The power conversion system allows for multiple segregated and ground independent power sources to provide redundant power to modules within an electronics equipment cabinet with increased reliability and reduced sensitivity to common fault propagation. The power conversion system provides power conditioning modules having independent supply rails that supply power to each module within an electronics equipment cabinet. FET and diode solid-state control and driver logic enable each individual supply rail. Efficient power distribution is facilitated by primary and hot-backup operation of one or more power conditioning modules. Power conversion is facilitated by one or more input supply power feeds and one or more converter stages.

The present invention generally relates to the field of power conversion and power distribution. Specifically, the present invention is directed to an efficient system for power conversion and distribution in an electronics equipment cabinet for avionics systems.
Electronics equipment cabinets convert and distribute internal power supplied by an aircraft power source. Generally, power conversion and distribution in electronics equipment cabinets is accomplished using single rail supply designs. For example, the Boeing 787 power distribution system uses a single rail output. The single rail design feeds power to load modules. Generally, the load modules are power converters.
The existing power conversion and distribution systems used in the Boeing 787 have significant safety and reliability issues. For example, multiple power supplies share load modules. Load module sharing leads to undesirable operational conditions such as reverse current flow. Today's high reliability applications require segregated, redundant power supply inputs. These power supplies must support power requirements for internal load modules without adding circuit complexity, power loss or decreased reliability. Moreover, efficient power distribution within modern electronics equipment cabinets will require a system with hot-swap capability, redundancy and fault tolerant design. Modern electronics equipment cabinets are typically constructed from one or more power supply converters and several electronics modules innerconnected on a back plane.

System for high reliability power distribution within an electronics equipment cabinet


A voltage converter having a voltage intermediate circuit and an invertor connected to the output of the voltage intermediate circuit. The invertor produces a three-phase AC voltage at its output and is connected to the output terminals of the voltage converter by a filter arrangement. The filter arrangement includes a filter inductor connected in series with the output terminal and the filter capacitor connected between the output terminal and a common capacitor star point. Attenuation of the DC system is achieved by having the capacitor star point connected to the voltage intermediate circuit by way of an RC element having a capacitor and a resistor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of power electronics. It concerns a voltage converter having a voltage intermediate circuit and an invertor following on from the voltage intermediate circuit, which invertor produces a three-phase AC voltage at its outputs and is connected to the output terminals of the voltage converter via a filter arrangement, the filter arrangement having in each case a filter inductor, connected in series with the output terminal, and a filter capacitor which is connected between the output terminal and a common capacitor star point.
Such a voltage converter is disclosed, for example, in the printed publication EP-A1-0 682 401 (FIG. 1).
2. Discussion of Background
In order to achieve generally loss-free filtering of the output voltage from a converter having a voltage intermediate circuit (voltage converter), use is nowadays made of a filter comprising filter inductors and filter capacitors (LC filter). A possible embodiment is one which has filter capacitors connected in star formation, as described in the printed publication mentioned in the introduction and illustrated in FIG. 1. In this case, the voltage converter 39 shown in FIG. 1 comprises a voltage intermediate circuit 11 having two terminals 12 and 13, between which intermediate circuit capacitors 14, 16 are arranged and have a center tap 15 or else can be one capacitor. The voltage intermediate circuit 11 is followed on by an invertor 10 (equipped with power semiconductors) which outputs the generated polyphase AC voltage at corresponding output terminals 20, 21 and 22 via a filter formed from filter inductors 17, 18 and 19 and filter capacitors 23, 24 and 25. The filter inductors 17-19 are in each case connected in series with the output terminals 20-22. The filter capacitors 23-25 are connected between the output terminals 20-22 and a common capacitor star point 26.
In another known filter circuit, which is shown in FIG. 2, the filter capacitors 27, 28, 29 are delta-connected, i.e. connected between two of the output terminals 20-22 in each case.
In a further filter circuit, which is shown in FIG. 3 and is likewise disclosed in the printed publication mentioned in the introduction (FIG. 3), three respective filter capacitors 30-32 and 33-35 jointly provide feedback from the output terminals 20-22 to the terminals 12 and 13 of the voltage intermediate circuit 11.
The circuits shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 filter only the pure three-phase voltage systems. The DC system, on the other hand, is not filtered. Sudden voltage changes in the DC system are passed on unimpeded to the connection terminals 20-22 of the load if the star point of the load or, in FIG. 1, the capacitor star point 26 is not grounded. The two measures cannot be used in a general manner, however.
The circuit shown in FIG. 3 does not have these disadvantages. Its own disadvantage is of a system-related nature and comes to bear when the conditions of use for the filter are such that, with no additional measures, free oscillations are continually excited. Loss-free attenuation of these free oscillations can be achieved only by using a controller which intervenes in the switching sequence of the invertor 10. Nowadays, the switching sequence of the invertor 10 is usually determined by a control computer which uses the load conditions as a basis for establishing the switching commands for the power switches in the invertor. The control computer usually operates in only two coordinates, on account of the symmetry of the output. This makes it possible to determine the switching states of the three phases. From the viewpoint of the filter in the circuit shown in FIG. 3, the three phases are decoupled. Any resonance control must therefore be carried out with three control loops which act independently. This means that it is no longer a simple matter to integrate resonance correction into load control. However, as both parts of the control have access to the same manipulated variable, they must not operate in a decoupled manner. In all cases, a considerable amount of additional effort is required in order to resolve this conflict. A further disadvantage of the circuit shown in FIG. 3 is the high additional current loading of the intermediate circuit capacitors and the invertor, which is caused by the filter capacitors being subjected to charge reversal by the DC voltage system, particularly at low switching frequencies of the invertor semiconductor switches. The same disadvantages also arise if the capacitor star point 26 in the circuit shown in FIG. 1 is connected directly to one of the terminals 12, 13 or the center tap 15.

Voltage converter with filter arrangement


A zoom lens system has a plurality of lens units. Zooming is performed by varying distances between the lens units. A gradient index lens is included in the lens units. The gradient index lens has a gradient index in a direction vertical to an optical axis. The gradient index lens has at least one aspherical surface.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a zoom lens system, and more particularly, to a small-sized zoom lens system for use in a lens shutter camera and a video camera.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In most of the known three-unit zoom lens systems of positive, positive, negative configuration, a first lens unit includes at least two lens elements, a second lens unit includes at least four lens elements, and a third lens unit includes two or three lens elements.
On the other hand, a three-unit zoom lens system of positive, positive, negative configuration has been proposed in which aberrations are corrected through the use of aspherical surfaces in the optical system to thereby reduce the number of lens elements. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,988 discloses a zoom lens system in which each lens unit includes one lens element. U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,235 discloses a zoom lens system having a total of four lens elements in which a first lens unit includes one lens element, a second lens unit includes two lens elements and a third lens unit includes one lens element. Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. H5-188296 discloses a zoom lens system having a total of four or five lens elements in which a second lens unit includes one or two lens elements and a third lens unit includes one lens element. U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,870 discloses a zoom lens system having a total of four lens elements in which a first lens unit includes two lens elements, a second lens unit includes one lens element and a third lens unit includes one lens element. U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,870 discloses a zoom lens system having a total of six lens elements in which each lens unit has two lens elements.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,962 discloses a three-unit zoom lens system of positive, positive, negative configuration having a total of six lens elements in which a second lens unit is formed of two lens elements through the use of a gradient index lens (GRIN lens) in the second lens unit.
The GRIN lens is an optical device which has long attracted attention as its optical characteristic (i.e. a characteristic that light advances while being bend in the lens medium) and the possibility of dispersion control are considered highly effective in reducing the number of lens elements constituting the optical system and in reducing the size of the lens system. In particular, since the control of chromatic aberration and Petzval sum which cannot be performed through the aspherical surface can be performed through the GRIN lens, the GRIN lens is expected to have more advantages than the aspherical surface.
In the conventional zoom lens systems having aspherical surfaces, it is impossible to reduce the total number of lens elements of the optical system while reducing the size of the optical system and increasing the magnification. For example, if the first lens unit (i.e. the most object side lens unit) is formed of one lens element, chromatic aberration and Petzval sum generated in the lens unit cannot be sufficiently corrected only through homogeneous lenses, so that a smaller size and a higher magnification cannot be achieved (particularly, the realization of a high magnification is impossible). In addition, in the conventional three-unit zoom lens systems of positive, positive, negative configuration, since the number of lens elements of the second lens unit should be increased to correct aberrations generated in the lens unit, it is extremely difficult to reduce the total number of lens elements of the optical system. This will hereinafter be described in further detail.
In the zoom lens systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,087,988 and 5,325,235, and Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. H5-188296, since only homogeneous lenses are used, aberrations (particularly, chromatic aberration and Petzval sum) are not sufficiently corrected, so that only small zoom ratios and large F numbers are achieved. In the zoom lens system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,711, a magnification as high as 2.6.times. is achieved with a smaller number of lens elements through the use of aspherical surfaces. However, it can hardly be regarded as having high performance.
In the zoom lens system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,870, the aspherical surfaces are incapable of correcting chromatic aberration and Petzval sum, so that each lens unit should include at least two lens elements. This is because in zoom lens systems, in order to correct aberrations in the entire zoom range, it is necessary that at least chromatic aberration and Petzval sum should be corrected in each of the lens units constituting the zoom lens system.
In the zoom lens system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,962, the number of lens elements is reduced through the use of a GRIN lens in the second lens unit. However, since the GRIN lens comprises only spherical lenses, the degree of freedom of the aberration correction is insufficient, so that the number of lens elements of the second lens unit is reduced only to two.
When a fixed focal length lens is constituted by a spherical GRIN lens, it is considered impossible to form it of one lens element since the degree of freedom for the third-order aberration correction is insufficient (see L. G. Atkinson et al., "Design of a gradient-index photographic objective", Appl. Opt. Vol. 21, 1982, pp 993-998). This applies to zoom lens systems. That is, if the lens units constituting a zoom lens system are each formed of one lens element, it is impossible to correct aberration because of the insufficient degree of freedom of the third-order aberration correction, so that it is impossible to form each of the lens units of the zoom lens system of one lens element.


