In a multi-user frequency domain spreading downlink MC-CDMA system, a group of sub-carriers can be replaced by an equivalent sub-carrier of a conventional OFDM modem for purposes of resource allocation to improve the system performance. The chips for a given user are spread only within the group. Confinement insures synchronization between different users' chips that is essential to the recovering and separation of user symbols at the receiver. There is no limit imposed on the group size, which permits different spreading code lengths to be used for different scenarios or for performance tuning.

Recently, a lot of attention has been devoted to Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) as it potentially offers the advantages of both CDMA and OFDM. Several ways of uniting CDMA and OFDM have been reported [1,2]. Typically, data symbols are first spread by orthogonal codes, and then mapped into the sub-carriers of an OFDM modem in such a way that the spreading operation is performed in either time or frequency domain, or both. In this manner, multi-user access and time or frequency diversity gain are provided by the CDMA portion, while the OFDM portion offers resilience to frequency-selective fading. Most of the previous studies are mainly concerned with the features and performance of MC-CDMA schemes, how they compare to conventional DS-CDMA and OFDM, and detection strategies [1,2] (reference numerals in [ ] refer to the references listed at the end of the text).
It is known that a major benefit of MC-CDMA is that the frequency domain spreading process distributes a symbol over a number of sub-carriers, and since in a frequency-selective channel the sub-carrier channel functions have different amplitude and phase, the spreading takes advantage of the frequency diversity inherently present. Another feature of MC-CDMA is the easy multi-user access, orthogonal codes may be used to separate the symbols from different users. De-spreading at the receiver with the appropriate code readily recovers the data for a specific user.
The fact that under a frequency-selective fading channel the sub-channel frequency response functions are non-uniform has been well exploited in the past in OFDM systems. Specifically the topic of adaptive modulation, or bit loading, has been studied to make the most of the frequency diversity available [3,4]. The basic idea is simple—if a sub-carrier is in good condition it is loaded up with high order modulation symbols with little or no coding to improve the throughput; conversely if it is poor a low order, more robust modulation is used to improve the error performance. Typically a sub-channel's condition is assessed by its local SNR and loaded with a modulated symbol appropriate for the SNR. It has been shown that this technique can significantly improve the performance of an OFDM modem [3,4].
A similar idea may, in principle, be applied to a MC-CDMA system. However, very little has been done in this area. Almost all the reported MC-CDMA systems employ the same modulation (and coding) scheme across all the sub-carriers. While the uniform spreading process achieves some frequency diversity gain, further improvement may be obtained by adaptively loading up the sub-carriers according to their conditions. One problem in a multi-user scenario is that since different users have different channel conditions, a sub-carrier allocation that works for one user does not necessarily work, or even makes sense, for another user.
In a multi-user environment, the channel conditions are generally different from one user to another, and hence the sub-carrier bit allocations will also be different between the users. This creates a synchronization problem when the users' spread chips are summed at the transmitter, since the chips from the users' modulated symbols are no longer assigned to the same set of sub-carriers. Once the synchronization is lost, the receiver will no longer be able to recover the user symbols.
Little prior art concerning adaptive modulation or related topics for frequency domain spreading MC-CDMA systems is available. McCormick and Al-Susa [2] mentioned a scheme that uses short spreading codes, assembles the users in small groups and allocates each user its best selection of sub-carriers. Kim, Georghiades and Huang [5] presented a sub-band selection scheme to choose suitable sub-carriers for individual users to transmit data. This may be regarded as a simple adaptive scheme that only turns the sub-carriers on or off. Lok [6] achieved adaptation by varying a user's assigned spreading code according to noise and interference level. Zhu and Bar-Ness [7] proposed an algorithm to allocate power to the sub-carriers, the algorithm adapts the power only but not the modulation order, i.e. the number of bits loaded into each sub-carrier are not adapted. Vishwanath, Jafar and Goldsmith [8] suggested an iterative water-filling algorithm to maximize the sum of throughputs of the users when only one sub-carrier is allocated to a user. They also formulated the problem for the more general case when more than one sub-carriers are allocated to a user but no exact solution was given.
There is thus a need in the art to develop new adaptive schemes for multi-user downlink MC-CDMA systems that employ frequency domain spreading.

Multiple user adaptive modulation scheme for MC-CDMA


A method of modernizing the car door system of a elevator car, which originally comprises at least one car door leaf, a door drive with a crank gear and a drive linkage displacing the car door leaf and a car door/shaft door coupling actuated by the drive linkage, with the following method steps: demounting the door drive together with the crank gear and the drive linkage, mounting a door drive with a linearly moved drive means and coupling of the drive means with the car door leaf of the original car door system, and mounting an actuating device for actuating the car door/shaft door coupling.

A large number of older car door systems is in use worldwide, in which a crank drive of the door drive in each instance moves at least one car door leaf by way of a drive linkage. In that case usually a crank arm, which can also be present in the form of a crank disc, is so driven by a drive motor in the form of an electric motor via reduction gearing that the crank arm for producing an opening movement or a closing movement of the at least one car door leaf executes a pivot movement of preferably approximately 180°. A crank rod is connected at one end thereof with the end of the crank arm and at the other end thereof with a door drive lever, which is pivotably mounted on a frame of the door drive and coupled at its end with the car door leaf. The components of the described door drive are so shaped and arranged that half a revolution of the crank arm produces a full opening or closing movement of the door leaf, wherein the crank gear ensures an approximately sinusoidal, jolt-free movement of the door leaf with precisely defined end settings. In the case of door systems with more than one car door leaf a second car door leaf can be driven symmetrically with respect to the first car door leaf by the same crank arm via a second crank rod and a second door drive lever.
So that the movement of the car door leaf can be transmitted to the shaft door leaf present at each floor there is usually present at the car door leaf a car door/shaft door coupling which is actuated when the elevator car stops at a floor and which connects the car door leaf with the corresponding shaft door leaf. The car door/shaft door coupling comprises two parallel entrainer skids which are arranged vertically at the car door leaf and which on stopping at a floor come to lie between two counter-bodies—usually in the form of entrainer rollers—present at the shaft door leaf.
The door drive lever is so connected with the car door leaf by way of an adjusting element of the car door/shaft door coupling that at the beginning of the opening movement of the car door leaf the door drive lever imposes on the adjusting element a movement having the consequence of spreading the entrainer skids, whereby a play-free connection between the entrainer skids and the counter-bodies, i.e. a play-free connection between the car door leaf and the shaft door leaf, arises. The door leaves are now synchronously opened and later closed again. At the end of the door closing process the two entrainer skids at the car door leaf are brought into their unspread normal setting by the action of the door drive lever on the said adjusting element, whereby the play-free connection between the car door leaf and the shaft door leaf is cancelled.
Door drives of the described kind have some disadvantages which are briefly explained in the following: The opening and closing movement of the door leaf takes place with an invariable sinusoidal speed course. It is not possible to achieve an optimally small opening and closing time, particularly in the case of wide elevator doors, with such a speed course and with a maximum speed limited for safety reasons. It is also not possible to realize adaptability of the speed course to special situations such as have proved advantageous in the case of, for example, elevators often used by handicapped or elderly passengers. Generation of the door leaf movement by a crank gear additionally has the consequence of a substantial dependence of the closing force on the instantaneous position of the door leaf, i.e. an extremely high closing force can be produced shortly before reaching the closed setting which in the event of failure of a person detection system can lead to situations of being caught. A currently usual method of detecting obstacles by monitoring the motor current or the motor torque at the door drive motor cannot be realized in feasible manner in the case of a door drive with crank gear. The crank gear with reduction gearing and drive linkage moreover forms a source of loud noise which is hardly accepted any longer in current elevator installations. A significant disadvantage is, moreover, to be seen in the fact that the mechanically relatively complex door drive with drive motor, motor brake, crank gear with reduction gearing and several lever joints requires a substantial outlay for checking, maintenance and readjusting and for periodic replacement of the brake linings of the drive motor.
The present invention has the object of proposing measures making it possible to eliminate, with smallest possible cost, the aforesaid disadvantages in existing elevator installations having door leaves moved by a door drive with crank gear and drive linkage. In particular, the measures shall serve for increasing the transport capacity through reducing opening and closing times of the door leaf, reliable avoidance of impermissibly high closing forces, adaptation of the course of the closing speed to special circumstances and minimization of noise output by the door system, wherein the overall cost for such a modernization and also the required conversion time shall be kept as small as possible.

Method of modernizing the car door system of an elevator, and modernizing constructional set for carrying out the method


A pre-cleaner for use with an internal combustion engine includes a base having a substantially planar interior surface, a scavenge port, and a plurality of separators extending substantially perpendicularly from the interior surface. The pre-cleaner also includes a baffle removably connected to the base, the baffle having a plurality of separator features configured to mate with the plurality of separators. The pre-cleaner further includes a deck disposed between the interior surface and the baffle. The deck is positioned at an acute angle relative to the interior surface such that a first portion of the deck is disposed closer to the interior surface than a second portion of the deck.

