Disclosed is a system and method for identifying a path in a tree data structure having a plurality of levels. An example method includes receiving a request from a software application to access a resource in a computer file system using a requested path; identifying a first element in the requested path; comparing the first element with nodes in a first level of the tree data structure to identify an exact match; if the first element does not have an exact match, comparing the first element with at least one mask node in the first level of the tree data structure to identify a match by mask; and if the first element does not match one of mask nodes in the first level of the tree data structure, determining that the requested path is not in the tree data structure.

Currently, one technique for protecting a computer from malware is to control the paths that software applications use to access computer resources. The path may be local (e.g., calls to local directories and folders), registry (e.g., calls to the registry of the operating system), network (e.g., access to other computers or resources on the Internet) and the like. Also, the syntax of the paths may vary depending on the type of operating system and the type of file system.
Antivirus applications, for example, can analyze the paths that a program uses to access computer resources, and determine the risks regarding certain actions of the program. However, the analysis is usually a time-consuming task since any analysis methods require calculations using limited hardware resources. To that end, it is possible to define a list of authorized (or unauthorized) paths, and, when a program attempts to access a particular path, the antivirus program can check these lists to determine whether program's action is allowed or prohibited.
Since the paths generally comprise strings of characters, the number of allowed paths can be quite large, and a program can access hundreds or even thousands of paths. Accordingly, the search performed by the antivirus program can be performed for a long time where CPU time spent on searching may exceed the time required to process the request of a computer resource associated with the path. To accelerate the search of a path, it may be more advantageous not to use a set of strings, but other data structures such as trees or tree data structures. However, existing systems and methods for searching paths using tree structures do not effectively solve the task of searching for different paths using a tree. Therefore, there is a need to improve the mechanism for searching paths using tree structures.

System and method for identifying a file path using tree data structure


The present invention is related to methods and apparatus that can enhance the security of a suture knot by annealing a portion of the suture knot. Such a suture knot is less likely to fail by slippage. Advantageously, the methods and apparatus can operate in a liquid environment, such as the inside of a body. Conventional knots made from monofilament sutures exhibit an unfortunate tendency to slip or untie. A surgeon can tie a conventional monofilament suture using standard knot tying techniques and anneal the suture. The annealing can fuse the tails of the suture together, thereby preventing failure by slippage. In one embodiment, the annealing textures the surface of the monofilament tails, thereby increasing friction and resistance to slippage. In another embodiment, the annealing is applied to the last throw in the knot.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is generally related to surgery. In particular, the present invention relates to suturing with synthetic suture material.
2. Description of the Related Art
For many years, surgeons have reconnected tissue using suturing and other methods. Suturing is a surgical technique involving the connection of tissue by stitching the tissue together with a strand of appropriate suturing material. Synthetic or polymer sutures are among the class of appropriate suturing material.
Typically, a suture is prepared by piercing the suture through tissue on both sides of a wound, by pulling the ends of the suture to bring the sides of the wound together, and tying the suture into a knot. The knot preserves the tension on the suture to maintain the sides of the wound in approximation and allow the tissue to heal.
Generally, it is undesirable for the suture to slip and become untied. An improperly tied knot can slip and untie at a tension far lower than the tension required to break the suture. When the suture is internal to the body, replacement of the failed suture can require another surgery.
Synthetic sutures are available as monofilament (single strand) or polyfilament (multiple strands). Polyfilament sutures can exhibit less shape memory and more friction than monofilament sutures, thus rendering a conventional knot made from polyfilament suture relatively more resistant to slippage than a conventional knot made from monofilament suture.
However, monofilament sutures (sutures made from one strand) are preferred in many applications. One such application is arthroscopy, where a surgeon accesses the surgical area through a hollow tube known as a cannula. In arthroscopy, the surgeon passes a suture through the cannula to the tissue. Conventional arthroscopy tools do not permit the direct passage of a polyfilament suture, as the polyfilament suture is too flexible. Thus, to use a polyfilament suture, the surgeon must first pass a monofilament suture (xe2x80x9cfeeder linexe2x80x9d) first, and then pull the polyfilament suture through the tissue using the monofilament suture. Cumulatively, the extra steps of first passing monofilament sutures can undesirably add a significant amount of time to a surgical procedure and can increase the trauma and anesthesia risk endured by a patient. Surgeons also prefer monofilament sutures in situations where a wound site may be contaminated. In those situations, monofilament sutures can lessen the risk of infection.
One drawback to monofilament sutures is that knots tied with monofilament sutures can slip and become untied more readily than polyfilament suture. Monofilament suture has a smoother exterior surface than polyfilament suture and thus exhibits less friction to prevent a knot from slipping. Monofilament suture also tends to exhibit more xe2x80x9cmemory,xe2x80x9d i.e., monofilament suture has a greater tendency to return to a previous form, such as an untied form.
Prior techniques to improve the security of a knot made from a monofilament suture have proven inadequate. One prior technique includes tying a knot with extra throws to reduce the tendency of the knot to slip. Extra throws, however, disadvantageously increase the bulk of a suture, consume extra time to process, and require extra space, which is not always available.
Additionally, proper knot tying techniques are not always followed. For example, through inadvertence or inexperience, the disfavored and easily loosened xe2x80x9cGranny knotxe2x80x9d can be accidentally tied instead of a xe2x80x9cSquare knot,xe2x80x9d which is a relatively more secure knot.
Embodiments of the present invention advantageously improve the security of knots. Surgical knots tied in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention can be tied with fewer throws, in less time, with more security, and with more resistance to incorrectly tied throws. According to one embodiment, a monofilament knot in arthroscopy can advantageously combine the resistance to slippage of a polyfilament suture and yet retain the advantage of not requiring the extra step of passing a feeder line.
One embodiment of the present invention places the ends of a knot in contact with each other and fuses the ends together with heat. The extraneous end portions of the suture are then cut, leaving the fused portion behind to prevent the knot from slipping. Preferably, the fused portion is about 3 millimeters (mm) long. The heat can be advantageously applied in a liquid environment, such as inside a human body.
Another embodiment of the present invention applies heat to the limbs of the knot such that the limbs deform. The deformation renders the knot more resistant to slippage. Again, the heat can be applied within the liquid environment of a human body.
Another embodiment of the present invention applies heat to the last throw of the knot. The last throw of the knot already has strands in contact with each other. The applied heat fuses the strands together and inhibits the tendency for the knot to loosen through slippage. The heat can again be applied within a liquid environment.

Methods and apparatus for annealing sutures


A controlled swell-rate swellable packer comprises a mandrel; a sealing element, and a jacket. The sealing element is disposed about at least a portion of the mandrel, and the jacket covers at least a portion of an outer surface of the sealing element. The jacket is configured to substantially prevent fluid communication between a fluid disposed outside of the jacket and the portion of the outer surface of the sealing element covered by the jacket.

Hydrocarbons (e.g., oil, gas) are commonly produced from hydrocarbon-bearing portions of a subterranean formation via a wellbore penetrating the formation. Oil and gas wells are often cased from the surface location of the wells down to and sometimes through a subterranean formation. A casing string or liner (e.g., steel pipe) is generally lowered into the wellbore to a desired depth. Often, at least a portion of the space between the casing string and the wellbore, i.e., the annulus, is then typically filled with cement (e.g., cemented) to secure the casing string within the wellbore. Once the cement sets in the annulus, it holds the casing string in place and prevents flow of fluids to, from, or between various portions of a subterranean formation through which the well passes.
During the drilling, servicing, completing, and/or reworking of wells (e.g., oil and/or gas wells), a great variety of downhole wellbore servicing tools are used. For example, but not by way of limitation, it is often desirable to isolate two or more portions of a wellbore, such as during the performance of a stimulation (e.g., perforating and/or fracturing) operation. Additionally or alternatively, it may also be desirable to isolate various portions of a wellbore during completion (such as cementing) operations. Downhole wellbore servicing tools (i.e., isolation tools) generally including packers and/or plugs are designed for these general purposes and are well known in the art of producing oil and gas. Packers may also be utilized to secure a casing string within a wellbore.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Controlled swell-rate swellable packer and method


A juice extractor and a feeding apparatus thereof are provided. The feeding apparatus includes a feed channel, a feed body connected to an upper port of the feed channel, and a cover plate assembly. The cover plate assembly includes a cover plate and an accommodating cavity with a large capacity. A shape of the cover plate matches an inner wall of the feed body and the cover plate is provided with a feed inlet, and the cover plate is rotatably provided on the inner wall of the feed body. The accommodating cavity with a large capacity is provided on a top surface of the cover plate, and has a sectional area greater than an area of the feed inlet, and is formed by an enclosure plate that surrounds the feed inlet. Upon inversion of the cover plate assembly, an opening of the accommodating cavity with a large capacity can be made to face the feed channel, and fruits and vegetables contained in the accommodating cavity with a large capacity are put in the feed channel. The feed inlet of the feed body is provided on the invertible cover plate assembly, so that not only diced fruits and vegetables are conveyed to the juice extractor, but also fruits and vegetables with large shapes fall into the feed channel by reverting the cover plate assembly without being diced. The juice extractor has a simple structure and can be conveniently used, so as to improve use safety.

