A manufacturing method of a light emitting device includes a light emitting element disposed over a substrate and a reflective resin disposed along the side surface of the light emitting element. The method includes disposing light emitting elements in a matrix over an aggregate substrate, and disposing a semiconductor element between the adjacent light emitting elements in one direction of column and row directions of the light emitting elements in the matrix. A reflective resin is disposed to cover the semiconductor elements along the side surfaces of the light emitting elements and the side surfaces of the phosphor layers. The reflective resin and the substrate disposed in between the adjacent light emitting elements is cut in the column or row direction and between the light emitting element and the adjacent semiconductor element in the other direction, to include a light emitting element or a semiconductor element.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a light emitting device that can be used for a display device, an illumination tool, a display, a backlight source of a liquid crystal display, and the like, and a light emitting device manufactured using the same.
2. Description of Related Art
Light emitting diodes (LED) having received attention as a next-generation light source have excellent effect of energy saving as compared to an existing light source, and will be able to be semipermanently used. Applications of the light emitting diode, for example, including a backlight, a vehicle, a lighting board, a traffic light, and a general illuminating light, have been spread industry-wide.
One of the well-known light emitting devices using the LED includes a light emitting element mounted on a mounting substrate with wirings. In recent years, the so-called chip scale package (CSP), that is, a package having substantially the same size as a light emitting element, and a planar light emitting device including light emitting elements mounted at a high density have been developed.
By way of such a light emitting device, in order to ensure a high front surface brightness, the light emitting device is proposed which includes a light emitting element, a wavelength conversion layer disposed over the light emitting element for converting a wavelength of the light from the light emitting element, the conversion layer being formed of a translucent member including a phosphor, and a reflection member disposed adjacent to the side surface of the wavelength conversion layer and the side surface of the light emitting element (for example, JP 2009-218274 A).
FIG. 11 is an exemplary diagram of an example of one step of a manufacturing method of a light emitting device in the related art, showing a plurality of light emitting devices manufactured. A plurality of light emitting elements 53 are flip-chip mounted over a substrate 52 via bumps 60. A phosphor layer 54 forming a light emitting surface of the light emitting device is bonded to the upper surface of each light emitting element 53 using a phosphor layer adhesive 56. The light emitting element 53 and the phosphor layer 54 are sealed with a reflective resin 58.
However, in an intermediate region 61 between the adjacent light emitting elements 53, a recessed portion, which is the so-called "sink", is generated due to hardening and contraction of the reflective resin 58. In particular, the largest intermediate region 61, that is, a region having the maximum distance between the adjacent light emitting elements 53 tends to generate the sink. As the sink becomes larger, the width of the reflective layer on each side surface of the phosphor layer 54 is thinned, which cannot sufficiently reflect the light from the phosphor layer 54, resulting in a decrease in light-extraction efficiency. This might make the light emitted from a light emitting surface non-uniform, or render an end of the light emitting surface vague, thus leading to degradation of light quality.

Method for manufacturing light emitting device and light emitting device


Methods and apparatuses for selective monitoring of multiple silicon compounds in etchant solutions are provided. Methods can include reacting a test solution comprising a plurality of different silicon compounds with a fluoride-based compound in several conditions to provide different silicon:reagent binding ratios. One of the conditions can include the addition of a co-solvent to the test solution. Concentrations of the multiple silicon compounds can be determined based on the different binding ratios of silicon:reagent. Methods can further include a measuring method such as silicon elemental analysis or measuring of functional groups of a certain silicon form of a first portion of a test solution comprising a plurality of different silicon compounds and reacting a second portion of the solution with a fluoride-based compound to provide a silicon:reagent binding ratio. Concentrations of the multiple silicon compounds can be determined based on the measuring method and binding ratio measurements.

Electrodeposition processes are used in several industries including metal finishing, semiconductor, printed circuit board, and solar industries in order to deposit metal or produce products with desired properties. For example, etching processes can be used for the fabrication of both circuitry and semiconductor devices on silicon integrated circuit (IC) chips. The semiconductor industry widely employs silicon nitride (Si3N4) materials in such processes. Certain processes provide a silicon nitride (Si3N4) mask disposed on a layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2) which can be patterned and etched to expose an underlying silicon/silicon dioxide layer.
The exposed silicon layer can be locally oxidized, e.g., at high temperatures (e.g., about 800° C. to about 1200° C.) to produce thicker insulating silicon dioxide (SiO2) in unmasked areas in order to electrically isolate subsequently formed metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors. The silicon-nitride mask can withstand high temperatures but can also require a relatively strong etchant which can also operate at high temperatures (e.g., >about 150° C.). The silicon nitride etching process should be closely controlled to provide substantially complete removal of the silicon-nitride mask material without excessive etching of the underlying silicon dioxide layer. Thus, it is important to control the etch rate of silicon nitride (Si3N4) relative to the etch rate of silicon dioxide (SiO2) in such processes. In another example, the manufacturing of vertical NAND (V-NAND) memory devices can include the deposition of alternating layers of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) followed by etching of a silicon nitride (Si3N4) layer as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,940,182 to Hong, et al. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) can also be used as an etchant in several other applications in semiconductor manufacturing.
Silicon nitride materials can be effectively etched using a high temperature phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution. The silicon nitride etchant can be a concentrated solution of phosphoric acid (e.g., about 85 wt.-%) and can be operated at temperatures above about 150° C. (typically, e.g., at about 165° C.). The etch rate of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and its selectivity with respect to silicon dioxide (SiO2) in such etchant solutions can depend on the concentration of silicon ions derived from the etching process and which can accumulate in the etchant solution during use. Silicon ions can reduce the etch rates of both silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) in the phosphoric acid etchant and can also improve their selectivity. However, the electrolyte does not necessarily possess sufficient selectivity toward silicon nitride (Si3N4).
Presence of silica in the solution can reduce the etch rate for silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon dioxide (SiO2), however, in a greater amount for silicon dioxide (SiO2), thus enabling for selective etching of silicon nitride (Si3N4) in the presence of silicon dioxide (SiO2). A higher concentration of silicon dioxide (SiO2) can improve selectivity but can also increase potential particle defect to re-deposition silicon dioxide (SiO2) (a product of silicon nitride etching) on the surface. It is therefore important that the change in the etch rates and selectivity resulting from accumulation of silicon ions and the monitoring of silica content to be considered in order to optimize the silicon nitride etching process and to provide for effective process control.
The semiconductor industry has addressed silicon dioxide solubility concerns, for example, by using certain modified silicon compounds. Such silicon compounds can include organo-silicates. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0018358 to Shalyt, et al. describes methods for monitoring organo-silicate in process solutions. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,821,752 to Cho, et al., such etching solutions can include silyl phosphate compounds. For example, the etching composition can include a silyl phosphate compound, phosphoric acid, and deionized water. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,940,182 to Hong, et al. such etching solutions can include a silicon compound including a silicon atom, an atomic group having an amino group combined with the silicon atom, and at least two oxygen atoms combined with the silicon atom. For example, the etching solution can include such silicon compound, phosphoric acid, and ammonium ions.
Certain methods for determining silicon concentration in aqueous solutions have allowed for the measurement of total silicon in solution. U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,087 to Shalyt, et al. provides metrology for use in the analysis of the silicon concentration in phosphoric acid etchant solutions and describes a practical method for measuring low concentrations of silicon ions in silicon nitride etchant solutions comprising concentrated phosphoric acid. In this method, a predetermined concentration of fluoride ions in excess of that required to react with all of the silicon ions present in a test solution can be added and the concentration of "free" fluoride ions (i.e., those not reacted with silicon ions) can be measured, preferably using a fluoride ion specific electrode (FISE). The concentration of silicon ions can be calculated from the difference between the predetermined concentration of fluoride ions added to the test solution and the concentration of "free" fluoride ions measured for the test solution. For certain concentrated phosphoric acid etchants without additives, the method of Shalyt, et al. can provide sufficiently accurate results within a short time frame using inexpensive equipment so as to enable control of the concentration of silicon ions in the etchant solution via a "bleed and feed" approach and can further be amenable to automation and on-line process control.
As certain modified silicon compounds have been used in the industry to address the solubility of silicon dioxide (SiO2) in phosphoric acid solutions and prior methods have measured total silicon in solution, there is a need for methods to determine the concentration of different silicon compounds in solutions including multiple silicon compounds in order to provide for effective process control. The production of modern semiconductor structures, for example, vertical NAND (V-NAND) memory, can require the removal of large quantities of silicon nitrate and can include the use of modified silicon compounds combined with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and etch product.
Certain methods provide for measurement of the total amount of silicon in solution. However, different silicon forms can impact etch rate, etch selectivity, and particle re-deposition rate in different ways. Therefore, there is a need for an effective method to measure multiple forms of silicon in a process solution separately. It is thus desirable for processes and apparatuses suitable for use in such processes to provide for selective measurement of concentrations of different silicon compounds in solutions including multiple silicon compounds. The presently disclosed subject matter addresses these and other needs.

