An intellectual property computer-implemented audit system for valuing an intellectual property portfolio includes a first database storing first information relating to the intellectual property portfolio and a database access and collection device connected to the first database and accessing the first database and retrieving the first information. In addition, the intellectual property audit system also includes a second database storing empirical data relating to known intellectual property portfolios, and a comparison device connected to the database access and collection device and to the second database, the comparison device receiving the first information from the database access and collection device and comparing the first information to the empirical data retrieved from the second database producing an intellectual property worth indicator indicating the worth of the intellectual property portfolio.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of intellectual property audit systems, and more particularly, to the field of intellectual property systems which collects pertinent data regarding an intellectual property portfolio and analyzes the collected data against empirical data to provide a qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of the intellectual property portfolio.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, purchasers of assets which are intellectual property intensive typically purchase these assets based upon some estimated value which, of course, begins with an offer for sale. When a creditor is considering advancing funds based upon the value of fixed assets, such as equipment, an appraisal is performed and a liquidation value is determined. Then a liquidity adjustment is considered and a liquidation value is concluded. The same valuation approaches can be employed to determine the liquidation value of intellectual property. It is known to value intellectual property assets with respect to various accounting procedures which conform to Generally Accepted Accounting Procedures (GAAP). There are typically three such procedures: cost, market and income approaches.
The cost approach gives consideration to the cost to reproduce or replace the subject intellectual property. For example, for patent intellectual property, this approach would consider the cost associated with research, engineering, design and testing activities. In trademark cases the advertising expenses that would be needed to create a trademark of similar prominence would be considered.
From this amount an allowance is deducted to reflect all forms of depreciation or obsolescence present, whether it arises from physical, functional or economic causes. Physical deterioration (depreciation) is the loss in value resulting from wear and tear from operations and exposure to the elements. Functional obsolescence is the loss in value within the property as a result of such things as changes in design, materials, or processes, overcapacity, inadequacy, excess construction, lack of utility, and excess operating cost. Economic obsolescence is the loss in value that results from influences external to the property such as the general state of economy, the effect of governmental regulations, and the like. A summary of the cost approach is presented below.
Replacement cost
Less: Physical Depreciation PA1 Less: Functional Obsolescence PA1 Less: Economic Obsolescence
Equals: Fair Market Value
Physical and functional obsolescence is not usually an important factor when valuing intellectual property but care is needed to consider the economic obsolescence that can be introduced by outside forces.
Unfortunately the cost to develop intellectual property rarely bears any relationship to the economic earning power of the property or the value-of the property.
The market approach gives consideration to prices paid for similar property in arm's length transactions. Adjustments can be made, if necessary, to the indicated market prices to reflect the condition and utility of the property being appraised relative to the market comparative. This approach is applicable where there is an active market with a sufficient quantity of reliable and verifiable data. Usually, similar property that exchanged between independent parties for which price data is disclosed is impossible to find for intellectual properties. The activities of the Resolution Trust Corporation are however beginning to provide some of the previously missing data. At present, the market approach is difficult to implement for intellectual property.
The income approach, by default, is still the most preferred method. It considers the present value of the prospective economic benefits of owing the appraised property. This involves a capitalization of the forecasted income stream with consideration given to the duration of the income and the risks related to its achievement.
Care must be employed to assure that economic benefits derived from the intellectual property are isolated from the contribution to earnings derived from the complementary assets of the business. When properly done, the income approach can provide an accurate indication of the fair market value of intellectual property. Once the fair market value of the intellectual property portfolio has been determined, then as indicated above, the fair market value is adjusted according to conventional methods which consider effects such as amount of time required to dispose of the portfolio, market evidence of similar intellectual property portfolios sold in liquidation and cost to liquidate the property.
These accepted accounting methods rely or function on the availability of sufficient data relating to the intellectual property portfolio itself. Thus, in this situation, the seller of the intellectual property portfolio typically has used and marketed the intellectual property over a sufficiently long time period that suitable data has been collected to formulate a price based upon one of the above accounting valuation techniques. However, these accounting techniques typically do not provide reliable and/or dependable valuation results when the seller of the intellectual property portfolio has not collected data or has not used or marketed the portfolio long enough to obtain such data.
In addition, for typical purchases of intellectual property assets, there is typically unavailable an independent indicator of the worth of the intellectual property to be sold. The independent indicator which is lacking may be either a qualitative or quantitative indicator of the worth of the intellectual property portfolio.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an independent analysis of an intellectual property portfolio including an independent qualitative or quantitative worth indicator of the intellectual property portfolio to be acquired.
In addition, it is also desirable to provide an intellectual property audit system that does not depend on the owner of the portfolio having previously used and marketed the portfolio.
It is further desirable to provide an intellectual property audit system which can be used to determine the qualitative and/or quantitative value of the intellectual property portfolio in an efficient and relatively rapid manner.
It is also desirable to provide the qualitative and/or quantitative value by analyzing the intellectual property itself in a mechanized manner as well as considering external factors relating to, for example, characteristics of the purchasing and selling entities.
Finally, it is also desirable that the intellectual property audit system be provided with the ability to output requests for manual assistance to correct, for example, erroneously entered data or incomplete or insufficient data causing the intellectual property audit system to be unable to completely analyze the input data for determining of an intellectual property portfolio value. Accordingly, the audit system permits a user to manually correct or complete data to permit the audit system to determine a qualitative and/or quantitative intellectual property portfolio value.


An in-line wire drawing machine with a floor mounted wire coil turntable and laterally disposed power-driven capstan. The present invention provides an in-line wire drawing machine which substantially reduces the footprint required for an in-line wire drawing machine while enabling relatively large diameters wire to be drawn therethrough. The wire coil is mounted at floor level to allow the coils to be easily loaded onto the drawing machine. The turntable and capstan are mounted in side-by-side fashion to allow the wire to be paid off from the coil in an arc following the natural arcuate cast of the wire coil. This avoids the problem of requiring the operator to physically force the wire against its natural cast and through the guide rollers of the drawing machine which is extremely difficult when using large diameter wire.

Large diameter wire or cable is typically fabricated in spiral-wound coils weighing thousands of pounds. In order to reduce the wire coil into usable lengths, the wire coil is typically fed through a wire drawing machine which can reduce the diameter of the wire and feed the wire to a machine to cut the wire into suitable lengths.
A variety of machines therefore have been developed for drawing the wire from the coil and to a reducing machine, cutting machine, or the like. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,928, assigned to the present assignee, discloses a machine wherein a spool of wire is unwound to a wire straightening apparatus and then to a wire cutting apparatus. Each of the three aforementioned elements is disposed in linear fashion which therefore occupies a relatively large expanse of shop floor space in that the overall footprint of the machine is relatively long, although also relatively narrow.
Machines have therefore been developed which allow the wire to be pulled from the coil but which do so while occupying relatively little floor space in that the various elements are not placed on the shop floor in linear orientation. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,688, also assigned to the present assignee, discloses an in-line wire drawing machine wherein the wire coil is mounted on a turntable which itself is mounted directly on the main base of the wire drawing machine. A power-driven capstan is provided on the main base and below the turntable such that the rotation of the capstan will pull the wire from the coil. The wire is pulled downwardly from the coil which is mounted on top of the support and through a series of rollers around a fairly complex path, against the natural cast of the wire, in route to reaching the drawing machine. However, since the wire coil is mounted directly on top of the main base of the machine, the overall footprint of the machine is relatively small.
Still further machines have been developed which allow the wire coil to be mounted directly on the shop floor or on top of a base which itself is mounted directly on the shop floor to thereby avoid the aforementioned problem of mounting the large diameter wire coil on top of the capstan base. However, no satisfactory means has been developed to allow such large diameter wire to be guided from the wire coil and to the side mounted in-line wire drawing machine. Such large diameter wire cables can be in excess of one-half inch in diameter which necessarily makes the process of bending and contorting the wire to pass through the guides of the machine relatively difficult. If the path which the wire coil must traverse is complex and requires multiple bends in multiple directions, such machines can be difficult to operate, dangerous, and prohibitively expensive. It would therefore be advantageous to provide a wire drawing machine which minimizes space requirements, while allowing the wire to be drawn along its natural cast to maximize ease of operation.