Currently, household juice extractors in the market are mainly divided into high speed centrifugal juice extractors and low speed raw juice extractors. According to national safety standards, a feed inlet of a conventional high speed centrifugal juice extractor needs to be higher than a cutter by at least 100 mm, and there are also corresponding requirements for sectional sizes: an average of a maximum sectional size and a minimum sectional size cannot exceed 65.5 mm, and the maximum sectional size cannot exceed 76 mm; however, a feed inlet of a low speed raw juice extractor needs to be higher than a feed screw by at least 100 mm, and a maximum sectional size should not exceed 45 mm, and a pusher placed in the feed inlet further needs to be provided.
Based on the above, currently, neither the conventional high speed centrifugal juice extractor nor the low speed raw juice can directly juice fruits and vegetables with a diameter greater than 75 mm. However, diameters of a lots of fruits, for example, apples, oranges, and pairs in daily life exceed 75 mm, and people make juice by using a juice extractor only after dicing such fruits into dices that meet a requirement, which is time consuming and energy consuming, and brings much inconvenience to people. Therefore, current juice extractors have the problem that they cannot directly juice fruits and vegetables with large shapes.

Juice extractor and feeding apparatus thereof


Disclosed is a source of visible and ultraviolet radiation that provides a focused beam for performing chemical analysis of a test element having a biological fluid deposited thereon.

Chemical analysis of a test sample often involves the use of UV/visible radiation from 300 nm to 700 nm, to determine quantitatively the composition of biological fluids like serum. Reflectance or transmission density, or fluorescence measurements of the test element, can be used to calculate chemical concentrations thereby providing a more complete picture of a patient's condition.
In dry chemistry (as used herein, "dry chemistry" refers to tests wherein there are no liquid reagents stored for use, such tests being possible by test elements of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,158, Nov. 16, 1976) blood analysis, a sample of blood serum, is added to a test element containing chemical reagents. After sufficient incubation time, a color change or fluorescence is detected by a radiometer. The following is a typical example of a colorimetric test for albumin: EQU Albumin+Boromcresol Green (BCG).fwdarw.BCG-Albumin (Complex) (Max. Abs. 630 nm)
where the BCG-Albumin complex, formed upon the interaction of albumin with the indicator bromocresol green (BCG), absorbs radiation and the absorption maximum is at 630 nm. The degree of radiation absorption can be monitored as a measure of the albumin concentration. The trend in this industry is toward smaller more compact instruments such that their use could be extended to smaller institutions and individual practices.
The prior art includes several types of light sources that can be used for making measurements in the 300 nm to 700 nm range such as tungsten halogen and pulsed xenon lamps. FIG. 10 shows a schematic of a typical arrangement for this type of measurement with the exception that, in the prior art, a tungsten lamp and cold mirror are used. In the present invention an upconversion light source is used which will be described later. Some of the problems associated with the prior art tungsten radiation sources are: their relatively low stability; short life; size; lack of compactness; and ruggedness. Furthermore, tungsten halogen lamps have relatively short lives, generate excessive heat, and have a low ratio of usable light to power in the UV-blue region of the spectrum. In addition, the output power or intensity decreases with time and with filament life.
These lamps, in general, are large and cumbersome and require frequent adjustments and replacement because of burned out filaments. In addition, these lamps preclude efforts to miniaturize such equipment and also pose a potential danger to operators and to the equipment itself because of the heat generated during their operation. The wavelengths produced may vary as a function of time with the aging of the lamps, and because the process involves Ar or halogen gases that have to be "ignited" in order to produce radiation, it is not possible to modulate these lamps at rates faster than what a mechanical shutter would provide.
With respect to xenon sources, although there is a high ratio of usable radiant energy with respect to power and heat generated, the measurement of that power is limited to a short time. High voltages and sudden surges of high current generate electrical noise that often interferes with other electronic subsystems.

Method of using multiwavelength upconversion for sample element interrogation in medical diagnostic equipment


The invention relates to a load-balancing device for an articulated arm capable of receiving a load having a weight, the balancing device being characterized in that it comprising a support system able to be fastened to a stationary element of the articulated arm, and an actuator element capable of being attached to a movable input element of the articulated arm, the balancing device also including a lever arm able to exert a force on the actuator element in order to apply said force on the input element of the articulated arm, the lever arm having an adjustable length as a function of the weight of the load.

The invention applies to the field of load-handling arms, for example variable-load handling arms. Such arms are robotic or manual.
It is known to use articulated arms to handle loads. For example, in the case of robotic arms, such arms include a plurality of motors intended to actuate the various segments of the arm to move an effector intended to receive a load.
It is then known to equip such arms with balancing systems. Such balancing systems in particular aim to offset the gravitational force exerted on the arm, during load handling.

Load-balancing device for articulated arm, associated load-handling apparatus and method

CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE

INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUÉES


A dock leveler for a dock loading surface is provided with includes a frame fixedly mounted adjacent the front edge of the surface, and an extension assembly mounted on the frame for movement between operative and inoperative modes. The assembly includes a dock panel hinged to the frame and a lip panel hinged to the dock panel. The dock panel is coplaner with the loading surface and the lip panel depends therefrom when the assembly is in the inoperative mode. A linkage is provided having pivotally connected first and second arms. An end of the first arm is pivoted to the frame and an end of the second arm is pivoted to the lip panel. Power means urges the dock panel to move from the inoperative mode to a raised position prior to assuming an operative mode. The dock panel will move to the raised position upon a predetermined external force being applied to the dock panel. A trip member is provided having a central section pivoted to the dock panel. A first end section of the trip member is engaged and moved by the first arm while the dock panel moves to the raised position. A second end section of the trip member engages and causes the lip panel to move to an extended position relative to the dock panel when the first end section is being actuated by the linkage first arm.

Various dock levelers, sometimes referred to EOD equipment, have heretofore been provided for use in combination with dock loading surfaces or platforms. The loading surfaces or platforms are designed so as to receive trucks or trailers which have been backed into a parked position adjacent the loading surface or platform and thereby enable the truck or trailer to be loaded or unloaded by utilizing forklift trucks or other mechanical means. The dock levelers in question are intended to (a) bridge a gap which normally occurs between the end of the parked vehicle and the front of the dock loading surface and (b) to compensate for any differential in height between the dock loading surface and the bed of the parked vehicle. Because of certain design characteristics, prior dock levelers have been beset with one or more of the following shortcomings: (1) the leveler is of costly, complex construction; (2) it is difficult and awkward to install and frequently requires substantial modifications to be made to the dock loading surface; (3) it is susceptible to malfunction and requires an inordinate amount of servicing and maintenance; (4) it is susceptible to vandalsim; (5) it is incapable of accommodating trucks and trailers which vary over a wide range in size and configuration; (6) it requires a ready source of electric, pneumatic and/or hydraulic power; (7) its operation is adversely affected by certain weather conditions.