Selective monitoring of multiple silicon compounds


An optical element and an optical transmission member are fixedly secured onto a substrate so as to be coupled to each other. In this substrate, a through hole is formed between an optical element secured portion and an optical transmission member secured portion. In an attempt to assemble these optical transmission member and optical element so as to make the coupling at an optimal position, first, the position of the optical transmission member is adjusted to an optimal position, and after measuring the position by a laser micrometer, the optical transmission member is fixedly secured thereto by using a soldering material. Thus, measurements are again carried out by the laser micrometer to detect an amount of deviation from the measured value before the securing process, and the secured portion is again fused so that the optical transmission member is shifted based on the amount of deviation, and again fixedly secured thereon.

With respect to an EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier) or the like which is used for, for example, a relay point in a main-line transmission path, and amplifies a signal, an optical module having a semiconductor laser and an optical fiber assembled therein is used as an exciting light source. The optical module of this type has a structure shown in FIG. 11A. In other words, a substrate 1 is placed on a Peltier element 12 in a box member 11, and a semiconductor laser chip 21 is fixedly secured to the substrate 1 through a sub-mount 7, an optical fiber 31 is fixedly secured thereto through an optical transmission member securing base 3a, a light receiving element 6 is fixedly secured to the substrate 1 through a light receiving element securing base 6a. Here, the optical transmission member securing base 3a and the optical fiber 31 are secured to each other by using a soldering material 5 or through a YAG welding process or the like (for example, see JP-A No. 7-333472).
In the optical module of this type, there have been demands for increasing the coupling efficiency between the semiconductor laser chip 21 and the optical fiber 31 to not less than 80% in order to reduce the load imposed on the semiconductor laser chip 21. In an attempt to achieve this value, the positional precision of the optical fiber 31 with respect to the semiconductor laser chip 21 needs to be set to approximately not more than ±0.2 μm. In the assembling process between these semiconductor laser chip and optical fiber, for example, as shown in FIG. 11B, the positioning between these members is carried out while detecting the output of the optical fiber 31 by a light output measuring device 41 so that these members are secured to each other through welding by a YAG laser or soldering.
Additionally, with respect to this positioning process, another method has been proposed in which image-pickup cameras are used for observing the positional relationship between the semiconductor laser chip 21 and the optical fiber 31 by picking up images in two directions from the upper face side and the side face side that is orthogonal to this side of the semiconductor laser chip 21 so that the positioning process is carried out by using photographic images (for example, see JP-A No. 6-281846 (FIG. 1)).
However, in the case when, after the positioning process using these methods, an optical transmission member such as an optical fiber is secured, a positional deviation actually occurs during the securing process. For this reason, it is necessary to correct the positional deviation during the securing process. However, for example, in the case of the securing process through welding by a YAG laser, there occurs a great positional deviation during the securing process, and little correction is made. Additionally, since the correction of the amount of deviation cannot be carried out quantitatively, the amount of deviation after the securing process reaches approximately 0.7 μm in average, as shown in FIG. 11C, resulting in a serious reduction in the yield. Moreover, since the correction process is carried out by preparing an increased number of welding points and by pulling toward the points, the number of corrections is limited to several times.
In contrast, in the case when the securing process is carried out by using a soldering material or the like, although the corrections can be carried out a desired number of times, the deviation direction of the optical fiber and the absolute amount of deviation are not recognized, with the result that, in spite of a number of corrections with high costs, it is not possible to carry out a complete positioning process.
Moreover, in the case when the securing process of the optical fiber is carried out through soldering, although this method is advantageous in that upon occurrence of a positional deviation, the correction is easily carried out by again fusing the soldering material, the application of the soldering material causes the possibility that heat, generated upon fusing the soldering material at the time of securing the optical fiber, is transmitted to the semiconductor laser chip to cause degradation in the characteristics of the semiconductor laser chip.

Optical module and method for manufacturing the same


A hybrid vehicle implements a required traveling condition by generating a required driving force necessary to drive the vehicle even in the case where a supply source of a working fluid develops a malfunction. The hybrid vehicle is equipped with a motor which changes the phase difference between two rotors and an engaging/disengaging device which turns on/off the supply of a driving force of an internal combustion engine, the motor and the engaging/disengaging device being driven by a working fluid. The hybrid vehicle further includes a clutch which carries out the engagement/disengagement between a first drive shaft through which a driving force of an engine is transmitted and a second drive shaft through which a driving force of the motor is transmitted to wheels, an electrically-operated first pump capable of supplying hydraulic oil to a relative rotational force generator of the motor and the clutch, a mechanical second pump which is driven by the engine and which is capable of supplying the hydraulic oil to the clutch, and a solenoid selector valve for selectively switching the source of supply of the hydraulic oil to the clutch to the first pump or the second pump.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hybrid vehicle equipped with an internal combustion engine, a generator, and a motor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Hitherto, as this type of hybrid vehicle, there has been known a hybrid vehicle equipped with an internal combustion engine, a generator connected to a drive shaft of the internal combustion engine, a motor, and an output shaft which is connected to the drive shaft of the motor and which also permits connection to the drive shaft of the internal combustion engine through the intermediary of an engaging/disengaging device, wheels being connected to the output shaft, as disclosed in the publication of Japanese Patent No. 3183062 (hereinafter referred to as patent document 1).
The hybrid vehicle is capable of traveling in a travel mode which uses the driving force of the motor by engagement/disengagement performed by the engaging/disengaging device according to a traveling state of the vehicle, and also capable of traveling in a travel mode which uses the driving force of one or both of the motor and the internal combustion engine.
Here, as a motor that may be used as the motor for this type of hybrid vehicle, there is a motor disclosed in the publication of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-72978 (hereinafter referred to as patent document 2). The motor has an inner rotor and outer rotor, which are coaxially disposed and which are respectively equipped with permanent magnets. The two rotors are set such that one rotor is allowed to relatively rotate within a certain angle range in relation to the other rotor, the relative rotation permitting the phase difference between the two rotors to be changed.
The motor uses a device for hydraulically generating a driving force for implementing the relative rotation between the two rotors, as disclosed in patent document 2. The device has a plurality of pairs of advance oil chamber and retard oil chamber formed inside the inner rotor by a member supporting the inner rotor and a member supporting the outer rotor. Hydraulic oil is supplied to one of the advance oil chamber and the retard oil chamber of each pair, while the hydraulic oil is drained from the other oil chamber thereby to generate the driving force for implementing the relative rotation between the inner rotor and the outer rotor by a pressure difference between the oil chambers.
In the motor having the inner rotor and the outer rotor respectively equipped with permanent magnets, the phase difference between the two rotors tends to balance at a predetermined phase difference by magnetic forces acting between the permanent magnets of the inner rotor and the permanent magnets of the outer rotor in a state wherein no driving force for implementing the relative rotation between the two rotors or no driving force for holding the phase difference between the two rotors at a certain target phase difference is being imparted between the two rotors from an outer source, i.e., in a state wherein the relative rotation of one rotor with respect to the other rotor can be freely carried out within a mechanically defined angle range. There is a case where the predetermined phase difference becomes a phase difference which causes the intensity of the resultant magnetic flux of the permanent magnets of the two rotors to be lower than a maximum intensity. For example, in a motor having the permanent magnets of the two rotors arranged as illustrated in FIG. 1 or FIG. 7 or FIG. 8 of the aforesaid patent document 1, the phase difference between the two rotors will be balanced at a phase difference which approximately minimizes the intensity of a resultant magnetic flux outside the outer rotor.
If the motor disclosed in patent document 2 is applied to the hybrid vehicle in patent document 1, then an electrically-operated hydraulic pump is preferably used as the source of supplying hydraulic oil to the motor in order to generate the driving force for carrying out the relative rotation between the two rotors even when the internal combustion engine stops. Further preferably, the hydraulic pump for supplying the hydraulic oil to the motor serves also as an engaging/disengaging device to implement engagement/disengagement.
However, if a malfunction of the hydraulic pump serving as the supply source of hydraulic oil occurs, then it becomes difficult to change the phase difference between the two rotors in the motor. In this case, if the motor is constructed to balance the phase difference between the two rotors at a phase difference which approximately minimizes the intensity of the resultant magnetic flux of the permanent magnets of the two rotors due to the interaction of the permanent magnets between the two rotors, then a torque that can be output by the motor will reduce. This makes it difficult for the driving force of the motor to satisfy required driving force for driving the vehicle. Further, a response failure or the like will occur in the engaging/disengaging operation of the engaging/disengaging means, possibly causing a transmission failure when the engaging/disengaging device is engaged to transmit the driving force of the internal combustion engine to wheels.


