Trading software may receive trading information from an exchange. The trading software may use the trading information to compute an estimate of last traded total sweep quantity. The trading software may also display the last traded total sweep quantity on a trading screen.

Many exchanges throughout the world now support electronic trading. Electronic trading has made it possible for an increasing number of people to actively participate in a market at any given time. The increase in the number of potential market participants has advantageously led to, among other things, a more competitive market and greater liquidity.
A trader can connect to an exchange, for example, using a client device, and the exchange can serve as a host. Once connected, software running on the client device allows the trader to log onto one or more exchanges and participate in one or more markets. Some clients run software that creates specialized interactive trading screens. In general, the trading screens enable traders to enter orders into the market, obtain market quotes, and monitor positions. The range and quality of features available varies according to the specific trading software.
One such feature often displayed to traders is the last traded quantity ("LTQ"), which is typically associated with a last traded price ("LTP"). The LTQ generally reflects the quantity of the last match performed by the exchange's matching engine, while the LTP generally reflects the price level of the match. When a trader enters an order, the trader generally specifies a price and a quantity for the order. The order can be, for example, a buy or a sell order. When filling the order, the matching engine matches the order against all or part of one or more other orders. For example, a buy order at a specified limit price may be matched with a corresponding sell. Of course, an order may be matched against several orders, either at one or multiple price points, and an order may be matched against portions of one or more orders.
One situation where an order may be matched at multiple prices points occurs when a trader sweeps the market. A trader can sweep the market by placing an order opposite from the inside market. The inside market generally refers to the highest current bid price and lowest current ask price. Thus, a buy order placed above the inside market can sweep the market. Similarly, a sell order placed below the inside market can sweep the market.
FIG. 1A is a trading screen showing an example of a market for a tradable object. The trading screen includes a price column 100, which displays various price levels for the tradable object. A bid column 102 displays a quantity of bids, which is an offer to buy, at corresponding price levels. An ask column 104 displays a quantity of asks, which is an offer to sell, at corresponding price levels. A LTQ column 106 displays the last traded quantity matched by the matching engine, and, as shown in FIG. 1A, it is depicted in conjunction with the corresponding LTP. As depicted in FIG. 1A, the inside market is 8 bid @ 95 and 4 ask @ 96.
To illustrate an order matching at several price points and the last traded quantity, consider an order to buy 22 @ 98. A buy 22 @ 98 is an order to buy a quantity of 22 at a price of 98. The matching engine then attempts to fill the order based on the current state of the market. As shown in FIG. 1A, the market currently offers 4 at 96, 17 at 97, and 2 at 98. The matching engine begins by filling the order at the most favorable ask price.
So, the buy 22 @ 98 is filled under the matching engine by buying 4 @ 96, buying 17 @ 97, and buying 1 @ 98. In this example, the matching engine took the one new order and matched it at several different price points. FIG. 1B is a trading screen illustrating a display of the market state after filling the order at multiple price points. As shown in FIG. 1B, after filling the buy 22 @ 98 order, there are no more asks at the 96 or 97 prices levels. These matched with the buy order. Similarly, the ask quantity at the 98 level is decreased to one, because one ask at this level matched against the buy 22 @ 98 order.
The LTQ column 106 includes an entry at the 98 price level. In filling the buy 22 @ 98 order, the matching engine first matched a quantity of four offered at the 96 price level. Next, the matching engine matched seventeen at the 97 price level. Finally, the matching engine matched one at the 98 price level. As the matching engine last matched a quantity of one at the 98 price level, the LTQ column 106 displays a "1" at the 98 price level. Thus, the LTQ value is a partial fill quantity instead of a total fill quantity, which would be displayed only if the buy 22 @ 98 order fully matched at a single price level.
While the market state depicted in FIG. 1B may occur due to a sweep order, it may also occur due to other market events. Thus, the transition from the market depicted in FIG. 1A to the market depicted in FIG. 1B may occur due to market changes other than a sweep order. For example, the traders having ask orders at the 96 and 97 prices levels may cancel their orders, and a single order may be matched at the 98 price level. The LTQ column 106 would then reflect a single order matched at the 98 price level, and the ask quantities at the 96 and 97 price levels would be removed to reflect the cancellations. Of course, other combinations of cancellations and orders may also cause the market to transition from the state depicted in FIG. 1A to the state depicted in FIG. 1B.
In two typical methods for providing updates to the trading software, an exchange may provide a separate update for each market change, or an exchange may provide updates at periodic intervals that indicate market changes during the preceding time period. These methods may then affect the display of the LTQ. For example, when an order sweeps the market, the trader would only see the LTQ value of the last match made by the matching engine. For an exchange the provides only periodic updates, the trader may not be able to judge how many orders matched at other price levels, because the periodic update would include the LTQ value for the last executed trade and not for all the preceding trades. Also, the trader may not be able to determine whether orders were cancelled at other price levels, or whether a combination of matches and cancellations occurred. For an exchange that provides updates for each market change, the trading software may display a series of LTQ values in quick succession. While the trading software may display each LTQ value, the values may be displayed so rapidly that the trader may miss viewing all of the matches, thereby causing the trader to misjudge the market conditions.
In the following detailed description, a trading method and interface for displaying last traded quantity information are described. These tools provide advantages, as described below, to a trader in an electronic trading environment.

Method and interface for presenting last traded quantity information

Trading Technologies International, Inc.


Techniques are provided for updating a locally stored version of a data set in a multi-system environment where each system maintains a separate stored version of the data set and is capable of modifying an attribute of the data set. An attribute of a data set stored locally in a first application system is modified and a message is generated containing the data set. The message is sent to a second application system that also maintains a version of the data set. The second application system receives the data set, and the attribute is compared to the attribute stored locally by the second application system. If the comparison indicates that the version of the attribute stored locally in the second application system is less recent than the version of the attribute in the received data set, the second application system's version of the attribute is replaced with the attribute in the message.

A multiple-system network may include two or more systems that share a common data set. The multiple systems may share the data set by maintaining a local version of the data set in a local database. In some networks, each of the multiple systems may have the ability to modify or change the data set. These changes may be made to the system's local version of the data set and then communicated to the other systems in the network via asynchronous messaging. The messages allow the other systems to update their local data sets with the modifications that occurred in other systems so that the data sets of the various systems are consistent. Because asynchronous messaging may be used to update the various data sets in the network, it is possible that messages between the systems could be delayed or even lost. In the event of a lost message, a state of equilibrium between the data sets of the system may not be reached.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Updating data in a multi-system network that utilizes asynchronous message transfer


