e.g., 50 L) metal keg. A typical keg may have two openings in the center of its top. One opening may allow the beer to flow out of the keg and the other opening may allow gas to be introduced into the keg. Pressure in the keg then drives the beer to the dispensing tap. Conventional beer systems dispense at a flow rate between 2.5 to 3.8 L/min (1 gallon/min) depending on the consumer market and type of beer.
Carbonated beverages, such as beer and fountain drinks, may create foam when dispensed from a pressurized system into a container. This foam generates waste of the beverage. For example, it is estimated that at least 15 to 20% of beer is wasted when dispensed from a keg. Conventional systems configured to increase the keg yield by reducing waste may suffer from one or more of the following limitations:                some dispense systems may fill the glass or cup from a hole in the bottom utilizing a closing valve magnet, which unfortunately means standard type glasses/cups cannot be utilized, and introducing a foreign object like the magnet to the beer is generally not considered hygienically sound;        some dispense systems may provide a full retrofit system to existing dispense systems to monitor pouring parameters and present data on consumption, but provide no aid in proper pouring to reduce waste;        some dispense systems may use outdated technology to interface to the dispensing unit to change pouring parameters or retrieve any data on consumption;        some dispense systems may lack effective flow rates for beers having low carbon dioxide and added nitrogen gas, such as, for example, Stout type beers; and        some dispense systems, such as a compact remote systems, comprising a conventional foam on beer ("FOB") detector installed at room temperature, and placed in a cooler or chiller may contaminate the system, such as, for example, promoting bacterial growth.
Accordingly, fluid dispensing systems that reduce foaming when dispensing a fluid are desirable.


A composition comprising: a first polycarbonate comprising a poly(siloxane-carbonate); a second polycarbonate different from the first polycarbonate; and optionally, a third polycarbonate different from the first and second polycarbonate; wherein the first polycarbonate is present in an amount effective to provide the siloxane units of in the first polycarbonate in an amount of at least 0.3 wt %, and the second polycarbonate is present in an amount effective to provide the bromine of the second polycarbonate in an amount of at least 7.8 wt %; and further wherein an article molded from the composition has an OSU integrated 2 minute heat release test value of less than 65 kW-min/m2 and a peak heat release rate of less than 65 kW/m2, and an E662 smoke test Dmax value of less than 200.

This disclosure generally relates to polycarbonate compositions, and more particularly to flame retardant polycarbonate compositions containing specific combinations of polycarbonates.
Flame retardant (FR) polycarbonates and polycarbonate blends with UL V0 and 5V A and B Underwriters Laboratories flammability ratings are widely prepared and used, especially in a wide variety of electrical and electronic applications. Conversely, only a very limited set of polycarbonates are used in aircraft and other transportation applications particularly interior parts such as windows, partition walls, ceiling panels, cabinet walls, storage compartments, galley surfaces, light panels, and the like. All of these applications have stringent flammability safety requirements that the polycarbonates must meet. Particular requirements include smoke density, flame spread, and heat release values. In the United States, Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 25.853 sets forth the airworthiness standards for aircraft compartment interiors. The safety standards for aircraft and transportation systems used in the United States include a smoke density test specified in FAR 25.5 Appendix F, Part V Amdt 25-116. Flammability requirements include the "60 second test" specified in FAR 25.853(a) Appendix F, Part I, (a),1,(i) and the heat release rate standard (referred to as the OSU 65/65 standard) described in FAR F25.4 (FAR Section 25, Appendix F, Part IV), or the French flame retardant tests such as, NF-P-92-504 (flame spread) or NF-P-92-505 (drip test). In another example, the aircraft manufacturer Airbus has smoke density and other safety requirements set forth in ABD0031. In the event of a fire, components made from materials having these properties can increase the amount of time available for escape and provide for better visibility during a fire
Despite extensive investigation, current materials that meet these FAR standards could be further improved with respect to other properties. Thus, there is a perceived need for polysulfones having improved melt flow, improved ultraviolet (UV) stability, and improved light transmission. Siloxane-polyestercarbonates have low melt flow and good color stability to indoor light, but may shift in color upon exposure to UV light. Certain polycarbonate-polyetherimide blends also have low melt flow, but can be difficult to formulate so as to provide bright white compositions.
In view of the current interior material safety standards, and in anticipation of more stringent standards in the future, materials that exceed governmental and aircraft manufacturer flame safety requirements are sought. Such materials should also advantageously maintain excellent physical properties, such as toughness (high impact strength and high ductility). It would be a further advantage if such materials could be manufactured to be colorless and transparent. Still other advantageous features include good processability for forming articles, smooth surface finish, and light stability.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Flame retardant polycarbonate compositions, methods of manufacture, and articles formed therefrom


A subject for the invention is to diminish the occurrence of streak-type segregation in producing a material comprising a Ni-based superalloy. The invention relates to a Ni-based superalloy having excellent unsusceptibility to segregation, characterized by comprising: 0.005 to 0.15 mass % of C; 8 to 22 mass % of Cr; 5 to 30 mass % of Co; equal or greater than 1 and less than 9 mass % of Mo; 5 to 21 mass % of W; 0.1 to 2.0 mass % of Al; 0.3 to 2.5 mass % of Ti; up to 0.015 mass % of B; and up to 0.01 mass % of Mg, with the remainder comprising Ni and unavoidable impurities.