Space saving wire drawing machine with floor mounted wire coil


A failure analysis system identifies a root cause of a failure (or other health issue) in a virtualized computing environment and provides a recommendation for remediation. The failure analysis system uses a model-based reasoning (MBR) approach that involves building a model describing the relationships/dependencies of elements in the various layers of the virtualized computing environment, and the model is used by an inference engine to generate facts and rules for reasoning to identify an element in the virtualized computing environment that is causing the failure. Then, then the failure analysis system uses a decision tree analysis (DTA) approach to perform a deep diagnosis of the element, by traversing a decision tree that was generated by combining the rules for reasoning provided by the MBR approach, in conjunction with examining data collected by health monitors. The result of the DTA approach is then used to generate the recommendation for remediation.

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
As the scale and complexity of distributed storage systems and other types of computing systems continue to grow, more efficient system monitoring and management techniques are needed. Traditional monitoring tools detect and report all aspects of system health (e.g., operational errors, hardware/software failures, resources that are over- or under-provisioned, etc.). Such tools may generate a large number of system events and alarms for a single root cause of the failures, and the large amount of events/alarms is difficult for a system administrator to evaluate for purposes of identifying and remedying the root cause of the failure(s).
An example would be that of a sudden power outage of a physical network switch, which in turn may cause failure issues or other operability issues with objects, hosts, network connections, virtual machine accessibility, etc. in the computing system. The symptoms of this single failure (e.g, the power outage of the switch) thus may impact the system as a whole, including triggering different layers of health and event monitoring functionalities that report operational issues via alarms.
It would be implausible for a system administrator to manually analyze all of the alarms, events, and related information in sequence in an effort to diagnose the issue(s) and to identify the root cause of the failure and a remedy. While a system administrator may be able to get some understanding of the overall issue(s) that are present, there may be too much information that needs to be analyzed in order to identify which event(s)/alarm(s) correspond to a certain failure.

Failure analysis system for a distributed storage system


A retaining strap for use in supplementing the securement by a C-clamp of a load carrying rod to an I-Beam in steel construction. The strap defines an arcuate slot proximate one end thereof which is adapted to be hooked about the load carrying rod such that the strap can be extended across a portion of the I-Beam and a second extended end portion of the strap bent about the I-Beam to enhance securement of the rod to the I-Beam. In a second embodiment of the invention the slot is formed in a perpendicular disposed ear portion adjacent one end of the strap which is adapted to engage a leg portion of a "U"-shaped hanger such that the strap can be extended across the hanger and the extended end bent about and secured to a second leg of a hanger for securing a fluid carrying conduit within the saddle of the hanger.

The present invention relates to a retaining strap for providing supplemental securement of a beam clamp to the beam in steel construction. It is commonplace in such construction to support fluid lines such as water pipes and gas lines as well as other loads from an I-Beam by means of a C-clamp which engages the I-Beam and carries a depending rod by means of a threaded attachment between the rod and the clamp. The load is supported by the lower end of the depending rod. Because of expansion, contraction and vibration, it is desirable to provide additional securement of the C-clamp to the I-Beam to prevent the C-clamp from working loose. This additional securement is typically provided by a metal retaining strap and is frequently required by applicable building codes. Such straps are also used in areas of high seismic activity.
The conventional configuration of retaining strap used in providing supplemental securement for beam clamps comprises a flat elongated steel member having a hole proximate one end thereof. To secure the strap in place, the load carrying rod is extended through the hole in the strap adjacent the clamp and the free end of the strap is then bent tightly about a portion of the beam. As I-Beams are frequently disposed under and against the flat surface which they support, the clamp generally must be secured to the bottom portion of the beam. Accordingly, to secure the strap in place, it is necessary to extend the load carrying rod through the hold in the strap prior to threadably engaging the rod with the clamp. The strap then extends along the lower surface of the clamp and the free end of the strap is bent tightly about a lower portion of the beam. While such a securement provides the desired additional support for the load carrying rod, its use is relatively labor intensive, particularly in retrofit applications due to the need to disengage the rod from the clamp to effect the securement of the strap. The problem becomes more acute during retrofit situations involving long water pipes which are quite heavy and can require hundreds of such securements. It would be highly desirable to provide a strap mechanism which retained the benefits of the retaining straps currently in use but which obviated the need to disengage the load carrying rods from their supporting C-clamps during installation. The strap of the present invention achieves this goal.
In a modified embodiment of the present invention, the strap provides securement of a pipe or line within a conventional "U"-shaped hanger of the type typically used in wooden construction. The stay provides such securement in retrofit applications without the need to remove the hanger or separate the hanger from the pipe or line.


Provided herein are switching methods and systems for switching a patch cord fiber in a fiber management system having non-tensioned patch cord fibers, from a first adapter to a second adapter. Switching comprises disconnecting the patch cord fiber connector from the first adapter; distinguishing the disconnected patch cord fiber, at a region removed from the connector, from other patch cord fibers according to a position of the patch cord fiber in the fiber management system; pulling the distinguished patch cord fiber at the handling region to receive and clasp the disconnected connector, wherein the pulling is carried out to disentangle the pulled patch cord fiber from the other patch cord fibers; and connecting the clasped connector to the second adapter. The patch cord fibers are thus manages at edges thereof only, with no slack control required.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of fiber management systems, and more particularly, to a patch cord fiber switching method.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Patch cord fiber switching systems manage the challenge of arbitrarily switching patch cord fibers while maintaining control of all patch cord fibers by elaborate designs for monitoring tensioned patch cord fibers and managing patch cord fiber slacks. Examples are presented by WIPO Publication No. 02/43432, U.S. Pat. No. 7,813,600, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0097797 and WIPO Publication No. 2011/013090, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and disclose various switching arrangements with tensioned fibers and slack management systems.


A data compression apparatus includes a characterizing point extracting part which extracts data expressing characterizing points included in a plurality of data showing a result of carrying out simulation a quantized data generating part which generates quantized data obtained by quantizing data except for data expressing characterizing points, and a file number converting part which converts the same types of quantized data including in the quantized data, into a relating file number. During data compression, data except for the characterizing points is compressed. If the same quantized data is included at the same address location in the previously-compressed file, the quantized data is replaced with the file number of the previous compression file, thereby compressing data at high efficiency.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a data compression method and a data retrieving method. For example, the present invention aims at a technique for compressing/retrieving data expressing a result of carrying out simulation.
2. Related Background Art
When designing semiconductor devices and so on, numerical analysis such as computer simulation became absolutely imperative. As structures to be designed become complex, the amount of data showing a computed result increases. The simulation is often carried out while changing simulation conditions such as an applied voltage and time. Because of this, it is necessary to preserve the simulation result for each of the different simulation conditions.
Conventionally, the simulation results were preserved as it is or after compressing the simulation results. As a method of performing the compression, a method of preserving the number of times of repetition of data "1" and "0" described by binary code is known.
When the amount of data increases, computer resources such as a hard disk drive is significantly consumed, and data management becomes complex and troublesome.

Data retrieving method, data retrieving apparatus, data compression method and data compression apparatus


Methods and apparatuses for providing strobe effects for a wheel lighting system or wheel illuminating system. For one embodiment, a strobe device for a wheel lighting system includes a tachometer to determine a rotational frequency of a wheel, and a strobing element capable of operating in a first mode and a second mode. When operating in the first mode, the strobing frequency is related to the rotational frequency of the wheel. When operating in the second mode the strobing frequency is independent of the rotational frequency of the wheel. For one embodiment, the lighting elements, tachometer, and other components of the system are implemented completely within the rotating reference frame of the wheel. One embodiment of the invention provides a wheel illumination system having one or more strobing light source assemblies positioned within a rotating reference frame of the wheel to provide stroboscopic effects for the wheel's street side surfaces.