The present invention is directed to biodegradable cleaning compositions, in particular hard surface cleaning compositions, and their use. The compositions according to the invention comprise one or more biosurfactants(s), one or more sorbitan ester(s) and one or more further surfactant(s), which is/are neither a biosurfactant nor a sorbitan ester.

The industry standard practice when formulating hard surface cleaners usually utilizes high pH that saponifies oily deposits as an effective tool to obtain cleaning efficacy. The generated soaps, as well as the elevated electrostatic repulsion forces at high pH condition is of vital importance to impart acceptable cleaning efficacy. Although effective in terms of improving cleaning efficacy, the high pH causes many potential problems. For example, in offshore cleaning, environmental regulations prohibit the discharge of some of high pH cleaners directly to the ocean. The pH has to be controlled within a legally allowed range to discharge. Also, high pH is not favorable for skin mildness, since conventional high pH cleaners would remove the protective oil layer on the surface of the skin. Therefore, a cleaning formulation with good cleaning performance at mild pH range is desired for such applications.
A consumer conception about green cleaners with good environmental profiles is that these products usually lack the cleaning power as conventional cleaners. The reasons that lead to the ineffectiveness of most of the green products originated from either poorly formulated compositions or limited ingredients they can choose from.
EP 0499 434 and EP 1 445 302 disclosed utilization of synergistic interactions between surfactant blends of micellar phase surfactant and lamellar phase surfactant to improve the cleaning performance. In detail EP 0 499 434 discloses the improved oily soil detergency in fabric washing of a detergent composition comprised of one micellar phase surfactant and one lamellar phase surfactant, with at least one of the surfactants is a glycolipid biosurfactant. The micellar and lamellar phase surfactant is distinguished by the behavior of 1% aqueous surfactant solution. A surfactant solution exhibited birefringent textures under polarized light is defined as lamellar phase surfactant, while a micellar phase surfactant does not. The glycolipid biosurfactants alone are poor detergents, while the addition of a non-glycolipid surfactant improves the detergency in fabric washing. U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,839 discloses the same set of invention, claiming detergent composition suitable for washing fabrics containing surfactant system and builder.
EP 1 445 302/US 2004 01 5261 3 discloses a detergent composition comprising at least one glycolipid biosurfactant and at least one non-glycolipid surfactant in the micellar phase. Foam quality when used in combination with various nonionic surfactants and also anionic surfactant was investigated. Both surfactants are in the micellar phase, which is defined as exhibiting soluble and transparent aqueous phase behavior at 1% surfactant active concentration. The cleaning performance of these detergent compositions can still be improved.
DE 196 48 439 & DE 196 00 743 describe the use of a mixture of glycolipids and a long list of possible anionic surfactants for dish washing.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,192 discloses compositions containing an anionic and/or nonionic surfactant, and at least one glycolipid. The composition is used for decontaminating a polluted porous medium. There are specific examples using combinations of sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate and sophorolipids showing the synergistic effect on lowering of interfacial tension. Neither foaming, nor mildness to human skin is mentioned. No aqueous concentrated composition is disclosed.
JP 2006070231 A, discloses a biodegradable liquid cleaning composition e.g. liquid body cleaning composition for jet washing. The composition contains sophorolipids comprising 90% or more acid-type sophorolipids. These formulations are insufficient for heavy oil cleaning.
KR 2004033376 A, describes a cosmetics composition comprising sophorolipids. The cosmetic composition has excellent sterilization effect as well as moisturizing and softening effects on the skin. The composition is formulated into face lotion, nutritive emulsion, face cream and the like. These formulations are not suitable for hard surface cleaning and heavy oil cleaning.
WO 2016050439, discloses a formulation containing at least one biosurfactant and at least one secondary surfactant from betaines, alkoxylated fatty alcohol sulfates and alkyl amine oxides. The formulation is demonstrated to have high degreasing power and high foaming capability.
WO 2013098066, discloses compositions for hair and skin cleaning, in particularly for the cleaning and care of human or animal body parts, especially skin and hair for hide or feathers. The compositions comprise one or more biosurfactants, one or more fatty acids, and water. The compositions can be e.g. cleaning or care formulations, such as e.g. shampoos, conditioners, shower gels, body cleaning compositions or skin cleaning compositions but are not suitable for use in the applications in focus of the present invention.
CN 103 773 614 discloses biological slim removers for circulating cooling waters. The slim removers contain hydrophilic polysorbate nonionic surfactants with HLB values of from 14.9 to 16.7 as well as a biosurfactant and a penetrating agent. The nature of biological slim is drastically different from that of oily soil. Therefore, removal of biological slim from a cooling water system has nothing to do with heavy oily soil removal from hard surfaces and the slim remover disclosed in CN 103 773 614 cannot be used to solve the problem of the present invention.
As discussed above, several biodegradable cleaning compositions using biosurfactants are known for different applications. It becomes clear that for specific applications specific cleaning compositions are needed. For cleaning hard surfaces, e.g. from heavy oil impurities, and in particular for use in off shore applications new mild and biodegradable cleaning compositions with improved properties are needed.


A magnetic resonance imaging system connectable to a respiration monitor configured to provide an output signal whose level represents a respiration state. A prospective acquisition scheme for acquiring magnetic resonance images at each of a set of selected respiration states is provided, the triggering on the selected respiration states being based on predetermined threshold output signal levels of the respiration monitoring means, Respiration states at which magnetic resonance images were actually acquired, are compared with the selected respiration states according to the prospective acquisition scheme and predetermined ranges of tolerance of the selected respiration states, The prospective acquisition scheme is modified, if one of the actual respiration states lies outside the predetermined range of tolerance of the selected respiration state, and magnetic resonance imaging acquisition is executed pursuant to the modified prospective acquisition scheme.