An axle-to-beam or crossbrace-to-beam connection for a vehicle axle/suspension system includes an axle or crossbrace having at least one depression formed therein. A sleeve is formed with at least one depression and disposed about the axle or crossbrace so that the axle or crossbrace depression and the sleeve depression matingly engage one another to form a mated pair of depressions. A method of forming the axle-to-beam or crossbrace-to-beam connection includes providing an axle or crossbrace and disposing a sleeve about the axle or crossbrace. At least one mated pair of depressions is simultaneously formed in the axle or crossbrace and the sleeve. The sleeve is immovably mounted to a vehicle axle/suspension system.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to vehicle suspension systems, and in particular to the suspension assemblies of those systems which are useful for heavy-duty vehicles such as trucks and tractor-trailers. More particularly, the invention is directed to a heavy-duty trailing or leading arm axle/suspension system for tractor-trailers, in which the axle is securely and efficiently connected to the beams of the axle/suspension system by an improved axle sleeve and axle structure at the axle-to-beam connection. The improved axle sleeve and axle structure, together with the manner in which the axle-to-beam connection is made and assembled, eliminates welds on the axle. Elimination of the welds on the axle in turn eliminates stress risers and localized mechanical property changes in the axle potentially caused by such welds, and thereby increases durability of the axle and the axle-to-beam connection. The invention is also directed to a heavy-duty trailing or leading arm suspension system for trucks, in which the crossbrace is securely and efficiently connected to the beams of the suspension system by an improved crossbrace sleeve and crossbrace structure at the crossbrace-to-beam connection. The improved crossbrace sleeve and crossbrace structure, together with the manner in which the crossbrace-to-beam connection is made and assembled, optionally eliminates the need for welds on the crossbrace. Elimination of the need for welds on the crossbrace in turn eliminates stress risers and localized mechanical property changes in the crossbrace potentially caused by such welds, and thereby increases durability of the crossbrace and crossbrace-to-beam connection.
2. Background Art
The use of air-ride trailing and leading arm rigid beam-type axle/suspension systems has been very popular in the heavy-duty truck and tractor-trailer industry for many years. Air-ride trailing and leading arm spring beam-type axle/suspension systems also are often used in the industry. For the purpose of convenience and clarity, reference herein will be made to beams, with the understanding that such reference is by way of example, and that the present invention applies to heavy-duty vehicle air-ride axle/suspension systems that utilize rigid-type beams or spring-type beams and also to heavy-duty vehicle mechanical axle/suspension systems. Although such axle/suspension systems can be found in widely varying structural forms, in general their structure is similar in that each system typically includes a pair of suspension assemblies. In some heavy-duty vehicles, the suspension assemblies are connected directly to the primary frame of the vehicle. In other heavy-duty vehicles, the primary frame of the vehicle supports a subframe, and the suspension assemblies connect directly to the subframe. For those heavy-duty vehicles that support a subframe, the subframe can be non-movable or movable, the latter being commonly referred to as a slider box, slider subframe, slider undercarriage, or secondary slider frame. For the purpose of convenience and clarity, reference herein will be made to main members, with the understanding that such reference is by way of example, and that the present invention applies to heavy-duty vehicle axle/suspension systems suspended from main members of: primary frames, movable subframes and non-movable subframes.
Specifically, each suspension assembly of an axle/suspension system includes a longitudinally extending elongated beam. Each beam typically is located adjacent to and below a respective one of a pair of spaced-apart longitudinally extending main members and one or more cross members, which form the frame of the vehicle. More specifically, each beam is pivotally connected at one of its ends to a hanger, which in turn is attached to and depends from a respective one of the main members of the vehicle. The beam may extend rearwardly or frontwardly from the pivotal connection relative to the front of the vehicle, thus defining what are typically referred to as trailing arm or leading arm axle/suspension systems, respectively. However, for purposes of the description contained herein, it is understood that the term "trailing arm" will encompass beams, which extend either rearwardly or frontwardly with respect to the front end of the vehicle. The beams of the axle/suspension system can also either be an overslung/top-mount configuration or an underslung/bottom-mount configuration. For the purposes of convenience and clarity hereinafter, a beam having an overslung/top-mount configuration shall be referred to as an overslung beam with the understanding that such reference is by way of example, and that the present invention applies to both overslung/top-mount configurations and underslung/bottom-mount configurations. The end of each beam opposite from its pivotal connection end also is connected to a bellows air spring or its equivalent, which in turn is connected to a respective one of the main members. In trailer applications, an axle extends transversely between and typically is connected by some means to the beams of the pair of suspension assemblies at a selected location from about the mid-point of each beam to the end of the beam opposite from its pivotal connection end. The axle typically is utilized to rotatably mount a pair of wheels on each end of the axle and is known in the industry as a non-drive wheeled axle. This type of axle/suspension system is known as a single crossbeam variant because it only includes a single axle that extends laterally between the pair of suspension assemblies.
For truck applications, the vehicle typically includes longitudinally extending frame rails positioned on opposite sides of the vehicle and having a generally C-shaped configuration. The vehicle further includes a drive axle having a housing. The drive axle for the vehicle extends laterally across the vehicle within the drive axle housing and is used to mount tires driven by a vehicle engine. In addition, the vehicle includes a suspension which connects the drive axle housing to the frame rails, which are positioned on opposite sides of the vehicle. The axle/suspension system includes frame hangers mounted on the underside of the frame rails on opposite sides of the vehicle. The axle/suspension system further includes longitudinally extending main beams connected at one end to its respective frame hanger via a bushing. At the other end, the beams are connected to a laterally extending crossbrace by way of a crossbrace-to-beam connection. A single crossbrace is utilized for each drive axle. As such the crossbrace extends laterally across the vehicle to connect with the rearward ends of the beams positioned on opposite sides of the vehicle. The crossbrace forms a semi-torsion bar which lifts and rotates while resisting moments about all three axes of a Cartesian coordinate system. This type of suspension system is known as a two-crossbeam variant because it includes both the drive axle housing and the crossbrace extending laterally between the pair of suspension assemblies.
The axle/suspension systems of the heavy-duty vehicle act to cushion the ride and stabilize the vehicle. More particularly, as the vehicle is traveling over-the-road, its wheels encounter road conditions that impart various forces, loads, and/or stresses, collectively referred to herein as forces, to the respective axle on which the wheels are mounted, and in turn, to the suspension assemblies that are connected to and support the axle. In order to minimize the detrimental effect of these forces on the vehicle as it is operating, the axle/suspension system is designed to react or absorb at least some of the forces.
For trailer applications utilizing a single crossbeam variant, these forces include vertical forces caused by vertical movement of the wheels as they encounter certain road conditions, fore-aft forces caused by acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle, and side-load and torsional forces associated with transverse vehicle movement, such as turning of the vehicle and lane-change maneuvers. In order to address such disparate forces, axle/suspension systems have differing structural requirements. More particularly, it is desirable for an axle/suspension system to be fairly stiff in order to minimize the amount of sway experienced by the vehicle and thus provide what is known in the art as roll stability. However, it is also desirable for an axle/suspension system to be relatively flexible to assist in cushioning the vehicle from vertical impacts, and to provide compliance so that the components of the axle/suspension system resist failure, thereby increasing durability of the axle/suspension system.
For trucks utilizing a two-crossbeam variant, the forces encountered by the axle/suspension system are similar to those encountered by the single crossbeam variant of the trailer axle/suspension system. However, in this variant the drive axle is typically subjected to vertical forces caused by vertical movement of the wheels as they encounter certain road conditions, fore-aft forces caused by acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle, and side-load forces associated with transverse vehicle movement, such as turning of the vehicle and lane change maneuvers. The torsional forces in this installation are typically reacted by the crossbrace. The crossbrace also reacts some vertical loads due to transverse vehicle movement, due mainly to the geometry of the axle/suspension system.
One type of prior art axle/suspension system and axle-to-beam connection for heavy-duty vehicle trailers utilizing a single crossbeam variant is shown, described and/or claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,237, and is owned by the assignee of the present invention. This axle/suspension system provides a means for rigidly connecting the axle to the beam through a connection that substantially surrounds the axle, thereby preventing the axle from assuming a cross-sectional configuration substantially different from its manufactured unaltered cross-sectional configuration due to torsional forces. In one embodiment of the invention shown, described and/or claimed in the '237 patent, the means for rigidly connecting the axle to the beam includes an orifice formed in each of the beam sidewalls. Each orifice substantially surrounds both the axle, which extends through the orifices, and a sleeve that substantially surrounds and is rigidly attached to the axle. The sleeve in turn is rigidly attached to the beam through the orifices in the beam. The sleeve includes a pair of windows into which a continuous weld is laid in order to rigidly attach the sleeve to the axle. These windows are typically located on the front and rear portions of the axle. A weld is laid circumferentially around the axle between the sleeve and each beam sidewall at the sidewall orifice in order to rigidly attach the axle to the beam. An S-cam bearing and a brake chamber of a brake actuation mechanism are attached to the beam.
The welding of the axle sleeve directly to the axle, at the sleeve windows, can potentially create significant stress risers and local mechanical property changes in the axle, as is generally well known in the art. These stress risers and local mechanical property changes in the axle can in turn potentially reduce the life expectancy of the axle.
In response to the considerations created by welding the sleeve directly to the axle, in certain prior art applications axle wall thickness has been increased or other axle-to-beam connection variants have been created without welds where the beam is clamped to the axle via mechanical fasteners, such as U-bolts. However, these mechanically fastened axle-to-beam connection variants are often heavier than the welded variants and often require re-torque of the mechanical fasteners. In addition, increasing axle wall thickness also can undesirably increase weight.
The axle-to-beam connection of the present invention overcomes the aforementioned considerations associated with axle/suspension systems that utilize prior art axle-to-beam connections by eliminating welds on the axle and thereby producing a mechanical lock at the axle-to-beam connection of the axle/suspension system. The elimination of the welds on the axle at the sleeve windows eliminates both stress risers and local mechanical property changes in the axle caused by the welds, thereby improving the life and durability of the axle-to-beam connection.
Moreover, the crossbrace-to-beam connection of the present invention overcomes the aforementioned considerations associated with axle/suspension systems that utilize prior art crossbrace-to-beam connections, which include components welded directly to the cross-brace, by eliminating the need for welds on the crossbrace and instead producing a mechanical lock of the sleeve to the crossbrace at the crossbrace-to-beam connection of the axle/suspension system. The elimination of the welds on the crossbrace eliminates both stress risers and local mechanical property changes in the crossbrace potentially caused by the welds, thereby improving the life and durability of the crossbrace-to-beam connection.
Alternatively, in applications involving truck crossbrace-to-beam connections, it is less critical that welds be completely eliminated from the axle due to reduced beaming forces experienced by the axle/suspension system during operation of the vehicle compared to trailer applications. In addition, torsional loads imparted on the crossbrace-to-beam connection are generally reduced at the outboard ends of the cross-brace. With such uses, the strength and durability of the crossbrace-to-beam connection can be maintained by reducing the number of mated pairs of depressions used to mechanically lock the crossbrace and sleeve together and instead substituting a weld between the crossbrace and sleeve to provide additional support. More specifically, a weld laid between the outboard end of the crossbrace and the outboard end of the sleeve will not result in strength and durability reducing stress risers that are typically experienced with similar weld applications on tractor trailer axles because the outboard end of the crossbrace is relatively unstressed during operation of the vehicle. If a weld is implemented in the manner described, the number of mated pairs of depressions needed to sufficiently lock the sleeve and crossbrace together can be reduced, thereby maintaining the life and durability of the crossbrace-to-beam connection in truck applications while also providing for a reduced width of the rear end of the beam and therefore utilizing less beam material, which in turn reduces material costs and also reduces weight.

