A video display deflection circuit includes a source of a video signal for displaying picture information contained in the video signal in a screen of a cathode ray tube. The video signal provides selectively on-screen-display information and non-on-screen-display information. A source of a first control signal has a first value, when the video signal provides on-screen-display information and a second value, when said video signal provides non-on-screen-display information. A waveform generator is responsive to the first control signal for generating a second signal at a frequency that is related to a deflection frequency having a first waveform, when the video signal provides on-screen-display information, and a second waveform, that is different from the first waveform, when the video signal provides non-on-screen-display information. A modulator generates a modulated correction signal by modulating, in accordance with the second signal, a time-derivative signal produced from the video signal, The correction signal is coupled to a scan velocity modulation winding to produce scan velocity modulated deflection of the electron beam.

The invention relates to adjusting beam scanning velocity to improve sharpness in a raster scanning display such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) display.
The sharpness of a video display may be improved by varying the horizontal scanning rate of the beam in response to variations of the luminance component of the video signal. The luminance signal is differentiated and the differentiated luminance signal is used to generate a current for driving an auxiliary beam deflection element, for example, a scan velocity modulation (SVM) coil to modify the horizontal scanning rate so as to emphasize contrast between light and dark areas of the display. For example, at a transition from black to white in a given horizontal scan line, the beam scanning speed is increased approaching the transition, thus making the display relatively darker in the black area of the transition. Upon passing the transition into the white area, the beam speed is decreased such that the beam dwells relatively longer, making the display relatively brighter. The reverse occurs in passing from light to dark.
The SVM coil operates to add or subtract from the magnetic horizontal beam deflection field applied by the main horizontal deflection coils. The angle of beam deflection is a function of horizontal rate scanning current, generally a sawtooth current. The horizontal rate scanning current causes the beam to sweep across a horizontal raster line at a vertical position determined by a vertical rate sawtooth current, coupled to the vertical deflection coils.
The sawtooth scanning drive currents are adjusted to account for the fact that. the display screen is substantially flat rather than spherical. A given amount of angular beam deflection produces a smaller linear horizontal displacement of the beam at the center of the flat screen and a greater amount at the edges of the screen, because the screen is relatively farther from the source of the beam when scanning at the edges of the screen than at the center of the screen.
It may be desirable to display, for example, on-screen-display (OSD) characters on the screen of the CRT. The SVM current is, typically, optimized for non-OSD visual content. Therefore, when OSD character is displayed on the CRT screen, the SVM current could, disadvantageously, even degrade picture sharpness for OSD visual content of the picture. In one prior art, circuitry is provided for selectively disabling normal SVM circuit operation, during OSD operation.
It may be desirable to produce a waveform for the SVM current optimized for OSD display and a different waveform optimized for non-OSD display and to select dynamically the appropriate waveform. The selection may be changed on a region-by-region basis of the screen of the CRT, in accordance with the presence or absence of OSD visual content.
In carrying out an inventive feature, a signal indicative of the start and stop positions of OSD insertions in corresponding regions of the CRT screen is provided. The waveform used for generating the SVM current is dynamically selected, in accordance with the start and stop position indicative signal. In this way, optimization can be separately obtained for OSD and for non-OSD visual contents.
In carrying out a further inventive feature, a selection of the waveforms of the SVM control signal that is coupled to the modulator is done outside the video signal path. As explain before, the SVM control signal varies in accordance with the beam position. Thereby, advantageously, different SVM current waveforms are produced for OSD and for non-OSD visual content, respectively.
In an arrangement embodying an inventive feature, a video signal provides, selectively, a first type of visual content and a second type of visual content. When each of the types of visual content is provided, horizontal scanning occurs at a first horizontal deflection frequency. A first control signal has a first value, when the video signal provides the first type of visual content and a second value, when the video signal provides the second type of visual content. A waveform generator is responsive to the video signal for generating a correction signal coupled to a deflection field producing arrangement for varying a deflection field in accordance with the video signal to produce scan velocity modulated deflection of an electron beam. The waveform generator is responsive to the first control signal for generating a first waveform of the correction signal, when the first control signal is at the first value and a different, second waveform, when the first control signal is at the second value.

Scan velocity modulation circuit with multi-mode operation


The invention is directed to a phase locked loop. The phase locked loop comprises a variable frequency divider for performing a fraction frequency division by switching a dividing value having an integer portion and a fraction portion; a memory for storing the fraction portion; and a data converter for adding the integer portion to the fraction portion from the memory based on a clock signal from the variable frequency divider to determine the dividing value to be supplied to the variable frequency divider.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a phase locked loop that can obtain an output frequency of more precise frequency resolution than a reference frequency making use of a fraction frequency division, and relates particularly to a phase locked loop that includes a memory for storing a dividing value with a less capacity.
2. Description of Related Art
The phase locked loop (PLL) is generally meant by an electronic circuit in which a frequency of an output signal is made identical to that of an input signal or a reference frequency. When a dividing value is switched over to another one using this type of fraction division, noise is produced in switching the values.
In order to solve this noise problem, there has been proposed a noise shaping system. According to the noise shaping system, ΣΔ (sigma-delta) modulation is used to make the noise present in a broader frequency band, which moves unnecessary noise components to a higher frequency region than a signal band. The noise shaping system can quantize a signal producing almost no quantization error. As a document that discloses the phase locked loop employing the noise shaping system, Japanese Unexamined Publication No. 2002-16494 can be cited.
By the way, the phase locked loop of the prior art includes a method by which a dividing value is calculated whenever an output of a variable frequency divider varies, and a method by which a dividing value is read out for its use from a memory at the time of a frequency division after the dividing value is calculated and stored beforehand in the memory.
Referring to FIG. 6, an explanation is given below that is about a method for calculating a dividing value in advance described in the patent document above. In FIG. 6, a phase locked loop 10 contains an arithmetic circuit 1, a memory circuit 2, a variable frequency divider 3, an address generator 4, a phase comparator 5, a low pass filter (LPF) 6, and a voltage controlled oscillator 7. The memory circuit 2 stores dividing values using different addresses for necessary frequencies. The dividing values to be stored are represented as follows.
The dividing value=N+L/A,
where N, L and A are an integer, N is an integer portion of the dividing value, L is a numerator of a fraction, and A is a denominator of the fraction.
Next, an operation of FIG. 6 will be explained. The arithmetic circuit 1 calculates a dividing value in advance according to an output frequency of the variable frequency divider 3, and outputs the dividing value to the memory circuit 2, which stores the dividing value from the arithmetic circuit 1. To the address generator 4 is input a signal from an input unit (not shown). Using this signal and a clock signal from the variable frequency divider 3, a reading-out address in the memory circuit 2 is specified.
The variable frequency divider 3 applies the clock signal to the phase comparator 5 which compares a reference frequency with the clock signal from the variable frequency divider 3. The LPF 6 eliminates higher frequency components of a signal from the phase comparator 5 to provide lower frequency components of the signal to the voltage controlled oscillator 7 which, in response to the voltage from the LPF 6, varies an oscillation frequency to be supplied to the variable frequency divider 3.
Incidentally, a dividing value to be stored in the memory circuit 2 is determined by the integer portion N and the fraction portion (L/A). With respect to the data needed as the dividing value, A data are required for one integer portion N. For example, when the integer portion N needs 32, 32 * A are necessary as the dividing value.
Under the situation, since the integer portion N is decided based on a variable scope of the output frequency, a short variable scope causes no problem.
However, since the variable scope of the output frequency of the variable frequency divider 3 of a phase locked loop that is used in a frequency synthesizer is wide, the integer portion N is large. Accordingly, the conventional system required the memory circuit 2 to have an immense capacity in order to store dividing values.
On the other hand, when a method of calculating a dividing value is adopted every time an output of the variable frequency divider varies, so as to solve the problem, another problem is caused that calculation time becomes longer.


A stump cutter having a rotatable disk having a plurality of cutting tool holders with a cutting tool cantilevered therefrom to engage a stump brought into contact with the cutting tool with a protector having a massive leading non-cutting edge that extends sufficiently far outward from the rotatable disk to protect the cutting tool shank and holder from breakage and wear and also reduce whole carbide loss from large rocks to fractional carbide loss.