Cylindrically curved slopes successively inner-reflect illumination light which reaches a back face or emission face of a light guide plate via an upper edge of an incidence face. The curved slopes give the light diverse propagation directions after inner-reflection. This avoids the viewer from observing a strongly irradiated edge, thereby reducing reflective appearance. Inner-reflection by the curved slopes also gives diverse propagation directions to illumination light coming via other edges, thereby reducing reflective appearance. Curved surface profile is given to valleys involved in a great number of projection rows running in a direction approximately perpendicular to the incidence face, and may be further given to the projection rows. The valleys are provided with curved surface profile within a curved-surface-profile-giving-area around the incidence face or, in addition to this, around flank faces of the light guide plate. The curved surface profile varies gradually around a boundary of the curved-surface-profile-giving-area to avoid sudden profile changing which would bring undesirable effects.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a light guide plate, surface light source device of side light type and liquid crystal display. More specifically, the invention relates to a light guide plate having a minor face to provide a side end face through which light is inputted and having a major face through which light is outputted, and to a surface light source device of side light type and liquid crystal display which employ the light guide plate.
2. Related Art
It has been known to apply a surface light source device of side light type to a device, for example, to a liquid crystal display for backlighting its liquid crystal display panel. This arrangement is suitable for giving the device a thin whole structure.
In general, a surface light source device of side light type employs a rod-shaped light source like cold cathode tube as a primary light source which is disposed beside a light guide plate (plate-shaped light guide). The primary light source emits light illumination light which is introduced into the light guide plate through a side end face (an incidence face) provided by a minor face of the light guide plate. The introduced illumination light propagates within the light guide plate, being emitted from a major face (an emission face) of the light guide plate on the way of propagation. The emitted light is supplied to an object to be illuminated such as liquid crystal display panel via an additionally arranged prism sheet, light diffusion sheet or the like.
Guide plates employed in surface light source devices of side light type are classified into two types depending on cross section shape, one having an approximately uniform thickness, the other having thickness tending to reduce according to distance from a side end face. In general, the latter gives a higher emission efficiency as compared with the former. A known light guide plate has a major face provided with a great number of projection rows running in a direction approximately perpendicular to an incidence face.
The projection rows provide a prismatic face which is capable of modifying emission directivity of the light guide plate in a plane perpendicular to the incidence end face. Usually, the prismatic face corrects emission directivity so that emitted light is gathered around an approximately frontal direction. Such directivity correction can be achieved by an alternative such as an additional prism sheet arrangement, which leads to increased number of components or more complicated structure.
To the contrary, the fore-mentioned method, according to which xe2x80x9ca great number of projection rows running in a direction approximately perpendicular to an incidence face are formed on a major facexe2x80x9d, is almost free from such a problem. However, this method is subject to another problem called xe2x80x9creflective appearancexe2x80x9d. This phenomenon, xe2x80x9creflective appearancexe2x80x9d, brings a local strong brightness mainly caused by emission in the vicinity of an incidence face, the emission contains light which comes via upper and lower edges of the incidence face or via right and left side edges.
Similar phenomena are apt to emerge in the vicinity of xe2x80x9cflank facesxe2x80x9d of a light guide plate. It is noted that xe2x80x9cflank facesxe2x80x9d of a light guide plate are minor faces (side end faces) adjacent to the incidence face at the right and left ends of the incidence face. In usual cases, such phenomena bring several excessively bright regions like bright lines.
Such abnormal emission deteriorates illumination quality of a surface light source device of side light type. And besides, if the surface light source device is applied to a liquid crystal display, display quality will be reduced.
An object of the present invention is to provide a light guide plate which is improved so that the above- described problems are solved. Another object of the present invention is to provide a surface light source device of side light type which is able to suppress abnormal emission by means of the improved light guide plate. A still another object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display which is able to avoid display quality from falling by employing the surface light source device of side light type.
First, the present invention is applied to a light guide plate comprising minor faces to provide an incidence face for light input and flank faces, and major faces to provide an emission face for light output and a back face.
One of said major faces of the light guide plate in accordance with the present invention is provided with a great number of projection rows running in a direction approximately perpendicular to said incidence face, thereby providing a great number of valleys. According to a feature of the present invention, each of said valleys includes, at least in the vicinity of said incidence face, a curled-surface portion including a connected pair of approximately cylindrically surfaced slopes provided by a pair of projection rows located at both sides of each of said valleys.
It is preferable that said each valley includes, further in the vicinity of said incidence face, a curled-surface portion composed of a connected pair of approximately cylindrically surfaced slopes formed in foot portions of a pair of projection rows located at both sides of said each valley.
Said valleys each include in the vicinities of said flank faces, a curled-surface portion including a connected pair of approximately cylindrically surfaced slopes provided by a pair of projection rows located at both sides of said valleys.
Next, the present invention is applied to a surface light source device comprising a primary light source and a light guide plate which has minor faces to provide an incidence face and flank faces, and major faces to provide an emission face and back face, wherein said light guide plate is arranged to be supplied with light from said primary light source through said incidence face.
One of said major faces of the light guide plate employed in a surface light source device in accordance with the present invention is provided with a great number of projection rows running in a direction approximately perpendicular to said incidence face, thereby providing a great number of valleys.
And according to a feature of the present invention, each of said valleys includes, at least in the vicinity of said incidence face, a curled-surface portion including a connected pair of approximately cylindrically surfaced slopes provided by a pair of projection rows located at both sides of said valleys.
Each of said valleys includes, in the vicinities of said flank faces, a curled-surface portion including a connected pair of approximately cylindrically surfaced slopes provided by a pair of projection rows located at both sides each of said valleys.
Said great number of valleys are preferably configurated so that roundness tends to increase according to decreasing distance from said incidence face. In a manner like this, said great number of valleys are preferably configurated so that roundness tends to increase according to decreasing distance from said flank face (a relatively nearer one of two flank faces).
Further to this, a liquid crystal display in accordance with the present invention is provided by employing the above improved surface light source device in an illumination arrangement for illuminating a liquid crystal display panel.
In light guide plates or surface light source devices improved and featured according to the present invention, curled-surface configurations included in a great number of valleys give diverse directions to light which reaches there via an upper, lower, right or left edge of an incidence face, with the result that locally concentrated emission hardly occurs. And effect like this is expected with light which reaches there via an upper or lower edge of a flank face.
If curled-surface portions are formed in the vicinity of a flank face, the curled-surface configurations included in a great number of valleys give diverse directions to light which reaches there via an upper or lower edge the flank face, with the result that locally concentrated emission is avoided more surely.
It is further noted that gradually varying roundness of the valleys enables profile of valleys to avoid from changing sharply. This prevents local brightness unevenness, which would be caused if the profile had a sharp changing.
It is needless to say that the above-described features and advantages are inherited to liquid crystal displays in accordance with the present invention and bring an improved evenness of display brightness. More detailed description of the present invention is given hereafter with referring to the accompanied drawings.

Light guide plate, surface light source device of side light type and liquid crystal display


Disclosed are an ultrasound image providing apparatus and method. The ultrasound image providing apparatus includes an interface that displays a screen including a gain setting window which includes a plurality of slide bars for setting a plurality of time gain compensation (TGC) values of ultrasound image data, and receives, through the gain setting window, a user input for adjusting at least one selected from the sizes and number of slide bars, and a controller that performs control to update and display the gain setting window, based on the user input.

1. Field
One or more exemplary embodiments relate to an ultrasound image providing apparatus and method, and more particularly, to an ultrasound image providing apparatus which includes a user interface for setting a time gain compensation (TGC) value and an ultrasound image providing method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Ultrasound diagnosis apparatuses transmit ultrasound signals generated by transducers of a probe to an object and receive echo signals reflected from the object, thereby obtaining at least one image of an internal part of the object (e.g., soft tissue or blood flow). In particular, ultrasound diagnosis apparatuses are used for medical purposes including observation of the interior of an object, detection of foreign substances, and diagnosis of damage to the object. Such ultrasound diagnosis apparatuses provide high stability, display images in real time, and are safe due to the lack of radioactive exposure, compared to X-ray apparatuses. Therefore, ultrasound diagnosis apparatuses are widely used together with other image diagnosis apparatuses including computed tomography (CT) apparatuses, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatuses, and the like.
Generally, in an ultrasound beam which passes through tissue, the amplitude or intensity thereof is reduced depending on a propagation distance. In regard to attenuation, as a distance through which the ultrasound beam passes increases, amplitude is more reduced. The intensity of an ultrasound response signal (an echo signal) received by attenuation is not constant. That is, an ultrasound image based on the ultrasound response signal may not have uniform brightness, or the qualities of some ultrasound images may not be good. Therefore, it is required to develop a system which enables a user to easily compensate for the sensitivity of an ultrasound image.

Ultrasound image providing apparatus and method


A method and arrangement for implementing post-heat treatment after spray forming is ended to achieve stress control in the manufacture of a spray formed metallic tool involves providing a spray-formed metallic tool by applying a spray-forming material on a mold substrate and causing substantially homogenous metallic phase transformations of the spray forming material within the spray-formed metallic tool to a substantially homogenous distribution of commingled metallic phases consisting, for example, of predetermined proportions of at least a bainite phase and a martinsite phase.