In the art of magnetic resonance imaging, it is known to employ four-dimensional (4D) respiratory phase-guided imaging methods for accurate characterization of motion of tumors and/or organs due to respiration of a subject of interest, usually a patient. In this regard, time is understood as the fourth dimension.
Studying motion of internal organs due to breathing is relevant for a number of medical questions. One particularly important example is the process of radiotherapy (RT) planning. The decision which technique is to be used, e.g. stereotactic radio surgery vs. conventional external beam RT, or the way how the radiation is to be applied, e.g. gated vs. continuous irradiation, is based on the amount of motion of the target tumor and the organs at risk. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image the internal motion, as opposed to X-ray based methods, has the advantage that MRI often allows direct visualization of the structures of interest and does not rely on imaging surrogate markers as for instance implanted metal clips.
Further, T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is known to provide better tumor-tissue contrast than T1- or T2/T1-weighting but requires long echo times TE of about 100 ms and long pulse sequence repetition times TR in the range of about 3 s. As a consequence, these sequences are not suitable for real-time imaging. Instead, the respiratory motion is depicted by acquiring several volumetric datasets at different time-points during the respiratory cycle. These datasets are acquired by prospectively triggering the start of the acquisition with respect to the signal of a respiratory motion sensor such as a belt, a navigator or a camera.
One current method is described in the paper by Y. Hu et al., "Respiratory Amplitude Guided 4-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging", Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys, 86 (1), 198-204 (2013), wherein a method of acquiring 4D respiratory phase-guided magnetic resonance images is described which comprises a scheme of interleaving the acquisition of different points in time for different slices to be imaged in order to reduce a total acquisition time.
Using triggers at preselected respiratory levels enables acquiring MRI images at different respiratory states in different respiratory cycles and, thus, eliminates the restriction on the long pulse sequence repetition time TR. By that, more magnetic resonance imaging sequences, in particular T2-weighted magnetic resonance images, are compatible with 4D magnetic resonance imaging.

Prospective respiratory triggering with retrospective validation for 4D-magnetic resonance imaging


Provided is a vehicle seat structure that is lighter than a steel vehicle seat structure while providing the same function thereof. For this, the vehicle seat structure includes a seat cushion frame and a seat back frame connected to the seat cushion frame. At least one of components constituting the seat back frame and the seat cushion frame is formed of a magnesium plate produced through a rolling process and that has a texture.

Generally, vehicle seats are formed with standard structures so that various components for driver convenience can be selectively installed in vehicles without having to change vehicle seat frames. Vehicle seats are required to satisfy legal strength requirements, and since a driver operates a car while sitting on a vehicle seat, the vehicle seat is a part directly affecting ride quality.
Referring to FIG. 1, a vehicle seat (1) of the related art is manufactured by machining a steel plate at room temperature to form individual components and assembling the individual components by welding. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2, components are formed by die casting using magnesium, the density of which is about ⅕ the density of steel, and the components are assembled using bolts to form a light seat frame (2). The density of steel is about 7.8 g/cm3, while the density of magnesium is about 1.74 g/cm3.
Vehicle seats must satisfy strength requirements for safety. However, magnesium die-cast components are vulnerable to shearing due to the inevitable properties of magnesium, and impurities, such as oxides and die-casting defects such as pores, may weaken magnesium die-cast components. Thus, magnesium die-cast component joint portions are generally designed to be five or more times thicker than comparable steel component joint portions.
As a result, even in the case that the density of magnesium is about ⅕ the density of steel, a seat frame formed by die casting using magnesium may be only be lighter than a corresponding steel frame by about 2 kg or less, only resulting in about 10% or less weight reduction.
In addition, for example, when a vehicle travels over a speed bump or drives on an uneven road, the vehicle may be strongly impacted to make a cushioning frame vibrate vertically or a seat back frame vibrate backwards and forwards. If a vehicle is subjected to such strong vibrations for an extended period of time, magnesium die-cast components, the properties of which are not uniform, may be significantly damaged and cracked. Thus, magnesium die-cast components should be sufficiently thick to absorb external impacts.
In addition, when a driver operates a vehicle for a long time, the driver may be subjected to excessive vibrations through a seat frame and may become less alert due to accumulated fatigue, possibly resulting in an accident. In addition, excessive vibrations may significantly reduce driving comfort and stability and make it difficult to satisfy current customer demands for luxurious driving functions. Thus, the value of a vehicle may be reduced.
Although steel seat frames, which are widely used, are strong and safe, such steel seat frames easily transmit impacts or vibrations and have low vibration dampening abilities, due to their high spring constants. If vibration dampers are added to compensate for the low vibration dampening abilities of steel seat frames, the weight thereof may be increased.
An aspect of the present invention provides a vehicle seat component formed of a magnesium plate to remove limitations on a vehicle seat formed by magnesium die casting.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a vehicle seat structure that is lighter than a steel vehicle seat structure, while providing the same function thereof.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a vehicle seat structure that can provide user comfort by rapidly absorbing vibrations, generated in a vehicle-moving direction, and that is not excessively deformed even when a vehicle collides with another object, such that a user can be safely protected.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a vehicle seat structure including a magnesium plate component and an impact control component attached to the magnesium plate component to absorb or distribute impact energy while being deformed. Thus, according to the present invention, stable, light vehicle seats can be provided to a vehicle to allow for high fuel efficiency.


A rotary fluid machine, such as a pump or motor has a housing with a spherical interior in which primary and secondary vanes rotate with the secondary vane reciprocating between open and closed positions with respect to the primary vane. Improvements to this type of fluid machine are defined to improve the rigidity of the internals while removing heat generated by compression as well as providing facile conversion of the machine from a liquid pump to a gas compressor, to provide for multiple flow streams at multiple flow rates in a single machine, multiple flow streams at multiple compression ratios in a single machine, and dual simultaneous function as a motor and a compressor.

Rotary motors, pumps and compressors have been known for many years. Generally these devices consist of a housing or casing within which one or more vanes rotate. This is in contrast to those devices that utilize a reciprocating, linearly moving piston. In the case of rotary pumps or compressors, the vanes are rotated by a shaft to pressurize or cause the fluid to flow through the device. In the case of a rotary motor, the opposite occurs. Fluid is introduced into the device under pressure to displace the vanes, which in turn rotate and power a drive shaft to which the vanes are coupled.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,864 to Stecklein discloses a rotary fluid pump that employs vanes rotating within a spherical housing and includes an interior carrier ring that guides a particular motion of the vanes so that they open and close to draw in and either pump or compress fluids. This patent also describes an embodiment (the "second embodiment") that uses an exterior carrier ring to guide the reciprocal motion of the vanes. These devices are highly efficient, and are capable of displacing large quantities of fluid. In this type of pump the flow of fluid is typically controlled by the rate at which the rotary vanes are rotated. By increasing the speed, more fluid is pumped through the device, while decreasing the speed decreases the amount of fluid pumped. Further, reversing the flow through the device, if possible at all, requires the vanes to be rotated in the opposite direction or requires that the inlet and outlet ports be reconfigured or reversed.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,493 to Turner discloses a particularly useful improvement on this type of spherical fluid machine that is configured to enable adjustments in both fluid capacity and fluid direction without changing the speed or direction of rotation of the vanes in the device by adjusting the orientation of an interior carrier ring. That patent is incorporated by reference into this application.
Fluid machines such as that described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,241,493 and 5,199,864 have great potential in a number of applications because of their great efficiency compared to many rotary vane pumps. Other advantages are that they are already ported, meaning that the manner in which the chambers communicate with the inlet and outlet ports negates the need for valves. These fluid machines can operate efficiently as liquid hydraulic pumps, gas compressors, vacuum pumps, or reversibly as motors when a pressurized fluid is available as a motive force.
When used in gas compressor applications a number of issues arise due to the nature of this type of fluid machine. It is well known that the compression of gases raises the gas temperature and therefore adds heat to the pump internals. This is particularly important in this type of spherical design in which the moving vanes are encircling a central sphere in which heat can build up. Therefore means are needed for removing heat from the central sphere in these applications.
The prior art fluid machines as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,493 can be especially long running from a maintenance perspective because there is no direct physical contact between either the vanes and the central sphere around which they rotate nor physical contact between the vanes and the exterior housing of the machine. Low leakage between chambers is maintained by maintaining small clearances that minimize slippage or fluid loss across the clearances. This non-contact design though can lead to some vibration issues, particularly at high rotation speeds so a new design approach is needed to provide a more robust structure to the internal rotating vanes and spherical internal ball.
Also when this type of fluid machine is used in a compressor mode the port size is purposely made small to ensure good compression performance. When the same fluid machine is needed to pump relatively incompressible fluids a larger port size or different port shape is needed to ensure that there is communication between the outlet port and the compression chamber during the entire compression cycle to avoid fluid locking of the pump.
Also, previous versions of this type of fluid machine flowed only one fluid through its interior. Similarly, compressors of this type of fluid machine flowed provided only one compression ratio at any given time of operation. To flow a second fluid or provide a second compression ratio, a second fluid machine was required, which disadvantageously adds equipment and maintenance costs and requires additional equipment space.
Also, previous versions of this type of fluid machine flowed only a single stream of fluid or two streams of fluid with only equivalent flow rates, or were used only singly as either a pump or a motor at any given time. To flow a second stream at a different flow rate, or to simultaneously operate a pump and a motor, a second fluid machine was required, with the same disadvantages mentioned above.
Previous versions of this type of fluid machine also provided an inadequate balance of forces on one or more of the vanes, contributing to unnecessary wear on moving parts in the machine.
What is therefore needed is a design that addresses these limitations in the prior art fluid machines, removing the heat of compression when they are operated as a compressor, increasing the robustness of the rotating structure, providing for the flow of multiple fluids through a single machine, providing for dual use of a single machine as both a pump and a motor, providing for simultaneous multiple compression ratios, providing for balanced forces across vanes, providing adequate adjustability in port size and/or port shape to facilitate operation as both a pump and a compressor for both compressible and relatively incompressible fluids, and providing for the flow of multiple streams of fluid at different flow rates.