The concept of stump cutters is old in the art, typically, a stump cutter has a rotatable cutter disk with sets of cutting tools mounted on each face of the rotatable disk. The rotating disk with the cutting tools, which have hardened or carbide cutting tips, is brought into contact with a stump which causes the carbide cutting tips to abrade away and reduce the stump and stump root system to chips. Typically, the cutting tools are mounted in holders called pockets which enables the cutting tools to be replaced as the cutting tools are worn or broken. Unfortunately, the cutting tools rarely wear out from regular use but more often break there shanks or suffer complete carbide loss or are pulled out of the pocket by rocks and stump roots, which results in a costly and premature replacement of the cutting tool. The protector mounts to the rotatable disk to protect the cutting tool shank and absorb the shocks and impacts from rock and debris, while still providing full used of the carbide cutting tips. Further benefits of the invention included the reduction of wear on the lead tool holder and substantially less rock damage to holder bolt heads, less vibration and an increase in cutting speed. Furthermore, when cutting tools need to be replaced it is easier to replace the cutting tool , particularly the lead cutting tool, as the cutting tool holder and bolts are substantially protected from wear damage that makes it difficult to insert a new cutting tool into the tool holder. The present invention, provides a maintenance friendly cutter wheel having a cutting tool protector that mounts to the rotatable disk with the cutting tool protector including a leading non-cutting edge that projects sufficiently far outward from the rotatable disk to rotationally limit the bite of the subsequent cutting tool, which is located rotationally behind the protector, and thereby substantially eliminate the problems of broken teeth or lost carbide on cutting tools. Other benefits of the invention include the reduction of wear on the lead tool holder, the reduction of vibration and the increase in cutting speed. Furthermore, when cutting teeth need to be replaced it is easier to replace the cutting tool, particularly the lead cutting tool as the cutting tool holder and bolts are substantially protected from the wear damage that makes it difficult to insert a new cutting tool into the tool holder.


There is disclosed an arcless fuse in which adverse effects on an equipment due to an arc discharge, produced when the fuse is melted, are prevented, and also melted metal is prevented from dissipating. An arcless fuse includes a fuse element 25 having opposite ends connected respectively to a pair of terminals 23 and 23, the fuse element being in the form of one of a wire and a strip. A part of the fuse element 25 intermediate the opposite ends thereof is formed into such a non-linear configuration that a plurality of portions are arranged in closely spaced relation to one another, and the fuse element 25 is molded in a housing 27 of a synthetic resin. Preferably, an amorphous resin is used as the synthetic resin molding the fuse element 25 therein.

This invention relates to an arcless fuse which will not produce an arc discharge upon melting.
As shown in FIG. 1, a conventional fuse is formed by passing a linear fusible portion (fuse element) 1 through a glass tube 3 and then by connecting opposite ends of the fuse element 1 respectively to terminals (bases) 5 and 5 provided respectively at opposite ends of the glass tube 3. As shown in FIG. 2, another conventional fuse is formed by interconnecting a pair of blade-type male terminals 7 and 7 by a fuse element 1 and then by putting this portion into a housing 9 made of a synthetic resin.
In these fuses, when an overload current or a short-circuit current flows in a circuit as shown in FIG. 3(A), Joule heat J is generated in a localized portion of the fuse element 1 as shown in FIG. 3(B), and when the heat reaches a melting point, the fuse element is fused, and part of the fused portion is vaporized and dissipated as shown in FIG. 3(C). In the conventional fuse, at the time of this dissipation, an arc discharge was sometimes produced in a metal vapor 11 in the atmosphere, so that the current was not interrupted, but flowed. Thus, an arc discharge is almost always involved when the fuse is melted, and in the case of the low-voltage, small-current arc discharge, it fades away to natural extinction, and then the circuit is interrupted.
Although the conventional fuses are so designed that the circuit can be interrupted immediately after the fuse element 1 is melted and dissipated, the current continues to flow during the time when an arc discharge is produced as described above. Therefore, the circuit is not interrupted, so that the purpose of protection is not achieved, and besides there is a possibility that a malfunction is caused in a precision equipment, such as a computer, by an abrupt voltage change developing at the time of an arc discharge.
Furthermore, in the conventional fuses in which the fuse element 1 is dissipated, the glass tube or the housing may be broken, and in some cases this invites an undesirable situation.


A method of securely exchanging cryptographic identities through a mutually trusted intermediary is disclosed. Data, which specifies a petitioner's cryptographic identity and a petitioner's resource identifier, is received. Input, which specifies an authority's resource identifier, is received. The petitioner's cryptographic identity and the petitioner's resource identifier are sent to a destination that is associated with the authority's resource identifier. Data, which specifies the authority's cryptographic identity, is received. The authority's cryptographic identity is sent to a destination that is associated with the petitioner's resource identifier.

The approaches described in this section could be pursued, but are not necessarily approaches that previously have been conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
When communicating confidential or sensitive information between two devices, such as two computers connected to a network, such information may be encrypted prior to transmission through an insecure carrier so that only those who possess the means to decrypt the encrypted information will be able to understand or use the information.
To this end, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invented public key cryptography in 1976. Using public key cryptography, an information sender uses an information recipient's public key to encrypt information. The information recipient uses the information recipient's private key to decrypt the encrypted information. A particular private key can only decrypt information that has been encrypted with a corresponding public key. Determining the private key, based on the public key and the encrypted information, is impractical with typical computing resources. The information sender can only use the information recipient's public key to encrypt a message that is to be decrypted by the information recipient. Thus, the information recipient's public key may be viewed as a "cryptographic identity" of the information recipient.
Thus, for two devices to communicate information securely between each other, the two devices initially exchange cryptographic identities. For example, a user of a first device (the "first user") may call a user of a second device (the "second user") using the telephone. The first user may speak the first user's cryptographic identity to the second user. If the second user recognizes the first user's voice, or is otherwise able to verify that the cryptographic identity actually did originate from the first user, then the second user is assured that only the first user will be able to decrypt information that the second user encrypts with the cryptographic identity. Without such verification, the second user might unknowingly encrypt messages with a cryptographic identity that purports to be, but is not actually, the cryptographic identity of the first user. Therefore, secure communication depends on such verification.
In this age of electronic commerce, a user might want to introduce two parties so that the two parties can exchange information relating to the user directly and securely. For example, if a bank's device stores the user's bank account, and if a bookstore's device stores the user's purchase orders, then the user might want to introduce the bank and the bookstore so that the bookstore's device can automatically charge the user's bank account without the user's intervention whenever the user submits a purchase order to the bookstore's device. To ensure that such information will not be intercepted by those for whom it was unintended, the user might want to provide the cryptographic identity of the each party to the other party's device.
Typically, each of the two parties will have some way of verifying the user. For example, the two parties' devices may store passwords that only the user can supply. However, if the two parties are being introduced, then the two parties' devices have no established way of verifying each other. While a trust relationship exists between the user and each of the two parties separately, no trust relationship exists between the two parties directly.
Cryptographic identities, such as public keys and symmetric keys, can be long, complex, and difficult to communicate manually or vocally. As a result, a user may make mistakes when trying to communicate the cryptographic identity of one party to another party's device. Furthermore, many less sophisticated users know little or nothing about cryptography or the significance, meaning, or use of a cryptographic identity. For such users, establishing a secure association between two other parties can be a mysterious, complicated, and bewildering task.
Based on the foregoing, there is a clear need for a method of securely exchanging cryptographic identities through a mutually trusted intermediary without requiring a user to manually or vocally communicate the cryptographic identities.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method and apparatus for securely exchanging cryptographic identities through a mutually trusted intermediary


An identification card authenticity determining method based on deep learning according to the disclosure for automatically checking authenticity of an identification card includes: inputting identification card data to a feature information extraction model to extract pieces of feature information, expressing an indicator for checking authenticity of the identification card, from the identification card data; inputting the extracted pieces of feature information to a classification model to determine authenticity of the identification card; and when it is determined that the identification card is falsified, extracting a class activation map, where a falsification region of the identification card data is activated, from the pieces of feature information.

Internet banking denotes a service that processes various financial transactions such as deposit and withdrawal provided by banks over Internet and uses various financial information and functions. To this end, a user may establish an account provided by a bank and may use Internet banking through a corresponding account.
Users install an application in a user terminal so as to use Internet banking and process banking operation in connection with a server managing a banking operation service by using a corresponding application.
Therefore, a user may not directly visit a bank and may process various banking operations by using an application.
However, the reliability of security is low due to a characteristic of Internet banking, and authentication on a user is performed by using an identification card image obtained by capturing an identification card of the user in Internet banking service.
However, authentication based on an illegal intention is frequently performed like performing authentication based on a falsified identification card or performing authentication by using an identification card image obtained by capturing an identification card of an unauthorized user. In order to solve such a problem, when an identification card is received from a user, a bank clerk or a system manager has directly checked authenticity of the identification card with eyes.
Therefore, because a bank clerk or a system manager checks authenticity of an identification card whenever authentication is performed, there is a problem where many personnel are needed, and moreover, because a falsification identification card is precisely falsified to be incapable of being recognized with eyes, there is a problem where authenticity of an identification card is not normally checked.

Deep-learning-based identification card authenticity verification apparatus and method


A display lamp includes an electric light bulb disposed within a cylinder supported in a substantially vertical orientation. A light-transmitting container of water or other light-transmitting liquid is supported on the top of the cylinder. A dispenser of liquid is disposed above the container for dropping droplets of liquid onto the surface of the liquid in the container for disturbing it. The light shines through the vessel and the liquid and its disturbed surface and onto an associated display surface, such as an adjacent wall or ceiling, for producing thereon a visual wave pattern which moves in accordance with the disturbance of the liquid surface.

