An internal combustion engine is provided which can operate by either the homogeneous charge compression ignition system or the spark ignition system using a single fuel. In the internal combustion engine using a fuel containing a hydrocarbon, the fuel contains o-xylene of 10 to 70 wt. % of the total weight, and the engine operates by either homogeneous charge compression ignition or spark ignition depending on the load. The fuel contains o-xylene of 30 to 50 wt. % of the total weight. The fuel contains, for example, n-heptane as the base fuel, and o-xylene of 10 to 70 wt. %, preferably 30 to 50 wt. %, of the total base fuel. The internal combustion engine operates by homogeneous charge compression ignition at low or medium load and by spark ignition at high load.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an internal combustion engine using a fuel containing hydrocarbons.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, in internal combustion engines using a fuel containing hydrocarbons, employing of the homogeneous charge compression ignition system has been studied to reduce the emission amount of pollutants such as NOx and soot. Internal combustion engines using the homogeneous charge compression ignition system involve preliminarily mixing a fuel and air, and compressing the obtained fuel-air mixture to self-ignition. If an internal combustion engine using the homogeneous charge compression ignition system is used, since a homogeneous dilute fuel-air mixture is made to burn, the combustion temperature does not become high, and the generation amount of NOx can be suppressed low; and since the fuel-air mixture burns homogeneously in a combustion chamber, the generation amount of soot can be suppressed low.
However, in internal combustion engines using the homogeneous charge compression ignition system, since the ignition timing is determined according to the temperature and the pressure in the combustion chamber, the ignition control is difficult, raising a problem of the engines being able to be stably operated only under a low or medium load, at a low or medium rotation.
By contrast, in internal combustion engines using the spark ignition system, since a fuel-air mixture in a combustion chamber is ignited by a spark, if a timing to generate a spark is suitably set, the fuel-air mixture can surely be made to burn, and the engines can be stably operated even under a high load, at a high rotation. So, an internal combustion engine is proposed which operates by either the homogeneous charge compression ignition system or the spark ignition system depending on its load (for example, seeing Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-150383)
However, since although the homogeneous charge compression ignition system requires a fuel having a high ignitability, the spark ignition system requires a fuel having a low ignitability, there exists an inconvenience that it is difficult to operate by either the homogeneous charge compression ignition system or the spark ignition system in an internal combustion engine with a single fuel.


An optical measurement system having a spectrophotometer and a ellipsometer is calibrated, the spectrophotometer and the ellipsometer first being calibrated independently of one another. A spectrophotometer layer thickness (dphoto) of a specimen is then determined at an initial angle of incidence (θinit) using the spectrophotometer. An ellipsometer layer thickness (delli) of the specimen is then determined using the layer thickness determined with the ellipsometer. The spectrophotometer and the ellipsometer are matched to one another by varying the initial angle of incidence (θinit) until the absolute value of the difference between the spectrophotometer layer thickness (dphoto) and the ellipsometer layer thickness (delli) is less than a predefined absolute value.

In semiconductor fabrication, a plurality of layers are applied to or removed from wafers during the fabrication process. The layers can also be provided in special test regions within a plurality of identical recurring pattern elements. With increasing integration density, requirements in terms of the quality of the layers applied onto the wafers also rise. This means that during the production of a wafer with its plurality of process steps and plurality of layers to be applied (e.g. SiO2, SiNO3, polysilicon, etc., or the like), reliable detection of layer thicknesses must be possible. The existing art discloses a plurality of optical measurement arrangements, operating on the principle of spectrophotometry, for measuring layer thicknesses and associated material parameters. For this, a broadband light beam is focused almost perpendicularly onto the specimen, and the reflected light component is measured. In the spectrograph, that light component is in turn imaged via a grating in wavelength-selective fashion onto a CCD chip. Using a model that contains the optical parameters of the specimen as a function of wavelength, the parameters can be determined by way of a fit to the theoretical spectrum.
These measurement arrangements can be used in particular when thin layers and their optical parameters, for example the refractive index or extinction factor of single- or multilayer systems, need to be measured on wafers. In wafer manufacture specifically, the effort toward ever-thinner layers also means more stringent requirements in terms of the accuracy of the optical measurement arrangement with which the layers can be checked for exactness.
Also known from the existing art for performing such measurements are spectroellipsometers. With these, both the layer thickness and the optical parameters of transparent layers can be determined very accurately. This is done by directing a linearly polarized broadband light beam onto the specimen at an angle. The reflected beam is examined using an analyzer and a spectrograph to identify changes in polarization. The analyzer rotates, allowing only the particular light component that is vibrating in the corresponding polarization plane to strike the spectrograph. That light component is split in wavelength-selective fashion in a spectrograph using a grating, and imaged onto a CCD chip. The spectrum that is obtained then, by way of a model, allows filtration of the optical parameters and the layer thickness.
In order to obtain accurate measurement results, the above-described optical systems usually must first be calibrated. One possibility for calibrating a spectrophotometer is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,771,094, in which a light source having a plurality of spectral lines is used. These spectral lines are imaged onto a CCD, and the lines are each allocated to specific pixels of the CCD. This results in an allocation of the pixel position on the CCD to the known wavelengths of the spectral lines, so that the relationship or calibration function between each pixel on the CCD and the associated wavelength value is determined. The calibration can be further verified by subsequent measurement of a known specimen.
In order to enhance measurement accuracy and, if applicable, to obtain additional information about the specimen, it is known from the existing art to use optical combination devices with which it is possible to carry out two or more examination methods. In this context, in particular, an ellipsometer and a spectrophotometer are advantageously implemented in one device. An optical measurement system for this purpose is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,567,213. This combination measurement system allows results from the various measurement systems that are present to be combined, thus yielding more accurate results. A prerequisite for good results, however, is that an exact calibration of the measurement systems be performed before the specimens are measured. This is usually done by measuring a known substrate using all the available optical measurement methods, and calibrating each measurement method using the known specimen data.
Because an independent calibration of the two measurement devices leads to differences in measured values, exclusive use of the known calibration methods for such cases leads to unsatisfactory results.