An electrical connector comprises an insulative housing, a plurality of terminals received in the insulative housing and a pair of retaining members assembled to the insulative housing. The insulative housing has a pair of positioning shoulders at two sides thereof, and each positioning shoulder defines a lower surface and a positioning hole extending there through. Each retaining member defines a main plate covering the lower surface of the positioning shoulder and a though hole corresponding to the positioning hole.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrical connector, and particularly to an electrical connector adapted for mounting on a print circuit board.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the rapid development of the technology of wireless communication and advanced technology of electrics, electrical connectors are designed to establish an electrical connection between a storage device and a print circuit board for high-speed signal transmission.
Usually, these electrical connectors each comprises an insulative housing, a shielding member assembled to the insulative housing, and a plurality of terminals received in the insulative housing. A conventional electrical connector comprises an insulative housing with a plurality of terminal passageways disposed therein and a plurality of terminals respectively received in the terminal passageways. The insulative housing has a pair of positioning portions. Each positioning portion forms a positioning hole. When the electrical connector is assembled to a print circuit board, a pair of bolts pass through corresponding holes defined on the print circuit board and the pair of positioning holes of the positioning portion to lock the electrical connector and the print circuit board together. However, these connectors are with compact structure to comply with the miniature trend. The positioning portions and positioning holes are of small sizes accordingly. Furthermore, the positioning shoulders are made of plastic materials. All of fore-mentioned factors cause the intension of the positioning shoulders are not enough and fragile to be damaged. In addition, the engagement between the electrical connector and the print circuit board are maintained only by the bolts. In other words, it means low efficient assembly.
Hence, an improved electrical connector is desired to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art.


In an automatic gain control type demodulation apparatus, an orthogonal demodulation circuit receives an analog input signal to generate a first I-signal and a second Q-signal orthogonal to each other. An analog/digital converter circuit performs an analog/digital conversion operation upon the first I-signal and the first Q-signal to generate a second I-signal and a second Q-signal. An automatic gain control (AGC) circuit suppresses amplitude errors of the second I-signal and the second Q-signal to generate a third I-signal and a third Q-signal. A complex multiplier removes frequency and phase offset components of a carrier wave included in the third I-signal and the third Q-signal to generate a fourth I-signal and a fourth Q-signal. A phase detector detects first and second amplitude errors of the fourth I-signal and the fourth Q-signal, respectively, with respect to one normal signal point and calculates a phase error of the fourth I-signal and the fourth Q-signal. A numerical control oscillator converts the phase error into first and second angle signals orthogonal to each other. The AGC circuit controls the amplitude errors of the second I-signal and the second Q-signal in accordance with the first and second amplitude errors and the first and second angle signals.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an automatic gain control (AGC) type demodulation apparatus in a digital radio communication system.
2. Description of the Related Art
A prior art AGC type demodulation apparatus is generally constructed by an orthogonal demodulation circuit for receiving an analog input signal to generate a first I-signal (I-axis component or I-channel) and a first Q-signal (Q-axis component or Q-channel) orthogonal to each other. An analog/digital (A/D) converter circuit performs an A/D conversion operation upon the first I-signal and the first Q-signal to generate a second I-signal and a second Q-signal. A first AGC circuit suppresses the difference in amplitude between the second I-signal and the second Q-signal to generate a third I-signal and a third Q-signal. A complex multiplier rotates the third I-signal and the third Q-signal by a phase offset angle to remove the frequency and phase offset components of a carrier wave included in the third I-signal and Q-signal to generate a fourth I-signal and a fourth Q-signal. In this case, the phase offset angle is obtained by a loop circuit formed by a phase detector, a low-pass filter and a numerical control oscillator. A second AGC circuit compensates for the difference in amplitude between the fourth I-signal and the fourth Q-signal and one normal signal point in accordance with one amplitude error of the fourth I-signal and the fourth Q-signal with respect to one normal signal point. This will be explained later in detail.
In the prior art AGC-type demodulation apparatus however, an accurate automatic gain control cannot be expected. As a result, the I-signal and Q-signal regenerated by the second AGC circuit still show a circular locus around the normal signal point. In addition, since the combination of the two AGC circuits is large in size, the AGC demodulation apparatus is increased in size.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an AGC-type demodulation apparatus capable of an accurate automatic gain control.
Another object is to decrease an AGC-type demodulation apparatus in size.
According to the present invention, in an AGC-type demodulation apparatus, an orthogonal demodulation circuit receives an analog input signal to generate a first I-signal and a first signal orthogonal to each other. An A/D converter circuit performing an A/D conversion operation upon the first I-signal and the first Q-signal to generate a second I-signal and a second Q-signal. An automatic gain control (AGC) circuit suppresses amplitude errors of the second I-signal and the second Q-signal to generate a third I-signal and a third Q-signal. A complex multiplier removes frequency and phase offset components of a carrier wave included in the third I-signal and the third Q-signal to generate a fourth I-signal and a fourth Q-signal. A phase detector detects first and second amplitude errors of the fourth I-signal and the fourth Q-signal, respectively, with respect to one normal signal point and calculates a phase error of the fourth I-signal and the fourth Q-signal. A numerical control oscillator converts the phase error into first and second angle signals orthogonal to each other. The AGC circuit controls the amplitude errors of the second I-signal and the second Q-signal in accordance with the first and second amplitude errors and the first and second angle signals. Thus, a single AGC circuit is provided in the AGC-type demodulation apparatus.

Automatic gain control type demodulation apparatus having single automatic gain control circuit


A mixing vial having a hollow interior chamber with a tubular portion having distal and proximal open ends and a stopper positioned in sealing relationship in the tubular portion, the stopper having a hollow interior chamber with an open end and a dislodgeable plug positioned in and sealing the open end.