This application relates generally to decorative displays and, in particular, to displays incorporating light patterns.
It is known to provide decorative light displays by directing a light beam from a source to or through reflective and/or refractive elements. Some such systems have achieved a moving display by moving either the light beam or the reflective or refractive elements. It is also known to provide a decorative display by shining a light beam through a stationery body of liquid, which may or may not have moving elements, such as air bubbles, therein. All of these prior types of displays, however, are designed so that it is the look of the display apparatus itself, and not the resulting light pattern, that is of interest.
It is also known to provide displays involving shadow projection devices, wherein light rays from a source are projected through apertures or the like to project decorative shadows.
Another type of display has involved directing a light beam through a moving body of liquid to achieve a decorative moving light pattern. One such arrangement is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,174, which directs light through a liquid-containing cell, the cell being moved by a tilting mechanism. But this device is fairly complicated, requiring an electromechanical mechanism for moving the liquid cell.
There are disclosed herein a display lamp and method which avoid the disadvantages of prior display devices and methods while affording additional structural and operating advantages.
An important aspect is the provision of a display apparatus which generates a visual wave pattern which moves in accordance with the disturbance of the surface of a body of liquid.
In connection with the foregoing aspect, another aspect is the provision of a display apparatus of the type set forth, which directs light through the liquid and its disturbed surface and onto a display surface.
Another feature is the provision of an apparatus of the type set forth which has no moving parts.
Another aspect is the provision of an apparatus of the type set forth which is of relatively simple and economical construction.
A still further aspect is the provision of a display method which involves directing light through the disturbed surface of a body of liquid.
Certain ones of these and other aspects may be achieved by providing a display apparatus comprising a light source, a vessel containing a supply of a light-transmitting liquid having a surface, a disturbance system for disturbing the liquid surface without disturbing the vessel, and a directing structure directing light from the source through the liquid and a liquid surface for producing on an adjacent display surface a visual wave pattern which moves in accordance with the disturbance of the liquid surface.
Others of these aspects may be achieved by providing a display apparatus of the type set forth, wherein the liquid surface is disturbed by dispensing thereonto disturbing bodies.
Still other aspects may be achieved by providing a method of producing a moving visual wave pattern on a display surface, comprising providing a vessel containing a supply of a light-transmitting liquid having a liquid surface, disturbing the liquid surface without disturbing the vessel and, while the liquid surface is being disturbed, directing a light beam through the liquid and the liquid surface and onto the display surface.


Apparatus and process for determining the properties of a material web. The apparatus includes at least one radiation source, and at least one detection device adapted to detect radiation emitted from the at least one radiation source that at least one of penetrates and is reflected by the material web. The detection device can include at least one detection area unevenly divided into a plurality of individual sensors. Further, the material web can be a paper web. The invention relates to a device and a process for determining the properties of a material web, particularly a paper web, having at least one radiation source and at least one detection device for radiation that is emitted by the radiation source and that penetrates and/or is reflected by the material web, said detection device having at least one detection area unevenly divided into a large number of individual sensors.