Heavy-duty vehicle axle-to-beam or crossbrace-to-beam connection


A semiconductor device having high reliability, a long lifetime and superior light emitting characteristics by applying a novel material to a p-type cladding layer is provided. A semiconductor device includes a p-type semiconductor layer on an InP substrate, in which the p-type semiconductor layer has a laminate structure formed by alternately laminating a first semiconductor layer mainly including Bex1Mgx2Znx3Te (0<x1<1, 0≦x2<1, 0<x3<1, x1+x2+x3=1) and a second semiconductor layer mainly including Bex4Mgx5Znx6Te (0<x4<1, 0<x5<1, 0≦x6<1, x4+x5+x6=1).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device including a p-type semiconductor layer on an InP substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Applications of laser diodes (LDs) include not only light sources for optical disk devices such as CD (Compact Disk) systems, DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) systems and blue-ray disc (BD) systems but also various fields such as optical communications, solid-state laser excitation, material processing, sensors, measuring instruments, medical use, printers and displays. Moreover, light emitting diodes (LEDs) are applied to fields such as indicator lamps for electrical appliances, infrared communication, printers, displays and lighting fixtures.
However, in the LEDs, the efficiency when emitting green light having the highest human visibility is not so high, compared to when emitting light of other colors, and LDs have not yet obtained a practicable characteristic in a visible light range from pure blue (slightly higher than 380 nm) to orange (slightly higher than 600 nm). For example, E. Kato et al. have reported that in a blue-green LD with a wavelength of around 500 nm which is formed by laminating a Group II-VI compound semiconductor on a GaAs substrate, the room-temperature continuous-wave operation for approximately 400 hours with 1 mW has been achieved (refer to E. Kato et al. "Significant progress in II-VI blue-green laser diode lifetime" Electronics Letters 5 Feb. 1998 Vol. 34 No. 3 p. 282-284); however, the material system does not obtain a characteristic exceeding this. It is considered that the reason is attributed to physical properties of the material such as easy formation and movement of crystal defects.
In Group II-VI compound semiconductors, typically p-type conductivity control is not easy, and in particular, there is a tendency that the larger an energy gap is, the smaller the p-type carrier concentration becomes. For example, in ZnMgSSe used as a p-type cladding layer in E. Kato et al. "Significant progress in II-VI blue-green laser diode lifetime" Electronics Letters 5 Feb. 1998 Vol. 34 No. 3 p. 282-284, the larger the Mg composition ratio is, the larger the energy gap becomes. However, when the energy gap is approximately 3 eV or over, the p-type carrier concentration becomes smaller than 1×1017 cm−3, thereby it is not easy to use ZnMgSSe as the p-type cladding layer. It is considered that it is because nitrogen (N) as a p-type dopant in the form of atom is included in ZnMgSSe, but most of nitrogen atoms exist in an interstitial site except for a Group VI site, so the nitrogen atoms are not carriers, that is, it is because the activation ratio of the p-type dopant is low (much lower than 1%). Further, it is considered that the existence of a large number of atoms in an interstitial site in such a manner is a major reason for the formation of crystal defects.
Moreover, in E. Kato et al. "Significant progress in II-VI blue-green laser diode lifetime" Electronics Letters 5 Feb. 1998 Vol. 34 No. 3 p. 282-284, ZnCdSe used as an active layer is not fully lattice-matched to the GaAs substrate, so ZnCdSe has distortion. Typically, in a light-emitting device or a light-receiving device, crystal defects are propagated and diffused from a region having the largest number of crystal defects by influences such as heat, electrical conduction and distortion to reach the active layer, thereby the crystal defects cause deterioration of the device or reduction in lifetime. Therefore, in the case where the active layer has distortion as in the case of E. Kato et al. "Significant progress in II-VI blue-green laser diode lifetime" Electronics Letters 5 Feb. 1998 Vol. 34 No. 3 p. 282-284, when crystal defects exist in the p-type cladding layer or the like, there is a high possibility that the crystal defects cause deterioration of the device. Therefore, even in the case where the energy gap of the p-type cladding layer is increased, it is necessary to be capable of keeping the activation ratio of the p-type dopant at 1% or over, and to form a light-emitting device in which the active layer does not have distortion.
Therefore, the inventers of the present invention and several research groups inside and outside Japan have focused attention on a MgxZnyCd1−x−ySe Group II-VI compound semiconductor (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, 0≦1x−y≦1) as a candidate of a material for forming an optical device emitting light with a wavelength ranging from yellow to green, and have researched and developed the semiconductor (refer to N. Dai et al. "Molecular beam epitaxial growth of high quality Zn1-xCdxSe on InP substrates" Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2742 (1995) and T. Morita et al. "Molecular Beam Epitaxial Growth of MgZnCdSe on (100) InP Substrates" J. Electron. Mater. 25, 425 (1996)). MgxZnyCd1−x−ySe (hereinafter simply referred to as "MgZnCdSe") has such a characteristic that in the case where the compositions of x and y satisfy the following relational expressions, MgZnCdSe is lattice-matched to InP, and when the compositions of x and y are changed from (x=0, y=0.47) to (x=0.8, y=0.17), the energy gap is able to be controlled from 2.1 eV to 3.6 eV.y=0.47−0.37x The composition x ranges from 0 to 0.8 both inclusive.The composition y ranges from 0.17 to 0.47 both inclusive.
Moreover, throughout the above-described composition ranges, the band gap is of a direct transition type, and the energy gap corresponds to a wavelength of 590 nm (orange) to 344 nm (ultraviolet). This suggests that an active layer and a cladding layer constituting a light-emitting device emitting light with a wavelength from yellow to green may be achieved only by changing the compositions x and y in MgZnCdSe.
Actually, it is reported in T. Morita et al. that in the photoluminescence measurement of MgZnCdSe grown on an InP substrate performed by a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method, MgZnCdSe Group II-VI compound semiconductors having different composition ratios x and y obtain such a good light emitting characteristic that the peak wavelength ranges from 571 nm to 397 nm (refer to T. Morita et al. "Molecular Beam Epitaxial Growth of MgZnCdSe on (100) InP Substrates" J. Electron. Mater. 25, 425 (1996)).
Moreover, it is reported by L. Zeng et al. that an LD formed of MgZnCdSe achieves laser oscillation by light excitation in each of wavelength bands of red, green and blue (refer to L. Zeng et al. "Red-green-blue photopumped lasing from ZnCdMgSe/ZnCdSe quantum well laser structure grown on InP" Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 3136 (1998)).
On the other hand, laser oscillation by the current drive of an LD made of only MgZnCdSe has not been reported yet. It is considered that a major reason is that it is difficult to control p-type conductivity by impurity doping into MgZnCdSe.
Therefore, the inventors of the present invention have been conducted research for finding a suitable material for an active layer, a p-type cladding layer or the like in the case where MgZnCdSe is used as an n-type cladding layer. As a result, as the active layer, ZnsCd1−sSe (0<s<1) (hereinafter simply referred to as "ZnCdSe") is used, and as the p-type cladding layer, a MgSe/BeZnTe laminate structure formed by alternately laminating a BetZn1−tTe layer (0<t<1) (hereinafter simply referred to as "BeZnTe") and a MgSe layer is used, thereby 77 K oscillation of an yellow-green LD with a wavelength of 560 nm is achieved. The 77 K oscillation means that a light-emitting device is oscillated in a state in which the light-emitting device is cooled to 77 K. Moreover, as the active layer, instead of ZnCdSe, BeuZn1−uSewTe1−w (0<u<1, 0<w<1) (hereinafter simply referred to as "BeZnSeTe") is used, thereby single peak light emission from orange to yellow-green at 594 nm, 575 nm and 542 nm is observed, and a 575-nm LED achieves light emission for 5000 hours or over at room temperature.
In this case, BeZnTe used as a part of the p-type cladding layer is lattice-matched to the InP substrate in the case where the Be composition ratio t is approximately 0.5, and the p-type hole concentration at this time is 1×1018 cm−3 or over (in actual, approximately 4.8×1018 cm−3) in the case where N is an acceptor, and a direct transition energy gap at a Γ point at this time is 3.12 eV at room temperature (an indirect transition energy gap is 2.77 eV at room temperature). In addition, BeZnTe has crystal strength unique to a Be chalcogenide material. On the other hand, ZnCdSe used as the active layer is lattice-matched to the InP substrate in the case where the Zn composition ratio s is approximately 0.48, and the energy gap at this time is 2.06 eV at room temperature.
Thus, the energy gap of BeZnTe is larger than that of ZnCdSe, so it is expected from a typical tendency in the past that the refractive index of BeZnTe is smaller than the refractive index of ZnCdSe; however, it is found out by an actual evaluation that the refractive index of BeZnTe is larger than the refractive index of ZnCdSe. In other words, it is found out that it is difficult to confine light within the active layer.
Moreover, when the band structures of ZnCdSe and BeZnTe are examined, it is found out that the top of the valence band of BeZnTe is higher than that of ZnCdSe, and a Type II junction between ZnCdSe and BeZnTe is formed. In other word, it is found out that they are in a state in which hole injection from the p-type cladding layer into the active layer is not sufficiently performed.
Therefore, the inventors of the present invention have focused attention on MgSe which has a distinctly small refractive index among materials relating to Group II-VI compound semiconductors, and has a lattice constant close to that of InP, and the inventors of the present invention have had an attempt to apply a MgSe/BeZnTe superlattice structure formed by alternately laminating BeZnTe and MgSe with a thickness corresponding to several molecular layers to the p-type cladding layer. As a result, it is found out that the refractive index of the p-type cladding layer becomes smaller than the refractive index of a ZnCdSe active layer (refer to I. Nomura et al. "Refractive Index Measurements of BeZnTe and Related Superlattices on InP and Application for Waveguide Analysis of MgZnCdSe/BeZnTe Visible Lasers" phys. stat. sol (b) 229, 987 (2002)). Moreover, a quantum confinement effect shifts a sublevel in the valence band, so the top of the sublevel in the valence band of the superlattice structure is expected to be lower than that of ZnCdSe, that is, it is expected that a Type I junction is formed (refer to broken lines in FIG. 6). FIG. 6 schematically shows an example of the band structure of each layer, and in FIG. 6, reference numerals 112, 113 and 115, 114, 116, 116A, and 116B denote an n-type cladding layer, guide layers, an active layer, a p-type cladding layer, a BeZnTe layer, and a MgSe layer, respectively. Therefore, it is found out that when the above-described MgSe/BeZnTe superlattice structure is applied to the p-type cladding layer, it becomes possible to sufficiently perform hole injection from the p-type cladding layer into the active layer and to confine light within the active layer.
However, it is reported that MgSe has high reactivity, and doping into MgSe is expected to be relatively difficult, and when MgSe has a thickness of approximately 0.2 to 0.4 μm, MgSe is changed from a zinc blend (ZB) structure to a rock salt (RS) structure, and the lattice constant of MgSe is also changed, so a MgSe single layer structure has not been examined in depth (refer to H. M. Wang et al. "Surface reconstruction and crystal structure of MgSe films grown on ZnTe substrates by MBE" J. Crystal Growth 208, 253 (2000)).


