A motorcycle that includes a frame, a steering assembly, front and rear wheels, and an engine/transmission assembly. The motorcycle also includes an engine cooling fan that creates a flow of cooling air across the engine. The motorcycle also includes an air box and an air box delivery system that provides air to the air box. The air box is mounted to the frame and includes an air filter, an inlet located outside of the filter, and an outlet located inside of the filter such that air entering the inlet passes through the filter before exiting through the outlet. The air box delivery system includes a passage that is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the frame and in fluid flow communication with the air box, the passage directing the flow of air upwardly into the air box.

The invention relates to cooling systems for motorcycle engines. More particularly, the invention relates to air cooling systems for motorcycle engines.
Motorcycle engines are typically either air cooled or water cooled. Air cooled engines rely on a flow of air over heat transfer surfaces such as fins to cool the engine. Water cooled engines use a flow of coolant within the engine to carry heat from the engine, and use a heat exchanger, such as a radiator, to transfer the heat to the air. The present invention relates to air cooled motorcycle engines.
The higher the volume of air flowing over an air cooled motorcycle engine, the more effective the cooling fins are at transferring heat from the engine to the air. The fins are therefore less effective when the motorcycle is operated at low speeds or when the motorcycle is not moving at all. Under these conditions, the temperature of the engine can substantially increase. Inadequate cooling of motorcycle engines may cause discomfort to a motorcycle rider due to the proximity of the rider""s legs to the engine, may lead to inefficiencies in engine operation, and may decrease the service life of the engine.
The present invention provides a motorcycle that includes a frame, a steering assembly, front and rear wheels, and an engine/transmission assembly. The steering assembly is mounted to a front portion of the frame and pivotable with respect to the frame to steer the motorcycle. The front wheel is rotatably mounted to the steering assembly and supports a front portion of the motorcycle. The rear wheel is rotatably interconnected with a rear portion of the frame and supports a rear portion of the motorcycle. The engine/transmission assembly includes an air cooled engine and a transmission interconnected with each other and supported by the frame. The transmission is interconnected with the rear wheel and rotates the rear wheel in response to the operation of the engine. The motorcycle also includes an engine cooling fan that creates a flow of cooling air across the engine.
The present invention also provides a method for cooling an engine on a motorcycle. The method includes providing a frame, a steering assembly, front and rear wheels, and an engine/transmission assembly. The method also includes creating a flow of cooling air across the engine with an engine cooling fan.
The present invention provides a motorcycle that includes a frame, a steering assembly, front and rear wheels, and an engine/transmission assembly. The motorcycle also includes an air box and an air box delivery system that provides air to the air box. The air box is mounted to the frame and includes an air filter, an inlet located outside of the filter, and an outlet located inside of the filter such that air entering the inlet passes through the filter before exiting through the outlet. The air box delivery system includes a passage that is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the frame and in fluid flow communication with the air box, the passage directing the flow of air upwardly into the air box.
Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following detailed description, claims, and drawings.


An apparatus for reproducing a disc includes an operating member for manually operating an unloading tray from the body of the apparatus when the disc is clamped. The operating member is supported on a shaft and fixed to the main chassis and is thus capable of rotating around the shaft. The operating member is also provided with a protrusion for permitting a cylindrical cam to support the mechanical unit when the disc is being driven. With a supporting member of the operating member and the cylindrical cam positioned on the front side of the mechanical unit, fluctuations in disc can be reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a disc reproducing apparatus for reproducing an optical disc such as a CD-ROM and a DVD.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, most general disc reproducing devices, including, e.g., CD-ROM drives, integrated into personal computers, are the horizontal-front loading type. The disc reproducing apparatus is comprised of a main drive body provided with a mechanism for driving and reproducing a disc, such as an optical pickup, a disc motor, and the like (hereinafter referred to as "the mechanical unit"), and a tray mounting the disc, which is capable of being loaded into and unloaded from the driving main body through a front face thereof in a horizontal position.
The mechanical unit has, as a means for driving the disc, a motor and a turntable fixed to a driving shaft of the motor. The turntable has at its upper face a member which is to be engaged with a center hole of the disc to thereby position the disc. When the tray is loaded into the main drive body, the mechanical unit ascends in order to raise the disc from the tray by the turntable, thereby holding the disc between the turntable and a disc-like member which is called a clamp. The disc is driven and data is reproduced from it with the disc being thus held by the turntable and the clamp.
Further, the general disc reproducing device has an eject button for transmitting to a controller an electrical instructing signal for unloading the tray from the main drive body, after reproduction of data on the disc has been finished. When this eject button is operated, the controller controls the mechanical unit to be lowered by the user, thereby releasing the disc held by the turntable and the clamp, which returns the disc to the tray. Thereafter, the tray is unloaded from the main drive body.
As described above, the horizontal-front loading type disc reproducing device has a mechanism for supporting the mechanical unit and for raising and lowering the mechanical unit between a height of holding the disc between the turntable and the clamp, and a height of enabling the disc to be loaded.
The disc reproducing apparatus including the above mechanical unit raising, and lowering mechanism, generally has the problem that the mechanical unit fluctuates in the main drive body due to external vibrations. For example, the mechanical unit has a raising and lowering mechanism constructed in such a way to rotate the mechanical unit with its back side as a center, with a guide shaft disposed on its front side and guided up and down. In this type device, the mechanical unit is supported at one position of its front side by the guide shaft, which possibly causes a phenomenon in which the mechanical unit is fluctuated from side to side with the one point supported by the guide shaft as a center. Such a fluctuation of the mechanical unit can be decreased by adding a member for supporting a front side of the mechanical unit. However, such a supporting member requires a mechanism for interlocking the supporting member with the ascending and descending movement of the mechanical unit in order to prevent the mechanical unit from ascending and descending. The addition of the supporting member having such a structure, complicates assembly, and increases the cost.
Besides, the conventional horizontal-front loading type disc reproducing device controls the motor to stop when detecting the point of time when finishing clumping the disc and the point of time when finishing unloading the tray, respectively. For example, the of completion of clumping the disc can be detected due to the position of the specific member in the raising and lowering of the mechanism, or the like. In addition, completion of unloading the tray can be detected by constructing a switch in such a manner that the switch can be directly operated through a protrusion disposed on the tray, for operating the switch.
As described above, the disc reproducing device requires many switches for directly detecting the movement of various members, and their operating members. An excessive number of switches and their operating members make the whole construction complicated, and increase the cost.
Further, most horizontal-front loading type disc reproducing devices have mechanisms for loading the tray, and a mechanism for forcedly unloading the tray from the main drive body when a mechanical unit moving mechanism has become inoperable due to failure. This tray can be forcedly unloaded by the user moving a movable member for moving the mechanical unit while supporting it. As means for moving the above movable member, an emergency lever is employed, which is integrated into the drive in manufacture. The emergency lever can be rotated when pressed at its one end by a bar-like member such as a wire, which is inserted into the drive by the user. This rotates the above movable member, thereby lowering the mechanical unit to unload the tray a little from the main drive body.
However, such an emergency lever needs a strong pressing force. Thus, because of the strong pressing force, operation of the emergency lever often makes users feel uneasy, and also causes confusion when the bar inserted into the drive, begins to bond etc.
The same problems described above applies to devices for recording data on to the disc.