Machines used in the farming, construction, mining, power generation, and other like industries commonly include a frame that supports an internal combustion engine, a work tool movably connected to the frame, and at least one hydraulic cylinder connected between the frame and the work tool and driven by the engine. Such machines typically operate in harsh environments characterized by large amounts of airborne dust, dirt, and debris. In such environments, it is desirable to remove such debris from the air before directing the air to the engine. To assist with this process, such machines typically include an intake air filter or other like air cleaner configured to remove airborne debris upstream of the engine. Further, to assist in prolonging the useful life of such air cleaners, some machines may also include a pre-cleaner configured to remove relatively large debris from the intake air stream prior to cleaning the intake air with the air cleaner.
An exemplary air intake system employing a pre-cleaner is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,177,872 ("the '872 patent"), issued May 15, 2012. The pre-cleaner taught in the '872 patent includes a plurality of intertial separators disposed within a housing that is fluidly connected upstream of an engine air cleaner. As intake air is drawn into the housing, the inertial separators remove relatively large debris particles from the air and deposit them within the housing. These particles are then removed from the housing via a scavenge pipe fluidly connected to the exhaust system of the engine.
While the system of the '872 patent may be configured to remove relatively large debris particles from intake air, such systems are known to have several drawbacks. For example, in relatively high-debris environments, the inertial separators used in such systems are easily clogged. Once clogged, such separators can be difficult to clean due to their size, location, and configuration. Additionally, as such separators become clogged, air flow through the pre-cleaner is reduced. If left unchecked, this reduction in air flow can create an area of low pressure within the pre-cleaner strong enough to draw high temperature exhaust into the pre-cleaner. Such high temperature exhaust can damage the pre-cleaner and can have unwanted effects on the combustion process within the engine.
Moreover, scavenge pipes of the type disclosed in the '872 patent often have difficulty removing debris that has been collected within the pre-cleaner housing. Since the vacuum flow through such scavenge pipes is typically dictated by engine speed, the debris removal capabilities of such scavenge pipes can be significantly reduced at engine idle or other modes of engine operation characterized by relatively low engine speed. As a result, collected debris can accumulate within the housing over time. Due to the number and close proximity of inertial separators employed by such pre-cleaners, operators may have difficulty manually removing such accumulated debris from the pre-cleaner housing, and this built-up debris can reduce the efficiency of the pre-cleaner.
The exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above and/or other problems of the prior art.


A miniaturized micromachined (MEMS) accelerometer-based sensor suitable for use in biological applications, such as a middle ear implant, is provided. An encapsulation layer is deposited on top of an accelerometer proof mass and flexure prior to release of the proof mass and flexure. The encapsulation layer protects the proof mass and flexure from subsequent processing steps, such as dicing and packaging, which enables fabrication of finished devices having reduced size. Surfaces within the accelerometer may be passivated after releasing the proof mass and flexure. Remote piezoresistive sensing is performed in order to provide low noise and reduced sensor head size.

Several common causes of hearing loss primarily affect the middle ear, but do not significantly affect the inner ear. Such hearing loss is referred to as conductive hearing loss, since transmission of sound to the inner ear is obstructed. Mechanisms for conductive hearing loss include: middle ear infections, excess fluid in the middle ear, eardrum damage due to infection or injury, otosclerosis of the middle ear bones, and rheumatoid arthritis. One approach for treating such conditions is to provide a middle ear implant to restore the functionality of a normal middle ear. In a normal middle ear 160, as shown on FIG. 1, acoustic vibrations set the tympanic membrane 110 into motion, and this motion is mechanically transmitted in succession through the malleus 120, incus 130 and stapes 140 before being received by the cochlea 150 of the inner ear. The malleus, incus and stapes are the ossicular bones of the middle ear. The functionality provided by the middle ear is sensing vibration of the tympanic membrane, and providing an acoustic input to the cochlea. A middle ear implant can provide this functionality with a purely mechanical linkage. For example, FIG. 2 shows an incus replacement 210 connecting malleus 120 to stapes 140.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 3, a middle ear implant 380 can sense vibration of the tympanic membrane with a sensor 310 and provide an acoustic input to the cochlea with an actuator 330 driven by a control and power supply circuit 360 responsive to sensor 310. Circuit 360 is disposed outside the middle ear. In the example of FIG. 3, implant 380 includes a sensor package 350 and a separate actuator package 370. Surface 320 of sensor package 350 is configured to make contact with malleus 120, and surface 340 of actuator package 370 is configured to make contact with stapes 140. The approach of FIG. 3 can provide increased flexibility and/or improved implant performance compared to the approach of FIG. 2. Although FIG. 3 shows a mechanical actuator 330, an electrical actuator for providing direct electrical stimulation of the inner ear can also be used. Such an electrical actuator can have electrodes in contact with the cochlea and be driven by circuitry 360. Electrical actuation is the approach taken in several currently available implants. In either case, sensor 310 within sensor package 350 is configured for implantation into the middle ear. As a result, sensor 310 and sensor package 350 face stringent size requirements, which severely limit the available options for sensor 310.
For example, a micromachined (MEMS) accelerometer is an attractive choice for sensor 310 in terms of cost and performance, but presently available MEMS accelerometers are too large to be used as sensor 310 in middle ear implant 350 of FIG. 3. The smallest present-day MEMS accelerometers typically have length, width and height all larger than 1 mm, which is too large for such middle ear implant applications. A middle ear implant system must have dimensions less than about 1 mm×1 mm×4 mm, and within such an implant system, the dimensions taken up by an accelerometer sensor should be about 0.5 mm×0.5 mm×1 mm or less. More preferably, such an accelerometer is packaged in a package having a largest linear dimension less than about 0.5 mm. In some cases, it can be desirable to employ multiple accelerometers (e.g., if different accelerometers are tuned for operation in different frequency ranges), and in such cases, the total volume of all accelerometers should also be about 0.5 mm×0.5 mm×1 mm or less. Accordingly, it would be an advance in the art to provide a MEMS accelerometer that is small enough for use in a middle ear implant.

The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University


Example steering wheel systems and torque feedback actuator assemblies for use in steer-by-wire vehicles are described herein. An example steering wheel system includes a steering wheel and a torque feedback actuator assembly. The torque feedback actuator assembly includes a housing and a helical gear rotatably disposed in the housing. The steering wheel is coupled to and coaxially aligned with the helical gear. The torque feedback actuator assembly also includes a motor with a worm gear engaged with the helical gear to provide torque feedback to the steering wheel by driving the helical gear.

Known vehicles typically include a mechanical linkage that connects the steering wheel to the front wheels of the vehicle and enables a driver to steer the vehicle by rotating the steering wheel. For example, many known steering systems include rack and pinion gears that translate rotational motion of a steering wheel to linear actuation or movement of one or more tie rods, which are connected to the front wheels of the vehicle. The tie rods change the angle of the front wheels, thereby turning the wheels and steering the vehicle.
In recent years, steer-by-wire systems have been implemented in vehicles. Steer-by-wire systems eliminate traditional mechanical linkage assemblies between the steering wheel and the wheels of the vehicle. Instead, an actuator operates to turn the wheels based on a rotational angle of the steering wheel.

Steering wheel systems and torque feedback actuator assemblies for use in steer-by-wire vehicles


A wide format printer having an alternative print zone arrangement is provided. The printer comprises a printhead having a corresponding print zone, the print zone being defined by a plane adjacent the printhead, and a feed mechanism for continuously feeding a web of print media through the print zone. The printer is characterized in that the web is unsupported in the print zone, which obviates the need for a platen and advantageously maintains a constant distance between the printhead and the web.