For many years there has been an interest in wheel ornamentation and, in particular, wheel lighting and strobing for automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, and other wheeled vehicles.
Wheel lighting and illumination systems can enhance the aesthetics of the wheels and the vehicle. The primary purpose of these systems is to display the wheel under low light conditions. However when the vehicle is in motion the details of the wheel are lost because of the blurring of the wheel image. Therefore an enhancement to a wheel lighting system or a wheel illumination system is a stroboscopic system that can appear to freeze or slow the rotation of the wheel such that the detail of the wheel can be seen even when the vehicle is in motion.
Beyond allowing the wheel or attached lighting elements to be viewed while moving, a strobe-enhanced system provides other aesthetically appealing effects.
Generally speaking a strobe lighting system can be used to make objects undergoing repetitive motion appear to slow or freeze (remain stationery). Conventional electronic stroboscopes use a flashtube to intermittently illuminate a moving object. Such devices can be synchronized with the rotational frequency of a device to allow portion of a quickly rotating device to be viewed more clearly. This type of stroboscopic effect has been used in conjunction with a wheel lighting system to produce the illusion of slowing or freezing the motion of light emitting diodes (LEDs) mounted to a wheel cover. This reduces the blurring of the light from the LEDs due to the vehicles motion and allows the lighting elements to be seen more clearly while the vehicle is in motion. Such a system is generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,016,144 to Dimaggio, issued May 14, 1991, entitled "Illuminating Wheel Covers" ('144).
Another system uses such a stroboscopic effect to produce the illusion of slowing or freezing the motion of the tire with a light source that is attached to a vehicle frame. Such a system is generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,274 to Anderson, issued Aug. 20, 1996, entitled "Strobe Light for Vehicle Tire and Wheel" ('274).
Both the '144 patent and the '274 patent have distinct disadvantages. For example, neither addresses the difficulty of low frequency strobing that is considered distractive to the operators of other vehicles. The flashing of effect of the low frequency strobing may constitute a serious driving hazard and such flashing lights may be illegal in certain circumstances and jurisdictions.
Additionally, for such systems, at least one component of a tachometer, used to determine the rotational frequency of the wheel and set the strobing frequency, is attached to the vehicle frame. Such systems therefore are difficult to install and typically alter the vehicle permanently. That is, systems requiring components to be installed in or affixed to the body of the vehicle are more difficult to install and repair. This is due not only to increased installation processes, but also to the fact that vehicle design varies considerably between manufacturers and models, making it difficult to generalize installation procedures.

Methods and apparatuses for providing strobe effects for wheel illumination systems and wheel lighting systems


A treatment agent in which a base component and a crosslinking component contain silicon-bonded perfluoroalkyl groups and curing groups. The components are mutually soluble to homogeneity as a consequence, and this makes possible long-term storage of the mixture of the two components. Moreover, when this treatment agent is used on fibers, textiles, plastics, metals, or porous inorganics and cured, an excellent water repellency and oil repellency are generated because a uniform film is developed.

The present invention relates to a water-repellent and oil-repellent treatment agent. In more particular terms, the present invention relates to a treatment agent which, by virtue of an excellent compatibility among its components, can impart an excellent water repellency and oil repellency to such materials as fibers, textiles, plastics, metals, porous inorganics, and so forth.
Water repellency can be imparted to fibers, textiles, etc., by treatment with methylhydrogenpolysiloxane or dimethylpolysiloxane; however, the oil repellency remains poor in such cases. As a consequence, it has been recommended that organopolysiloxane be used in combination with a perfluoroalkyl-containing compound.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid Open (Kokai or Unexamined) Number 53-81799 (81,799/78) proposes the treatment of textiles using the mixture of dimethylpolysiloxane and/or methylhydrogenpolysiloxane with a fluoroalkyl-containing water-and-oil repellent. However, because these two components are incompatible and cannot be homogeneously interdispersed by dissolution, the durability of the effects of the treatment is poor. Otherwise, Japanese Patent Publication Number 58-1232 (1,232/83) and Japanese Patent Publication Number 59-47071 (47,071/84) disclose the combined use of a fluoroalkyl-containing compound and a reactive group-containing organopolysiloxane (reactive group=epoxy, amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, etc.). Nevertheless, the same problem as before again arises in this case due to the same absence of compatibility between the fluoroalkyl-containing compound and organopolysiloxane as encountered for Japanese Patent Application Laid Open Number 53-81799. Japanese Patent Publication Number 60-29778 (29,778/85), which has an inventor in common with the present invention, discloses a fiber or textile treatment agent with the following composition:
(1) organopolysiloxane whose molecule contains the fluorocarbon group and at least 3 silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms, and PA1 (2) condensation catalyst; or PA1 (1) organopolysiloxane whose molecule contains PA1 (2) organohydrogenpolysiloxane, and PA1 (3) condensation catalyst. PA1 (A) an organopolysiloxane which contains in each molecule at least 2 silicon-bonded groups selected from hydroxyl groups and alkenyl groups and at least 1 perfluoroalkyl-containing, silicon-bonded monovalent group wherein said perfluoroalkyl group has at least 6 carbon atoms, PA1 (B) an organopolysiloxane which contains in each molecule at least 2 silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms and at least 1 perfluoroalkyl-containing, silicon-bonded monovalent group wherein said perfluoroalkyl group has at least 6 carbon atoms, and PA1 (C) an effective amount of a curing catalyst.
(a) silicon-bonded hydroxyl at the molecular chain terminals and PA2 (b) the fluorocarbon group,
Or course, the problem of compatibility is moot in the case of the first composition. However, in the case of the second composition, while components (1) and (2) are similar organopolysiloxanes, component (1) does contain the fluorocarbon group while component (2) lacks the fluorocarbon group, and their compatibility is poor as a consequence. Thus, for example, separation into two layers occurs when components (1) and (2) are mixed and stored. This poor storage stability and poor compatibility leads to the problem of a non-uniform or inhomogeneous reactivity.

Water-repellent and oil-repellent treatment


Provided is an optical recording medium including, in sequence:                a first substrate; a first information recording layer; an intermediate layer; a second information recording layer; and a second substrate having wobble convex portions on its surface,        wherein information is recorded on or reproduced from the first information recording layer and second information recording layer by irradiation with a laser beam from a first information recording layer side,        wherein the second information recording layer includes, over the second substrate, a light reflective layer, a dye recording layer, and an inorganic protective layer,        wherein the inorganic protective layer has a thickness of 3 nm to 40 nm, and wherein the dye recording layer includes a cyanine compound expressed by General Formula (I) and a squarylium compound expressed by General Formula (II):