1. Technical Field
The present inventions each relate to methods and arrangements for manufacturing spray formed metallic articles; more specifically the inventions relate to such inventive aspects as heat treatment processes for minimizing internal stresses and deflections in produced articles, manipulating temperature and the time periods for hold certain temperatures to establish prescribed multi-phase metallic compositions in produced articles also for minimizing internal stresses and deflections in produced articles, and a unique one dimensional based model utilized for affecting feed-forward control over the spray form process.
2. Background Art
It is a known process to spray form certain articles using moltenizing arc guns having metal feed wire supplied thereto. Further, it is known that volumetric changes occur during cooling of the metal that can produce significant detrimental effects in the finished product, one of the more significant of which is typically manifest as internal stress that is trapped within the substantially rigid article after its manufacture. It is not uncommon for stresses of magnitudes high enough to warp or otherwise cause deformation and deflection in the finished article to occur in uncontrolled spray processes, and even minor deflections due to internalized stress can render conventional spray form processes unusable when precision tooling is required for particular finished products or articles. In another aspect, as the technology and processes for spray forming metallic articles advance, the manufacture of progressively larger monolithic bodies becomes feasible. As a result, however, the volumetric changes experienced during the cooling of the metal in such larger spray formed bodies is becoming more pronounced due, for example, to their greater sizes and thicknesses. The detrimental effects of these volumetric changes experienced within a spray formed article have long been appreciated; not the least of which can be, and often is, the inducement of internal stresses within the article itself.
It is known that molten steel can undergo various phase changes, for example, from austenite to ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite, and various combinations thereof as it cools, and that these phase changes involve positive volumetric changes. Previously, it has been postulated that the transformation to martensite can offset the stresses caused by shrinkage that also occurs during cooling. The focus of this idea was that a balance between the positive volumetric changes and the thermal contractions could be effected by the transformation to martensite.
When steel is initially sprayed and still at a high temperature, it is typically one-hundred percent austenite, and as the steel begins to cool, the austenite begins to change into other sister phases. At a relatively high temperature, the first phase transformations are primarily into ferrite and pearlite. As the temperature moves lower, the next transform is into bainite, and at the lowest temperature, transformation to martensite occurs. Even though it was known that these transformations were occurring as the steel cooled, it has been the martensite transformation which has been primarily capitalized upon to provide stress relief to the spray formed body or article.
A current approach to controlling the spray forming process has been through temperature control. In such an approach, temperature is used as an input for robotically manipulating the spray guns. In this approach, the moltenized metal spray is produced using, for example, a number of twin-wire arc plasma torches or guns. The movement and performance of the guns may be automated via computer/robot controls, the surface temperature(s) of the article may be monitored, and the spray pattern responsively adjusted to control the temperature of the body being sprayed. This exclusively temperature based control process, however, is only suitable when considering transformations from austenite to martensite which is only a function of temperature. It is not suited to transformations of austenite to ferrite, pearlite, or bainite because these phase changes are only partly temperature based. Because these transforms are diffusional processes that are also time-based, as well as temperature based, such transformations can occur even when temperature is held constant. Therefore merely monitoring and controlling the articie's surface temperature fails to fully address the problem of internal stresses that occur during the spray forming process.
During the spray form process, the temperature of the moltenized metal droplets that are sprayed onto the ceramic model are significantly elevated above the temperature of the ceramic model and the surrounding atmosphere. Once the droplets leave the spray gun and land on the ceramic model, they become a constituent component of the article being spray formed. A portion of the heat energy input to moltenize the feed metal wire travels conductively into the ceramic model after landing, while a portion of the imposed heat remains in the body of the article being spray formed. The balance of the heat energy is dissipated out into the surrounding atmosphere which is typically the interior space of the spray form cell or enclosure in which the spraying process is taking place. As a result, different parts of the microstructure have traditionally been permitted to have different temperatures during and after the spraying process. This is especially true, for example, in the case of a large stamping tool, such as that required for stamping an automobile inner hood, if the tool were sprayed as a unibody monolith.
In another aspect, spray formed articles having complex shapes that cause different regions of the article to have relatively different locally exposed surface areas tend to cool at different rates amongst these several regions. This characteristic, in turn, affects the kinetics of the body's overall cooling profile. Different areas of an irregularly shaped article, especially an article having many undulations, tend to cool at different rates, for example, because the presence of the undulations tends to restrict heat transfer. Thus, areas within depressions of the undulations tend to be hotter than areas that protrude with a proportionately greater exposed surface area. As a result, one part of the article being sprayed can be in the bainite transformation phase, while another part is in the martensite start region.
Further, when spraying is discontinued and the sprayed article is allowed to cool to room or ambient temperature, different temperatures will begin to occur across the sprayed body. As a result, those areas loosing temperature more quickly begin to traverse the phase transformations sooner than those areas that are more heat retentive. This phenomenon is even more pronounced with a sprayed article that has a complex shape, such as those including undulations or apertures, which causes certain areas to be warmer than others until the final cooling temperature is reached and the article assumes a uniform temperature, such as equal to the temperature of the spray form cell's interior. When such articles are simply allowed to cool to room temperature in an uncontrolled manner, significant distortions are likely to occur in the article because of discontinuities across the phase transformations and stresses are created in the bodies because of these different cooling rates.
Currently available technology provides the user with an ability to monitor the exposed surface temperature of an article being spray formed. However, in spite of the recognized need, a continuing failure in the art has been a lack of means and method to accurately predict, monitor and control the more elusive, but more comprehensive, time and temperature dependent phase constituencies and volumetric changes that occur during the spray forming process. Consequently there has been a continuing inability to affect proper control over the time and temperature based phase constituencies and volumetric changes during the spray forming process for obviating the problems associated with internal stresses induced in the article being spray formed.
In view of the above described deficiencies associated with currently available spray form processes when considering time and temperature dependent phase and volumetric changes within the article being formed, the present inventions have been developed to alleviate these drawbacks and to provide further benefits to the user. These enhancements and benefits are described in greater detail hereinbelow with respect to illustrative embodiments of the inventions.

Method and arrangement implementing heat treatment after the execution of sprayform techniques


A manual input via a manual input unit while automatically changing a zoom magnification via a zoom control unit is permitted, and after the manual input, the zoom magnification is automatically changed so that a size of an object output from an object extraction unit becomes a second size in relation to an angle of view.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image pickup apparatus including an auto zoom function that controls a zoom lens so that a captured object image constantly has a fixed size.
2. Description of the Related Art
In conventional image pickup apparatuses, an auto zoom function that controls a zoom lens so that a captured object image constantly has a fixed size has been proposed in addition to automatic control of, e.g., an iris, exposure, focus and white balance. Use of the auto zoom function eliminates the need for the troublesome work of consistently adjusting the angle of view by manually performing zooming when one wishes to keep a moving object at a fixed angle of view. However, use of such auto zoom has caused a problem in that once the size of an object relative to a frame (hereinafter referred to as "target angle of view") maintained by an auto zoom is determined, the target angle of view cannot be changed unless the auto zoom is cancelled.
For example, it is supposed that when a child, which is an object, runs in a footrace in an athletic meet, a user wishes to capture an image of the child at a bust shot angle of view from the start position to the position immediately before the goal and at a full-length portrait angle of view at the goal position at the moment that the child breaks the tape, using an auto zoom. In this case, it is necessary to, first, set the target angle of view so as to be a bust shot angle of view for the start position, and re-set the target angle of view so as to be a full-length portrait angle of view immediately before the goal. However, conventional auto zoom functions do not allow change of a target angle of view during an auto zoom being underway, thus requiring the work of temporarily cancelling the auto zoom immediately before the goal position, re-setting the target angle of view and then restarting the auto zoom.
In response to the aforementioned problem, the image pickup apparatus described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H09-149311 includes a manual adjustment zoom button intended to change a target angle of view. Upon the manual adjustment zoom button being operated during an auto zoom being underway, a detection unit detects an input to the manual adjustment zoom button, and automatically temporarily cancels the control of a zoom lens according to the auto zoom, and accepts a manual operation. Consequently, a user can set an object at a desired angle of view using the manual adjustment zoom button. Upon the end of the operation via the manual adjustment zoom button, the size of the object relative to the frame at the point of time when the operation ended is set as a new target angle of view, and an auto zoom is started again. Use of this technique enables easy change of a target angle of view even during an auto zoom being underway.
However, in the conventional art, the zoom speed during the manual operation is not taken into consideration. When a user switches the mode from auto zoom to manual operation, the zoom speed may sharply change unless the user skillfully adjusts the zoom speed of the manual operation to the zoom speed of the auto zoom immediately before the switching to the manual operation, resulting in a problem in that an image giving a feeling of strangeness in appearance may be formed.
For example, when an object is quickly coming toward a user, high-speed zooming is performed to change the angle of view to the wide angle side because of control according to an auto zoom in order to keep the size of the object constant. Here, when the user wishes to change the target angle of view to the wide angle side via a manual operation, it is necessary to perform zooming to the wide angle side at a speed higher than the zoom speed during the auto zoom. However, it is very difficult to estimate the zoom speed of the auto zoom performed immediately before the switching to the manual operation and know the amount of manual input necessary to make a change to achieve a desired target angle of view. Thus, a difference occurs between the zoom speed of the auto zoom performed immediately before the mode switching and the zoom speed of the manual operation, disabling maintenance of the zoom speed continuity, which may cause an image giving a feeling of strangeness in appearance to be formed.
Furthermore, when zooming is performed at a high speed via a manual operation using a zoom lever for changing a zoom speed step by step in accordance with the strength of pressing the zoom lever, which is a manual input unit, the zoom lever can be pressed with a desired strength after passing through the region in which the zoom lever is temporarily pressed with only weak pressing strength, and thus, low-speed zooming is instantaneously performed. In other words, if high-speed zooming is performed by pressing the zoom lever strongly via a manual operation when an object moves largely, also, low-speed zooming is instantaneously performed, thus disabling maintenance of the zoom speed continuity, which may cause a problem similar to the above.

Image pickup apparatus that provides for control of angle of view during auto zooming


The invention provides an inkjet recording method having applying, by an inkjet system, an ink containing 8 mass % or more of a water-soluble solvent having an SP value of 24 (MPa)1/2 or less measured by a Hoy method onto an outermost surface layer, which contains an organic fine particle having an SP value of 25 (MPa)1/2 or less measured by the Hoy method, of an inkjet recording medium having a support and one or more ink receiving layers including the outermost surface layer.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an inkjet recording method.
2. Description of the Related Art
An inkjet recording method has become widely used from the viewpoint s that recording can be carried out on various recording materials, the hardware (device) is relatively inexpensive and compact and is superior in quietness. With recent development of high-resolution inkjet printers, hardware (device) and various inkjet recording media, so-called "photo-like" high quality images have become possible.
A recording material for inkjet recording is generally required to have the characteristics of: (1) quick-drying (high absorption rate of ink), (2) suitable and uniform dot size (no spreading), (3) excellent granularity, (4) high dot roundness, (5) high color density, (6) high chroma (no dullness), (7) excellent water resistance, light fastness and ozone resistance of an image region, (8) high whiteness, (9) high storage stability (no yellowing or image blurring in long-term storage), (10) excellent dimensional stability with less deformation (less curling), and (11) excellent traveling in hardware.
In view of the foregoing, a recording material having an ink-receiving layer with a porous structure has been put to practical use in recent years. This recording material is considered to achieve excellent quick-drying property and high gloss. However, there is a tendency for very high quality to be demanded for a recorded image, and in particular, there are strict requirements for color density and color tone of an image. For example, deep colors in a high density range are important for contrast and sharp shading of an image, and no generation of bronzing is important for color tone and colorfulness.
In connection with the foregoing, techniques are known in which ink is applied, by an inkjet system, to an inkjet recording material having a thermoplastic resin particle-containing ink receiving layer provided on a support, and then the thermoplastic resin particles are dissolved or melted to form a film so that bronzing is suppressed (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2001-96905). Also, an inkjet recording material containing, in a surface layer, organic fine particles to be dissolved or swollen in a water-soluble organic solvent having an SP value of 18 to 31 has been known (for example, JP-A No. 2004-1412). Further, an inkjet recording material in which an ink-absorbing layer containing organic polymer fine particles to be dissolved or swollen in a solvent in ink is provided on a support has been known (for example, JP-A No. 63-60784).


