Disclosed is a method, system, and program for processing a function. A set of nested functions are received. A composite function is generated for the set of nested functions. A tagging template is generated for the set of nested functions that corresponds to the composite function. A result is produced by evaluating the composite function using the tagging template.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to optimizing processing of nested functions.
2. Description of the Related Art
Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS) software using a Structured Query Language (SQL) interface is well known in the art. The SQL interface has evolved into a standard language for RDBMS software and has been adopted as such by both the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO).
The SQL standard introduced a set of new Extensible Markup Language (XML) publishing functions, including scalar functions XMLELEMENT, XMLFOREST, and XMLCONCAT, and an aggregate function, XMLAGG. These functions take SQL data as input and generate XML data as output.
An XMLELEMENT function creates an XML element. In particular, the XMLELEMENT function receives an identifier for use in naming the created XML element, an optional set of attribute name/value items, and an optional list of values for the content of this element. An XMLELEMENT function returns an instance of type XMLType.
An XMLFOREST function creates a forest of XML elements, which contains an element for each of the XMLFOREST arguments. The XMLFOREST function converts each of its argument parameters to XML, and then returns an XML fragment that is the concatenation of these converted arguments.
An XMLCONCAT function creates a forest of XML elements. The XMLCONCAT function takes as input a series of XML values, concatenates the series of values, and returns the concatenated series.
An XMLAGG function is an aggregate function that produces a forest of XML elements from a collection of XML elements. In particular, the XMLAGG function concatenates XML values from each row in a group into a single XML value.
Additionally, an XMLATTRIBUTES function defines one or more XML attributes for the XML element created by the XMLELEMENT function. Syntactically, XMLELEMENT and XMLATTRIBUTES are also referred to as "specifications."
Due to the XML feature of element nesting for parent-child relationships and sequence concatenation, the XMLELEMENT, XMLFOREST, XMLCONCAT, and XMLAGG functions are commonly used in nesting and concatenation. Nested functions are ones in which one or more functions are included within another function. For example, SELECT statement (1) includes nested functions, with the XMLATTRIBUTES function and the XMLFOREST functions nested in the XMLELEMENT function:SELECT XMLELEMENT (NAME "Emp", XMLATTRIBUTES (e.fname ∥' '∥ e.lname AS "name"), XMLFOREST (e.birthday, e.dept AS "department")) FROM EMPLOYEE e;   (1)
A traditional function evaluation technique for nested functions is to evaluate the functions inside-out. That is, the inner most functions are evaluated first and their results are used as input to the next outer level function, whose outputs are used as input to the next outer level function, etc.
The SELECT statement (1) has the following arguments: fname, lname, birthday, and dept. The XMLATTRIBUTES function has an argument, which is the concatenation of fname and lname. The XMLFOREST function generates a forest of two elements, one for each argument birthday and dept.
Assuming that the following are input values for the arguments of SELECT statement (1): fname ='Jack', lname ='Lee', birthday='10-28-1960', and dept='shipping', the evaluation of SELECT statement (1) proceeds as follows. First, the XMLATTRIBUTES function is evaluated and XMLATTRIBUTES(e.fname ∥' '∥ e.lname AS "name") evaluates to name="Jack Lee". Second, the XMLFOREST function is evaluated and XMLFOREST(e.birthday, e.dept AS "department") evaluates to two elements: <birthday> 1960-10-28</birthday><department>shipping</department>. The bracketed text (e.g., <birthday>) is a start tag of an element in XML, and the bracketed text with a slash (e.g., </birthday>) is an end tag of the element. Third, the XMLELEMENT function is evaluated and XMLELEMENT (NAME "Emp", XMLATTRIBUTES (e.fname ∥' '∥ e.lname AS "name"), XMLFOREST (e.birthday, e.dept AS "department")) evaluates to:<Emp name="Jack Lee"><birthday>1960-10-28</birthday><department>shipping</department></Emp>
In this process, the result of each function is usually copied to generate the next level result. For example, the results of the XMLATTRIBUTES function and the XMLFOREST function are copied to generate the results of the XMLELEMENT function. The number of times data is copied is proportional to the levels of nesting. For example, since there are two levels of nesting, in SELECT statement (1), data is copied twice. Even with the simple example illustrated in SELECT statement (1), copying of data at each of the levels of nesting leads to inefficiency of the function evaluation due to data movement.
Moreover, since XML does not limit the number of levels of nesting, the number of levels of nesting for XML may be very large. Nesting levels of 7–14 are commonly seen. The large number of levels of nesting would require a great deal of copying of data, which is very inefficient when evaluating a function. In addition, if character large objects (CLOBs) are involved, the size of copied data is even larger.
Thus there is a need in the art for improved function processing.

Method, system, and program for optimizing processing of nested functions

International Business Machines Corporation


Method, for controlling fuel supply to an internal combustion engine utilizing a modulated air-fuel signal having a modified square-wave waveform, of monitoring operation of an oxygen sensor for sensing engine exhaust gas oxygen level. The method includes generating the modulated air-fuel signal having the modified square-wave waveform designed to produce a particular engine exhaust response for interrogating the oxygen sensor, and operating the engine based on the modulated air-fuel signal. The oxygen sensor produces an associated output signal in response to sensed exhaust gas oxygen levels. The method also includes processing the output signal of the oxygen sensor associated with the particular engine response so as to determine the operating condition of the oxygen sensor and to verify acceptable test conditions.

As part of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) regulations, the capability for on-board monitoring of a vehicle's pre-catalyst exhaust gas oxygen sensor (O2S) operation must be provided by vehicle manufacturers beginning with the 1994 model year. Typically, the oxygen sensor generates a nearly sinusoidal voltage signal, the amplitude of which can be used as a fingerprint of the sensor operating condition. For example, an attenuated signal can indicate sensor degradation and/or failure.
One technique which complies with the regulations utilizes external air-fuel modulation applied to the engine fuel controller in order to obtain a well-defined signal with which to interrogate the oxygen sensor. Previous implementations of this concept have applied the A/F modulation under openloop conditions. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,499, issued to Kojima et al., discloses an apparatus for detecting an oxygen sensor abnormality and controlling A/F ratio. Such implementations have experienced difficulties, however, because the mean value of the A/F ratio tends to drift during the test. Although the oxygen sensor switches at the appropriate value, the A/F ratio in the exhaust drifts away from stoichiometry, causing the sensor to react undesirably.
It is, therefore, desirable to ensure that the A/F modulation produces a well-controlled interrogation signal so that the oxygen sensor will react in a well-defined manner, consistent from test to test.

Air-fuel modulation for oxygen sensor monitoring


The present invention provides a mixture containing a) at least 26 wt. % of gadolinium and b) one or more elements, alloys and/or compounds from the group consisting of barium, indium, tin, lanthanum, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, zirconium and tungsten, a process for the preparation of this mixture, use of the mixture as radiation protection, use of the mixture to prepare polymeric radiation protection substances, a process for preparing radiation screening rubbers, thermoplastic materials and polyurethanes, a process for preparing products from the polymeric radiation protection substances and products made from these polymeric radiation protection substances.