Recordable DVDs such as DVD+RW, DVD+R, DVD-R, DVD-RW and DVD-RAM are commercially available in addition to playback-only optical recording media such as DVD-ROM. The DVR+R and DVD+RW are developed on the basis of conventional CD-R and CD-RW (recording compact disc) such that the recording density (track pitch, signal mark length) and substrate thickness are compatible between CD and DVD conditions in order to assure the reproduction compatibility with playback-only DVD.
For example, DVD+Rs have a construction, similarly with CD-Rs, that an optical recording layer is provided on a substrate by way of spin-coating a cyanine or an azo dye, an information recording substrate with a light reflective layer of a metal film is laminated through an adhesive at the back side of the optical recording layer.
In the construction, dye substances or the compounds are typically utilized to form the optical recording layer or the dye recording layer. CD-Rs have specific reflectance as high as 65% or more as defined by specifications in terms of CDs. In order that such a construction exhibits higher reflectance, the optical absorption layer should represent a specific range of complex refractive index at the recording-reproducing wavelength, and the dye should represent a proper optical absorption property, as also been required for DVDs.
On the other hand, there is proposed a read-only DVD with two layers of image recording layer as the recording unit in order to increase the recording capacity. A translucent layer of a first information recording layer is formed at inner surface of a first substrate, and a reflective layer of a second information recording layer is formed at inner surface of a second substrate. The translucent layer is formed of a dielectric or thin-metal film, and the reflective layer is formed of a metal film.
Convexo-concave recording marks are formed at the substrate surface on which the translucent layer and the reflective layer are formed; the first substrate and the second substrate are laminated through a transparent intermediate layer of a UV-ray curable resin, thereby recording signals can be read by making use of reflection-interference effects on reproducing laser light incident from the transparent side of the first substrate.
Since signals can be read from two information recording layers, the recording capacity may be up to about 8.5 GB. The thicknesses of the first and second substrates are about 0.6 mm respectively, and the thickness of the transparent intermediate layer is about 50 μm.
The first information recording layer is designed to have a reflectance of about 30%; the laser light for reproducing the second information recording layer is reflected at the second information recording layer after decaying about 30% of the initial light amount at the first information recording layer, then further decaying at the first information recording layer, and emitting from the disc. A laser light of reproducing light is narrowed to focus at the first or second information recording layer and the reflected light is detected, thereby the signals at the information recording layer can be reproduced. The wavelength of the laser light for information reproduction is about 650 nm in cases of DVDs.
Recently, a recordable DVD has been developed that has two dye-recording layers, in which a first dye recording layer and a first translucent reflective layer are laminated on a first substrate, on which grooves having been formed, to form a first information recording layer; a UV ray curable resin is coated on the first information recording layer, and a stamper is contacted to the uncured resin; the resin is cured by UV irradiation and peeled thereby to transfer grooves of a second recording layer is transferred to which a second dye recording layer and an light reflective layer is laminated to form a second information recording layer, then the entire is laminated to a second substrate. The two-layer recordable DVD is commercially available as 2P (Photo Polymerization) type.
In addition, a two-layer recordable DVD of IS (Inversed Stack) type is also commercially available, which is produced in a manner that a first dye recording layer and a first translucent reflective layer are laminated on a first substrate, on which grooves having been formed, to form a first information recording layer; a light reflective layer, a second dye recording layer, and a protective layer are laminated on a second substrate, on which grooves having been formed, to form a second information recording layer; then these laminates are further laminated by use of a UV curable resin.
Patent Literature 1 discloses an optical recording medium having a construction that a second barrier layer is provided between an intermediate or adhesive layer and a second optical absorption layer; in Examples thereof, only Au is exemplified as the material of the second barrier layer.
However, employment of metals tends to increase the absorption coefficient "k" of complex refractive index (n−ik), which typically makes impossible to take high reflectance and sufficient modulation degrees when being recorded on two image recording layers. Moreover, the literature describes in paragraph 0039 that the material of the second barrier layer preferably has "k" of no less than 0.1; as such, the literature describes no technical idea in relation to absorption coefficient as low as below 0.05 as described in the present invention.
Patent Literature 2 discloses an optical recording medium that has a laminate structure between a first recording disc and a second recording disc, in which the first recording disc is formed by laminating an organic dye recording layer and an light reflective layer on an optical transparent substrate and the second recording disc is formed by laminating an optical reflective layer, an organic dye recording layer, and a dye protective layer on an optical transparent substrate; however, no description appears with respect to the dye utilized in the organic dye recording layer.
Patent Literature 3 describes in relation to a thermal deposition temperature and a maximum absorption wavelength of dyes, however, also describes that sufficient modulation degree of recording signals is hardly obtainable when the thickness of the protective layers is below 80 nm.    Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2000-311384    Patent Literature 2: JP-A No. 2003-303447    Patent Literature 3: JP-A No. 2006-48992


A portable game system that contains an LCD touchscreen that displays 3D player-controlled characters moving in a simulated 3D game world and viewed from variable 3D viewpoints. The LCD touchscreen displays autostereoscopic images (without using glasses) so that a game player can reach into the game world and move virtual objects in 3D by pointing to them using the autostereoscopic touchscreen.

Handheld portable game systems that have liquid crystal display (LCD) screens are well known and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,830. US patent application 2002/0165028 discloses a portable game system that has a main processor and an image processing unit for display on an LCD screen, but this coprocessor does not generate characters with texture mapped polygons. U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,610 describes a video game system that generates characters with texture mapped polygons in a non-portable game machine, but does not mention a portable game machine. U.S. Pat. No. 5,682,171 describes a portable game system that provides a stereoscopic display, but does not mention polygons. U.S. Pat. No. 6,296,570 describes a game system that renders polygons but it is not a portable game system. U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,315 describes both a portable game system and a video game console system, but the portable system does not generate polygons and the console system that generates polygons is not portable.
Therefore, a need exists for a portable game system that generates and displays natural looking pictures of animated characters that are rendered as 3-dimensional (3D) texture-mapped polygons, and also display multiple views of the game characters on the LCDs from different points of view and angles in a natural-looking 3D game world.
It is also desirable for the 3D characters to be displayed stereoscopically in a 3D the LCD display device.


All-optical modulation occurs in crystalline organic semiconductor waveguides (10a) grown by the ultrahigh vacuum process of organic molecular-beam deposition onto substrates (10b). Two light beams with wavelengths of 1.06 and 0.514 .mu.m from a first source (12) and a second source (34), respectively, may be used as the guided and the pump light sources, respectively. A resonant non-linear coefficient at room temperature of 5.4.times.10.sup.-5 cm.sup.2 /W at 1.06 .mu.occurs at a pump intensity of 1.0 W/cm.sup.2. This large non-linear effect is attributed to free electron-hole pairs produced by the dissociation of excitons generated by the short wavelength beam. A carrier lifetime of (17.+-.1) us, which determines the modulator switching time, is in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This appears to be the first observation of free-carrier-induced index modulation in crystalline organic waveguides.

For more than two decades, organic materials have been investigated for their potential usefulness to non-linear optics (NLO). Most research has been focused on non-resonant non-linear effects, since the losses are smaller and the response times are shorter than at resonance. Resonant NLO effects, however, are interesting because they can be induced at very small optical powers. Resonant NLO effects also clarify the nature of optical transitions and dynamic processes which are not yet completely understood for organic materials. In previous work, the linear dielectric properties of the crystalline organic compound, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) were reported;
see, e.g., D. Y. Zang et. al., Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 58, pp. 562-564 (1991). However, no additional work on this compound has been reported as to any non-linear properties it may have.
Non-linear optical properties permit the fabrication of optical devices, such as optical modulators, switches, frequency doublers, etc. A desirable property of such modulators is a large resonant non-linear coefficient, n.sub.2, which determines how sensitive the modulator is to the intensity of the incoming radiation, and hence how easily the modulator is switched. In this connection, the non-linear index of refraction is given by the product of n.sub.2 and the intensity.

All-optical modulation in crystalline organic semiconductor waveguides


The fastening tape included in the disposable diaper has a base sheet, and a hook sheet provided with a plurality of engagement hooks and fixed on the base sheet. The engagement strength of the fastening tape is 0.3 N/30 mm or more, and 1.5 N/30 mm or less. The bending rigidity value in the direction in which the surface of the base sheet of the fastening tape comes close is smaller than the bending rigidity value in the direction in which the surface of the hook sheet of the fastening tape comes close.

In the conventional art, as a disposable diaper used mainly in an infant and toddler and the like, there is provided a so called open-type disposable diaper provided with a fastening tape for fastening at side flaps of a back waistline unit thereof.
In such an open-type disposable diaper, a structure of a fastening tape is known in which the rigidity of the tip of the fastening tape is lower than the rigidity of the proximal end of the fastening tape (for example, Patent Literature 1). According to a fastening tape with such a structure, even when the wearer of the disposable diaper moves, the tip of the fastening tape easily becomes deformed with following the change in the shape of the body of the wearer, which makes it difficult for the fastening tape to unfasten from the disposable diaper.