For various reasons, some drugs must be stored and transported in two parts, and then mixed together just prior to administration. For example, steroid drugs in powder form are sometimes mixed with various vehicles just prior to injection and local anesthetics are sometimes mixed with NaHCO3 buffering solution just prior to injection.
In addition, some drugs require agitation immediately prior to injection, and therefore require headspace for effective agitation, while at the same time being susceptible to oxidative degradation which occurs during storage from the gas in the headspace. These drugs benefit from vials that eliminate headspace during storage, but allow headspace for agitation just prior to injection.
Local anesthetic solution exerts its effect by blocking transmission of the nerve signal in the area of the nerve where the solution has been deposited. Generally speaking anesthetic solutions must be acidified to an acid pH of about 4.0 (akin to vinegar) to obtain adequate shelf life. This acid solution is painful to the patient when injected, and is just one more reason that, people, don't like getting shots at the dentists' or physicians' office. In addition, the drug does not exert any effect at this low "storage" pH, so the patient must wait several minutes after injection before the numbness begins, while their body slowly brings the pH up to that of the body tissues, which is about 7.4.
Overwhelming evidence demonstrates that raising the pH of the anesthetic to a pH closer to neutral just prior to injection ("buffering") greatly decreases the pain associated with injection, as well as the latency of the anesthetic effect. Because of this, many inventors over several decades have attempted to help make buffering a widespread practice in both dentistry and medicine, but at present no method has been satisfactory fora number of reasons.
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in an 8.4% aqueous solution is the most common solution used to buffer anesthetic. The NaHCO3 solution and the local anesthetic solution are typically mixed in a ratio of about 9 parts anesthetic to 1 part NaHCO3 solution.
When physicians, such as dermatologists and plastic surgeons, buffer their anesthetic, they first draw anesthetic solution into their syringe from a vial, and then add NaHCO3 solution to the syringe by drawing it from a separate vial. The unused anesthetic and NaHCO3 solutions, in their respective vials, along with the needle and syringe, must be discarded after each patient. This protocol typically wastes more than 90% of the NaHCO3, and two vials are required. In addition, the mixing protocol is subject to human error and has resulted in protocol breaches, including improper drug ratios, sterility breaches, and intentional "re-use" of single-patient drug vials on other patients, with resulting adverse medical outcomes. This method is also somewhat cumbersome, time-consuming, and uneconomical. However, despite the risk, and the cost in time and money, many physicians buffer their anesthetic, as it makes a significant difference in the patient's comfort when performed properly.
It would be preferable to have a system for the physician to draw and mix anesthetic medications using only one vial. Drawing from one vial instead of two would save valuable time, make the process safer, save the costs of the extra vial and the excess buffer solution, result in more widespread use of buffering, and increase patient comfort.
In the oral environment, because of the special need for dexterity and the likelihood of multiple injections on the same patient, dentists typically inject the anesthetic solution with a reusable hand-held metal syringe, which has evolved and consolidated into a single design that accounts for almost all syringes in use in dentistry and oral surgery. This syringe is used in conjunction with a disposable hollow injection needle which is attached to the syringe and a specialized glass drug vial called a "cartridge" or "carpule" of anesthetic solution, which is placed into the syringe. As the cartridge is placed into the syringe, the cartridge is pierced by the back end of the needle, so that solution can flow out and through the needle. The cartridge has a piston that is driven by a pushrod on the syringe, so that when the dentist pushes on the pushrod the piston drives the solution through the attached needle.
The cartridge has the shape of an elongated barrel. The cartridge is sealed on one end with a puck shaped elastomeric membrane that is fastened with a crimped metal cap in the manner typical of most glass drug vials A notable and important difference between a dental cartridge and a typical drug vial is the size. A dental cartridge volume is typically less than 2 ml, due mainly to limitations imposed by the syringe fitting in the operator's hand and its use in the mouth, whereas a typical drug vial has a volume of 10-100 ml.
Dentists who buffer their anesthetic typically use one of two commercially available systems. Both of these systems add considerable time and expense to the procedure. The ongoing product cost per injection of the commercially available systems is many times that of an unbuffered protocol. One system for dentists requires dentists to use a syringe/needle combination that is very different than the standard system that is ubiquitous in the industry. This system also requires a countertop device that contains both anesthetic solution and NaHCO3 solution in separate vials and is used to load the disposable syringe/needle combination. This is time consuming, expensive, and its use is subject to operator error and breaches of sterile and pharmacological protocol.
Another system for dentists utilizes an injector that introduces NaHCO3 into the standard dental cartridge. This system requires that each cartridge be separately loaded with NaHCO3, which is time consuming, and in some states legally prohibited except by licensed pharmacists. In addition, this system causes a significant loss of available drug volume in the cartridge as well as being subject to operator error and breaches of sterile and pharmacological protocol.
In spite of their disadvantages, both systems have found a limited market, demonstrating that buffering is very desirable from both a dentist's and a dental patient's perspective. Making the buffering process less time consuming, less expensive, safer, and more similar to current surgical protocol would result in more widespread use for the benefit of both patient and dentist.
In the case of steroid drugs, physicians typically are provided with a special glass vial that has been partitioned into two chambers. The glass vial is provided with a plunger mechanism that the physician manually depresses to mix the contents of the chambers. The "Act-O-Vial" is typical of these special vials. The Act-O-Vial consists of seven parts and requires a specially shaped glass vial and apparatus.
The Act-O-Vial and similar special vials are also used in conjunction with drugs which require headspace for agitation, but benefit from a lack of headspace during storage. In this case, the fluid in the first chamber is stored without headspace, and then utilizes the headspace in the second chamber to permit agitation.
There remains a need to provide a less time consuming and less expensive method for in situ mixing or agitation of drugs, notably including the buffering of local anesthetic and the mixing of steroids for injection. Accordingly it is desired to provide various embodiments of the present invention as follows: to provide a mixing cartridge suited for use with dental syringes which may be manufactured more simply, using an extruded hollow glass tube that is cut to length, rather than a complicated form requiring each cartridge to be individually blown around a mandrel; to simplify the filling and sealing of the dental cartridge by requiring fewer and simpler parts; to eliminate the use of metal crimped caps for sealing, along with the metal dirt and dust which contaminates the clean or sterile assembly lines required for the manufacture of dental cartridges; to provide maximal interior volume to contain a drug; to facilitate the ability to eliminate gaseous headspace and the associated oxidative degradation of the drug in a dental cartridge; to provide a mixing dental cartridge that allows maximum interior volume for drug storage while minimizing breakage; to provide mixing or agitation of drugs used in medicine or dentistry using a minimum of simple parts; to reduce the possibility of operator error and breaches in sterile or pharmacological protocol when mixing drugs; to provide a mixing vial stopper which may be used with the typical medical vial and the typical crimped sealing cap, rather than requiring a specially shaped vial that is difficult to manufacture or a multipart sealing mechanism; to save time and cost, to facilitate accurate proportioning of materials to be mixed and avoid operator error; to make widespread the use of local anesthetic buffering; to reduce pain and waiting time in the administration of local anesthesia in medical and dental offices.
Other advantages of one or more aspects will be apparent from the following disclosure and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.


Disclosed are personal care compositions which are suitable for application to the hair, skin, or nails. These compositions comprise a polyorganosiloxane emulsion comprising a surfactant and a polyorganosiloxane having an average particle size of less than about 150 nanometers; from about 0.01% to about 10% of a silicone-linear polyoxyalkylene block copolymer surfactant; and a carrier comprising (i) at least about 0.5%, by weight of the composition, of a first solvent selected from the group consisting of water, water soluble organic solvents, organic solvents which are strongly to moderately strong in hydrogen-bonding parameter, and mixtures thereof, wherein the solvent is other than a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 monohydric alcohol, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 ketone, and a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 ether, and (ii) at least about 40%, by weight of the composition, of a second solvent selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 monohydric alcohols, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 ketones, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 ethers, and mixtures thereof. The silicone-polyoxyalkylene copolymer surfactant provides for improved stability of the polyorganosiloxane emulsion, especially when lower alcohols such as C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 monohydric alcohols are incorporated into the compositions.