Humans are increasingly subjected to ionizing radiation from a number of sources. The radiation occurs in the form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation, such as X-ray or gamma-radiation. It cannot be detected directly by humans. Depending on the type and duration of exposure to radiation, however, one's health can be damaged.
The effects of such energy-rich radiation can occur intentionally, e.g. in the medical application of ionizing rays during diagnostic or therapeutic X-ray treatment or in nuclear medicine, in non-destructive materials testing, in radiometry or in special measuring techniques using devices which contain radioactive substances, or unintentionally, e.g. when operating defective radiation emitters such as acceleration units, electron microscopes, electronic welding plant, electron tubes or monitors. When operating X-ray devices or other radiation emitting instruments, the unintended effects of radiation on the operator or third parties may occur. Therefore many precautions are applied to protect the operator or third parties from this radiation. In many cases it is then not possible to operate the devices mentioned above, or only when third parties are not present. In many cases also, complete separation of the operating staff from the source of radiation is not possible, and also not practicable, because the operator can only operate the equipment in the immediate vicinity of the equipment and the source of radiation. This applies in particular for the medical use of X-rays in X-ray diagnostics and X-ray therapy when structural radiation protective measures have to be used on the apparatus and personal protection equipment has to be used in order to screen the operating staff and/or the patients from the radiation, with the exception of areas where the radiation is actually required.
Typical radiation protection materials contain flat materials, in particular metallic lead or lead compounds or lead blends. Lead and its compounds are frequently used to protect against X-radiation and gamma-radiation. Lead has the advantage that it is available at low cost, has a high density and also has a high atomic number. It is, therefore, a good absorber of ionizing radiation, e.g. X-radiation which is produced with accelerating potentials of 40 to 300 kV. The disadvantage of lead is that, due to the photoelectric effect, the degree of attenuation of lead is relatively small at low energies of the ionizing radiation. Also, lead has questionable toxicological properties. On top of that, there is the great weight of lead-containing protective equipment.
Thus, there is a great need for materials which exhibit similarly effective screening properties with regard to ionizing radiation as those of lead but which are substantially lighter, more environmentally friendly and more toxicologically acceptable than lead.
JP 58-053828 (K. Yamamoto) describes an elastic rubber-like foam material based on polychloroprene rubber which contains large amounts (80-87.3 wt. %) of metal compounds, e.g. lead oxide.
JP-57-141430 discloses a lead-containing foamed material which consists of natural rubber or synthetic rubber and contains lead compounds at the rate of 300 or more parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base material.
CA-A 815 609 describes a flexible material which consists of a braided base layer and a lead-containing elastomer layer, at least one surface of which is glued to the base layer. The base layer contains lead particles with a size of <200 mesh. The lead makes up at least 65 wt. % of the total weight of the material. The preferred elastomer material is neoprene (polychloroprene).
JP 61-228051 discloses compositions of ethylene/vinyl acetate and/or ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers which contain 5 to 50 parts of antimony oxide and 5 to 100 parts of barium sulfate per 100 parts of polymer as cable casing. The disadvantage of this composition is the high proportion of antimony oxide which is classified as a carcinogenic compound.
Compositions of metallic lead in polyvinylchloride for the absorption of X-radiation are described in GB-A 1 603 654 and GB-A 1 603 655.
JP 59-126296 describes a coated composition for screening against radiation, which contains lead or lead compounds in a copolymer and is applied to plasticized polyvinylchloride.
A flexible material for screening against radiation, consisting of an elastomer matrix which contains a homogeneous distribution of filler particles, is described in GB-A 1 122 786. The filler is formed from a mixture of ionizing radiation absorbing metal and at least one other metal. Lead and lead/antimony alloys are used in this case.
GB-A 954 593 describes screenings against ionizing radiation which are presented in the form of lead coated fabrics which have been immersed in mercury and thereby form lead amalgams, and thus improve the flexibility of the coated fabric.
Radiation screening materials which also contain a lead-containing methacrylate plastics material are disclosed in JP-2360/1960, JP-9994/1978, JP-9995/1978, JP-9996/1978 and JP-63310/1978.
EP-A 371 699 discloses radiation screening materials which, in a preferred embodiment, are an inorganic mixture of lead, actinium, bismuth, gold, mercury, polonium, thallium, thorium, uranium, iridium, osmium, platinum, rhenium, tantalum, tungsten, bromine, molybdenum, rhodium, strontium or zirconium and inter alia cerium or lanthanum. 70 to 93 wt. %, or preferably in fact 70 to 90 wt. % of the mixture is used in copolymers of ethylene and alkyl acrylate, alkyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid. In the preferred embodiment, 5 to 10 wt. % of plasticizer is also added.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,494 describes lanthanoid compounds which can be used in polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polystyrene and copolymers thereof in amounts of 0.001 to 10 wt. %. In that document it is expressly pointed out that complete screening against X-ray or gamma radiation is possible only in combination with lead compounds (column 5; lines 57 to 61).
In both DE-A 199 55 192 and EP-A 0 371 699 powdered metals with high atomic numbers are referred to as X-radiation absorbing fillers in elastomers, wherein high proportions of metallic tin of 50-100 wt. % are cited in particular. The use of at least 26 wt. % of gadolinium from gadolinium oxide is not disclosed.
GB-A 943 714 describes compositions for preparing a material which screens against X-radiation and which consists of a silicone elastomer with powdered tungsten as an additive.
In particular in the region of high-energy X-radiation of 90 kV to 150 kV accelerating potential, the materials provided in DE-A 199 55 192 and GB-A 943 714 do not offer any weight advantage, for the same screening properties, over lead.
Thus, in all the known processes, either lead or antimony or their compounds in high concentration, or ecologically unacceptable substances such as mercury, polonium or uranium and/or substance mixtures with high basic proportions of metal such as e.g. antimony, are used. Often, the radiation protection substances used in the known processes do not adequately screen against high-energy X-radiation in the region of 90 to 150 kV accelerating potential.
The object of the present invention is to provide, as compared with the prior art and the still preferably used lead-containing materials, lighter, more toxicologically acceptable, completely lead-free mixtures which screen against ionizing radiation, such as e.g. X-radiation or gamma radiation, better than lead.

Lead-free mixture as a radiation protection additive


A yard hydrant having a valve body with a drain port and a check valve mounted adjacent to the drain port to allow water to flow from the hydrant through the drain port to the ground and prevent ground water from flowing into the hydrant through the drain port and contaminating the water source.

This invention is directed toward a yard hydrant, and more specifically to a yard hydrant that prevents contaminants and the like from entering the yard hydrant.
Yard hydrants are well known in the art and have an inlet valve connected to a water supply that is located below the frost line in the ground. When a hydrant is shut off, a drain port at the inlet valve is opened to allow water in the hydrant to drain out. The problem with this design is that ground water or other contaminants can enter the yard hydrant through the same drain port, thus creating an unacceptable cross-connection.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for an improved yard hydrant.
Thus, a principal objective of the present invention is to provide a yard hydrant that prevents backflow through the drain port.
A further objective is to provide a yard hydrant that is more easy and simple to repair.
These and other objectives will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Yard hydrant with drain port check valve


The invention is directed to a method and a combined visibility measuring and precipitation measuring instrument for determining visibility, amount of precipitation and type of precipitation.

a) Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to a method for determining visibility, amount of precipitation and type of precipitation, and to a combined visibility and precipitation measuring instrument, particularly for distinguishing between different types of precipitation and amounts of precipitation.
b) Factors Relating to the Invention
Measurement of environmental parameters and weather parameters is growing in importance. In order to replace former visual observations with automatic detection of weather phenomena and, accordingly, in order gradually to enable a complete automation of weather stations, the availability of measurement instruments capable of determining as many of the required parameters as possible is required.
Atmospheric turbidity is brought about by aerosols whose type and concentration determine visibility. In this connection, there are two physical effects that are important in determining visibility with optical measuring instruments. Irradiation of a measurement volume by a light source produces light scattering on the one hand and light absorption on the other hand.
Both effects are detected by a transmissometer arrangement because the latter evaluates what percentage of the emitted light reaches the location of the receiver. The reception signal is influenced by scattering at the aerosols as well as by absorption by the aerosols. Both phenomena are covered under the concept of extinction, wherein the absorption may be disregarded in favor of scattering. Transmissometers measure the atmospheric extinction coefficient directly. The visibility can then be determined by definition by way of the relationship described by Koschmieder.
Apart from the large air volume utilized for determining visibility, the advantage of transmissometers consists in this definite relationship between transmission and visibility. The quality of the measurement performance of transmissometers is generally very highly rated.
Nevertheless, there are reasons in favor of using a simplified measurement concept such as that offered by scattered light measurement devices:
greater visibility measurement range;
possibility of determining the type and intensity of precipitation;
low initial costs;
reduced space requirement; the typical distance of the transmitter and scattered light receiver from the measurement volume is less than 1 m;
no aligning or adjusting labor is required;
reduced influence of contaminated device plates on measuring performance;
simple calibration; and
low maintenance costs.
c) Description of the Related Art
In scattered light measurement devices such as those described in DE-OS 21 21 088, a receiver is positioned at an appropriate angle to the light source. The light component scattered by the aerosols and precipitation particles in the measurement volume at this angle is determined. In this case, knowledge of the relationship between the optical scattering function and the atmospheric extinction coefficient is required for evaluating the reception signal.
Differences in the scattering behavior between the various particles cannot be taken into account adequately, or at all, in conventional scattered light measuring instruments by measuring either at a selected scattering angle or over the largest possible scattering angle area.
The conventional devices realize methods that are based on the assumption that the utilized scattering angles in the light wavelength used for the measurement can be taken as representative for all occurring phenomena.
In this connection, a forward scattering angle of approximately 30° to 40° has proven to be representative for a large number of types, mixtures and concentrations of aerosols based on various simulations of atmospheric models and practical tests and comparisons for the visible wavelength range. In general, the theory of scattering proposed by Mie applies for this order of magnitude of particles with much greater diameters than the light wavelength. However, different assessments of the measured scattering signal are also necessary in this case because there are significant differences in the scattering behavior of mist and fog.
There are very many greater influences when considering precipitation. Drizzle droplets and raindrops, hail, soft hail or snow pellets, and snowflakes result in entirely different scattering behavior for which it is no longer possible to carry out the same evaluations of the measured scattering signal as those for mist and fog. Further, these particles do not remain in a quasi-stationary spatial position; rather, because of their size, they undergo a movement in the direction of the ground so that the period during which they remain in the measurement volume is limited.