A method includes: obtaining, by a first communications device, a first carrier, where the first carrier is used to transmit a first message and a second message; obtaining, by the first communications device, a first transmission resource and a second transmission resource of the first carrier, where the first transmission resource is used to send the first message, the second transmission resource is used to send the second message, and the first transmission resource and the second transmission resource are different transmission resources; sending, by the first communications device, the first message on the first transmission resource by using a first wireless access technology; and sending, by the first communications device, the second message on the second transmission resource by using a second wireless access technology, where the first wireless access technology and the second wireless access technology are different inter-device direct communications technologies.

With development of communications technologies, intelligent transportation technologies represented by the internet of vehicles have developed rapidly. A vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications technology emerges accordingly. V2X may be vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I).
For the V2X communications technology, in a 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) system, standardization research on Rel-14 has been completed, and standardization work on Rel-15 is ongoing.
Currently, 3GPP has started research on a 5th generation communications technology (5G) system, and enhanced research on the V2X communications technology under a new technical framework of the 5G system is also to be started. In this case, a V2X communications technology in the LTE system and a V2X communications technology in the 5G system need to effectively coexist, to avoid a problem that vehicles cannot communicate with each other due to non-coexistence of the V2X communications technology in the LTE system and the V2X communications technology in the 5G system. However, currently, there is no method for achieving effective coexistence of the V2X communications technology in the LTE system and the V2X communications technology in the 5G system.


A mobile terminal and a control method thereof are provided. When a pre-set input with respect to an object is received, the mobile terminal selects the object, and searches and displays at least one application associated with the selected object, and when an input with respect to a specific application, among the at least one application, is received, the mobile terminal converts the selected object into an applicable form corresponding to the specific application and displays the converted object.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates to a mobile terminal providing a behavior guide of a user related to an object and a control method thereof.
2. Background
As functions are diversified, terminals such as a personal computer, a notebook computer, a mobile phone, or the like, are implemented as multimedia players having various functions such as capturing images and video, playing music or video files, playing games, receiving broadcast, and the like.
Terminals may be classified into mobile terminals and stationary terminals. Mobile terminals may be classified into handheld terminals and vehicle mount terminals according to whether users may directly carry it around.
Efforts are ongoing to support and increase functionality of terminals. The efforts include software and hardware improvements, as well as changes and improvements in structural components that form the mobile terminal.
Recently, various terminals, including mobile terminals, supporting complex and various functions, tend to link a plurality of applications to use execution results.

Mobile terminal and method for controlling the same


A device for improving breathing is provided in which an upper arch (12) adapted to receive at least some of a user's upper teeth and a lower arch (14) adapted to receive at least some of the user's lower teeth are adjustably coupled by a connector (16). The connector (16) is operable to allow lateral motion of the lower arch (14) relative to the upper arch (12), and to adjustably position the lower arch (14) forwardly relative to the upper arch (12). The upper arch (12) is adjustably coupled by a connecting apparatus (67) to a face mask (86) that is associated with a gas supplying system (88). The connecting apparatus (67) is operable to allow universal movement of the face mask (86) relative to the upper arch (12). In another embodiment, the connector (16) is operable to adjustably position the lower arch (14) vertically, relative to the upper arch (12), and includes a hooking element operable to removably engage the lower arch (14).

Many people experience breathing problems. These problems may result in difficulty sleeping, in snoring, or in more serious conditions such as sleep apnea.
One treatment for breathing disorders involves the use of devices inserted into the mouth for extending forward the lower jaw of the patient. These devices open the breathing passageway more fully and allow easier breathing through the nose and mouth. These devices may treat some breathing problems, but may not sufficiently treat more serious conditions such as sleep apnea.
Another treatment for breathing disorders involves application of continuous positive air pressure ("CPAP") to the patient. The CPAP is delivered through a face mask, nose mask, or nasal inserts, and results in a fuller opening of the patient's breathing passageway. The CPAP may be increased for more serious conditions. Face masks for delivering CPAP are commonly secured to the patient's head with an adjustable or elastic strap. As the patient moves, the face mask often shifts and unseats from the patient's face, which may reduce the CPAP or awaken a sleeping patient.


A hardware fitting for an all-glass door, including a first fitting half arrangeable on an outer side of the door, a second fitting half arrangeable on an inner side of the door, an actuatable nut arranged between the first and second fitting halves, a lock having a locking bolt and arranged between the first and second fitting halves, and a door stop integrated into at least one of the first and second fitting halves. The locking bolt is slidable between a retracted and an extended position in response to a movement of the nut.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains to a hardware fitting for a glass door, the fitting including two halves.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Hardware fittings for glass doors are used primarily for the doors of baths, showers, changing rooms, etc. These fittings have either pushbuttons or a knob. Inside the front plate of the fitting is a means of displaying information, which tells the person approaching a door of this type whether the door is open or has already been locked from the inside. These types of "occupied" or "unoccupied" signs are designed with another button next to the pushbutton. The additional button travels outward upon rotation of the locking bolt of the lock and simultaneously rotates a disk, which conveys the information to the outside that the booth is occupied. In these types of locks, a latch is also provided in addition to the bolt; this latch is actuated by the pushbuttons, which act by way of a nut.


An object of the present invention is to provide an intake synchronous injection type fuel injection controlling apparatus in synchronism with an intake stroke in starting an internal combustion engine, which may positively feed necessary fuel for each cylinder and improve startability and emission. Then, according to the present invention, in order to attain this object, there are provided with an injection number counter means for counting a total sum obtained by summing fuel injection numbers of all the cylinders from the start of the internal combustion engine, and a fuel injection timing changing means for advancing a fuel injection start timing by a predetermined period when the fuel injection number counted by this injection number counter means is equal to or more than a predetermined number.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fuel injection controlling apparatus for an internal combustion engine, and particularly to a technology for controlling a fuel injection timing in starting an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
In an internal combustion engine such as a gasoline engine or the like, a fuel injection controlling apparatus for determining a fuel injection timing or a fuel injection amount (fuel injection period) in response to an operational condition of the engine. A so-called intake non-synchronous injection system for injecting fuel in synchronism with an intake stroke of each cylinder in starting the internal combustion engine is known as such a fuel injection controlling apparatus. The intake non-synchronous injection type fuel injection controlling apparatus is an apparatus for performing the fuel injection before an intake valve is opened.
By the way, since it is difficult to gasify the fuel such as gasoline or the like at an extremely low temperature and it is likely that the fuel would adhere to a wall surface or the like, in the case where the intake non-synchronous injection type fuel injection controlling apparatus starts the internal combustion engine at an extremely low temperature, it is necessary to inject a large amount of fuel exceeding an amount of fuel to be adhered to an intake port or the like in advance.
Then, the fuel that has been adhered to the wall surface of the intake port or the like is subjected to an intake vacuum pressure that is increased in accordance with the increase of an RPM of the engine after the completion of the start and is sucked into a combustion chamber. Accordingly, there is a fear that the mixture within the combustion chamber becomes an enriched atmosphere to cause the emission to be worse.
In order to solve such a problem, a fuel injection apparatus for an internal combustion engine is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Sho 62-210230. This fuel injection apparatus is provided with a start timing detecting means for detecting a start timing of the engine, a temperature detecting means for detecting a temperature of the engine, and a means for performing the synchronous fuel injection in an intake stroke on the basis of the outputs of the above-described start timing detecting means and the above-described temperature detecting means if the temperature of the engine in starting is less than a predetermined value and is an intake synchronous injection type fuel injection apparatus for injecting fuel in synchronism with a valve opening timing of an intake valve of each cylinder.
In the intake synchronous injection type fuel injection apparatus, since the fuel injection is performed in synchronism with the valve opening timing of the intake valve in starting the internal combustion engine, it is possible to feed a major portion of the fuel injected from the fuel injection valve directly into the combustion chamber. As a result, the amount of fuel adhered to the intake port or the like is decreased, and at the same time, the fuel increment value in starting becomes small in comparison with the intake non-synchronous injection type.