Silicone emulsions have been used in a variety of applications in the areas of personal care (e.g., hair, skin or nail care), household care, automotive care, and coatings. When used, the stability of the emulsion is generally important in order to provide a highly functional and esthetically pleasing product. However, formulations in these areas tends to be complex, requiring a number of ingredients for different purposes, with potential for incompatibilities. For example, silicone emulsions tend to be unstable in compositions containing lower alcohols, resulting in phase separation of the composition. Other incompatibilities in the system, e.g., polymer-polymer or polymer-surfactant interactions, can also result in phase separation.
For example, silicone emulsions have been used in hair styling compositions, e.g., hairsprays, mousses, gels, lotions and the like. Such compositions provide temporary setting benefits and can usually be removed by water or by shampooing. The materials used in these types of hair styling compositions are generally resins, gums, and adhesive polymers which are capable of imparting style or shape to the hair. Many of these products also contain lower alcohols in order to obtain good films of the polymer in a short period of time.
Many people desire a high level of style retention, or hold, from a styling product. Unfortunately, most current hair styling products having good hold characteristics suffer from the disadvantages of being either too stiff, not smooth or too sticky upon drying. Stiff compositions tend to be brittle and break down under common stresses such as wind, brushing, combing. Stiff compositions also tend to feel and look unnatural. Sticky compositions overcome many of the foregoing disadvantages of stiff compositions, because sticky compositions tend to be more forgiving, i.e., flexible, under stress and allow for restyling of the hair. However, sticky compositions have the disadvantage of leaving the hair with a heavy, coated feel and with a limp and unattractive appearance. Also, sticky compositions cause the hair to quickly become soiled from common contaminant sources such as dust, dirt, lint, sebum, etc.
When incorporated into a hair styling composition, silicones tend to provide a desirably smooth or soft hair feel. Unfortunately, silicone emulsions tend to be difficult to formulate in hair styling compositions, which typically contain lower alcohols. As discussed above, such compositions tend to phase separate. This phase separation is not only undesirable for visual esthetic reasons, but for performance reasons as well. When the product phase separates, hold and/or hair feel properties of the product tend to be negatively impacted.
Therefore, a need exists for hair styling compositions providing good style retention without the disadvantages of stiff or sticky compositions. There is a particular need for hair styling compositions containing lower alcohols providing good style retention without the disadvantages of stiff or sticky compositions.
A variety of personal care products for treatment of skin and nails are also known. Many of these products contain alcohols, generally to provide a volatility to the product for a desired astringency, application or other reason. These products may also contain a silicone for imparting a desirable skin feel. Examples of such products include deodorants, antiperspirants, after-shave lotions, nail polish, nail polish remover, and wet wipes. Such products containing lower alcohols and silicone emulsions also tend to suffer from phase separation, which negatively impacts visual esthetics and/or performance of the product. Therefore, a need exists for topical compositions for treating the skin or nails, containing lower alcohols and silicone emulsions, which are also stable.
It has been discovered that specific silicone polyethers are particularly useful to stabilize silicone emulsions, silicone microemulsions or a composition containing such emulsions in the presence of lower alcohols, e.g., C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 monohydric alcohols, which may be included in the composition. Stability is provided even where the composition contains relatively high levels of lower alcohol. While stability with respect to C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 monohydric alcohols, and especially ethanol, propanol and isopropanol, is of greatest interest because of their widespread use in commercial applications, superior stability is also provided to compositions containing other lower alcohols, e.g., C.sub.4 alcohols. Such stability is useful in a variety of applications, including applications in the areas of personal care, household care, automotive care and coatings.
An object of the invention is to provide stable compositions containing certain silicone polyethers and a suitable carrier, especially carriers containing lower alcohols. It is yet another object of the invention to provide such compositions which also contain a silicone emulsion.
It is another object of the invention to provide such compositions which are suitable for applications in the personal care area, including hair care, skin care and nail care applications.
It is another object of the invention to provide such polymers and compositions which are suitable for hair styling, e.g., hair sprays, mousses, gels, lotions and the like.
It is another object of this invention to provide hair styling compositions that provide good style retention without unacceptable stiffness or stickiness. Another object of this invention is to provide hair styling compositions that both look and feel natural.
It is another object of this invention to provide methods for styling and holding hair.
These and other objects will become readily apparent from the detailed description which follows.


A vibration unit is for use in combination with a portable telephone apparatus having a holding mode in which connection is held between the portable telephone apparatus and a base station assigned to the portable telephone apparatus. The portable telephone apparatus transmits a reception information signal in response to reception of an incoming call signal directed to the portable telephone apparatus. Supplied with the reception information signal, the vibration unit makes a vibrator vibrate to announce reception of the incoming call signal to a user of the portable telephone apparatus. When operated by the user, a holding switch produces a switch operation signal. In response to the switch operation signal, a unit control section controls to make a unit radio section transmit a holding indication signal towards the portable telephone apparatus. Supplied with the holding indication signal, the portable telephone apparatus is put in the holding mode.

This invention relates to a portable telephone set in which reception of an incoming call is announced to a user by means of vibration.
There is known a portable telephone apparatus containing a vibrator for announcing reception of an incoming call by vibrating an apparatus body of the telephone apparatus instead of ringing a call bell. Admittedly, such a call reception announcing function is extremely effective during a call standby state while a user is attending a conference or on board a train. It is essential, however, to carry the telephone apparatus in contact with a user's body all the time.
Although the portable telephone apparatus has become more and more compact, the telephone apparatus is still too large to be carried in contact with the user's body all the time. Also in view of the operability, a restriction is imposed on reduction in size of the telephone apparatus. As a consequence, the telephone apparatus is often carried in a bag or the like. Thus, the call reception announcing function via vibration has not effectively been utilized.
Recently, there is known another technique utilizing a wireless vibration unit which includes a vibrator which separates from a telephone apparatus in the manner known in Japanese Patent Prepublication (Kokai or Publication of Unexamined Patent Application) No. 283852/1991 by Sakurai et al. and in Japanese Patent Prepublication (Kokai or Publication of Unexamined Patent Application) No. 175533/1988 by Murakami. When an incoming call is received in the telephone apparatus, reception is informed to the wireless vibration unit through a wireless path. In response, the vibration unit is made to vibrate to thereby announce reception of the incoming call to a user.
In the above-mentioned technique, however, the wireless vibration unit carries out no more than announcement of reception of the incoming call in the portable telephone apparatus. Sometimes, the user may want to hold the incoming call in dependence upon a caller. For this purpose, the user must take the portable telephone apparatus from his bag, identify the caller, judge whether or not the incoming call is to be put in a holding mode, carry out a holding operation, and transmit to the caller a message, for example, that the user is currently unable to answer. Thus, it takes a long time to respond. In particular, when the user can not freely move, for example, in an overcrowded train or when the portable telephone apparatus is out of reach of the user, the operability is extremely poor.

Portable telephone set capable of being put in a holding mode by operation of a vibration unit which is for announcing reception of an incoming call to a user


A cab tilting device includes: a left torsion bar connected with the left bottom of a cab of a vehicle to generate twisting restoring force to tilt the cab toward the front of the vehicle from the left bottom of the cab in a width direction of the cab; and a right torsion bar connected with the right bottom of the cab to generate the twisting restoring force to tilt the cab toward the front of the vehicle from the right bottom of the cab in the width direction of the cab to generate the same twisting tilting force from the left side to the right side of the cab.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a cab tilting device that tilts a front of a cab of a commercial vehicle such as a truck to a vehicle body at a predetermined angle.
2. Description of Related Art
In general, a cab provided for a driver to ride in a heavy-duty truck such as a baggage vehicle, or the like is mounted to be tilted to a vehicle body toward the front of a vehicle at a predetermined angle to allow various devices such as an engine or a transmission installed in the vehicle body below the cab to be maintained or checked.
The aforementioned conventional cab tilting device is divided into an electric hydraulic cab tilting device or mechanical cab tilting device, and the mechanical cab tilting device uses a torsion bar to generate tilting force of the cab.
That is, the conventional mechanical cab tilting device using the torsion bar includes a torsion bar that extends in a width direction of the vehicle rotatably mounted on the vehicle body, a tilting arm of which one end is connected to the torsion bar and the other end is connected to the cab to transfer twisting restoring force of the torsion bar to the cab, and a tilting stay of which one end is connected to the vehicle body and the other end is connected to the cab in order to selectively keep a state in which the cab is tilted toward the front of the vehicle at a predetermined angle.
In a cab tilting system by uniaxial twisting stiffness using one torsion bar in the conventional cab tilting device, when the cab is twisted to a front left side or a front right side to the vehicle body, twisting force which is laterally asymmetric is generated even in the torsion bar.
Further, a structure to mount the torsion bar on the vehicle body is complicated and a mounting structure is different depending on a cab type and a hinge cushion and the torsion bar for mounting the torsion bar on the vehicle body are integrated, and as a result, it is disadvantageous in ride comfort.
In addition, in the conventional cab tilting device, since the tilting stay is positioned on a front lower end of a vehicle by a structural reason, the cab is tilted toward the front of the vehicle and thereafter, a worker needs to perform a tilting stay work of the cab while bending his/her back, and as a result, the tilting stay work is inconvenient and a safety accident may occur.
The information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.