Certain embodiments provide a fixing device, for fixing a toner image formed on an image receiving medium to the image receiving medium, including: a pressure rotation member; a pressure member against which the pressure rotation member is pressed across the image receiving medium; a heating roller separated from the pressure member and configured to rotate around a rotation axis thereof; an annular belt wound around the heating roller and the pressure member; a belt regulating member configured to include an opening into which the heating roller is loosely fitted and an abutting surface abutting against the annular belt; and a stopper arranged to face an outer edge of the annular belt contacting the heating roller across the belt regulating member.

In a fixing device, a nip is formed by a pressure roller pressed against a pressure pad across a fixing belt. The fixing belt rotates around a heating roller and the pressure pad. The fixing belt may move in an axial direction of a rotation axis of the heating roller during rotation.
A belt regulating plate is provided to regulate the movement of the fixing belt along the axial direction of the heating roller. A conventional belt regulating plate is supported in such a manner that the rotation axis of the heating roller is perpendicular to a flat surface thereof for regulating the belt.
However, in such a configuration, an external force is applied to an area of the fixing belt which is not wound around the heating roller. Specifically, a reaction force for pushing back the fixing belt by the belt regulating plate and a rotational force of the belt regulating plate are applied to the fixing belt. Since an area of the fixing belt which is not wound around the pressure roller has low strength, there is a possibility that the area not wound around the pressure roller is damaged if an external force is applied thereto.

Fixing device with a movable belt regulating member and image forming apparatus


A focus detection method includes moving a focusing lens group from the near extremity toward the far extremity in a search operation, and stopping the focusing lens group upon first detecting an in-focus state to determine an in-focus position of the focusing lens group when detecting a focus state in each of a plurality of focus detection areas while performing the search operation, and moving the focusing lens group firstly to one of the near extremity and the far extremity which is closer to a current position of the focusing lens group and subsequently toward the other thereof, and stopping the focusing lens group upon first detecting an in-focus state to determine an in-focus position of the focusing lens group when detecting a focus state in the single focus detection area while performing the search operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a focus detection method and a focus detection device for detecting a focus state from contrast of a captured image.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A conventional digital camera with a contrast-detection type focus detection system which detects a focus state by performing a search operation in which a focusing lens group is moved from the infinite focus position (far extremity/position for bringing an object at infinity into focus) to the closest (shortest) focus position (near extremity/position for bringing an object at the shortest distance in working range into focus), or vice versa, is known in the art, wherein the search operation is terminated upon a peak contrast occurring during the search operation on the supposition that this position of the focusing lens group at which the peak contrast is obtained is an in-focus position. Furthermore, an invention is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2002-311325, wherein the search operation is terminated upon a plurality of peak contrasts being detected simultaneously at a plurality of focus detection areas, respectively, when the search operation is performed from the infinite focus position toward the closest focus position, and the search operation is terminated upon a peak contrast being detected at even one of the plurality of focus detection areas when the search operation is performed from the closest focus position toward the infinite focus position. Additionally, another invention is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication 2002-072074, wherein the search operation starts from the infinite focus position when the focusing lens group is positioned closer to the infinite focus position than the closest focus position, and starts from the closest focus position when the focusing lens group is positioned closer to the closest focus position than the infinite focus position, in order to reduce the time for the search operation.
However, in conventional focus detection systems, even if the search operation is terminated upon a plurality of peak contrasts being respectively detected at a plurality of detection areas at the same time when the search operation is performed from the infinite focus position toward the closest focus position, there is a possibility of an object existing at closer range. If a plurality of peak contrasts simultaneously occur at all the plurality of detection areas, respectively, there is a high possibility that the object is at the closest focus position (shortest object distance). However, it is rare that a plurality of peak contrasts simultaneously occur at all the plurality of detection areas because in the related art a search operation is performed from the infinite focus position toward the closest focus position and the search operation stops as soon as a peak contrast is detected, and accordingly, the object at the closest focus position cannot be brought into focus.

Focus detection method and focus detection device


In facsimile-communicating an original when the Internet selection state in an operation unit is set to “automatic selection”, the original is communicated by selecting the e-mail-based Internet for an A4 original size, and the session-based Internet for a B4 or A3 original size. At the same time, the original information is transmitted in accordance with the transmission mode of its own apparatus, the encoding method determined based on the reception capability of a facsimile apparatus at a reception destination, and the receiving-side output original size and resolution.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a facsimile apparatus capable of performing facsimile communication via the Internet, control method therefor, and computer-readable storage medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, facsimile apparatuses using the e-mail (electronic mail)-based Internet or session-based Internet are proposed as a facsimile apparatus capable of performing facsimile communication via the Internet.
However, even the ITU-T does not recommend any standard of facsimile communication via the conventional Internet, and each manufacturer is developing such facsimile apparatuses based on its own standard. For this reason, facsimile communication via the Internet can only be realized between apparatuses made by the same manufacturer.
E-mail-based facsimile communication via the Internet can only communicate in a so-called primitive mode. Session-based facsimile communication via the Internet fails in communication if transmission data is delayed in the Internet.

Facsimile apparatus, control method therefor, and computer-readable storage medium


In a motor pump where the cooling of the motor section and the lubrication of bearings are achieved by an independent circulation system of a treating liquid by an auxiliary impeller, the pressure of a motor section, that is, the pressure of the treating liquid circulating is raised more than the suction pressure of a main process (the suction pressure of a main impeller). The treating liquid circulating from a front rotor chamber is caused to flow through a passage into an inlet port which is separated radially outside by a selected distance L from a suction inlet portion of the auxiliary impeller. This raises the pressure at the inlet port (the pressure of the front rotor chamber) to a pressure which is higher than the pressure at the suction inlet port by a magnitude corresponding to the distance L. Thus, even for a liquid which is at a high temperature and liable to be gasificated, it is possible to prevent the gasification of the circulating liquid to thereby achieve the cooling of the motor section and the lubrication of the bearings in a smooth fashion.

The present invention relates to a motor pump, and more particularly to a canned motor pump having a circulation system for a treating liquid circulating within a rotor chamber of a canned motor section for cooling the motor section and for lubricating its bearing.
In general, a canned motor pump is, as shown in FIG. 2, essentially comprises a pump section 16 and a canned motor section 22. The pump section 16 includes a casing 10, a main impeller 12 and a liner disc 14. The canned motor section 22 includes a stator assembly 18 and a rotor assembly 20. Both the pump section 16 and the canned motor section 22 are connected by adaptor 24. The main impeller 12 and the rotor assembly 20 are respectively mounted on a rotor shaft 32 which is supported by a liner ring 26, a front bearing 28 and a rear bearing 30.
In such canned motor pumps, the rotor shaft 32 is not sealed. Then, the treating liquid of the canned motor pump serves to cool the motor section 22 and to lubricate the front and rear bearings 28 and 30. With respect to canned motor pumps resistive to a hot treating liquid, the circulation of the treating liquid for cooling the motor section 22 and lubricating the front and rear bearings 28 and 30 are achieved by an auxiliary impeller 38 independent of the main impeller 12. The auxiliary impeller 38 is provided on a side of a front rotor chamber 34 involved in the motor section 22. Thus, the auxiliary impeller 38 serves for making the pressure of the treating liquid rise. Then, the treating liquid is circulated through a pipeline 40, a cooler 42, a pipeline 44, a liquid reservoir 46, a passage 48 and a surface of the rear bearing 30, a rear rotor chamber 36, the front rotor chamber 34, a passage 50 and a surface of the front bearing 28 and thus back to the auxiliary impeller 38. As a result of those, the cooling for the motor section 22 and lubricating for the front and rear bearings 28 and 30 are achieved.
Although such circulation of the treating liquid for cooling and lubricating operations are achieved by the auxiliary impeller 38 independent of the main impeller 12, such circulation system is poor in reliability, especially to a high temperature treating liquid which is likely to be gasified.
In FIG. 3 showing the auxiliary impeller 38 section, the treating liquid in the front rotor chamber 34 is transmitted to a suction inlet port 52 of the auxiliary impeller 38 through the passage 50 and the bearing surface of the front bearing 28. In the auxiliary impeller 38, the pressure of the treating liquid is raised and discharged through a discharging port 54. With respect to the pressure of the treating liquid, since the suction inlet port 52 communicates with a suction inlet port of the main impeller 12 through passage 56 and the liner ring 26 (see FIG. 2), a suction pressure of the treating liquid at the suction inlet port 52 is so set as to be approximately equivalent to a suction pressure of the treating liquid at the main impeller 12, and thus in a main process (hereinafter referred to as a main process suction pressure).
Further, the pressure of the treating liquid in the rotor chamber, particularly in the front rotor chamber 34 directly communicating with the suction inlet port 52 through the passage 50 is also so set as to be approximately equivalent to the suction pressure of the main process. In case that the treating liquid is a high temperature and liable to be gasified, if the treating liquid cooled by the cooler 42 becomes a higher temperature than a predetermined value, the circulating treating liquid is readily gasified. Therefore, the problems with the conventional cooling and lubricating system are that the gasification of the circulating treating liquid prevents the cooling of the motor section and the lubrication of the bearing. Further, the gasification of the circulating treating liquid causes cavitation, erosion and other affections, when bubbles produced by the gasification burst.