From the standpoints of the necessity of reducing fossil-fuel consumption, prevention of global warming, etc., USC (ultra-supercritical pressure) plants are expected to be operated at an even higher efficiency. In particular, there recently is a strong trend toward high-efficiency coal-fired thermal power stations as 21st-century power plants. Turbine rotors, boiler members, and the like which are usable in next-generation electric-power generation with ultra-supercritical-pressure steam having a main-steam temperature exceeding 700° C. are being developed.
The related-art ferritic heat-resistant steels are no longer usable, from the standpoint of heat-resistance temperature, as heat resistance materials to be used as materials for turbine rotors exposed to steam having a high temperature exceeding 700° C. There is no way other than applying a Ni-based alloy thereto.
Many of Ni-based heat resistance alloys are precipitation strengthening type alloys. In producing this type of alloy, a small amount of Ti or Al is added or a small amount of Nb is further added, and a precipitated phase constituted of Ni3 (Al, Ti), which is called a gamma prime phase (hereinafter expressed by γ′), and/or Ni3(Al, Ti)Nb, which is called a gamma double-prime phase (expressed by γ″), is finely and coherently formed in the austenite (hereinafter expressed by γ) matrix to strengthen the system in order to obtain satisfactory high-temperature strength. Inconel (trademark; the same applies hereinafter) 706 and Inconel 718 belong to this type.
There also are alloys of the type in which the system is strengthened in a multiple manner by solid-solution strengthening and dispersion strengthening with M23C6 carbides besides precipitation strengthening with a γ′ phase, such as Waspaloy, and so-called solid-solution strengthening type alloys which contain almost no precipitation-strengthening element and in which the system is strengthened by solid-solution strengthening with Mo and W. The latter type is represented by Inconel 230.
Recently, from the standpoint of the problem concerning a difference in thermal expansion between such a heat resistance alloy and ferritic steel members or the problem concerning thermal fatigue strength, precipitation strengthening type Ni-based alloys which have a low coefficient of thermal expansion equal to or better than that of ferritic heat-resistant steels and which, despite this, are superior in high-temperature material properties to the ferritic heat-resistant steels have also been proposed as disclosed in Patent Literature 1, Patent Literature 2, Patent Literature 3 and Patent Literature 4.
Patent Literature 1: JP-A-2005-314728
Patent Literature 2: JP-A-2003-13161
Patent Literature 3: JP-A-9-157779
Patent Literature 4: JP-A-2006-124776

Ni-based superalloy with excellent unsusceptibility to segregation


A method of forming friction-reducing and wear-resistant silver/molybdenum coating material by co-depositing quantities of silver and molybdenum simultaneously forming nano-crystalline binary mixtures on iron surfaces.

In many industrial applications wherein sliding motions between metal-to-metal contact cannot be avoided, methods to reduce the friction and wear of the metal surfaces are highly desirable. These applications are frequently encountered in the automotive industry and in the electronics industry. For instance, in the automotive industry, engine friction and wear reduction by using additives in lubricants is one of the most frequently used approaches. Additives used in lubricants to reduce friction and wear achieve its purpose by creating chemical reactions between the additives and the metal surfaces. However, these chemical reactions are very slow and the reaction films thus formed are generally not uniform. In electronic applications such as that of a switching device, it is difficult to reduce the dry friction and wear problems between metal surfaces since no lubricants can be used to reduce such friction.
The frictional characteristics of surface coatings are controlled by their chemical compositions and their microstructures such as crystallinity and grain size distribution. In many advanced mechanical or electronic systems, materials need to operate in harsh environments and under severe frictional conditions.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a method of coating iron surfaces with a friction-reducing and wear-resistant silver/molybdenum coating material.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of coating iron surfaces with a silver/molybdenum coating material by simultaneously co-depositing quantities of silver and molybdenum on iron surfaces.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of coating iron surfaces with a silver/molybdenum friction-reducing and wear-resistant coating material by simultaneously co-depositing quantities of silver and molybdenum in a nano-crystalline binary mixture on iron surfaces by electron-beam evaporation technique.

Method of forming silver/molybdenum surface coating material


A method and apparatus for heating a substrate in a chamber are provided. an apparatus for positioning a substrate in a processing chamber. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a substrate support assembly having a support surface adapted to receive the substrate and a plurality of centering members for supporting the substrate at a distance parallel to the support surface and for centering the substrate relative to a reference axis substantially perpendicular to the support surface. The plurality of the centering members are movably disposed along a periphery of the support surface, and each of the plurality of centering members comprises a first end portion for either contacting or supporting a peripheral edge of the substrate.

Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to apparatus and methods for processing semiconductor substrates. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to an apparatus and methods for heating a substrate in a chamber.
Description of the Related Art
The effectiveness of a substrate fabrication process is often measured by two related and important factors, which are device yield and the cost of ownership (CoO). These factors are important since they directly affect the cost to produce an electronic device and thus a device manufacturer's competitiveness in the market place. The CoO, while affected by a number of factors, is greatly affected by the system and chamber throughput, or simply the number of substrates per hour processed using a desired processing sequence.
During certain substrate processing sequences, such as, for example, chemical vapor deposition processes (CVD) or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition processes (PECVD), it may be desirable to pre-treat a substrate prior to performing a deposition process. In certain pre-treatment processes, the substrate may be heated, for example, using an anneal process, to a first temperature prior to the deposition process. During the deposition process, the substrate is heated to a second temperature different from the first temperature. For many deposition processes, the substrate is placed on a substrate support comprising a heater. This heater is used to heat the substrate to both the first temperature and the second temperature. When there is some variance between the first temperature and the second temperature, for example, when the second temperature is higher than the first temperature, there is a delay between the pre-treatment process and the deposition process so that the temperature of the heater may be increased from the first temperature to the second temperature. This delay leads to an overall increase in substrate processing time and a corresponding decrease in device yield.
Therefore, there is a need for an apparatus and process that can position and heat a substrate in a processing chamber in a cost-effective and accurate manner.