A base station 100 maps the system information formed of multiple blocks (SIB) to predetermined regions of a downlink shared channel and transmits the mapped system information to the mobile station. The base station 100 includes: a system information transmission control unit 105 configured to divide each of the predetermined regions into a first half and a second half in a time direction; and a transmission data generation unit 111 configured to map the system information to at least one of the first half and the second half. The system information transmission control unit 105 switches positions of the first half and the second half in rotation every transmission timing of the predetermined regions on the shared channel.

The Long Term Evolution (LTE) standardized in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) uses system information formed of multiple SIB (System Information Blocks).
Among the multiple SIB, a SIB1 is defined such that the SIB1 is transmitted by using Subframes #5 in Radio frames with even-numbered System Frame Numbers (SFN). A transmission periodicity of the SIB1 is 80 msec; specifically, the SIB1 is transmitted at 20 msec intervals four times (one first transmission and three retransmissions). Meanwhile, SIB (SIB2 and following SIB) other than the SIB1 are mapped to SI-windows of a downlink shared channel and transmitted in units of SI.
FIG. 11 shows mapping and a transmission image of the SIB other than the SIB1. As shown in FIG. 11, the size of the SI-window is common to the pieces of SI (SI-1 to SI-3) (notified in the SIB1). The SI-windows are defined such that each SI-window does not overlap any other SI-window in a time axis direction. Moreover, regarding each piece of the system information (SI), the SI (for example, SI-1) is transmitted in the SI-window of 20 msec set in each predetermined periodicity (SI-periodicity).

Base station and communication control method


An inductor with plural coil layers includes a base wafer; a plurality of insulating layers sequentially laminated on one surface of the base wafer; and a plurality of coil layers built in the plurality of insulating layers, respectively, and having different magnetic flux passage areas.

1. Field of the Invention
Apparatuses and methods consistent with the present invention relate to an inductor with plural coil layers.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, an integrated inductor is an indispensable passive element for impedance matching in an integrated circuit, and occupies the largest area in the integrated circuit. However, since impedance is a function of a frequency, the inductor should proportionally increase in size as the frequency decreases, so as to obtain the same impedance. Accordingly, there is a drawback in that the integrated circuit increases in size, thereby increasing a unit cost of products. Therefore, various attempts have been made for development of an integrated inductor having a size as small as possible while having a high inductance and quality factor (Q).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,593,201 discloses an integrated circuit having a conventional integrated inductor arranged. A first inductor and a second inductor are vertically arranged within an insulating metal layer supported by a substrate. The disclosed integrated circuit advantageously decreases in area and at the same time, increases in inductance as much as a mutual inductance by magnetic coupling. However, the disclosed integrated circuit has a drawback in that the inductor underlain on a characteristic of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process gets worse characteristically, thereby deteriorating a quality factor. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 6,593,201 has a drawback in that, Cited Reference 1 only considers a structure where a single signal is applied, however the inductor is double in size in a circuit where a differential signal is applied.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,549,077 discloses another conventional integrated inductor. A drain inductor is connected to a drain of a transistor, a gate inductor is connected a gate of the transistor and applies a radio frequency (RF) input signal, and a source inductor is connected to a source of the transistor and allows a current flow in the same direction. Accordingly, disclosed integrated inductor has an advantage in that a magnetic flux generated by each inductor is magnetically coupled in the same direction, thereby increasing the inductance of the integrated circuit, and at the same time, decreasing the integrated circuit in area.
However, U.S. Pat. No. 6,549,077 has a drawback in that the transistor is disposed outside of a loop, having a square shape, of the inductors, thereby lengthening a lead line and increasing a parasitic component. Further, like U.S. Pat. No. 6,593,201, U.S. Pat. No. 6,549,077 considers only a structure where a single signal is applied, and therefore has a drawback in that the inductor is double in size in a circuit where a differential signal is applied.


Underfill compositions comprise a quinolinol or a quinolinol derivative as a fluxing agent, as an accelerating agent, or as both. The compositions are sufficiently acidic to perform well as fluxes, but not so acidic as to cause premature gelation or corrosion. The compositions also demonstrate higher Tg values than similar compositions that do not contain quinolinol or a quinolinol derivative

One method for attaching an integrated circuit onto a substrate in semiconductor packaging operations is the so-called flip-chip technology method. In flip-chip technology, the active side of the semiconductor die is bumped with metallic solder balls and flipped so that the solder balls can be aligned and placed in contact with corresponding electrical terminals on the substrate. Electrical connection is realized when the solder is reflowed to form metallurgical joints with the substrates. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of the semiconductor die, solder, and substrate are dissimilar and this mismatch stresses the solder joints, which ultimately can lead to failure of the semiconductor package.
Organic materials, often filled with organic or inorganic fillers or spacers, are used to underfill the gap between the die and the substrate to offset the CTE mismatch and to provide enforcement to the solder joints. Such underfill materials can be applied through a capillary effect, by dispensing the material along the edges of the die-substrate assembly after solder reflow and letting the material flow into the gap between the die and substrate. The underfill is then cured, typically by the application of heat.
In an alternative process known as pre-applied, an underfill material is applied onto a solder bumped semiconductor wafer, through printing if the material is a paste, or through lamination if the material is a film. The wafer is singulated into dies and an individual die subsequently bonded onto the substrate during solder reflow, typically with the assistance of temperature and pressure. This process can accomplish solder reflow and underfill cure in one operation, or the underfill can be cured in an additional process step following reflow.
In another process known as no-flow, an underfill material is applied onto the substrate, a flip-chip is placed on top of the underfill, and, typically with the assistance of temperature and pressure, the solder is reflowed to realize the interconnection between the die and substrate. Such reflow process is accomplished on thermal compression bonding equipment, in a time scale that can be as short as a few seconds. The underfill material can be cured under these same conditions, or, as with the pre-applied, in an additional process step.
In all three of these underfill operations, the solder must be fluxed either before or during the reflow operation to remove any metal oxides present, as the presence of metal oxides hinders reflow of the solder, wetting of the substrate by the solder, and electrical connection. For capillary flow operations, fluxing and removal of flux residues is conducted before the addition of the capillary flow underfill. For the no-flow and pre-applied underfill operations, the fluxing agent is added to the underfill material and fluxing occurs during reflow of the solder.
Commonly, the fluxing agents in no-flow underfill materials are typically organic acids or anhydrides, and are not suitable for chemistries that are sensitive to acidic species, such as, cyanate ester based underfill resins. In such chemistries, the acidic fluxing agents shorten underfill shelf-life due to premature gelation, and they can corrode solder interconnects in the cured underfill material.
As with any noncrystalline polymer or ceramic, cured underfill compositions have two coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE). Below the glass transition temperature (Tg), the CTE is commonly referred to as α1. Above the glass transition temperature, the CTE is commonly referred to as α2. Typically, α2 is much higher than α1. An underfill with a high Tg will remain in α1 throughout the range of operating temperatures experienced; an underfill with a low Tg will more likely enter α2 during normal use conditions, causing excessive expansion and contraction. This could lead to solder joint and device failure.
Additionally, it is known that the modulus of underfill drops quickly above the Tg; therefore, underfill compositions with higher Tg values provide better support to solder joints during any temperature cycling that occurs during fabrication or operation. For smaller semiconductor chips and for relatively soft solder, such as high lead alloys, having a high Tg is not as critical as it is for larger chips and lead free solders. However, the current practice in the flip-chip industry is to move to larger chips and lead free solder, thus creating a need for underfill with high Tg values, preferably over 100° C. and even over 130° C.