Method for determining visibility, amount of precipitation and type of precipitation


A sheet loading system is provided for consecutively loading sheets onto a multi-step process press machine such that a plurality of workpieces loaded respectively on a plurality of workstations is simultaneously processed by one stroke. The sheet loading system includes a conveyor, a sheet loader, a first sheet transfer feeder, and a second sheet transfer feeder.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a sheet loading system, and more particularly, to a sheet loading system for consecutively loading sheets onto a multi-step process press machine such that a plurality of workpieces loaded respectively on a plurality of workstations is simultaneously processed by one stroke.
2. Description of the Related Art
Press machines are machines for performing shearing work, forming work, and squeezing work on a variety of workpieces such as metals, plastics, and textiles, thereby producing products, and are suitable for mass production and thus are in widespread use throughout the industrial field. Press machines use press die sets having a variety of structures for a variety of work, such as cutting, punching, blanking, piercing, bending, drawing, and embossing, on workpieces. A press die set is composed of an upper die which is installed at a ram of a press machine, and a lower die which is installed at a bolster of the press machine. A ram is called a slide, and a bolster is also called a table. A press die set is called a punch, a cutter, or others according to its function.
A "MULTI-STEP PROCESS PRESS SYSTEM" of Korea Patent No. 10-0715422 simultaneously processes a plurality of workpieces loaded respectively on a plurality of workstations by one stroke, and sequentially loads workpieces onto the workstations, thereby finally producing complete products. The multi-step process press system is composed of a multi-step process press machine, a plurality of press die sets, a transfer feeder, a destacker, and a numerical control leveler feeder.
The transfer feeder simultaneously loads blank workpieces loaded respectively on the workstations of the multi-step process press machine, onto the subsequent units. The destacker is installed at one side of the press machine, and accommodates a large amount of blank workpieces, in a stacker, and sequentially loads the blank workpieces onto the workstations of the press machine. The numerical control leveler feeder is installed at the other side of the press machine, and sequentially loads roll type coil workpieces onto the workstations of the press machine. The numerical control leveler feeder is composed of an uncoiler in which a coil workpiece is set and which uncoils the coil workpiece, and a leveler which linearly processes the coil workpiece uncoiling from the uncoiler.
Since the multi-step process press system according to the related art as described above is configured to perform press work while consecutively loading blank workpieces or coil workpieces onto the multi-step process press machine, the multi-step process press system is difficult to applied for processing sheets into the workpieces. That is, in order for efficiency processing of a press machine, it is needed to consecutively and stably load sheets; however, there is a problem in which the configuration of a sheet feeder for loading sheets becomes complicated. Also, since a large amount of dead time occurs in loading sheets, and thus a processing speed remarkably decreases, there are problems in which productivity decreases and the cost of production increases.

Sheet loading system with first and second transfer feeders


An acoustic wave element includes an IDT electrode includes pluralities of electrode fingers, and reflector electrodes on the two sides of the IDT electrode. The IDT electrode includes a major part and at least one end part which is located between the major part and one of the reflector electrodes and is arranged along a direction of propagation of an acoustic wave together with the major part. the at least one end part includes a pitch of the plurality of electrode fingers substantially the same as a pitch of the plurality of electrode fingers in the major part, is electrically connected in parallel with respect to the major part, and is divided into two or more sections which are electrically connected in series with each other.

In recent years, use has been made of an acoustic wave element for a duplexer filtering signals transmitted/received through an antenna in a mobile terminal or another communication apparatus. An acoustic wave element is configured by a piezoelectric substrate and an IDT (InterDigital Transducer) electrode provided on a major surface of the piezoelectric substrate. The acoustic wave element utilizes a characteristic of being able to mutually convert an electrical signal and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) in the relationship between the IDT electrode and the piezoelectric substrate. Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-183380A discloses a filter configured by connecting a plurality of acoustic wave elements in a ladder configuration.

Acoustic wave element and communication apparatus


A method of recording audio enabling software and images on a removable storage medium including providing a plurality of digital files representing colored digital images, transferring such digital files onto the removable storage medium, and providing audio enabling software and transferring such software onto the removable storage medium.

Digital colored images can be produced by electronic still cameras. Analog signals from an image sensor are converted into digital signals, processed, and combined with "metadata" (such as the date the picture was taken and camera settings) in a digital file. There are many storage devices on which these digital images can be stored, including floppy magnetic discs, magnetic hard disc drives, optical discs including write-once discs, digital tape, and Flash EPROM cards. Some digital cameras, such as the Kodak DC265 camera, allow audio to be recorded along with the digital images. The audio is stored as "metadata" within the digital image file. These images may later be downloaded to a host computer, viewed, and printed using a local printer, such as a color inkjet printer. The audio files may be played back as the images are reviewed on the camera's LCD display, or may be played as the images are later viewed on the user's desktop or portable computer.
In another approach to providing digital colored images, a photographic film is scanned, digitized and converted to a digital file corresponding to each film image. The Kodak PhotoCD™ system is an example of one such arrangement for scanning, digitizing, and providing a digital file for each image. Often, a user will have a service that will scan and digitize images to provide a digital file. These files are provided on a removable storage media, such as a Kodak PhotoCD disc. A user may also purchase software programs (application software) which operates on these image files. These applications permit the customer to access, view, modify, and/or print the image files as desired. Adobe Photoshop™ is an example of software that can operate on digital image files to drive a printer for producing output images. The applications that operate on the images to produce prints, such as Photoshop, are provided separately, rather than on the same PhotoCD disc that stores a customer's film images. As a result, it is difficult for an unskilled user to load the appropriate software into their host computer, launch the application (e.g. Photoshop) and then open the desired images from the PhotoCD, one at a time, in order to select and print images on their home printer.
An additional problem with capturing images on film is that there is currently no convenient method for providing audio with the images. It is possible to record audio information in a film camera, for example using the approach described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,501 to Bell, but this approach significantly increases the cost of the film camera and is not currently supported by photofinishers. It is also possible to store audio information for a single image as part of a picture frame, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,374 to Schwartz, or as part of a picture holder as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,365,686 to Scott, or as part of a photoalbum, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,519 to Manico et. al. However, all of these approaches require special equipment and none allow the recorded audio to be played back on a user's home computer or to be provided along with digital image files.
It is known to provide a CD containing both still image files and audio files, as described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,098 to Parulski et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. As shown in FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,098, the audio is recorded at the same time that the image files are recorded onto the CD. As a result, the user needs to provide a tape of audio information to the photofinisher for recording onto the CD as the images are scanned and recorded, or else the user needs to be present during the film scanning operation in order to record audio information. Both approaches are very inconvenient for the user. The CD described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,098 does not contain any enablement software of any type for recording audio at a later time.

Recording audio enabling software and images on a removable storage medium


A current perpendicular to plane (CPP) magnetoresistive sensor having an in-stack bias structure that is pinned by an AFM layer located behind the back edge (stripe height) of the sensor stack. A magnetic coupling layer is exchange coupled to the in-stack bias structure and extends beyond the back edge of the sensor stack where it is pinned by the AFM layer. The magnetic coupling layer may be either directly exchange coupled with the AFM layer or exchange coupled with an intermediate magnetic layer that is itself exchange coupled with the AFM layer. The AFM layer is located entirely beyond the stripe height of the sensor stack and between top and bottom elevations as defined by the top and bottom of the sensor stack. In this way, the AFM can pin the biasing structure without consuming any gap budget.

