A portable phone having a keypad, a display screen, and a navigational key positioned between the keypad and the display screen, where the display may be physically be moved into a position between the navigational key and the keypad to allow the phone to be transformed into a device with improved ergonomics for using the phone as a gaming device.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention is directed to a portable phone and more particularly to a portable phone allowing for relative movement of components.
2. Background of the Invention
The use of portable phones has increased greatly over the last several years. In fact, portable phones are now used for a number of purposes beyond simply having a telephone conversation. For example, portable phones are now used to send text messages, to send e-mails, to browse the web, and to play games. At the same time, handheld gaming products and software have become increasingly popular. As a result, portable phones have been adapted to support gaming and gaming software. Many phones are equipped with Java Virtual machines that allow them to download and play games. A typical portable phone has a keypad, a display screen, and a navigational key positioned between the keypad and the display screen. The typical arrangement of the keypad, navigational key, and display screen is not ideal for many gaming applications. The close proximity of the traditional keypad and navigational key can be tedious and cumbersome to use for playing the various games now available on portable phones. This layout makes two-hand operation cumbersome and obstructs a user's view of the screen.
In addition, in some gaming applications, it useful to have a display screen positioned between the navigational key and the keypad, while in others it may be useful to have a display screen positioned generally above and centered between the navigational key and the keypad. The GameBoy device available from Nintendo is an example of a handheld gaming device having various configurations with the display centrally positioned between activation keys to facilitate two-hand operation. The typical arrangement of a standard portable phone does not provide the same ergonomics as a GameBoy or other handheld gaming device where the display is not centered between the activation keys. As a result, an attachable game controller has been developed for attachment to a portable phone to allow users to play games with their standard portable phone. One such device is known as the PCS Game Pad for use with the Samsung A600 portable phone providing control keys on both sides of the portable phone. While a useful device, the use of the Game Pad requires a user to carry both the standard portable phone and the Game Pad to achieve enhanced gaming abilities. It takes up a lot of space and is cumbersome to carry both the portable phone and an attachable game controller. Oftentimes it is impractical to carry both a phone and a separate game controller, and even when practical, the game controller may frequently be inadvertently left behind.
Accordingly, there is a need to provide a portable phone that allows for relative movement of one or more of the display screen, navigational key, and keypad to allow for improved ergonomics for gaming and other applications, without the need for an attachable game controller.

Portable phone having transformable components


The invention relates to topical delivery of bioactive agents. More particularly, the invention relates to anhydrous formulations for percutaneous absorption. The invention provides formulations that allow efficient topical delivery of high concentrations of bioactive substances for percutaneous absorption. The formulations according to the invention are generally non-irritating to the skin.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to topical delivery of bioactive agents. More particularly, the invention relates to anhydrous formulations for percutaneous absorption.
2. Summary of the Related Art
Topical administration of biologically active agents has become an important method for treating a variety of skin conditions. Carlin, Cosmetic Dermatology, February 2001, pp. 35-38 teaches topical administration of vitamin C to reduce erythema of acne rosacea. Greco, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 105: 464-465 (2000) suggests the use of topical vitamin C in the treatment of fine wrinkles and as a stimulant for wound healing. Norman and Nelson, Skin and Aging, February 2000, pp. 28-33 teaches topical administration of a variety of common herbs to treat various dermatologic conditions. Unfortunately, many bioactive substances are not efficiently absorbed percutaneously. To overcome this problem, scientists have utilized low pH formulations or derivatives of bioactive substances. However, low pH formulations are irritating to the skin and derivatized compounds, while they may be more efficiently absorbed, are not generally efficiently bioconverted to yield the active compound. In addition, it is frequently difficult to obtain high concentrations of active in topical formulations, and in aqueous formulations, hydrophobic actives cannot be used.
There is, therefore, a need for new formulations that allow efficient topical delivery of high concentrations of underivitized bioactive substances for percutaneous absorbtion. Ideally, such formulations should be non-irritating to the skin.

Formulations for topical delivery of bioactive substances and methods for their use


Systems (100) and methods (1100) for activating an Electronic Article Surveillance (“EAS”) element deactivator. The methods involve: obtaining customer-related data from a customer of a business organization who is attempting to deactivate an EAS element of at least one item; obtaining transaction data contained in a receipt issued upon completion of a checkout transaction for the customer; communicating the customer-related data, transaction data and a unique identifier for an EAS element deactivation system to a remote computing device; processing the customer-related data and transaction data to obtain confirmation that the customer has recently successfully completed the checkout transaction for the item and the EAS element of the item has not yet been deactivated; and activating the EAS element deactivator of the EAS element deactivation system subsequent to when the confirmation is obtained.

A typical retail sales transaction occurs at a fixed Point Of Sale ("POS") station manned by a store sales associate. The store sales associate assists a customer with the checkout process by receiving payment for an item. If the item is associated with an EAS element, such as an Acousto-Magnetic ("A-M") tag, the store sales associate deactivates the EAS element after the customer pays for the item. During the transaction, the store sales associate has the opportunity to visually inspect the item and notice whether the item has a price tag with a suspiciously low price.
An item may have a price tag with an unusual low price because the customer has fraudulently switched price tags by replacing the original price tag with a low price tag corresponding to a less expensive item. By noticing the inconsistent price tag, the store sales associate has the opportunity to prevent the fraud and determine the correct price of the item.
While traditional POS stations are advantageous in that they allow a store sales associate to supervise the checkout transaction, in order to control costs, many retailers have implemented self-checkout POS stations that allow a customer to self-checkout. A self-checkout station is not supervised by a store sales associate. In a self-checkout transaction, the customer independently rings up the sale of an item. If the item is associated with an EAS element, a store sales associate deactivates the EAS element attached to the item.
Allowing the customer to self-checkout may be risky. For instance, a customer may wish to buy an expensive item but may not want to pay the full price. The customer may switch the price tag on the expensive item with a much less expensive price tag. The customer may then use a self-checkout POS station to pay. After payment is completed, a store sales associate may use an EAS element deactivator tool to deactivate the EAS element associated with the item. Once the EAS element is deactivated, the customer leaves the store without having paid the full price for the item.
Similarly, if the retail store does not offer a self-checkout POS station, the customer may use a traditional POS station to purchase the item. The store sales associate supervising the transaction at the traditional POS station could be in collusion with the customer and the switched price tag will be intentionally overlooked by the store sales associate, i.e., sweethearting. The store sales associate deactivates the EAS element and the customer leaves the store without having paid the full price for the item.

Systems and methods for customer deactivation of security elements


Methods and apparatus implementing systems and techniques for adjusting images. In general, in one implementation, the technique includes: receiving input defining an adjustment to be applied to a differential representation of a source image, calculating the differential representation of the source image, producing a structural representation of the source image, the structural representation corresponding to multiple types of contrast in the source image, modifying the differential representation based on the structural representation and the input defining the adjustment, and generating a modified image from the modified differential representation by solving a Poisson differential equation.

The present application describes systems and techniques relating to image modification, for example, modifying a digital image to improve display qualities or to obtain creative effects.
One conventional technique for modifying images involves using an image adjustment interface to modify image data on a pixel-by-pixel basis, such as to change image brightness, contrast, color, and so on. The PHOTOSHOP® image editing software, provided by Adobe Systems Incorporated of San Jose, Calif., offers such user interfaces (e.g., curves, levels, sliders), which can be used to define a mapping from a first set of pixel values to a second set of pixel values. When the mapping is applied to an image, the appearance of the image is changed accordingly.
Traditional techniques for modifying images also include image enhancement techniques used to address recurring visual anomalies, such as by obtaining dynamic range compression. Land's retinex theory has been used in a number of image enhancement techniques that apply a defined modification to an image to address dynamic range and color constancy issues. Other defined techniques for adjusting shadow and highlight detail in images are also available. For example, one technique can assist in removing shadows from images and involves duplicating, blurring and inverting an image, followed by combining the image with the original image in Color Dodge mode in PHOTOSHOP® software. Although the sequence of steps in this technique may be considered relatively strange, they can produce useful results in adjusting shadow and highlight detail in images.


In an arrangement configuration of bus bars including a plurality of bus bars having a connecting portion provided at a center portion thereof and a housing integrally molded while exposing the connecting portions of the plurality of bus bars, the bus bar has a pair of bending portions that is bent so that both edge sides come close to each other, the plurality of bus bars is arranged in parallel to each other so that the pair of bending portions is located adjacent to each other, and the housing is integrally molded so as to cover the pair of bending portions of each of the plurality of bus bars.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an arrangement configuration of bus bars.
2. Related Background of the Invention
Conventionally, as an arrangement configuration of bus bars, there has been known the one that includes a bus bar having a terminal connecting bolt provided at a center portion thereof, the terminal connecting bolt serving as a connecting portion constituting a fuse element, and a divided body serving as a housing integrally molded by an insertion molding while exposing the terminal connecting bolt of the bus bar (refer to the Patent Document 1 for example).
According to such an arrangement configuration of the bus bars, the divided body is integrally molded so as to cover both edge sides of the bus bar while exposing a peripheral portion of the terminal connecting bolt of the bus bar outside.