In order to detect a face disposed within a digital image, the pixels of the image are grouped based on whether they are skin color. The edges of the skin colored areas are removed by eliminating pixels that have surrounding pixels with a high variance in the luminance component. The resulting connected components are classified to determine whether they could include a face. The classification includes examining: the area of the bounding box of the component, the aspect ratio, the ratio of detected skin to the area of the bounding box, the orientation of elongated objects, and the distance between the center of the bounding box and the center of mass of the component. Components which are still considered facial candidates are mapped on to a graph. The minimum spanning trees of the graphs are extracted and the corresponding components which remain are again classified for whether they could include a face. Each graph is split into two by removing the weakest edge and the corresponding components which remain are yet again classified. The graph is continually broken down until a bounding box formed around the resulting graphs is smaller than a threshold. Finally, a heuristic is performed to eliminate false positives. The heuristic compares the ratio of pixels with high variance to the total number of pixels in a face candidate component.

This invention relates to the field of image detection and more specifically to the detection of a face disposed within a digital image.
As broadcasting becomes more digitally based, it becomes easier to archive and catalog video content. Researchers have developed systems for content-based image and video indexing and retrieval that utilize low-level visual features (semantics) like color, texture, shape and sketch of an image. To facilitate the automatic archiving and retrieval of video material based on higher level semantics, it is important to detect and recognize events in video clips. Human activities are important events in video clips and face detection is a step toward the recognization of human activities.
Face detection is also useful in security systems, criminal identifications, digital image capturing, and teleconferences. In a security system, for example, it is useful to detect the facial portions of an image being viewed so that an operator of the system can discern whether a human is present in the image.
The detection of faces from images has not received much attention by researchers. Most conventional techniques concentrate on face recognition and assume that a face has been identified within the image or assume that the image only has one face as in a xe2x80x9cmug shotxe2x80x9d image. Such conventional techniques are unable to detect faces from complex backgrounds.
One prior art technique that does perform face detection determines whether a cluster of pixels conforms to a facial template. This routine is deficient because of different scales and orientations of possible faces. The template itself is one size and orientation and will not detect faces which are of a different size or are rotated. Consequently, the template itself must be scaled up and down and rotated while searching is performed yielding a search space that is too big to be useful or practical. Some prior art techniques, like EPA 0836326 A2, use merely a shape template to see if a cluster of pixels conforms to that shape. In addition to the scaling and rotation problems mentioned above, this solution is too simplistic to be used with complex backgrounds which may have many objects with the same shape as a face and perhaps even the same color as a face.
Therefore, there exists a need for a method of detecting faces within a digital image in which the face is disposed within a complex background.
One aspect of the invention is a method for detecting a face disposed within a digital image. The method comprises providing a digital image composed of a plurality of pixels and producing a binary image from the digital image by detecting skin colored pixels. The method further includes removing pixels corresponding to edges in the luminance component thereby producing binary image components; mapping the binary image components into at least one graph; and classifying the mapped binary image components as facial and non-facial types wherein the facial types serve as facial candidates.
In this way, as well as with the following aspects of the invention, a face disposed within a digital image can be detected.
Another aspect of the invention is a computer readable storage medium containing data for performing the steps of providing a digital image composed of a plurality of pixels and producing a binary image from the digital image by detecting skin colored pixels. The computer readable storage medium further contains data for removing pixels corresponding to edges in the luminance component thereby producing binary image components; mapping the binary image components into at least one graph; and classifying the mapped binary image components as facial and non-facial types wherein the facial types serve as facial candidates.
Yet another aspect of the invention is a method for detecting a face disposed within a digital image. The method comprises providing a digital image composed of a plurality of pixels and producing a binary image from the digital image by detecting skin colored pixels. The method further includes removing pixels corresponding to edges in the luminance component thereby producing binary image components; and classifying each of the binary image components as one of a facial type and a non-facial type. The classifying includes forming a bounding box around a classified component of the components and performing at least one of: comparing an area of the bounding box to a bounding box threshold; comparing an aspect ratio of the bounding box to an aspect ratio threshold, determining an area ratio, the area ratio being the comparison between the area of the classified component and the area of the bounding box, and comparing the area ratio to an area ratio threshold; determining an orientation of elongated objects within the bounding box; and determining a distance between a center of the bounding box and a center of the classified component.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for detecting a face disposed within a digital image.
This object, as well as others, will become more apparent from the following description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings where like reference numerals are intended to designate the same elements.

Method for detecting a face in a digital image


There is disclosed a surface mount, circular DIN connector (10) with a housing (12) having a mating face (22) and a terminal receiving face (24). Three rows of terminal receiving cavities (1 to 8) open into the mating face (22) and the terminal receiving face (24). A set of electrical terminals (30) each has a mating portion (32) in a respective one of the cavities (1 to 8), a solder tail (36) extending substantially normally of the mating portion (32), and a connecting arm (38) connecting the mating portion (32) to the solder tail (36). The arms (38) are dimensioned relatively to offset the solder tails (36) with respect to the mating portions (32), in interleaved relationship to form a single row of solder tails (36) for soldering to respective contact pads arranged in a single row on a printed circuit board (20).

This invention relates to a surface mount, right angle electrical connector, especially but not exclusively a surface mount right angle, circular DIN connector; having solder tails for soldering to contact pads on a circuit board. The invention also relates to an electrical terminal for such a connector. The invention pertains to connectors, which have three superposed rows of terminals from which the solder tails project.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,991 discloses an electrical connector comprising an insulating housing having two rows of terminal receiving cavities in each of which is lodged a mating portion of an electrical terminal from which projects from a terminal receiving face of the housing, and normally of the mating portion, a solder tail for soldering to a respective contact pad on a circuit board. The solder tails extend in a single row, the solder tails of the mating portions in the upper row of cavities being longer than those of the terminals received in the cavities of the lower row. U.S. Pat. No. 4,842,554, U.S. Pat. No. 4,842,555, U.S. Pat. No. 908,335 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,995,819 disclose a through-hole mount circular DIN connector having an insulating housing formed with three superposed rows of terminal receiving cavities, each cavity receiving a mating portion of a respective electrical terminal from which mating portion projects, normally thereof, a solder tail or leg for insertion in a respective hole in a circuit board or which the connector is mounted. The leg of each terminal is connected to the mating portion thereof, by way of a cranked arm which serves to offset the leg of the terminal from the mating portion thereof laterally of the housing. A spacer plate for the legs extends rearwardly from a terminal receiving face of the housing and is formed with rearwardly opening notches each for receiving two of the terminal legs so that these legs are arranged in two juxtaposed rows for insertion in two correspondingly arranged rows of holes in the circuit board. The arrangement of the legs in two rows, is achieved by appropriately cranking and appropriately dimensioning the arms of the terminals, taking account of the fact that the terminal receiving cavities are arranged in an unsymmetrical array. The cavities of the upper and the middle rows of the three rows of cavities are three in number, the cavities of the lower row being two in number. The cranked arms extend obliquely away from the terminal receiving face of the housing. The extent of offset of the legs with respect to the mating portions, is however sufficient for the purpose of arranging the legs in two rows. There is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,173, an electrical connector having a housing formed with three superposed rows of connector receiving cavities in each of which is a mating portion of an electrical terminal from which projects a solder tail substantially normally of the mating portion for soldering to a contact pad on a printed circuit board. The cavities are arranged in a symmetrical array, each cavity of each row being vertically aligned with two cavities of the other rows. The terminals of the connector are identical with each other excepting for the lengths of their solder tails and are canted in their cavities, in such a way that solder feet of the soldering tails are arranged in a single row.

Surface mount electrical connector with interleaved solder tails


A peel-developable imaging medium for the imagewise recordation of information is provided, the imaging medium having therein a plurality of fracturable layers, the plurality comprising a porous or particulate image-forming layer and a release layer, and at least one of the fracturable layers having incorporated therein a boric ion generating species. In particular embodiments, the fracturable layers contain crosslinked borated polymeric binder. The laminar imaging medium is characterized by good imaging performance in an extended range of environmental conditions.