The heart of a computer is an assembly that is referred to as a magnetic disk drive. The magnetic disk drive includes a rotating magnetic disk, write and read heads that are suspended by a suspension arm adjacent to a surface of the rotating magnetic disk and an actuator that swings the suspension arm to place the read and write heads over selected circular tracks on the rotating disk. The read and write heads are directly located on a slider that has an air bearing surface (ABS). The suspension arm biases the slider into contact with the surface of the disk when the disk is not rotating but, when the disk rotates, air is swirled by the rotating disk. When the slider rides on the air bearing, the write and read heads are employed for writing magnetic impressions to and reading magnetic impressions from the rotating disk. The read and write heads are connected to processing circuitry that operates according to a computer program to implement the writing and reading functions.
The write head includes a coil layer embedded in first, second and third insulation layers (insulation stack), the insulation stack being sandwiched between first and second pole piece layers. A gap is formed between the first and second pole piece layers by a gap layer at an air bearing surface (ABS) of the write head and the pole piece layers are connected at a back gap. Current conducted to the coil layer induces a magnetic flux in the pole pieces which causes a magnetic field to fringe out at a write gap at the ABS for the purpose of writing the aforementioned magnetic impressions in tracks on the moving media, such as in circular tracks on the aforementioned rotating disk.
In recent read head designs a spin valve sensor, also referred to as a giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor, has been employed for sensing magnetic fields from the rotating magnetic disk. The sensor includes a nonmagnetic conductive layer, hereinafter referred to as a spacer layer, sandwiched between first and second ferromagnetic layers, hereinafter referred to as a pinned layer and a free layer. First and second leads are connected to the spin valve sensor for conducting a sense current therethrough. The magnetization of the pinned layer is pinned perpendicular to the air bearing surface (ABS) and the magnetic moment of the free layer is located parallel to the ABS, but free to rotate in response to external magnetic fields. The magnetization of the pinned layer is typically pinned by exchange coupling with an antiferromagnetic layer.
The thickness of the spacer layer is chosen to be less than the mean free path of conduction electrons through the sensor. With this arrangement, a portion of the conduction electrons is scattered by the interfaces of the spacer layer with each of the pinned and free layers. When the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers are parallel with respect to one another, scattering is minimal and when the magnetizations of the pinned and free layer are antiparallel, scattering is maximized. Changes in scattering alter the resistance of the spin valve sensor in proportion to cos θ, where θ is the angle between the magnetizations of the pinned and free layers. In a read mode, the resistance of the spin valve sensor changes proportionally to the magnitudes of the magnetic fields from the rotating disk. When a sense current is conducted through the spin valve sensor, resistance changes cause potential changes that are detected and processed as playback signals.
When a spin valve sensor employs a single pinned layer it is referred to as a simple spin valve. When a spin valve employs an antiparallel (AP) pinned layer it is referred to as an AP pinned spin valve. An AP spin valve includes first and second magnetic layers separated by a thin non-magnetic coupling layer such as Ru. The thickness of the spacer layer is chosen so as to antiparallel couple the magnetizations of the ferromagnetic layers of the pinned layer. A spin valve is also known as a top or bottom spin valve depending upon whether the pinning layer is at the top (formed after the free layer) or at the bottom (before the free layer).
In the case of current-in-plane (CIP) spin valve sensors, the sensor is located between first and second nonmagnetic electrically insulating read gap layers and the first and second read gap layers are located between ferromagnetic first and second shield layers. But, in the case of current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) spin valve sensors, the non-magnetic, electrically insulating gap layers are absent, electrical connection being made to the sensor through conductive layers located above and below the sensor in place of the former insulating gap layers. In a merged magnetic head, a single ferromagnetic layer functions as the second shield layer of the read head and as the first pole piece layer of the write head. In a piggyback head, the second shield layer and the first pole piece layer are separate layers.
The ever increasing demand for increased data rate and data capacity has lead a relentless push to develop magnetoresistive sensors having improved signal amplitude. Sensors that show promise in achieving higher signal amplitude are current perpendicular to plane (CPP) sensors. Such sensors conduct sense current from top to bottom, perpendicular to the planes of the sensor layers. Examples of CPP sensors include current perpendicular to plane giant magnetoresistive sensors (CPP GMR sensors), and tunnel valves. A CPP GMR sensor operates based on the spin dependent scattering of electrons through the sensor, similar to a more traditional CIP GMR sensor except that, as mentioned above, the sense current flows perpendicular to the plane of the layers. A tunnel valve sensor operates based on the spin dependent tunneling of electrons through a thin, non-magnetic, electrically insulating barrier layer.
As sensors become ever smaller, free layer stability becomes a serious issue. As the free layer becomes smaller, it becomes increasingly difficult to keep the magnetization of the free layer biased in a desired direction. In addition, traditional biasing schemes, such as having hard bias layers at either side of the sensor stack are less desirable due to the potential for shorting sense current across the bias layers, and the resulting need to insulate the bias layer from the sensor stack (which reduces the strength of the bias field available for biasing the free layer). An in stack bias structure could be used to replace the traditional hard bias layers, however, such in stack bias structures consume a large amount of gap budget. In stack bias structures (especially the AFM layers used in such structures) are extremely thick and result in a greatly increased gap distance, which is unacceptable in current and future generation read sensors.
Therefore, there is a need for a CPP magnetoresitive sensor design that provides strong pinning, while maintaining a small gap thickness. Such a design would preferably avoid the use of hard bias layers disposed at lateral sides of the sensor. Such a design would also preferably minimize parasitic resistance that would otherwise degrade sensor performance.

Current perpendicular to plane (CPP) magnetoresistive sensor with free layer biasing by exchange pinning at back edge

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


A cutting apparatus which cuts, shaves, splits and the like small work pieces, such as metal or plastic articles at desired angles and/or along straight lines. The cutting apparatus includes a motor unit with an abrasive wheel mounted on a portable planar member. A plurality of guide rails are attached to the planar member forming a plurality of track surfaces on the planar member. A first platform engages the guide rails and is interchangeable amount three positions with respect to the abrasive wheel. A second platform is detachably secured to the first platform. A vice means is secured on the first platform or second platform for holding a work piece to be cut and multiple platforms which secure and adjust the position of the work piece being cut.

In many professional activities, or hobbies, involving carpentry or plumbing, there often exists a need to precisely cut, shave and split small work pieces to a desired length or angle. It is desirable to have an easy-to-use cutting instrument, which insures precision, can be transported and has a minimal number of mechanical parts to facilitate low maintenance. The present invention meets these needs and provides a cutting apparatus with height and angle adjustment capability and insures that a workpiece can be cut along a true line.
A cutting device has been utilized to cut along a work piece is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 2,895,513 for a "Work holder," which discloses a device having a cutter and a table provide with a miter slot. The '513 patent discloses a base plate which slides on the table and a guide portion is on its underside which extends into the miter slot.


The present invention is a method for MPEG compliance testing that designs test bit streams such that every frame of the expected decoded video is known. The test bit stream is generated, decoded and stored as an expected output decoded video. The test bit stream is fed to the device under test where it is decoded. Actual output video is compared with the expected decoded video on a frame-by-frame basis. The test results are indicated by discrepancies, which can be visually examined by human or by computer, through a comparison of the two videos. During generation of the test bit stream, for a given GOP structure, the subsequent P and B frames are determined by varying the selected testing MPEG parameter with the whole range of its possible values, while keeping other parameters constant.

Television systems that receive digital video data streams that have been encoded and compressed require a decoder, such as an integrated receiver/decoder, to decode and decompress the incoming digital video data streams. To ensure proper operation of the decoder, it is necessary to perform tests to determine if the video decoders are properly decoding and decompressing the digital video data streams.
An organization called Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) created standards to establish a standard coding and decoding strategy to try to minimize problems with inter-operability of equipment. Test bit streams are provided by the MPEG committee. The bit streams contain various types of content and are generated by feeding the video through the software MPEG encoder. The test bit streams provide adequate materials for testing the development of the MPEG algorithm. However, they fail to exercise all possible values of the MPEG parameters.
For many years, other suppliers have provided standard test bit streams for MPEG-compliance video testing. One current test is based on preserving an error through its testing cycle. An error is usually evidenced by the erroneous final image of the test sequence. There are several drawbacks associated with the current testing method.
One such drawback is that the results of the testing conditions are determined by human perception of the video images. When the error conditions are subtle, the testing operators are not always able to discern their existence.
Another drawback is that there are certain errors that are not suitable for testing using the current test bit stream method. Examples include integrated receiver/decoder timing error and frame skipping/repeating error. These problems go undetected because the current method does not include adequate timing information.
Yet another drawback is the conflict between the typical group of picture (GOP) structure used for testing and the practical GOP structure used for broadcasting. MPEG allows for one long group of picture (GOP) structure. However, this is not the typical structure for practical GOP use. Typically integrated receiver/decoders are designed to handle a limited GOP duration, which is usually one-half to one-second periods due to the requirement of starting video from a random position. Due to the emphasis on the human visual pass/fail conditions and real-time testing by the current "predictive" testing method, the error evidence has to be preserved until the video stops. Therefore, the testing video sequence can only be constructed in one long GOP.


A compact accelerator system having an integrated particle generator-linear accelerator with a compact, small-scale construction capable of producing an energetic (˜70-250 MeV) proton beam or other nuclei and transporting the beam direction to a medical therapy patient without the need for bending magnets or other hardware often required for remote beam transport. The integrated particle generator-accelerator is actuable as a unitary body on a support structure to enable scanning of a particle beam by direction actuation of the particle generator-accelerator.