A method for nonintrusive monitoring of slow speed machinery incorporates a high sensitivity accelerometer capable of detecting low level mechanical vibrations, and a standard data collector/analyzer for processing the accelerometer output in accordance with a slow speed technology (SST) methodology that is implemented by firmware or software. To prevent the high frequency components from overwhelming the low frequency components of the accelerometer output as a result of dynamic range loss during processing of the accelerometer output by the data collector/analyzer, the SST methodology converts the accelerometer output from the acceleration domain to the velocity domain with an analog integrator that amplifies the low frequency components of the accelerometer output while attenuating the high frequency components. The analog integrator distorts the low frequency vibration components as well as the electrical noise introduced by the accelerometer. The distorted signal is then digitized by an A/D converter and transformed to the frequency domain by means of a fast Fourier transform. Within the frequency domain, mechanical vibrations (significant peaks) are separated from the noise and other non-vibration induced transients by fitting the transformed data set to a threshold noise floor that is calculated based on a statistical variance of a most probable noise floor of the accelerometer. All peaks/amplitudes greater than the threshold noise floor are considered significant and retained as indicative of mechanical vibrations occurring within the machinery, while all peaks below the threshold noise floor are considered insignificant and eliminated from further consideration.

There are a number of applications in today's industrial and manufacturing environments for machines that operate at slow speed. The efficient operation and maintenance of these machines is essential to maximizing production and minimizing downtime. Latent or incipient failures of these machines often go undetected due to the difficulty in visually detecting faults such as a divot or flat spot in a slow speed bearing.
There are known techniques for monitoring medium and high speed machinery by analyzing mechanical vibrations generated by the machinery during operation. An accelerometer is typically used to generate a signal corresponding to the vibrations produced by the machine as it operates. The signal produced by the accelerometer will include normal (nonfault) vibration components as well as fault related vibration components occurring within the machine. Various analytic techniques are then used to separate the vibration signal into its constituent components and identify those components corresponding to possible faults and other mechanical vibrations.
Unfortunately, the techniques which are used to monitor for faults within medium and high speed machinery are not equally effective for monitoring faults within slow speed machinery. There is a special difficulty in monitoring low rpm vibration produced by low speed machines because the low frequency components will typically be of lesser amplitude than the higher frequency components. The higher amplitude, higher frequency components of the vibration signal will tend to drown out the low amplitude, low frequency vibrations of interest, producing an unacceptably high signal-to-noise ratio. Further complicating the processing of vibration signals produced by slow speed machines is that the sensor (accelerometer) adds an electrical noise component to the composite signal. The problem for the monitoring system becomes one of extracting the low level components (requires a wide dynamic range) from the composite signal and then differentiating the vibration components of interest from the other low level components generated from electrical noise sources, temperature transients, and other similar sources of irrelevant components. Thus, the analysis of the vibration signal must become more sensitive to the low level (and often low frequency) components when monitoring slow speed machinery. Existing analysis techniques are unable to effectively adjust to these higher sensitivity requirements and process the vibration signal without eliminating the low level components.
The sensitivity required of the sensor is based on the amount of displacement to be sensed. For high sensitivity applications, the sensor of choice for vibration analysis is typically an accelerometer having a dynamic range of between 100 to 120 dB. It is desirable that the analysis method be able to accommodate this range. Most analysis methods, however, result in an attenuation of the accelerometer signal so that the dynamic range of the analyzed signal is, for example, reduced to about 80 dB. Thus, there is a need for a measurement system having a dynamic response that is at least as good as that of the accelerometer.
Although there are no universally-accepted criteria for classifying machinery as slow speed, intermediate speed, or high speed, it is generally recognized that slow speed machines are those that operate at or below 600 rpm. The value of 600 rpm is significant because it represents the approximate speed at which alert levels relative to vibration in the velocity domain must be reduced as the speed of the machine decreases. A commonly accepted methodology is to establish alert levels which decrease linearly with decreasing speed (or constant in the displacement domain).
Thus, there is a need for a reliable and effective measurement system for monitoring slow speed machinery that is capable of differentiating fault-induced vibration components from machinery-induced vibration components as well as other extraneous components, including electrical noise and transients. The system should be minimally responsive to temperature transients and maintain a wide dynamic range.