A computer (205) has at least one database (210) which contains information such as a list of tasks to be performed when manufacturing, upgrading, or servicing an aircraft, the status of the tasks, the resource listing for each task, and the configuration of the resources. When a crew (110) receives a task, the crew requests the flight deck operator FDO (150) to capture the resources listed for the task. The FDO uses a terminal (220) to query the computer to determine whether the resource is available. If available, the FDO then captures the resources for that task and configures the resource in the manner listed for that task. If a required resource has been captured for another task and is not available then the FDO can determine whether to interrupt the other task and release the resource for the assigned task.

Factory floor operations during the manufacturing, maintenance, or upgrading of large, complex machines, such as but not limited to aircraft, often involve simultaneous and/or sequential multiple activities to be performed by multiple crews. One example of such factory floor operations is the flight deck operations during the manufacturing, maintenance, or upgrading of an aircraft. Each crew working on that aircraft may operate more efficiently if it has certain resources in order to perform its assigned job. A problem occurs when two different crews request that the same resource be configured differently for their respective jobs. For example, one crew may want the primary flight control system disabled so that backup flight control system can be tested and evaluated, while at the same time another crew may want the primary flight control system enabled so that a newly installed or replaced component on that primary system can be tested and evaluated. The Flight Deck Operator (FDO) is responsible for allocating and controlling the resources, and resolving conflicts over a resource. For example, the FDO would be responsible for enabling or disabling the primary flight control system based on the priority of the conflicting jobs, and would also be responsible for knowing the status of the various resources. The FDO therefore is responsible to know the current state of each resource and why (for what job) it is in that state.
If there are numerous requests for resources the FDO may become overwhelmed and forget the status of one or more resources. Also, the FDO may receive insufficient, incorrect, or untimely information as to the status of one or more resources. Further, when shifts change, it is almost impossible for an outgoing FDO to remember and then verbally, accurately, and completely communicate the status of the various jobs and resources to an incoming FDO who is responsible to accurately hear, understand, and then remember the status of each resource. Therefore, it is not unusual, when a shift change occurs, for the next crew to restart a test from the beginning, or spend time trying to determine the state of a job and the status of the resources when a previous team left. This increases the time and cost of servicing the aircraft. In addition, when a problem occurs, it is often difficult, if not impossible, to identify the status of the various related resources leading up to the time when the problem occurred so that procedures can be implemented to prevent that problem from occurring again.

Automated allocation of vehicle systems for different specified vehicle testing tasks


An interface pad circuit configured for conveying an electrical signal from a semiconductor chip component to a component external to the semiconductor chip component, the interface pad circuit includes: a control circuit; a plurality of semiconductor elements, the semiconductor elements having respective bulk terminals and being controlled by the control circuit; and a connection pad; wherein at least two of the semiconductor elements are configured for providing a plurality of non-zero logic voltage levels to the connection pad; and wherein the control circuit is configured to apply a voltage level to the bulk terminals of the at least two of the semiconductor elements providing the non-zero logic voltage levels, the voltage level applied by the control circuit corresponding to the highest voltage level of the plurality of non-zero logic voltage levels.

A contemporary hearing aid comprises electronic circuits of very large scale integration in order to accommodate the circuits necessary to perform the desired functionality of the hearing aid while keeping the physical size of the hearing aid as small as possible. This means that the chip or die containing the semiconductor components of the hearing aid also has to be as small as possible in order to fit within the hearing aid housing. At the same time the circuit needs to be optimized to use as little power as possible in order to prolong the life of the battery powering the hearing aid.
Due to a number of practical issues, it is often necessary to distribute the circuit on several silicon dies and provide interconnections between the parts of the circuit residing on different silicon dies or chips, e.g. in the form of bonded electrical connections from one chip to another. Interface terminations for these bondings are provided on each chip as larger, metalized areas denoted pads. During assembly, the pads of different chips on the same substrate are interconnected by bonding wires, e.g. by soldering or ultrasound-welding the bonding wires to the pads forming electrical connections between the wire ends and the pads. The wires and the pads used in the assembly process are usually made from gold or other noble metals resistant to corrosion. Transferring digital signals reliably between individual chips usually consumes a lot of power on the chip, mainly because of the parasitic capacitance introduced by the interfacing pads and the associated components and connections. Since the semiconductor elements present on the chips are typically MOSFET transistors sensitive to electrostatic discharges (ESD), the inclusion of special ESD protection circuits are also mandatory when connecting chips to other chips or to peripheral components. However, the ESD protection circuits also contribute to the parasitic capacitance of the interface pad circuit.

Interface circuit for a hearing aid and method


Internal combustion engine ignition timing control for timing combustion events of an air-fuel mixture in engine cylinders in response to cylinder mean effective pressure feedback information. Cylinder mean effective pressure information is provided through monitoring of variation in ion content in cylinder combustion plasma through ionization current variation measurement and integration. Ion content variation monitoring is carried out at varying ignition timing angles and ignition timing is driven toward timing associated with a minimum ion content variation corresponding to a preferred ignition timing associated with maximum combustion efficiency.

Conventional automotive ignition timing control normally operates in an "open-loop" control mode in which ignition timing is determined through application of engine parameter information to an ignition timing schedule that is determined under calibration conditions. Such open loop control necessarily but erroneously assumes that engine operating conditions will not deviate significantly from the calibration conditions. Any variation in conditions away from those calibration conditions can result in ignition timing error and reduced engine performance. Knock sensors are known to provide some feedback information indicating engine performance that can be used, in extreme conditions, to limit ignition timing. However, unless a knock condition is detected by the knock sensor, open-loop control and its associated shortcomings will dictate engine cylinder ignition timing.
The ionization tendency of cylinder combustion gases has been exploited to diagnose cylinder knock conditions and cylinder misfire conditions. The ion content in the cylinder combustion plasma is known to indicate the character of a cylinder combustion event. Generally, the ion content is measured by applying a supplemental voltage across the electrodes of a spark plug during a cylinder combustion event to measure the current carrying capacity of the plasma to which the electrodes are exposed. The magnitude of the voltage waveform across the electrodes may then be analyzed to determine the quality of the combustion event, so that a misfire condition or a knock condition, for example, may be indicated.
The ionization current across the spark plug electrodes during a cylinder combustion event is proportional to cylinder mean effective pressure (MEP). Variation in MEP, and therefore variation in the ionization current has been determined to be at a minimum at an optimum ignition timing advance angle of a cylinder, as illustrated in FIG. 1. It would be desirable to apply ionization current information for ignition timing control to drive an open-loop ignition timing command toward an optimum ignition timing advance angle. However, ionization current is sensitive to a variety of conditions in addition to MEP, including fuel composition and temperature. The magnitude of ionization current, as is currently applied in knock or misfire diagnostics, is therefore poorly suited to direct application in engine ignition timing control.
It would be desirable to provide for a more comprehensive closed-loop ignition timing control than conventional knock-based ignition timing limiting. It would further be desirable to exploit cylinder ionization current information to determine optimum ignition timing advance angle of a cylinder. It would still further be desirable to control ignition timing on-line in response to such determined optimum ignition timing advance angle.


A video signal encoding system includes a signal processor for segmenting encoded video data into transport blocks having a header section and a packed data section. The system also includes reset control apparatus for releasing resets of system components, after a global system reset, in a prescribed non-simultaneous phased sequence to enable signal processing to commence in the prescribed sequence. The phased reset release sequence begins when valid data is sensed as transiting the data lines.

In the process of coding digital high definition video data for transmission, the video data may be compressed and transmitted in a layered coded format. The layered format may incorporate header data identifying data segments such that, upon loss of data during transmission, a receiver can find an appropriate re-entry point in the received data stream. Extra protection against lost or corrupted data causing confusion or disrupted service at the receiver can be provided by arranging coded video data in transport blocks. The transport blocks include additional header data identifying relatively small portions of the video data. The header data advantageously may include pointers which indicate data re-entry points within respective transport blocks.
The video data may be compressed in a variety of ways, such as in MPEG format or a similar format. MPEG is a standardized coding format being established by the International Organization for Standardization. The standard is described in the document "International Organization for Standardization", ISO/IEC DIS 11172, Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media, Rev. Nov. 23, 1991, which document is incorporated herein by reference for description of the general code format. A system which processes a high definition television signal advantageously using MPEG-like processing and video data transport blocks with associated headers is described in copending U.S. patent application "Apparatus for Segmenting Encoded Video Signal for Transmission", A. A. Acampora et al., Ser. No. 814,207. In that system, a transport processor is used to form data words into data packets which constitute a transport block. The transport processor also generates the required headers, and merges headers with the appropriate transport block.