Imaging media whereby a recorded latent image is developed by laminar separation are known. Among such imaging media, the provision of images which rely upon the generation of heat patterns is also known. Thermally imageable media are particularly advantageous inasmuch as they can be imaged without certain of the requirements attending the use of silver halide based media, such as darkroom processing and protection against ambient light. Moreover, the use of thermal imaging materials avoids the requirements of handling and disposing of silver-containing and other processing streams or effluent materials typically associated with the processing of silver halide based imaging materials.
Various methods and systems for preparing actinically generated symbols, patterns, or other images have been reported, said methods and systems involving laminar separation to effect development. Examples of these can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,169,731 (issued Oct. 2, 1979 to Noshiro et at.); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,308 (issued Apr. 8, 1986 to Moriya et al.); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,271,255 (issued Jun. 2, 1981 to Cho et al.); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,511,641 (issued Apr. 6, 1985 to Busman et al.); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,462 (issued Oct. 16, 1990 to Wilczak et al.); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,251 (issued Oct. 26, 1982 to Cohen et al.); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,153 (issued Dec. 18, 1984 to Ashcraft et al.); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,154 (issued Dec. 18, 1984 to Taylor, Jr.); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,123,578 (issued Oct. 31, 1978 to K. J. Perrington, et al.); in U.S. Pat. No. 4,157,412 (issued Jun. 5, 1979 to K. S. Deneau); and in International Patent Application No. PCT/US87/03249 of M. R. Etzel (published Jun. 16, 1988, as Intentional Publication Number WO 88/04237).
In the aforementioned International Patent Application No. PCT/US87/03249, there are described certain embodiments of a high resolution thermal imaging medium, which embodiments include a porous or particulate image-forming substance (e.g., a layer of pigment and binder) confined in a laminar structure between a pair of sheets. Upon laminar separation of the respective sheets, after laser exposure of portions or regions of the medium, a pair of complementary images is obtained. Among the laminar embodiments discussed in International Patent Application No. PCT/US87/03249 are those which include: a first sheet transparent to image-forming radiation and having at least a surface zone or layer of polymeric material which is heat-activatable upon subjection of the medium to brief and intense radiation; a layer of porous or particulate image-forming substance thereon; and a second sheet laminated and adhesively secured to the first sheet.
Upon exposure of regions or portions of the medium to brief and intense image-forming radiation, and conversion of absorbed energy to heat for activation of the heat-activatable polymeric material, corresponding regions or portions of the image-forming substance are caused m be more firmly attached or "locked" to the first sheet. Laminar separation of the sheet then effects fracturing of the image-forming layer in response to cohesive and/or adhesive failure. Abutting regions or portions of image-forming substance which are not subjected to such image-forming radiation are, upon separation of the first and second sheets, removed by the adhesive second sheet, for formation of an image complementary to the image on the first sheet.
The respective images obtained by separating the sheets of the exposed thermal imaging medium may exhibit substantially different characteristics. Apart from the imagewise complementary nature of these images and the relation that each may bear as a "positive" or "negative" of an original, the respective images may differ in character. Differences may depend upon the properties of the image-forming substance, on the presence of and nature of additional layer(s) in the medium, and upon the manner in which such layers fail adhesively or cohesively upon separation of the sheets. Either of the pair of images may, for reasons of informational content, aesthetics or otherwise, be desirably considered the principal image.
As described in the International Patent Application (and, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,155,003 and 5,200,297), the image-forming layer may comprise image-forming substances (e.g., carbon black particles) and a hydrophilic binder (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol). According to one practice, carbon black particles are initially suspended in an inert liquid vehicle (typically, water) and the resulting suspension or dispersion uniformly spread over an underlying layer.
In the aforementioned International Patent Application, mention is made of particular embodiments comprising a release layer overlying the image-forming layer. As disclosed, the fracturable release layer comprises a microcrystalline wax. Subsequent patents, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,003, issued to K. C. Chang on Oct. 13, 1993, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,297, issued to N. F. Kelly on Apr. 6, 1993, suggest the incorporation into a release layer of particulate materials (such as silica, day particles, and particles of polytetrafluoroethylene) and binding agents. Laminar separation of such medium will effect the fracturing of the image-forming layer and release layer in response to cohesive and/or adhesive failure, the failure being attributable to either of the two layers. It will be appreciated that, in general, adhesivity and cohesivity will oftentimes be affected by ambient environmental conditions.
While good results are obtained from the aforedescribed embodiments, a desire has developed to improve fracturing of the medium's fracturable layers and thereby enhance imaging performance. A desire has also developed to extend the performance of such media across a wider range of environmental conditions without departing from good imaging performance. 0f particular interest is the realization of such performance under varying environmental conditions, for example, under tropical (i.e., hot and humid) and arid (i.e., hot and dry) conditions, these conditions being foreseeably encountered when such media are transported, stored, and/or used during imaging and development. Advantage may be derived from reduced implementation of environmentally-insulating packaging, transportation, and storage, as well as by ameliorating the affects on imaging of environmental conditions.

Laminar imaging medium utilizing cross-linked borated polymeric binder


A disposable diaper having an elastic waist is provided with a foam strip to cushion stresses of the elastic band in the waist area.

This invention relates generally to garments with stretchable closures. In one aspect, it relates to a diaper having foam cushion in the elastic waist band.
Although disposable diapers have been in existence for a number of years, it has only recently become popular to employ elastic waist bands on the diaper to secure better body fit. See for example European Publication Nos. 0119815 and 0119827 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,714,735 and 4,534,769. The elastic waist band is achieved by securing an elastomeric strip between two inelastic plastic panel members (e.g. backsheet and nonwoven cover sheet) in the waist area. Upon contraction of the elastomeric strip, the inelastic panel members gather in the waist area. The gathering of the inelastic backsheet and the elasticity of the elastomer strip imparts stretchability to the diaper waist. Although the elastic waist band provides for an improved fit, it can also create discomfort because of the stress imposed on the body.

Garment with foam cushion elastic closure


A distributed data processing system to efficiently execute distributed processing on pairs of a plurality of types of data is provided. A distributed data processing system 100 performs a predetermined arithmetic process on each of pairs of N types of data, where N is a natural number greater than or equal to 2. The distributed data processing system 100 includes a management unit 111 and a plurality of processing unit 121. The management unit 111 allocates each of first to N−1th types out of the N types to any of the plurality of processing unit 121. Each of the plurality of processing unit 121 executes the predetermined arithmetic process on pairs of ith type of data and each of i+1th to Nth types of data, where i is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to N−1, the ith type being allocated by the management unit.

PTL1 describes one example of an operation management system that uses time-series information about system performance to model a system and uses the generated model to detect a failure in the system.
The operation management system described in PTL1 determines a correlation function for each pair of a plurality of metrics on the basis of measured value of the plurality of metrics of a system to generate a correlation model of the system. The operation management system then uses the generated correlation model to detect destruction of a correlation (correlation destruction) and determines the cause of a failure on the basis of the correlation destruction. The technique to analyze the cause of a failure on the basis of correlation destruction in this way is called invariant relation analysis.
In the invariant relation analysis, correlation functions are calculated for all pairs of a plurality of metrics. The number of pairs for which correlation functions are calculated is proportional to the square of the number of metrics. Accordingly, if the scale (the number of metrics) of a system is large, the number of pairs for which correlation functions are calculated becomes huge, which makes it difficult to generate a correlation model in a predetermined period of time.
One way to perform calculation on a huge amount of data as described above is distributed processing. Among the known typical distributed processing techniques is, for example, Hadoop disclosed in NPL1. In Hadoop, an HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System), which is a distributed file system, distributes data to be processed to a plurality of nodes. Then processing is executed by MapReduce on the plurality of nodes in parallel.
Note that a related technique is disclosed in PTL2 which is a method for determining nodes on which processing is executed in a distributed processing system such as Hadoop on the basis of delay in communication between nodes.

Distributed data processing system and distributed data processing method


A mast for use on a gasoline pump or pedestal wherein one end of a fuel dispensing coaxial hose is supported by the mast while the other end of the coaxial hose has a nozzle connected thereto. The nozzle has a boot which collects the vapors for conveyance back to the coaxial hose while the nozzle dispenses the gasoline. The mast supports the coaxial hoses in a vertical attitude and permit the pivoting of the hoses about a vertical axis which prevents twisting or kinking of the coaxial hoses since it rotates inside of the mast and has means for assuring continuous passage of the vapors and the liquid fuel without interruption during manipulation of the fuel dispensing coaxial hose and nozzle.

This invention relates to a vapor recovery system utilizing a dual hose system and more particularly to the hose dispensing means for the dispensing of gasoline to a vehicle while recovering vapors therefrom.
There has been increased emphasis on preventing pollution to the air of the atmosphere from the filling of vehicle fuel tanks. Vapor recovery systems have been devised for service station's storage facilities which use the present tanks that are below the ground level, dispenses the liquid fuel such as gasoline into the tank of a vehicle, while a concentric tube on the fuel dispensing hose collects the vapors displaced from the vehicle tank and conveys the fuel vapors back into the storage tank. In order to facilitate the task of dispensing fuels a special dispensing nozzle is used, such that it can collect the vapors from the vehicle tank and direct them outwardly to a hose adjacent to the dispensing hose. In addition to making these hoses parallel and adjacent, the dispensing hose can utilize concentric hoses, with the inner hose being the dispensing hose and the other concentric annular space being the vapor collecting and dispensing hose. When utilizing hose of the concentric type, in the gasoline station, twisting or kinking of the hose occurs when manuvering and positioning the hose for use in dispensing fuel or gasoline to vehicles because of the manner in which these vehicles park relative to the dispensing gasoline pump in the service station. This has been compounded by the self-service station type where the person dispensing the gasoline is not particularly careful in the manner in which he manipulates the hose. Considerable attention must be given by an attendant to untwist or unkink the hose periodically.
The present invention overcomes these difficulties by mounting the coaxial hose in a vertically extending support or mast which allows pivotal movement of the concentric hoses about a vertical axis thus permitting the movement of the hose dispensing nozzle and the coaxial hoses from one side of the pump to the other side of the pump without twisting the hoses. It also permits the mounting of two coaxial hoses adjacent to each other on a single pump without the problem of cross-over or interlocking of the hoses. The coaxial hose is adaptable for use in a flexible mast or in a rigid type mast that permits the servicing of vehicles that are parked for receiving gasoline at relatively considerable distances from the pump yet prevent the kinking of the hose. In addition, the present hose reduces the weight that has ordinarily been associated with coaxial fuel hose dispensing means.