Monitoring slow speed machinery using integrator and selective correction of frequency spectrum


A computer system, computer implemented method and computer program product for editing virtual documents are discussed. The computer system includes a storage component configured to store a plurality of fragments associated with a virtual document that has a logical structure where each fragment is stored separately from the other fragments. Further, a processing component of the system is configured to assemble the virtual document by retrieving the plurality of associated fragments and ordering the plurality of associated fragments according to the logical structure. An editor component of the system is configured to present a visualization of the virtual document to a user for editing and to receive editing commands from the user wherein a specific editing command is configured to modify a specific fragment of the virtual document in the storage component.

Standard editing tools can provide tracking modes for tracking a part of the change history of a document. For example, this may be used to facilitate collaborative editing of a document. Track changes can show if something was added to or deleted from a document. In addition or in the alternative, an identification of the person responsible for the changes can be typically stored with the track changes. However, in scenarios where many changes are applied by different users to the same document, often it becomes impossible to track the complete change history. Further, the change history of the document is typically visible for all users editing the document, which may not be a preferred option when working on documents having a confidential character. Further, with many changes applied to a large document it becomes more and more difficult for a particular user to identify relevant changes quickly.

Method and system for editing virtual documents


A coke drum apparatus including: a cylindrical section; a cap connected to an upper end of the cylindrical section; a bottom, and a knuckle connecting the bottom and the cylindrical section. The cylindrical section includes a plurality of arcuate segments attached together by vertical welds. Each arcuate segment includes a plurality of arcuate plates attached together by circumferential welds. The circumferential welds of each arcuate segment are offset from the circumferential welds of each adjacent arcuate segment.

Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure generally relates to a bulge-resistant coke drum.
Description of the Related Art
Delayed petroleum coking is a process in which a petroleum fraction is heated to a temperature at which it thermally decomposes to provide a solid coke product and a hydrocarbon distillate product. In general, a liquid petroleum feed stock is first distilled until the lighter ends have been recovered and a heavy residuum remains. This heavy residuum of heated pitch and cat-cracked heavy or cycle oil is charged to the bottom of a pressure vessel called a coke drum.
In the coke drum, the heavy residuum is further heated to one thousand degrees Fahrenheit or more and undergoes extensive and controlled cracking and coking under high-pressure conditions. A cracked lighter product rises to the top of the coke drum in a process called steam stripping and is drawn off. A heavier product remains and cracks to coke, a solid, coal-like substance. The coke is usually purged with steam to remove any remaining volatile components. After the cracking and coking process is complete, quench water is introduced and high-pressure water jets are used to cut away and remove the coke. The water reduces the temperature in the drum to around two hundred degrees Fahrenheit or less before a new cycle begins.
In order to increase production speed, the quenching operation is often done as quickly as possible. Unfortunately, the faster the coke is quenched, the greater the wear and tear on the drum. One of the primary causes of this wear and tear is that the steel plate and the weld material joining the rings of plate that form the drum have different yield and creep strengths. In the vicinity of the circumferential weld sites, thermal cycling causes progressively increasing permanent strains, eventually leading to bulging and cracking and often bringing to an end the useful life of the drum.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,848 (FNI: Shockley, A′ee: CB&I) discloses a coke drum made by a plurality of vertical plates bent such that widths thereof are curved and adjoined by vertical welds. Unfortunately, due to manufacturing limitations, the length of the plates is limited to forty feet which is less than the typical length of modern coke drums such that the drum is left with at least one circumferential weld. Further, the coke drum requires extensive modification to the manufacturing process for conventional coke drums leading to a significant increase in cost and effort.
There remains a need for a coke drum that can better withstand extreme thermal cycling.


A stove pipe elbow connection formed by using two pipes cut at 45 degrees angles and connected by flanges rotatable on each other provides elevation adjustment for a dish antenna between zero degrees and 90 degrees, with the base pipe projecting upwardly perpendicular to the earth surface. The base pipe is rotated about its axis until the flange connected projecting pipe points north and that assembly fixed. A two tube assembly having an inner tube slid over the angled projecting pipe and an outer tube fixed to the inner tube but having its axis at an angle of approximately 12 degrees thereto for correcting for maximum declination supports the antenna which rotates about the axis of the inclined outer pipe to adjust for declination. The antenna is bolted in place after the proper declination angle is reached and further rotation of the antenna about the axis of the pipe projecting causes the antenna to sweep across all of the satellites in the geosynchronous orbit sector bearing such satellites.