Fuel injection controlling apparatus in starting an internal combustion engine


The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a hollow, elongated structural element, where a first and a second blank (1, 14) are led through an oven (2) for heating to working temperature and are led through rollers (3, 4) with profiled surfaces for pre-forming in one or more steps. The blanks are each led through a forging press with a number of cooperating dies, the blank being worked in a number of steps (5, 8, 11) into halves of an essentially finished product, having a cross-section substantially in the shape of a U-profile with a predetermined varying height, width and thickness of material along its length. The second blank (14) is essentially a copy of the first blank (1). In a final step (15) the blanks are joined together into a composite hollow structural element (18). The invention also relates to a structural element manufactured according to the method.

Many fields today require weight-optimized products without sacrificing function or strength. This is particularly true of forged products, which can be heavy and difficult to optimize due to limitations of the tools used for manufacture.
One example is front axle beams for heavy vehicles. These beams are typically forged as an I-profile, where the web or core in the beam cross-section has very little effect on the torsional rigidity. With strength calculations it can be shown that a tubular cross-section, with a material moved radially outwards as far as possible, is optimal for such a structure. This is particularly true of the so-called "swan neck" on the front axle beam, between its central portion and a king pin support. With conventional forging technology it is, however, difficult to achieve this. EP-A2-0 059 038 shows a front axle beam forged lying in a conventional manner, i.e. the blank lies with its final vertical plane (after mounting) in the horizontal plane during working. The specification describes how a blank is pre-shaped by means of rolling and is then moved between a number of presses, which forge the entire blank or portions thereof to the desired shape. The disadvantage of this method is, as was described above, that the web of the beam is largely located centrally, which has very little effect on the torsional rigidity.
An alternative solution is shown in EP-A1-0 015 648, which describes the forging of a rectangular hollow front axle beam, starting from a tubular blank. While it is true that it is possible to obtain a beam with higher torsional rigidity with this method, it involves a number of problems. To produce the tapered ends of the beam these must be pulled through a die. Even if the material is distributed radially further out from the centre of the beam, the possibility of controlling the thickness of the material is very limited. This also applies to the other parts of the beam, since the starting material is a tube with constant thickness. Quite some work is required on the ends of the beam to provide king pin supports and the mounting of separate mounts for air bellows, for example.
Another solution is revealed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,122,948, which shows a hydroformed front axle beam. In this case as well one starts from a tubular blank, which is first bent to the desired basic shape and is then hydroformed to its final shape. The disadvantage of this solution is firstly that, as in the example above, it is not possible to control the distribution of material along the length of the profile. One must also provide the profile with a number of separate mounts, not only for the air bellows but also for the king pins. The latter must be welded on, for example, which provides the beam with a natural weak point susceptible to corrosion.
Finally, it is also possible to cast hollow front axle beams as is shown in JP-A-11-011105. For reasons of casting technology, there are, however, limits as to the greatest and smallest thickness and requirements for reinforcing ribs, complicated casting cores and the like, to permit casting of such an advanced profile. Beyond this, there are additional limits as regards which materials are practically possible and the economic consequences on the piece price of the axle beams due to the great increase in costs which a casting process would involve.
Most of the above mentioned problems can be solved by the manufacturing method according to the invention. This method makes it much more possible to achieve exact control of the distribution of material around and along a forged profile.

Method of manufacturing hollow structural elements


A control unit for controlling commutation of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor provided. The control unit controls high-side and low-side switches arranged between a power source and the motor and configured as a three-phase bridge to commutate the motor. The control unit is configured to provide drive signals to drive each of the high-side and low-side switches to control, for each phase of the bridge, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) of one of the high-side or low-side switches. For each phase of the bridge, immediately following a first cycle ending with a falling edge of the drive signal for one of the high-side or low-side switches, the control unit introduces a special commutation edge pulse in the drive signal of the other of the high-side or low-side switches to shunt the current from the motor before turning both the high-side and the low-side switches off during a second cycle.

The use of cordless power tools has increased dramatically in recent years. Cordless power tools provide the ease of a power assisted tool with the convenience of cordless operation. Conventionally, cordless tools have been driven by Permanent Magnet (PM) brushed motors that receive DC power from a battery assembly or converted AC power. The motor associated with a cordless tool has a direct impact on many of the operating characteristics of the tool, such as output torque, time duration of operation between charges and durability of the tool. The torque output relates to the capability of the power tool to operate under greater loads without stalling. The time duration of the power tool operation is strongly affected by the energy efficiency of the motor. Since, during some operating modes cordless tools are powered by battery modules that contain a limited amount of energy, the greater the energy efficiency of the motor, the longer the time duration that the tool can be operated. The durability of a power tool is affected by many factors, including the type of motor that is used to convert electrical power into mechanical power.
Brushed motors such as the PM brushed motors that are generally employed in power tool applications are susceptible to damaged brushes over time. The main mechanical characteristic that separates Permanent Magnet brushless motors from Permanent Magnet brushed motors is the method of commutation. In a PM brushed motor, commutation is achieved mechanically via a commutator and a brush system. Whereas, in a brushless DC motor, commutation is achieved electronically by controlling the flow of current to the stator windings. A brushless DC motor includes a rotor for providing rotational energy and a stator for supplying a magnetic field that drives the rotor. Comprising the rotor is a shaft supported by a bearing set on each end and encircled by a permanent magnet (PM) that generates a magnetic field. The stator core includes field windings around the rotor. Power devices such as MOSFETs are connected in series with each winding to enable power to be selectively applied. When power is applied to a winding, the resulting current in the winding generates a magnetic field that couples to the rotor. The magnetic field associated with the PM in the rotor assembly attempts to align itself with the stator generated magnetic field resulting in rotational movement of the rotor. A control circuit sequentially activates the individual stator coils so that the PM attached to the rotor continuously chases the advancing magnetic field generated by the stator windings. A set of sense magnets coupled to the PMs in the rotor assembly are sensed by a sensor, such as a Hall Effect sensor, to identify the current position of the rotor assembly. Proper timing of the commutation sequence is maintained by monitoring sensors mounted on the rotor shaft or detecting magnetic field peaks or nulls associated with the PM.
The power components, i.e., MOSFETs, generally generate a significant amount of heat due to considerable power dissipation. For this reason, the power components are typically mounted in close proximity to a heat sink constructed to carry heat away from the power components. Heat generation is particularly problematic in high power/high speed power tools. What is needed is an effective way of reducing the amount of power dissipation and heat generated by the power components.

Brushless motor continuation control in a power tool


A system and method are provided for receiving extracted data from a transaction database. Extracted data is transformed into a predefined structure and used to populate a database. A set of measures are then provided for interrogating the database and these may be displayed to the user with dimensions which maybe applied to filter the data. Data presented to a user is relevant to his or her area of activity. The data is periodically refreshed and signals are presented in the data relating to issues requiring further investigation.