Wide format printers are well known for printing large sized images onto a web of print media. They may be used, for example, in printing billboards or large office spreadsheets. Examples of popular wide format printers, which have been commercially available for many years, are the Hewlett Packard (HP) 1000/5000, the HP 3000/3500 and the Epson 7000/10 000.
All commercially available wide format printers have a moving printhead that traverses across a print medium whilst depositing ink. The print medium is necessarily stationary as the printhead traverses across it. When one line of an image has been printed the web incrementally advances ready for the next line to be printed.
An inherent disadvantage of current wide format printers is their slowness. High volume, high resolution printing is an objective that has been sought by the manufacturers of wide format printers for some time. Central to the problem of achieving high printing speeds is the ability to provide a printhead, which does not traverse across a stationary print medium and which is capable of generating the necessary number of ink dots at a suitable rate. Pagewidth printheads would avoid the need for a traversing printhead and allow high-speed printing. However, commercially available bubble jet and piezoelectric printheads suffer from excessive heat build up and energy consumption, and are therefore unsuitable for use in a pagewidth configuration. A number of disadvantages associated with such printheads are set out in U.S. Pat. No. 6,443,555.
The present Applicant has developed pagewidth printheads capable of producing images having a resolution as high as 1600 dpi. These printheads are manufactured using integrated circuit fabrication techniques. Details of these printheads are the subject of a number of granted US patents and pending US patent applications, which are listed in the cross reference section above.
The pagewidth printheads developed by the present Applicant are extremely suitable for use in wide format printers, because they can operate at high speeds and can be driven at an extremely high cyclical rate. Accordingly, the present Applicant has developed a wide format printer employing a pagewidth printhead. An example of such a wide format printer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,672,706 (Silverbrook), which is incorporated herein by reference. This printer makes high-speed wide format printing possible by "printing-on-the-fly"—that is, continuously feeding a web past the printhead and simultaneously printing without the web having to be stationary at any stage.
It will be appreciated that, in order to achieve "printing-on-the-fly" at high speed with consistent print quality, it is important that feeding of the web is finely controlled. Any variation in web speed or web tension will result in a deterioration in print quality in the form of, for example, a distorted image. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a feed mechanism which achieves substantially constant tension in a web as it passes a printhead.
It would be further desirable to avoid of slippage of the web relative to drive rollers in the feed mechanism in order to maintain a constant web speed. It would be further desirable to provide drive rollers having sufficient traction with the web to avoid slippage, but which also maintain this traction after repeated uses of the feed mechanism over long periods of time.
It would be further desirable to provide a feed mechanism which minimizes folding, creasing or crumpling of the web before it reaches a printhead.
It will also be appreciated that, in order to achieve "printing-on-the-fly" at high speed with consistent print quality, it is important that a constant distance is maintained between the printhead and the web onto which the printhead prints. Usually, inkjet printing is performed by printing onto a web in a print zone, with the web being supported by a platen. However, with pagewidth printheads secured to a metal carrier frame, there is a tendency for the metal frame to sag across its width relative to the platen. This sagging causes variation in the distance between the printhead and the web across the width of the printhead, which results in a deterioration in print quality. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a printhead arrangement, which minimizes any variation in distance between the printhead and the web.

Wide format printer having alternative print zone arrangement


A video, audio and graphics system uses multiple transport processors to receive in-band and out-of-band MPEG Transport streams, to perform PID and section filtering as well as DVB and DES decryption and to de-multiplex them. The system processes the PES into digital audio, MPEG video and message data. The system is capable of decoding multiple MPEG SLICEs concurrently. Graphics windows are blended in parallel, and blended with video using alpha blending. During graphics processing, a single-port SRAM is used equivalently as a dual-port SRAM. The video may include both analog video, e.g., NTSC/PAL/SECAM/S-video, and digital video, e.g., MPEG-2 video in SDTV or HDTV format. The system has a reduced memory mode in which video images are reduced in half in horizontal direction only during decoding. The system is capable of receiving and processing digital audio signals such as MPEG Layer 1 and Layer 2 audio and Dolby AC-3 audio, as well as PCM audio signals. The system includes a memory controller. The system includes a system bridge controller to interface a CPU with devices internal to the system as well as peripheral devices including PCI devices and I/O devices such as RAM, ROM and flash memory devices. The system is capable of displaying video and graphics in both the high definition (HD) mode and the standard definition (SD) mode. The system may output an HDTV video while converting the HDTV video and providing as another output having an SDTV format or another HDTV format.

Video and graphics systems are typically used in television control electronics, such as set top boxes, integrated digital TVs, and home network computers. Video and graphics systems may include components for receiving compressed and uncompressed graphics and video, and for processing the received graphics and video into displayable format. Video and graphics systems tend to increase in size and, complexity as additional features are added.
This application includes references to both graphics and video, which reflects in certain ways the structure of the hardware itself. This split does not, however, imply the existence of any fundamental difference between graphics and video, and in fact much of the functionality is common to both. Graphics as used herein may include graphics, text and video.

Video, audio and graphics decode, composite and display system


The present invention includes a bimodal polyethylene polymerization process wherein metallocene catalyst to is used to adjust the hydrogen response of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst. The polymerization may be carried out in a single reactor or in two or more reactors in series, preferably two or more continuously stirred tank reactors in series. In an embodiment having two or more reactors, the Zeigler-Natta catalyst is added to a first reactor and the metallocene catalyst is added to a downstream reactor. In another embodiment having two or more reactors, the Zeigler-Natta catalyst and metallocene catalyst are added to the same reactor, preferably an upstream reactor. A preferred Zeigler-Natta catalyst comprises TiCl4, and a preferred metallocene catalyst comprises bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride.

Bimodal HDPE comprises a low molecular weight (LMW) fraction and a high molecular weight fraction (HMW), typically referred to as a bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD). Bimodal HDPE combines the advantages of low molecular weight polyethylene such as ease of processing and high melt flow index with the physical property advantages of high molecular weight polyethylene such as good impact resistance and good slow crack growth resistance. In making bimodal HDPE, the relative proportion of the low and high molecular weight fractions may be adjusted (as measured by the MWD) to provide HDPE having desired physical properties. For example, broadening the MWD of an HDPE polymer typically tends to improve the shear response of the polymer, thereby improving processing behavior in extrusion processes (such as in blown film, sheet, pipe and blow molding equipment).
The MWD may be determined by means of a curve obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). For a polymer having a bimodal MWD, the GPC curve may resemble a peaked bell curve having a "shoulder" on the high molecular weight side of the peak or by two distinct peaks. Generally, the MWD is defined by a parameter known as the polydispersity index (D), which is the ratio between the average molecular weight by weight (Mw) and the average molecular weight by number (Mn), i.e., D=Mw/Mn. The polydispersity index (D) provides a measure of the width of the molecular weight distribution for a polymer composition.
Bimodal HDPE is typically produced in a multi-stage polymerization process, for example polymerization of the low molecular weight fraction in a first stage and polymerization of the high molecular weight fraction in a second stage (or it can be the reverse). The multi-stage polymerization may be carried out in a single reactor or in two or more reactors in series, and suitable reactor types include stirred tanks, loop reactors, gas phase reactors, tubular reactors, autoclaves, and combinations thereof. Differing polymerization conditions may be achieved in the stages by varying parameters such as the reaction conditions (e.g., time, temperature, pressure, etc.) and the type and amount of reactants (e.g., monomer, co-monomers), catalysts, cocatalysts, chain transfer/termination agents (e.g., hydrogen), and the like.
Conventional, bimodal HDPE polymerization processes typically use one or more Zeigler-Natta catalysts wherein the production of low molecular weight and high molecular weight fractions is achieved by adjusting the hydrogen response of the Zeigler-Natta catalyst—an increase in hydrogen response producing a lower molecular weight polymer and conversely a decrease in hydrogen response producing a higher molecular weight polymer. More specifically, hydrogen serves as a chain termination agent for the Zeigler-Natta catalysts. Increasing the concentration of hydrogen in the polymerization reaction leads to increased termination of the polymer chains (i.e., shorter chain lengths), which produces a lower molecular weight polymer. Conversely, decreasing the concentration of hydrogen in a polymerization reaction leads to decreased termination of the polymer chains (i.e., longer chain lengths), which produces a higher molecular weight polymer. A common way of adjusting the hydrogen concentration (and thus the hydrogen response) in a conventional bimodal polymerization process is to vent hydrogen from a reactor, which wastes valuable reactants such as monomers and results in increased operating costs. The present invention provides an improved process for production of bimodal HDPE wherein the wasteful venting of hydrogen is substantially reduced or eliminated.

Polymerization of polyethylene having high molecular weight


For the skeletal chassis of very-lengthily longitudinally extending motor-home roadway vehicles, the chassis' major and pre-eminent weight-bearing capability has traditionally been furnished by two or more lengthily longitudinally extending, parallel structural members. Departing from such prior art, the very-lengthily longitudinally extending skeletal chassis herein utilizes a single, longitudinally elongate central-axis tubular member as the major and pre-eminent weight-bearing structural member. Such reliance upon a single only central-axial structural member has numerous advantages for motor-home vehicles including, inter alia, providing a torsionally rigid underlying chassis therefor, capability for accommodating longitudinally consecutive and sidewardly-open storage compartments therealong, and for providing therealong a conduit for power and utility lines.

For the skeletal chassis of very-lengthily longitudinally extending motor-home roadway vehicles, the primary and major weight-bearing capability has been traditionally provided by two or more longitudinally extending, parallel channel-type structural members that respectively extend along the entire chassis length. Because such traditional prior art structure provides numerous constraints for designers of motor-home vehicles, it is the general objective of the present invention to radically depart from these traditional chassis constraints to thereby open numerous ancillary vistas including, inter alia, capability through a single central elongate structural member for providing chassis torsional rigidity, capability for accommodating longitudinal utility and/or control conduits therewithin, and the capability therebelow for furnishing unusually transversely lengthly and longitudinally consecutive storage compartments.