Reset control network for a video signal encoder


A resin composition which comprises about 40 to about 95% by weight of a heat-resistant resin having a heat deformation temperature of 100.degree. C. or higher under a stress of 1,820 KPa defined by ASTM D-648 and about 60 to about 5% by weight of spherical glass beads having an average particle diameter of about 10 to about 500 .mu.m, or which comprises about 40 to about 90% by weight of a heat-resistant resin having a heat deformation temperature of 100.degree. C. or higher under a stress of 1, 820 KPa defined by ASTM D-648, about 55 to about 5% by weight of spherical glass beads having an average particle diameter of about 10 to about 500 .mu.m and about 55 to about 5% by weight of a solid lubricant, is used as a suitable molding material for sliding members to be used at contact parts with a soft metal member, and when molded into seal rings in sliding contact with an aluminum alloy rotary shaft of an automatic transmission cylinder, not only wear coefficient of mate material and also self wear coefficient can be considerably lowered, but also a good working oil sealability can be effectively obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a resin composition, and more particularly to a heat-resistant resin composition used as suitable molding materials for sliding members for use at contact parts with a soft metal member.
2. Related Art
Usually, soft metals (light metals) such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, etc. are used as automobile parts to make automobile bodies lighter. For example, aluminum alloy is used in cylinder rotary shafts of automatic transmissions, and cast iron is used for their sealing, but has such a disadvantage as a poor working oil sealability.
To improve the sealability, seal rings of tetrafluoroethylene resin have been so far used, but have such a disadvantage as wear of mate aluminum alloy materials under the using conditions having high PV value. To prevent wear of mate aluminum alloy materials due to contact with the seal rings of tetra-fluoroethylene resin, seal rings of polyetheretherketone resin filled with carbon fibers and tetrafluoroethylene resin powder was proposed (JA-A-2-175793). As will be shown in Comparative Examples 1 and 4 which follow, it is evident that the wear coefficient of mate aluminum alloy material is quite larger than that in case of cast iron seal rings and such seal rings fails to satisfy the required properties.


A substrate bonding and debonding method includes the steps of: providing a substrate; forming a first silicone glue layer on a peel-off region of the substrate and a second silicone glue layer on a peripheral region of the substrate, in which the first and second silicone glue layers contain the same silicone main agent and silicone curing agent in a different ratio; adhering an opposite substrate to the first and second silicone glue layers; curing the first and second silicone glue layers to bond the substrate to the opposite substrate; and separating a portion of the substrate from the opposite substrate.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a method of a substrate bonding and debonding, and in particular relates to a method of bonding and debonding a flexible substrate to another substrate.
2. Description of Related Art
With rapid progress in display technologies, liquid crystal display (LCD) devices, mobile phones, laptops, as well as digital cameras have become important electronic products in market. These electronic products all come with a display panel that performs as a medium to display images. In recent years, many researchers have been devoted to developing flexible display panels in order to broaden the application of the display device. Nevertheless, there are many difficulties in the process when manufacturing flexible display panels. For example, in the manufacturing process of the flexible display panel, usually the flexible substrate is first firmly placed on a carrier and later various components of the display panel are formed on the flexible substrate. After the formation of the components, the flexible substrate is separated from the carrier and a flexible display panel is available. Therefore, in the manufacturing process of the flexible display panel, the flexible substrate has not only to be firmly placed on the carrier, but also to endure the harshness in the manufacturing environment and afterwards capable of being parted from the carrier. As far as present techniques are concerned, the conventional manufacturing approaches still face many difficulties. Thus, a novel method is highly in need to bond and debond two substrates as well as to endure the severe manufacturing environment.

Method of bonding and debonding substrate


A thin multiwell plate for use in the transportation of microbes, animal cells, DNA, etc. The multiwell plate of the present invention comprises a sheet laminate, wherein the laminate has multiple hollow parts in which a water adsorbent material is retained. A multiplicity of microbe samples, etc. can be transported conveniently and safely by causing the water adsorbent material to retain a microbe-containing solution, a DNA sample solution, etc. In particular, an ultrathin multiwell plate can be provided due to construction with a sheet laminate, thereby rendering the transportation thereof extremely easy.

Conventionally, materials produced by microbes have been used as a source of new medical development. Explorations have been made to seek such microbes producing useful materials.
Further, useful materials have been produced by culturing microbes introduced genes for cording useful materials (transformant) by using recent genetic recombination technologies.
In addition, in the food industry, a variety of foods have been manufactured by fermentation using microbes. Thus, in the fields of medicine, biochemistry, food, chemistry, etc., microbes play an important role and are kept carefully because clone microbes are valuable sources. Generally, these microbes are stored by a stab culture method, a freezing method, a freeze-drying method, etc.
Research institutions storing the above-mentioned microbes carry the microbes when they are asked to supply the microbes by other research institutions.
Usually, Transportation of microbes is carried out by spotting a culture solution of microbes to paper filter and wrapping with packaging wraps, or containing in ampoule. In case of a large number of microbes, the culture solution is dividedly poured into a micro-titer plate and sealed with a vinyl sheet or spot inoculated in agar medium.
Known multiwell plates for use of microbes are referred to Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2001-218575 and Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2002-199874.
However, the above-mentioned methods for carrying microbes absorbed with filer papers have problems of contamination and are ineffective because the number of paper filters increases in case of large number of microbes.
With regard to the methods of micro-titer plate, agar medium or ampoule transportation, there is a problem of container breakage, which further causes a problem of microbe contamination, and also there is a problem of bulky.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the applicants of the present application proposed a thin multiwell plate (Japanese Patent Application 2003-359534). This multiwell plate is superior enough to achieve the object. However, this multiwell plate requires to be replicated by inverting to contact with a culture medium and the like when they are used. For this reason, a position relation between strains on the multiwell plate and replicated strains on the culture medium is a mirror relation and there was a possibility of misidentifying the positions of the strains.
The present invention to solve the problems provides a thin multiwell plate which simply and safely carries and stores a number of microbes and which is devised in such that the position of multiwell plate corresponds to that of replicated ones.

Research Organization of Information and Systems


Electrically powered equipment and a method of powering the equipment. In one embodiment, the equipment includes: (1) an electric power consuming apparatus, (2) a mains input coupled to the apparatus and configured to be coupled to a branch circuit extending from a distribution panel and allow electric power from the branch circuit to flow to the apparatus and (3) a grid-tied power source input at least intermittently couplable to the mains input and configured to receive electric power from at least one premises power source and allow the electric power to flow to the apparatus or the distribution panel. In a more specific embodiment, the equipment is an outdoor unit.

Mainstream media has extensively covered efforts to reduce reliance on fossil and nuclear fuels in favor of so-called renewable energy, chief among these being solar and wind energy. Residential and business electric power customers have taken steps to reduce their dependence on the commercial electric power distribution network (commonly called "the grid") and the electric power utilities that sell electric power through it.
The customers reduce net energy draw not only by reducing consumption by, for example, increasing thermal insulation, selecting more energy-efficient equipment (e.g., appliances) and using it more judiciously, but also by drawing at least some of the electric power they need from renewable-energy power sources, including windmills and photovoltaic ("solar") panels, they have installed on their own premises. Relatively few of these customers derive enough electric power from these premises power sources to go "off the grid." Instead, most customers remain "on the grid," using the premises power sources as much as possible and drawing the remaining electric power they need from the grid.
Most states have passed laws permitting distributed generation (DG), colloquially known as "grid-tying." DG is the coupling of premises power sources to the existing power grid such that the sources can synchronize with, and supply power to, the grid. To compensate customers having these sources for the power they provide to the grid, states have also passed laws that enable "net-billing" or "net-metering." Net-billing employs a second electric meter, separate from the usual one that measures power a customer takes from the grid, that measures the power that the customer's premises power sources supply to the grid. Net-metering uses a single, bidirectional electric meter that keeps track of net power flow to or from the grid.

Utility-interactive inverter system architecture and method of operation thereof


The present invention disclose a method and apparatus for pulse-width modulation (PWM) of a variable-frequency drive (VFD), the method comprising: for each sector of a space vector graph for PWM of the VFD, identifying at least two possible clamping phases in switching between the vectors in the sector; comparing currents in multiple phases in at least one PWM cycle; in the sector of the space vector graph corresponding to the PWM cycle, determining the possible clamping phase with the maximum current in the at least two possible clamping phases; and clamping the determined possible clamping phase with the maximum current.

Currently, there is an increasing demand for energy efficiency of a hydraulic system comprising a VFD, an electric motor and a hydraulic pump. Dual (or multi-) displacement pumps have been proposed to reduce the electric motor size in a pressure keeping condition, since a smaller displacement will result in a lower torque requirement for the electric motor. Thus, a motor with lower rated power can be selected to reduce the system cost.
Problems may exist at the instant of displacement switching between the flow control mode and pressure control mode. If the displacement switches too early, the output flow will decrease, which cannot be compensated without an additional flow sensor. Therefore, the industry tends to conservatively switch displacement late to guarantee a constant flow output. However, this will further increases the motor torque requirement, which may even break down the VFD inverter due to over-current.
Problems may also exist in high flow and high pressure conditions. In such cases, the VFD works at its peak power capability. If by chance a mechanical jam occurs, a larger torque will be needed to overcome this control disturbance, which may also break down the VFD inverter due to over-current.
Therefore, a solution to increase the maximum rated current of the VFD with a small cost increase is important for the reliability of a low cost system such as one with dual (or multi-) displacement pumps.
In addition, Inverters using the PWM technique have been widely used in electro-hydraulic pump systems. However, the traditional PWM method may bring about switching losses, which is harmful to VFD reliability. With the increase of the switching frequency of the VFD and the rated system power, the problem of switching losses aggravates, which leads to a lower efficiency and hazards the safe operation of the switching devices. Therefore, this problem also needs to be overcome to achieve higher efficiency and reliability.