In microwave communication, parabolic antennas (dishes) must be aimed with accuracy at the source of the signals. In ground systems (such as the systems the telephone companies employ to get the telephone calls transmitted long distance), the antennas are mounted on towers and aimed while technicians listen to the signals for their strongest point. When the strongest signal is heard, the antenna is bolted in place.
When satellites began carrying microwave transmitters and repeaters, a new problem emerged; how to follow the satellites with the dishes to keep the signals strong. The first satellites used were not in geosynchronous orbit, that is, they moved about a point on the surface of the earth relative to that point. As such, the first dish antennas were simultaneously motorized in more than one direction to find and track the satellite once the satellite was located. Such systems were very expensive. Since those days, communication satellites have been placed exactly 22,300 miles above the equator and in the plane passing through the equator where they revolve around the earth exactly once every twenty-four hours. Predictively, since the earth revolves identically, the net result is that the satellite hovers over the same spot on the earth at all times.
This simplifies satellite communications since now all one had to do is to simply find the satellite and fix the dish in place pointed at the satellite. The conventional method of moving the dishes to track non-geosynchronous satellites is known as elevation-azimuth (EL-AZ) tracking. As such, there are two axes of rotation. The first, or lowest to the ground, is usually the azimuth motion, which is a direction relative to the points of the compass, i.e. north, east, south, etc. By rotation of the antenna about that axis, just as a lazy susan on the dinner table moves about an axis perpendicular to the table top, any direction on the compass may be pointed to. Then, atop this rotating platform is normally another axis which moves up and down, that is, it goes from horizon to zenith (directly overhead). If the satellite are behind your antenna (past the zenith), one could rotate the first axis 180 degrees and then adjust the elevationa portion of the mount until the satellite was found.
The problem with this kind of mount for use with geosynchronous satellites is that to move from one satellite in the belt to the next, for each shifting from one satellite to another, the antenna must be rotated in the two axes. This makes for a complex and costly control mechanism because one must know how much to move the antenna in both directions. This may be fine for major TV stations or networks that use large earth stations that cost $30,000 to $40,000, but for the small system user (home television), a simpler method was needed.
To meet this need, particularly for the home television reception, polar mounts were designed. The polar mount has two axes of rotation, but they are oriented and spaced differently. In the polar mount, the first axis is the elevation axis. The carriage which holds the other axis is rotated about the first axis (elevation axis) until the second axis points to true north (parallel to a line drawn through the earth's poles). Assuming that such polar mounts were utilized at the equator, i.e. in the plane of the geosynchronous satellite, all that is necessary is to rotate the antenna about a second axis to find all of the satellites in geosynchronous orbit (all those that are visible from our position on the earth). In this situation, the antenna would travel in an arc directly overhead from east to west or west to east.
The problem occurs when the position of the antenna is shifted, either north or south of the equator. Things get much more complicated. If one rotates the carriage as before so that the second axis is pointing to true north, the antenna (axis) would normally point at right angles to this second axis out into space but would not find any satellites because it would be following an arc in space exactly as many miles as we are from the plane of the equator. It should be remembered that this distance would be measured directly into the earth at some angles to reach the equatorial plane passing through the earth proper. At the north pole, this distance would be nearly 4,000 miles or half the diameter of the earth.
This requires, of necessity, that one make a declination correction which functions to point the antenna southward somewhat (northward in the southern hemisphere) to intersect the circle of satellites 22,300 miles in space, opposite the equator. Once this is accomplished, to find any satellites in the sector of the circle bearing the satellites at that distance about the center of the earth and within the equatorial plane, one needs to move the antenna about only one axis. As may be appreciated, a polar mount is therefore simpler and less expensive than an EL-AZ mount described initially. In fact, this is the way most home television satellite antennas are mounted and pointed. Once proper elevation control and declination control are achieved with respect to the polar mount, these controls are never changed and the antenna is moved solely in azimuth to sweep from one satellite to the other.
It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide an improved low cost simplified polar mount utilizing a series of tubes to provide for orientation of the antenna support relative to the polar axis, to provide the proper declination adjustments and to permit the sweep of the geosynchronous satellite sector to a selected satellite within that sector.

Simplified polar mount for satellite tracking antenna


Provided are a wireless communication terminal apparatus, a radio communication base station apparatus and a wireless communication method whereby the increase in the number of signaling bits can be suppressed, while the SRS capacity can be improved. RS type determining unit (105) determines, based on scheduling information, that the signal is an SRS signal accompanied by no data or a DMRS signal accompanied by data. CS amount deciding unit (106) holds a CS amount for DMRS and a CS amount for SRS that are defined such that the CS amount for SRS includes a CS amount not included in the CS amount for DMRS. The CS amount deciding unit (106) uses CS amount notification information, which is included in the scheduling information, and the CS amount definition to derive a CS amount in accordance with the RS type outputted from the RS type determining unit (105).

For uplink of LTE-Advanced, which is an advanced form of 3GPP LTE (3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution), support for transmission by a plurality of antennas of a terminal (SU-MIMO (Single. User-Multiple Input Multiple Output)) has been studied. SU-MIMO is a technique in which one terminal transmits data signals from a plurality of antenna ports at the same time and at the same frequency, and spatial multiplexing of the data signals is attained using virtual communication paths (streams) in a space.
To effectively improve performance by SU-MIMO, a base station needs to know the conditions of the propagation paths from the antennas of the terminal by using a sounding reference signal (hereinafter referred to as "SRS"). Therefore, the terminal needs to transmit the SRS from each antenna. The sounding means estimation of the quality of a propagation path between the terminal and the base station.
The SRS of LTE is time-multiplexed with data at the end symbol of a subframe and transmitted in order to estimate the channel quality of an uplink data channel.
In LTE, only one transmission antenna is used and only one SRS is transmitted to the terminal. When the terminal includes N antennas in LTE-Advanced, however, the overhead for the SRS transmission increases by N-fold, which may cause lack of the SRS area.
Consequently, to improve the number of SRSs that can be transmitted in a cell per unit time, i.e. the SRS capacity, a method of using code resources for a data demodulation reference signal (hereinafter referred to as "DMRS") is known (see Non Patent Literature 1).
Non Patent Literature 1 discloses that the base station directs the terminal to use uplink scheduling information (also referred to as UL Grant) to transmit the SRS. FIG. 1 shows information notified in the UL grant to indicate transmission of a data signal of LTE. The UL grant includes a predetermined number of bits indicating frequency resource information of signal (RB assignment), an amount of cyclic shift for DMRS (hereinafter referred to as "CS amount"), and the like.
When the terminal is directed through the UL grant from the base station to transmit the SRS, the terminal transmits the SRS in an SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple. Access) symbol where the DMRS in a PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Manned) should be placed. As shown in FIG. 2, the DMRS is transmitted using a central symbol of each slot of one subframe (two-slot configuration), which is a scheduling unit of the data signal. The DMRS and SRS are signals using cyclic shift sequence Obtained by cyclically shifting data of the same sequence (ZC sequence). Therefore, the SRS can be code-multiplexed with the DMRS in the same band by using a CS amount different from that of the DMRS.
Thus, although the SRS is to be transmitted only using the end symbol of one subframe according to the specification of LTE, the SRS can also be transmitted using the central symbol of the slot (DMRS symbol position). Therefore, the SRS capacity can be improved.
In the following explanation, the SRS to be transmitted by the direction in the UL grant from the base station will be referred to as a scheduled SRS.
If a UL grant for transmitting the scheduled SRS is newly added, the terminal needs to detect two types of UL grants including the UL grant for data transmission, which makes the transmission/reception processing of the terminal and the base station complicated. Therefore, it is likely that the UL grant for scheduled SRS transmission also serves as the UL grant for data (DMRS) transmission shown in FIG. 1.
In this case, a parameter "MCS+RV" indicating the transmission size of data can be used for distinction between the data transmission and the scheduled SRS transmission. More specifically, transmission of the scheduled SRS can be indicated by setting the transmission size of data to 0.
The number of CS notification bits for SRS is 3 bits, just like the number of CS notification bits for data (Cyclic shift for DMRS in FIG. 1).