Skeletal chassis for motor-home roadway vehicles


A waterproof connector is low in manufacturing cost and has an enhanced waterproofness by complete prevention of the entry of water from a core wire being enabled. A cover portion is formed on an end portion of a housing and on the cover portion there is mounted a rubber-like elastic member having a semi-circular accommodation groove permitting a covered electric wire to pass therethrough. An upper cover portion is welded to the cover portion by ultrasonic oscillation. On the upper cover portion there is mounted a rubber-like elastic member brought into pressure contact with the covered electric wire together with the rubber-like elastic member as well as a core wire waterproofing member. When the ultrasonic oscillation is made, the core wire waterproofing member and a bottom surface portion of the cover portion are welded to each other. In this welded portion, a core wire of the covered electric wire whose covering portion has been removed when the ultrasonic oscillation is made is fixed in a state of its being embedded therein.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a waterproof connector and a method of manufacturing the same and, more particularly, to a waterproof connector adapted to interrupt entry of water into a covered electric wire so as to prevent water from entering into the connector by way of a core wire thereof and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of Relevant Art
In FIGS. 1A and 1B and FIG. 2, there is shown a conventional example of a waterproof structure for an electric wire drawout portion of a waterproof connector (see Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open Publication No. 50-54591).
The waterproof connector shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B is of a structure wherein a covered electric wire 7 is clamped by two split upper and lower rubber plugs 30 (see FIG. 1A) and the rubber plugs 30 are forcedly inserted into a concavity portion 32 of a connector housing 2 as in FIG. 1B in a state where the covered electric wire 7 has been fitted into grooves 31 of the rubber plugs 30.
Also, a waterproof connector 1a shown in FIG. 2 is of a structure wherein each covered electric wire 7 is covered by corresponding individual rubber plugs 30a and respective end portions of these rubber plugs 30a are caulked (33a) to a terminal 33 and, in this state, are forcedly inserted into a connector housing 2.
In any one of these waterproof connectors 1 and 1a, as shown in FIG. 2, within the interior of the connector housing 2, a core wire 7a of the covered electric wire 7 is caulked (33b) to the terminal 33 and this terminal 33 is retained by a retaining portion 34.
Each of the waterproof connectors having the above-described structures involves therein the problem that although an outer periphery of the covered electric wire 7 is sealed by the rubber plugs 30 (or 30a), water cannot be prevented from advancing along the core wire 7a and entering into the interior of the connector housing 2.
Generally, in the case of a covered electric wire, ordinarily, it does not happen that water enters into the interior of a core wire thereof. However, for example, in a case where the covered electric wire 7 connected to the waterproof connector 1 or 1a is earthed as shown in FIG. 3A, or where separate covered electric wires 71 are joined together as shown in FIG. 3B, it sometimes happens that the core wire 7a of the covered electric wire 7 has its covering portion removed to expose the core wire 7a. In such a case, when this exposed core wire 7a is caught by water and as a result the ambient temperature upon the waterproof connector 1 decreases, the pressure in the connector housing 2 also decreases with the result that the connector housing 2 absorbs water. The water which has entered into the interior of the waterproof connector 1 in this way causes a contact to be shortcircuited or corroded.
Further, there are also other problems that the operation of fitting the rubber plugs 30, 30a into the connector housing 2 is troublesome and that, in addition, in the case of the rubber plug 30 in particular, it is necessary to mold the rubber plug 30 by replacing a relevant mold in correspondence with the size of the electric wire and the number of the poles, with the result that the manufacturing cost increases.


In the case of cutting streets on the rear surface of a wafer by laser beam irradiation, even if the wafer is variously doped or thermally-treated, the streets of a wafer front surface can accurately be detected and cut. Infrared light is emitted from an infrared light source to the front surface side of the wafer to penetrate the wafer. The penetrating image is captured by an infrared microscope disposed on the rear surface side of the wafer. The streets are detected by the image pattern of a wafer front surface captured. A laser beam is emitted from a laser head to the wafer rear surface along the streets detected, thus processing the streets for cutting.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus suitable to divide a semiconductor wafer into a large number of semiconductor devices by laser beam irradiation. In particular the invention relates to a technique for laser beam irradiation on the rear surface side of a semiconductor wafer not formed with devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
A wafer formed with a large number of semiconductor devices on the front surface thereof is thinned to a required thickness by grinding the rear surface thereof. Thereafter, the wafer is stuck to a dicing tape with a dicing frame and cut along cut lines called streets between the semiconductor devices into individual semiconductor devices. As a wafer dividing apparatus, a dicing apparatus is generally used in which a hub blade with a thickness of approximately 10 to 30 μm cuts streets for cutting the wafer while rotating at a high-speed of 30,000 rpm or more. However, a laser processing apparatus is also used other than the dicing apparatus. The laser processing apparatus emits laser beams along streets and employs a technique for directly cutting a wafer by laser beam irradiation or for irradiating the inside of a wafer with a laser beam to form a modifying layer and dividedly cutting the modified portion.
In the case of dividing a wafer using the laser processing apparatus, if a laser beam is directed to a street from the front surface side formed with devices, a problem is likely to occur as below. A fused material called debris splashes or flows and adheres to the surface of a device or a laser beam impinges on a TEG which is a metal test pattern formed on the front surface side of a street. To eliminate such a problem, a technique for directing a laser beam to a wafer from the rear surface side thereof is proposed in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2004-22936.
It is necessary to recognize the positions of streets in order to emit laser beams along the streets. The recognition method includes the following example. Infrared light is directed to a wafer from the rear surface thereof. Light reflected by the wafer rear surface is received by a microscope installed on the rear surface side of the wafer to provide an image. Streets are recognized from the pattern image of the wafer front surface thus obtained. However, in this method, infrared light is diffusely reflected by a wafer such as the so-called epitaxial wafer doped with boron or the like or by a wafer that is variously doped or thermally-treated by the previous process. It is sometimes difficult to obtain the accurate pattern image of the front surface, which consequently produces a problem in that the wafer cannot accurately be cut along the streets.


At a cut end portion of a belt-like member is formed a jointing surface, which is inclined at a small angle with respect to the surface of the belt-like member, simultaneously with cutting. A belt-like member (32) on a conveyor belt (6) is pinched under a pressure by an upper die (29) and a lower die (33) heated respectively by heaters (30) and (34), thereby it is subjected to plastic deformation and cut, and also jointing inclined surfaces are formed at the cut end portions. A die holding member (24) for holding the upper die is reciprocated in the vertical direction, by an action of a rotary shaft (11) having an eccentric cam (18). A separating member (38) which is moved vertically by another cam (40) operates as delayed with respect to the movement of the upper die, and when the upper die leaves the belt-like member, it presses the belt-like member to insure separation of the die.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for cutting a raw material belt-like member to obtain desired product belt-like members and also forming inclined surfaces for jointing at the cut end portions of the product belt-like members, for instance, upon manufacture of tires.
2. Description of the Prior Art
W the manufacture of tires, a raw material belt-like member made of unvulcanized rubber is cut to obtain belt-like members having a predetermined length, and steps of wrapping this belt-like member around a drum having a circumferential length equal to the length of the belt-like member with its opposite ends jointed together and press-jointing the both end portions, are carried out.
Generally, in the case of jointing the opposite end portions of a belt-like member 01 or end portions of two belt-like members 01, 01, lap joint in which end portions are in themselves overlapped as shown in FIG. 8A, is frequently used, but in this lap joint a thickness of a jointed portion becomes twice as thick as that of the other portion, hence an inner structure is varied due to volume change of that portion, and it would adversely affect the product Especially in the case of manufacturing a tire, the above-mentioned volume change would adversely affect uniformity and balance of the tire.
In addition, butt joint as shown in FIG. 8B is also employed, but this butt joint is technically accompanied by difficulties as a jointing method at the time of forming a thin belt-like member of unvulcanized rubber into a cylindrical shape, and especially in the case of a tire, since the belt-like member is subjected to various external forces and deformation before completion, the butt joint is not suitable in view of a mechanical strength.
In FIG. 8C is shown taper joint, wherein taper-shaped inclined surfaces 02 are formed at the end portions to be jointed with each other and the opposite end portions are jointed together via these inclined surfaces. With this taper joint, a volume change would not occur as is the case with the above-described lap joint. Also a jointing surface area becomes broad as compared to the above-described butt joint, and a jointing force is increased by the corresponding amount. However, in the prior art, since the inclined surface 02 was formed by cutting the belt-like member 01 obliquely with respect to the direction of thickness by means of a cutter, an inclination angle could not be made a small angle of, for instance, 20.degree. or less. There is thus a limit in the increase of a jointing surface area and a jointing force. In addition, since the inclination angle .alpha. is large, even if the end portions should deviate a little, poor jointing portions such as steps or vacancies (opened) or the like would be liable to occur, hence in order to remedy such poor jointing portions so that the jointing portions may not adversely affect the performance after the belt-like members had been matured into a product tire, surplus man-hours were necessitated in the next step of the process.