Ever since the concept of a process, or indeed any measurable activity, has existed there has been the desire to measure it and improve upon it. In the modern world we encounter processes everywhere from ordering a sandwich to the building of a car. Any of these processes can be graphically monitored by looking at some measure plotted against the relevant processes dimension, which is typically time, but could be any other dimension such as length.
In the 1950's a statistician called Deming took this idea to the manufacturing industry and showed that by applying a statistical rule to the data being displayed it was possible to show on the chart those points which were part of the normal variability of a process and those that were outside. These charts utilise three extra lines superimposed on top of the data, an average line and top and bottom process guidelines, the position of these lines on the chart being derived from the data rather than some arbitrary position. Significant events, by which we mean something out of the ordinary, are those points outside the process guidelines and by investigating and acting upon these; improvements in the performance of the process can be achieved. The charts are well known in the manufacturing industry as Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts and have been widely used in manufacturing since the early 1950's to great effect.
The problem faced by those seeking to implement SPC charts for a process within a business is that there is simply no enterprise wide, simple to configure, general purpose SPC tool that is relevant to every one in an organisation. To date, SPC charts and the software that displays them have remained in the domain of the statisticians and engineers looking after complex manufacturing processes.
In particular, the charts are limited by the lack of a mechanism to filter the charts by one or more dimensions, the representation of measure data that allows the charts to be aggregated and/or drilled down on, and a mechanism to efficiently supply a relevant chart when there is a large amount of data to analyse to any number of users in an organisation, and to insert new measures into the system once the system is in place.
In recent years the application of new IT systems such as ERP and CRM systems have provided firms with an increasing volume of data about their operations and as a result an increasing need to interpret and report on this data. This has resulted in the growth of a related set of technology focused on enterprise wide reporting. These systems include enterprise reporting systems and more specialist systems such as balanced scorecard reporting systems. All these systems seek to provide managers with information about the state of their operations.
These systems have a number of disadvantages. In particular, they require significant expense and effort to set up the data warehouse that most of these systems require and then to configure the reports and to provide ongoing support for the solutions. This in turn has generated its own industry of business intelligence systems support teams who spend their time creating and producing reports for management.
An additional problem that firms are discovering with these systems is that they create an increasing number of static, predefined reports which have to be continually refined to answer the specific questions that managers have about performance. What they cannot do is to allow users to investigate and understand their own performance in any way that they wish in real time because the reports are constrained to do just the job they were programmed to.
In view of this there would be considerable benefit for firms if they could go straight from their transactional data to interactive analysis of performance which allows them to investigate any aspect of performance that their data will support without the need to go through the intermediate stage of building a data warehouse and then defining KPI's and configuring and refining report formats.

System and method for extracting user selected data from a database


A communications system and method for transmitting digital information includes arranging a modulator to have an input bit stream of binary data and arranging a signal generator to generate four orthonormal hyper phase shift keying (HPSK) basis functions that are periodic functions with a duration T. A bit to symbol mapper is arranged to combine the bit stream and the HPSK basis functions to form a succession of 4-bit HPSK symbols for 16-HPSK, 5-bit HPSK symbols for 32-HPSK or 6-bit HPSK symbols for 64-HPSK, and a transmitter is arranged to transmit signals indicative of the HPSK symbols. A receiver is arranged to receive the signals from the transmitter and the HPSK symbols are demodulated with the HPSK basis functions to reproduce the bit stream of binary data.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to digital communications and particularly to signal modulation techniques. Still more particularly, this invention relates to phase shift keying, which is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal.
2. Description of the Related Art
In telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying a periodic waveform in order to use that signal to convey a message or to transmit information. Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. Phase shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). PSK uses a finite number of phases, each assigned a unique pattern of binary bits. Usually each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular phase. In digital communications, a symbol is the smallest unit of data transmitted at one time.
Traditional digital modulation techniques include binary phase shift keying and quadrature phase shift keying. Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) has only one basis function, which is expressed as
                                          ϕ                                      (              t              )                                =                                                    2                T                                                                cos                                            (                                  2                                    π                                                                                f                    c                                                      t                                )                                                    ,                            (        1        )
where fc is the carrier wave frequency and T represents the symbol duration and the basis function is defined only for times between 0 and T. The BPSK waveforms, s1(t)=−s2(t), are represented ass1(t)=√{square root over (Eb)}φ(t)=−s2(t),  (2)where Eb is the energy per bit.
In the presence of zero mean additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with a variance of No/2, the probability of bit error using maximum likelihood (ML) detection is
                                          P            b                    =                      Q                                      (                                                                    2                                                              E                      b                                                                            N                    o                                                              )                                      ,                            (        3        )            where Eb is the energy per bit, and the Q function is
                              Q                                (            x            )                          =                              1                                          2                                π                                                                                ∫              0              ∞                                                                  e                                                      -                                          x                      2                                                        2                                                                                ⅆ                  x                                .                                                                        (        4        )
M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) uses two orthonormal basis functions
                                          ϕ            1                                          (            t            )                          =                              A                                          E                s                                                                    cos                                      (                              2                                π                                                                                f                  c                                                t                            )                                                          (        5        )            and
                                                        ϕ              2                                                  (              t              )                                =                                    -                              A                                                      E                    1                                                                                sin                                            (                                  2                                    π                                                                                f                    c                                                      t                                )                                                    ,                            (        6        )            where A is the amplitude, fc=m/T with m being a positive integer and the basis functions are defined only for time values between 0 and T. The constraint on the frequency allows the two basis functions to be orthogonal to each other.
Additionally, Es represents the energy per symbol and equals A2T/2. The signals sn(t), where n=1, 2, . . . , M are written as
                                          s            n                                          (            t            )                          =                                            E              s                                                                    ⌊                                                cos                                                        (                                                                                π                          M                                                                                (                                                                                2                                                            n                                                        -                            1                                                    )                                                                                ϕ                            1                                                                                (                            t                            )                                                                                +                                              sin                                                                          (                                                                                π                              M                                                                                (                                                                                2                                                                    n                                                                -                                1                                                            )                                                                                )                                                                                )                                                                                ϕ                    2                                                                          (                    t                    )                                                              ⌋                        .                                              (        7        )
For quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) where M=4, the probability of bit error using ML detection in AWGN is the same as is the same as in Equation (3) because QPSK in effect is two independent BPSK channels. Note that even though the bit error rates are identical, QPSK has twice the bandwidth efficiency of BPSK.
The bit error probability for M-PSK in general is
                              P          b                =                              2                                          log                2                                          M                                                                    Q                                            (                                                      sin                                                              (                                              π                        M                                            )                                                                                log                        2                                                                  M                                                                                2                                                                                E                            b                                                                                N                          o                                                                                )                                      .                                              (        8        )            Equation (8) is accurate when gray coding is used to code adjacent symbols.
Another commonly used modulation is M-quadrature modulation (QAM), which is simply amplitude modulation over two quadrature channels. The bit error probability for M-QAM in general is
                              P          b                =                                            4                                            (                                  1                  -                                      1                                          M                                                                      )                                                                    log                2                                          M                                                                    Q                                            (                                                                            3                                                                    log                        2                                                                                ME                        b                                                                                (                                                  M                          -                          1                                                )                                                                                N                        o                                                                                )                                      .                                              (        9        )
In the simplest modulation schemes such as binary phase-shift keying, only one bit of data (i.e., a 0 or 1) is transmitted at a time depending on the phase of the transmitted signal. However, in a more complex scheme such as 16-QAM, four bits of data are transmitted simultaneously, resulting in a symbol rate (or baud rate) that is equal to one quarter of the bit rate.
Owing to PSK's simplicity, it is widely used in existing technologies. The most popular wireless local area network (LAN) wireless standard, IEEE 802.11b uses a variety of different PSK techniques depending on the data-rate required. At the basic-rate of 1 Mbit/s, it uses differential BPSK. To provide the extended-rate of 2 Mbit/s, DQPSK is used. In reaching 5.5 Mbit/s and the full-rate of 11 Mbit/s, QPSK is employed coupled with complementary code keying. The higher-speed wireless LAN standard, IEEE 802.11g has eight data rates: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 54 Mbit/s. The 6 and 9 Mbit/s modes use BPSK. The 12 and 18 Mbit/s modes use QPSK. The fastest four modes use forms of quadrature amplitude modulation.
Because of its simplicity BPSK is appropriate for low-cost passive transmitters, and is used in radio frequency identification (RFID) standards such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14443 which has been adopted for biometric passports, credit cards such as American Express's Express Pay and many other applications.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


A motor drive apparatus includes an assembly of first and second subassemblies. The first subassembly includes a first board and at least one connecting member, such as a bus bar, formed in the first board, and arranged to form a current supply path from a power source to the motor. The second subassembly includes a second board and at least one switching device mounted on the second board. The first and second subassemblies are stacked with an interspace between the first and second boards. A terminal segment of the switching device is connected with a terminal segment of the connecting member.