An active matrix substrate is disclosed. The active matrix substrate of the invention includes: a plurality of scanning lines; a plurality of signal lines which cross the plurality of scanning lines; a plurality of picture element electrodes formed in regions defined by the plurality of scanning lines and the plurality of signal lines, respectively, part of each of the plurality of picture element electrodes overlapping at least one of the scanning lines and the signal lines adjacent to the picture element electrode; and a light blocking film covering the line.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an active matrix substrate which constitutes a liquid crystal display apparatus or the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 6 is a plan view showing an exemplary construction of a conventional active matrix substrate. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line C-C' in FIG. 6.
In the active matrix substrate, gate bus lines 101 and source bus lines 102 which cross the gate bus lines 101 are formed on a transparent insulating substrate 110. In each of regions defined by the gate and the source bus lines 101 and 102, a picture element electrode 107 is formed. To the picture element electrode 107, a video signal is supplied from the corresponding source bus line 102 via a thin film transistor (hereinafter, abbreviated as a TFT) 103 as a switching element.
Referring to FIG. 7, the TFT 103 includes a thin silicon film 111 formed on the transparent insulating substrate 110, a gate insulating film 112 formed on the thin silicon film 111, and a gate electrode 113 formed on the gate insulating film 112. The thin silicon film 111 serves as a source electrode, a drain electrode and a semiconductor layer of the TFT 103. The gate insulating film 112 is formed so as to cover the thin silicon film 111. Then, the gate electrode 113 is formed on the gate insulating film 112. Over a substantially entire surface of the transparent insulating substrate 110 on which the gate electrode 113 has been formed, an interlayer insulating film 114 is formed.
A contact hole 104a is formed through the interlayer insulating film 114 and the gate insulating film 112. On the interlayer insulating film 114, the source bus line 102 (115 in FIG. 7) of a low resistive metal such as Al is formed. The source bus line 102 is connected to the source electrode of the TFT 103 via the contact hole 104a.
On the interlayer insulating film 114, a second interlayer insulating film 116 is formed. A contact hole 104b is formed through the insulating films 112, 114 and 116.
The picture element electrode 107 formed on the second interlayer insulating film 116 is made of an ITO (indium tin oxide) film. As is shown in FIG. 7, the picture element electrode 107 is connected to the drain electrode of the TFT 103 via the contact hole 104b.
As is shown in FIG. 6, an additional capacitance common interconnection 105 is formed parallel to the gate bus line 101. In an overlapping area where the additional capacitance common interconnection 105 overlaps the thin silicon film 111, an additional capacitance 106 is formed. In the additional capacitance 106, the additional capacitance common interconnection 105 serves as an upper electrode and the thin silicon film 111 serves as a lower electrode.
In the active matrix substrate with the above construction, when the potential of the gate bus line 101 is HIGH and the TFT 103 is in an ON state, a video signal is written into the picture element electrode 107 and the additional capacitance 106. The written signal is held under such conditions that the potential of the gate bus line 101 is LOW and the TFT 103 is OFF. Since the additional capacitance 106 is connected to the picture element electrode 107 in parallel, the signal holding property can be enhanced.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line D-D' in FIG. 6. As is shown in FIG. 8, in the prior art, the picture element electrode 107 overlaps the source bus line 102 for the following reasons.
In the case where there is any gap between the source bus line 102 and the picture element electrode 107, the gap portion does not contribute to a display. Moreover, it is necessary to provide a light blocking film on a counter substrate 119 for blocking light leaked from the gap. As a result, the opening ratio of the display apparatus is reduced by the gap and the light blocking film. In the case where the picture element electrode 107 overlaps the source bus line 102, the overlapping area does not contribute to a display, but an area which can contribute to the display can be maximum. In addition, in the overlapping portion of the picture element electrode 107, light is blocked by the source bus line 102, which means that light is not incident on the area which does not contribute to the display, so that a light blocking film for blocking leaked light therefrom is not required. As a result, the opening ratio of the liquid crystal display apparatus can be made larger, and the display apparatus can attain a brighter display.
In the conventional active matrix substrate having a structure in which the picture element electrode 107 is superposed on the source bus line 102, as is shown in FIG. 8, a step is made in the picture element electrode 107 because of the step of the interlayer insulating film 116 in the vicinity of the source bus line 102. As a result, the orientation of liquid crystal molecules is disordered in portions 108 of a liquid crystal layer 118 in the vicinity of the picture element electrode 107. The portion 108 is hatched in FIG. 8. The orientation disorder of liquid crystal molecules is increased due to an electric field around the bus line in addition to the geometrical factor of steps of the bus line.
The above-mentioned orientation disorder results in light leakage. Specifically, in a normally white mode display, there occurs a phenomenon that the vicinity of the step of the bus line is white even when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal for a black display. As a result, the contrast ratio of the display apparatus is degraded, and hence the display quality is deteriorated.

Liquid crystal display having a light blocking film on stepped portions


A reflection photomask includes a substrate and first and second reflection circuit patterns on the substrate so that light reflected from the first reflection circuit pattern has a different phase from light reflected from the second reflection circuit pattern. Interference between the reflected light bundles produces dark, i.e., non-illuminated, regions. An exposure apparatus includes a light source, a Koehler illumination optical system for irradiating a reflection photomask including a circuit pattern with light emitted from the light source, and a projection optical system for converging the light reflected from the reflection photomask onto a substrate to project the circuit pattern onto the substrate.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a reflection photomask and an exposure apparatus suitable for use in the production of large scale intergrated circuits (LSIS).
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
An optical system of a projection exposure apparatus according to the related art is shown in FIG. 12. A mirror 2 is provided between a lamp house 1 and a fly-eye lens 3. Sequentially arranged in the following order downstream in the light path from the fly eye lens 3 are: an aperture member 4; relay lenses 5A; a stop 6 between the relay lenses 5A; another mirror 7; a condenser lens 5B; and a photomask 8 having a circuit pattern. Projection lenses 9A and 9B are arranged in that order in the downstream from the photomask 8. A wafer 10 is placed in front of (downstream from) the projection lens 9B.
When the light emitted from the lamp house 1 is reflected by the mirror 2 and then reaches the fly-eye lens 3, the light is divided into bundles by component lenses 3a of the fly-eye lens 3. The light bundle transmitted through each of the component lenses 3a further travels via an aperture 4a of the aperture member 4, the relay lenses 5A, the stop 6, the mirror 7 and the condenser lens 5B so as to fall on the entire surface of the photomask 8. The light bundles from the component lenses 3a of the fly-eye lens 3 overlap one another on the photomask 8, thus achieving uniform illumination over the entire surface of the photomask 8. The light transmitted through the photomask 8 travels through the projection lenses 9A and 9B to strike the wafer 10. In this manner, a photoresist film provided beforehand on the surface of wafer 10 is exposed to the illumination light, thus preparing a circuit pattern.
An example of a conventionally-used photomask 8 is shown in FIG. 13. The example photomask 8 comprises: a transparent substrate 11 made of glass or the like; metallic light-blocking films 12 formed on the transparent base board 11, the light blocking films 12 forming a repetitive pattern; and phase shift members 13 selectively provided in light transmitting portions, that is, the portions not covered by the light blocking films 12. The light entering the transparent substrate 11 is varied in intensity by the light transmitting portions and the light blocking portions covered by the light blocking films 12. Further, the phase of the light transmitted through the portions covered by the phase shift members 13 is shifted by a predetermined difference from the phase of the light transmitted through other portions. The imaging characteristic is thus enhanced.
The above-described photomask 8 is produced by the steps as shown in FIGS. 14A to 14D. First, an etching stopper 14 and a light blocking film 12 are sequentially vapor-deposited on a transparent substrate 11, as shown in FIG. 14A. After the light blocking film 12 is selectively etched to form a light blocking pattern as shown in FIG. 14B, spin on gloss (SOG), a material for phase shift members 13, is applied to both the etching stopper 14 and the light blocking film 12 to form a SOG film 15 as shown in FIG. 14C. Finally, the SOG film 15 is selectively etched to form phase shift members 13 as shown in FIG. 14D.
Various constructions of photomasks have been proposed. For example, a photomask shown in FIG. 15A has phase shift members 13 arranged in every other light transmitting portion of the repetitive pattern so that the light bundles transmitted through two neighboring light transmitting portions weaken each other.
A photomask shown in FIG. 15B has small auxiliary phase shifters 16 formed of SOG or the like on the peripheries of the isolated patterns. Because the auxiliary phase shifters 13 are so small that the images thereof will not be resolved, the light diffracted from the auxiliary phase shifters 13 enhances the optical image of the main pattern.
A photomask shown in FIG. 15C has phase shift members 13 on the peripheries of the openings of isolated patterns and, thereby, peripheral portions of the optical image of the main pattern are eliminated, thus enhancing the optical image.
A photomask shown in FIG. 15D has phase shift members 13 and thin light-blocking films 12 having a reduced thickness so as to achieve a half tone quality (semitransparency). The combination of the phase shift members 13 and the thin light-blocking films 12 reverses the phase of the light transmitted therethrough and, thereby, peripheral portions of the optical image of the main pattern are eliminated, thus enhancing the optical image.
Further, a photomask shown in FIG. 16A has a multi-layer phase shift member 13 having a .pi./2 phase shift portion 17 in a boundary between the 0 phase region and the .pi. phase region, thus increasing the degree of freedom in pattern layout.
A photomask shown in FIG. 16B forms light blocking portions by utilizing interference between the light phase-reversed by the phase shift members 13 and the light transmitted though portions not covered by the phase shift members 13. This photomask achieves a higher light blocking effect than other photomasks having metallic light-blocking patterns.
A photomask shown in FIG. 16C has metallic light blocking films provided in the phase shift members 13, thereby increasing the degree of freedom in pattern size.
A photomask shown in FIG. 16D forms a light blocking pattern by utilizing edge portions of relatively large phase shift members 13.
A photomask shown in FIG. 16E has such small phase shift members 13 that their images are not resolved, thus achieving a light blocking pattern having a large area without using a metallic film.
Thus, the conventional photomasks have phase shift members 13 or auxiliary phase shifters 16 formed by patterning SOG films. However, when electron beam exposure is performed, the phase shift members or auxiliary phase shifters 16 are electrically charged, thus distorting the course of electron beams. Therefore, a correction in accordance with the patterns is required.