The present disclosure provides γ-diketones or analogs thereof, that activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling and thus treat or prevent diseases related to signal transduction, such as osteoporosis and osteoarthropathy; osteogenesis imperfecta, bone defects, bone fractures, periodontal disease, otosclerosis, wound healing, craniofacial defects, oncolytic bone disease, traumatic brain injuries or spine injuries, brain atrophy/neurological disorders related to the differentiation and development of the central nervous system, including Parkinson's disease, strokes, ischemic cerebral disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia; otic disorders like cochlear hair cell loss; eye diseases such as age related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema or retinitis pigmentosa and diseases related to differentiation and growth of stem cell, such as hair loss, hematopoiesis related diseases and tissue regeneration related diseases.

Technical Field
This disclosure relates to activators of one or more proteins in the Wnt pathway, including activators of one or more Wnt proteins, and compositions comprising the same. More particularly, it concerns the use of a γ-diketones or salts or analogs thereof, in the treatment of osteoporosis and osteoarthropathy; osteogenesis imperfecta; bone defects; bone fractures; periodontal disease; otosclerosis; wound healing; craniofacial defects; oncolytic bone disease; traumatic brain or spine injuries; brain atrophy/neurological disorders related to the differentiation and development of the central nervous system, including Parkinson's disease, strokes, ischemic cerebral disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia; otic disorders like cochlear hair cell loss; eye diseases such as age related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema or retinitis pigmentosa; and diseases related to differentiation and growth of stem cell, such as hair loss, hematopoiesis related diseases and tissue regeneration related diseases.
Background
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in many biological processes. For example, aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has led to several phenotypes, including the development of a variety of human cancers, and diseases leading to abnormal development and functioning of stem cells [Oncogene (2009), 28(21), 2163-2172; Cancer Cell (2008), 14(6), 471-484; American Journal of Pathology (2003), 162(5), 1495-1502]. Chronic activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been implicated in the development of a variety of human malignancies, including high bone mass syndrome, sclerosteosis, colorectal carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), ovarian, uterine, pancreatic carcinomas, and melanomas [BioEssays (1999) 21(12), 1021-1030; Cell (2000), 103(2), 311-320; Genes Dev. (2000), 14(15), 1837-1851]. Since the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in a number of growth and development processes, mutation of the proteins involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction system has also been linked to other human diseases such as abnormalities in development, hair follicle morphogenesis, stem cell differentiation, bone formation, and cell proliferation.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

γ-diketones as WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway activators


Electrodeposition and energy storage devices utilizing an electrolyte having a surface-smoothing additive can result in self-healing, instead of self-amplification, of initial protuberant tips that give rise to roughness and/or dendrite formation on the substrate and anode surface. For electrodeposition of a first metal (M1) on a substrate or anode from one or more cations of M1 in an electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution is characterized by a surface-smoothing additive containing cations of a second metal (M2), wherein cations of M2 have an effective electrochemical reduction potential in the solution lower than that of the cations of M1.

Electrodeposition is widely used to coat a functional material having a desired property onto a surface that otherwise lacks that property. During electrodeposition, electrically charged reactants in an electrolyte solution diffuse, or are moved by an electric field, to cover the surface of an electrode. For example, the electrical current can reduce reactant cations to yield a deposit on an anode. Or, anions of reactants in the electrolyte solution can diffuse, or be moved by the electric field, to cover the surface of a cathode, where the reactant anions are oxidized to form a deposit on the electrode.
Electrodeposition has been successfully utilized in the fields of abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc. It also occurs in the operation of certain energy storage devices. For example, in the charge process of a metal battery or metal-ion battery, metal ions in the electrolyte move from the cathode and are deposited on the anode. Some organic compounds with unsaturated carbon-carbon double or triple bonds are used as additives in non-aqueous electrolytes and are electrochemically reduced and deposited at the anode surface or oxidized and deposited at the cathode surface to form solid electrolyte interphase layers as protection films on both anode and cathode of lithium batteries. Some other organic compounds with conjugated bonds in the molecules are electrochemically oxidized and deposited at the cathode surface to form electric conductive polymers as organic cathode materials for energy storage devices.
In most instances, the ideal is a smooth electrodeposited coating. For example, a smoothly plated film can enhance the lifetime of a film used for decoration, wear resistance, corrosion protection, and lubrication. A smoothly plated film is also required for energy storage devices, especially for secondary devices. Rough films and/or dendrites generated on electrode surfaces during the charge/discharge processes of these energy storage devices can lead to the dangerous situations, short-circuits, reduced capacities, and/or shortened lifetimes.
Roughness and/or dendrites can be caused by several reasons, including the uneven distribution of electric current density across the surface of the electrodeposition substrate (e.g., anode) and the uneven reactivity of electrodeposited material and/or substrate to electrolyte solvents, reactants, and salts. These effects can be compounded in the particular case of repeated charging-discharging cycles in energy storage devices. Therefore, a need for improved electrolytes for electrodeposition and for energy storage devices are needed to enhance the smoothness of the resultant film.

Methods and energy storage devices utilizing electrolytes having surface-smoothing additives


A method of forming a nanostructure at low temperatures. A substrate that is reactive with one of atomic oxygen and nitrogen is provided. A flux of neutral atoms of at least one of nitrogen and oxygen is generated within a laser-sustained-discharge plasma source and a collimated beam of energetic neutral atoms and molecules is directed from the plasma source onto a surface of the substrate to form the nanostructure. The energetic neutral atoms and molecules in the plasma have an average kinetic energy in a range from about 1 eV to about 5 eV.

The invention relates to the formation of nanostructured materials on a substrate. More particularly, the invention relates to growth of thin films on substrates to form such nanostructures. Even more particularly, the invention relates to growth of films on substrates using energetic neutral atom beam lithography and epitaxy to form such nanostructures.
Growing thin film materials and nanoscale structures for use in semiconducting, mechanical, and optical devices presents considerable challenges, especially when the active regions of such structures approach critical dimensions of only a few nanometers. Problems associated with charge deposition and structural damage from sputtering and related processes pose significant limitations for fabricating nanoscale structures and devices. In addition, the high substrate temperatures typically required for thin film growth often rule out many combinations of materials that could otherwise be used for novel device structures.
Currently, the aggressive growth and processing conditions commonly used in fabricating nanoscale materials and structures often result in substantial damage and compromises the properties of such materials and structures. Moreover, high processing temperatures often preclude the use of certain materials. Therefore, what is needed is a damage-free method for fabricating nanoscale materials and structures. What is also needed is a method of making nanoscale materials and structures that does not require high substrate temperatures.

Charge-free low-temperature method of forming thin film-based nanoscale materials and structures on a substrate


The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) arrangement provides dual SOI film thicknesses for body-resistance control and provides a bulk silicon substrate on which a buried oxide (BOX) layer is provided. The BOX layer has recesses formed therein and unrecessed portions. The silicon layer is formed on the BOX layer and closes the recesses and covers the unrecessed portions of the BOX layer. Shallow trench isolation regions define and isolate first silicon regions from second silicon regions that each include one of the recesses. Floating-body devices are formed within the first silicon regions, which exhibit a first thickness, and body-tied devices are formed within the second silicon regions that include the thicker silicon of the recesses.

As is known in the art, transistors such as metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors, have been formed in isolated regions of a semiconductor body such as an epitaxial layer, which was itself formed on a semiconductor, typically a bulk silicon substrate. With an n-channel MOS field effect transistor (FET), the body is of p-type conductivity and the source/drain regions are formed in the p-type conductivity body as N+ type conductivity regions. With p-channel MOSFET, the body or epitaxial layer, is of n-type conductivity and the source and drain regions are formed in the n-type conductivity body as P+ type conductivity regions. It has been suggested that the semiconductor body, or layer, be formed on an insulating substrate, or over an insulation layer formed in a semiconductor substrate. Such technology is sometimes referred to as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. The SOI MOS technologies have a number of advantages over bulk silicon MOS transistors. These advantages include: reduced source/drain capacitance and hence improved speed performance at higher-operating frequencies; reduced N+ to P+ spacing and hence, higher packing density due to ease of isolation; and higher "soft error" upset immunity (i.e., the immunity to the effects of alpha particle strikes).
Silicon-on-insulator technology is characterized by the formation of a thin silicon layer for formation of the active devices over an insulating layer, such as an oxide, which is in turn formed over a substrate. Transistor sources and drains are formed by, for example, implantation into the silicon layer while transistor gates are formed by a patterned conductor (i.e., polysilicon). Such structure is provided significant gain in performance by having lower parasitic capacitance (due to the insulator layer) and increased drain current due to floating body charging effects (since no connection is made to the channel region and charging of the floating body provides access towards the majority of carriers which dynamically lower the threshold voltage, at resulting in increased drain current). However, the floating body can introduce dynamic instabilities in the operation of such a transistor.
Floating-body transistors predicated on thin SOI films exhibit good performance. The body resistance of conventional SOI body-tied transistors is quite high, leading to the degradation of body-tied transistor performance. It's preferable to provide thick SOI films for use with body-tied transistors in order to lower the body resistance of the body-tied transistors.