Particle accelerators are used to increase the energy of electrically-charged atomic particles, e.g., electrons, protons, or charged atomic nuclei, so that they can be studied by nuclear and particle physicists. High energy electrically-charged atomic particles are accelerated to collide with target atoms, and the resulting products are observed with a detector. At very high energies the charged particles can break up the nuclei of the target atoms and interact with other particles. Transformations are produced that tip off the nature and behavior of fundamental units of matter. Particle accelerators are also important tools in the effort to develop nuclear fusion devices, as well as for medical applications such as cancer therapy.
One type of particle accelerator is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,757,146 to Carder, incorporated by reference herein, for providing a method to generate a fast electrical pulse for the acceleration of charged particles. In Carder, a dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) system is shown consisting of a series of stacked circular modules which generate a high voltage when switched. Each of these modules is called an asymmetric Blumlein, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,465,840 incorporated by reference herein. As can be best seen in FIGS. 4A-4B of the Carder patent, the Blumlein is composed of two different dielectric layers. On each surface and between the dielectric layers are conductors which form two parallel plate radial transmission lines. One side of the structure is referred to as the slow line, the other is the fast line. The center electrode between the fast and slow line is initially charged to a high potential. Because the two lines have opposite polarities there is no net voltage across the inner diameter (ID) of the Blumlein. Upon applying a short circuit across the outside of the structure by a surface flashover or similar switch, two reverse polarity waves are initiated which propagate radially inward towards the ID of the Blumlein. The wave in the fast line reaches the ID of the structure prior to the arrival of the wave in the slow line. When the fast wave arrives at the ID of the structure, the polarity there is reversed in that line only, resulting in a net voltage across the ID of the asymmetric Blumlein. This high voltage will persist until the wave in the slow line finally reaches the ID. In the case of an accelerator, a charged particle beam can be injected and accelerated during this time. In this manner, the DWA accelerator in the Carder patent provides an axial accelerating field that continues over the entire structure in order to achieve high acceleration gradients.
The existing dielectric wall accelerators, such as the Carder DWA, however, have certain inherent problems which can affect beam quality and performance. In particular, several problems exist in the disc-shaped geometry of the Carder DWA which make the overall device less than optimum for the intended use of accelerating charged particles. The flat planar conductor with a central hole forces the propagating wavefront to radially converge to that central hole. In such a geometry, the wavefront sees a varying impedance which can distort the output pulse, and prevent a defined time dependent energy gain from being imparted to a charged particle beam traversing the electric field. Instead, a charged particle beam traversing the electric field created by such a structure will receive a time varying energy gain, which can prevent an accelerator system from properly transporting such beam, and making such beams of limited use.
Additionally, the impedance of such a structure may be far lower than required. For instance, it is often highly desirable to generate a beam on the order of milliamps or less while maintaining the required acceleration gradients. The disc-shaped Blumlein structure of Carder can cause excessive levels of electrical energy to be stored in the system. Beyond the obvious electrical inefficiencies, any energy which is not delivered to the beam when the system is initiated can remain in the structure. Such excess energy can have a detrimental effect on the performance and reliability of the overall device, which can lead to premature failure of the system.
And inherent in a flat planar conductor with a central hole (e.g. disc-shaped) is the greatly extended circumference of the exterior of that electrode. As a result, the number of parallel switches to initiate the structure is determined by that circumference. For example, in a 6″ diameter device used for producing less than a 10 ns pulse typically requires, at a minimum, 10 switch sites per disc-shaped asymmetric Blumlein layer. This problem is further compounded when long acceleration pulses are required since the output pulse length of this disc-shaped Blumlein structure is directly related to the radial extent from the central hole. Thus, as long pulse widths are required, a corresponding increase in switch sites is also required. As the preferred embodiment of initiating the switch is the use of a laser or other similar device, a highly complex distribution system is required. Moreover, a long pulse structure requires large dielectric sheets for which fabrication is difficult. This can also increase the weight of such a structure. For instance, in the present configuration, a device delivering 50 ns pulse can weigh as much as several tons per meter. While some of the long pulse disadvantages can be alleviated by the use of spiral grooves in all three of the conductors in the asymmetric Blumlein, this can result in a destructive interference layer-to-layer coupling which can inhibit the operation. That is, a significantly reduced pulse amplitude (and therefore energy) per stage can appear on the output of the structure.
Additionally, various types of accelerators have been developed for particular use in medical therapy applications, such as cancer therapy using proton beams. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,287 to Cole et al discloses a multi-station proton beam therapy system used for the Loma Linda University Proton Accelerator Facility in Loma Linda, California. In this system, particle source generation is performed at one location of the facility, acceleration is performed at another location of the facility, while patients are located at still other locations of the facility. Due to the remoteness of the source, acceleration, and target from each other particle transport is accomplished using a complex gantry system with large, bulky bending magnets. And other representative systems known for medical therapy are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,505 to Bertsche and U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,616 to Blosser et al. In Berstche, a standing wave RF linac is shown and in Blosser a superconducting cyclotron rotatably mounted on a support structure is shown.
Furthermore, ion sources are known which create a plasma discharge from a low pressure gas within a volume. From this volume, ions are extracted and collimated for acceleration into an accelerator. These systems are generally limited to extracted current densities of below 0.25 A/cm2. This low current density is partially due to the intensity of the plasma discharge at the extraction interface. One example of an ion source known in the art is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,553 to Leung et al having an extraction system configured to produce ultra-short ion pulses. Another example is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,759,807 to Wahlin disclosing a multi-grid ion beam source having an extraction grid, an acceleration grid, a focus grid, and a shield grid to produce a highly collimated ion beam.

Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC


Disclosed are an aralkylaminopyrimidine compound represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a halogen atom, a lower acyloxy group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group or a lower alkylthio group; R.sup.2 represents a lower alkyl group, a hydrogen atom or a cycloalkyl group; R.sup.3 may be the same or different and represents a lower haloalkoxy group, a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a lower alkylthio group, a nitro group, a lower haloalkyl group, a lower alkylsulfinyl group, a lower alkylsulfonyl group, a lower haloalkylthio group or a hydroxyl group; a carbon atom to which * is attached represents an asymmetric carbon atom provided that the case where R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom is excluded; and n represents an integer of 1 to 5.. a method for preparing the same and a chemical for controlling noxious organisms which contains the same as an active ingredient.

This invention relates to a novel aralkylaminopyrimidine derivative which is useful as an insecticide, an acaricide, a nematocide and a fungicide.
The aralkylaminopyrimidine derivative of the present invention is a novel compound so that its activity of controlling noxious organisms has not been known.
In European Patent Publication No. 470 600 (corresponding to Japanese Provisional Patent Publication No. 230670/-1992), there has been disclosed a naphthylalkylaminopyrimidine derivative in which 1-position of an ethyl group at 6-position of a pyrimidine ring is substituted (e.g. Compounds No. 1.197 to 1.202). However, synthesized compounds are only Compounds No. 1.197, No. 1.200 and No. 1.202, and a substituent at 4-position is limited to a naphthylalkylamino group. Further, in these compounds, almost no activity as an agricultural chemical is obtained as mentioned in Example 3 on pages 64 to 74 below.

Aralkylaminopyrimidine derivative, and chemical for controlling noxious organisms containing the same


A rack detection system for a dishwasher, including: a docking system including a plug disposed on a rack, such as a lower rack, and configured to dock with a docking hole of a water supply tube on condition that the lower rack is in an operational position within the dishwasher; and a controller configured to sense a load on the pump motor of a pump for pumping water to the water supply tube and determine if the load on the pump motor is within predetermined operating limits. On condition that the lower rack is removed from the operational position within the dishwasher and the plug is not docked with the water supply tube such that water flows out of the docking hole, the controller is configured to sense that the load on the pump motor is outside the predetermined operating limits and shuts down the dishwasher.

In general, most domestic dishwasher appliances include two dishware racks disposed in a dishwashing compartment having a loading opening that is closable by a door. The dishware racks are configured to support items to be washed such as dishware, glassware, kitchen utensils, pots, pans, and the like. Typically, the two dishware racks include an upper dishware rack positioned near a top portion of the dishwasher, and a lower dishware rack arranged below the upper dishware rack. The upper dishware rack is used to support glassware, utensils, and other small items, while the lower dishware rack is used to support larger items, such as dinner plates, large bowls, cooking sheets, and baking pans. The dishware racks are normally formed from several discrete lengths of wire, welded together and then covered with a rubber or a plastic coating. Further, the dishware racks are formed with a plurality of vertically projecting tines to support and organize the items placed on the dishware rack. The lower dishware rack is typically supported by a plurality of rollers which roll on tracks formed in the side walls of the dishwashing compartment and the inner surface of the door and which allow the lower dishware rack to be moved out of and into the dishwashing compartment by the user. The dishwasher appliances also typically include at least one rotating sprayer arm in a tub.
With the above-described dishwasher appliance configuration, the possibility exists that a small child or small pet removes, for example, the lower dishware rack from the dishwashing compartment through the loading opening and crawls inside the dishwashing compartment into the tub. In such a situation, if the door somehow becomes closed and the dishwasher is actuated, it is possible that the child or pet becomes trapped inside and is injured. On the other hand, when the lower dishware rack is in its proper position, it serves to block or prevent a small child or small pet from gaining access to the tub area.
Current solutions for dealing with child safety issues include a system utilizing a time based requirement where the user/customer is required to press the start button of the dishwasher appliance and close the door before the maximum time has elapsed.

Rack detection system for child safety and a method of controlling a dishwasher


Liposome and lipidic particle formulations of compounds are prepared by dissolving in a solution of liposome-forming lipids in an aprotic solvent such as DMSO, optionally containing a lipid-solubilizing amount of a lower alkanol, and either injecting the resulting solution into an aqueous solution, or the aqueous solution into the resulting solution. The resulting liposome or lipidic particle suspension may then be dialyzed or otherwise concentrated. This method is particularly useful for compounds which are poorly-soluble in aqueous solution, but is generally useful for any compound or combination of compounds which can be dissolved in the aprotic solvent or aprotic solvent/lower alkanol mixture.