The present invention relates to an assembly of components forming a circuit such as a motor drive circuit, and more specifically to a motor (drive) unit or motor control unit.
A published Japanese patent application Pub. No. 2003-309384 (corresponding to US 2003/206392 A1) shows an electric power steering system including a motor for producing a steering assist torque for a vehicle, a drive circuit for driving the motor and a control circuit for controlling the drive circuit. In this system, a plurality of switching devices are mounted on an inclined surface of a housing and fixed one by one by screw fasteners.


Embodiments of the invention relate to a fabrication method of an electronic device, more particularly to a fabrication method of a power device in which an oxide layer at the bottom of the trench is provided to reduce Miller capacitance and further reduce RC delay. In one embodiment, a method for forming an oxide layer at the bottom of a trench comprises providing a first substrate with at least one trench therein; forming a first oxide layer on the bottom and sidewalls of the trench; removing the first oxide layer at the bottom of the trench; and forming a second oxide layer at the bottom of the trench.

The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a power device, and more particularly, to a method for fabricating a trench power device by forming an oxide layer at the bottom of a trench.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,386 to Hurst et al., the entirety of which is fully incorporated by reference herein, discloses total gate charge as an important parameter in a trench power MOSFET. In some applications of conventional trench power MOSFETs, such as DC-DC converters, the lower the gate charge the better is the efficiency of the overall design. One major component of the total gate charge is the charge required to supply what is known as the Miller capacitance.
The Miller capacitance is a parasitic capacitance that forms between the gate and the drain. The Miller capacitance is an effective increase of the gate to drain capacitance effect due to a rising drain current in the MOSFET active state. As a result, a higher proportion of the total gate charge flows through the gate-drain capacitance, and the rate of the rise of the gate to drain voltage is reduced. Thus, an effective way to lower the gate charge is to reduce the Miller capacitance. One method to decrease the Miller capacitance is to increase the thickness of the gate dielectric. A uniformly thicker gate dielectric layer, however, requires higher gate charge which results in lower efficiency.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved process for fabricating a trench power device that can prevent the aforementioned RC delay problem due to the Miller capacitance.

Method for fabricating trench power device


A high performance adaptive load output buffer with fast switching of capacitive loads includes a first set of series connected complementary cascode structures having a first output node at the junction of the cascode connected p-channel device, a second output node at the junction of the two cascode structures, and a third output node at the junction of the cascode connected n-channel device. The buffer also may include at least one second set of series connected complementary cascode structures having the control terminal of the p-channel cascode structure of the second set connected to the inverted output from the first output node of first complementary cascode structure. The control terminal of the n-channel cascode structure of the second set may be connected to the inverted output from the third output node of first complementary cascode structure. The common terminal of the second cascode structure may be connected to the second output node of first complementary cascode structure and the output pad.

An off-chip pad driver is primarily used to provide data at the output pad that transmits data to a receiver contained in another chip which may be located at quite a distance. The receiver is triggered by this data, hence, it may be required that it receives a good signal in terms of amplitude, frequency and noise level at its input. To transmit data at high-speed, it may be essential to maintain a noise immunity level in conjunction with the rise and fall slew rates of the driver being appreciably high. In some cases, the driver may be used in different environment where the capacitive load, driven by the pad driver, varies to a large extent.
FIG. 1 shows the prior art pad driver circuit. EN is the tri-state signal connected to one of the inputs of NAND gate 4 while the other input of the gate 4 is a data signal (DATA). The EN signal is also connected to the input of the inverter 2, the output of which is connected to the input of NOR gate 6. The DATA signal acts as second input of the NOR gate 6. The core provides both the signals. The pull-up section of the driver contains P-channel transistors 14 and 16 whereas the pull-down section of the driver contains N-channel devices 18 and 20. Transistors 16 and 18 are provided for specific purposes like providing process compensation etc.
A high logic level at the EN signal enables the driver and passes the data. When the data switches from a low logic level to a high logic level, the pull-up transistors switch at a slower rate than the pull-down transistors. The pad achieves the high logic level. When the data switches from a high level to a low level, the pull-down transistors transit at a slower rate than the pull-up transistors, thereby making the pad achieve the low logic level. This mechanism helps to remove the crowbar current though the driver.
The performance of the driver may be very good for a given load, but its use may be limited to a particular application. Also if the driver is made small considering minimum load conditions, it may become useless for high load applications at the given speed, whereas if it is made larger to provide higher drive, the noise level at lower load environments is high thus degrading driver performance.
Another prior art circuit is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 6,597,199 with the title "Method and circuit for logic output buffer" as shown in FIG. 2. It provides the benefit of faster switching, low switching noise and improved switching time, but it does not depict dynamic control on the voltage slew rate control with respect to capacitance variation at the pad. Further details can be referred to from the patent.
Yet another prior art circuit is presented in FIG. 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,583,644 titled "Output buffer for reducing slew rate variation". It uses a slew rate compensator for minimizing slew rate variation caused by the change in the load capacitance at the pad terminal. It compensates for the slew rate through coupling of the pad voltage with the driving stage. However the circuit has following disadvantages.
Reduced slew rate variation is achieved though capacitive coupling of the complementary signal ultimately slowing the signal at the pad. Therefore, the size of the driver and the pre-driver circuit increases for a given drive. It also increases the power dissipation of the circuit.
For high-speed design, when signal switching is fast, capacitive coupling may not be effective. The circuit, therefore, does not take care of the capacitance variation at the pad.

High performance adaptive load output buffer with fast switching of capacitive loads


A radio device comprising a housing having an opening and an internal retaining surface; an antenna support sleeve inserted in the opening and a rod antenna mounted for movement in the antenna support sleeve between extended and retracted positions; the sleeve including a resilient, outwardly-projecting finger which engages the retaining surface to prevent removal of the sleeve from the housing and the housing including an aperture through which the finger can be inwardly displaced using a tool, including a shank, to disengage the finger from the retaining surface, thereby enabling removal of the sleeve from the housing.

The present invention relates to a radio device.
In such a device, it is known to equip a housing of the device with a rod antenna which can be retracted and extended through an opening in the housing. Damage to the rod antenna through snapping, bending or fracture can occur when the rod antenna is extended. It is, therefore, a requirement for the radio device that the damaged rod antenna be readily replaceable.


A spigot joint between two rotating components of a gas turbine engine comprises a male portion engaged with a female portion. The male portion has a radially outer finger spring-loaded against a surrounding surface of the female portion, and a radially inner finger spaced from the radially outer finger by a gap.

The spigoted fit between two rotating components during operation is affected by centrifugal forces as well as thermal growth forces. The centrifugal forces are directly related to rotational speeds, while the thermal growth forces are related to the temperature profiles of the two components. The magnitude of the thermal growth forces can be exacerbated by material property differences, such as the coefficient of thermal expansion and the modulus of elasticity, between the two spigoted components. Prior technology typically requires a looser fit at certain operating conditions in order to avoid having to deal with excessively high steady-state stresses that would otherwise occur with a continuous tight fit design between two rotating components. However, a loose fit allows for greater component deflection, which subsequently enables greater vibratory strains/stresses to be induced by modal excitations at certain operating conditions. Heretofore, compromises had to be made to tentatively accommodate these two opposed requirements.
Improvements are thus desirable.