Dual SOI film thickness for body resistance control


A weft insertion device for a jet loom prevents weft the distal or leading end of the weft from being ejected from the weft passage before reaching the exit end of the passage in the reed, while improving the flying speed of a weft. The weft insertion device has a reed provided with a plurality of reed pieces (3A, 3B, 9A, 9B) having guide openings (4, 5, 14, 15) recessed in the front faces thereof. The wall portion of each guide opening of the reed has at least one wall surface (4b, 5b, 14e, 14g, 15e) provided to guide air flowing through a weft passage (S). The inclination angle of the wall surfaces (4b, 14e, 14g), provided at the wall portions of the guide openings of those reed pieces (3A, 9A) which are arranged in a first section (L1), located closer to a main nozzle, suppresses air leakage toward the opening side of the weft passage. The inclination angle of the wall surfaces (5 b, 15e), provided at the wall portions of the guide openings of those (3B, 9B) of the line of the reed pieces which are arranged in a second section (L2) located opposite to the main nozzle, is set to collect air in the center of the weft passage.

In general, a jet loom has a main nozzle for spouting, i.e., directing, projecting or ejecting, a weft into warp openings, and a reed which has a plurality of reed pieces arranged between warps, in order to beat a weft, inserted in the warp openings, in a cloth fell. As shown in FIG. 13, a weft insertion device for a jet loom has an open type guide openings 32, and is formed in the front faces of the reed pieces 31. The walls of the guide openings 32 form a passage S for weft insertion.
Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 59-26688 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-314753 disclose weft insertion devices, in which the open type guide opening 32 has its top wall surface 32a, side wall surface 32b and bottom wall surface 32c inclined toward the weft passage S in the weft inserting direction, in order to improve the speed of a weft flying through the weft passage.
In the weft insertion device disclosed in the Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 59-26688, the inclination angles of the individual wall surfaces 32a, 32b and 32c of each guide opening are increased in order to increase the flow speed of jet air in the weft passage, thereby increasing the weft flying speed. The increase in the inclination angle of the side wall surface 32b increases the amount of air leak from the guide openings, which cause a flying trouble, such as the distal end of the weft flying out of the weft passage. However, this design increases the weft flying speed.
In the weft insertion device disclosed in the Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-314753, the inclination angle of the top wall surface 32a is greater than that of the side wall surface 32b. Further, a jet air from a plurality of sub-nozzles arranged along the weft passage S is directed toward the top wall surfaces 32a and the side wall surfaces 32b of the individual guide openings. This setting of the inclination angles of the top wall surface 32a and side wall surface 32b will suppress air leakage from the guide openings.
In the weft insertion devices disclosed in both publications, however, the inclination angles of the wall surfaces 32a, 32b and 32c of each guide opening are set evenly from the weft insertion inlet end to the outlet end thereof. This angle setting is not an effective means to improve the weft flying speed, while preventing the weft from flying away from the weft passage.
The flow rate of air upstream the weft passage becomes the sum of the flow rate of jet air from the main nozzle and that of jet air from the individual sub-nozzles. Therefore, the flow rate of the air moving upstream, becomes about twice that of the air moving downstream, which is less affected by the jet stream from the main nozzle. Due to this flow ratio, the amount of the air leak, toward the opening side of the guide openings of those reed pieces located upstream of the weft passage, is greater than that of the air leak located downstream.
If the inclination angle of all the side wall surfaces is smaller in view of the air leak toward the opening side of the upstream guide openings, it is possible to prevent the weft from flying away from the weft passage, but it is difficult to improve the flying speed. If the inclination angle of all the side wall surfaces is greater in accordance with the maximum allowable air leak toward the opening side of the downstream guide openings, on the other hand, it is possible to improve the flying speed, but it is not possible to effectively prevent the weft from flying away from the weft passage. Even if the inclination angles of the top wall surface 32a and the side wall surface 32b are set different from each other as described above, it will be difficult to prevent the weft from flying away from the weft passage, as well as to improve the flying speed.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved weft insertion device in a jet loom using an improved reed, including open type guide openings. The improved device can effectively prevent the flying trouble while improving the flying speed of a weft. It is also another object of this invention to provide a reed for the weft insertion device and a method of producing the reed.

Reed pieces with recessed weft guide openings having inclined surfaces

Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jidoshokki Seisakusho


An optical device for characterizing a test surface combines a Fizeau interferometer with a polarization frequency-shifting element. Two substantially collinear, orthogonally polarized beams having respective frequencies differing by a predetermined frequency shift are generated by the polarization frequency-shifting element and projected into the Fizeau optical cavity to produce a pair of test beams and a pair of reference beams, wherein the beams in each pair have orthogonal polarization states and have frequencies differing by the predetermined frequency shift. A second, substantially equal frequency shift is introduced in the Fizeau cavity on either one of the pairs of test and reference beams, thereby generating a four-beam collinear output that produces an interferogram without tilt or short-coherence light. The invention may also be implemented by reversing the order of the Fizeau cavity and the polarization frequency-shifting element in the optical train.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to Fizeau interferometers for optical testing.
2. Description of the Related Art
Phase-shift interferometry is an established method for measuring a variety of physical parameters ranging from the density of gasses to the displacement of solid objects. An interferometric wavefront sensor employing phase-shift interferometry typically consists of a temporally coherent light source that is split into two wavefronts, a reference and test wavefront, that are later recombined after traveling different path lengths. The relative phase difference between the two wavefronts is manifested as a two-dimensional intensity pattern known as an interferogram. Phase-shift interferometers typically have an element in the path of the reference wavefront to introduce three or more known phase-steps or phase-shifts. By detecting the intensity pattern with a detector at each of the phase shifts, the phase distribution of the object wavefront can be quantitatively and rapidly calculated independent of the irradiance in the reference or object wavefronts.
Phase-shifting of the images can either be accomplished by sequentially introducing a phase-step (temporal phase-shifting), by splitting the beam into parallel channels for simultaneous phase-steps (parallel phase-shifting), or by introducing a high frequency spatial carrier onto the beam (spatial carrier phase-shifting). Parallel and spatial phase-shifting achieve data acquisition in times several orders of magnitude less than temporal phase-shifting, and thus offer significant vibration immunity. Several methods of parallel phase shifting have been disclosed in the prior art. Smythe and Moore (1983) and Koliopoulos (1993) describe a parallel phase shifting method where a series of conventional beam splitters and polarization optics are used to produce three or four phase shifted images onto as many cameras for simultaneous detection. A number of [U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,248 (1986), U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,938 (1996), U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,793 (1997), U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,741 (1998), U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,717 (1999)] disclose variations of this method where multiple cameras are used to detect multiple interferograms. Several prior-art publications (Barrientos, Kwon, Schwider) and (U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,330 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,808) describe methods to simultaneously image three or more interferograms onto a single sensor.
Tobiason et. al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,850,329 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,847,457) and Brock et. al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,230,717 describe spatial phase-shifting methods where a high frequency spatial pattern is encoded on the beam to effect simultaneous measurement without any significant division of the reference and test beams. These methods rely on orthogonally polarized reference and test beams and have the advantage of being true common-path arrangements. Distortions due to optical components such as zoom modules or beamsplitters do not affect the measurement accuracy.
Interferometers that have the test and reference surfaces located along the same optical axis (commonly known as Fizeau) offer advantages over other types of interferometers because they can be configured so that there are no elements between the test and reference surface. The Fizeau interferometer only requires one precision surface, which leads to greatly reduced manufacturing costs. Integrating a Fizeau interferometer with parallel or spatial phase-shifting techniques has proven somewhat difficult due to the need to encode opposite polarizations from reflections off nominally common optical path components and to a desire not to alter the surfaces or introduce an intra-cavity element. Sommargren (U.S. Pat. No. 4,606,638) teaches a method for absolute distance measurement that employs a Fizeau-type interferometer and uses a thin-film polarization reflection coating to separate the object and reference beams. However, the thin-film coating requires the incident and reflected wavefronts to be at a significant angle with respect to one another and only works over a narrow wavelength band. This significantly restricts the range at which the test optic can be placed, requiring the test and reference elements to be nearly in contact to avoid spatial separation between the wavefronts. In addition, it requires alteration of the cavity surfaces.
Millerd et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,057,738) describe a Fizeau interferometer that integrates a parallel phase-shifting sensor with a Fizeau interferometer. Tilt is used in the Fizeau interferometer cavity to either spatially separate the orthogonal polarization components for filtering on the receiving end, or to recombine orthogonal polarization components that were launched at different angles into the cavity. Introducing tilt in the Fizeau cavity in order to separate or combine the two polarization components has several undesirable consequences. First, the separate paths taken by the two polarizations can introduce aberrations into the measurement, particularly when using spherical reference optics. Second, it is necessary to spatially filter the beams at the imaging end to block unwanted polarizations. This reduces the number of tilt fringes that can be measured as well as the quality of the image.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,872,755, Kuchel et al. proposed a method to provide orthogonally polarized reference and test beams in a Fizeau cavity without using tilt. By introducing an optical delay device in the measurement portion of the interferometer and judiciously selecting the coherence length of the light, the length of the delay path, and the length of the gap in the Fizeau cavity, two coherent test and reference beams as well as two incoherent beams are produced simultaneously. The delay device is used to vary the optical path difference between the two orthogonally polarized beams to ensure that they are still coherent with each other after the delay in the Fizeau cavity. Thus, the approach of Kuchel et al. requires fine adjustment of the length of the delay path, which is expensive and time consuming to implement. Kuchel (U.S. Pat. No. 6,717,680) also discloses an invention for eliminating stray reflections within an interferometer by modulating the Fizeau cavity with two external phase-shifters.
Finally, Brock et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,230,717) describe a spatial phase-shifting sensor integrated with a Fizeau interferometer using either a tilted beam arrangement with a long coherence source or an on-axis arrangement with a short coherence. While the combination of the spatial phase-shift sensor with either the tilted-beam Fizeau or delay-line Fizeau significantly extends the capability of each instrument, it does not overcome the inherent disadvantages of each. Therefore, there is still a need for a phase measurement system based on a Fizeau interferometer that does not suffer from the shortcomings of either the tilted beam or the short coherence approach.