The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. xc2xa7 119 of German Patent Application No. 199 13 929.6, filed on Mar. 26, 1999, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for determining the properties of a material web, e.g., a paper web, having at least one radiation source and at least one identification device for radiation that is emitted by the radiation source and that penetrates the material web and/or is reflected by the material web.
2. Discussion of Background Information
Devices of the type generally disclosed above are known, e.g., from U.S. Pat. No. 5,233,195, which describes the use of a xcex2-emitter and an X ray source, as well as an ionization chamber as a detection device. Known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,766 is a plate divided into four sections, which is provided on one side of a moving web that is being examined. The plate interacts with a configuration of four eddy current sensors on the other side of the web. In the article (ISBN 952-5183-09-2) xe2x80x9cPaper Machine Applications with Fullsheet Imaging Measurementxe2x80x9d by Shih-Chin Chen et al., pages 330-337, Control Systems ""98, xe2x80x9cInformation Tools to Match the Evolving Operator Role,xe2x80x9d Sep. 1-3, 1998, Porvoo, Finland, a configuration comprising a light source, CCD cameras, and high speed processors is mentioned, where the light from the light source transmitted by a moving web is detected by CCD cameras.
The present invention provides an apparatus and a process which permit examination of a material web with a high degree of accuracy, particularly with respect to a number of different properties of the material web.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the detection device includes at least one detection area that is divided in non-uniform fashion into a large number of individual sensors.
The division of the detection area of the detection device permits examination of the material web that is both locally and temporally differentiated, because part of the radiation that strikes one of the individual sensors is characteristic of an area of the material web that was either penetrated or reflected by the given radiation. With a rapid read-out of the individual sensors belonging to the detection device, momentary pictures of the material web with respect to the properties under examination can be prepared in rapid sequence which, in principle, permits a seamless examination of the material web. The local resolution achievable with the invention is limited only by the size of the individual sensors. In principle, therefore, any desired level can be selected.
The non-uniform division of the detection area provided by the invention allows for an advantageous adjustment of the detection device to the conditions characteristic of the given measurement. In a particular embodiment, the movement of the material web relative to the detection device can be taken into account by the length of the individual detection areas of at least several of the individual sensors in the travel direction of the material web exceeding the length extending in the direction cross-wise thereto. In general, the individual sensors forming the detection area can differ with respect to the size and/or the shape of their individual detection areas.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the invention, it is also possible to vary the number of individual sensors per surface unit over the detection area. For example, it can be arranged in such a way that the number of individual sensors per surface unit in a central zone of the detection area is greater than in at least one marginal zone of the detection area. An optimal relation can be achieved thereby between the signal/noise ratio and the total number of sensors.
In another particular embodiment of the invention, the individual sensors can be microprocessors which, e.g., have individual detection areas of less than approximately 1 cm2, preferably of about 1 mm2.
In another embodiment of the invention, a 10xc3x9710 (or 100 total) array of microsensors, each with a square detection area of approximately 1 mm2, can be positioned in checkerboard pattern. In this manner, the microsensors can form a continuous, square detection zone that may be positioned in a center of a detection area. The detection area can also include marginal zones formed, e.g., of oblong, particularly rectangular, microsensors having individual detection areas of several mm2 and having longitudinal axes oriented in the web travel direction.
It is noted that it is fundamentally possible to utilize any desired geometric arrangement of the individual sensors. For example, the detection areas, at least in certain zones, can be provided in the form of concentrically positioned, ring-shaped individual sensors. Further, the given detection zone, or the entire detection area, can be, e.g., rectangular, circular, or triangular.
Furthermore, the detection area according to the invention can include a plurality of detection zones formed of individual sensors which are, e.g., staggered or offset relative to one another or which can be movably positioned.
In another embodiment of the invention, the microsensors can be semiconductor detectors, e.g., semiconductor sensors of very pure silicon manufactured especially for detecting electromagnetic radiation or electrically charged particles. In principle, it is also possible to use other radiation detectors, e.g., ionization detectors (such as ionization chambers) or scintillation detectors (such as scintillation tubes).
In principle, the device according to the invention can be provided with an approximately point-like radiation source that emits radiation in a specific solid-angular area. The radiation emitted by a point radiation source can also be widened by additional devices to permit planar radiation of the material web. It may be preferable for the radiation source to be designed in such a way that a radiation surface is provided. Further, the shape of the radiation area of the radiation source may preferably correspond to that of the detection area of the detection device.
It is also possible to provide a plurality of individual radiation sources instead of a single radiation source and to arrange those sources in the form of a source array.
It may be preferable for the radiation source, in keeping with the above-noted features of the invention, to be designed to provide a substantially homogeneous or uniform distribution of radiation intensity when no material is located in the radiation path.
The radiation source can be designed to release radiation with a constant intensity over time or with an intensity that is preferably varied in regular fashion, specifically a pulsing intensity. The radiation used can be of an electromagnetic type, particularly that provided by microwaves, LED light, laser beams, or X rays. In cases in which pulsed radiation is used, LEDs or lasers are the preferred radiation source. The given radiation source can be designed so as to permit adjustment of the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation. It is also possible to use radiation sources with different wavelengths simultaneously. In principle, it is also possible to combine sources using different types of radiation.
In another possible embodiment of the invention, the radiation source is designed to radiate electrically charged particles and is particularly designed as an xcex1-emitter and/or a xcex2-emitter.
During operation of the device according to the invention, it may be preferable to position the radiation source on one side of the material web and the detection device on the other side, so that radiation penetrating the material web will be recorded. In principle, it is also possible to position the radiation source and the detection device on the same side of the material web and to detect the radiation reflected from the material web. Moreover, transmission and reflection measurements can be combined such that both radiation penetrating the material web and radiation reflected by the material web are detected, e.g., in conjunction with axial sensors.
Especially in conjunction with electromagnetic radiation, it is possible for at least one component assigned to the radiation source or the detection device to be positioned in the diffusion path of the radiation source, such that the component will modify at least one property of the radiation. This kind of component might be, e.g., a diffraction grid, which is positioned either close to the detection device or close to the radiation source. The spectral analysis of emitted radiation from this kind of grid can be used in a traversing measurement in which the device according to the invention is moved cross-wise to the material web travel direction to examine the properties of the material web which are dependent on the wavelength of the radiation interacting with the material web. It is also possible to install, e.g., a polarization filter in the radiation path of the device, according to the invention.
The radiation source and/or the detection device can, e.g., be positioned substantially cross-wise to the material web travel direction in swiveling or movable fashion, in order to execute any desired relative motion between the device according to the invention and a moving material web.
The present invention is also directed to a process in which at least one device of the type described above is utilized to determine the properties of a material web, e.g., a paper web.
In a particular embodiment of the process, the signals delivered by the individual sensors can be evaluated independently of one another. Thus, each individual sensor can deliver a measurement for a specific area of the material web. In this manner, comparatively large-scale momentary pictures of the material web can be compiled which permit precise examination of a local distribution of a property or properties of the material web to be performed.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the signals of at least one group of individual sensors, preferably forming a continuous detection zone in the detection area, may be compiled and, in particular, can be employed to form a mean value.
It is possible to considerably enhance the accuracy of the measured values which can be obtained with this kind of compilation by providing a large number of individual sensors per detection area. As an alternative to the formation of a mean value, or in addition thereto, the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved, and the measuring accuracy thus increased, by applying complex filtering algorithms (e.g., locally distributed Kalman filters). In this regard, the improvement is proportional, at least in theory, to 1/{square root over (n)}, where n is the number of the individual sensors included in the given instance of signal processing.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the process according to the invention, it is possible to swivel or move the radiation source and/or the detection device as a function of the speed of the moving material web.
In this regard, it is possible to achieve a maximum degree of local and temporal resolution, or measuring accuracy, with a minimum number of individual sensors, particularly when the detection area is subdivided according to the web speed and the swiveling or traversing speed, as well as the size, form, and orientation of the individual sensors.
A particular application of the device or process according to the invention includes determining the basis weight of the material web. Due to the good temporal and spatial resolution that can be achieved with the invention by providing a large number of individual sensors that form an unevenly distributed detection area, the invention makes it simultaneously possible to determine the microformation of the material web when the individual sensors are appropriately small.
The invention also makes it possible to identify the border of the material web and thus to determine the exact location of the lateral edges of the material web.
The present invention is directed to an apparatus for determining the properties of a material web that includes at least one radiation source, and at least one detection device adapted to detect radiation emitted from the at least one radiation source that at least one of penetrates and is reflected by the material web. The detection device can include at least one detection area unevenly divided into a plurality of individual sensors. Further, the material web can be a paper web.
According to a feature of the instant invention, individual detection areas of the plurality of individual sensors can differ with respect to at least one of size and form.
In accordance with another feature of the invention, a number of the plurality of individual sensors per surface unit may vary over the at least one detection area. Further, the number of individual sensors per surface unit may be larger in a central zone of the detection area than in at least one rim zone of the detection area.
According to an aspect of the present invention, the detection area can include a plurality of detection zones formed in differing fashion by the plurality of individual sensors. The detection zones may be arranged in one of an offset and staggered fashion relative to one another.
In accordance with another aspect of the instant invention, the detection area can include at least two detection zones in which structurally equivalent ones of the plurality of individual sensors are combined. The structurally equivalent ones of the plurality of individual sensors can have at least one of common sizes and forms of individual detection areas of the individual sensors.
In accordance with a further feature of the invention, individual detection areas of at least some of the plurality of individual sensors may be oblong in form. The oblong form can be one of rectangular and trapezoidal.
According to still another feature of the invention, individual detection areas of at least several of the plurality of individual sensors may extend further in a web travel direction than in a direction cross-wise to the web travel direction.
Further, the detection area can include a plurality of zones, and the detection area, in at least one of the plurality of zones, may be arranged as a single-row of individual sensors.
At least several of the plurality of individual sensors can include microsensors. The microsensors can have an individual detection area of less than approximately 1 cm2. Further, the microsensors can have individual detection area of less than several mm2. The microsensors can also have an individual detection area of less than approximately 1 mm2.
In accordance with a further aspect of the instant invention, the detection area can include a plurality of zones, and the detection area, in at least one of the plurality of zones, can include concentrically arranged, ring-shaped individual sensors.
According to a still further feature of the invention, the detection area can be one of approximately rectangular, circular, and triangular.
According to still another feature of the present invention, the plurality of individual sensors may include semiconductor detectors.
The plurality of individual sensors may include at least one of ionization detectors and scintillation detectors. The ionization detectors can include ionization chambers and the scintillation detectors can include scintillation tubes.
Moreover, the at least one radiation source can include a radiating surface and the radiating surface can be structured to at least approximately correspond to the at least one detection area.
Further, the at least one radiation source can include a plurality of individual radiation sources arranged as a source array.
The at least one radiation source can be adapted to provide a homogeneous distribution of radiation intensity onto the at least one detection area.
Another feature of the present invention is that at least one radiation source can be adapted to release radiation with at least one of a constant intensity over time and a regularly varying intensity. The regularly varying intensity can include a pulsing intensity.
Still another feature of the instant invention is that the at least one radiation source can be adapted to radiate at least one of electromagnetic radiation, LED light, laser beams, and X rays. The electromagnetic radiation may include microwaves.
In a further feature of the present invention, the at least one radiation source can be adapted to radiate electrically charged particles. The at least one radiation source may include at least one of an xcex1-emitter and/or a xcex2-emitter.
A still further feature of the invention can include at least one component assigned to one of the at least one radiation source and the at least one detection device, and the at least one component being positionable in a diffusion path of the at least one radiation source. In this manner, at least one property of the radiation can be modified. The at least one component can be an optical component, and the optical component can include a diffraction grid or polarization filter.
According to another aspect of the invention, at least one of the at least one radiation source and the at least one detection device may be one of swivelable and movable. The at least one of the at least one radiation source and the at least one detection device can be one of swivelable and movable substantially cross-wise to a web travel direction.
The present invention is directed to a process for determining the properties of a material web with at least one apparatus that include at least one radiation source and at least one detection device including at least one detection area unevenly divided into a plurality of individual sensors. The process can include directing radiation from the at least one radiation source toward the material web, and detecting, on the unevenly divided plurality of individual sensors, the emitted radiation from the at least one radiation source which at least one of penetrates and is reflected by the material web.
According to a feature of the invention, the process can further include determining a profile of at least one property of the material web. The profile of the at least one property can be determined at least one of substantially in and cross-wise to a web travel direction.
In accordance with another feature of the present invention, the process may further include obtaining a two-dimensional picture of the material web with respect to at least one property of the material web to be determined.
A further feature of the invention can include modifying at least one property of the radiation by at least one component positioned in a diffusion path of the radiation.
Still another feature of the present invention can include modifying at least one property of the radiation in accordance with at least one of a direction and a speed of at least one of the at least one radiation source and the at least one detection device relative to the material web.
The process can also include reading out data from the individual sensors in one of a parallel and sequential fashion at high speed. The individual sensors can include a CCD camera.
According to still another feature of the present invention, signals delivered by the individual sensors may be evaluated independently of one another.
The signals of at least one group of the individual sensors which are arranged to form a continuous detection zone in the detection area may be compiled and utilized to form a mean value.
In accordance with a further feature of the instant invention, a basis weight of the material web may be determined.
According to a still further feature of the present invention, formation of the material web may be determined. Further, microformation of the material web can be determined.
In accordance with still another feature of the invention, the material web includes lateral edges, and a position of at least one of the lateral edges of the material web can be determined.
According to another feature of the instant invention, at least one of the at least one radiation source and the at least one detection device can be one of swivelable and movable dependent upon a speed of the moving material web.
The present invention is directed to an apparatus for determining the properties of a material web that includes at least one radiation source and at least one detection device adapted to detect radiation emitted from the at least one radiation source that at least one of penetrates and is reflected by the material web. The detection device includes at least one detection area non-uniformly divided into a plurality of individual sensors, such that some of the plurality of individual sensors are arranged to extend further in a web travel direction than in a direction cross-wise to the web travel direction.
In accordance with yet another feature of the present invention, the detection area can include a plurality of zones, and, in at least one of the plurality of zones, the some of the plurality of individual sensors arranged to extend further in the web travel direction than in the direction cross-wise to the travel direction are arranged as a single-row of individual sensors. Further, in at least another of the plurality of zones, others of the plurality of individual sensor are substantially square shaped and arranged in a checkerboard fashion.