Motor pump with a treating liquid circulation system


Various aspects provide a high frequency voltage supply monitor capable of monitoring high frequency variations of the voltage supply inside a microelectronic circuit substantially in real time. The voltage supply monitor can comprise a differential amplifier circuit having a substantially constant gain over a wide bandwidth, allowing the supply voltage variations to be amplified according to a known gain under a wide range of conditions. The amplified signal can then be sent to an output port for monitoring and measurement by an external display device.

Microelectronic systems are often subject to voltage fluctuations on the power supply rails that deliver power to the various integrated circuit (IC) components that make up the systems. Spikes, oscillations, or other such power supply noise may cause unpredictable circuit responses, or otherwise degrade system performance and reliability. Power supply fluctuations become increasingly problematic as the nominal supply voltage of microelectronic circuits decreases, as with circuits using nanometer technologies designed to operate at lower supply voltages relative to older technologies. For example, some circuits using nanometer technologies are designed to operate at a 0.9 VDC supply voltage, compared with 5 VDC for older systems. As the nominal supply voltage decreases, so does system tolerance to power supply noise.
High frequency digital systems are particularly prone to power supply noise, since sudden changes in the system activity rate may cause spikes, droops, or even temporary oscillations on the voltage supply rails. Power rail spikes and oscillations are also a function of IR drops, or DC voltage drops due to parasitic resistances between the power supply and circuit components. Another source of power supply fluctuations is di/dt noise, or instantaneous voltage variations due to inductive effects on the power lines.
Monitoring the internal supply rail of a microelectronic circuit can be difficult. Although some systems include a monitoring system dedicated to monitoring the internal power supply line, such systems often have limited bandwidth, and consequently can only provide information on relatively low frequency variations on the power supply rails. These monitor systems can be used to compensate for IR and DC drops on the internal supply rails but are inadequate for high frequency noise caused mostly by di/dt fluctuations.
The above-described description is merely intended to provide a contextual overview of current techniques and is not intended to be exhaustive.


A laundry detergent composition in which the solids content comprises an active surfactant, at least about 60 wt. %, based on the weight of the solids of a soluble alkaline carbonate builder, and a minor amount of a carboxylic polymer which is a copolymer of about 70 to about 95 wt. % of acrylic acid and about 5 to about 30 wt. % of maleic acid based on the weight of the polymer, such copolymer having a number average molecular weight of about 1500 to about 2500. Preferably the composition also contains a minor amount of a protease enzyme.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to laundry detergent compositions having a high water-soluble alkaline carbonate builder content.
2. Description of the Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 1.98
Laundry detergent compositions comprising a water-soluble alkaline carbonate are well-known in the art. For example, it is conventional to use such a carbonate as a builder in detergent compositions which supplement and enhance the cleaning effect of an active surfactant present in the composition. Such builders improve the cleaning power of the detergent composition, for instance, by the sequestration or precipitation of hardness causing metal ions such as calcium, peptization of soil agglomerates, reduction of the critical micelle concentration, and neutralization of acid soil, as well as by enhancing various properties of the active detergent, such as its stabilization of solid soil suspensions, solubilization of water-insoluble materials, emulsification of soil particles, and foaming and sudsing characteristics. Other mechanisms by which builders improve the cleaning power of detergent compositions are probably present but are less well understood. Builders are important not only for their effect in improving the cleaning ability of active surfactants in detergent compositions, but also because they allow for a reduction in the amount of the surfactant used in the composition, the surfactant being generally much more costly than the builder.
While laundry detergents containing a relatively large amount of carbonate builder are generally quite satisfactory in their cleaning ability, the use of such carbonate builders often results in the problem of calcium carbonate precipitation, which may give rise to fabric encrustation due to the deposition of the calcium carbonate on the fiber surfaces of fabrics which in turn causes fabric to have a stiff hand and gives colored fabrics a faded appearance. Thus, any change in available carbonate built laundry detergent compositions which reduces their tendency to cause fabric encrustation is highly desirable.
The following prior art references may be considered relevant or material to the invention claimed herein.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,858,854, issued Jan. 7, 1975 to Win et al., discloses detergent compositions comprising a surfactant which may be anionic, monionic or amphoteric, or a mixture of two or more of such surfactants, a water-soluble builder salt which may be sodium carbonate or bicarbonate, and beads comprising an enzyme which may be a protease.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,265,790, issued May 5, 1981 to Winston et al.; 4,464,292, issued Aug. 7, 1984 to Lengyel; and 5,376,300, issued Dec. 27, 1994 to Bolkan et al., each discloses detergent compositions comprising an ethoxylated long chain alcohol and a sulfate of an ethoxylated long chain alcohol as a combination of nonionic and anionic surfactants, and over 70 wt % of anhydrous sodium carbonate (soda ash) as a detergent builder. These patents also teach that enzymes may be present in their compositions, and the Bolkan et al patent states that a carboxylic polymer, e.g. a copolymer of acrylic and maleic acids, may be included in the composition.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,530, issued May 3, 1994 to Aronson et al., discloses detergent compositions comprising a carboxylic polymer builder and anti-redeposition agent containing a C.sub.8 -C.sub.18 alkyl group, a calcium-sensitive enzyme which may be a protease, and a surfactant.

Carbonate built laundry detergent containing a carboxylic polymer as an antiencrustation agent


A distribution transformer comprises a sensor system and a communications module. The distribution transformer is configured to convert a first high voltage electricity from a high voltage distribution line to a first low voltage electricity and convey the first low voltage electricity along a low voltage line to an electrical device. The sensor system is configured to determine a temperature of the distribution transformer, and the communications module is configured to transmit a load reduction request along the low voltage line to the electrical device based on the temperature of the distribution transformer.

Embodiments of the invention relate generally to distribution transformers and, more particularly, to a distribution transformer capable of relaying information to one or more electrical devices.
As the human population increases, so generally does energy consumption. Generally, electrical power grids have the capacity to provide electrical energy to its respective consumers or customers. However, at times, a power grid may begin operating beyond its recommended capacity. This scenario will typically arise when electrical supply cannot meet the load demand. For example, during summer months in warm climates, the load demand produced by air-conditioners or the like can cause a grid to operate above its recommended load capacity. This excessive load demand can have detrimental effects on the grid. For example, on a "global" scale in terms of the overall grid, grid failure can occur, and large segments of the population that rely on the grid may go without power for a period of time.
Detrimental effects can also occur on a smaller scale. For example, a transformer that supplies energy to one or more consumers may become overloaded, though the grid of which the transformer is a part of remains healthy. In such a scenario, the overloaded transformer may fail, causing the respective consumers to be without power for a period of time.
It would therefore be desirable to provide an apparatus and method for reducing loads on transformers and/or power grids when desired.

Control distribution transformer and method of making same


The invention relates to a radio communications system including a base station, a digital exchange, and a transmission system connecting the base station, and the digital exchange. The base station includes an antenna section, an RF receiver section for receiving an RF uplink signal from the antenna section, a mechanism for providing a digitised downconverted uplink signal from the received RF signal, and a mechanism for transferring the digitised down converted uplink signal to the digital exchange through the transmission system. The digital exchange includes a mechanism for receiving the digitised downconverted uplink signal and a mechanism for baseband processing of the digitised downconverted uplink signal.

The TETRA (TErrestrial Trunked RAdio) system is a digital mobile communications system developed primarily for public safety and security, for public trunking operators, and for utilities and industry. A typical TETRA network architecture, as illustrated in FIG. 4, comprises digital exchanges DXT_1, DXT_2 (DXT, Digital Exchange for TETRA) to which base stations TBS_1, TBS_2 (TBS, TETRA Base Station) are connected. HLR (Home Location Register) describes for its part a register of the network where all subscriber parameters of mobile subscribers UE1, UE2 (UE, User Equipment) are permanently stored. VLR (Visited Location Register) describes a register of the mobile network where all subscriber parameters for call set-up are stored as long as mobile subscribers UE1, UE2 are in a location area controlled by this register. In TETRA system VLR registers may be located in connection with exchanges. Reference numeral 1-2 describes e.g. a fixed communications network to which the user UE1, UE2 can be connected via one or more exchanges DXT_1, DXT_2.
A base transceiver station (TBS for TETRA) is the mobile's interface to the network. The station is responsible for radio transmission and reception to or from the mobile station, i.e. to provide the air interface between the radio units and Switching and Management Infrastructure SwMI. The base station converts the digital baseband signals to the radio frequency RF and vice versa. The base station may comprise e.g. transceivers and their power supplies, a combiner, a power divider, a ciphering device and amplifiers.
As can be seen from above many different functions has been given to base transceiver stations. In state of the art network configurations has been like star network configurations with base stations as spatially single entities. This has sometimes lead to problems like unequally divided loads between different parts of the network causing e.g. quality of service to deteriorate at times.