Synchronous frequency-shift mechanism in Fizeau interferometer


A plurality of wires are stretched in parallel through wire supplying-winding apparatuses and wire-tension adjusting apparatuses. A semiconductor-crystal bar is affixed on an ascent/descent table via a feeding table. The ascent/descent table is capable of being driven to ascend or descend by the ascent/descent apparatus. The wires and the semiconductor-crystal bar are dipped into a high-insulation oil, and discharging is created therebetween to perform cutting. If the resistance of the semiconductor-crystal bar exceeds 1 .OMEGA..multidot.cm, used inert gas is filled into a space within the interior space of an airtight vessel. Then, the high-insulation oil is heated by heaters and is kept at a temperature higher than 150.degree. C. to reduce the resistance of the semiconductor-crystal bar. Therefore, cutting is easily performed. The used inert gas can prevent fire from occurring due to the flaming of the high-insulation oil.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device and a method for cutting semiconductor-crystal bars.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, single-crystal silicon ingots, polycrystalline silicone ingots, or compound semiconductor ingots (hereinafter referred to as semiconductor-crystal bars) are cut into wafers or blocks by employing the following methods: namely, a method using an internal-blade grind wheel, the thin doughnut shaped internal rim of which is bonded with grind particles such as diamonds; a method using an endless band saw that is a thin-link shaped strip steel with grind particles such as diamonds bonded thereon; or a wire-saw cutting method in which a thin piano wire is shifted constantly so as to cut a semiconductor-crystal bar by segregated grind particles.
However, for the cutting processes in which internal blades or endless band saws are utilized, thin plates bonded with grind particles such as diamonds are used. Accordingly, it is difficult to slice a semiconductor-crystal bar into wafers of thinness less than 0.2 mm. In addition, the outer rims of the wafers break off easily. In the method that utilizes wire saws, it is necessary regularly to exchange the piano wires which become thin. Furthermore, oil-rich grind particles are used; therefore treating waste fluid or cleaning the oil sticking on the wafers is a time-consuming and costly process.

Device and method for cutting semiconductor-crystal bars


A frame format used in a wireless communication system, more particularly an OFDMA TDD wireless communication system, of the kind that includes a base station and a plurality of fixed or mobile subscriber stations, the base station maintaining connections with each of the subscriber stations by performing wireless communication in units of frames having the frame format, and within each frame, allocating resources for data transmission and signalling. Each frame has a plurality of downlink subframes and a plurality of uplink subframes including, in time order, a first downlink subframe, a first uplink subframe, a final downlink subframe and a final uplink subframe. One or more further downlink subframe/uplink subframe pairs may be interposed between the first and final subframes as desired, and the configuration can be changed dynamically.

Recently, various standards have been developed for data communication over broadband wireless links. One such standard is set out in the IEEE 802.16 specifications and is commonly known as WiMAX. Existing specifications include IEEE 802.16-2004, primarily intended for systems having fixed subscriber stations, and IEEE 802.16e-2005 which among other things provides for mobile subscriber stations. Currently under development, the IEEE 802.16m project (also called Advanced WiMAX or Gigabit WiMAX) proposes using advanced techniques, including multiple antennas, to provide high data rates to mobile subscriber stations. In the following description, the term mobile station (MS) is used as shorthand for both mobile and fixed subscriber stations. The term "user" is also used equivalently to mobile station. Further, "legacy MS" or "legacy user" refers to a mobile station operating in accordance with the current WirelessMAN-OFDMA specification (IEEE 802.16e-2005) and using the feature set specified in the WiMAX forum system profile (Release 1.0).
The entire contents of IEEE Std 802.16-2004 "Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems" and IEEE Std 802.16e-2005 "Amendment 2 and Corrigendum 1 to IEEE Std 802.16-2004" are hereby incorporated by reference.
In systems of the above type, data is communicated by exchange of packets between the mobile stations and base station whilst a connection (management connection or transport connection), having a connection ID, is maintained between them. The direction of transmission of packets from the subscriber station to the base station is the uplink (UL), and the direction from the base station to the subscriber station is the downlink (DL). Transmission of data packets takes place within "frames" which are the predetermined unit of time in the system, each frame conventionally having one downlink subframe followed by one uplink subframe, these in turn being divided in the time and frequency domain into a number of slots, and when utilising multiple transmit antennas possibly also divided spatially into a number of streams. At the physical layer level, transmission of data involves combining groups of subcarriers (available frequencies in the system) to form "symbols" by employing the well-known technique of OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). The base station can apply different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) within distinct zones of a subframe, for example to provide high data throughput to nearby users, whilst providing a more robust signal to more distant users or users moving with high mobility.
Various physical layer implementations are possible in an IEEE 802.16 network, depending on the available frequency range and application, including a time division duplex (TDD) mode, which involves operating the two links on the same frequency band, but subdividing the access to the medium in time so that only the DL or the UL will be utilizing the medium at any one point in time. The remainder of this specification will refer to a TDD mode WiMAX system by way of example.
Thus, in the TDD mode, conventionally each frame is divided into one DL subframe followed by one UL subframe, as shown in FIG. 1. The DL-subframe includes a broadcast control field with a DL-MAP and UL-MAP, by which the BS informs the MSs of the allocations within the DL and UL. The MAP is a map of bandwidth allocation in the frame and also contains other PHY signalling related messages. It consists of Information Elements (IE) each containing a connection ID. The map IEs inform mobile stations to which burst(s) they have been assigned to receive or transmit information.
The 802.16e-2005 standard specifies many possible frame durations ranging from 2 ms to 20 ms in length. However, the current WiMAX forum profile (Release 1.0), specifies that only 5 ms frames shall be used as this will ensure that all WiMAX forum certified equipment is interoperable. Although the 5 ms frame is widely accepted, it is believed that use of this frame length will create latency issues which can cause problems for users travelling with medium to high mobility. Users travelling at high mobility may experience rapid changes in channel conditions and will require fast link adaptation in order to sustain adequate performance and throughput. However, with a 5 ms frame this fast link adaptation becomes difficult as the minimum time that any specific MS can have their Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) adapted to the prevailing propagation link is 5 ms. In this case, the MS will calculate a channel quality measurement based on the Physical or Effective Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio CINR which will provide information on the actual operating condition of the receiver, including interference and noise levels, and signal strength. This information is then fed back to the BS via CQI feedback channel (CQICH) in the uplink and as a result the BS can perform link adaptation for the MS. As mentioned above, users moving at high speeds will experience rapid variations in channel conditions especially within a 5 ms time frame and it is therefore highly possible that an MS will feedback channel quality information that at the time of scheduling will not correctly represent the channel at the time of transmission. The result of this inaccurate representation in channel quality information may degrade the performance and throughput experienced by the MS.
In order to support users travelling at higher speeds then it is apparent that the frame duration must be reduced to facilitate fast and efficient link adaptation. However, as technology evolves then backward compatibility can become a major issue which is particularly true in the case of the current IEEE 802.16m project. The aim of this IEEE project is to provide an amendment to the legacy IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard where the purpose of this amendment is to provide performance improvements necessary to support future advanced services and applications. One requirement of this project is to reduce latency as far as feasible without infringing the strict legacy support requirements. As mentioned above, the frame duration can be reduced which can ultimately reduce latency but this must be achieved so as not to affect the performance of a legacy MS. In other words, the IEEE 802.16m BS must be able support legacy MSs whilst also supporting IEEE 802.16m MSs at a level of performance equivalent to that which a legacy BS provides to a legacy MS.
Referring again to FIG. 1, in the legacy IEEE 802.16e-2005 TDD frame structure, the first symbol is occupied by a Preamble which is mainly used for synchronisation purposes. On the second and third symbols following the Preamble is the frame control header FCH. The FCH is transmitted using a well-known format and provides sufficient information to decode the following MAP message, i.e. the MAP message length, coding scheme and active sub-channels. Following the FCH is the DL-MAP which may be followed by the UL-MAP. These MAP messages provide information on the allocated resource (slots) for traffic channels within the frame. These MAP's contain DL-MAP_IE's and UL-MAPIE's which define bursts within the frames, (i.e. one MAP_IE will be related to 1 burst within the frame). The information within these MAP_IE's, such as the subchannel offset and symbol offset are crucial as these are used by the MS to locate the resource within the subframes. Other information such as the CID (Connection ID), the modulation and coding scheme and the number of subchannels are also crucial as these will allow for successful demodulation and decoding of the data within the burst. Following the DL and UL MAPs, there may be a Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) and/or an Uplink Channel Descriptor (UCD) present. The DCD and UCD will be transmitted by the Base Station (BS) at a periodic interval to define the downlink and uplink physical channels. This information will be TLV encoded and may include parameters such as, the TTG and RTG times, as will be explained in more detail below, centre frequency, BS ID, frame duration and Handover type. Also contained within the DCD and UCD will be a description of the burst profiles that are used for bursts within the downlink and uplink subframes. This information will also be TLV (type/length/value) encoded and may include information such as, FEC type, encoding rate and modulation. Once defined, these profiles will then be referred to in DL and UL MAP_IE's in later frames via a numerical index called Downlink Interval Usage Code (DIUC) and Uplink Interval Usage Code (UIUC). In the IEEE 802.16 standard, different numerical values of DIUC and UIUC are used to stipulate the burst profiles being used, however some values within DIUC/UIUC can be used to denote different zone profiles such as a PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) reduction zone. In this case DIUC/UIUC=13 will ensure that a PAPR reduction zone is created where the base station transmits non information carrying signals in order to reduce the peak to average ratio of the transmitted waveform, as well as providing coverage-enhancing safety zones to avoid interference with other base stations.
From decoding the DL-MAP_IE and UL-MAP_IEs (which contain the DIUC and UIUC respectively) the Mobile Station (MS) can determine the bursts and associated burst profiles (i.e the modulation and coding scheme) to which its connections are associated within the downlink and uplink subframes. If any of the configurations change within either of the TLV encoded information for the physical channel or the burst profiles then the DCD and/or UCD must be updated and transmitted as before (i.e. after the DL and UL MAPs).
Considering the case where an IEEE 802.16m BS must support some legacy MSs then the above signalling must be present in the first zone of the DL sub-frame following the preamble in order for legacy MSs to determine their resource allocations within the DL and UL sub-frames. It is anticipated however that the initial IEEE 802.16m network rollout will involve the installation of IEEE 802.16m BSs where a large percentage of terminals using these BSs will only support the legacy IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard. However, it is also anticipated that over time this large percentage will gradually decrease as most users will eventually switch from using legacy equipment to using IEEE 802.16m terminals. It would therefore be advantageous for the IEEE 802.16m frame structure to be capable of an almost seamless transition from a legacy-like system to an IEEE 802.16m system. The state of this transition will solely depend on the percentage of legacy terminals wishing to access the network. As the number of legacy users decrease then it would be expected that the performance of the IEEE 802.16m MSs should improve and vice-versa.
One major constraint in the design of an IEEE 802.16m frame structure is the preamble position that will be used for legacy synchronisation and network entry. This preamble is crucial, and in the current TDD legacy frame structure it is generated every 5 ms (according to the WiMAX forum release 1.0 profile). Therefore, this preamble must be present in the proposed frame structure which will constrain the flexibility in the frame design. As mentioned above, in order to reduce latency then the frame duration must be decreased but as a result with a TDD system this will increase the number of RTG and TTGs therefore increasing the number of wasted symbols. It is important to note that any sub-frames or zones where legacy allocations are made must begin on an integer number of symbols from the beginning of either the UL or DL legacy subframes. It is also crucial when considering the case of small sub-frame durations in the DL, that the first DL sub-frame must contain an adequate number of symbols to accommodate the cumbersome legacy signalling (i.e, FCH, DL and UL MAPs etc.).