Method and apparatus for pulse-width modulation of a variable-frequency drive


A magnetic head suspension having a thin metallic plate as a substrate which is caused to have a new function besides a function as a spring. The magnetic head suspension plural lines for connecting a magnetic head and a control circuit board to each other are formed over a thin metallic plate having a spring property through an insulating layer, and are integrated with the thin metallic plate A metallic pad made of a same metal layer as the plural lines is formed independently of the lines, an opening is made in a portion of the metallic pad to penetrate the insulating layer and then to reach the thin metallic plate, and an electroconductive region is formed into the opening by metal plating, thereby connecting the metallic pad and the thin metallic plate electrically to each other. Thereby, the desired portions of the suspension can be grounded through this simple structure without adopting a complicated structure wherein additional special lines for grounding are not separately laid besides the lines, which are lines for connecting a magnetic head and a control circuit board to each other.

In recent years, due to the spread of the Internet and others, the information processing amount of personal computers and the processing speed of information have been required to be increased. Following to that, it has been requested that the capacity of hard disc drives (HDDs) integrated into personal computers and the speed of information transmission are made larger. The type of the component for supporting a magnetic head used in an HDD, which is called a magnetic head suspension, has also been shifting from a conventional type, to which signal lines such as gold wires are connected, to a wiring-integrated type, i.e., the so-called wireless suspension type, wherein signal lines such as copper wires are formed directly to a stainless steel spring.
As one out of processes for producing such a wiring-integrated type suspension, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-180353 discloses a process of using a laminated plate composed of a layer of a spring-property metal such as stainless steel, an insulating layer, and an electroconductive layer, patterning the spring-property metal layer and the electroconductive layer into a predetermined pattern, and then removing the insulating layer partially by plasma etching. This makes it possible to yield a magnetic head suspension wherein plural lines for connecting a magnetic head and a control circuit board to each other are formed on a thin metallic plate having the spring property so as to be integrated with the plate in the state that the insulating layer is interposed between the plate and the lines.
Patent Document: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-180353


The present invention relates to compositions for inhibiting dye transfer between fabrics during washing. The compositions are specifically selected metallo catalysts; namely, porphyrins and phthalocyanines. Detergent compositions containing such porphyrins and/or phthalocyanines are also disclosed.

One of the most persistent and troublesome problems arising during modern fabric laundering operations is the tendency of some colored fabrics to release dye into the laundering solutions. The dye is then transferred onto other fabrics being washed therewith.
One way of overcoming this problem would be to bleach the fugitive dyes washed out of dyed fabrics before they have the opportunity to become attached to other articles in the wash.
Suspended or solubilized dyes can to some degree be oxidized in solution by employing known bleaching agents.
However it is important at the same time not to bleach the dyes actually remaining on the fabrics, that is, not to cause color damage.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,077,768 describes a process for inhibiting dye transfer by the use of an oxidizing bleaching agent together with a catalytic compound such as iron porphins.
Copending EP Patent Application 91202655.6 filed Oct. 9, 1991, relates to dye transfer inhibiting compositions comprising an enzymatic system capable of generating hydrogen peroxide and porphin catalysts.
It has now been found that specifically selected metallo catalysts in the presence of an efficient amount of a quick releasing bleaching agent are very efficient in preventing dye transfer.
Accordingly, a dye transfer inhibiting composition is provided which exhibits optimum dye transfer inhibiting properties.
According to another embodiment, the invention provides an efficient process for laundering operations involving colored fabrics.

Dye transfer inhibiting compositions with specifically selected metallo catalysts


In one aspect, the invention relates to compositions comprising siloxanyl compounds comprising the structure:

Acryloyl-functionalized linear polydimethylsiloxanes can have a satisfactory oxygen permeability yet suffer from hydrophobicity, thereby repelling water and increasing the incidence of corneal staining. That is, introduction of a siloxanyl group for the purpose of increasing oxygen permeability can negatively impact other properties of the composition. Further, when an acryloyl-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane is copolymerized with a hydrophilic monomer (e.g., 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate) in order to increase the hydrophilicity, phase separation can occur due to the static repulsion between the polar hydroxyl group and the nonpolar siloxanyl group, so that a transparent polymer cannot be obtained. Accordingly, such compositions can have poor optical quality.
Therefore, there remains a need for methods and compositions that overcome these deficiencies and that effectively attain a satisfactory balance between oxygen permeability and hydrophilicity.

Abstract: or residues thereof. Such compositions can be suitable for producing molded articles, can be excellent in transparency, hydrophilicity, and oxygen permeability, and can have a low modulus of elasticity and/or an excellent optical quality, so as to be suitable for ophthalmic lenses such as contact lenses and intraocular lenses. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.


A method and apparatus for assembling a ceramic metal halide high intensity discharge (HID) lamp is disclosed. The apparatus includes a base adapted to receive a ceramic arc tube body, a movable gauge arm having a first portion contacting an end surface of the arc tube body, an electrode holder for supporting an electrode in contact with a second portion of the gauge arm, and a crimper for securing a stop to the electrode at a position determined by the extent of movement of the gauge arm. The apparatus permits stops to be secured to electrodes, either simultaneously or sequentially, thereby correcting for a length deviation of the arc tube body. As a result, half of the required correction is made on each electrode. Since both electrodes are set to the same insertion length, an arc gap is inherently centered in the arc tube body during assembly.

The present invention relates to the high intensity discharge (HID) lamp arts. It finds particular application in conjunction with ceramic metal halide discharge lamps and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it should be appreciated that the present invention will also find application in conjunction with other types of high intensity discharge lamps and other applications which require precise control over setting arc gap lengths in a manufacturing environment.
High intensity discharge lamps operate by discharging an intense electrical arc between two electrodes. Ceramic metal halide discharge lamps typically include a ceramic arc tube mounted within an outer bulb. The ceramic arc tube includes a ceramic body having an electrode assembly sealed in each end thereof. One of the key advantages of ceramic metal halide discharge lamps is that they can provide good color uniformity. Achieving good color uniformity requires good control over arc tube voltage, which in turn is strongly dependent on the length of the arc gap, or the distance between the electrode tips.
During manufacture, the electrode assemblies are pushed into the ceramic arc tube body until crimps associated with each electrode assembly rest against the respective ends of the arc tube body. Each electrode tip position relative to an end of the arc tube body is determined by the distance from the electrode tip to the crimp. Thus, the length of the arc gap is equal to the overall length of the arc tube body less the sum of the two crimp lengths (i.e., the distance from the electrode tips to the respective crimps). With current production processes, the variation in overall arc tube body length is too great to permit adequate control of the arc gap length, and hence the arc tube voltage.
Accordingly, it has been considered desirable to develop a new and improved crimp length gauge for use with ceramic metal halide discharge lamps which meets the above-stated needs and overcomes the foregoing difficulties and others while providing better and more advantageous results.