A tool for drilling a borehole through a formation. The tool comprises a body, blades having rotationally leading surfaces extending from the tool body, cutting elements secured at least partially within cutting element pockets, and linear or rounded transition surfaces between the cutting element pockets and the rotationally leading surface of the blades. The rounded transition surfaces have a radius of curvature between about 3 and 150 millimeters. The disclosure also includes a method of manufacturing an earth-boring downhole tool comprising: providing a tool body and blades comprising a rotationally leading surface extending from the tool body; Forming cutting element pockets into the blades proximate the rotationally leading surface of the blades; Forming linear or rounded transition surfaces between the cutting element pockets and the rotationally leading surface of the blades, the rounded transition surfaces having a radius of curvature between about 3 and 150 millimeters; And securing cutting elements at least partially within the cutting element pockets.

Wellbores are formed in subterranean formations for various purposes including, for example, extraction of oil and gas from the subterranean formation and extraction of geothermal heat from the subterranean formation. Wellbores may be formed in a subterranean formation using earth-boring tools, such as an earth-boring rotary drill bit. The earth-boring rotary drill bit is rotated and advanced into the subterranean formation. As the earth-boring rotary drill bit rotates, the cutters or abrasive structures thereof cut, crush, shear, and/or abrade away the formation material to form the wellbore.
The earth-boring rotary drill bit is coupled, either directly or indirectly, to an end of what is referred to in the art as a "drill string," which comprises a series of elongated tubular segments connected end-to-end that extends into the wellbore from the surface of earth above the subterranean formations being drilled. Various tools and components, including the drill bit, may be coupled together at the distal end of the drill string at the bottom of the wellbore being drilled. This assembly of tools and components is referred to in the art as a "bottom-hole assembly" (BHA).
The earth-boring rotary drill bit may be rotated within the wellbore by rotating the drill string from the surface of the formation, or the drill bit may be rotated by coupling the drill bit to a downhole motor, which is coupled to the drill string and disposed proximate the bottom of the wellbore. The downhole motor may include, for example, a hydraulic Moineau-type motor having a shaft, to which the earth-boring rotary drill bit is mounted, that may be caused to rotate by pumping fluid (e.g., drilling mud or fluid) from the surface of the formation down through the center of the drill string, through the hydraulic motor, out from nozzles in the drill bit, and back up to the surface of the formation through the annular space between the outer surface of the drill string and the exposed surface of the formation within the wellbore. The downhole motor may be operated with or without drill string rotation.
Different types of earth-boring rotary drill bits are known in the art, including fixed-cutter bits, rolling-cutter bits, and hybrid bits (which may include, for example, both fixed cutters and rolling cutters). Fixed-cutter bits, as opposed to roller cone bits, have no moving parts. There are generally two types of fixed-cutter bits; matrix bodied bits and steel bodied bits. Matrix bits are typically manufactured with tungsten carbide, which is more erosion resistant than steel. Matrix bits are usually preferred when using high Solid-content drilling mud. Steel bodied bits are usually preferred for soft and nonabrasive formations and large hole size. Steel bodied bits are also better able to withstand impact load than matrix bodied bits.
Steel bit bodies typically include various features including, without limitation, blades, nozzle inserts, and cutting element pockets. Steel bit bodies are typically formed in a machining process by a Computer Numerically Controlled ("CNC") lathe and mill. In this process, a steel bar may be turned to form the general profile of the bit. Orifices and cutting element pockets may be formed by drilling operations. The blades and blade tops may be formed by milling.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art fixed-cutter earth-boring rotary prior art drill bit 100 that may be used in conjunction with a drilling system. The prior art drill bit 100 includes a bit body 102 that may further include a plurality of blades 104 that are separated by junk slots 106. Each of the plurality of blades comprise a rotationally leading surface 118, a rotationally trailing surface 122, and a blade face surface 120 between the rotationally leading surface 118 and the rotationally trailing surface 122. The bit body 102 may include internal fluid passageways that extend between the plurality of blades 104 of the bit body 102 and a longitudinal bore, extending through the shank to a drill string. The bit body 102 may further include nozzles 108 in the junk slots 106 that are connected to the internal fluid passageways. In some embodiments, the bit body 102 may include gage wear plugs 110 and wear knots 112. Cutting elements 114, typically poly-crystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutting elements, may be mounted in cutting element pockets 116 that are located proximate to the rotationally leading surface 118 of each of the plurality of blades 104.
Typically, cutting elements 114 are composed of a thin layer of polycrystalline diamond 130 bonded to a cemented tungsten carbide substrate 132 at an interface 128. The thin layer of polycrystalline diamond 130 forms a front cutting face 124 on the cutting elements 114 of the prior art drill bit 100. The thin layer of polycrystalline diamond is typically up to about 3.5 mm thick. These cutting elements 114 are generally cylindrical with a diameter from about 8 mm up to about 24 mm and the peripheral edges of the thin layer of polycrystalline diamond are generally chamfered to increase the cutter's impact resistance. However, cutting elements 114 may be available in other forms such as oval or triangle-shapes and may be larger or smaller than the sizes stated above. Typically, cutting elements 114 are fabricated separately from the bit body and secured within the cutting element pockets formed in the outer surface of the blade. A bonding material such as an adhesive or, more typically, a braze alloy may be used to secure the cutting elements 114 within the cutting element pockets 116. The cutting elements 114 may also be bonded to the cutting element pockets 116 by mechanical affixation.
Cutting elements 114 drill rock formations by shearing, like the cutting action of a lathe, as opposed to roller cone bits that drill by indenting and crushing the rock. The cutting elements' 114 cutting action plays a major role in the amount of energy needed to drill a rock formation. Other factors that impact the amount of energy needed to drill a rock formation include bit stability and bit balling.
FIG. 2 is a view of a face of the prior art fixed-blade earth-boring rotary drill bit 100 illustrating a plurality of blades 104, junk slots 106, nozzles 108, cutting elements 114, and cutting element pockets 116. FIG. 2 illustrates that when the plurality of blades 104 have large blade front curvature, blade material adjacent to the front cutting face 124 of the cutting element 114 may extend beyond the front cutting face 124 of the cutting element 114 creating ledges 126. The ledges 126 adjacent to the front cutting face 124 of the cutting element 114 may create an area where cuttings collect, thus reducing hydraulic flow to the cutting elements 114. The tendency of cutting materials to collect around the blade face surface 120 of the bit body 102 and around the cutting elements 114 is commonly known as "bit balling." Bit balling may damage the cutting element pockets 116 in some applications.
Bit balling is usually caused by hydrated clay minerals or other materials adhering to the cutting elements 114, the blade face surface 120 of the bit body 102, and/or the bottom-hole assembly of a drill string. From an operations standpoint, bit balling is evidenced by increased pump pressures (as the flow pathway through the well bore annulus becomes blocked), reduced rates of penetration, blocked shaker screens, a required over-pull tension that occurs due to a restricted annulus when tripping pipe, and possibly, a stuck pipe.
Once bit balling is diagnosed, conventional methods of remediation are to increase the weight on the bit, add chemicals and perhaps pull the drill pipe out of the hole to clean the bit and the bottom-hole assembly. For a water-based mud, a detergent may be added to the drilling mud to reduce the ability of the hydrated clay to stick to the bit and bottom-hole assembly. Glycol may also be added at about 3% to 4% of system volume, but this often fails to cure the problem.                Preventative measures to minimize bit balling include using a KCl/polymer or CaCl/polymer mud to inhibit the swelling of clays. This is shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,984,643 issued to Isbell et al. Another way to address the problem of bit balling is to direct the nozzle discharge to optimize bottom-hole cleaning in a "mud pick" configuration. This is reported, for example, in Smith et al., "Hydraulics Optimization Research in Large Diameter Bits Reduces Operator's Variable Costs," AASDE-05-NTCE-58 (2005). It has also been reported that maintaining a negative potential of a few volts on the drill string assembly may liberate water at the interface between the bit and the hydrated clay. See Sanjit et al., "The effect of electro-osmosis on the indentation of clays," Proceedings of the 32nd US Rock Mechanics Symposium, Norman Okla. (July 1991).
In addition to the above, the design and selection of a bit may also affect bit balling. It is known that fixed cutter bits are more prone to bit balling than are tri-cone bits, and it is further the case that the arrangement of teeth structures on a bit may affect bit balling. FIG. 3, illustrates a detailed view of a rotationally leading surface 118 of one of a plurality of blades 104 in a prior art drill bit 100 having cutting elements 114 secured in cutting element pockets 116. When a bit design has large blade front curvature, blade material adjacent to the cutting elements 114, may extend beyond the front cutting face 124 of the cutting elements 114 creating ledges 126. The ledges 126 may cause cuttings to accumulate, impairing the flow of drilling fluid around the cutting elements 114, thus impairing the ability of the cutting elements 114 and the prior art drill bit 100 to effectively and efficiently engage formation material. Although the art does provide remedial measures, bit balling continues to be a significant factor affecting the costs of drilling new wells.