A pen with changeful penholder is comprised of multiple decoration rings disposed around the penholder and an elastic retaining mechanism inserted either at the front or the tail of the penholder. The decoration rings are held closely in series when subject to restriction by the elastic retaining mechanism, and released to turn around freely when the elastic retaining mechanism is compressed. The outer wall of each decoration ring is preset with any color, symbol, stripe or shape to change the form and appearance of the penholder when the decoration rings are turned around to achieve diversified combination of decoration styles as desired.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to pens with changeful penholders and, more particularly, to pens with penholders having decoration rings that can be turned around to create different combinations of colors, shapes and patterns on the surface of the decoration rings.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
A ball pen, steel ball pen, automatic pen, marker, or color pen generally available in the market has its fixed style either in the construction, the appearance or the form of the penholder. The pen just looks dull and lacks variations. Therefore a pen cannot be identified easily among other pens of various users unless the individual user has particularly marked with a symbol or a sticker on the pen. However, it is impossible to change the appearance or to create personal style on the conventional pen.
This inventor filed a U.S. patent application titled with "Pen with Variable Penholder Styles" with application Ser. No. 10/671,627 on Sep. 29, 2003; wherein, it provided multiple decoration rings abutted to one another around the penholder and limited respectively at the front and the tail of the penholder to change the appearance of the penholder by turning those decoration rings as desired. However, a proper tightness is required for those decoration rings when abutted to one another to allow relative turning while staying flushed against one another; meanwhile a tolerance must be provided to avoid sliding of the decoration rings.


An infrared radar system. The system includes an infrared laser and associated controller which are adapted to provide a succession of transmit pulses having a relatively high intensity spike portion followed by a relatively low intensity quasi-CW portion. An optical system directs the transmit pulses to a target scene and collects infrared radiation reflected from the scene. The collected radiation is imaged on a heterodyne detector array together with a locally generated reference infrared beam. A range network is responsive to signals from the detector array to provide signals representative of the range of objects in the target scene. A moving target indicator network is responsive to signals from the detector to provide signals representative of the velocity of objects in the target scene.

The field of this invention is radar and more particularly, infrared imaging radar.
In conventional microwave radar systems, electromagnetic radiation from a power oscillator is directed by a transmit/receive switch, through an antenna onto a scene-to-be-imaged. The radiation reflected by targets within the scene is collected by an antenna and directed through the transmit/receive switch into a mixer where it is heterodyned with microwave radiation from a local oscillator. The heterodyned signal is then electronically processed to extract range, velocity and reflectivity information for the targets.
Conventional infrared radar systems also transmit electromagnetic radiation but rather from a transmitter laser typically, the laser radiation is directed by a transmit/receive switch, through a telescope and onto a target. The radiation reflected by the target is then collected by the telescope and directed through the transmit/receive switch and onto an optical detector. This detected radiation is heterodyned with radiation from a local oscillator laser. The heterodyned signal is then electronically processed to extract range, velocity and reflectivity information for the targets. The principle differences between the microwave and infrared radar systems are the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation employed (microwave versus infrared), and the specific devices which perform the necessary radar functions (e.g. magnetrons versus lasers, antennas versus telescopes, and the like). In view of the wavelength difference, infrared systems generally offer higher resolution, while microwave systems generally offer better performance in bad weather.
Currently, microwave radar systems provide terrain following capability, permitting all-weather, day/night low level flight aircraft operation at extremely low altitudes and relatively high speeds. However, at low altitudes, for example, below 50 meters, many flight applications require a substantial obstacle avoidance capability in addition to terrain following. Since obstacle detection requires extremely high resolution, that is not practical with microwave radars.
Infrared laser airborne radar systems have recently been developed for use as bad-weather, day/night, obstacle avoidance systems on tactical aircraft involved in close air support missions. See for example Hull, R. J., Marcus, S. "A Tactical 10.6 um Imaging Radar", Proc. 1978 National Aerospace and Electronics Conf. (IEEE, Dayton, Ohio, May 1978). In such systems, there are two modes of operation. In a target acquisition (or obstacle detection) mode, a CO.sub.2 laser generates a continuous wave (CW) infrared beam. This beam is shaped into a fan beam and projected through a telescope and directed by a pointer scanner mirror assembly onto the ground in front of the aircraft. A combination of the aircraft's forward motion and a horizontal rocking motion of the pointer-scanner mirror assembly provides a line scan search of the area in front of the aircraft. The back-reflected radiation is collected by the telescope, and imaged onto a one-dimensional array of of heterodyne detectors together with the beam from a local oscillator laser. The outputs from the heterodyne detectors are then Doppler-analyzed to provide a moving target indication (MTI). When a moving target (or obstacle) is detected, the pointer-scanner mirror is adaptively pointed in the direction of the target, and the transmitter laser is switched to an obstacle avoidance mode. In this second mode, the system operates as a laser-aided forwarded looking infrared imaging (FLIR) system. The laser is repetitively-pulsed, and a two-dimensional image plane scanner is activated. This second mode of operation provides a high resolution point-by-point raster scanned CRT image of the target for identification purposes. Range information from the reflected pulse delays are then used in conjunction with the azimuth-elevation information from the image and information from the aircraft's inertial platform to provide obstacle avoidance control signals for the aircraft. This form of system is also suitable for fire control.
Although the latter form of prior art infrared radar systems does provide target range, velocity and reflectivity characteristics suitable for use in terrain avoidance and target acquisition and identification, the performance of such systems are substantially limited since such systems cannot provide both MTI and high resolution ranging operation at the same time.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved radar system which simultaneously provides range and moving target identification information.
Another object is to provide an improved radar system providing capability of terrain and obstacle avoidance and in addition, target acquisition and identification.
Yet another object is to provide an improved radar system which simultaneously provides active and passive imaging.
It is a further object to provide an improved radar system having a closed-loop fire control capability.