A fabrication method and a test method for a light emitting display that together produce a pixel portion of the display by fabricating pixel circuits, testing the pixel circuits, and subsequently fabricating light emitting diodes is disclosed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fabrication method and a test method for a light emitting display, more specifically to a fabrication method for a light emitting display that fabricates a pixel portion simply and conveniently using the results of testing the pixel portion in the fabrication method.
2. Description of the Related Technology
A light emitting display may be an organic light emitting display using an organic light emitting diode or may be an inorganic light emitting display using an inorganic light emitting diode. The organic light emitting diode is named as an OLED, and includes an organic light emitting layer located between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode. Within the light emitting layer electrons and holes recombine and release light of a desired color. The inorganic light emitting diode is an LED, and includes an inorganic light emitting layer. As one example, a light emitting layer is made up of a PN-junction semi-conductor, as opposed to an inorganic light emitting diode.
FIG. 1 illustrates a structure of a light emitting display according to the conventional art. Referring to FIG. 1, the light emitting display comprises a pixel portion 10, a data driver 20, a scan driver 30 and a power supply unit.
The pixel portion 10 comprises a plurality of pixels 11, a plurality of scanning lines S, S2 . . . Sn, a plurality of data lines D1, D2 . . . Dm, a plurality of first power source lines ELVdd, and a plurality of second power source lines ELVss. The pixel 11 comprises a pixel circuit and a light emitting diode, wherein the pixel circuit is connected with a scanning line S, S2 . . . Sn, a data line D1, D2 . . . Dm and a first power source line ELVdd, receives a data signal and a first supply voltage, generates a current corresponding to the data signal and then transmits the data signal to a light emitting diode. The light emitting diode has a first electrode and a second electrode. When a current flows into the second electrode from the first electrode, the diode emits light in accordance with a brighness corresponding to the amount of current. The first electrode of the light emitting diode is connected with the pixel circuit and the second electrode of the light emitting diode is connected with the second power source line ELVss. Herein, the second power source line is expressed as a plurality of wires, but is represented equivalently.
A data driver 20 is connected with a plurality of data lines D1, D2 . . . Dm, and transmits a data signal to the pixel portion 10.
The scan driver 30 is connected with a plurality of scanning lines S1, S2 . . . Sn, and transmits a scanning signal to the pixel portion 10.
The power supply unit transmits the first supply voltage through a first wire L1, and transmits a second supply voltage through a second wire L2. The first wire L1 is connected with the first power source line ELVdd and transmits the first supply voltage each pixel 11 of the pixel portion 10 through the first power source line ELVdd, and the second L2 is connected with the second power source line ELVss and transmits the second supply voltage to each pixel 11 of the pixel portion 10 through the second power source line ELVss. Accordingly, the first supply voltage and the second supply voltage are respectively transmitted to each pixel 11 of the pixel portion 10 and thus the pixel portion 10 is driven.
The light emitting display in accordance with the conventional art comprises a plurality of pixels, which are connected with a plurality of wires on a substrate. TFT's are generally formed before forming the light emitting diodes of each pixel. Before forming the light emitting diodes, an electric state of the substrate is identified by transmitting an electrical signal through a wire and then sensing a corresponding output signal. If the electric state seems to be in order after the identifying process, the light emitting display is completed by forming the light emitting diodes.
However, a light emitting display in accordance with the conventional art cannot test individual pixels without forming the light emitting diodes. Particularly, there has been a problem that in order to enhance the picture quality of a light emitting display, a number of transistors are formed in each pixel, and a transmission path of a signal in accordance with a connection of each transistor is complicated and thus a test gets more difficult.

Fabrication method and test method for light emitting display


A dental gypsum slurry includes water and a dental gypsum powder containing hemihydrate gypsum and a polycarboxylic acid salt-based water-reducing agent, wherein a powder-water ratio of the water to the dental gypsum powder is 0.24 to 0.50, and when the water and the dental gypsum powder being mixed are poured up to a height of 50 mm in a cylindrical mold having an inner diameter of 35 mm, which is vertically placed on a flat surface, and then, the cylindrical mold is pulled upward at 10 mm/s at 30 seconds after start of mixing so that a mixture spreads planarly, the diameter of the mixture is 141.4 mm or more.

In recent years, attention is focused on visit medical treatments as a medical form addressing the aging society, and the number of visit medical treatments is increasing. In addition, demand for visit medical treatments is expected to further increase in the future. It is considered that in the dental field, opportunities for dentists to perform visit medical treatments also increase in the future.
One of the operations to be performed in visit medical treatments in the dental field may include producing a dental gypsum model (such as an operational model and a jaw model) which reproduces an intraoral state of a patient. In this operation, a patient's intraoral impression is previously taken with a dental impression material to form a counter mold. In to this counter mold, a dental gypsum slurry obtained by mixing a dental gypsum powder and water is poured. Then, the dental gypsum slurry is set to obtain the above-described gypsum model.
In a known operation for obtaining a dental gypsum slurry in dental clinics and dental laboratories, predetermined amounts of a dental gypsum powder and mixing water are taken into a container such as a compact rubber bowl, and the powder and water are mixed using a gypsum spatula. Since a large number of air bubbles are generated during mixing, contamination of the dental gypsum slurry with air bubbles needs to be suppressed using an apparatus such as a vibrator and a vacuum stirrer.
Patent Literature 1 described below discloses a defoaming method of a dental gypsum slurry. This defoaming method is a method of mixing a dental gypsum slurry using a defoaming device including an antifoaming member and a handle attached to the antifoaming member.
[Patent Literature 1] JPH06-178926 A


A sampling method for collecting metallic contaminants from a surface of a wafer having an oxide film thereon. A sampling vessel comprises a bottom having a concave inner surface and a convex outer surface, a cylindrical wall extending from the edge of the bottom, and a step section having a plane intercepting an arc plane of the cylindrical wall for adapting the orientation flat of the wafer. Sampling liquid containing 0.1 to 10% HF and hydrogen peroxide dissolves the oxide film and collects the metallic contaminants by swinging the sampling vessel on the convex outer surface of the bottom.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for collecting metallic contaminants from a wafer and, more particularly to a technique for collecting metallic contaminants from a semiconductor wafer by using a new and improved sampling vessel.
(b) Description of the Related Art
An atomic absorption method (AAS) or an inductive coupling plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used as a method for analyzing the amount of metallic contaminants on the surface of a semiconductor wafer. The sample solution used for these analyses is prepared by the steps shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C.
An oxide film 21 formed on the surface of a semiconductor wafer 20 is dissolved by spray of hydrofluoric acid (HF) steam 23 onto the surface of the oxide film 21, an shown in FIG. 1A, to thereby remove the oxide film 21 and expose a silicon surface of the wafer 20, as shown in FIG. 1B. Subsequently, a droplet 14 of a collecting liquid for collecting metallic contaminant is dropped onto the exposed silicon surface of the wafer 20, as shown in FIG. 1C, followed by scanning of the silicon surface by the collecting droplet 14 to collect metallic contaminants 22 into the droplet 14. For instance, the metallic contaminants 22 on the wafer 20 are collected by a spiral scanning (FIG. 2A), or reciprocal scanning (FIG. 2B or FIG. 2C) of the droplet 14. The collecting droplet 14 is recovered by a pipette etc. together with the metallic contaminants 22 as a sample solution, transferred to a dish or vessel for the analysis, and analyzed for the amount of metallic contaminants by the atomic absorption method (AAS) or inductive coupling plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
During the step of dissolving the oxide film 21 on the silicon surface by HF steam 23, HF droplets may be formed on the silicon surface if the oxide film 21 to be removed is thick to thereby require a large length of time for spray of the HF steam 23 The HF droplets thus formed may move from the main surface of the wafer 20 toward the back surface thereof if the number of HF droplets thus formed is large. In this case, the HF droplets cannot be entirely recovered into the collecting droplet 14, which results in an error in the measurement of the metallic contaminants. A similar situation may occur when the scanning by the collecting droplet 14 is effected at the side surface or back surface of the wafer.
Moreover, the HF droplets formed on the surface of the wafer 20 from the HF steam 23 dilute the collecting droplet 14 to lower the concentration of the metallic contaminants in the collecting droplet 14, thereby lowering the accuracy of the measurement therefrom,