Wireless communication terminal apparatus, wireless communication base station apparatus and wireless communication method

Panasonic Intellectual Property Corporation of America


A digital VTR is provided with a block segmenting circuit for converting an input digital picture signal into data segmented into blocks of picture elements, an encoding circuit for compressing and encoding the output data of the block segmenting circuit block-by-block, a channel encoding circuit for channel encoding the encoded output data from the encoding circuit, an audio signal encoding circuit for encoding an input digital audio signal, and an additional code generating circuit for generating an additional control code which includes subdata. The encoded picture data from the channel encoding circuit, the encoded audio data output from the audio signal encoding circuit, the additional control code and pilot signal data for tracking are recorded in skewed tracks traced on a magnetic tape by a magnetic head or heads mounted on a rotary drum, with each skewed track having pilot signal data recorded at least adjacent the end portion of the track at which the magnetic head enters into contract with such track, subdata recorded at the other end portion at which the magnetic head leaves the track, and the picture data and the audio data recorded at an intermediate portion of the track, so that both picture data and audio data can be reproduced with high quality while the subdata can be played back with relatively high accuracy.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a magnetic recording apparatus for recording digital data such as a digital video signal, a digital audio signal, and subdata on a magnetic tape, and more particularly is directed to the sequence in which such data are recorded in a track on the tape.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A D1 format component type digital VTR and a D2 format composite type digital VTR have been developed for use by broadcasting stations in digitizing color video signals and recording the digitized signals on a recording medium, such as a magnetic tape.
In the D1 format digital VTR, a luminance signal and first and second color difference signals are A/D converted with sampling frequencies of 13.5 MHz and 6.75 MHz, respectively. Thereafter, the signals are suitably processed and then recorded on a tape. Since the ratio of sampling frequencies of the signal components is 4:4:2, this system is usually referred to as the 4:2:2 system.
On the other hand, in the D2 format video digital VTR, a composite video signal is sampled with a signal having a frequency 4 times higher than the frequency fsc of a color subcarrier signal and then A/D converted. Thereafter, the resultant signal is suitably processed and then recorded on a magnetic tape.
Since these known D1 and D2 format digital VTRs are designed for professional use, for example, in broadcasting stations, the attainment of high picture quality is given top priority in the design and construction of such VTRs, and the weight and size of the apparatus are not overly important.
In these known digital VTRs, the digital color video signal, which results from each sample being A/D converted into, for example, 8 bits, is recorded without being substantially compressed. As an example, when the known D1 format digital VTR A/D converts each sample into 8 bits with the frequencies noted above, the data rate representing the color video signal is approximately 216 Mbps (megabits per second). When the data in the horizontal and vertical blanking intervals are removed, the number of effective picture elements of the luminance signal per horizontal interval and the number of effective picture elements of each color difference signal per horizontal interval become 720 and 360, respectively. Since the number of effective scanning lines for each field in the NTSC system (525/60) is 250, the data bit rate Dv can be expressed as follows: EQU Dv=(720+360+360).times.8.times.250.times.60=172.8 Mbps
Even in the PAL system (625/50), since the number of effective scanning lines for each field is 300 and the number of fields per second is 50, it is obvious that the data bit rate in the PAL system is the same as that in the NTSC system. If the redundant components necessary for error correction and the format with respect to such data are considered the total bit rate of picture data becomes approximately 205.8 Mbps.
Further, the amount of audio data Da is approximately 12.8 Mbps, while the amount of additional data Do, such as, data of a gap, a preamble, and a postamble used in editing, is approximately 6.6 Mbps. Thus, the bit rate of information data to be recorded can be expressed by the following equation: EQU Dt=Dv+Da+Do EQU Dt=172.8+12.8+6.6=192.2 Mbps.
In order to record such amount of information data, the known D1 format digital VTR employs a segment system having a track pattern comprised of 10 tracks for each field in the NTSC system, or comprised of 12 tracks for each field in the PAL system.
A recording tape with a width of 19 mm is used. There are two types of recording tapes having thicknesses of 13 .mu.m and 16 .mu.m, respectively. To house these tapes, there are three types of cassettes, which are respectively characterized as being of the large type, middle type, and small type. The information data is recorded on such tapes in the above mentioned format with the tape area for each bit of data being approximately 20.4 .mu.m.sup.2 /bit, which corresponds to a recording density of 1/20.4 bit/.mu.m.sup.2. When the recording density is increased, an error tends to take place in the playback output data due to interference between codes or non-linearity of the electromagnetic conversion system of the head and tape. Heretofore, even if error correction encoding has been performed, the above given value of the recording density has been the limit therefor.
By putting all the above described parameters together, the playback times for the cassettes of various sizes and the two tape thicknesses, when employed in the digital VTR in the D1 format can be tabulated as follows:
______________________________________ Size/tape thickness 13 .mu.m 16 .mu.m ______________________________________ Small 13 minutes 11 minutes Middle 42 minutes 34 minutes Large 94 minutes 76 minutes ______________________________________
Although the described D1 format digital VTR can provide satisfactorily high picture quality for use in broadcasting stations, even if a large cassette housing a tape with a thickness of 13 .mu.m is used, the playback time is at most 1.5 hours. Thus, such a VTR is not adequate for consumer or home use in which a playback time at least sufficient for the recording of a telecast movie is required. On the other hand, in VTRs intended for consumer or home use, the .beta. system, the VHS system, the 8-mm system, and so forth have been employed. However, in each of these systems for consumer or home use, analog signals have been recorded and reproduced. Although the picture quality of these analog VTRs has been improved to the point where the quality is satisfactory when a video signal is simply recorded and then reproduced for viewing, the picture quality is significantly degraded when the recorded signal is dubbed and copied. Thus, when the recorded signal is dubbed several times, the picture quality will become unacceptable to the viewers.
In order to overcome the foregoing problems, the present applicants have studied the possibilities of providing a digital magnetic recording apparatus in which the amount of information to be recorded is compressed in a manner such that playback distortion is small and the recording density is increased so that, even if a magnetic tape with a narrow width of 8 mm or less is used, data of a long time period can be recorded on a tape having a length that can be readily contained in a cassette of a size not substantially larger than the cassette used with the analog 8-mm system.
Moreover, in a digital VTR, it is necessary to record on the tape a digital audio signal, subdata, a tracking pilot signal, and so forth, as well, as the digital picture signal.
In the D1 format digital VTR, the audio data is recorded at the center of each skewed track, while the time code and control signals, such as, signals employed for tracking, are recorded in a longitudinal track or tracks on the tape. On the other hand, in the D2 format digital VTR, the audio data is recorded at both the ends of each skewed track, while the time code and the control signals, such as, signals used for tracking, are again recorded in a longitudinal track or tracks on the tape, as in the D1 format.
Therefore, in the existing D1 format and D2 format digital VTRs, fixed heads are required for recording and reproducing the tracking signal and or the time code, so that the mechanism becomes complicated and, thereby, the reliability of the tape path may deteriorate.