Earth boring tools with enhanced hydraulics adjacent cutting elements and methods of forming


In a first embodiment of the invention, a concatenated preamble code is formed by a kronecker product between two subcodes of the same or different lengths. The subcodes have favorable correlation properties and may be Barker codes, minimum peak sidelobe codes, Gold codes, Kasami codes, Bozta codes, or other codes. At the receiver a two-stage processor is used to detect the concatenated preamble code. The two-stage processor comprises a series of two filters, one of which is preferably a mismatched filter. In another aspect of the invention, a repeated codeword preamble is formed from a series of the same repeated short subcode. The short subcode may be an augmented or truncated odd-length code. At the receiver a single matched filter is preferably used to generate a series of spikes separated by the period of the subcode. An alert/confirm detector non-coherently adds together individual correlation spikes and reject false alarms. The alert function measures total correlation energy and adjusts detection thresholds based thereon, while the confirm function ensures that the proper number of correlation spikes exceed a detection threshold at the correct times. The preamble codes and their means for detection are preferably employed in a TDMA spread spectrum communication system, wherein a plurality of user stations communicate with a base station, one in each time slot (or virtual time slot).

Wireless communication systems typically comprise a number of mobile "user stations" or "handsets" and a number of stationary or fixed "base stations" which are capable communicating with each other. The base stations and user stations may communicate using frequency division multiple access (FDMA), wherein transmissions are distinguished by using different assigned frequencies; time division multiple access (TDMA), wherein transmissions are distinguished according to assigned time slots within a time frame; code division multiple access (CDMA), wherein transmissions are distinguished according to different assigned codes; or various combinations thereof.
One type of communication used in wireless applications is spread spectrum communication, wherein the bandwidth of the signal being transmitted generally exceeds the bandwidth required to transmit the data being sent. In spread spectrum communication, a data signal is typically modulated with a pseudo-random chip code to generate a transmitted signal spread over a relatively wide bandwidth. At the receiver the received spread spectrum signal is despread in order to recover the original data. One method of despreading of the spread spectrum signal is by correlating the received signal with a reference code matching the pseudo-noise code used by the transmitter to transmit the data. After initial correlation is achieved, in many systems it is necessary to track the incoming signal so as to maintain synchronization and keep it time-aligned with the local reference code to allow continued despreading of the received signal.
In order to carry out communication between a base station and a user station, a communication link must first be established. In a TDMA system, a communication link may comprise, e.g., a time slot having a forward link portion and a reverse link portion wherein a base station and a user station exchange communications in time division duplex. Establishment of the communication link can be difficult in a spread-spectrum TDMA communication system, due to the length of time that may be required to synchronize the transmitter and the receiver as well as the relative brevity of the time slot within which synchronization can take place.
In order to assist rapid synchronization of communication in spread spectrum and other communication systems, a preamble code preceding an information message may be used. A preamble code may comprise a relatively easily identifiable code sequence that marks the start of the information message and thereby allows the transmitter and receiver to synchronize. The receiver searches for the preamble code and, after locating it, knows when to expect the remaining information message and what timing adjustments may need to be made for optimum correlation of the information message.
Use of a preamble code can be particularly advantageous in a TDMA system because of the intermittent nature of the periodic transmissions between a base station and the user stations, which may require re-synchronization each time frame or series of time frames. Because the length of each burst is inherently limited by the duration of a time slot (or time slots), information is transmitted to and from a given user station in a TDMA system periodically over a series of time frames, with the base station and user station typically communicating only once per time frame, during a specified time slot. Due to the periodic nature of TDMA transmissions over a given link, the base station and the user station using the link have to look for the intermittent messages sent to them, which may be separated in time by an entire time frame or even more (e.g., several time frames) in some cases.
The fact that the user stations can be mobile may cause the periodic transmissions to drift within the allocated time slot. In addition, there is the possibility of drift between transmitter and receiver clocks. Thus, the receiver may not know precisely at what point the incoming burst will be received, although in some cases the expected time of arrival may be narrowed down to within a predefined window around the start of the time slot. When the receiver is waiting for its designated message, it may receive extraneous messages from nearby users of the same frequency spectrum or neighboring frequency spectrum, or may otherwise receive interference or noise and mistakenly interpret it as part of the message designated for it. A preamble code helps minimize possible misidentification of noise or interference as a valid message by assisting in the detection of the start of a designated burst. To prevent confusion at the user station, the preamble code for a given user station must be distinguished from the preamble codes as well as any other codes that may be targeted to any other the user station (or to the base station) during a time slot when the given user station is to communicate with the base station.
A preamble code may need to be identified rapidly, such as where a time slot is relatively short. This requirement generally suggests the use of short preamble codes. At the same time, a preamble code is preferably resistant to noise, interference and multipath effects, as well as false alarms due to autocorrelation peaks and cross-correlations, so as to ensure the highest probability of proper detection and identification of the preamble code at the receiver. If a preamble code is not properly identified by the receiver, the entire information message for the burst being sent may be lost.
One option to increase likelihood of preamble code detection is to increase the power of the transmitted preamble code over that of the transmit power for the information message, thereby increasing signal-to-noise ratio of the transmitted preamble code. While increasing the transmit power for the preamble code may decrease sensitivity to noise and interference, higher power transmissions for preamble codes may unduly interfere with users of the same or neighboring frequency spectra. Moreover, in certain low power applications (such as various types of handsets), it may not be feasible to increase the transmission power of preamble codes. Even if feasible, increasing the transmit power could cause early depletion of battery charge for some mobile handsets.
Another option is to increase the length of the preamble code so as to provide better discrimination as against noise and other signals. However, merely elongating the preamble code generally leads to more complex synchronization filters and increases the time needed to detect the preamble code.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a preamble code well suited to a TDMA communication system or other communication system requiring rapid synchronization at the receiver. It would further be advantageous to provide such a preamble code while maintaining a relatively simple synchronization filter structure. It would further be advantageous to provide a preamble code having resistance to noise and interference, without necessarily requiring increased transmission power.
As a further consideration in preamble code design, a preamble code may be used for selection of an antenna channel in a system where antenna diversity is employed. The received signal quality of the preamble code is evaluated for each antenna branch, and the best antenna or set of antennas is selected to receive the information message. Thus, a preamble code is preferably constructed so as to be well suited for use in a system employing antenna diversity, and to allow relatively easy evaluation of received signal quality so as to facilitate antenna selection.

Preamble code structure and detection method and apparatus


The present invention relates to rinse-added laundry additive compounds having a color care agent and to methods for using the compositions. The laundry additive composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 50% of by weight of the composition of a color care agent having the formula: EQU (R.sub.1)(R.sub.2)N(CX.sub.2).sub.n N(R.sub.3)(R.sub.4). wherein X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, linear or branched; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl having from 1-10 carbons atoms and substituted or unsubstituted aryl having at least 6 carbon atoms; n is an integer from 1 to 6; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl; aryl; alkaryl; arylalk; hydroxyalkyl; polyhydroxyalkyl; polyalkylether having the formula --((CH.sub.2).sub.y O).sub.z R.sub.7 where R.sub.7 is hydrogen or a linear, branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl chain having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and where y is an integer from 2 to 10 and z is an integer from 1 to 30; alkoxy; polyalkoxy having the formula: --(O(CH.sub.2).sub.y).sub.z R.sub.7 ; the group --C(O)R.sub.8 where R.sub.8 is alkyl; alkaryl; arylalk; hydroxyalkyl; polyhydroxyalkyl, and polyalkylether as defined in R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 ; CX.sub.2 CX.sub.2 N(R.sub.5)(R.sub.6) with no more than one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 being CX.sub.2 CX.sub.2 N(R.sub.5)(R.sub.6) and wherein R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are alkyl; alkaryl; arylalk; hydroxyalkyl; polyhydroxyalkyl, polyalkylether, alkoxy and polyalkoxy as defined in R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 ; and either of R.sub.1 +R.sub.3 or R.sub.4 or R.sub.2 +R.sub.3 or R.sub.4 can combine to form a cyclic substituent. Optional ingredients include a quaternary ammonium fabric softening compound.

Consumer use of rinse added laundry additive compositions has increased in popularity in recent years. The popularity of these compositions has risen in part due to consumer desire to impart various properties to fabrics easily and quickly during the laundry process. A wide variety of ingredients have been suggested for use in laundry additive compositions to enhance the appearance and feel of fabrics. Fabric softeners provide both softening and anti-static benefits to fabrics. Perfumes deliver pleasing odors and freshness. Rinse added laundry products offer convenience, ease of use, and affordable economics to consumers as well as being superior delivery systems for desirable laundry additives such as perfumes and softeners.
In the meantime, colored items remain a large percentage of home or consumer laundered garments. These colored garments have an undesirable tendency to show appearance and color losses after multiple cycles through a laundry process. The appearance and color losses may be manifested after many multiples of cycles or only a few cycles through the laundry process. Thus, the usable lifetime of colored garments is reduced by the laundering process.
Accordingly, there is a need for a laundry additive composition which through the regular use of the additive composition can reduce or eliminate appearance and color losses due to the laundering process and thereby substantially increase the usable lifetime of colored garments. Also desired is a laundry additive composition which will not only reduce or eliminate color and appearance losses through regular use but which will also provide a noticeable appearance improvement to previously laundered garments which have undergone a degradation in appearance and/or color. Particularly desirable is a rinse added composition with the aforementioned benefits.