Method for collecting a metallic contaminants from a wafer


A collaborative work support system that is performed on plural computers each of which is assigned for an operator, and supports collaborative work in which the plural computers display common data and each operator operates the displayed common data through his own computer. The collaborative work support system includes: a shared data storage for storing shared data to be displayed on each computer; an individual data storage for storing individual data, which is individually created by a specific operator and individually displayed on any of the computers; an individual data sender for sending the individual data to other computers in response to a command from the specific operator who created the individual data so as to display the individual data on other computers as created shared data; and a manager for managing so that the individual data is stored in the shared data storage with other data associated with the individual data as a unit of storage.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to a collaborative work support system that support collaborative works performed by plural users using shared windows on computers.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, a system on which participants discuss by displaying shared data on shared windows and exchanging real time messages via computer network is well-known.
The following are known as this kind of system Colab System of Palo Alto Lab. of Xerox Co. (M. Stefik, D. G. Bobrow, G. Foster, S. Lanning, and D. Tatar Xerox Palo Alto, Research Center "WYSISIS Revised: Early Experiences with Multiuser Interfaces", ACM Transaction on Office Data Systems, Vol.5, No.2, April 1987, Pages 147-167); TeamWorkstation of Nippon Telephone & Telecom (Ishii Hiroshi, "TeamWorkstation: Towards a Seamless Shared Workspace", CSCW 90 Proceedings, October 1990, pp.13-26 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open Hei.3-119476); and MERMAID (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Hei.3-58658).
In these system, for example, when plural participants who are remote from each other have a meeting, a group for the meeting is created by specifying addresses of workstations or the like used by the participants, and an application program necessary for the meeting is invoked. Then, the participants exchange messages each other. The computers for all the participants (operators of a collaborative work referred to "meeting") display a common screen image (shared window). As a result of operations performed in the shared window for one of the participants, all the other shared windows are changed to the same.
For example, each participant can write an opinion into the shared window through his computer. In response to an opinion written by a participant, another participant can write another opinion through his computer. Thus, even if they use plural computers, they can discuss each other as if they share the opinions on a blackboard.
These systems record the final result of data that is displayed on the shared window and written into the shared window. Later, the recorded data can be played back and are seen as a meeting record.
For example, there is a case that participants have a meeting using a blackboard. While some of them have a lively discussion, others who does not take part in the discussion think another proposal or an opinion from another view point and write it onto papers. Then the others submit the new proposal in pauses of the lively discussion.
However, in many cases, the submitted data written on papers is not stored or distributed. In particular, when participants remote from each other have a meeting by using a television conference system, it is rare to distribute materials that are not prepared beforehand.
It would be possible to store these proposal by using the function for storing a result provided by the shared window of the system described above. However, in the system using shared windows, when a participant who does not participate in a lively discussion writes into a shared window by using his own computer, the written data appears on the shared windows of the other computers and disturb the discussion.
In view of this problem, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Hei.5-89217 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open Hei.6-161956 disclose collaborative work support systems in which while some participants have a lively discussion by using shared windows, the other participants can individually write their opinions without disturbing the participants who have the lively discussion.
The collaborative work support system disclosed by Hei.6-161956 manages data of opinions for each participant who submits his opinion to the shared window and picks up differences among opinions of the participants. Thus, this system can automatically provides a difference among opinions of participants or a difference between shared data and an opinion of a participant.
When meeting data has been recorded during a meeting and contents of the meeting are played back after the meeting, it is desired to edit the recorded meeting data easily. The meeting data can include the following: sounds; screen images of the shared window; and references by participants to the materials for meeting displayed on a screen.
As an art for editing minutes, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Hei.7-182365 discloses a multimedia minutes creation support system that specifies a person who refers to materials for meeting in accordance with records of references by participants to the materials for meeting during the meeting and creates a search file that stores a starting time and an end time of an event occurring on computers, such as a reference operation. When creating minutes, this system can play back images and sounds of the scene desired by the minutes creator according to the search file.
A system that records data regarding a structure of discussion during the discussion and visualizes the process of the discussion according to the recorded data is also known. (e.g. Jeff Conklin, Michael L. Begeman. "gIBIS: A Hypertext Tool for Exploratory Policy Discussion", CSCW88 Proceedings, September, 1988, pp.140-152)
When the record of a meeting is played back, it is important to make the process of the discussion understandable.
However, the above-described shared window system only stores the final result of the data written into the shared window. In many cases, it is difficult to understand the process of a discussion by observing the final result.
As described above, the collaborative work support system disclosed by Japanese Patent Laid-Open Hei.6-161956 manages data of opinions for each participant who submits data of opinions to the shared window. Thus, difference of opinions among the participants or difference between an opinion of each participant and shared data can be obtained automatically. However, it is difficult to know the flow of discussion, since a process of discussion in a meeting can be known only by the changes of opinions of plural participants as time lapses.
The multimedia minutes creation support system disclosed by Japanese Patent Laid-Open Hei.7-182365 records the timing of reference to the materials for meeting and the timing when participants start speaking. However, those times are recorded simply on a time axis. Thus, it does not manage data as a set of opinions of participants of a meeting in association with each other.
Thus, for example, when the former point in question recovers once after the point in question has been changed, there is no way to record the recovery of the former point in question as a flow of the discussion.
When plural participants discuss, it is difficult to conjecture change points of the discussion according to only changes of speakers and materials for meeting that the participants refer to. In many cases, while participants refer to the same material for meeting, they discuss from many viewpoints. Thus, it is difficult to conjecture the change of point in question according to only the starting time of speaking and the timing of reference to materials for meeting.
In the above-described system that visualizes the process of a discussion by recording data of the argument structure, participants of a meeting should submit an opinion after specifying the structure of the opinion in detail. For example, they should specify the subject of the opinion or whether the opinion agrees to the subject, or the like. Since the participant should consider carefully to specify the structure, it is difficult to specify the structure while discussing. In addition, the detailed argument structure is represented as a block of complicated lines on a screen. Thus, this system can show the logical structure. However, it is difficult for the system to show the flow of discussion after the meeting.
Conventionally, it is provided a system that stores a history of operations on the computer performed by the user and repeats the operations in the order of time so as to reproduce the user's operations (Fractal Design Art School). It may be possible to apply this system to the system that stores a history of operations performed by the user in a meeting and plays back the operations. However, even if a history of operations performed by the user is stored and all the operations are reproduced in the order of time, it is difficult to know the change point of discussion unless observing and fully confirming the contents.
In other words, a person who plays back and sees the contents of a meeting is required to reconstruct a set of opinions in association with each other and change point of points in question. That is, a history of sets of opinions in association with each other and change points of points in question cannot be stored. Thus, when people understand the contents of meeting in different way or long time passes after the meeting, even the participants of the meeting sometimes cannot reconstruct it.

Collaborative work support system and method to facilitate the process of discussion in a meeting using a shared window


A method of modeling the output drivers in an integrated circuit, for example a serializer/deserializer circuit, is provided. In accordance with embodiments of the invention, at least one parameter of the circuit is physically measured and a behavioral model utilizing that parameter is constructed. The behavioral model can then be utilized to predict the behavior of the integrated circuit output drivers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to modeling of the output drivers and, in particular, to modeling of the high-speed differential signals generated by the output drivers.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Modeling of circuits has been a staple of use for designing integrated circuits for quite some time. One such modeling software, SPICE, has been in use for nearly 40 years. The SPICE simulation models, such as IBIS, provide reasonable accuracy for applications of frequencies less than 200 MHz. The IBIS model is generated from SPICE models of the designed circuits and consist of I-V (Current-Voltage) response tables. The accuracy of these tables is defined by the current-voltage increment steps, usually about 100 mV.
However, in serializer/deserializer (SERDES) circuits, frequencies of above 1 GHz are commonly encountered. With frequencies above about 1 GHz, if the current-voltage increment is reduced to 4 mV, the I-V data generated by the IBIS model is a single-spaced table of data that is about 34 pages long. The limitation of the IBIS model is not only the size of the look-up table generated, but that the table is generated from a SPICE model designed for the circuit under test. The accuracy of the data in the table is therefore not as high as needed to provide acceptable prediction results for the circuit under test.
Therefore, there is a need for an ability to model the high-speed differential output of integrated circuits with specific accuracy of the device under test.

Behavioral modeling of high speed differential signals based on physical characteristics


A wheel assembly includes a rigid wheel and an airless tire configured to present some performance characteristics of a pneumatic tire. The wheel includes a pair of radially outermost axially spaced rim portions, each rim portion including a transversely flat outer surface extending at least partially around the circumference of the wheel. The tire is mounted on the wheel such that the tire engages the outer surfaces of the rim portions of the wheel. A central portion of the tire is configured to flex inwardly between the rim portions of the wheel in response to ground engaging pressure, thus minimizing ground penetration and soil disturbance during use.

1. Field
Embodiments of the present invention relate to wheel and tire assemblies. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to wheel and tire assemblies including airless tires presenting certain performance characteristics of pneumatic tires.
2. Related Art
Mobile irrigation systems include elevated water conduits supported by mobile towers. Such mobile towers are mounted on wheels that propel the towers along the ground to be irrigated. The wheels typically include pneumatic tires that require periodic maintenance, including adjusting air pressure, repairing tires that develop holes or other damage, and replacing worn or damaged tires that are beyond repair.
Because irrigation systems and similar agricultural equipment are typically used in fields or other remote locations, monitoring the tires for problems and reaching the tires to perform maintenance and repairs can be inconvenient or difficult. If a tire loses air pressure and is not repaired in a timely manner, damage to the tire, to the equipment mounted on the tire, or both may result.
One solution to the challenges presented by the use of pneumatic tires involves using wheels without tires. While this approach addresses most of the problems of tire maintenance, repair and replacement, it presents other challenges. Tireless wheels, for example, are rigid and experience greater ground penetration than a pneumatic tire, thereby creating ruts or otherwise disturbing the ground more than a pneumatic tire. The problems associated with ground disturbance are compounded with the use of irrigation systems, where the ground is moist and more susceptible to disturbance rutting, and where the irrigation system wheels may traverse the same path multiple times. Similar problems exist for tractors, automobiles, and other vehicles that typically use pneumatic tires.
Accordingly, there is a need for a solution which overcomes the limitations described above.