Crimp length gauge for ceramic metal halide electrodes


In a semiconductor memory device, a first sidewall and a second sidewall are formed simultaneously for a memory cell section and a peripheral circuit section, and a high impurity concentration region is formed by being delimited by the second sidewall in the memory cell section, while a high impurity concentration section is formed by being delimited by the first sidewall in the peripheral circuit section. In this manner, MOS transistors having different LDD widths of the low impurity concentration regions and hence different characteristics, in which the MOS transistor of the memory cell section has improved voltage withstand properties and the MOS transistor of the peripheral circuit section has improved current driving capabilities, may be formed on the same substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a semiconductor memory device and a method for producing the memory device. More particularly, it relates to a semiconductor memory device in which a source region and a drain region formed on a substrate of a MOS transistor consist of a high impurity region and a low impurity region, and a method for producing the semiconductor memory device.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As a construction of a MOS transistor in which electrical field concentration in the vicinity of a drain is relaxed to prevent adverse effects of hot carriers, there is known a lightly doped drain structure (LDD structure) in which a high concentration impurity region and a low concentration impurity region are combined together. For producing the LDD structure, the low concentration impurity region is formed in self-alignment with a gate electrode and a sidewall formed by an insulating film is formed on the lateral side of the gate electrode, after which a high concentration impurity region is formed in self-alignment with the sidewall.
In a semiconductor memory device, such as a dynamic RAM, a memory section consisting in a matrix array of a large number of memory cells and a peripheral circuit section for controlling data input and output to or from the memory cell section or signal timing are formed on one and the same substrate.
Meanwhile, with the above semiconductor memory device, the conventional practice has been to produce the MOS transistor of the memory cell section and that of the peripheral circuit section with different LDD structures. The reason is that, in the memory section, in which different layers are densely formed at an extremely small distance from one another, a thicker sidewall is preferred for assuring high voltage withstand characteristics between the gate electrode and other electrodes, whereas, if the sidewall film thickness is larger in the peripheral circuit, the size of the low concentration impurity region accounts for a larger proportion of the size between the source and the drain to increase resistance components or the number of hot carriers to deteriorate the current driving capability of the peripheral circuit in driving the MOS transistor.
Consequently, in some of the conventional semiconductor memory devices, the memory section has a sidewall having a larger sidewall thickness, whereas the peripheral circuit has a sidewall having a smaller sidewall thickness, such that the memory cell and peripheral circuit sections have different LDD structures.
This type of the semiconductor memory device is fabricated by a process shown in FIGS. 1 to 4.
The conventional method for producing the semiconductor memory device is explained by referring to FIGS. 1 to 4.
In a first step, shown in FIG. 1, a gate electrode 102 on the side of a memory cell section M and a gate electrode 103 on the side of a peripheral circuit section P are deposited on a silicon substrate 101 via gate oxide films. An interlayer insulating film for offsetting 104 is also deposited on the gate electrode 102 of the memory cell section M. A low concentration impurity region 105 is deposited on the substrate surface in self-alignment with the gate electrodes 102, 103. After deposition of the low concentration impurity region 105, a silicon oxide film 106, a silicon nitride film 107 and a silicon oxide film 108 are deposited step by step on the entire surface for forming a sidewall.
Then, as shown in FIG. 2, etching is carried out, using a resist layer 113, opened only at the side of the peripheral circuit P, as a mask. By this etching, the silicon oxide film 108 on the silicon nitride film 107 is etched by wet etching, and subsequently the silicon oxide film 106 is etched by reactive ion etching (RIE), as a result of which a sidewall 109 having a reduced film thickness dp corresponding to the film thickness of only the silicon oxide film 106 is formed on the sidewall of the gate electrode 103.
Then, as shown in FIG. 3, the memory cell section M is etched, using a resist layer 110 covering the peripheral circuit section P as a mask. Since the silicon oxide film 106, silicon nitride film 107 and the silicon oxide film 108 are etched by this etching by RIE, a sidewall 111 having an increased film thickness dm is formed on the lateral sides of the gate electrode 102 and the interlayer insulating film 104.
After the sidewalls 109, 111 having different film thicknesses for the peripheral circuit section P and the memory cell section M are formed in this manner, a high concentration impurity region 112 is deposited by ion implantation, using the sidewalls 109, 111, gate electrodes 102, 103 and a field oxide film, not shown, as a mask. Since the sidewalls 109, 111 have different film thicknesses, the high concentration impurity region 112 is different in size at a side adjacent to the sidewall 109 and at a side adjacent to the sidewall 111, such that the size of the low concentration impurity region 105 at the bottom of the sidewall becomes shorter at the side of the peripheral circuit section P.
However, if the semiconductor memory device is to be produced by the above-described method, the peripheral circuit section P and the memory cell section M are alternately covered with the resist layers 110, 113. Since a margin is set in the resist layers 110, 113 to take account of masking errors, the resist layers 110, 113 are overlapped with each other at a boundary between the peripheral circuit section P and the memory cell section M, as a result of which the silicon oxide films 106, 108 and the silicon nitride film 107 are left in the form of a pattern.
In addition, the lithographic process needs to be carried out twice with the above method for sidewall formation, while the peripheral circuit section P needs to be etched by wet etching, thus complicating the production process.

Semiconductor memory device and method for producing it


A power supply system of a display apparatus and a control method thereof comprising a DC (Direct current) converter to convert an AC (Alternating Current) voltage into a DC voltage; a PWM (Pulse Width Modulator) to generate a PWM signal; a transformer to receive the DC voltage of the DC converter and to output an AC voltage according to the PWM signal from the PWM; an output circuit to lower the AC voltage from the transformer and to supply the lowered voltage to various components; a sync signal supplier to generate a sync signal having a frequency equal to a frequency of a horizontal sync signal, which is externally input, to generate the PWM signal synchronized to the horizontal sync signal and to supply the sync signal to the PWM; and a controller to determine a power saving mode depending on whether the horizontal sync signal or a vertical sync signal is externally input, and to control the sync signal supplier to generate the sync signal having a frequency equal to the frequency of the horizontal sync signal by outputting a corresponding signal of the power saving mode and a clamp signal generated from the input horizontal sync signal to the sync signal supplier to supply power according to the determined power saving mode. With this configuration, the power supply system of a display apparatus the control method thereof provides a simply implemented circuit, thereby reducing cost and consuming less power.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a power supply system of a display apparatus and a control method thereof, and more particularly, to a power supply system of a display apparatus and a control method thereof which reduces a cost of manufacturing by simplifying a circuit and consumes less power.
2. Description of the Related Art
In display apparatuses, power supply systems supply necessary power to each component of the display apparatuses. SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) related technology is rapidly developing with the SMPS becoming lighter, more compact, and more efficient compared to linear power supplies.
As shown in FIG. 4, a conventional SMPS comprises a fullwave rectifier circuit 100 to convert an external AC (Alternating Current) voltage into a DC (Direct Current) voltage; a smoothing circuit 200 to smooth an output voltage of the fullwave rectifier circuit 100; a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) circuit 400; a switching transformer 500; an output circuit 600 to rectify each voltage induced by the secondary windings Ls1 and Ls2 of the switching transformer 500 and to output the rectified voltages; a sync signal supplier 800 to supply an AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) signal to the PWM circuit 400; and a feedback circuit to maintain the output voltage of the output circuit 600 in a regular voltage level.
In the above configuration, the operation of a conventional SMPS can be described as follows. Initially, an AC voltage (100V/220V) is rectified in the fullwave rectifier circuit 100, which is then smoothed through the smoothing circuit 200. Thus, the AC voltage is converted into a DC voltage. Then, the DC voltage is applied to a primary winding Lp of the switching transformer 500. At the same time, the output voltage of the smoothing circuit 200 is supplied to the PWM circuit 400.
The PWM circuit 400 comprises a PWM IC (Integrated Circuit) 410 to generate a PWM signal, and a transistor and a diode 420, where the transistor and the diode 420 are turned on/off according to the PWM signal from the PWM IC 410.
As the transistor is repeatedly turned on/off according to the PWM signal of the PWM IC 410, inductive electromotive force is generated and transferred from the primary winding Lp to the secondary windings Ls1 and Ls2 of the switching transformer 500.
An AC voltage is output from the secondary windings Ls1 and Ls2 of the switching transformer 500 and converted into DC voltages Vcc1 and Vcc2, respectively, through the output circuit 600. The output voltages (Vcc1 and Vcc2) of the output circuit 600 are supplied to each of the circuits in the display apparatus or dropped to voltage levels that correspond to various components such as a microcomputer 700, or a video amplifier.
One deficiency of conventional SMPSs is that elements of the circuit can be damaged and the life expectancy of the switching power circuit can be shortened if the output voltages Vcc1 and Vcc2 of the output circuit 600 exceed the average voltage level. Accordingly, a feedback circuit is generally utilized in the switching power circuit to maintain the output voltages Vcc1 and Vcc2 of the output circuit 600 at a reference voltage level.
The feedback circuit senses the output voltages Vcc1 and Vcc2 of the output circuit 600, and outputs a resulting feedback signal to the PWM IC 410. The PWM IC 410 then controls a duty ratio of the PWM signal according to the feedback signal input thereto, thus maintaining the output voltages Vcc1 and Vcc2 at a regular voltage level.
Herein, the frequency of the PWM signal of the PWM IC 410 should be equal to the frequency of the horizontal sync signal provided by a computer main body, DVD player, etc. If the PWM signal frequency of the PWM IC 410 and the frequency of the horizontal sync signal are not equal to each other, the display apparatus displays noise. To equalize the PWM signal frequency and the horizontal sync signal frequency, the AFC signal that is supplied by a horizontal deflection circuit equipped to the display apparatus is applied to a sync signal input terminal of the PWM IC 410 through the sync signal supplier 800.
Provided that about 40V of the AFC signal output from the horizontal deflection circuit is converted into about 4˜5V of sync signal through a sync signal transformer (hereinbelow, "a sync trans") and the converted sync signal is supplied to the PWM IC 410 through capacitors C1 and C2, a resistor R1, and diodes D2 and ZD5, the PWM IC 410 generates a PWM signal synchronized to the sync signal input thereto, thereby turning on/off the transistor.
In a power supply system of a conventional display apparatus the horizontal deflection circuit does not work when the display apparatus is switched from a normal operation mode to a power-off mode. When in the power-off mode, the sync signal cannot be supplied to the PWM IC 410 because no AFC signal exists. The microcomputer 700 provides a power-off mode signal to the feedback circuit which turns off the power by controlling an operation of the feedback circuit.
The power supply system of the conventional display apparatus has a disadvantage of added cost from complex circuitry to supply the AFC signal from the horizontal deflection circuit and the voltage (14V) of the secondary terminal of the switching transformer 500 to the sync trans. Moreover, it is difficult to lower the power consumption of the complex circuitry below 1 or 2 watts.
Additionally, the complex circuitry of a conventional display apparatus causes a delay in supplying the sync signal to the PWM IC 410 when the display apparatus is switched from a power saving mode, such as the power-off mode to the normal operation mode. Thus, the power falls below a threshold level and the microcomputer 700 needs to be reset due to the mistiming of the supply power output through the output circuit 600.