Disclosed is a fuel activation apparatus using a magnetic force of a magnetic body. The apparatus comprises a hollow cylindrical body, including an inlet through which fuels flow into and an outlet through which the fuels flow out, for forming a predetermined fuel flow space, a magnetic body, including a fuel path allowing the fuels to pass along the center axis of the body, a pair of diaphragms which are disposed at spaces formed between front and rear sides of the magnetic body and an inner circumferential surface of the body, for regulating the flow of the fuels, and fuel guide members which are placed inside the fuel path of the magnetic body, for allowing the fuels to flow in a vortex form, and fuel induction members which are placed at both sides of the magnetic body, for inducing uniform ionization of the fuels. The apparatus provides effects that a flowing speed of the fuels is properly regulated in a magnetic field, and the ionization of the fuels is maximized to obtain uniform minute particles.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fuel activation apparatus using a magnetic body, and more particularly, to a fuel activation apparatus using a magnetic body which can maximize ionization of particles of a fuel under the influence of a magnetic force in a magnetic field, including diaphragms respectively disposed at an inlet and an outlet through which the fuels pass, and a magnetic induction member, by which the flow-in and flow-out speed of fuels which rotate and flow quickly in an inner side thereof is controlled, and the fuels are passed through the magnetic field in a reduced speed.
2. Description of Related Art
Generally, a liquid or gas fuel used for an internal combustion engine is composed of a set of molecules. Positive (+) and negative (-) electric charges exist in the fuel's molecules. Due to attraction between the positive (+) and negative (-) electric charges, the fuel particles of the negative and positive electric charges are not splitted into more minute particles. Accordingly, the fuels are not actively interlocked with oxygen during combustion, thereby causing incomplete combustion.
To improve the incomplete combustion of the fuels, there has been technique that the ionization of the fuel particles is accomplished by the supply of magnetic force from a magnetic body.
Typical examples of the prior art are in detail disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,901 and 4,933,151.
Fuel ionization apparatuses in the prior art disclose that a plurality of magnets enclose a fuel duct, or the fuels are made to flow through small holes perforated on the central portion of magnets. Particularly, the former allows a large amount of magnetic forces to be applied to the fuel by which a plurality of magnets are disposed outside a fuel duct having the inner diameter slightly larger than the inner diameter of a fuel hose. However, this case has a drawback that better ionization of the fuel is not accomplished due to limitation of time and space for ionization as well as too much magnetic forces applied to the fuels.
The latter arranges a plurality holes on the central portion of a large-sized magnet, through which the fuels flow. This latter reduces combustion efficiency because the supply of too much magnetic forces and over ionization of the fuels are caused, compared with the time and space that the fuels pass.
There have been drawbacks in the well-known art not to properly utilize magnetic forces generated from the magnetic body, and also to reduce fuel combustion efficiency due to too much magnetic forces being directly applied to the fuel and over-ionization of the fuel.
Further effective ionization technique of fuels using a magnetic body has been disclosed in Korean patent no. 105638 by the inventor of the present invention that allows the fuels to effectively pass through the magnetic body.

Fuel activation apparatus using magnetic body


Use of fluorinated polyurethanes thermally crosslinkable for obtaining coatings having an improved friction coefficient for the dry lubrication of rubbers, plastics, metals, glass, said polyurethanes obtainable from aqueous dispersions of cationic oligourethanes having a molecular weightxe2x89xa69,000, formed by:

The present invention relates to the use of polymer dispersions for the dry lubrication of hydrogenated polymer materials such for example rubbers, for example EPR, EPDM, SBR, or plastics, metals, glass having an improved friction coefficient. More specifically said polymer dispersions are aqueous dispersions of cationic fluorinated oligourethanes obtained from functional (per)fluoropolyethers (PFPE) which optionally can be formulated with other fluoropolymers.
Generally the dry lubrication is selected when it is necessary to maintain for long time the lubricant effect among the surfaces in contact, avoiding theyr damage by the friction. By this treatment therefore it is possible to maintain during the time the properties of said surfaces. The dry lubrication has a remarkable importance when the materials in contact are rubber or plastic materials, and therefore they generally have poor wear resistance. An example of dry lubrication is that which occurs on the rubber parts used as fittings for the mobile glass safety or not of cars for reducing the friction and noise. Said fittings, that besides friction are exposed to the action of the light and atmospheric agents, must be lubricated so that the rubber surface is not worn and maintains during the time the mechanical properties.
Dry lubrication systems for improving the friction coefficient are known in the prior art. Formulations based on polysiloxanes and silicon rubber, crosslinkable at 150xc2x0 C. with hydrosoluble polyamines, able to form coatings having a thickness from 1 to 3 microns on rubbery surfaces EPDM type and to give a friction coefficient from 0.4 to 0.7 (1 Kg, 100 mm/min) are described in EP 761,791. The drawback of said formulations is that the friction coefficient is not satisfactory and besides thy are bicomponent systems wherefore the pot life is not high. In C.A. 131 300652t No. 22 1999, page 676, the Abstract of the patent JP 11 291769 is reported, wherein a coating for EPDM rubber is described, obtained by mixing with a polyurethane prepolymer based on polytetramethylenglycol (PTMG) a fluororesin in powder and a perfluoropolyether. Tests carried out by the Applicant with hydrogenated polyurethane prepolymers and a fluororesin in powder (PTFE) have shown that the obtained friction coefficient values are unsatisfactory. Compositions based on photocrosslinkable silicones (polyorganosiloxanes having epoxy functionality), particles of crosslinked silicone resin, having sizes from about 0.5 to 12 microns, able to give coatings having a low friction coefficient, are described in EP 903,385. Said formulations require the use of UV lamps for the photocrosslinking after the coating application and drying. From the industrial point of view this kind of crosslinking is an additional cost of the plant. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,007 formulations in solvent (toluene) for obtaining coatings on EPDM rubbers, formed by blocked isocyanic prepolymers formulated together with crosslinking agents and silicone oils, are described. The application of said formulations in solvent raises problems connected to the environmental impact and to the use in the work environment of organic solvents. Besides the obtained coatings have an high thickness, in the range 11-16 microns. U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,995 describes formulations is organic solvent, based on modified polyamides containing brominated and chlorinated groups on amidic nitrogen. Said formulations are applied on rubbers EPDM type in solutions at 4% of dry product in methylene chloride, forming coatings having a low friction coefficient. Also for said formulations in solvent it can be repeated what noticed above for the use of organic solvents in this kind of compositions. Similar formulations, that use organic solvents, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,518 and besides contain fillers such silica, PTFE powder, etc.
The need was felt to carry out dry lubricant treatments on rubbers, plastics, metals and glass, applying aqueous polymer systems, so as to avoid the use of organic solvents and to reduce the environmental impact, to eliminate the problems connected to the use of said solvents in the work environment, obtaining a dry lubricant layer showing the following combination of properties:
dynamic friction coefficient (ASTM D 1894-78)  less than 0.4, preferably xe2x89xa60.3,
high adhesion to the treated surface (ASTM D 3359-87),
high resistance to photooxidative degradation,
high rubbing-resistance,
high resistance to water absorption,
dry lubricant layer having a reduced thickness, in the range 0.1-5 microns, preferably 1-3 microns.
The Applicant has unexpectedly and surprisingly found that it is possible to obtain said combination of properties by applying aqueous dispersions of thermocrosslinkable fluorinated oligourethanes having a cationic functionality.
An object of the present invention is the use of fluorinated polyurethanes thermally crosslinkable for obtaining coatings having an improved friction coefficient for the dry lubrication of rubbers, plastics, metals, glass, said crosslinkable polyurethanes obtainable from aqueous dispersions of cationic oligourethanes based on branched and thermocrosslinkable (per)fluoropolyethers (PFPE), said cationic oligourethanes having a number average molecular weight lower than or equal to 9,000, determined by vapour pressure osmometry and formed by the following monomers and macromers:
a) aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanates, having NCO functionality, determined by titration with dibutylamine-HCl (ASTM D2572), higher than 2, preferably in the range 3-4;
b) bifunctional hydrogenated monomers having the two functions chemically different from each other (hetero-functional monomers) having the general formula:
XOxe2x80x94(CR1AR2A)bxe2x80x94Y0xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(Ib)
xe2x80x83wherein:
R1A and R2A, equal to or different from each other, are H, aliphatic radicals from 1 to 10 carbon atoms,
b is an integer in the range 1-20, preferably 1-10,
XO=XAH with XA=O, S,
Y0 is a salifiable, anionic or cationic function,
when in the formula (Ib) XO=OH, b=1, R1A=R2A=H and
Y0 is a hydrophilic group preferably having formula
xe2x80x94CH2Oxe2x80x94(CH2xe2x80x94CH2O)nTxe2x80x94CH3xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(Ib1)
wherein nT is an integer in the range 3-20; and one or more of the following compounds:
c) bifunctional hydroxylated (per)fluoropolyethers (PFPE diols) having number average molecular weight in the range 400-3,000, preferably 700-2,000;
e) monofunctional hydroxyl or carboxylic (per)fluoropolyethers (e0) or monofunctional hydroxyl (per) fluoroalkanes (exe2x80x2), said compounds (e0) and (exe2x80x2) having number average molecular weight in the range 300-1,000, preferably 400-800.