A semiconductor device includes an interlayer insulation film, an underlying line provided in the interlayer insulation film, a liner film overlying the interlayer insulation film, an interlayer insulation film overlying the liner film. The underlying line has a lower hole and the liner film and the interlayer insulation film have an upper hole communicating with the lower hole, and the lower hole is larger in diameter than the upper hole. The semiconductor device further includes a conductive film provided at an internal wall surface of the lower hole, a barrier metal provided along an internal wall surface of the upper hole, and a Cu film filling the upper and lower holes. The conductive film contains a substance identical to a substance of the barrier metal. A highly reliable semiconductor device can thus be obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to semiconductor devices and methods of fabrication thereof and particularly to highly reliable semiconductor devices and methods of fabrication thereof.
2. Description of the Background Art
As a material for a line for large scale integration circuits (LSIs), aluminum has conventionally been employed. However, as LSIs are increasingly microfabricated and operated more rapidly, aluminum is being replaced with copper (Cu), a material smaller in electrical resistance. Employing Cu as a material for a line for LSIs allows electrical resistance to be reduced and also the line to be microfabricated, and also allows LSIs to operate faster. Cu, however, is diffusible into insulation film. If Cu diffuses into insulation film, the line would be impaired in reliability. Furthermore, Cu reacts with plasma ions very slowly. As such, if etching is employed to form the line, sufficient productivity cannot be achieved.
To address these disadvantages in recent years a Cu line is formed in damascene. If typical damascene is employed to form a Cu line the line is formed as follows:
Initially an underlying line of Cu is covered with a liner film, an interlayer insulation film and an anti-reflection film deposited in layers. Subsequently, resist for forming a via hole is deposited on the anti-reflection film and typical photolithography and etching are employed to provide the interlayer insulation film with the via hole so that the via hole has a bottom has a bottom surface exposing the liner film. The resist for forming the via hole is then removed and thereafter resist for forming a trench is deposited on the anti-reflection film and in the via hole and typical photolithography and etching are employed to provide the interlayer insulation film with a trench. Then the resist for forming the trench and the anti-reflection film are removed and thereafter the liner film exposed at the bottom surface of the via hole is etched to expose the underlying line. Then a Cu oxide film of a surface of the underlying line exposed at the via hole's bottom surface, residue (or polymer) produced in etching the liner film, and the like are removed by performing argon (Ar) sputter etching, annealing in an ambient of hydrogen (H2), a plasma process, wet-etching, or the like. Then, barrier metal is deposited on the via hole and trench's sidewall and bottom surfaces and the interlayer insulation film. Then, a thin Cu film serving as a film that shields plating is deposited on the barrier metal, and plating is employed to deposit a Cu film on the via hole and trench's sidewall and bottom surfaces, and the interlayer insulation film. Then, excessive Cu film and barrier metal on the interlayer insulation film is chemically mechanically polished and thus removed to complete the Cu line.
The Cu line thus obtained, however, is more breakable as voids are caused. More specifically, when high temperature is attained for example in a thermal treatment, an actual environment of use, or the like, thermal stress is caused between the interlayer insulation film and the Cu line. For a conventional Cu line, the underlying line's surface and the via hole's side wall are in contact with each other at a right angle, and a portion at which the underlying line's surface and the Cu line's bottom contact each other tends to experience concentrated thermal stress.
Furthermore in the via hole the Cu line passes a current, which passes through the portion at which the underlying line's surface and the Cu line's bottom contact each other, and flows to the underlying line, which has a larger area in cross section than the via hole. As such, the portion at which the underlying line's surface and the Cu line's bottom contact each other tends to experience a concentrated current.
Thus the portion at which the underlying line's surface and the Cu line's bottom tends to experience concentrated thermal stress and current. As such, the portion provides a point initially causing voids. For a conventional Cu line, the underlying line and the Cu line contact each other in a plane. As such, the lines mutually contact over an insufficient area, and the line is disadvantageously more breakable. Furthermore, between the Cu line and the underlying line there is a disadvantageously large electrical resistance.
To address this, a method of forming a line that allows a Cu line and an underlying line to mutually contact over an increased area is disclosed for example in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2002-064138. As described in the document, the line is formed as follows:
On a first layer line of Cu a copper diffusion preventing insulation film is deposited and thereafter an interlayer insulation film is deposited. Subsequently on the interlayer insulation film a resist film is deposited and used as a mask to expose a surface of the first layer line by anisoptropically etching the interlayer insulation film and the copper diffusion preventing insulation film. Furthermore, the first layer line's exposed surface is further etched to form a contact hole having a bottom deeper than the first layer line's surface. Subsequently a barrier layer is deposited on the interlayer insulation film including the contact hole's interior. Subsequently, a tantalum (Ta) film is deposited on the barrier layer. Subsequently, the Ta film and barrier layer outside the contact hole is chemically mechanically polished and thus removed to form a plug on the first layer line.
In the method disclosed in the publication the interlayer insulation film and the first layer line are etched to form a hole which in turn has a plug introduced therein. As such, the plug has a bottom surface and a partial side surface in contact with the first layer line. More specifically, the plug and the first layer line can mutually contact stereoscopically and hence over an increased area.
Other than the above publication, for example Japanese Patent Laying-Open Nos. 2001-077195, 2000-114261, 07-014836 and 2000-133711 also disclose etching an interlayer insulation film and an underlying line to form a hole which is in turn provided therein with a conductive layer.
As disclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2002-064138, resist remaining in the hole and residue (or polymer) of the copper diffusion preventing insulation film are removed, and this requires that after the interlayer insulation film and the first layer line are etched the hole's interior be washed. However, the hole's interior is washed with a solution having a property dissolving Cu. As such, in the cleaning the hole the first layer liner is wet-etched. This results in the first layer line having a hole larger in diameter than that in the interlayer insulation film. In other words, the first layer line has a hole having an internal wall with a recess. At this recess the barrier layer and the Ta film are hardly deposited (or tend to be discontinuous). As such, the recess provides a point initially causing voids, which tend to increase electrical resistance and render the line more breakable. This results in a semiconductor device impaired in reliability.

Semiconductor device with a line and method of fabrication thereof


A display control apparatus performs download processing and streaming processing. In the download processing, after first mutual authentication between removable media and a license server, the removable media receive and store a first title key from a license server and first encrypted content from a content server. In the streaming processing, the removable media and the license server perform second mutual authentication, the removable media receive and store a second title key and a content address from the license server, the removable media and the display control apparatus perform third mutual authentication, the display control apparatus acquires the second title key and the content address recorded on the removable media, the display control apparatus streams and receives second encrypted content from the content server, and the display control apparatus decodes the streamed-and-received second encrypted content using the second title key, and streams and reproduces the decoded second encrypted content.

There is an art in which a right server for delivering right information about content and removable media having a copyright protection function to the recorded content directly perform mutual authentication through a reproducing device capable of record and reproduction on the removable media. In this art system, the encrypted content and the right information had by the server are directly downloaded and saved to the removable media and then, the reproducing device and the removable media perform mutual authentication and while reading the encrypted content from the removable media, the cipher is decoded to thereby reproduce the content.

Display control apparatus, display control method and server system


A hydrotherapy and exercise device is disclosed with integrated lift and treadmill means, having a tank for retaining fluid, treadmill means having driving means for rotating the treadmill and having at least one flexible linkage having two ends about which the linkage rotates, end lift means for lifting the treadmill and having at least two rigid supporting members pivotally connected at a pivot point wherein one end of the treadmill driving means rotates about the pivot point, and having remote control, electrically isolated microprocessor means for controlling the level of the treadmill, speed of the treadmill, flow rate of water and chemistry of the water in response to electrical information received from respective monitoring means.