Method and apparatus for cutting and shaping belt-like members


Compositions comprising

The invention relates to novel compositions comprising a polyolefin or polyolefin copolymer, and a dimeric 2-hydroxybenzophenone as stabilizer against damage by light, oxygen and/or heat; and further to novel compounds of the 2-hydroxybenzophenone class useful as stabilizers for organic material, and a corresponding process of stabilizing.
A considerable number of organic compounds containing a group 2-hydroxybenzophenone are known to be efficient light stabilizers for protecting organic materials against deleterious effects of (ultraviolet) light, oxygen and heat. Some dimeric benzophenones known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,580,927 have been recommended for the stabilization of certain polyesters.
Some compounds have now been found showing surprisingly good properties for the stabilization of polyolefines or polyolefin copolymers against harmful effects of actinic light, oxygen and heat.
Thus, present invention pertains to a composition comprising
A) a polyolefin or polyolefin copolymer, and
B) as stabilizer against damage by light, oxygen and/or heat, a compound of the formula I
wherein
R1 is O or Oxe2x80x94Xxe2x80x94O;
R2, R3, R4 and R5 independently are hydrogen, halogen, C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, SR10,
SO2R10, phenyl, CF3, COOR11; and wherein R2 and R3 also may be OH;
R6 and R7 are H or C1-C8alkyl;
R8 and R9 are H, C1-C8alkyl or allyl;
R10 is phenyl or C1-C12alkyl;
R11 is C1-C8alkyl; C3-C50alkylene interrupted by one or more O; cyclohexyl; benzyl; allyl;
X is C2-C18alkylene; C3-C12hydroxyalkylene; or a group selected from those of the formulae
where D and Dxe2x80x2 independently are a direct bond or C1-C3alkylene; and Y is O, S, SO2, or C1-C3alkylene.
Alkylene, cycloalkylene or alkenylene residues may be bonded on different carbon atoms or on the same carbon atom thus embracing alkylidene, cycloalkylidene and alkenylidene, respectively.
All residues, where appropriate, may be straight chain or branched unless otherwise indicated. Alkyl or alkylene interrupted by a spacer such as oxygen may be interrupted by one or more spacers as long as no linkages of the type Oxe2x80x94O etc. occur.
Halogen is F, Cl, Br or l; preferably chloro or fluoro, especially chloro.
The compounds of formula I can be pure or mixtures of compounds.
R1 R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, as alkyl are, within the definitions given, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl such as n- or isopropyl, butyl such as n-, iso-, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl or octadecyl. Alkoxy is O-alkyl. X, D and Y as alkylene are, within the definitions given, for example methylene, 1,2-ethylene, 1,1-ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,1-propylene, 2,2-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,3-butylene, 1,2-butylene, 1,1-butylene, 2,2-butylene, 2,3-butylene, or xe2x80x94C5H10xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C6H12xe2x80x94, C7H14, xe2x80x94C8H16xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C9H18xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C10H20xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C11H22xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C12H24xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C13H26xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C14H28xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C15H30xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C16H32xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C17H34xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C8H36xe2x80x94. D and Y are especially preferred as methylene. X as hydroxyalkylene is alkylene substituted by one or more OH and includes, for example, groups of the formulae CH2CH(OH)CH2, CH2xe2x80x94C(CH2OH)2xe2x80x94CH2.
Preferred in the compositions of the invention are compounds corresponding to the formula
wherein
R1 is O or Oxe2x80x94Xxe2x80x94O;
R2 and R3 are hydrogen, Cl, C1-C8alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, OH;
R4 and R5 are hydrogen, Cl, F, C1-C8alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, SR10, SO2R10, phenyl, CF3, COOR11;
X is C2-C12alkylene; phenylene, or a group selected from those of the formulae
where D and Dxe2x80x2 independently are a direct bond or are methylene; and
Y is O, S, SO2, or C1-C3alkylene.
More preferred is a compound of the formula I wherein
R1 is O or Oxe2x80x94Xxe2x80x94O;
R2 and R3 are hydrogen, Cl, C1-C8alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, OH;
R4 and R5 are hydrogen, Cl, C1-C8alkyl, C11-C4alkoxy, SR10, SO2R10, phenyl,
X is C2-C12alkylene; cyclohexylene, or a group selected from those of the formulae
where Y is O, S, SO2, methylene or xe2x80x94C(CH3)2xe2x80x94.
Most preferred is a compound of the formula I wherein
R1 is Oxe2x80x94Xxe2x80x94O,
R2 and R3 are hydrogen, Cl;
R4 and R5 are hydrogen, Cl, C1-C8alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, SR10, SO2R10, phenyl, CF3;
R6, R7, R8 and R9 are each H,
X is C2-C12alkylene; cyclohexylene, or a group selected from those of the formulae
where Y is methylene or xe2x80x94C(CH3)2xe2x80x94; especially wherein
R2 and R3 are hydrogen;
R4 and R5 are hydrogen or Cl;
R6, R7, R8 and R9 each are hydrogen.
X is most preferred as C8-C18alkylene, usually unbranched; especially preferred is X selected from the group consisting of (CH2)8; (CH2)10; (CH2)12; (CH2)18.
Of special importance as component A are polyolefines or polyolefin copolymers as described in sections 1-3 below, especially in the form of films, ribbons, tapes, fibers or fabrics, e.g. for agricultural or packaging uses. Examples for specific uses include:
The polyolefin or polyoiefin copolymer of present component A is, for example, selected from the following polymers:
1. Polymers of monoolefins and diolefins, for example polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polybut-1-ene, poly-4-methylpent-1-ene, polyisoprene or polybutadiene, as well as polymers of cycloolefins, for instance of cyclopentene or norbornene, polyethylene (which optionally can be crosslinked), for example high density polyethylene (HDPE), high density and high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE-HMW), high density and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE-UHMW), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), (VLDPE) and (ULDPE).
Polyolefins, i.e. the polymers of monoolefins exemplified in the preceding paragraph, preferably polyethylene and polypropylene, can be prepared by different, and especially by the following, methods:
a) radical polymerisation (normally under high pressure and at elevated temperature).
b) catalytic polymerisation using a catalyst that normally contains one or more than one metal of groups IVb, Vb, VIb or VIII of the Periodic Table. These metals usually have one or more than one ligand, typically oxides, halides, alcoholates, esters, ethers, amines, alkyls, alkenyls and/or aryls that may be either xcfx80- or xcfx84-coordinated. These metal complexes may be in the free form or fixed on substrates, typically on activated magnesium chloride, titanium(III) chloride, alumina or silicon oxide. These catalysts may be soluble or insoluble in the polymerisation medium. The catalysts can be used by themselves in the polymerisation or further activators may be used, typically metal alkyls, metal hydrides, metal alkyl halides, metal alkyl oxides or metal alkyloxanes, said metals being elements of groups Ia, Ia and/or IIIa of the Periodic Table. The activators may be modified conveniently with further ester, ether, amine or silyl ether groups. These catalyst systems are usually termed Phillips, Standard Oil Indiana, Ziegler (-Natta), TNZ (DuPont), metallocene or single site catalysts (SSC).
2. Mixtures of the polymers mentioned under 1), for example mixtures of polypropylene with polyisobutylene, polypropylene with polyethylene (for example PP/HDPE, PP/LDPE) and mixtures of different types of polyethylene (for example LDPE/HDPE).
3. Copolymers of monoolefins and diolefins with each other or with other vinyl monomers, for example ethylene/propylene copolymers, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and mixtures thereof with low density polyethylene (LDPE), propylene/but-1-ene copolymers, propylene/isobutylene copolymers, ethylene/but-1-ene copolymers, ethylene/hexene copolymers, ethylene/methylpentene copolymers, ethylene/heptene copolymers, ethylene/octene copolymers, propylene/butadiene copolymers, isobutylene/isoprene copolymers, ethylene/alkyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/alkyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and their copolymers with carbon monoxide or ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers and their salts (ionomers) as well as terpolymers of ethylene with propylene and a diene such as hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene or ethylidene-norbornene; and mixtures of such copolymers with one another and with polymers mentioned in 1) above, for example polypropylene/ethylene-propylene copolymers, LDPE/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), LDPE/ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers (EAA), LLDPE/EVA, LLDPE/EAA and alternating or random polyalkylene/carbon monoxide copolymers and mixtures thereof with other polymers, for example polyamides.
Some compounds of the formula I are novel compounds. Thus, another object of the invention are compounds of the formula Ia
wherein
R1 is O or Oxe2x80x94Xxe2x80x94O;
R2, R3, R4 and R5 independently are hydrogen, halogen, C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, SR10,
SO2R10, phenyl, CF3, COOR11; and wherein R2 and R3 also may be OH;
R10 is phenyl or C1-C12alkyl;
R11 is C1-C8alkyl; C3-C50alkylene interrupted by one or more O; cyclohexyl; benzyl; allyl;
X is C6-C18alkylene; C3-C12hydroxyalkylene; or a group selected from those of the formulae
where D and Dxe2x80x2 independently are a direct bond or C1-C3alkylene; and
Y is O, S, SO2.
Preferred compounds of the formula Ia are, within the above definition, basically as defined for compounds of the formula I.
The preparation of compounds of the formula I or Ia can follow methods known in the art (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,580,927); some analogous reactions are described, for example, in EP-A-434608 and specifically in example 1 of this publication.
Preferably, 2 equivalents of a benzophenone educt of the formula E1
are reacted with a diglycidyl ether of the formula E2
with formation of the compound of formula I.
Alternatively, the synthesis can starting with 2 equivalents of the formula E3 (conveniently to be obtained from the reaction of educt E1 with epichlorohydrine)
reacted with 1 equivalent of dialcohol HOxe2x80x94Xxe2x80x94OH.
Asymmetric products, wherein R2, R4, R6, R8 are different from R3, R5, R7, R9, are obtained using a corresponding mixture of educts E1 or E3. Preferred are symmetric products, wherein R2 equals R3; R4 equals R5; R6 equals R7; and R8 equals R9. Ring opening of the epoxides usually follows methods known in the art and may be acid catalyzed.
The novel compounds of present invention can be employed with advantage for stabilizing organic material against the damaging effect of light, oxygen and/or heat. They are notable for high substrate compatibility and good persistence in the substrate.
Examples of materials to be stabilized with compounds of the formula Ia in accordance with the invention are given in U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,997, column 11, line 62, until column 15, line 43; these passages of U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,997 are hereby incorporated by reference.
The invention therefore also provides compositions comprising
A) an organic material which is sensitive to oxidative, thermal and/or actinic degradation, and
B) at least one compound of the formula la, and provides for the use of compounds of the formula I for stabilizing organic material against oxidative, thermal or actinic degradation.
Effects of degradation inter alia may be discoloration, molecular breakdown or buildup. Thus, the invention likewise embraces a method of stabilizing organic material against thermal, oxidative and/or actinic breakdown/buildup, which comprises applying or adding at least one compound of the formula Ia to this material.
In general, the compounds of the formula I or Ia are added to the material to be stabilized in amounts of from 0.01 to 10%, preferably from 0.01 to 5%, in particular from 0.01 to 2% (based on the weight of the material to be stabilized).
Particular preference is given to the use in amounts of from 0.05 to 1.5%, especially from 0.1 to 0.5% by weight.
Of particular interest is the use of the novel compounds of the formula Ia as stabilizers in synthetic organic polymers, especially thermoplastic polymers, and corresponding compositions, in film forming binders for coatings and in reprographic material.
The organic materials to be protected are preferably natural, semisynthetic or, preferably, synthetic organic materials. Particular preference is given to synthetic organic polymers or mixtures of such polymers, especially thermoplastic polymers such as polyolefins, especially polyethylene and polypropylene (PP), and coating compositions.
In addition to the compounds of the formula I or la, the novel compositions may as additional component C comprise one or more conventional additives such as, for example, those indicated below.