and optionally the following compounds:
d) hydrogenated monomers with which it is possible to insert a crosslinkable chemical function in the oligourethane, said monomers having formula (Ib), wherein R1A, R2A, b and XO are as above and Y0, is selected from the following functional groups:
xe2x80x83wherein
RIB=H, CH3;
Rx is a C1-C5, preferably C1-C3, saturated alkyl;
dI) hydrogen-active compounds, able to form with the NCO functions bonds which are stable to hydrolysis but thermolabile, said compounds known as blocking agents of the NCO group, and selected from those known in the prior art such as for example ketoximes, for example methylethylketoxime, phenols and mono-, di-alkyl substituted phenols wherein the alkyl chain contains from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, pyrazol, caprolactam, ethylmalonate, acetylacetone, ethylacetoacetate.
The preferred composition of the invention comprises a)+b)+c), optionally e).
Preferably the amounts of the components a)xe2x88x92c), monomers and macromers which constitute the oligourethanes according to the present invention are the following:
component a) polyisocyanate: 10-70% by weight based on the total of the dry oligourethane, preferably 20-40% by weight;
component b) ionic heterofunctional hydrogenated monomer: the amount by weight based on the total of the dry oligourethane is calculated in connection with the molecular weight of the monomer, taking into account that the moles of component b) are in a ratio with the moles of the NCO groups of component a) comprised between ⅓:1 and ⅔:1 [(component b) moles: NCO moles)];
component c) PFPE diol: the amount by weight is in connection with the molecular weight of the macromer c), taking into account that the moles of the hydroxyl groups of component c) are in a ratio with the moles of the residual free NCO groups (the difference between the total ones and those combined with b)) comprised between 3 and 1.1, preferably 1.5 and 1.1; component c) can also be absent, and in this case component e) is present;
when c) is absent, the total amount by moles of components e)+d)+dI) is in a 1:1 ratio with the moles of residual NCO (the difference between the initial total moles of a) and the moles of a) reacted with b)), and component e) must be present in an amount of at least 30% by weight based on the dry product;
when component c) is present in the formulation, the total moles of the components d+dI+e, are in a percentage comprised between 0 and 90%, preferably 0 and 60% with respect to the moles of component b).
The aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanates indicated in a) are those available on the market and can for example be polyisocyanurates, biurets, adducts of the following diisocyanates: hexamethylendiisocyanate HDI, isophoron diisocyanate IPDI, toluendiisocyanate TDI, diphenylmethandiisocyanate MDI, hydrogenated diphenylmethandiisocyanate H12-MDI.
Preferred compounds are Vestanat T1890(copyright) (IPDI trimer) (Huls), Tolonate(copyright) HDT-LV (HDI trimer) (Rhone-Poulenc).
With heterofunctional monomer, a monomer having a functional group at each end of the chain is meant, said functional groups being different from each other.
The heterofunctional hydrogenated monomers indicated in b) wherein preferably in the XAH function XA=O, preferably have the following formula of structure:
wherein T is SO3H, COOH, or a tertiary amino group NRxe2x80x2NRxe2x80x3N, wherein Rxe2x80x2N and Rxe2x80x3N, equal or different, are linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl; Rxe2x80x21A and Rxe2x80x31Axe2x80x2, equal or different, are hydrogen or linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl; n1A is an integer in the range 1-10, preferably 1-4. The monomers b) of formula (1A) wherein T is a tertiary amino group, such as for example dimethyl-aminoethanol, diethyl-aminoethanol, dimethyl-aminopropanol, diethyl-aminopropanol, are preferred.
The bifunctional (per)fluoropolyethers indicated in c) have one or more of the following units statistically distributed along the chain: (C3F6O), (CFYO) wherein Y is F or CF3, (C2F4O), (CR4R5CF2CF2O) wherein R4 and R5 are equal to or different from each other and selected from H, Cl, and a fluorine atom of the perfluoromethylene unit can be substituted with H, Cl or (per)fluoroalkyl, having for example from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
The preferred compounds of c) are the following with the perfluorooxyalkylene units statistically distributed along the chain:
aI) xe2x80x94(C3F6O)mxe2x80x2(CFYO)nxe2x80x2xe2x80x94
wherein the units (C3F6O) and (CFYO) are perfluorooxy-alkylene units statistically distributed along the chain: mxe2x80x2 and nxe2x80x2 are integers such as to give the above mentioned molecular weights, and mxe2x80x2/nxe2x80x2 is in the range 5 and 40, nxe2x80x2 being different from 0; Y is F or CF3; nxe2x80x2 can also be 0;
bI) xe2x80x94(C2F4O)pxe2x80x2(CFYO)qxe2x80x2xe2x80x94(C3F6O)txe2x80x2xe2x80x94
wherein pxe2x80x2 and qxe2x80x2 are integers such that pxe2x80x2/qxe2x80x2 ranges from 5 to 0.3, preferably from 2.7 to 0.5 and such that the molecular weight is within the above limits; txe2x80x2 is an integer with the meaning of mxe2x80x2, Y=F or CF3; txe2x80x2 can be 0 and qxe2x80x2/(qxe2x80x2+pxe2x80x2+txe2x80x2) is equal to {fraction (1/10)} or lower and the txe2x80x2/pxe2x80x2 ratio ranges from 0.2 to 6;
c1) xe2x80x94CR4R5CF2CF2Oxe2x80x94
wherein R4 and R5 are equal to or different from each other and selected from H, Cl; the molecular weight such to be within the above limits, and a fluorine atom of the perfluoromethylene unit can be substituted with H, Cl or (per)fluoroalkyl, having for example from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; the end groups of the bifunctional (per)fluoropolyethers c), said end groups being equal to or different from each other, are of the HO(CH2CH2O)x0CH2xe2x80x94 type wherein x0 is an integer in the range 0-4, preferably 0-2; in the preferred compounds x0=0.
These (per)fluoropolyethers are obtainable by known processes. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,041, U.S. Pat. No. 2,242,218, U.S. Pat. No. 3,715,378 and EP 239,123.
The preferred heterofunctional monomers among those indicated in d) have the same above formula (1A) of the component b) wherein Rxe2x80x21A, and Rxe2x80x31A and n1A are as above defined and T is instead selected from the groups that in component d) are at the place of the Y0 function, the OH group of the formula 1A can optionally be substituted with a SH group.
The process for preparing the oligourethanes is described in the European patent application EP 00112141.7 in the name of the Applicant.