Frame structure for a wireless communication system


A shock absorber includes a cylindrical shock absorber body, a mounting portion (4) disposed bulgingly in an outer surface of the shock absorber body, and a spring seat (3) inserted into the shock absorber body and engaged with the mounting portion (4), supporting a suspension spring. The mounting portion (4) has, on the top face, a flat face portion perpendicular to an axis of the shock absorber body. The spring seat (3) includes a cylindrical seat body (15), a seat portion (16) projected from an outer side of the cylindrical seat body (15) and an engagement portion (18) projected from an inner side of the cylindrical seat body (15). Further a travel stop device is disposed between the spring seat (3) and the mounting portion (4), thereby to stop relative rotation and upward/downward-direction travel thereof.

Japanese Patent Publication No. A2002-195331 discloses what has been proposed as a conventional mounting structure of a spring seat to this kind of a shock absorber.
This mounting structure, as shown in FIG. 7, is constructed such that a spring seat 46 receiving a suspension spring is inserted in an outer surface of an outer shell 45 constituting a shock absorber body 40 and the spring seat 46 is secured in a predetermined position thereto. The spring seat 46 is formed of a seat body 42 having a insert bore 41 into which the outer shell 45 is inserted and a flange-shaped seat portion 43 extending in the outer direction of the seat body 42 where both the spring seat 46 and the outer shell 45 are secured to each other by fitting a circular bulged portion 44 formed in the outer shell 45 into the insert bore 41.
In this case, the bulged portion 44 is formed by bulge machining. Namely the circular bulged portion 44 is formed by enlarging the outer shell 45 from an inside of the outer shell 45 toward an outer diameter direction thereof by a tool, and as a result the bulged portion 44 has a circular cross section for reason of machining.
Therefore, when the insert bore 41 of the spring seat 46 is pressed into the bulged portion 44 of the outer shell 45, a force in the direction shown by the arrow X, that is, the force which reduces the outer shell 45 in diameter acts as a component force. The force in the same direction with the component force is produced likewise in case a load is applied on the seat portion 43 of the spring seat 46 due to compression of the suspension spring where the suspension spring is installed to the shock absorber and operates as force which reduces the outer shell 45 in diameter as described above.
Since this force acts as a force which is likely to deform the outer shell 45 inside, that raises the problem with strength of the outer shell 45 in the event of reducing it in thickness. Namely, the structure of the bulged portion 44 makes reduction in thickness of the outer shell 45 difficult.


A yaw rate sensor, which can be structured easily and at low cost and which can also detect exerted acceleration with high accuracy, is obtained. A movable electrode section is provided spaced at a specified gap with respect to a semiconductor substrate; fixed electrodes for excitation use forcibly vibrate the movable electrode section using an electrostatic force; a vertical displacement detection portion detects a vertical displacement of the movable electrode section; a horizontal displacement detection portion detects a horizontal displacement of the movable electrode section; and using at least the detection output of the vertical displacement detection portion, a signal processing circuit obtains a yaw rate detection output. Then, an aging compensation circuit detects an amplitude condition of the movable electrode section using the output of the horizontal displacement detection means; and the forced vibration of the movable electrode section is maintained a vibration at a resonance frequency.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor yaw rate sensor of transistor type used, for example, in body control and navigation of a vehicle, and to a method of producing same.
2. Related Arts
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2-223817 discloses a yaw rate sensor which detects yaw rate acting upon a vehicle body. This yaw rate sensor is structured with a vibrator wherein a piezoelectric element is glued to a specified surface of a square rod made of metal, and is structured such that the vibrator is supported by means of a fine rod. Additionally, an angular-velocity sensor disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 4-142420 is structured with a piezoelectric element glued to a tuning fork made of metal. In either case these devices to detect the acceleration of yaw rate subject the main unit to vibration with a piezoelectric element, and attempt to detect, by means of changes in voltage detected by another piezoelectric element, distortion generated by Coriolis force generated by means of the yaw rate which is the measurement object.
Performance such as detection sensitivity in a sensor mechanism structured in this manner comes to be influenced by the method of support and machining precision of the vibrator, and consequently, in order to produce a high-performance sensor mechanism, there exist the problems of a high degree of difficulty in the machining and assembly thereof, and of necessarily high cost. Additionally, with respect also to achieving smaller size of the sensor mechanism, difficulty is encountered because of limitations in machining and assembly.

Semiconductor yaw rate sensor with a vibrating movable section with vertical and horizontal displacement detection


To eliminate unstable engine operation during idling of an internal combustion engine, the width of the pulses that activate the fuel injection valves for the engine are controlled in the form of ideal angles that depend on the engine-intake air flow, and the corresponding signals are related to the particular engine speed in a counter.