1.1. Alkylated monophenols, for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-di-methylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol, 2-(xcex1-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethyl-phenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, nonylphenols which are linear or branched in the side chains, for example, 2,6-di-nonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1xe2x80x2-methylundec-1xe2x80x2-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1xe2x80x2-methylheptadec-1xe2x80x2-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1xe2x80x2-methyltridec-1xe2x80x2-yl)phenol and mixtures thereof.
1.2. Alkylthiomethylphenols, for example 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-dodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol.
1.3. Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones, for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6-diphenyl-4-octade-cyloxyphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl stearate, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) adipate.
1.4. Tocopherols, for example xcex1-tocopherol, xcex2-tocopherol, xcex3-tocopherol, xcex4-tocopherol and mixtures thereof (Vitamin E).
1.5. Hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, for example 2,2xe2x80x2-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2xe2x80x2-thiobis(4-octylphenol), 4,4xe2x80x2-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), 4,4xe2x80x2-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4xe2x80x2-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol), 4,4xe2x80x2-bis(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide.
1.6. Alkylidenebisphenols, for example 2,2xe2x80x2-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2xe2x80x2-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 2,2xe2x80x2-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-(xcex1-methylcyclohexyl)-phenol], 2,2xe2x80x2-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2xe2x80x2-methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2xe2x80x2-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2xe2x80x2-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2xe2x80x2-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol), 2,2xe2x80x2-methylenebis[6-(xcex1-methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2xe2x80x2-methylenebis[6-(xcex1,xcex1-dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 4,4xe2x80x2-methylenebis-(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 4,4xe2x80x2-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol, 1,1,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, 1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-n-dodecylmercaptobutane, ethylene glycol bis[3,3-bis(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-4xe2x80x2-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate], bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)dicyclopentadiene, bis[2-(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-methylbenzyl)-6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl]terephthalate, 1,1-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)butane, 2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy2-methylphenyl)-4-n-dodecylmercaptobutane, 1,1,5,5-tetra-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)pentane.
1.7. Oxe2x80x94, Nxe2x80x94 and S-benzyl compounds, for example 3,5,3xe2x80x2,5xe2x80x2-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4xe2x80x2-dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tridecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithioterephthalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzyl)sulfide, isooctyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate.
1.8. Hydroxybenzylated malonates, for example dioctadecyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-malonate, di-octadecyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-malonate, didodecylmercaptoethyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate, bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate.
1.9. Aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, for example 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, 1,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol.
1.10. Triazine Compounds, for example 2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,2,3-triazine, 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)isocyanu rate, 2,4,6-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate.
1.11. Benzylphosphonates, for example dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, diethyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylphosphonate, the calcium salt of the monoethyl ester of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid.
1.12. Acylaminophenols, for example 4-hydroxylauranilide, 4-hydroxystearanilide, octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate.
1.13. Esters of xcex2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
1.14. Esters of xcex2-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis-(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
1.15. Esters of xcex2-(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
1.16. Esters of 3.5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(hydroxyethyl)ox-amide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
1.17. Amides of xcex2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid e.g. N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamide, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamide, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyipropionyl)-hydrazide, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis[2-(3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionyloxy)ethyl]oxamide (Nau-gard(copyright) XL-1 supplied by Uniroyal).
1.18. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
1.19. Aminic antioxidants, for example N,Nxe2x80x2-di-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-Nxe2x80x2-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-Nxe2x80x2-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1-methylheptyl)-Nxe2x80x2-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-cyclohexyl-Nxe2x80x2-phenyl-p-phenlenediamine, 4-(p-toluenesulfamoyl)diphenylamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-dimethyl-N,Nxe2x80x2-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, diphenylamine, N-allyldiphenylamine, 4-isopropoxydiphenylamine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, octylated diphenylamine, for example p,pxe2x80x2-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, 4-n-butylaminophenol, 4-butyrylaminophenol, 4-nonanoylaminophenol, 4-dodecanoylaminophenol, 4-octadecanoylaminophenol, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dimethylaminomethylphenol, 2,4xe2x80x2-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4xe2x80x2-diaminodiphenylmethane, N,N,Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2-tetramethyl-4,4xe2x80x2-diaminodiphenylmethane, 1,2-bis[(2-methylphenyl)amino]ethane, 1,2-bis(phenylamino)-propane, (o-tolyl)biguanide, bis[4-(1xe2x80x2,3xe2x80x2-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]amine, tert-octylated N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated nonyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated dodecyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated isopropyl/isohexyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- und dialkylated tert-butyldiphenylamines, 2,3-dihydro-3,3-di-methyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazine, phenothiazine, a mixture of mono- und dialkylated tert-butyl/-tert-octylphenothiazines, a mixture of mono- und dialkylated tert-octyl-phenothiazines, N-allylphenothiazin, N,N,Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2-tetraphenyl-1,4-diaminobut-2-ene, N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperid-4-yl-hexamethylenediamine, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperid-4-yl)sebacate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol.
2.1. 2-(2xe2x80x2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, for example 2-(2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2,5xe2x80x2-di-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2,5xe2x80x2-di-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-methylphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-sec-butyl-5xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-4xe2x80x2-octyloxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2,5xe2x80x2-di-tert-amyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2,5xe2x80x2-bis-(xcex1,xcex1-dimethylbenzyl)-2xe2x80x2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-5xe2x80x2-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-carbonylethyl]-2xe2x80x2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-(2-octyloxycarbonyl-ethyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-5xe2x80x2-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)carbonylethyl]-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-dodecyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-(2-isooctyloxycarbonylethyl)phenylbenzotriazole, 2,2xe2x80x2-methylene-bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-6-benzotriazole-2-ylphenol]; the transesterification product of 2-[3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-5xe2x80x2-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2xe2x80x2-hydroxyphenyl]-2H-benzotriazole with polyethylene glycol 300; [Rxe2x80x94CH2CH2xe2x80x94COOxe2x80x94CH2CH2"Brketclosest" 2 where R=3xe2x80x2-tert-butyl-4xe2x80x2-hydroxy-5xe2x80x2-2H-benzotriazol-2-ylphenyl, [2-2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-3xe2x80x2-(xcex1,xcex1-dimethylbenzyl)-5xe2x80x2-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl]-benzotriazole; 2-[2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-3xe2x80x2-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-5xe2x80x2-(xcex1,xcex1-dimethylbenzyl)-phenyl]benzotriazole.
2.2. 2-Hydroxybenzophenones, for example the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octyloxy, 4-decyloxy, 4-dodecyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 4,2xe2x80x2,4xe2x80x2-trihydroxy and 2xe2x80x2-hydroxy-4,4xe2x80x2-dimethoxy derivatives.
2.3. Esters of substituted and unsubstituted benzoic acids, as for example 4-tertbutyl-phenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoyl resorcinol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl) resorcinol, benzoyl resorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate.
2.4. Acrylates, for example ethyl xcex1-cyano-xcex2,xcex2-diphenylacrylate, isooctyl xcex1-cyano-xcex2,xcex2-diphenylacrylate, methyl xcex1-carbomethoxycinnamate, methyl xcex1-cyano-xcex2-methyl-xcex2-methoxy-cinnamate, butyl xcex1-cyano-xcex2-methyl-p-methoxy-cinnamate, methyl xcex1-carbomethoxy-p-methoxycinnamate and N-(xcex2-carbomethoxy-xcex2-cyanovinyl)-2-methylindoline.
2.5. Nickel compounds, for example nickel complexes of 2,2xe2x80x2-thio-bis-[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol], such as the 1:1 or 1:2 complex, with or without additional ligands such as n-butylamine, triethanolamine or N-cyclohexyldiethanolamine, nickel dibutyidithiocarbamate, nickel salts of the monoalkyl esters, e.g. the methyl or ethyl ester, of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tertbutylbenzylphosphonic acid, nickel complexes of ketoximes, e.g. of 2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl undecylketoxime, nickel complexes of 1-phenyl-4-lauroyl-5-hydroxypyrazole, with or without additional ligands.
2.6. Sterically hindered amines, for example bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)succinate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, the condensate of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, linear or cyclic condensates of N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)nitrilotriacetate, tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-1,2,3,4-butane-tetracarboxylate, 1,1xe2x80x2-(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis(3,3,5,5-tetramethylpiperazinone), 4-benzoyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)-2-n-butyl-2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)-malonate, 3-n-octyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-2,4-dione, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)succinate, linear or cyclic condensates of N,Nxe2x80x2-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-morpholino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, the condensate of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(4-n-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)-ethane, the condensate of 2-chloro-4,6-di-(4-n-butylamino-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis-(3-aminopropylamino)ethane, 8-acetyl-3-dodecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)pyrrolidin-2,5-dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, a mixture of 4-hexadecyloxy- and 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, a condensation product of N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-cyclohexylamino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, a condensation product of 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane and 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine as well as 4-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (CAS Reg. No. [136504-96-6]); N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodecylsuccinimid, N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodecylsuccinimid, 2-undecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxo-spiro[4,5]decane, a reaction product of 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-2-cycloundecyl-1-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxospiro [4,5]decane und epichlorohydrin, 1,1-bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyloxycarbonyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethene, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis-formyl-N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine, diester of 4-methoxy-methylene-malonic acid with 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine, poly[methylpropyl-3-oxy-4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)]siloxane, reaction product of maleic acid anhydride-xcex1-olefin-copolymer with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-aminopiperidine or 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-aminopiperidine.