Apparatus for magnetically recording digital data


A plasma etch method for etching a silicon oxide containing material layer with respect to a silicon nitride etch stop layer employs an etchant gas composition comprising octafluorocyclobutane and oxygen, without a carbon and oxygen containing gas. An endpoint within the plasma etch method is determined by monitoring the concentration of the carbon and oxygen containing gas. The plasma etch methods provides for enhanced endpoint detection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to plasma etch methods employed for fabricating microelectronic products. More particularly, the present invention relates to plasma etch methods employed for efficiently fabricating microelectronic products.
2. Description of the Related Art
Common in the art of microelectronic product fabrication is the use of plasma etch methods. Plasma etch methods often provide efficient methods for etching various types of materials within microelectronic products.
While plasma etch methods are clearly desirable and often essential for fabricating microelectronic products, plasma etch methods are nonetheless not entirely without problems. In that regard, it is often difficult to provide plasma etch methods with enhanced endpoint detection.
It is thus towards the goal of providing plasma etch methods with enhanced endpoint detection that the present invention is directed.
Various plasma etch methods having desirable properties have been disclosed in the art of microelectronic fabrication.
Included but not limiting among the plasma etch methods are plasma etch methods disclosed within: (1) Cain, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,532 (a two step plasma etch method and related endpoint detection method); (2) Tang et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,092 (a counterbore plasma etch method applicable to dual damascene structures); and (3) Zhu et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,163 (an additional plasma etch method applicable to dual damascene structures).
Desirable for microelectronic product fabrication are additional plasma etch methods with enhanced endpoint detection.
It is towards the foregoing object that the present invention is directed.
A first object of the present invention is to provide a plasma etch method for etching a microelectronic layer.
A second object of the present invention is to provide a plasma etch method in accord with the first object of the present invention, wherein the plasma etch method provides for enhanced endpoint detection.
In accord with the objects of the present invention, the present invention provides a method for etching a silicon oxide containing layer with respect to a silicon nitride etch stop layer.
To practice the present invention, there is first provided a substrate having formed thereover a silicon nitride etch stop layer in turn having formed thereupon a silicon oxide containing layer. There is then etched the silicon oxide containing layer while employing a plasma etchant gas composition comprising octafluorocyclobutane and oxygen without an added carbon and oxygen containing gas. Finally, there is determined an endpoint within the plasma etch method by monitoring a change in concentration of the carbon and oxygen containing gas.
The present invention provides enhanced endpoint detection within a plasma etch method for etching a microelectronic layer.
The present invention realizes the foregoing object within the context of etching a silicon oxide containing layer with respect to a silicon nitride etch stop layer by: (1) etching the silicon oxide containing layer while employing a plasma etch method employing an etchant gas composition comprising octafluorocyclobutane and oxygen without an added carbon and oxygen containing gas; and then (2) determining an endpoint within the plasma etch method by monitoring a change in concentration of the carbon and oxygen containing gas.