This invention relates to the control of fuel injection valves in an internal combustion engine based on engine crank angle and air intake signals.
German Offenlegungsschrift No. 27 09 187 discloses a fuel injection control system in which pulses from an ignition pulse generator are shaped and timed as crank angle position or angle-of-rotation signals and supplied to a multivibrator control unit. Each crank rotation of 180.degree. provides an integrated engine speed-dependent voltage signal to a memory in the control unit. Integration is followed by discharge at a rate that depends on the rate of air intake to the engine. The control unit generates corresponding pulses that activate the fuel injection valves. Thus, the duration of the injection control pulse depends on the instantaneous engine speed and the air flow rate. Downstream from the multivibrator is a multiplier that corrects the duration of the pulse in accordance with signals from additional sensors which detect various operating parameters of the engine.
Such conventional control systems have the disadvantage that the engine speed is detected by analog loading of the memory in the control unit before the activating pulse is actually generated. Consequently, the duration of the activating pulse is based on an engine speed value that may no longer be correct. Thus, conventional injection control systems may produce a pulse that activates a downstream injection valve when the duration of the pulse, which determines how much fuel is to be injected, is partly or completely inappropriate for the engine speed at the time when the pulse is generated and the fuel is injected.
This drawback is particularly severe when an engine idling at low speed is subjected to a load. In those circumstances, conventional systems based on detection of engine speed will yield too high a result, and the duration of the valve-activating pulse will reduce the speed even though the actual speed may have already dropped subsequent to the engine speed detection because, for example, an electric load has been turned on. In the event of a misfire at this time, the engine's crankshaft and flywheel may no longer have enough kinetic energy to produce the compression required for the next cylinder and the engine will stall. Although this situation could, of course, be counteracted by increasing the prescribed idling speed, this would increase fuel consumption and could violate environmental regulations.
Such idling behavior of an internal combustion engine depends on certain conditions. Variations in motor speed during idling are due, for example, to variations in the individual burns that can even extend to misfires and to turning on and off the various electric loads in the motor vehicle containing the engine. Since the flow of combustion air through the opening of the throttle valve and into the intake manifold of the engine is hypercritical, occurring, that is, at the speed of sound, the rate of air flow will remain constant even when the engine speed changes. To attain a stable idling speed, the fuel must also be supplied at a constant rate. Because the fuel consumption of the engine during idling is proportional to engine speed even though the given fuel flow remains more or less constant, an idling speed appropriate to a prescribed fuel flow will be established regardless of whether or not the prescribed flow of air and fuel is uniformly distributed among several cylinders during a given time. Then, when a load is applied, a lower engine speed will become established at which the fuel consumption of the engine at idling plus the additional consumption due to the load will again be related to the output of the engine. The previously mentioned minimum speed at which the engine can idle without stalling occurs because the kinetic energy of the mechanism driving the crank and flywheel is proportional to the square of the speed. At some point as the speed decreases, this value will no longer be high enough to provide the compression required for the next cylinder subsequent to a misfire, for example.
The result of these circumstances is that all conventional methods and devices that rely upon fuel injection activating signals having a duration, i.e. a width measured in time, and controlled in accordance with a previously determined engine speed are unable to assure a stable idling speed at a stoichiometric air ratio.
Thus, assuming a fictional operating point with a stoichiometric proportion of air, if the air flow remains constant when an electric load is turned on or there is a misfire while the engine is idling and the quantity of air per combustion chamber increases while the flow of fuel decreases, the amount of fuel per combustion chamber will remain constant. The result is an increased air-to-fuel ratio. As a result, firing will shift into the expansion phase, the amount of work done per cylinder will decrease, and speed will decrease until the engine stops completely. On the other hand, when the speed increases, the flow of fuel will increase and the ratio of air to fuel will decrease. The speed will continue to increase until the air-to-fuel ratio has dropped to a level where it decreases the force output per cylinder.
With such conventional systems as discussed herein, an attempt has been made to establish a stable idling speed at stoichiometric air ratios by permanent readjustment of the fuel supply in response to variations in engine speed. The engine speed is continuously detected and a corresponding fuel injector-activating pulse duration is obtained from a stored graph of engine operating characteristics. The injection time is then corrected with signals from a lambda probe. The result is to produce necessarily unstable injection time readjustments as the speed decreases and the deviations in speed increase. In such conventional systems, the speed data are not available until after a delay of half a crankshaft rotation and, in the case of other control systems, until after a delay of a whole crankshaft rotation. The signal from the lambda probe is not available until considerably later, when the particular combusted mixture has arrived at the lambda probe in the exhaust line of the engine. This delay of the lambda signal is the major engine control problem in conventional systems. It is the major reason why the attainable minimal idling speed depends essentially on the control method and not on the engine itself. This is also true, by the way, when the air intake is regulated in addition to the fuel intake by controlling the cylinder intake with the engine idling.
In contrast to these conventional control systems, the control system described in German Patent No. 32 19 007 remotely detects not only the beginning but also the width of the pulses that activate the fuel injection valves. This is done with sensors, Hall generators, for example, mounted on a disk that rotates dependently of engine speed and that has two pulse generators mounted on it at prescribed angular intervals. These controls, however, operate mechanically and are not able to carry out regulation in accordance with such other parameters as temperature or signals from a lambda probe. Furthermore, the accelerator position does not provide unambiguous information about air flow in all of the operating conditions of the engine.

Method and apparatus for controlling fuel injection valves in an internal combustion engine


A memory detecting circuit includes five switch elements and two indication devices. A first switch element is connected to a standby power, and also connected to memory sockets of a first channel to receive a first memory detecting signal. A second switch element is connected to the first switch element and the standby power. A third switch element is connected to the second switch element and the standby power, and also connected to memory sockets of a second channel to receive a second memory detecting signal. A fourth switch element is connected to the third switch element and the standby power. A fifth switch element is connected to the fourth switch element and the standby power. When there are memories installed into the memory sockets of the first channel and the second channel, the second indication device indicates that the memories run in a dual channel mode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to detecting circuits and, particularly, to a memory detecting circuit for a motherboard.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a computer system, a central processing unit (CPU) reads data faster than a random access memory (RAM) can deliver, and usually the CPU has to wait for the RAM to deliver data. When the RAM is unable to keep up with the CPU, however, a bottleneck occurs, leaving the CPU with nothing to process. Under a single channel mode, any CPU with a bus speed greater than the RAM speed would be susceptible to the bottleneck effect. A dual channel mode is a technique used to alleviate the problem by doubling the amount of the available memory bandwidth. Instead of the single channel mode, a second parallel channel is added in the dual channel mode. With two channels working simultaneously, the bottleneck effect is reduced. Rather than waiting for the memory technology to improve, the dual channel mode simply takes the existing memory technology and modifies the method in which it is handled. With two channels working simultaneously, more information can be retrieved from the memory in the same amount of time, and thus improving the computer system performance.
In order to achieve this, two or more memories must be installed into matching memory sockets. The memory sockets belonging to different channel are usually color coded on the motherboard. The dual channel mode should be achieved with the matching memories installed in each channel. However, the users are usually unclear about which memory sockets belong to the same channel, this is because not all memory sockets are color coded by the motherboard manufacturers. The memory configurations that do not match a dual channel conditions will revert to the single channel mode. It usually costs much time to arrange the memories to achieve the dual channel mode, for that it needs to reboot the compute to check the memory configuration information via a basic input output system (BIOS) main menu. At booting time, the memory configuration is detected and the alert message about the memories rearranged running in the dual channel mode or the single channel mode can be obtained.
What is needed, therefore, is a memory detecting circuit which can overcome the above problems.

Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (ShenZhen) Co., Ltd.