Power supply system of display apparatus and control method thereof


The invention relates to a method for simulating the driving behavior of vehicles on a test stand in which the engine of the vehicle is coupled on the test stand to an electronically controllable braking apparatus and a first simulation model calculates simulation values of variables which are representative of the driving state of the vehicle in that the reaction of the vehicle to the behavior of the engine and the values of the variables as determined immediately prior thereto are calculated, with at least one evaluation variable w being calculated on the basis of the values measured on the test stand for measurable variables and engine torque M and the values calculated therefrom with the simulation model for non-measurable variables. An improved simulation is achieved in such a way that in a further simulation model higher-frequency changes are calculated from variables which are measurable per se and are considered in the calculation of the evaluation variable by superimposing with the actual measured values or that in the simulation model higher-frequency changes are calculated from variables which are measurable per se and are considered in the calculation of the evaluation variable w by superimposing with the actual measured values.

The invention relates to a method for simulating the driving behavior of vehicles on a test stand in which the engine of the vehicle is coupled on the test stand to an electronically controllable braking apparatus and a simulation model calculates simulation values of variables which are representative of the driving state of the vehicle in that the reaction of the vehicle to the behavior of the engine and the values of the variables as determined immediately prior thereto are calculated, with at least one evaluation variable being determined on the basis of the values measured on the test stand for measurable variables such as engine speed and engine torque and the values calculated therefrom with the simulation model for non-measurable variables such as the vehicle speed or the like.

Method for stimulating the driving behavior of vehicles


In a laser apparatus, a rotatable reflection mirror rotatable on or parallel to a resonance optical axis of a laser medium is disposed changeably between a first and second positions by driving of a rotating unit. A first resonance optical system includes a first and second resonant mirrors placed so that the laser medium and the rotatable reflection mirror disposed in the first position are interposed therebetween to resonate light of a first peak wavelength among the peak wavelengths emitted from the laser medium, the first peak wavelength light being to be reflected by the rotatable reflection mirror in the first position between the laser medium and the second resonant mirror, and a first wavelength converting element located between the rotatable reflection mirror disposed in the first position and the second resonant mirror to oscillate second harmonic light of the first peak wavelength light as a first laser beam.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laser apparatus capable of emitting laser beams of a plurality of different wavelengths.
2. Description of Related Art
As a laser apparatus capable of emitting laser beams of a plurality of different wavelengths, there have been known apparatuses using an argon dye laser capable of changing wavelengths of laser beams to be emitted, a krypton laser capable of emitting laser beams of multiple wavelengths, or others. Those lasers have been used in various fields including a medical field; for example, in ophthalmic surgical operations using laser beams of different wavelengths according to affected parts or treatment purposes.
The aforementioned laser apparatus capable of changing wavelengths of laser beams is concretely an apparatus using a gas laser or a dye laser. These lasers have many problems in a short life of a laser tube, a need for a large amount of electric power, an increased size of the apparatus, etc. Instead thereof, therefore, a laser apparatus capable of emitting (oscillating) laser beams of multiple wavelengths with the use of a solid-state laser has been studied. As the multi-wavelength laser apparatus using the solid-state laser, there has been proposed a laser apparatus constructed such that a mirror disposed in a resonator is moved with respect to a resonance optical path to change a part of the optical path, whereby selectively emitting laser beams of a plurality of different wavelengths. Such apparatus would be requested to prevent variations in laser output relative to wavelength differences.

Multi-wavelength laser apparatus with rotatable mirror


A seating furniture component with coupled backrest and seat adjustment, having a support chassis (1), a backrest (2) and a seat (3) adjustably attached to the support chassis (1), with the backrest (2) and seat (3) being movably joined to one another in the area of the vertex of the angle between them, the backrest (2) being coupled to a pivot axis (4) on the support chassis (1) at a distance above the vertex of the angle, and the seat (3) being movably attached to the support chassis (1) near the front edge of the seat (3) by a support mechanism (5, 6). The backrest (2) executes a superimposed tiltback and lowering motion from a sitting position into a reclining position, relative to the support chassis (1), while the seat (3) executes a slight superimposed sliding and lifting motion in a synchronized manner. The connection of the backrest (2) to the seat (3), in one embodiment, has two connecting axes on each side which run in two slotted cranks as connecting axis and slotted crank pairs, a first of the connecting axis and slotted crank pairs being located on the rear edge of seat (3), the backrest (2) extending to the rear edge of the seat (3), and the second connecting axis and slotted crank pair being located on the rear edge of seat (3) at a distance above the first pair.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a seating furniture component or the like, especially an upholstered furniture component with coupled backrest and seat adjustment including such sittable reclining furniture as, for example, an upholstered recliner with height-adjustable back part, or a corresponding hospital bed. More specifically, the invention relates to such an upholstered furniture component having a support chassis with a backrest adjustably attached to the support chassis and with a seat adjustable attached to the support chassis, backrest and seat being movably joined to one another in the area of the vertex of the angle between them, the backrest being coupled to a pivot axis on the support chassis at a distance above the vertex of the angle, and the seat being movably attached near the front edge by means of a support mechanism on the support chassis so that the backrest executes a superimposed tiltback and lowering motion from the highest upright position, i.e., the sitting position, into the lowest extended position, i.e., the reclining position, relative to the support chassis and the seat executing slight motion in a synchronized manner from the sitting position to the reclining position, preferably, a superimposed sliding and lifting motion.
2. Description of Related Art
Variously comfortable and complex seating furniture components (armchair, upholstered armchair, easy chair, bus, railroad and aircraft seats, reclining furniture with height adjustable back part), especially upholstered furniture components in which the backrest adjustment and seat adjustment are coupled are known from the prior art. International Application Publication WO 95/25452, which forms the starting point of this invention, provides a good outline of the generally known prior art.
First of all, a seating furniture component is known in which the backrest with the seat forms an angularly-rigid unit which is attached to the support frame to pivot around a pivot axis under the seat such that the backrest tilts back and down when leaning backwards into the reclining position, while the seat swings down at its back end and up at its front end (FIGS. 1 & 2 of WO 95/25452). This movement is normally produced against the force of a return spring. Here, the angularly-rigid connection of the backrest and seat adjustment is uncomfortable, and there is no extended position of the backrest and seat. In addition, it is uncomfortable that the front edge of the seat is moved considerably upward in the reclining position, not being especially salubrious to the legs of the user.
A construction of a seating furniture component is relatively common in which the support chassis is made frame-like with the backrest being pivotally joined to the rear part of the frame-like support chassis a considerable distance above the coupling point of the backrest to the rear edge of the seat (FIGS. 3 & 4 of WO 95/25452). The rear edge of the seat is thus supported by means of the backrest on the support chassis. On or near the front edge, the seat is guided in a slide guide which has only a slight upward tilt, so that the front edge of the seat moves forward, but only slightly upward during the transition from the sitting position into the reclining position.
In the aforementioned system, a user can move into different positions between the sitting position and reclining position relatively easily and without expending a large amount of force by shifting his body weight. However, it is generally necessary to use an additional braking means to be able to maintain a certain desired position.
One disadvantage in the seating furniture component is the result of the pivoting connection of the backrest and the seat roughly at the peak of the angle of the two components. The connection of the two components is structurally simple, but the two components generally carry upholstered supports. The upholstered surfaces of the upholstered supports used by the user are somewhat above the seat or in front of the backrest and thus somewhat above or in front of the pivot axis between the backrest and seat. This results in the fact that, in the transition from the sitting position into the reclining position, the upholstered supports move away from one another results in a so-called "shirt pullout effect" which the user perceives as very unpleasant.
Another problem which is likewise the result of the aforementioned pivot connection at the angle vertex is a "hole" which forms in the pelvis/back area in the transition from the sitting position into the reclining position. This "hole" is disruptive when it is too large, since the pelvis/flank area is then no longer properly supported in the reclining position.
Finally, the attachment of the seat to the front edge must be carefully done so that an overly great blow into the hollows of the knee of the user does not occur in the transition from the sitting position into the reclining position.
Attempts have already been made in the prior art to eliminate the "shirt pullout effect" by providing a connection mechanism, between the backrest and the seat in the area of the rear edge or lower edge, which places the axis of the pivot connection between the backrest and seat, roughly where the surfaces of the two upholstered supports abut one another in the sitting position. This is done by flaps which project on the edge side from the respective frame and which are joined to pivot with one another only on their free ends (FIGS. 5 & 6 of WO 95/25452).
In other seating furniture component, a major advantage is gained over the above-mentioned known seating furniture components by the coupling point of the backrest to the support chassis being located, not above the coupling point of the backrest to the seat, but far below it. This is also done via a lever mechanism, a knee joint connection accomplishing an additional superimposed tilting motion of the backrest. The seat itself is joined to pivot near its front edge on the support chassis at a considerable distance from the coupling point of the backrest to the support chassis. Since this coupling point is near the front edge of the seat, the front edge of the seat, in the transition from the sitting into the reclining position, is raised less than in the seating furniture components known from the prior art.
Analysis of the above explained, known seating furniture component has shown that, as before, the "shirt pullout effect" is noticeable when a relatively extended reclining position is desired. The position change shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 of WO 95/25452 illustrates that only a relatively small tiltback motion of the backrest is possible if a comparatively strong "shirt pullout effect" is to be avoided. In addition, the "hole" in the pelvis/back area is still too large. Finally, the embodiment of the above explained prior art (FIGS. 5, 6), in any case, shows that major lifting of the front edge of the seat takes place. This may be acceptable for a seat with footrests, but this is not the case for a seating furniture component of the type under consideration which generally has no foldable footrest.

Seating furniture component or the like with a coupled backrest and seat adjustment