Under the application conditions used for the crosslinking of the formulations, the thermal crosslinking of the cationic oligourethane is obtained without the hydrogen-active compounds belonging to the above class dI), when the heterofunctional monomers component b) are aminoalcohols having the above general formula (1A). When said aminoalcohols are present in the oligomer, it is possible indeed by thermal treatment to restore the NCO function of the urethane bond with the hydroxyl group of the heterofunctional monomer component b) as above defined, lowering the amount of the ionic groups present on the oligourethane structure (aminoalcohol evaporates at the crosslinking temperature) which is under crosslinking. Without to be bound to any theory, this fact could explain the high resistance to water and the maintenance of the improved friction coefficient in the time, as it is shown in the following Examples, of the coatings obtained with the oligourethanes as above defined.
When component e) is formed by monofunctional hydroxyl or carboxylic (per)fluoropolyethers (e0), they comprise one or more of the (per)fluorooxyalkylene units above indicated for the PFPE diol component c).
Preferred (e0) compounds are for example the following ones, wherein the following units are statistically distributed along the chain:
IB) Axe2x80x2O(C3F6O)m(CFYO)nxe2x80x94
wherein Y is xe2x80x94F, xe2x80x94CF3; Axe2x80x2=xe2x80x94CF3, xe2x80x94C2F5, xe2x80x94C3F7, xe2x80x94CF2Cl, C2F4Cl; the C3F6O and CFYO units are randomly distributed along the (per)fluoropolyether chain, m and n are integers, the m/n ratio is xe2x89xa72. These compounds are obtainable by hexafluoropropene photooxidation according to the process described in GB 1,104,482;
IIB) C3F7O(C3F6O)mxe2x80x94
wherein m is a positive integer, wherein the number average molecular weight is the one above indicated. These compounds are obtainable by ionic telomerization of hexafluoropropene epoxide: see for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,242,218;
IIIB) (C3F6O)m(C2F4O)n(CFYO)qxe2x80x94
wherein Y is equal to xe2x80x94F, xe2x80x94CF3; m, n and q, different from zero, are integers such that the number average molecular weight is that indicated for the component e). Said compounds are obtainable by photooxidation of mixtures of C3F6 and C2F4 by the processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,041;
the reactive monofunctional end group is of the Tb(CH2CH2O)x0CH2xe2x80x94 type wherein x0 is an integer between 0 and 4, preferably 0 and 2, more preferably x0 =0, Tb is OH.
Alternatively, when the component e0 is a monofunctional carboxylic (per)fluoropolyether, the monofunctional end group is xe2x80x94CF2xe2x80x94COOH.
When component e) is formed by monofunctional hydroxyl (per)fluoroalkanes (exe2x80x2), said compounds preferably have the formula:
(RfI)pIQxe2x80x94OHxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(exe2x80x2)
wherein:
RfI is a C3-C30, preferably C3-C20 fluoroalkyl radical;
pI is 1 or 2;
Q is a bivalent C1-C12 aliphatic or C6-C12 aromatic linking bridge; Q can optionally contain heteroatoms such as N, O, S, or carbonylimino, sulphonylimino or carbonyl groups; Q can be not substituted or it is linked to substituents selected from the following: halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, C1-C6 alkyl radicals; Q preferably does not contain double or triple bonds and is saturated; preferably Q is selected from the following divalent radicals: xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C2H4xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94SO2N(R5)C2H4xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94SO2N(R5)CH2CH(CH3)xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C2H4SO2N(R5)C4H8xe2x80x94, R5 being H or a C1-C4 alkyl.
When the monofunctional PFPE component e0 has a carboxylic end function, the bond formed with xe2x80x94NCO is of amidic type instead of urethane type.
The oligourethanes according to the present invention have a number average molecular weight preferably in the range 2,000-9,000. The number average molecular weight can be determined by methods known in the prior art, such as for example vapour pressure osmometry VPO. Suitable solvents for carrying out said determinations are the fluorinated ones such as trifluoroethanol, or also non fluorinated such as for example ethyl acetate.
The starting compositions containing the oligourethanes for obtaining the coatings to be applied on materials such as rubbers, plastics, metals and glass for the use according to the present invention are under the form of monocomponent aqueous dispersions. The formulation stability is over 12 months.
The dry content is in the range 1-70%, preferably 10-30% by weight.
Said aqueous dispersions usable according to the present invention are obtained by salifying the oligomer in organic solvent adding an acid, which can be organic or inorganic, dispersing the organic mixture in water and eliminating the organic solvents by evaporation.
The Applicant has found that the lubricant properties of the polymers of the present invention can be furtherly improved by formulating the oligourethanes in aqueous dispersion in mixture with other different fluoropolymers.
The total percentage by weight of fluoropolymers which are added to the aqueous dispersion of the oligourethane ranges from 0 to 30%, preferably from 1 to 10%.
TFE (co)polymers can for example be used, preferably using the corresponding concentrated polymerization latexes, preferably stabilized by mixtures of non ionic and cationic surfactants. Non ionic surfactant is for example Triton(copyright) X100. As cationic surfactants cetyl trimethylammonium bromide can be mentioned.
The TFE (PTFE) homopolymers or the TFE copolymers with one or more comonomers containing at least one unsaturation of ethylene type can be used both in powder and under the form of latex, preferably they are used under the form of latex or dispersion. The latexes or dispersions of TFE fluoropolymers are formed by homopolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) or its copolymers with one or more monomers containing at least one unsaturation of ethylene type. The amount of comonomer can for example range from 0 up to 3% by moles, preferably from 0.01 to 1% by moles; the average particle sizes range from 20 to 400 nm, preferably from 80 to 300 nm. These aqueous dispersions from 180 to 400 nm are available on the market as Algoflon(copyright) D60 and they are obtainable by the conventional polymerization processes in aqueous emulsion.
The dispersions of the homopolymers and copolymers of TFE wherein the average particle sizes range from 20 to 80 nm, preferably 20-60 nm, can also be formed by TFE thermoplastic copolymers, preferably copolymers containing from 7 to 27% by weight of hexafluoropropene; copolymers containing from 0.5 to 18% by weight, in particular from 2 to 10% by weight of one or more perfluoroalkylvinylethers and/or fluorinated dioxoles, preferably selected from methyl-, ethyl-, propylvinylether, 2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3-dioxole (TDD), perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole (PDD).