A color splitting/combining optical system includes a first optical member for color splitting and a second optical member which has a polarization splitting surface for color splitting/combining, a third optical member for color combining a first color-selective wave plates and a second color-selective wave plate. The first and second color-selective wave plates convert the polarization direction of light in a first and second wavelength regions respectively by 90 degrees. The optical system satisfies λ1≠λ2, where λ1 and λ2 represent wavelengths in which the ratio of the light component having the polarization direction converted by 90 degrees by the first and second color-selective wave plates respectively become substantially 50%.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a color splitting/combining optical system used for an image projection apparatus (projector) for projecting light from image-forming elements which form an original picture.
2. Description of Related Art
An image projection apparatus in which reflection type liquid crystal display elements and a polarization beam splitter are combined with each other is disclosed by Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2001-154268. The corresponding image projection apparatus is an image projection apparatus having a white-color light source 1001, reflection type liquid crystal display elements 1002R, 1002G and 1002B, and a projection optical system 1003 as shown in FIG. 33. In the corresponding image projection apparatus, a dichroic mirror 1004 is provided between the white-color light source 1001 and the reflection type liquid crystal display elements 1002R, 1002G and 1002B. Further, the apparatus includes a color splitting system in which polarization beam splitters 1005 and 1006 are provided between the dichroic mirror 1004 and the reflection type liquid crystal display elements 1002R, 1002G and 1002B, and a color combining system in which the first, second and third polarization beam splitters 1005, 1006 and 1007 are provided between the reflection type liquid crystal display elements and the projection optical system.
Herein, the first color-selective wave plate 1008 capable of rotating the polarization direction of light of a predetermined wavelength region by 90 degrees is provided between the dichroic mirror 1004 and the second polarization beam splitter 1006, and the second color-selective wave plate 1009 is provided between the second polarization beam splitter 1006 and the third polarization beam splitter 1007, wherein color components (R and B) and polarization directions (P and S) are associated with each other, and color splitting and combining are carried out by polarization beam splitters.
Thereby, white-color light from the white-color light source 1001 is split into a first color light path (G) and a second-color light paths (R and B) by the dichroic mirror 1004. And, the polarization direction of B-color light is rotated by 90 degrees by the first color-selective wave plate 1008, wherein the B-color light is made into P-polarized light, and R-color light is made into S-polarized light, and the respective lights are split into a third-color light path (R) and a fourth-color light path by the second polarization beam splitter 1006.
Further, in the first light path, light reflected by the first polarization beam splitter 1005 is further reflected with the polarization direction thereof rotated by 90 degrees by the first reflection type liquid crystal display element 1002G, is transmitted through the first polarization beam splitter 1005, and reaches the projection optical system 1003 after being reflected by the third polarization beam splitter 1007. And, in the third light path, the polarization direction thereof is rotated by 90 degrees by the second reflection type liquid crystal display element 1002R, and the light is transmitted through the second polarization beam splitter 1006. Further, in the fourth light path, the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees by the second reflection type liquid crystal display element 1002B. Then, two color lights (R and B) are combined into a single light flux after being reflected by the second polarization beam splitter 1006. And, the polarization direction of B-color light is rotated by 90 degrees by the second color-selective wave plate 1009, and color light of R and B is made into P-polarized light and reaches the projection optical system 1003 after being transmitted through the third polarization beam splitter 1007, wherein a three-color image is combined.
However, since, in the conventional example, a color-selective wave plate having the same characteristics in terms of rotational polarization is used for the first and second color-selective wave plates 1008 and 1009, which are installed at the incidence side and emergence side of the second polarization beam splitter 1006, unnecessary polarized light components occur in a region of transition (hereinafter called a "transition region") in which the characteristics of rotational polarization is converted from 0 degrees (no rotation is brought about) to 90 degrees.
A detailed description is given of the problem. FIG. 34 expresses characteristics of rotational polarization of a color-selective wave plate used in the prior art example. The color-selective wave plate is featured in that polarization is rotated by 90 degrees in a wavelength region of blue (B) and the polarization is not rotated in a wavelength region of red (R), and the wavelength region between the regions is a transition region. FIG. 34 is a characteristic view showing actions of rotating the polarization of the color-selective wave plate. In another view, the characteristic expresses the ratio of polarized light components orthogonal to incident polarized light components in incident linear polarization (when the ratio is 1, the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees). Therefore, in the drawing, a scale expressing the ratio (percentage) of polarized light components orthogonal to the incident polarization component is described on the right side of the graph.
In this case, a description is given of how the incident linear polarization light is converted, based on respective combinations of color-selective wave plates.
A first state shows a case where the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees with the first and second color-selective wave plates. When a characteristic for expressing the ratio of polarized light components orthogonal to incident polarization is I(λ), and a characteristic expressed byC1(λ)=I(λ)×I(λ)is C1(λ), it is possible to express the ratio (percentage) of light amount for which polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees with the first and second color-selective wave plates. CI(λ) is shown in FIG. 35.
A second state is a case where the polarization direction is not rotated with the first and second color-selective wave plates. Where it is assumed that a characteristic expressed byC2(λ)=(1−I(λ))×(1−I(λ))is C2(λ), it is possible to express the ratio of light amount for which the polarization direction is not rotated by the first and second color-selective wave plate. C2(λ) is shown in FIG. 36.
A third state is a case where the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees with the first color-selective wave plate and the polarization direction is not rotated with the second color-selective wave plate. Where it is assumed that a characteristic expressed byC3(λ)=I(λ)×(1−I(λ))is C3(λ), it is possible to express the ratio of light amount for which the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees by the first color-selective wave plate and the polarization direction is not rotated with the second color-selective wave plate. C3(λ)is shown in FIG. 37.
A fourth state is a case where the polarization direction is not rotated with the first color-selective wave plate and the polarization direction is rotated by 90degrees with the second color-selective wave plate. Where the characteristic expressed byC4(λ)=(1−I(λ))×I(λ)is made into C4(λ), it is possible to express the ratio of the light amount for which the polarization direction is not rotated with the first color-selective wave plate but the polarization direction is rotated by 90 degrees with the second color-selective wave plate. The C4(λ) will have the same characteristic as that of C3(λ).
Although the first state corresponds to the B component and the second state corresponds to the R component, it is found that unnecessary transition characteristics occur in the transition region of the color-selective wave plate in the third and fourth states other than the above.
Next, a description is given of an influence which the unnecessary components in an optical system shown with a conventional example exert on the contrast of an image projection apparatus.
The influence exerted on the contrast is an amount of light leaking into the projection optical system when a reflection type liquid crystal display element is displayed in black. In the third state, light is made incident into the second polarization beam splitter 1006 as a P-polarized component by the first color-selective wave plate, is transmitted through the polarization splitting film and is reflected with the polarization state not changed by the reflection type liquid crystal display element (that is, with the display in black). And, the light is again made incident into the second polarization beam splitter 1006 as a P-polarized component, is reflected by the polarization splitting film, and is transmitted through the third polarization beam splitter 1007, as it is, as the P-polarized component without being subjected to any rotating action of polarization direction by the second color-selective wave plate. Thus progressing light is reflected by the reflection type image display element and is once analyzed when being reflected as the P-polarized light from the polarization splitting film of the second polarization beam splitter 1006. However, it is not analyzed with respect to the third polarization beam splitter 1007 since it is made incident as the P-polarized light in the transmitting polarization direction. Resultantly,in the third state, the leakage light amount is remarkably increased relative to the first state brought about by a normal action.
This cannot be cut even if a polarization plate is provided between the second polarization beam splitter 1006 and the third polarization beam splitter 1007 as shown in the conventional example.
In the fourth state, the light is made incident into the second polarization beam splitter 1006 as S-polarized light, is reflected by the polarization splitting film and is reflected by the reflection type liquid crystal display element with the polarization state not changed (that is, with display in black) and is again incident into the second polarization beam. And, the light is transmitted through the polarization splitting film and is transmitted through the third polarization beam splitter 1007, as it is, as the P-polarized component by being subjected to a rotating action of polarization by the second color-selective wave plate. Thus progressing light is not analyzed since it is made incident into the third polarization beam splitter 1007 as P-polarized light in the transmitting polarization direction. Resultantly,in the fourth state, the leakage light amount will be increased relatve to the second state brought about by a normal action as in the third state.
The conventional example describes that the transition region of the color-selective wave plate is set to a wavelength region cut by a dichroic mirror.
However, since the reflectivity of the dichroic mirror is not 100% and the wavelength characteristics thereof shift in accordance with the incident angle, it is impossible that the light amount in the transition region is made into zero. Therefore, it has been made clear by research that the conventional structure is insufficient as an optical system to secure high-quality contrast.

Color splitting/combining optical system and image projecting apparatus


A method of testing a word line using a word line driving circuit comprising; activating a word line by activating a word line driving signal; floating the word line by activating a test mode signal after the activating of the word line; recording data having a predetermined logic value into a memory cell by inputting a write command while the word line is floated; and reading out data from the memory cell by inputting a read command after the recording of data.

1. Technical Field
The embodiments described herein relate to a word line driving circuit of a semiconductor memory apparatus, particularly a word line driving circuit having a word line test function and a method of testing a word line using the word line driving circuit.
2. Related Art
Gaps between adjacent word lines or a word line and a bit line of a semiconductor memory apparatus are getting smaller with development of new and improved process technology. As the gap is reduced, a bridge, i.e., an abnormal current path can be formed between the adjacent word lines or a word line and a bit line, which can increase leakage currents between the lines.
In a conventional semiconductor memory apparatus a bit line having a bridge can be detected in a test mode and the bit line having a bridge can be changed with a column repair. Such a test mode operates as follows: First, a charge sharing of bit lines is performed. Next, after the charge sharing is maintained for a predetermined time, data in the bit lines is detected and amplified. When a bridge is formed between the bit line and an adjacent word line, an electrical potential on the bit line will be lost due to the charge sharing that results from the bridge.
When this occurs, there is high probability that the data detected and amplified through the bit line will be error data due to the charge sharing. Thus, the bit line affected by such a bridge can be detected by detecting the error data. The bit line with a data error can then be changed with a column repair such that normal operation is possible.
It is difficult, however, to determine if the abnormal leakage current occurs only with the bit line. Current leaks from both a bit line having the bridge and a word line, and a larger amount of current may leak from the word line than the bit line. Even so, in a conventional semiconductor memory apparatus, only a bit line having a bridge is detected and column repair is applied thereto. No measures are applied to a word line affected by such a bridge, such that it is difficult to solve operational errors of the semiconductor memory apparatus due to an abnormal operation of the word line.