Plasma etch method with enhanced endpoint detection

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd


A suspended particle device includes a first substrate; a second substrate; a first electrode that can be controlled for a potential; a second electrode that can be controlled for a potential different from that of the first electrode; an electrified body; and a liquid suspension containing charged light control particles and a dispersion medium, in which the first electrode, the second electrode and the electrified body are disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the liquid suspension is sealed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the light control particles are capable of being accumulated to a periphery of the electrified body. Thus, it is possible to ensure uniformity of transmission light as well as to hold a light transmittance state in a state where the power supply is stopped.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a suspended particle device, a light control device using the same, and a driving method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2008-209953 (Patent Document 1) discloses the following technique.
That is, the technique concerns a display in which a dispersion system having fine particles dispersed therein is put between a pair of transparent substrates at least one of them being transparent to form a cell, and the fine particles are moved electrophoretically thereby changing light transmittance or light reflectance in the direction perpendicular to the substrate, in which an inter-electrode pitch p between driving electrodes and a common electrode disposed for application of an electric field is 5 μm to 100 μm, a cell thickness d is 0.2 to 1.5 times p, and the electrode area ratio of the driving electrode is 20% or less. Thereby, the technique enables monochromatic and color display at high transmittance, high contrast, and low driving voltage, in reduced thickness and weight, and at high operation speed. And the display is applicable to various uses such as optical modulation devices of super high definition, displays for portable equipment, electronic paper, large-scaled monitors, large-scaled TV, super-large size public displays, etc.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2008-158040 (Patent Document 2) discloses the following technique.
The technique provides a light control material including an energy-beam curable polymeric medium containing a resin having an ethylenically unsaturated bond, a photopolymerization initiator, and droplets of a light control liquid suspension containing a dispersion medium and light control particles dispersed in a fluidizable state in the dispersion medium, in which the dispersion medium in the light control liquid suspension can be phase-separated from the polymeric medium and the curing product thereof, and the concentration of the ethylenically unsaturated bonds of the resin having the ethylenically unsaturated bonds is 0.3 mol/Kg to 0.5 mol/Kg.

Suspended particle device, light control device using the same, and driving method


A fuel cell generator including a tubular solid electrolyte partition having ion conductivity, a fuel electrode provided on the inner peripheral surface or the outer peripheral surface of the tubular solid electrolyte partition, an air electrode provided on the tubular solid electrolyte partition at the opposite side of the fuel electrode, a conductive fuel gas supply tube and a conductive oxidizing gas supply tube, at least one of these tubes being arranged in an inner space of the tubular solid electrolyte partition. Multipoint contact current collectors are made to contact with electrode surfaces of the fuel electrode and the air electrode substantially over the entire surface thereof, respectively and electrically connect between the conductive fuel gas supply tube and the fuel electrode or between the conductive oxidized gas supply tube and the air electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fuel cell generator.
2. Related Art Statement
A fuel cell generator has recently been remarkably noted as an electricity generator. The fuel cell generator is a system which can directly convert chemical energy of fuel into electric energy, and does not receive a condition of Carnot's cycle, so it has an essentially high energy conversion efficiency, is versatile as to the fuel used (naphtha, natural gas, methanol, coal modified gas, heavy oil and the like), is low in environmental pollution, and its efficiency is not affected by the scale of the electricity generation system, so that the system is an extremely promising technique.
Particularly, a solid electrolyte fuel cell (hereinafter call SOFC for short) is operated at a high temperature of 1000.degree. C., so that an electric reaction is highly active, a noble metal catalyst such as expensive platinum is never required, polarization is small, output voltage is comparatively high, and therefore energy conversion efficiency is remarkably higher than that of other fuel cells. Moreover, since a structural material is all constructed with a solid, the cell has stability and long life.
The SOFC unit consists generally of an air electrode, a solid electrolyte and a fuel electrode. In case of the cylindrical SOFC, a plurality of cylindrical SOFC units are connected in series in such a manner that the fuel electrode of a SOFC unit and the air electrode of an adjacent SOFC unit are connected by means of an interconnector and Ni felt, and also the SOFC units are connected in parallel in such a manner that fuel electrodes of adjacent SOFC units are connected by means of Ni felt.
In the cylindrical SOFC, electrons are received over the whole peripheral surface of the electrode on the interface between the solid electrolyte and the air electrode and on the interface between the solid electrolyte and the fuel electrode. However, the interconnector is only made into contact with the air electrode at one portion, and the Ni felt is made into contact with the fuel electrode at two or three portions for example, so that a generated current flows towards the interconnector and the Ni felt in parallel with the film surface within an air electrode film and a fuel electrode film. However, the air electrode film and the fuel electrode film are thin and have large electrical resistance, so that current loss is large and electricity generating efficiency is lowered. In order to mitigate this electrical resistance and to prevent the voltage loss, it is necessary to make the film thickness thick and to shorten a current passing distance to the interconnector and Ni felt, but a sufficient solution cannot be expected from the limitation in cell structure.


A vapor deposition apparatus disclosed by an embodiment comprises: a vacuum chamber (8); a mask holder (15) for holding a deposition mask 1; a substrate holder (29) for holding a substrate for vapor deposition (2); an electromagnet (3) disposed above a surface; a vapor deposition source 5 for vaporizing or sublimating a vapor deposition material; and a heat pipe (7) including at least a heat absorption part (71) and a heat dissipation part (72), the heat absorption part being in contact with the electromagnet (3), and the heat dissipation part being derived to an outside of the vacuum chamber (8). The heat pipe (7) and the electromagnet (3) are in intimate contact with each other at an area of a contact part between the heat pipe (7) and the electromagnet (3), the area being equal to or more than a cross-sectional area within an inner perimeter of a coil (32).