2.7. Oxamides, for example 4,4xe2x80x2-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2xe2x80x2-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2xe2x80x2-dioctyloxy-5,5xe2x80x2-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2,2xe2x80x2-didodecyloxy-5,5xe2x80x2-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2-ethoxy-2xe2x80x2-ethyloxanilide, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxamide, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2xe2x80x2-ethoxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2xe2x80x2-ethyl-5,4xe2x80x2-di-tert-butoxanilide, mixtures of o- and p-methoxy-disubstituted oxanilides and mixtures of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides.
2.8. 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines, for example 2,4,6-tris(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-propyloxyphenyl)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-tridecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-butyloxy-propoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-octyloxy-propyloxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4-(dodecyloxy/tridecyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2-hydroxy-phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxy-propoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxy)phenyl-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris[2-hydroxy-4-(3-butoxy-2-hydroxy-propoxy)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-{2-hydroxy-4-[3-(2-ethylhexyl-1-oxy)-2-hydroxypropyloxy]phenyl}-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine.
3. Metal deactivators, for example N,Nxe2x80x2-diphenyloxamide, N-salicylal-Nxe2x80x2-salicyloyl hydrazine, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(salicyloyl) hydrazine, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl) hydrazine, 3-salicyloylamino-1,2,4-triazole, bis(benzylidene)oxalyl dihydrazide, oxanilide, isophthaloyl dihydrazide, sebacoyl bisphenyihydrazide, N,Nxe2x80x2-diacetyladipoyl dihydrazide, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(salicyloyl)oxalyl dihydrazide, N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(salicyloyl)thiopropionyl dihydrazide.
4. Phosphites and phosphonites, for example triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl alkyl phosphites, phenyl dialkyl phosphites, tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, diisodecyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)-pentaerythritol diphosphite, diisodecyloxypentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4,6-tris(tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, tristearyl sorbitol triphosphite, tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) 4,4xe2x80x2-biphenylene diphosphonite, 6-isooctyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12H-dibenz-[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocin, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl) methyl phosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl) ethyl phosphite, 6-fluoro-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12-methyl-dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocin, 2,2xe2x80x2,2xe2x80x3-nitrilo[triethyltris(3,3xe2x80x2,5,5xe2x80x2-tetra-tert-butyl-1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl-2,2xe2x80x2-diyl)phosphite], 2-ethylhexyl(3,3xe2x80x2,5,5xe2x80x2-tetra-tert-butyl-1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl-2,2xe2x80x2-diyl)phosphite, 5-butyl-5-ethyl-2-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphosphirane.
Especially preferred are the following phosphites:
Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Irgafos(copyright) 168, Ciba-Geigy), tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite,
5. Hydroxylamines, for example, N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine, N,N-dilaurylhydroxylamine, N,N-ditetradecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dihexadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctadecylhydroxylamine, N-hexadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N-heptadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.
6. Nitrones, for example, N-benzyl-alpha-phenyl-nitrone, N-ethyl-alpha-methyl-nitrone, N-octyl-alpha-heptyl-nitrone, N-lauryl-alpha-undecyl-nitrone, N-tetradecyl-alpha-tridcyl-nitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-pentadecyl-nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-hexadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-ocatadecyl-alpha-pentadecyl-nitrone, N-heptadecyl-alpha-heptadecyl-nitrone, N-octadecyl-alpha-hexadecyl-nitrone, nitrone derived from N,N-dialkylhydroxyl-amine derived from hydrogenated tallow amine.
7. Thiosynergists, for example, dilauryl thiodipropionate or distearyl thiodipropionate.
8. Peroxide scavengers, for example esters of xcex2-thiodipropionic acid, for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl or tridecyl esters, mercaptobenzimidazole or the zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, dioctadecyl disulfide, pentaerythritol tetrakis(xcex2-dodecylmercapto)propionate.
9. Polyamide stabilisers, for example, copper salts in combination with iodides and/or phosphorus compounds and salts of divalent manganese.
10. Basic co-stabilisers, for example, melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, polyurethanes, alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids for example calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium behenate, magnesium stearate, sodium ricinoleate and potassium palmitate, antimony pyrocatecholate or zink pyrocatecholate.
11. Nucleating agents, for example, inorganic substances such as talcum, metal oxides such as titanium dioxide or magnesium oxide, phosphates, carbonates or sulfates of, preferably, alkaline earth metals; organic compounds such as mono- or polycarboxylic acids and the salts thereof, e.g. 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid, adipic acid, diphenylacetic acid, sodium succinate or sodium benzoate; polymeric compounds such as ionic copolymers (ionomers). Especially preferred are 1,3:2,4-bis(3xe2x80x2,4xe2x80x2-dimethylbenzylidene)sorbitol, 1,3:2,4-di(paramethyidibenzylidene)sorbitol, und 1,3:2,4-di(benzylidene)sorbitol.
12. Fillers and reinforcing agents, for example, calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibres, glass bulbs, asbestos, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood flour and flours or fibers of other natural products, synthetic fibers.
13. Other additives, for example, plasticisers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, rheology additives, catalysts, flow-control agents, optical brighteners, flameproofing agents, antistatic agents and blowing agents.
14. Benzofuranones and indolinones, for example those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,863; U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,244; U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,312; U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,052; U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,643; DE-A-4316611; DE-A-4316622; DE-A-4316876; EP-A-0589839 or EP-A-0591102 or 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethoxy)-phenyl]-5,7-di-tert-butyl-benzofuran-2-one, 5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-[4-(2-stearoyloxyethoxy)phenyl]benzofuran-2-one, 3,3xe2x80x2-bis[5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(4-[2-hydroxyethoxy]phenyl)benzofuran-2-one], 5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)benzofuran-2-one, 3-(4-acetoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butyl-benzofuran-2-one, 3-(3,5-dimethyl-4-pivaloyloxyphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butyl-benzofuran-2-one, 3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butyl-benzofuran-2-one, 3-(2,3-di-methylphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butyl-benzofuran-2-one.
The conventional additives are judiciously employed in amounts of 0.1-10% by weight, for example 0.2-5% by weight, based on the material to be stabilized.
Costabilizers optionally to be added to the stabilizer mixture of the invention are preferably further light stabilizers, for instance those of the 2-hydroxyphenyl-benztriazole, 2-hydroxyphenyl-triazine or oxalanilide classes or further benzophenones, e.g. as described in EP-A-453396, EP-A-434608, U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,067, WO 94/18278, GB-A-2297091 and WO 96/28431, and/or hindered amines derived from 2,2,6,6-tetraalkylpiperidine containing at least one group of the formula
in which G is hydrogen or methyl, especially hydrogen; examples of tetraalkylpiperidine derivatives which can be used as costabilizers with mixtures of the invention are given in EP-A-356 677, pages 3-17, sections a) to f). These sections of this EP-A are regarded as part of the present description. Examples of such light stabilizers are listed above in sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8.
Polyolefines or polyolefin copolymers stabilized according to present invention preferably contain a processing stabilizer, e.g. a phenolic antioxidant as listed above in section 1 and/or an organic phosph(on)ite as listed above in section 4, often combined with a basic costabilizer (section 10) such as calcium stearate.
Incorporation into the materials to be stabilized can be effected, for example, by mixing in or applying the compounds of the formula I or Ia and, if desired, further additives by the methods which are customary in the art. Where polymers are involved, especially synthetic polymers, incorporation can take place prior to or during the shaping operation, or by applying the dissolved or dispersed compound to the polymer, with or without subsequent evaporation of the solvent. In the case of elastomers, these can also be stabilized as latices. A further possibility for incorporating the compounds of the formula I or Ia into polymers is to add them before, during or directly after the polymerization of the corresponding monomers or prior to crosslinking. In this context the compound of the formula can be added as it is or else in encapsulated form (for example in waxes, oils or polymers). In the case of addition prior to or during the polymerization, the compounds of the formula I or Ia can also act as a regulator of the chain length of the polymers (chain terminator).
The compounds of the formula I or Ia can also be added in the form of a masterbatch containing said compound in a concentration, for example, of from 2.5 to 25% by weight to the polymers that are to be stabilized.
The compounds of the formula I or Ia can judiciously be incorporated by the following methods:
as emulsion or dispersion (e.g. to latices or emulsion polymers),
as a dry mixture during the mixing in of additional components or polymer mixtures,
by direct introduction into the processing apparatus (e.g. extruders, internal mixers, etc),
as solution or melt.
Novel polymer compositions can be employed in various forms and/or processed to give various products, for example as (to give) films, fibres, tapes, moulding compositions, profiles, or as binders for coating materials, adhesives or putties.
Likewise of particular interest is the use of the novel mixtures comprising compounds of the formula Ia as stabilizers for coatings, for example for paints. The invention therefore also relates to compositions containing (A) is a film-forming binder for coatings and (B) a novel compound of the formula Ia.
Methods of using a novel compound of the formula Ia as stabilizer for coatings are as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,997, column 26, line 59, until column 32, line 21, for stabilizers of formula I of (component B) of U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,997; these passages of U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,997 are hereby incorporated by reference.
The examples below illustrate the invention further. All parts or percentages, in the examples as in the remainder of the description and in the claims, are by weight, unless stated otherwise. Room temperature denotes a temperature in the range 20-30xc2x0 C., unless stated otherwise. Data given for elemental analysis are in % by weight calculated (cal) or experimentally measured (exp) for the elements C, H and N. In the examples, the following abbreviations are used:
% w/w percent by weight;
% w/v percent weight by volume; x % (w/v) stands for x g solid dissolved in 100 ml liquid;
m.p. melting point or range;
PP polypropylene;
LDPE low density polyethylene;
DSC differential scan calorimetry;
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance (of 1H, if not otherwise indicated).