Word line driving circuit and method of testing a word line using the word line driving circuit


An accessory assembly for a vacuum cleaner comprises: an accessory body; a crevice attachment and an upholstery attachment, both formed integrally with the accessory body; and a dusting attachment disposed on the accessory body, the dusting attachment being slidably deployable to extend beyond the crevice attachment. Convenient cleaning can be achieved by selectively using the dusting attachment during the cleaning of a groove or narrow gap and deployment from one accessory attachment to another is easily accomplished without interruption of the cleaning process. The accessory assembly may be conveniently stored and used on an extension tube of the vacuum cleaner.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an accessory assembly for a vacuum cleaner, and more particularly to an accessory assembly that enables easy and convenient change from one accessory to another and providing easy storage of the accessory assembly.
2. Description of the Related Art
As shown in FIG. 1, a conventional vacuum cleaner comprises a body 10 provided with a vacuum-generating device (not separately shown), a handle tube 20 providing easy handling capability for a user, a flexible hose 15 connecting the handle tube 20 and the body 10, a suction brush 35 that is brought into contact with a surface to be cleaned and which draws in air in which dust and soil is entrained, and an extension tube 25 connected to the handle tube 20, to which the suction brush is detachably fitted on the extension tube 25.
In addition, conventional vacuum cleaners are provided with various accessories that can perform cleaning operations along a surface to be cleaned when accessories available for more specialized cleaning operations replace the suction brush 35 at the distal end of the extension tube 25. For example, when cleaning a corner or a groove in a surface, the user can effectively perform the cleaning operation by removing the suction brush 35 from the extension tube 25 and exchanging the suction brush 35 for another accessory, such as a crevice accessory 31 or brush bristles 33. Such accessories may be stored within the body 10. Alternatively, the user may store such a crevice accessory 31 or brush bristles 33 in an accessory receiving apparatus 30 disposed on the extension tube 25, as shown.
The accessory receiving apparatus 30 is formed with a plurality of engaging protrusions 34 in such a way that the accessories such as the brush bristles 33, the crevice accessory 31, and the like, are detachably engaged with the protrusions 34.
The conventional vacuum cleaner with the afore-mentioned construction operates in the following manner. At first, as electric power is applied to the vacuum cleaner, suction force is generated in the cleaner body 10, whereby air, in which dust and soil is entrained, is drawn in through the suction brush 35 from a surface to be cleaned. The air drawn into the vacuum cleaner in this manner is directed to the cleaner body 10 through the extension tube 25, the handle tube 20 and the flexible hose 15.
If the surface to be cleaned is positioned at a corner or cleaning of a narrow groove or gap is necessary, the user may remove the suction brush 35 from the extension tube 25 and replace it with any of the accessories, for example, brush bristles 33 and the crevice accessory 31 for more efficient cleaning. The accessory is removed from the accessory receiving apparatus 30, as needed, and is attached to the extension tube 25.
Then, the user can easily clean places that could not be easily cleaned by the suction brush 35, such as a groove, a recessed gap or a corner, by using the crevice accessory 31 or the brush bristles 33.
However, a conventional vacuum cleaner provided with the accessories as mentioned above has the following problems.
1) Respective accessories such as brush bristles 33, or crevice accessory 31, etc., are not integrally formed with one another, thus requiring separate storage locations on the suction tube 25 and thereby, the space required for storing them is increased.
2) When a user wishes to clean a groove or narrow gap by using a crevice accessory 31 during cleaning of a given space when using the brush bristles 33, operation of the vacuum cleaner must be interrupted to remove the brush bristles 33 from the extension tube 25, and then to fit the crevice accessory 31 onto the extension tube 25. Therefore, it is difficult and inconvenient to perform a continuous, uninterrupted cleaning operation.
3) Because the brush bristles 33 or the crevice accessory 31 are individually formed as separate components, the unit costs for production are increased. Therefore, the conventional arrangement is not economical.


A backlight unit includes a light source, an optical member for adjusting a traveling path of light exiting from the light source, a frame accommodating and fixing the optical member and including a plane portion, a sidewall portion vertically extending from the plane portion and at least one frame fastening portion downwardly extending from the sidewall portion and a lower receiving member for accommodating and fixing the frame. The lower receiving member includes a bottom portion having at least one hole formed therein to be fastened to the frame fastening portion and a side surface portion upwardly extending from edges of the bottom portion.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a backlight unit and a display device having the same, and more particularly, to a backlight unit including a frame with a hook downwardly protruding therefrom to omit a screw coupling process, and a display device having the backlight unit.
2. Description of the Related Art
The range of applications in which a liquid crystal display (LCD) is being used has been extended because of its lightweight, thin, low-power drive, full color and high resolution characteristics. Currently, the LCD technology is being used in devices such as, for example, computers, notebook computers, PDAs, telephones, TVs, audio/video devices, and the like. With the LCD, a desired image is displayed on a LCD panel in which the amount of light to be transmitted is controlled according to video signals applied to a plurality of control switches arranged in a matrix form.
Unlike with a plasma display or the like, an LCD does not have a self light-emitting structure and thus needs a backlight unit having a light source. In addition, the backlight unit includes a variety of optical members for improving the quality of light exiting from the light source, and further includes a frame for fixing the light source and the optical members and a receiving member for accommodating and protecting the frame to which the light source and the optical members are fixed.
In a conventional backlight unit, protruding portions are formed on side surfaces of a frame, and holes corresponding to the protruding portions are formed in side surfaces of a receiving member, so that the frame with a light source and optical members fixed thereto is fixedly accommodated in the receiving member. Also, with the conventional backlight unit, since the frame cannot be securely coupled and fixed to the receiving member only by the protruding portions and the holes, screws are additionally used for the coupling. However, in such a coupling structure, in order to disassemble the backlight unit, the protruding portions of the frame fitted into the holes of the side surfaces of the receiving member should be pressed and pushed to the inside. In this case, the space between the inside of the frame and inside members such as a light guide plate and the like may be narrow and the flexibility of the protruding portions of the frame may be small, so that the working time may thereby be increased. In addition, when the conventional backlight unit is disassembled, additional working time may be required for loosening the additional screws used for the coupling in the backlight unit. Moreover, when the frame and the receiving member are coupled to each other, a part of the protruding portions may be worn away due to the friction between the protruding portions of the frame made of resin and the receiving member made of metal, thereby generating foreign materials. As a result, such foreign materials may infiltrate into the backlight unit and degrade the property of the backlight unit.

Backlight unit and display device having the same


Coherent memory copy logic is operative to copy data from a source memory location to a destination memory location and duplicate a write request to a source memory region to produce a duplicated write request. Coherent memory copy logic is also operative to execute the duplicated write request to copy content from the external memory region to the destination memory region. Power to the source memory can then be reduced to save power while the internal memory is being used. Accordingly, a type of “hardware memory mover” does not require the use of any complex software synchronization and does not result in any service interruption during a memory move. The coherent memory copy logic reallocates the application memory space from, for example, external memory to internal memory within a chip in a manner that is transparent to the application software and the user. Corresponding methods are also set forth.

The disclosure relates generally to methods for reallocating memory content from a source memory to a destination memory, and more particularly to methods and apparatus for reallocating memory content between an external memory that is external to an integrated circuit (e.g., chip), and an internal memory located on the chip.
Handheld devices such as smart phones, multimedia players, digital audio players and other handheld devices need to have improved battery life. Low power operation of handheld chips (integrated circuits located within the handheld devices) is essential for long battery life. When these chips initiate an application, such as an audio playback application for example, they try to allocate a memory space for the application within the internal chip-memory structure. If the internal memory structures are already in use by other applications, the chip allocates memory for the new applications memory structures that are external to the chip. However, using external memory increases the power consumption of the handheld device which lowers battery life.
When internal memory on the chip becomes free, current handheld devices are typically unable to move applications from the external memory to internal memory due to the complexity or unreliability of software based migration of memory pages. The device typically therefore continues to use external memory even though internal memory structures are available for use. This can result in an unnecessary consumption of power.
Use of external memory requires external communication pins that may take additional power. If the handheld device enters a low power mode and the application that is executing can reside in internal memory, fewer operations are necessary, but the application normally resides in the external memory. Other systems may allow, for example, all applications that are executing to be moved to internal memory from external memory or maximum number of applications are moved while allowing some minimum number of applications to be executing from external memory. However, these typically employ software synchronization and transfer operations.
In addition, when applications are moved, the operating system stops the application and moves data from external to internal memory. However, the application is stopped so there is an interruption of service for the user which is unacceptable.
One known attempted solution for moving applications between source and destination memory such as an external memory and internal memory, are software based. They typically require complex software synchronization techniques. The software-based transfer operation causes the application to be fully or partially unavailable during the processes of transferring the application. This interruption, no matter how short in duration, would not be acceptable for multi-media applications like audio and video playback.
Known hardware techniques for moving information from external memory to internal memory may include for example a "memory copy engine" or a direct memory access copy engine (DMA engine) that copies data from a source memory to a destination memory are known. The problem with such a copy engine is that any update to a particular location of the source memory that has already been copied to the destination memory will not be reflected in the destination memory. Therefore memory coherence is not enforced.
The application must be stopped while the direct memory access engine is operating so that service is interrupted. In addition, the direct memory access engine is typically not aware of virtual addresses. The software application executing for example, on the host processor tells the direct memory access copy engine to move data. The software application must request translations of virtual to physical memory. Therefore, it is desirable to have a hardware-based system that allows an application to continue running while making a copy or movement of content from source memory to a destination memory.

Method and apparatus for reallocating memory content