Liposomes are small vesicles composed of amphipathic lipids arranged in spherical bilayers. Liposomes are usually classified as small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), large unilamellar vesicles (LUV), or multi-lamellar vesicles (MLV). SUVs and LUVs, by definition, have only one bilayer, whereas MLVs contain many concentric bilayers. Liposomes may be used to encapsulate various materials, by trapping hydrophilic compounds in the aqueous interior or between bilayers, or by trapping hydrophobic compounds within the bilayer.
Liposomes exhibit a wide variety of characteristics, depending upon their size, composition, and charge. For example, liposomes having a small percentage of unsaturated lipids tend to be slightly more permeable, while liposomes incorporating cholesterol or other sterols tend to be more rigid and less permeable. Liposomes may be positive, negative, or neutral in charge, depending on the hydrophilic group. For example, choline-based lipids impart a positive charge, phosphate and sulfate based lipids contribute a negative charge, and glycerol-based lipids and sterols are generally neutral in solution.
Liposomes have been employed to deliver biologically active material. See for example Allison, U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,585, which disclosed the administration of several antigens in negatively-charged liposomes, optionally including killed M. tuberculosis. Fullerton et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,975, disclosed the use of separated influenza membranes, with hemagglutinin spikes attached, which is bound to liposomes for use in influenza vaccines.
Liposomes have been used to encapsulate a large variety of compounds which exhibit poor aqueous solubility, or which exhibit unacceptable toxicity at therapeutic dosages. For example, amphotericin B is an anti-fungal antibiotic which is poorly soluble in water, alcohols, chloroform, and other common halocarbon solvents. While amphotericin B is an effective fungicide, it is also dangerously toxic at concentrations slightly above the therapeutic concentration. Encapsulation in liposomes appears to reduce the in vivo toxicity to mammalian cells, while leaving the fungicidal activity relatively unaltered (F.C. Szoka et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother (1987) 31:421-29). The effects on cytotoxicity and fungicidal activity were dependent upon the particular liposome composition, liposomal structure (e.g., SUV, MLV, etc.), and method of preparation.
Phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) can be formed by a variety of techniques that, in general, start with "dry" lipids that are introduced into an aqueous phase (D. Lasic, J Theor Biol (1987) 124:35-41). Once the lipid is hydrated, liposomes form spontaneously. Techniques have been developed to control the number of lamellae in the liposomes and to produce a defined particle size. The available procedures are satisfactory for most applications where small amounts of material are needed (G. Gregoriadis, "Liposome Technology" I-III (Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press, Inc.), 1984). However, for the manufacture of vesicles on a large scale, the lipid hydration step can be a severe constraint on vesicle production.
To accelerate the lipid hydration step, the lipids can be dissolved in an organic solvent and injected into the aqueous phase. This permits a continuous production of vesicles since the solvent can be removed by dialysis or evaporation. Using ethanol as the solvent, unilamellar liposomes of defined size can be formed by injection (S. Batzri et al., Biochem Biophys Acta (1973) 298:1015-1019; J. Kremer et al., Biochemistry (1977) 16:3932-3935). This procedure generates unilamellar vesicles as long as the lipid concentration in the ethanol is below 40 mM and the final ethanol concentration in the aqueous suspension is less than about 10% (F. Boller et al., EPO 87306202.0, filed 14 Jul. 1987). These two factors limit the concentration of defined sized liposomes formed by ethanol injection to about 4 mM. This is a rather dilute solution of liposomes; for water soluble compounds the encapsulation efficiency is poor, while for lipid soluble compounds large volumes are required to obtain a sufficient quantity of material. Because of these limitations, ethanol injection has not been widely employed for making lipid vesicles (D. Lichtenberg, et al., in "Methods of Biochemical Analysis," (D. Glick, ed., John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1988) 33:337-462).
Lipid particles are complexes of an amphipathic lipid with another molecule, in a defined ratio, which result in a supramolecular structure or particle. The principal difference between a liposome and a lipidic particle is that a liposome has a continuous bilayer of lipid surrounding an aqueous core, whereas a lipidic particle does not. Because of this difference, in most cases, lipidic particles cannot encapsulate water soluble molecules. Lipidic particles can range in size from about 5 nm to greater than 1000 nm. The size of the final lipidic particle depends upon the composition and the method of preparation. Examples of lipidic particles are the lipid emulsions (S. Ljungberg et al., Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica (1970) 7:435-40), lipoproteins (A. Gotto et al., Meth Enzymol (1986) 129-783-89), and iscoms (K. Lovgren et al., J Immunol Meth (1987) 98:137-43).

Preparation of liposome and lipid complex compositions

The Regents of the University of California


An apparatus includes a lock detect circuit configured to receive a phase detect signal and generate a lock signal according to the phase detect signal. The phase detect signal is a single bit signal having a first value or a second value. A method includes receiving a phase detect signal using a lock detect circuit, and generating a lock signal according to the phase detect signal. The phase detect signal is a single bit signal having a first value or a second value.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
A Delay-Locked Loop (DLL) is a circuit that produces an output signal having a specified phase relationship with an input signal. For example, the DLL may be used to produce the output signal having a transition occurring at a delay from a transition of the input signal equal to a quarter, a half, or three-quarters of a clock period of the input signal. The input signal can be a clock signal.
The DLL includes one or more variable delay line circuits that are used to generate the output signal by delaying the input signal. The delay produced by the one or more delay line circuits is controlled according to a phase detect signal produced by a phase detect circuit.
The DLL also includes a lock detect circuit that produces a lock signal. The lock signal has a first value when the phase relationship of the output signal to the input signal is within an error margin of the specified phase relationship, and a second value otherwise. The DLL is considered locked when the lock signal has the first value, and unlocked when the lock signal has the second value. A circuit may use the lock signal to determine whether to perform an operation that uses the output signal, for example, receiving or sending data using the output signal as a strobe signal.


The invention relates to a process for determining the deviation of the intermediate frequency from a given reference frequency (f.sub.R) in the case of a frequency-pulse radar system, characterized by. the time-related scanning of the echo signal such that, from an echo pulse of an individual target, several scanning values are obtained at different, preferably equidistant points in time within the echo pulse,. the Doppler filtering by way of the thus obtained scanning values of an individual target so that several Doppler signals of the same frequency are obtained from the same target from whose phase differences the intermediate-frequency deviation is determined.