Quinolinols as fluxing and accelerating agents for underfill compositions

National Starch and Chemical Investment Holding Corporation


A system for and a method visualizes a color system for specifying a portable color system representation. The portable color system representation does not require a large table or a large amount of calculation. The same system and the method allows the user to interactively edit each of color components of a given color system so as to generate a portable color system framework representation between unrelated devices whose input and output ranges are different.

In order to compensate for input/output (I/O) characteristics, image information generally needs to be corrected. To input image information, a given input device such as a scanner has a particular set of input characteristics for red, green and blue (RGB). For example, certain scanners are more sensitive to a red input than a green input while certain other scanners do not have the above input characteristics. Due to these device dependent characteristics, the RGB image information scanned by one scanner would not be necessarily compatible with other RGB information inputted by another scanner. Similarly, to output an image information, a given printer has a particular set of output characteristics for cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK), and due to these characteristics, the image information would not be compatible with other CMYK image information to be outputted by a different printer. Because of the above described device dependent characteristics, these input and output information are corrected so as to make them compatible between devices.
In order to correct the device dependent image information, a correction curve was used in prior art. A typical correction curve was generated by a function whose input and output values had predetermined ranges. The functions included gamma functions such as y=x.sup..gamma. where .gamma. is a selected constant, and both x and y range between 0 and 1. The range between 0 and 1 for the inputs or the outputs was correlated to 64 (6 bits) or 256 (8 bits) color intensity levels. For a given input value x, which might be a RGB value or a CMYK value, a particular corrected output value y was obtained based upon a predetermined function. However, this type of gamma correction functions was rather limited by a single constant parameter which generated a rather uniform curvature. Other prior art gamma functions involved polynomial equations as disclosed by Japanese Patent No 63-2462 and Japanese Patent No 6-105154.
Japanese Patent No 63-2462 discloses a method and a system of correcting image information by a series of adjustments to a curve generated by a polynomial such as a quadratic or cubic equation. The adjustments include a rotation of the curve by a predetermined angle .theta. about the origin and a shift of the rotated curve by a predetermined amount in either or both along the X and Y axes. Although these adjustments to the gamma correction curve provide some degree of flexibility, the total number of the parameters necessary for the correction is undesirably large. As a result, additional hardware such as registers and memory is required.
To reduce the number of parameters, Japanese Patent No. 6-105154 (the 154 reference) discloses a Modified-Bezier (MB) curve as a gamma correction curve. The MB curve is expressed as follows: EQU y=cx(1-x).sup.2 +(3-d)(1-x)x.sup.2 +x.sup.3
where 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1. The curvature of the above MB curve is adjusted by a pair of parameters c and d. The parameter c determines the slope of a tangential line at the starting point (0,0) while the other parameter d determines the slope of a tangential line at the ending point (1,1). In addition to the above described two-parameter adjustment, the 154 reference also discloses the four-parameter adjustment. For a specified x value, without changing the curvatures specified by c and d (here expressed as c.sub.1 and d.sub.1), the above MB curve is further adjusted by another pair of parameters c.sub.2 and d.sub.2, which are defined as follows: c=c.sub.1 +c.sub.2 (1-x) x and d=d.sub.1 +d.sub.2 (1-x) x. Thus, at a point specified by a x value, the curve is further modified in the y direction without modifying the above described original starting and ending slopes of the curve specified by c.sub.1 and d.sub.1.
In general, due to the complex nature of the corrections, the above described correction has been performed using pre-calculated tables. Since the correction process requires complex equations and a number of parameters, it is impractical to calculate the correction data on the fly during its correction process. Although the pre-calculated table look-up process is more efficient, it is rather limited and lacking flexibility in correcting image information. Furthermore, to handle a large number of variations in the device as well as toner characteristics for a wide range of input and output values, a voluminous amount of pre-calculated data needs to be stored in the table memory. The amount of pre-calculated data is even larger when each color in a color system is independently corrected.
In the relevant prior art of color production technologies involving fax machines, copiers and printers, the image information has been generally corrected based upon the above described input or output characteristics using pre-calculated tables. This is because the prior art correction process is too complex to be performed on the fly or requires additional hardware. The correction process remains to be more efficient so that it is performed on the fly without the use of pre-calculated table.
Japanese Patent Laid Publication 7-162683 disclosed an approach to select an appropriate correction curve from a plurality of predetermined curves depending upon a particular intensity level. For example, one of these correction curves more effectively corrects data in a shadow region or at low intensity while not affecting other data in a highlight region or at high intensity. These correction curves may be user defined. However, these correction curves are not specific to each of color components and are applied uniformly across the color components. As will be more fully explained later, any shade of color is made by mixing color components or primary colors. In the relevant prior art, to allow the color component specific adjustments of the image information, Japanese Patent Laid Publication 8-125865 as well as a U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/547,499 disclosed a two-step correction process whose first step generates a gamma correction curve based upon a cubic polynomial which is defined by a beginning point, an ending point, three intermediate points as well as two additional parameters c.sub.2 and d.sub.2. The second correction step customizes the correction process by shifting the standard gamma correction curve by using a simple equation such as y'=a+by, where y is a normalized standard output value based upon the above described gamma correction curve while "a" and "b" are predetermined coefficients. The coefficient "a" defines y' to be "a" when x=0, and y' is "a+b" when x=1. Although the above described two-step correction process allowed certain customization of the standard gamma correction curve, the customization is rather limited to a predetermined set of parameters and still lacks flexibility.
Japanese Patent Laid Publication Hei 2-92159 discloses a method of generating a tone table or an intensity correction curve based upon the interpolation or splines of a predetermined number of selected points. Although a plurality of tone tables may be applied to a single color image based upon certain characteristics of a given portion of the image, a single tone table is uniformly applied to color components within the same portion.
In the above relevant prior art technologies, the color system specification is addressed as a solution to the same problem. The above described prior art technologies are generally directed to how to faithfully reproduce scanned color information by correcting the color information according to the input and output device characteristics. Rather than correcting the error generated by the input and output devices, it is desired to specify a desired color system so that the input and output devices have the identical input and output characteristics. As a result, the correction process is substantially eliminated. The desired color system can be a standardized color system for these input and output devices. On the other hand, the desired color system can also be a customized color system which is used to adjust the input and output devices. In order to determine the color system specification and to edit it if necessary, a user should be able to manipulate the color system specification in a user-friendly as well as interactive fashion.
In order to provide such a user-friendly tool, visualization of the color system has been used. In general, it is difficult to visualize a color system. Color is made up from color components or primaries. For example, for an additive color system, color is represented by adding three color components or primaries which includes red (R), green (G) and blue (B) to darkness. A color system based upon these three primaries is called the RGB model. On the other hand, in a subtractive color system, cyan, magenta, and yellow are subtracted from white light. Each color component has its own characteristics over a range. Because of the unique set of values over a range, a given color system is specified by a set of multiple characteristics of the color components. To visualize a color system, these sets of characteristics should be separately as well as collectively represented over a predetermined range.
The visualized color system information should be easily specified as well as later customized in a user-friendly manner. A user should be able to specify the color system according to his or her taste via an intuitive control without necessarily knowing the color theories and without requiring large memory space for storing such a user-selected color system specification. In this regard, it is important that the user does not have to perform undue experimentation by adjusting a set of multiple parameters to obtain a desired color system specification.

Interactive color system editor and method of specifying potable color system framework representation