Rinse added laundry additive compositions having color care agents


A curved liquid crystal display including a first substrate having a curved shape; a plurality of gate lines and data lines on the first substrate; a plurality of thin film transistors connected to the gate lines and data lines; a plurality of color filters on the thin film transistors; a plurality of pixel electrodes and common electrodes on the plurality of color filters, the plurality of pixel electrodes and common electrodes overlapping with each other with a first insulating layer therebetween; a second substrate having a curved shape, the second substrate facing the first substrate; vertical alignment layers on inner sides of the first substrate and the second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer between the vertical alignment layers, wherein liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer are aligned to be vertical to surfaces of the first substrate and the second substrate when an electric field is not formed.

1. Field
Embodiments relate to a curved liquid crystal display.
2. Description of the Related Art
A liquid crystal display, which is one type of flat panel display, may include two sheets of display panels with field generating electrodes (such as a pixel electrode, a common electrode, or the like) and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. The liquid crystal display device may generate an electric field in the liquid crystal layer by applying voltage to the field generating electrodes, and may determine or affect a direction of liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer by the generated electric field, thus controlling polarization of incident light so as to display images. Transmittance of the liquid crystal display may be increased as the liquid crystal molecules are effectively controlled.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.


A display system, which is useful for simulation, and training system that provides a mosaic wide field of view display by alternating virtual and direct view display images through the use of a new optical beamsplitter/combiner device. Edge blending and the use of flat panel display devices are used to provide a high brightness, high contrast, high reliability, and continuous unobstructed field of view. The new optical beamsplitter/combiner has an optically flat reflective portion and a curved transmissive portion.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to visual display systems. More specifically, this invention relates to visual display systems, which provide a large field of view for accurately viewing a computer generated environment.
2. Description of Related Art
Many simulation applications, such as aircraft pilot training ground vehicle driver training and entertainment, require or are enhanced by a very large field of view visual display system that will allow the user to accurately view the surrounding environment. Not only does a typical user need to see directly ahead, but often is required to view imagery to either side and in some applications a user is also required to see behind, above and/or below the user's position in the simulator. Also, for many training or entertainment tasks, it is important to provide the capability of high resolution in the visual display system.
When it is desirable to provide a large field of view display system with high resolution than is typically achievable with a single conventional video display device it is often necessary to mosaic or tile images from multiple video sources. It is possible to place adjacent video display devices together to increase the size of the viewable image and consequently the size of the field of view. The problem with this approach is that all known display devices inherently have physical packaging that extends beyond the boundary of the usable display surface. Therefore, whenever two or more of these display devices are abutted together there will always be a gap between the adjacent displays that prevents the user from viewing an uninterrupted continuous displayed scene.
A wide variety of display systems adapted for use with computer-generated imagery are well known in the art. Prior techniques include optically overlapping projected imagery from multiple projectors, which project onto a flat screen or a spherical projection screen, and rear projection onto a set of translucent projection screens that are arranged around the observer in an abutted fashion to provide a continuous scene with gaps between the screens.
Although not necessarily "prior art", the reader is referred to the following U.S. patent documents for general background material. Each of these patents is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for the material contained therein.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,003,080 describes a large screen display system for video modulated collimated light.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,061 describes a display effected by utilizing bubbles formed in a liquid layer by heat.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,653,862 describes a multi-color liquid crystal display that includes liquid crystal micro-shutters, which open and close color filters arranged as dots in a mosaic or stripe pattern.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,417 describes a two-dimensional display panel composed of interchangeable unit modules.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,050 describes a liquid crystal display that provides a high quality color image and efficient energy utilization.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,917,465 describes a display system formed by stacking three STN birefringent LCD panels that are tuned to different subtractive primary colors.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,787 describes a matrix display system that includes an active matrix display device.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,441 describes a color display system that includes two colored LCD panels operated in conjunction with a colored filter.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,274 describes an active matrix LCD light valve between crossed polarizers.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,808 describes a liquid crystal display that provides high quality color image and efficient energy utilization.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,046,827 describes an optical reconstruction filter in the form of a phase diffraction grating.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,050,965 describes a color display formed by staking two or more birefringent elements that are tuned to provide different spectral characteristics.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,279 describes a display apparatus that has a display device such as a liquid crystal display device having a plurality of optical-switching portions.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,124,818 describes an LCD display system formed by stacking two or more independently operated LCD elements.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,794 describes a panoramic image based virtual reality display system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,839 describes a display video apparatus which provides a three dimensional image.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,503 describes a near-infinity image display system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,389 describes a video display system which compensates for video processing delays in multiple, inter-coupled video processing subsystems.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,942 describes a light valve such as an active matrix LCD between crossed polarizers.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,068 describes a backlighted color LCD display formed by placing a single matrix of liquid crystal devices over a bank of red, green and blue fluorescent lamps.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,381,187 describes an image display apparatus, which includes: an optical system; a display means; and at least one projection lens.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,386,253 describes a projection system of the kind in which beams of light are projected by a projector onto a screen and the beams are modulated by electronic video information.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,635 describes a display device that uses pixel electrodes and thin film transistors arranged in a matrix.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,504,597 and 5,504,598 describes full color displays having a high efficiency light source optically coupled by a light coupling lens array to the active matrix of pixel elements of an image forming means.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,035 describes a projection apparatus comprising a high-resolution projection display system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,742 describes an electronic fluorescent display with spacer elements used to provide rigid mechanical support between the face and back plates.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,669 describes a light valve apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,679 describes a light valve such as an active matrix LCD.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,284 describes a cathodoluminescent device that employs elongated grid electrodes for addressing and controlling the brightness of the display.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,649,032 describes a system for automatically generating a mosaic from a plurality of input images.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,664,158 describes a video display engineering and optimizing CAD simulation system for designing a LCD display.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,435 describes a color display system that includes a color cathode ray tube.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,673,091 describes a liquid crystal display device consisting of a system of pixel elements.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,283 describes a display, which increases the apparent resolution of an image displayed on an image display system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,315 describes a light valve apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,445 describes an apparatus for generating pictures that comprises a memory device, an address generator, a vertical position detector, a register, a horizontal position counter, a processor and a state machine.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,621 describes an array of light control units that has an area large enough to present images for direct viewing.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,022 describes an image display apparatus, which includes: an optical system; a display means, and at least one projection lens for projecting the display image.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,585 describes a system performing capture and display of both still and real-time motion picture panoramic images.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,719 describes a projection-type color display device.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,755 describes a reflective deformable conductor in an electrostatic light valve system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,850 describes a projection type color image display apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,701 describes a liquid crystal display device comprising a black mask formed on one of a pair of substrates at least one of which is transparent, a group of electrodes, a liquid crystal layer, an orientation control film, and a driver.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,784 describes a self-adjusting tiled image display system and method.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,982 describes a light valve projection system.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,711 and 5,751,390 describe transmissive, backlit color twisted-nematic or super-twisted-nematic liquid crystal displays.
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U.S. Pat. No. Re. 36,654 describes a color display that is formed by stacking two or more birefringent elements that are tuned to provide different spectral characteristics, and operating each of the elements independently.
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U.S. Pat. No. 6,078,371 describes a micro lens-equipped liquid crystal device capable of ensuring a high picture quality.
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U.S. Pat. No. 6,195,184 B1 describes a real-time, dynamic, free space-virtual reality 3-D image display system.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,564 B1 describes a process for creating an electronically addressable display.
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U.S. Pat. No. 6,332,684 B1 describes a projection type color image display apparatus that includes: a light source section, a first and second fly-eye lens array; a micro lens array; a single image display device; a color separator; and a projection lens.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,928 B1 describes a method of presenting a complete image on the retina of an observer.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,351,335 B1 describes a foveated display.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,332 B1 describes a matrix substrate that includes a plurality of conductive members constituting pixels provided on a substrate.
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Virtual mosaic wide field of view display system


The present invention provides systems, apparatus, and methods for dissecting, resecting, severing, cutting, contracting, coagulating, or otherwise modifying a tissue or organ of a patient. An apparatus of the invention includes an electrosurgical probe configurable between an open configuration and a closed configuration, the probe including an active electrode terminal, a fixed return electrode disposed proximal to the active electrode terminal, and a movable return electrode configured to move linearly with respect to the active electrode terminal between the open configuration and the closed configuration. A method of the present invention comprises clamping a blood vessel between the active electrode terminal and the movable return electrode, coagulating the clamped blood vessel by application of a first high frequency voltage, and severing the coagulated blood vessel by application of a second high frequency voltage.