This invention relates to a process for determining the intermediate-frequency deviation in a frequency-pulse radar system.
In frequency-pulse radar systems, as a result of frequency shift keying, the transmission oscillator is also used as a local oscillator (LO). The basic block diagram of such a radar system is illustrated in FIG. 1, which corresponds to the system described in German patent document DE 41 04 907. For generating transmission pulses, the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is switched to the transmission frequency f.sub.s during the transmission interval ,while in the remainder of the pulse repetition interval T.sub.p it remains on the LO-frequency f.sub.LO. For further details of the system illustrated in FIG. 1, reference is made to German Patent Document DE 41 04 907.
Illustration (a) of FIG. 2 shows the oscillator frequency as a function of time. The corresponding time sequence of the amplitude of the transmission signal and of the amplitude of the LO-signal (with the frequencies f.sub.s and f.sub.LO) is found in Illustrations (b) and (c) of FIG. 2. The difference between the transmission frequency and the LO-frequency (f.sub.s -f.sub.LO) is the intermediate frequency IF, which is determined by the frequency shift of the oscillator.
Illustration (d) of FIG. 2 shows the time sequence of the echo signal with the frequency f.sub.s +f.sub.Doppler. Since this echo signal is delayed corresponding to the target distance R by Tz=2R/c (c=speed of light), it can be mixed onto the intermediate frequency IF in the radar system with the transmission oscillator switched over in the interim to LO-frequency. The time sequence of the amplitude of the intermediate-frequency echo signal, which is displaced here by a Doppler frequency in the case of a moved target, is shown in Illustration (e) in FIG. 2.
As described in German patent document DE 41 04 907, the transmission signal f.sub.s and the LO-signal (f.sub.LO) are coherent because they are generated by the frequency shift keying of the same oscillator. The intermediate-frequency pulses, which are generated by the mixing of both signals, are therefore phase-stable from pulse to pulse (apart from a possible Doppler shift), as well as coherent with respect to the control signal (pulse repetition frequency PRF) which controls the frequency shift keying of the oscillator. As a result of the coherence of IF and PRF, by means of a reference signal f.sub.R coherent to the PRF, the IF-signal can be mixed coherently into the base band, where the sampling and the filtering of the Doppler signal is obtained from the phase differences between the IF signal and the reference signal (f.sub.R) (see also Merill I. Skolnik: "Introduction to Radar Systems", 2 nd Edition 1980, Page 117, Publishers McGraw-Hill, N.Y.).
The sampling takes place in range cells whose width (sampling time T.sub.A) normally corresponds to the pulse width .tau.The range cells are combined with respect to time, and each range cell reflects a certain distance range corresponding to its delay with respect to the transmission pulse. The range cell width is determined by the duration of the sampling (T.sub.A) and determines the range resolution (.increment. R) of the radar (.increment.R=c.circle-solid.T.sub.A /2, c= speed of light).
FIG. 3 shows the time sequences of the transmission signal, the echo signal and the arrangement of the range cells for an interval of the pulse repetition frequency. The transmission signal (a) has the pulse width. The center representation (b) is an example of an echo signal with 5 targets at different distances. (The difference in the distance must be larger than T.sub.A in order to be able to detect the individual targets as separate objects.) The range cells 1 to n, which cover the whole range measuring area, are illustrated in Representation (c). In the respective range cells, the sampled value (amount of the complex echo signal in the base band plane, .sqroot. (I.sup.2 +Q.sup.2)) corresponds to the amplitude of the echo signal at the sampling point in time, as illustrated in Representation (d) of FIG. 3.
For a defined range cell, which contains a target moving relative to the radar, the course of the sampling values over an extended time period is illustrated in FIG. 4. The target causes a Doppler shift which is represented by the envelope of the sampling values. The sampling values have a time interval of 1/PRF. Within the sampling time T.sub.A, the change of the Doppler signal is negligibly low because 1/T.sub.A >>f.sub.Dmax (f.sub.Dmax =maximal Doppler frequency) applies. This is shown in FIG. 5 in which two successive sampling values within a range cell are illustrated.
If the frequency of the intermediate-frequency echo signal and thus the frequency shift of the transmission oscillator deviates from the normally crystal-stabilized reference frequency f.sub.R, the signal-to-noise ratio is reduced correspondingly. The effect of such a deviation is illustrated in FIG. 6. Superposition of the intermediate-frequency deviation reduces the amplitude of the Doppler signal. The frequency deviation permissible for a certain radar depends entirely on the duration of the sampling (T.sub.A), the tolerable reduction of the signal-to-noise ratio and the sampling time of the system. Thus, for example, for a cross-correlation receiver (matched filter, T.sub.A =.tau.), with a permitted deterioration of 1 dB of the signal-to-noise ratio and a reception gate width of 10 m, the permissible IF-deviation is less than 4 MHz. Particularly in the case of radar systems in the mm-wave range, where normally free-running oscillators of relatively low quality are used, problems occur with respect to the frequency stability. Thus, for the mentioned example with a range cell of a 10 m width, the frequency shift of a mm-wave oscillator which is switched, for example, from 76.4 GHz to 76.6 GHz and thus achieves an intermediate frequency of 200 MHz in the system, must be precisely adjusted to +2.5% (=+4 MHz). Because of component fluctuations and manufacturing tolerances as well as influences of temperature and aging effects, not only a frequency compensation in the manufacturing process is required but also a frequency stabilization during the operation. Particularly in the case of systems which are produced in large piece numbers, both measures may result in increased expenditures and therefore in higher costs.
The effect of the deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio because of the deviation of the intermediate frequency from the reference frequency f.sub.R is explained by means of FIG. 7 on the example of a cross-correlation receiver. The principle of the cross-correlation receiver is described, for example, in Merill I. Skolnik: "Introduction to Radar Systems", 2nd Edition 1980, Pages 369 to 376, Publishers McGraw-Hill, N.Y. The time sequence of the video signal (broken line) caused by the IF-deviation is shown in FIG. 7 as well as the influence of this signal on the sampling. The high-frequency change within the sampling gate (range cell) determines the content of energy in the respective gate.
FIG. 8 shows different time sequences (a) to (d) of the echo signal in a single sampling gate, specifically for the real signals I and Q, before the integration takes place at the cross-relation receiver or matched filter. In this case, in the examples (a) to (d), different magnitudes of deviations of the intermediate frequency IF from the desired value exist in each case. Representation (a) shows the ideal case, that is, the intermediate frequency is identical with the reference frequency. In this case, the correlations maximum is ##EQU1##
In the other representations (b) to (d), differently than in case (a), the voltage at I or Q is no longer constant over the pulse width. This is the result of a frequency deviation of the intermediate frequency from the reference frequency. For this reason, in Examples (b) to (d) the correlation maxima also become smaller than in Example (a). The following table summarizes the effects on the signal-to-noise ratio for the Examples (a) to (d) illustrated in FIG. 8.
______________________________________ Loss of Signal-to- IF- Correlation Noise Ratio Representation Deviation Maximum in dB ______________________________________ (a) 0 A .multidot. .tau. 0 (b) ##STR1## ##STR2## 1 (c) ##STR3## ##STR4## 4 (d) ##STR5## 0 .infin. ______________________________________
The difficulty in the case of frequency-pulse radar systems with one oscillator is that the transmission frequency and the LO-frequency are generated by the oscillator in time-sequence. Both signals therefore are never present at the output of the oscillator at the same time. To generate a IF-signal within the system which could be used for the control would require very high expenditures particularly in the case of mm-wave systems and would raise the cost (for example, delay elements in the mm-wave range).
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process by means of which, in a simple manner and at reasonable cost, deviation of the intermediate frequency (IF) from the desired value (f.sub.R) (=deviation of the frequency shift from the desired value) can be measured in a frequency-pulse radar system according to German patent document DE 41 04 907.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by deriving information concerning the IF-deviations from the normal echo signals of the radar system, without additional devices in the front end (such as delay elements). This means that the echo signal of a potential target is divided into range cells by means of the standard signal processing, and is doppler-filtered. It will therefore be available with a sufficient S/N (signal-to-noise ratio).
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Process for determining the intermediate frequency deviation in frequency pulsed radar systems


A device may receive form analysis information to be used to analyze a form for an organization. The form analysis information may include an industry profile associated with the organization, a government regulation that governs the organization, and a form field justification that indicates a justification for including a particular field in the form. The device may analyze the form based on the form analysis information and based on one or more fields included in the form. The device may generate one or more scores for the one or more fields based on analyzing the form. The one or more scores may be generated based on the industry profile, the government regulation, and the form field justification. The device may perform one or more automated actions in association with the form based on the one or more scores.

An organization, such as a business or government agency, may often have a need to collect information. Collected information may include sensitive information, such as classified information, confidential business information, or the like. Collected information may also include personally identifiable information, such as information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual's identity (e.g., name, social security number, date and place of birth, mother's maiden name, or biometric records) or any other information that is linked or linkable to an individual (e.g., medical, educational, financial, or employment information). Significant privacy concerns may exist, however, when sensitive information or personally identifiable information is collected by an organization.


The invention provides improved forceps and methods. In one exemplary embodiment, a forceps is provided comprising a pair of arms, with each arm having a proximal end and a distal end. The arms are connected near the proximal end, and each arm includes a grasping portion near the distal end. A stop is provided between the arms proximal to the grasping portions to maintain the grasping portions spaced apart from each other.

The invention relates generally to the field of hair transplantation, and more particularly to the placement of grafts of skin having at least one hair into incisions within the scalp. In this regard, the invention provides improved forceps and methods which facilitate the placement of such grafts into the incisions.
Modern hair transplantation procedures typically involve transplanting very small sections of scalp tissue (commonly referred to as grafts) containing between about 1 to 6 hairs. During a single surgical session, the number of transplanted grafts may range from about 300 to about 3,000 or more. In the procedure, the grafts must be moved quickly to ensure survival of the living hairs and to complete the surgery in a timely way.
The grafts are placed in small openings in the portion of the scalp receiving the hairs. To minimize damage to the receiving scalp, the openings for the grafts are made as small as possible, i.e. usually comprising linear incisions measuring about 1 to about 1.5 mm in length or small round holes measuring between about 1 and about 1.5 mm in diameter. To insert the grafts into such small openings, fine tipped stainless steel forceps are used. The forceps grasp the graft and deliberately insert the graft into the opening. The insertion process is challenging since both the graft and the tips of the forceps must be introduced into the opening. Preferably, the forceps introduce the graft at least 4 to 5 mm deep into the scalp. With the graft inserted, the forceps are withdrawn, leaving the graft in place.
During the insertion process, certain risks of damaging the living hairs are present. For example, the forceps, by pressure or by mechanical grinding together of the steel forceps tips, can crush, partially cut or even completely sever hairs in the grafts. Damage to hairs in this manner usually results in poor or no survival of the transplanted hairs. Typical prior art designs of forceps for small graft insertion are generally about 4 to 6 inches in overall length and are commonly referred to as fine tipped forceps. The tips of such forceps have a contact area that measures approximately 0.025 inches in width and about 0.040 inch to about 0.60 inch in length. The contact area used to grasp the grafts is therefore a minimum of about 0.001 square inch. The finger pressure typically applied to the forceps to grasp the graft is approximately 1.0 oz. Such a force applied to a contact area of 0.001 square inch produces a pressure exceeding 62 lb./sq. inch.
Small grafts of approximately 1 to 2 hairs are generally grasped at a lateral edge by the connective tissue along side the individual hairs. If a portion of the hair itself is accidentally grasped, the large force is sufficient to permanently destroy the hair. Larger grafts of about 3 to 6 hairs are grasped with the forceps tips straddling the grafts. There is generally enough resiliency in the larger grafts to tolerate the pressure during insertion of the grafts. However, many grafts may not be sized properly to allow easy insertion. When a graft resists entering the scalp opening, additional pressure may unconsciously or inadvertently be applied to the graft to help quickly place the graft into the incision. In such cases, the finger pressure may be increased to 5.0 oz. or more, creating pressures on the graft tissue of about 312 lbs./sq. inch or more. Such pressures can crush the entire population of hairs within the graft. Many of the hairs are thus in jeopardy of survival with this greater pressure. The pressure is also great enough to allow the forceps to shift from their parallel alignment. As the forceps tips shift there can be a grinding or shearing effect on the graft. This shearing effect can be easily observed as the hairs are severed.
Hence, it would be desirable to provide improved forceps and methods which would limit the pressure applied to hair transplant grafts and to help prevent the grinding together or shearing effect of the forceps tips. In this manner, large numbers of grafts may be rapidly transplanted into small incisions in the scalp without supplying excessive pressure which could otherwise damage or ruin the hairs within the graft.

Method for transplanting grafts of skin having at least one hair


Disclosed is a non-loose hardware type traffic separating median barrier comprising having a male interlocking structure on one end and a female interlocking structure on the other end. In a preferred embodiment, the male interlocking structure comprises a "T" section extending from the end of the barrier and the female interlocking structure comprises a vertically extending steel tube with a slot in the external portion thereof. The "T" section of one barrier can be vertically engaged with the slot and tube section of an adjacent barrier so as to interlock the barriers together. In a preferred embodiment, reinforcing bars lock the interlocking structures into their respective barriers and, in a further preferred embodiment, reinforcing bar serves to interlock the male and female interlocking structures of a single barrier.