This invention relates to the field of hydrotherapy devices. More particularly, this invention relates to a hydrotherapy device having an adjustable speed treadmill with special lift and treadmill moving means and having an integrated control system.
Hydrotherapy devices for tanks and treadmills are disclosed in such patents as Leonaggeo, Jr., U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,766 and Keller, U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,088.
The instant invention is directed primarily for human use and as such requires special considerations. In particular it is desirable not only to lift the treadmill means within the tank so as to accommodate the various needs of the users, but also to provide an integrated moving means and control system. For example the apparatus for lifting the treadmill is preferably, and often, done by hydraulic means. However, because a hydraulic apparatus is normally located within the tank under the water, it is common for such systems, which leak, to easily contaminate the water supply via a leak or gasket deterioration. Further, the entry point of the moving means into the tank walls needs to be one that minimizes the risk of tank leakage at that point.
The instant invention utilizes means for lifting one end of the a treadmill in the tank. Whereas Leonaggeo discloses center scissor lift means, the instant invention utilizes a chain drive to lift the tank utilizing a single scissor lift means, and while doing so, utilizes the same pivot point of the single scissor assembly as a common belt and pulley type arrangement for providing the motivating force to run the treadmill as well. Consequently not only is the treadmill lifted from the end in a special single scissor arrangement, the treadmill moving means utilizes the same pivot points in conjunction therewith.
It is common in hydrotherapy systems to utilize jets. However, to control the rate of flow of water from the jets, rather than utilizing valves that open and close manually, an AC inverter means is used to run the pump so as to allow the pump to be run electronically and adjusted so that the output of the pump can be controlled electronically.
It is also an objective to monitor and control the water chemistry and to do so in combination with controlling other functions of the apparatus. An integrated control system is provided to control not only the water chemistry but the treadmill height, speed, jet functions and other functions of the apparatus and to do so in an integrated fashion with a computer so as to electrically isolate the person from the system and to further enable, with existing PC computers, the operator to do so utilizing commonly available infrared remote control units. The infrared remote control unit controls the computer which controls all functions of the apparatus described above.
It is further an object of the invention to provide safety features, including not only the isolation of the system's electrical or other control apparatus from the operator, but also provide compatible safety emergency switches.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a treadmill with adjustable impact absorption means so as to adjust the treadmill floor to provide various impact results to speed the recovery of the patient depending on the patient's needs. Impact adjustment means allow for softening the impact of the foot on the treadmill.
Consequently, it is an object of the invention to provide a hydrotherapy device having an adjustable speed treadmill with end lift means so as to easily access the lifting apparatus. It is further an object of the invention to provide an adjustable speed treadmill and to provide such an apparatus in a manner so as to maximize the cleanliness of the water and to do so in conjunction with the lifting means. It is a still further object of the invention to provide integrated monitoring and control means of the water chemistry and the treadmill movement as well as the jet movement, and to electronically control the water jet means so as to allow the operator to control the system from one computer and to alternatively control the system from a relatively inexpensive infrared remote. It is a further object of the invention, in conjunction with the other apparatus described and in conjunction with the other objects, to provide adjustable impact absorption means and emergency safety devices. It is further an object of the invention to do all of the above in an economically feasible manner and in a manner so as to minimize the possibility of leakage and the possibility of contaminating the water supply.
Other objects and features of the invention and the manner in which the invention achieves its purpose will be appreciated from the foregoing and the following description and the accompanying drawings which exemplify the invention, it being understood that changes may be made in the specific method and apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the essentials of the invention set forth in the appended claims.

Hydrotherapy and exercise device with integrated lift and treadmill means


The invention relates to a battery assembly with high thermal conductivity. The battery assembly comprises a metal case having a hollow accommodation cavity formed therein, a plurality of battery cores installed parallel to one another within the metal case, and a common electrode for connection to the other electrode in each of the battery cores. Each of the battery cores has two electrodes, with one of the electrodes that corresponds to those of the rest of the battery cores being connected in a thermally conductive manner to the metal case. The invention takes advantage of high thermal conductivity of metallic material and dissipates heat by connecting the metal case to the battery electrodes. The invention further comprises fixation troughs formed on the metal case, thereby reducing the size of the assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a battery assembly with high thermal conductivity and, more particularly, to a highly thermal conductive battery suitable for use in a battery engine of an electric-powered vehicle.
2. Description of Related Art
The presence of battery technologies initiates the domination over electric power by human kind. From the Leyden jar and voltaic pile to the modern lithium-ion battery, it is possible now to provide electric power of greater magnitude and higher power when people separate themselves from a power supply area, thus allowing utilization of machines and tools requiring high power. Safety issues on batteries in electronic communication products such as general mobile phones or computers often attract people's attention through news broadcasts, but the battery installed within such electronic devices in fact usually contains only one battery core or probably at most three. Comparatively, for driving large-scaled electric-consuming appliances like electric-powered vehicles, usually it requires a battery array, composed of a greater amount of batteries connected in serial or in parallel, to supply electric power of high voltage and mega-current.
However, upon connecting together a large amount of batteries, the massive heat generated when the mega-current flows through resistors may become very challenging for operation of the battery set. On one hand, the elevated temperature may reduce the conductivity in the metal, such that the power supply deviates from a predetermined range. On the other hand, such a temperature increase may also cause the battery cores to swell, resulting in undesirable mutual squeezing among adjacent battery cores thus leading to increased risks of rupture, battery solution leakage or even combustion or explosion. In a worse case, once battery core breakup or battery solution leakage indeed occurs in any one of the battery cores, short-circuit problem of adjacent battery cores may accordingly happen thus leading to unexpected instantaneous release of massive electric current. Therefore it has been one of major research subjects for the industry to effectively dissipate such generated heat.
FIG. 1 shows a common heat dissipation design that provides a solution to the problems described above, wherein each battery 2 is provided with heat sink cooling fins at its lateral sides, thereby further creating gaps among neighboring batteries 2. Using forced air convections through air blow generated by a fan 20, it is possible to carry heat energy away from the lateral sides of batteries 2 and the cooling fins. Unfortunately, in a conventional lithium secondary battery or a like battery, metallic material and thermal conductive material are mainly mounted along the direction from the top face 21 to the bottom face 22, but the battery solution with poor heat conductivity is filled within the space between the central axis of the battery core and the lateral sides, thus significantly increasing the heat resistance thereof. In other words, even though the distance between the top face and the bottom face is much greater than that between the opposite lateral sides, heat conductivity for the battery core toward its top face and bottom face is more efficient than toward the lateral faces. Consequently, heat dissipation in the aforementioned process, no matter through cooling fins or forced convections, is mostly addressed to the portions with poor thermal conductivity or limited heat accumulation capability, rather than areas where the most effective heat removal feature can be offered.

Battery assembly with high thermal conductivity


A fast binary reduction tree of the type used in high speed digital computer multiplication circuits is disclosed having chunky adders formed by sub-dividing carry propagate adders into chunks of equal bit length such that chunk addition can be initiated in parallel. In the tree, chunky adders with the same chunk size and offset can be cascaded by connecting the carry-outs of one adder to the carry-ins of another, while carry-outs from adders having different offsets can be interleaved to form new partial product terms for input to the next adder level. The chunky adder tree reduces the number of levels without significantly increasing the computation time at each level, thereby increasing the overall computational speed of the circuit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fast binary reduction tree for reducing the number of partial product levels associated with high speed multiplication circuits.
2. Description of Related Art
State of the art high speed multiplication circuits multiply an n bit multiplier and an m bit multiplicand by simultaneously generating n partial product terms, which are reduced to a final product by adding the partial products. Of these two sequences--the formation of partial product terms and the summation thereof--summation is the one that limits the computer computational speed. Summation is done by creating levels of summation, with all summations at a given level being done in parallel. Thus, the total delay of the multiplication is the number of levels times the delay at each level. The primary goal of the technology is to reduce the number of levels, without significantly increasing the delay at each level.
Traditionally, trees of carry save adders (CSAs) are used to sum partial products. Each m bit CSA is made up of m full adders and takes as inputs three m bit integers A=a.sub.m-1, a.sub.m-2, . . . , a.sub.o ; B=b.sub.m-1, b.sub.m-2. . . , b.sub.o ; and C=c.sub.m-1, c.sub.m-2, . . . , c.sub.o and produces two integer outputs S1=S1.sub.m-1, S1.sub.m-2, . . . , s1.sub.0 and S2=s2.sub.m, s2.sub.m-2, . . . , s2.sub.0. To illustrate, a four bit CSA is shown in FIG. 1 (m=4) and designated there by the general reference numeral 10. In accordance with the just-discussed characteristic organization, the four bit CSA 10 is made up of four full adders and takes three 4 bit integers A=a.sub.3, a.sub.2, a.sub.1, a.sub.0 ; B=b.sub.3, b.sub.2, b.sub.1, b.sub.0 and C=C.sub.3, C.sub.2, C.sub.1, c.sub.0 as inputs and produces as outputs the two integers S1=s1=s1.sub.3, s1.sub.2, s1.sub.1, s1.sub.0 and S2=s2.sub.4, s2.sub.3, s2.sub.2, s2.sub.1, s2.sub.0.
FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram equivalent of an arbitrary width carry save adder 10.
FIG. 3 schematically depicts an exemplary carry save adder tree 15 for six partial products. In general, such carry save adder trees reduce n partial products to 2 in 0(log.sub.3/2 n) levels. Assuming that P.sub.i is the number of partial products to be reduced in level i of a carry save adder tree, each level of CSAs will reduce P.sub.i partial products to P.sub.i+1 =2x P.sub.i /3 +(P.sub.i mod 3) partial products using ( P.sub.i /3 CSAs. At the level at which the number of partial products is reduced to 2, a carry propagate adder (CPA) is used to compute the final sum. Thus, in the illustrative carry save adder tree 15, six partial products (P.sub.0 =6) are reduced to two partial products in the sequence P.sub.1 =4, P.sub.2 =3 and P.sub.3 =2 using three levels of CSAs 10.sub.1 -10.sub.4 and, at the last level, a carry propagate adder 16 is used to compute the final sum.

Chunky binary multiplier and method of operation