The present invention generally relates to electrosurgical systems and methods for ablating, severing, dissecting, contracting, or otherwise modifying target tissues or organs. The present invention also relates to electrosurgical apparatus and methods for clamping, compressing, coagulating, welding, occluding, and severing blood vessels during surgical procedures. The invention relates more particularly to electrosurgical apparatus and methods for modifying a tissue or organ, wherein the apparatus includes an active electrode, a first return electrode fixed with respect to the active electrode, and a second return electrode movable with respect to the active electrode. The present invention still further relates to a laparoscopic electrosurgical probe adapted for cutting, coagulation, and blunt dissection of tissue during laparoscopic procedures.
Conventional electrosurgical instruments and techniques are widely used in surgical procedures because they generally reduce patient bleeding and trauma associated with cutting operations, as compared with mechanical cutting and the like. Conventional electrosurgical procedures may be classified as operating in monopolar or bipolar mode. Monopolar techniques rely on external grounding of the patient, where the surgical device defines only a single electrode pole. Bipolar devices have two electrodes for the application of current between their surfaces. Conventional electrosurgical devices and procedures, however, suffer from a number of disadvantages. For example, conventional electrosurgical cutting devices typically operate by creating a voltage difference between the active electrode and the target tissue, causing an electrical arc to form across the physical gap between the electrode and the tissue. At the point of contact of the electric arcs with the tissue, rapid tissue heating occurs due to high current density between the electrode and the tissue. This high current density causes cellular fluids to rapidly vaporize into steam, thereby producing a "cutting effect" along the pathway of localized tissue heating. Thus, the tissue is parted along the pathway of evaporated cellular fluids to rapidly vaporize into steam, thereby producing a "cutting effect" along the pathway of localized tissue heating. Thus, the tissue is parted along the pathway of evaporated cellular fluid, inducing undesirable collateral tissue damage in regions surrounding the target tissue.
Further, monopolar electrosurgical devices generally direct electric current along a defined path from the exposed or active electrode through the patient's body to the return electrode, the latter externally attached to a suitable location on the patient. This creates the potential danger that the electric current will flow through undefined paths in the patient's body, thereby increasing the risk of unwanted electrical stimulation to portions of the patient's body. In addition, since the defined path through the patient's body has a relatively high electrical impedance, large voltage differences must typically be applied between the return and active electrodes in order to generate a current suitable for ablation or cutting of the target tissue. This current, however, may inadvertently flow along body paths having less impedance than the defined electrical path, which will substantially increase the current flowing through these paths, possibly causing damage to or destroying surrounding tissue.
Bipolar electrosurgical devices have an inherent advantage over monopolar devices because the return current path does not flow through the patient. In bipolar electrosurgical devices, both the active and return electrode are typically exposed so that both electrodes may contact tissue, thereby providing a return current path from the active to the return electrode through the tissue. One drawback with this configuration, however, is that the return electrode may cause tissue desiccation or destruction at its contact point with the patient's tissue. In addition, the active and return electrodes are typically positioned close together to ensure that the return current flows directly from the active to the return electrode. The close proximity of these electrodes generates the danger that the current will short across the electrodes, possibly impairing the electrical control system and/or damaging or destroying surrounding tissue.
In addition, conventional electrosurgical methods are generally ineffective for ablating certain types of tissue, and in certain types of environments within the body. For example, loose or elastic connective tissue, such as the synovial tissue in joints, is extremely difficult (if not impossible) to remove with conventional electrosurgical instruments because the flexible tissue tends to move away from the instrument when it is brought against this tissue. Since conventional techniques rely mainly on conducting current through the tissue, they are not effective when the instrument cannot be brought adjacent to, or in contact with, the elastic tissue for a sufficient period of time to energize the electrode and conduct current through the tissue.
A number of disadvantages inherent in conventional electrosurgical devices have been set forth hereinabove. There is a need for an electrosurgical apparatus which can be used for the precise removal or modification of tissue at a specific location, wherein a target tissue or organ can be dissected, transected, resected, incised, severed, compressed, contracted, coagulated, occluded, or otherwise modified in a controlled manner.

Electrosurgical probe with movable return electrode and methods related thereto


An apparatus, program product and method distributes work within a logically partitioned computer system by binding a virtual processor or other resource of a hypervisor partition to a partition or physical resource. The partition or physical resource to which the virtual resource is bound is the same partition or physical resource upon whose behalf the hypervisor resource does work. The partition requesting work of the hypervisor partition is thus penalized by virtue the virtual resource using a physical resource owned by the requesting partition.

The speed and efficiency of many computing applications depends upon the availability of processing resources. To this end, computing architectures such as the "virtual machine" design, developed by International Business Machines Corporation, share common processing resources among multiple processes. Such an architecture may conventionally rely upon a single computing machine having one or more physical processors, or central processing units (CPU's). The physical processors may execute software configured to simulate multiple virtual processors.
Virtual processors have particular application within a logically partitioned computing system. A partition may logically comprise a portion of a machine's physical processors, memory and other resources, as assigned by an administrator. As such, an administrator may share physical resources between partitions. Each partition typically hosts an operating system and may have multiple virtual processors. In this manner, each partition operates largely as if it is a separate computer.
An underlying program called a hypervisor, or partition manager, uses this scheme to assign and physical resources to each partition. For instance, the hypervisor may intercept requests for resources from operating systems to globally share and allocate them. If the partitions are sharing processors, the hypervisor allocates physical processors between the virtual processors of the partitions sharing the processor.
In an effort to increase the processing speed of computer systems where partitions are sharing processors, system designers commonly implement hypervisor calls. One hypervisor call generally comprises a request from a respective partition to the hypervisor asking to yield access to a physical processor. Virtual processors are dispatched to physical processors. Once the virtual processor is dispatched to a physical processor, a virtual processor can access the processing cycles required to do its work.
Despite the efficiencies afforded by logically partitioned computer systems, certain inherent complexities persist. For instance, sharing physical processors fundamentally requires that while one partition can access a physical processor, another partition that would otherwise use that physical processor must wait. Sub-partition level systems further require CPU cycles and other physical resources to perform, for instance, diagnostic work. This competition for resources can introduce problems concerning fairness of work distribution, i.e., which partitions will have access to a physical resource at a given time. There is consequently a continuing need for an improved manner distributing physical processor cycles throughout a logically partitioned environment.

System for correct distribution of hypervisor work


In one implementation, downloading of streaming content using a security as a service (SecaaS) system is more efficient because portions of the streaming content may not be inspected by the SecaaS. A first request to download content from a content provider is received, and a connection is initiated with a security provider, which inspects the first chunk of the content and generates a routing instruction based on the inspection of the first chunk of content. Based on the routing instructions and the inspection of the first chunk, a request for a second chunk of the streaming content is addressed to the content provider. The second chunk of the streaming content, circumvents the SecaaS system.

Any computer connected to the Internet may be susceptible to malicious attacks. Software, such as anti-virus software, anti-malware software, or other security software, is available to protect the computer. However, these types of software become out dated very quickly. Further, the end user, or an administrator, of the computer must be responsible for obtaining, installing, and operating the software.
The security software may be outsourced to another device. For example, a security as a service system provides security services via the Internet on a subscription basis. The security as a service system may use shared resources across many subscribers. Enterprises may outsource security management to the security as a service system. All Internet traffic for the enterprise may be routed through the security as a service system, which identifies potentially malicious data. However, routing all traffic through the security as a service system may be expensive and redundant.

Path optimization for adaptive streaming


A display device includes a plurality of pixel each including a transistor, a pixel electrode connected to the transistor, and a reference electrode disposed so as to be opposite to the pixel electrode. The display device also includes data lines connected to the corresponding pixel circuits, a plurality of gate lines connected to the corresponding pixel circuits, gate circuits each of which sequentially outputs a gate signal, which is in a high voltage level during two or more horizontal periods in a first order or in a second order that is reverse to the first order, and a gate signal control circuit that controls each of the gate circuits and scans the gate lines. The gate signal control circuit controls each of the gate circuits to start to output the gate signals so as not to overlap periods when the gate signals are output to the adjacent gate lines.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device having a gate circuit. More particularly, the present invention relates to a display device having a gate circuit which performs bidirectional scanning.
2. Description of the Related Art
There is known a liquid crystal display having a gate circuit which performs bidirectional scanning. In addition, due to recent demands for high resolution, it is difficult to secure sufficient time during one horizontal period (1H), and, in order to correspond thereto, so-called gate overlap driving, in which a turned-on period of the gate signal is longer than one horizontal period (1H), is used. In the gate overlap driving, the turned-on period of the gate signal includes one horizontal period (1H) for actually writing a data signal corresponding to a grayscale value and a previous predetermined period (refer to JP2001-506044T).

Display device having a gate circuit which performs bidirectional scanning