1. Field of the Invention
The above invention relates, generally, to median barriers and, specifically, to an improved interlocking median barrier for use in highway systems.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Median barriers--generally relatively heavy concrete devices--are utilized for separating lanes of traffic from other lanes of traffic, construction work, etc. The barriers must be sufficiently heavy such that, if accidentally contacted by a moving vehicle, they will prevent the moving vehicle's from leaving its lane, thereby protecting construction workers or other lanes of traffic on the other side of the median barrier.
The widespread use of pre-cast reinforced concrete in median barriers is well known. However, as highway speeds have increased and as vehicle weight increases, the kinetic energy, which can be expended against a median barrier, has increased dramatically (the kinetic energy is linearly related to the weight of the vehicle but as the square of the vehicle's speed). There is an increasing need to insure that vehicles cannot pass through or substantially move a median barrier and thereby create a hazard to the adjacent lane of traffic or constructions workers or the like.
Median barriers have certain resistance to movement caused by the weight of the barrier and the coefficient of friction between the lower surface of the barrier and the roadway upon which the barrier is located. Because this coefficient of friction is generally fixed, the resistance to lateral movement is generally proportional to the weight of the barrier. For the convenience of construction crews, temporary barriers are on the order of 12 feet in length, although longer or shorter barriers could be provided if the need arose (if, for example, it were necessary to have barriers around a very sharp curve, shorter barriers would permit the outer edge of the curve to be lined with barriers without the barriers intruding on the roadway. Unfortunately, as a barrier becomes smaller, its weight is less and, thus, its resistance to lateral movement is less.
One answer to the problem of barriers being shifted under vehicle impact is to involve the weight and mass of adjacent barriers such that several adjacent barriers must be moved in the event of a vehicle impact thereby providing greater resistance to lateral movement. U.S. Pat. No. 4,059,362 issued to Smith on Nov. 22, 1977 illustrates a pre-cast reinforced concrete barrier with a vertical tongue-and-groove arrangement molded into the ends of the barrier. The tapered aspect of the tongue-and-groove arrangement allows a barrier to be placed adjacent another barrier with the tongue of one barrier engaged with the groove of another barrier thereby preventing lateral movement of one barrier with respect to the other.
In the event of a vehicle collision, the resistance to lateral movement is not only the resistance of that barrier which is struck but also, because of the tongue-and-groove arrangement, the lateral resistance of the adjacent barriers as well. A problem associated with these tongue-and-groove barriers is that only a small amount of lateral movement is necessary before the tongue-and-groove arrangement is out of alignment and the barrier involved in the collision is no longer restrained by adjacent barriers.
Attempts have been made to fix barriers together and/or pin them to the road surface to increase the lateral resistance to movement of roadway barriers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,302 issued to Thompson on Jul. 21, 1987 illustrates a loose hardware type barrier which has end fittings which align with the end fittings of adjacent barriers. A separate piece of hardware, a locking pin, is inserted and then driven into the roadway. While this permits secure interlocking of the barrier and the roadway, experience has shown that such interlocked loose hardware barriers are extremely difficult to replace and/or repair.
Even if the locking pin can be removed from the roadway surface and from the interlocking mechanism, because the remaining portion of the interlocking mechanism of one barrier is vertically interrelated with an adjacent barrier, the barrier cannot simply be raised out of place and a new barrier substituted. The barrier has to be slid sideways for some distance and then removed creating substantial difficulties in replacement. Furthermore and more importantly, in the event of an accident in which the barrier is struck with a large vehicle (in the case of a concrete truck or a semi-tractor trailer vehicle), the barrier may be badly broken with the interlocking pins of adjacent barriers bent under the impact. It will be impossible to remove the pins. This difficulty makes it extremely costly (in terms of time, expense and public inconvenience due to the time for replacement) in the event of an accident.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,306 issued to Cristiano on Nov. 7, 1995 is a suggested answer to the above barrier problems. A male protrusion built into the end of one barrier interlocks with a diagonal female protrusion on the end of another barrier so as to retain the barriers in an interlocked fashion in the event of a vehicle collision. However, should the barrier be damaged in the collision, it can readily be hoisted vertically and replaced with a similar barrier. However, there are some difficulties with the Cristiano system. Cristiano utilizes a hollow area in the bottom of the barrier and thus the female portion extends only from the top of the barrier to a lower portion of the barrier but not vertically over the complete height of the barrier. This tends to reduce the area of the interlocking structure thereby increasing the stress on the interlocking mechanism. Furthermore, the Cristiano interlocking mechanism, as seen in FIG. 5, comprises a diagonal tube in which one corner of the tube is removed. It can be seen that very little longitudinal stress would be necessary for the male portion 3 to effectively straighten out the outer two arms of the diagonal 9 and 12 under tensile forces. Accordingly, these deficiencies reduce the ability of a barrier under impact load to transmit the load to adjacent barriers and thereby use the lateral movement resistance of adjacent barriers to stabilize the barrier.
The Federal Highway administration, recognizing defects existing in current interlocked median barriers, published a research paper (Publication No. FHWA-TS-88-006) in which weaknesses of many concrete barrier connectors are disclosed (pages 7-8, 73-74). The FHWA study (page 69) indicated that "unanchored pins in pin and loop connectors have a tendency to `jump out` of loops during vehicle impact, thereby destroying the integrity of the connection." This study also discloses the weakness of dowel type and tongue-and-groove type connectors with respect to requiring movement and repositioning of adjoining barriers to free up a damaged unit so that a new unit can be installed.


A system for augmenting security sensor accuracy and reduction of false alarm signals. The system includes the security sensor system along with an external sensor system for measuring the effect of environmental conditions on the security sensors and further includes a sensor data augmentation component to adjust the sensitivity of the security sensors according to measured environmental conditions. Weather sensors and video sensors are two preferred external sensor systems.

Security systems can be significantly adversely impacted by rain, snow, sleet, wind, and extreme temperatures. To function properly, security systems depend on high sensitivity and low false alarm rates, but external factors such as weather and time of day can, in some cases, have significant effects. For example, passive infrared sensors need to be less sensitive when the scene is snow covered, to avoid generating false alarms due to the movement of small animals. Similarly, fence motion sensors need to be less sensitive on windy days. In the absence of video surveillance, security system operators can not easily determine if an alarm is valid or false, necessitating that every alarm be investigated. As a result, security systems are often de-tuned and operate at less than maximum detection capability in order to minimize the false alarm rate. Some types of security systems record data over a period of time to learn a baseline for "normal" sensor data and then generate alerts when readings are outside of the normal range. Changing weather situations require these types of systems to broaden the "normal" range to accommodate all weather conditions.
It would be of great advantage if a means could be provided to significantly reduce false alarms due to weather.
It would be another advantage in the art if additional data could be provided to security systems using existing surveillance cameras associated with the facility.
It would be another advantage if adaptive systems could take into account weather information in their baseline rather than having to broaden the baseline.
Yet another advantage would be if weather data, existing surveillance data and time of day could be coordinated to adjust or augment the normal security system to provide more reliable alarm data and significantly reduce false alarms.
Still another advantage would be if a system for augmenting security systems could be developed that would increase reliability without adding significant costs to the systems being augmented.
Other advantages will appear hereinafter.


The present invention concerns a television with the frequency modulation receiver. The sound demodulation method of the television as well as that of a FM radio is a way of frequency modulation. Therefore, the users may utilize the identical tuner, sound demodulation circuit and audio amplifier to receive the FM broadcast programs they want to listen to. The users may also utilize the TV video circuit to display the information, such as radio frequency and volume, on the screen. In this way, the present invention can not only save components of a radio but also lower the cost and waste of hardware. Besides, because the screen of the present invention is a Liquid Crystal Display, the radio broadcast information can be displayed on the screen immediately when the users turn on the television. Therefore, the present invention can also shorten the waiting time for the users.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a television and more particularly, to a television with the frequency modulation receiver.
2. Description of Related Art
The progress of times and technology gives an impetus to the development of the industry and the demand of the market, and the development of the high-tech industry inject new life into the industries of television and monitor. Therefore, television has become one of the necessary household electric equipment and also the electric equipment with highest utility rate in a family.
Except for the basic functions of image display and sound broadcasting, however, the traditional television at most has the function of connecting to the external display device, such as VCD Player or DVD Player. There is no further development in television so that the television does not have diverse functions.
Nowadays, television and radio are nearly the essential equipments in a family. The traditional television with a function of receiving the frequency modulation is to put two independent products together in the same television. Furthermore, the traditional television uses the TV picture tube to display image so that the users have to wait for a period of time to see the image after turning on the television. Therefore, it is unsuitable to display the radio frequency information on the screen, which causes the inconvenience in use. In addition, another traditional technology combining television and radio is to set the screen on the status of turning-on, which allows the users to see the image immediately. However, this design may cause immense power consumption and shorten the life span of the television, which causes the confusion in use.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a television with the frequency modulation receiver of the present invention that eliminates the aforesaid problems.

Television with the frequency modulation receiver