Mixtures of dispersions containing both particles from 190 to 400 nm and those from 20 to 80 nm can also be used. The ratio by weight between the dispersions with the component having higher particle sizes with respect to the dispersions with the component having lower particle sizes can range from 99:1 to 1:99.
The nanometric aqueous dispersions between 20 and 80 nm are obtainable by the polymerization process in microemulsion described in patent application EP 969,055 in the name of the Applicant.
It has been found that the addition to the oligourethane dispersions of (per)fluoropolyethers having (per)fluorinated end groups and kinematic viscosity at 20xc2x0 C. in the range 30-300 Centistokes (3xe2x88x9d300xc3x97107m2/s) (ASTM D 445), allows to decrease the rigidity of the crosslinked fluorinated oligourethane. The non reactive PFPE amount is generally in the range 0-20%, the upper limit is the one that does not lead to the formation of two or more phases but only one aqueous phase of the polymers of the invention dispersed in water is obtained. The (per)fluoropolyethers having (per)fluorinated end groups are added to the organic solution containing the oligourethane, which is then salified and dispersed in water, lastly removing the organic solvent used in the oligourethane synthesis. To the so obtained formulation it is possible to add TFE fluorinated polymers as above defined, preferably under latex form.
The catalyst chemical classes both for the synthesis of the oligourethanes of the invention and for unblocking the thermolabile groups are well known in the prior art. The organometal or aminic ones commonly used for the polyurethane synthesis can be mentioned; those soluble or dispersible in water such as for example: dibutyltindilaurate or dialkyltin salts having mobile bridging bonds Snxe2x80x94S, for example Fastcat(copyright) 4224 are particularly preferred; diethylentriamine, ethylendiamine, Jeffamina(copyright) T 403 (triamine linked to a polyoxypropylene chain), N-ethyl-ethylendiamine, diazobicycle octane, etc., can be mentioned as amines. The catalyst is added in concentrations generally ranging from 0.1 to 5% by weight and preferably from 0.5 to 1%. For the synthesis of the oligourethanes of the invention it is preferable to use a small amount of catalyst, while the catalyst for unblocking the thermolabile groups is added to the water formulation even just obtained. As said the stability of this monocomponent formulation is very high wherefore it is industrially very useful for the production cycles.
The formulations of the invention are easily applicable also at concentrations of 40% in dry product, since the viscosity is low also at these concentrations.
Additives such as catalysts as above indicated, crosslinking co-catalysts, ionic and non ionic, also fluorinated, surfactants, photostabilizing additives, fillers and pigments can optionally be added to the finished water formulation. Photostabilizing additives are for example UV adsorbers, for example hydroxybenzophenone, hydroxybenzotriazole derivatives, etc., HALS (hindered amines), such as for example derivatives from tetramethyl-piperidine, etc. Additives pigment type are for example metal oxides such as titanium dioxide, iron oxides, mixed oxides of Ni, Co, Zn, Ti, or Cr, Cu or Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn, cobalt aluminates; organic pigments such as derivatives from anthraquinone, quinacridone, tetrachloroisoindolinone, diketoperylene, phthalocyanines, etc.), and fillers such as for example silica, polyamides having 20-100 s sizes, glass spheres zeolites type.
Other additives which can be added are thixotropic agents, dispersants, preferably polymers, for pigments and fillers; extending, anticissing, antifoam additives, etc.
The dispersion containing the oligourethanes, formulated with the above additives, can be diluted with water up to oligourethane concentrations, expressed as percentages by weight, in the range 1-50%, preferably 10-45%.
The dispersions according to the present invention are applied by conventional methods, for example by spray, roll or dipping on the above substrata.
The coating thickness is in the range 0.1-5 microns, preferably 1-3 microns.
The invention coatings are effective also at said very low thickness values and this represents an advantage since the bulk mechanical properties, such as elongation, modulus, bending of the substratum are not substantially modified.
Preferably the structural surface in hydrogenated polymer material (rubber or plastic) on which the dispersion of the oligourethanes must be applied, is previously subjected to a treatment, such as for example plasma or corona treatment, to generate on the surface of the polymer material reactive polar sites, to improve both the wettability with the aqueous dispersion and the adhesion to the surface after crosslinking of the oligourethane. Depending on the type of the atmosphere (air, oxygen, nitrogen) in which the plasma or corona treatment is carried out, various reactive groups such as for example xe2x80x94OH, xe2x80x94COOH, xe2x80x94COxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94NHRxe2x80x94 functions can form on the surface of the hydrogenated polymer material. These functions are able to cause interactions both of physical and chemical nature with the cationic groups and the xe2x80x94NCO groups which are generated in the oligourethane during the thermal unblocking reaction during crosslinking, assuring a very good adhesion to the hydrogenated polymer substratum.
The use according to the present invention is carried out, as said, by applying the dispersions containing the oligourethanes on the surfaces of the above materials by the previously described methods, subsequent drying and crosslinking at temperatures of 130xc2x0 C. or higher for a period of time in the range 1-30 minutes, in connection with the used temperature. For example, at a temperature of 180xc2x0 C. crosslinking is completed in 5 minutes.
The following Examples illustrate the invention, without limiting the scope thereof.

Polyurethanes having a low friction coefficient

Abstract: a) polyisocyanates, having NCO functionality higher than 2,

Abstract: b) bifunctional hydrogenated monomers,

Abstract: c) bifunctional hydroxylated (per)fluoropolyethers,

Abstract: e) monofunctional hydroxyl or carboxylic (per)fluoropolyethers or monofunctional hydroxyl (per)fluoroalkanes optionally:

Abstract: d) hydrogenated monomers by which it is possible to insert a crosslinkable chemical function in the oligourethane;

Abstract: dI) hydrogen-active compounds, able to form with the NCO functions thermolabile bonds.