Exposure apparatus employing a photomask


In an engine provided with a starter motor for putting the teeth of the starter pinion into the teeth of the ring gear coupled with the crankshaft, the apparatus is intended to detect continuously the rotating direction of the engine in a limited range. A magnetic sensor for outputting a signal depending on the passing of teeth in the specific range of the ring gear is provided. This specific range is determined so as not to overlap with the wear region of the ring gear worn by engagement with the starter pinion, so that the detecting precision of angle is enhanced by preliminarily eliminating the effect of the wear of the teeth of ring gear on the angle detecting precision.

An electronically controlled automobile engine is generally provided with a sensor for detecting the rotating state of the engine.
As a kind of such sensor, a crank angle sensor for detecting the specific rotating position of the engine crankshaft is disclosed for example in Jikkai Sho. 58- 19532 published in 1983 and Tokkai Sho. 63-183375 published in 1988 by the Japanese Patent Office.
The crank angle sensor detects only a specific rotating position a so called reference position, but it may be desired to detect continuously the rotation angle of the crankshaft in a specific range from the reference position. Such necessity arises, for example, when determining misfiring of engine. In order to determine misfiring in a cylinder, the angular velocity of the crankshaft in the specific range from the reference position corresponding to the cylinder is detected, then the detected angular velocity is compared with the previously detected angular velocity in the same range or with the angular velocity detected in other specific range. When a speed drop more than a predetermined value is found in this comparison, the corresponding cylinder is determined to have misfired.
To obtain an angular velocity, the rotation angle of the crankshaft must be detected continuously, which is realized, for example, by detecting passing of teeth of a ring gear mounted on the engine crankshaft by a magnetic sensor, and counting the number of passing teeth.
The ring gear is a gear for starting up the engine by engaging with a pinion of a starter motor when starting up the engine. The magnetic sensor is provided oppositely to the teeth of the ring gear, detects changes of its own magnetic field by passing of teeth of the ring gear, and outputs a pulse signal. Therefore, by counting the pulses of the signal after output of the reference position signal, the rotation angle of the crankshaft from the reference position is continuously detected.
However, the ring gear is gradually worn by contact with the pinion upon start of engine, and accordingly the output voltage of the magnetic sensor may drop or the output voltage ratio may vary. In such a case, the detection precision of the rotation angle may also decrease.

Detecting apparatus of engine rotation angle


Disclosed is a catalyst component for olefin polymerization. The catalyst component comprises magnesium, titanium, halogen and an internal electron donor. The internal electron donor includes an imine compound with a ketone group as shown in Formula I. Disclosed further is a method of preparing the catalyst component, and a catalyst for olefin polymerization containing the catalyst component. When the catalyst is used in olefin polymerization reaction especially propene polymerization reaction, the catalyst has a high long-term activity and good hydrogen response, and the obtained polymer has characteristics of an adjustable isotactic index and a relatively wide molecular weight distribution.

Generally, catalysts used for olefin polymerization can be classified into three categories: traditional Ziegler-Natta catalysts, metallocene catalysts, and non-metallocene catalysts. Regarding traditional Ziegler-Natta catalysts for propene polymerization, with the development of electron donor compounds in catalysts, polyolefin catalysts are also constantly undated. The development of catalysts has experienced the 1st generation of TiCl3AlCl3/AlEt2Cl system, the 2nd generation of TiCl3/AlEt2Cl system, the 3rd generation of TiCl4.ED.MgCl2/AlR3.ED system using magnesium chloride as carriers, monoester or aromatic diester as internal electron donor, and silane as external electron donor, and the newly developed catalyst system using diether compounds and diester compounds as internal electron donors. The activity of catalysts for catalyzing polymerization reaction and the isotacticity of the obtained polypropene has been greatly improved. In existing technologies, titanium catalysts used for propene polymerization mainly use magnesium, titanium, halogen, and electron donor as basic components, among which electron donor compounds are indispensible elements of catalyst components. Till now, various internal electron donor compounds have been disclosed, these compounds including, for example, monocarboxylic esters or polycarboxylic esters, acid anhydrides, ketones, monoethers or polyethers, alcohols, amines, and derivatives thereof, and so on, among which commonly used ones are aromatic dicarboxylic esters such as di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) or diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), and so on. Reference can be made to U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,983. U.S. Pat. No. 4,971,937 and European patent EP0728769 disclose components of catalysts used for olefin polymerization, in which 1,3-diether compounds having two ether groups are used as electron donors, such compounds including, for example, 2-isopropyl-2-isopentyl-1,3-dimethoxy propane, 2,2-diisobutyl-1,3-dimethoxy propane, 9,9-di(methoxymethyl)fluorene, etc. Later, a class of special aliphatic dicarboxylic ester compounds, such as succinate, malonic ester, glutarate, and so on, are disclosed (see WO98/56830, WO98/56834, WO01/57099, WO01/63231, and WO00/55215). The use of such electron donor compounds can not only improve the activity of a catalyst, but also enable an obtained propene polymer to have a wider molecular weight distribution.
The most common non-metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization are C═N polydentate ligand-containing transition metal complexes. For example, Brookhart et al first found that diimine late transition metal complexes had a relatively high catalytic activity when used for catalyzing olefin polymerization (Johnson L. K., Killian C. M., Brookhart M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6414; Johnson L. K., Ecking S. M., Brookhart M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 267). Since then, the study of non-metallocene organic complexes has aroused great interest among researchers. In 1996, McConville et al reported a class of Ti and Zr metal complexes (as shown in Formula 1) chelating β-diamine, which were first examples of high-catalytic-activity N—N polydentate ligand-containing early transition metal complexes for catalyzing olefin polymerization (Scollard J. D., Mcconville D. H., Payne N. C., Vittal J. J, Macromolecules, 1996, 29, 5241; Scollard J. D., Mcconville D. H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 10008).

β-diamine complexes (as shown in Formula 2) are also a class of important N—N ligand-containing non-metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization. Because of the specific structures of these complexes, the steric hindrance and electronic effect of the ligand can be easily regulated and controlled through the change of a substituent on arylamine. With the variation of metals and the surroundings of the ligand, the β-diamine ligand can bond in different ways to different metals to form different metal complexes. These ligand-containing compounds are advantageous in that they are easy to synthesize and easy to regulate and control in terms of structure, and are comparatively idea complexes for studying the relationship between the structure and the properties of a catalyst. Ligand-containing compounds with such structures have therefore attracted wide attention among researchers (Bourget-Merle L., Lappert M. F., Severn J. R., Chem. Rev., 2002, 102, 3031; Kim W. K., Fevola M. J., Liable-Sands L. M., Rheingold A. L., Theopoid K. H., Organometallics, 1998, 17, 4541; Jin X., Novak B. M., Macromolecules, 2000, 33, 6205).
Polyethylene Laboratory of Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry disclosed, in Chinese patent CN 00107258.7, a class of bidentate ligand-containing metal complexes for use in the copolymerization reaction of ethylene, and later disclosed, respectively in Chinese patents CN 02129548.4 (2002), CN 200410086388.8 (2004), CN 200710176588.6 (2007), a similar transition metal complex catalyst for use in the copolymerization reaction of ethylene. Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences disclosed, in Chinese patents CN 201010554473.8 and CN 201010108695.7, a class of polydentate ligand-containing metal catalysts with similar structures, for use in the copolymerization reaction of ethylene to prepare ultra-low-branched high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
In the disclosure of the above patents, the catalysts used for olefin polymerization are relevant ligand-containing metal compounds. Up till now, seldom are there reports about the direct use of such ligand-containing metal compounds in the preparation of a catalyst for propene polymerization and reports about their use related to propene polymerization.

Catalyst component for olefin polymerization, catalyst, and use thereof

BEIJING RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, CHINA PETROLEUM & CHEMICAL CORPORATION