For example, when an organic EL display apparatus is manufactured, a driving element, such as a thin-film-transistor (TFT), an electrode, and so on are formed on a supporting substrate, and organic layers are deposited on the electrode disposed on the supporting substrate, for each pixel. The organic layers are susceptible to moisture and thus cannot be etched. For this reason, the organic layers are deposited by overlapping and arranging a deposition mask on the supporting substrate (substrate for vapor deposition), and vapor-depositing organic materials through openings formed in the deposition mask. Consequently, necessary organic materials are deposited only on the electrodes of necessary pixels. The substrate for vapor deposition and the deposition mask must be positioned as close as possible. Otherwise, the organic layer could not be formed only on the accurate area of the pixel. If the organic material is not deposited exclusively on the accurate area of the pixel, a displayed image is more likely to become unclear. As such, a magnetic chuck is utilized to place the substrate for vapor deposition and a deposition mask close to each other by using a magnetic material as the deposition mask and interposing the substrate for vapor deposition between a permanent magnet or an electromagnet and the deposition mask (for example, see Patent Document 1).

Vapor deposition apparatus, vapor deposition method and method of manufacturing organic EL display apparatus


An expandable earth anchor is provided with pivoted arms that remain contracted about a bolt rod as the rod, together with the anchor, is driven into the earth. Rotation of the rod with respect to the anchor induces an initial degree of expansion by rotation of the anchor arms about their pivot connection, followed by full expansion of the arms induced by movement of the bolt rod as a result of rotation of a bearing nut against a plate. Arrangements are provided for the expansion of a plurality of anchor devices on a single bolt rod, rendering the system suitable for various types of soils.

This invention provides an earth anchor that has been developed primarily in conjunction with the stabilizing and re-positioning of basement walls that are in danger of being displaced by outside earth pressure. In freezing conditions, soil moisture solidifies, and expands with tremendous force. In warmer weather, the thawing ground relaxes the pressure, and sometimes withdraws as it contracts. The resulting gap can easily become at least partially filled, causing a renewed pressure layer against the already displaced basement wall when the ground freezes again. Resulting cracks in the wall invite the invasion of ground water into the basement, which is another factor that has focused attention on the problem of wall instability.
Attempts have been made to stabilize basement walls against further displacement, and even return them to a vertical plane. One expedient (shown in the Johnson, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,189,891) involves digging an excavation at some distance out from the wall, and drilling a hole through the wall opposite the excavation. A rod is then driven through the earth from this hole, which is secured to some object deposited in the excavation. The excavation is then filled in, and the rod can function as a long bolt terminating inside the wall at a nut and a bearing plate. A much simpler system is described in the Harmon U.S. Pat. No. 4,970,835, issued on Nov. 20, 1990. This system requires no excavation, and replaces the buried terminal with an expandable earth anchor inserted in the hole in the basement wall, and driven out into the earth with the bolt rod. Pulling on the rod by tightening the nut against a bearing plate inside the basement wall opens the anchor device ultimately to a fully expanded position. In both of these systems, the bearing nuts can be periodically tightened to re-position the wall. An anchor device of this type can be expected to be inserted in a variety of different types of soil, ranging from solid clay, to pure sand. As the anchor is forced through the soil on installation, it will tend to produce a well-defined hole in a solid clay-type soil. With sand, however, the hole is less well-defined. It tends to fall back around the bolt rod as the anchor device is forced into position. The return pull on the rod by tightening the nut inside the basement wall causes the anchor device to readily dig into the loose soil, but can conceivably pull it right back through the hole that it has formed in a more solid soil. A need has been found for assuming an initial expansion of the anchor device sufficient to dig it into the walls defining the hole, regardless of whether or not the earth has tended to fill in behind the anchor as it was driven into position. The structure of these anchors centers in a threaded central portion to which arms are pivotally connected, and which trail from the pivot connection back along the bolt rod as the anchor is driven. On opposite movement of the bolt rod, however, they are opened by earth pressure into a position approaching 90.degree. from the axis of the rod, where a stop limits further rotation. The problem here is to provide a system for initiating the expansion of the anchor that can be controlled by the bolt rod from the inside of the basement wall.
In the looser types of soil, it also may be necessary to increase the anchoring effect by the use of multiple anchor devices on the same bolt rod. This simply means increasing the number of the pivoted arms that become subject to earth pressure. These arms are analogous to the "flukes" common in marine anchors.


An illuminating light switch with an integrated sliding member that, when actuated by a user, exposes led lighting elements to illuminate the area where the light switch is affixed. The light switch includes a front member having a light aperture aligned with a light source, a rear member with a first mounting member affixed, a second mounting member adapted to be coupled to both a support surface and the first mounting member, and an internal switch to selectively supply current to the light source. In the closed position, the sliding member obscures the light source and no current is supplied to the light source. In the intermediate position, the sliding member partially exposes a first extent of the light source that provides illumination through the light aperture. In the open position, the sliding member exposes a second extent of the light source to provide a greater amount of illumination through the light aperture.

Electronic lighting is critical for indoor, outdoor and nighttime activities. Electronic lighting is typically provided from fixed locations, where a light source receives electrical power from a fixed and wired power source. Such lighting is useful in illuminating a particular area, but lacks the flexibility of more portable lighting systems. For example, a user would need to spend a substantial amount of time and money installing additional wiring to support additional lights within a building structure, such as a house or office.
Internally powered portable lighting systems have been developed to provide illumination in more varied locations and situations. However, such internally powered portable lighting systems are not optimized to provide illumination both in fixed locations and in varied locations. Additionally, such internally powered portable lighting systems are not typically aesthetically pleasing and they lack the ability to be easily mounted and re-mounted in various locations. For example, portable lighting systems, such as flashlights, do not typically match the decor of a home or office and they do not illuminate a location not in use.
Accordingly, there is an unmet need for a light switch that can be installed on a wall surface and that is able to provide illumination in a variety of configurations and situations.

Sliding light switch with integrated light source