Dimeric light stabilizers for polyolefines and polyolefine copolymers

Abstract: Compositions comprising

Abstract: B) a compound of the formula I

Abstract: wherein

Abstract: R1 is O or Oxe2x80x94Xxe2x80x94O;

Abstract: R6 and R7 are H or C1-C8alkyl;

Abstract: R8 and R9 are H, C1-C8alkyl or allyl;

Abstract: R10 is phenyl or C1-C12alkyl;

Abstract: Y is O, S, SO2, or C1-C3alkylene, e.g. polyethylene films, are well stabilized against the effects of light, oxygen and heat. Some novel compounds of component B are valuable stabilizers for organic material against damage by light, oxygen and/or heat.


Bone plate systems and anchor retainers are provided for use in surgical implants and bone repair. In a preferred form, the bone plate may include bores for receiving the bone anchors, and the bores may permit and define a path of translation or shifting of the bone anchors relative to the bone plate. The anchor retainers may be held in the bores to prevent back-out of the bone anchors. Once the anchor member is seated within the bone plate, the retainer may rest over a top surface of the anchor member so the anchor member is impeded from backing out of the bone plate. The retainer may expand or change shape to permit an anchor member to be driven through the retainer and may contract once an anchor member has been seated within the plate. In addition, a tool for insertion or extraction of the bone anchors is provided.

There are presently many different types of plate and fixture systems for securing two or more bones or bone fragments in relative position so that the bones may fuse or heal, or so that tissue adjacent the bones may heal without disruption from the movement of the secured bones. As used herein, the term bone may refer to a bone, or a bone fragment or portion, and the term may refer to a portion of a bone that is covered with another material, such as the endplates covering the top and bottom surface of a vertebra. These systems have been used to secure spinal vertebrae and, more specifically, cervical vertebrae.
Bone plate systems are typically used to assist or direct spinal fusion or vertebral healing procedures. These procedures promote earlier post-operative patient mobility, decrease a need for post-operative collars, decrease the incidence of graft dislodgement if a graft is used, and improve success in correcting spinal deformities.
Furthermore, these systems have been found to assist in controlling and/or exerting a loading force applied to the surgical site. As used herein, the term fusion refers to the joining of materials, such as bone or graft material, and the fusion site is the entire region in which fusion may be desired. By applying a compressive load, it has been found that bone heals more optimally and with greater integrity, a principle known as Wolf's law.
A shortcoming with bone plates is the backing out or loosening of the screws. If the screws loosen, the bones are not properly secure and may move relative to each other. This may compromise the ability to achieve optimal bone fusion and bone alignment, or it may lead to loss of graft material, and damage or loss of bone. Furthermore, when the plate is a dynamic or dynamized plate, such that at least some screws may move relative to the plate, these issues may be further compounded or exacerbated by a screw backing out.
In order to increase the amount of loading or compressive force, a number of plate designs have been devised. For instance, compression slots have been formed in a plate whereby a screw receiving bore is in the form of a slot with tapered walls, and a screw with a tapered shank is driven against the tapered wall such that a force between the shank and the slot is directed transverse to the shank. Accordingly, that force compresses the screw and the bone to which the screw is connected towards another bone connected to the plate. Another manner for permitting compressive force between joined bones is to utilize a dynamic plate having at least one elongated screw aperture that allows settling of the vertebrae by gravity by allowing at least one secured bone to move slightly relative to the plate. However, heretofore known arrangements of fixed and dynamized apertures in such plates provide less than optimal capacity for controlling the movement and/or compression between more than two levels of secured vertebrae.
Accordingly, there is a need for improved bone plates, bone plate systems for retarding screw backout, and improved methods for utilizing bone plate systems.


A power generating system can recover exhaust heat from a working fluid of a fluid coupling and utilize the recovered exhaust heat to generate power. In the power generating system, water is supplied to a boiler by a feed pump to generate steam, a steam turbine is driven by using the generated steam to generate power, the steam discharged from the steam turbine is condensed in a condenser, and then the condensed water is resupplied to the boiler by the feed pump. The power generating system includes a fluid coupling provided between the feed pump and a motor to transmit a torque from the motor to the feed pump by a working fluid, and the condensed water supplied from the condenser is heated by the working fluid discharged from the fluid coupling.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a power generating system, and more particularly to a power generating system which can recover exhaust heat from a working fluid of a fluid coupling and utilize the recovered exhaust heat to generate power.
2. Background Art
There has been known a fluid coupling in which an impeller is coupled to a drive shaft (input shaft) and a runner is coupled to a driven shaft (output shaft), and power is transmitted from a driving source to a driven source through a working oil which fills a casing. The fluid coupling is employed to drive a feed pump or a blower at a variable speed in a thermal power plant, a nuclear power plant or the like, and to drive a pump or a blower at a variable speed in an ironworks or the like. When the pump or the blower is driven by the fluid coupling at a variable speed, a rotational speed of a load side, i.e. a driven machine, can be varied continuously from a minimum rotational speed to a maximum rotational speed by using a scoop tube. However, slip which is a rotational speed difference between a prime mover and a driven machine causes a slip loss.
When the rotational speed of the driven machine is low, the slip loss becomes large. Therefore, in some cases, a power loss of the fluid coupling reaches 14.8% of rated power of the driven machine at the maximum, resulting in a large energy loss.
A temperature of the working oil as a working fluid rises due to the slip loss of the fluid coupling. Therefore, the working oil discharged from the fluid coupling has been returned to the fluid coupling after being cooled down by an oil cooler. That is, heat caused by the slip loss in the fluid coupling is released outside through the oil cooler.

Recovery system using fluid coupling on power generating system