Method for wavelength calibration of an optical measurement system


The invention relates to a small vehicle, particularly a wheel chair, having a modular structure including a main component, at least one pivotable wheel which is adapted to be detachably mounted at said main component via a quick release device, at least one driving wheel adapted to be detachably mounted at said main component via a quick release device and a seat component which is adapted to be detachably mounted at said main component via a quick release device. The main component comprises a main body to which four arms for supporting the wheels are springably coupled. The quick release devices between said main component and said wheels are disposed between said arms and said wheels, respectively.

The invention relates to a small vehicle, particularly a wheel chair having a modular structure.
Wheel chairs, including those which are driven by a motor, usually comprise a wheel chair frame in which a seat is integrated, two wheels which can be driven and two wheels which can be either freely pivoted or steered by a motor wherein said wheels are directly coupled to said frame. The drivable wheels can be driven manually via hand rims or driven by a motor. Such wheel chairs often comprise a folding mechanism which allows folding of the wheel chair frame in order to reduce the overall size for the purpose of transport of the wheel chair. A wheel chair of this kind is for instance disclosed in EP 0 790 049 A2.
Wheel chairs of the kind as explained above are rather unsuitable for outdoor operation, that is for operation outside houses and particularly on uneven tracks, for instance tracks in fields or woods. The frame construction as described above has only a relatively low stability. Moreover, direct coupling of the wheels to a pipe frame only allows a suspension which is insufficient for uneven tracks since the only spring system is usually the one provided by the pneumatic tires.
Wheel chairs having acceptable driving and performance characteristics for outdoor operation are also known. However, the amount of time, work and effort needed for dismantling such wheel chairs for the purpose of transport is not acceptable.
There is a need for a small vehicle, particularly a wheel chair which has sufficient stability suitable also for outdoor operation as well as a drivability suitable for outdoor operation and, at the same time, can be dismantled so that transport thereof is possible in a typical trunk of an automobile.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


The present disclosure relates to a differential input circuit, an amplifier circuit, and a display device. The differential input circuit comprises: a first power module, a second power module, a first shunt module, a second shunt module, a first output module, and a second output module. The first power module is controlled to output a first signal, a second signal, and a third signal through a first bias signal, and the second power module receives the first signal, and outputs a fourth signal and a fifth signal through a differential input signal. The first shunt module, the second shunt module, the first output module, and the second output module are controlled by the differential input signal so that the first output module and the second output module output signals under the control of the differential input signal.

With the development and advancement of technology, amplifiers are more and more widely used in analog circuits. In rail-to-rail amplifiers, a transconductance of a differential input circuit is related to a differential input voltage.
It should be noted that the information disclosed in the Background section above is only used to enhance the understanding of the background of the present disclosure and therefore, may include information that does not constitute the prior art known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Differential input circuit, amplification circuit, and display apparatus


An electrode cap having a horseshoe-shaped conductor clip that has an opening at a closed end for receiving an electrode, the conductor clip fitted over a tube crimp; a cylindrical base cap having an elongated bump at one end of the base cap parallel to the axis of the base cap; and a cylindrical top cap closed on one end, having an inside diameter larger than the outside diameter of the base cap; and a spring for pressing a plate against the base cap.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is in the field of electrical discharge reactors.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electrical discharge reactors are used in ozone generators, UV disinfection devices, and pollution control devices. An example is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,692, which is not admitted to being prior art by its mention in this Background section. Some of the different types of electrical discharges include glow, corona, and dielectric barrier discharge.
Some of the common parts of dielectric barrier discharge reactors include a high voltage electrode, which is usually a wire or thin rod. This is disposed inside a tube that is typically made of glass or fused quartz. The tube forms the dielectric barrier. The inside of the tube may be filled with a gas, air, or a vacuum.
Reactors are made by providing a plurality of tube and electrode assemblies physically and electrically connected to plates. In the past, the electrode assemblies were capped with a metal cap on one end and secured to the plate with an extension and a screw. The electrode wire sticks out the end of the cap, and can be secured by welding.
This configuration has several disadvantages. First, centering the electrode assembly is not assured, and misalignment is possible. It is also difficult to secure the screws if there are many electrode assemblies close together. The electrode must make a sharp bend, which may damage it. Furthermore, the sharp end of the wire and corners of the cap might generate corona, which must be avoided. The tube seal is also susceptible to damage from vibration and rough handling. Finally, the old configuration does not allow for thermal expansion. These disadvantages tend to cause breakage and failure of the electrode.
What is needed, therefore, is an electrode cap for an electrical discharge reactor that is easy to install, assures proper alignment, inhibits corona, provides some cushion to avoid damages, and permits thermal expansion.

Electrode cap for electrical discharge reactor


A device for transporting components for transportation systems between workstations comprises a transport apparatus and a positioning frame. The positioning frame is maintained on the apparatus and has a positioning element capable of aligning the position frame in the workstation. In one example, at least one positioning element arranged on the positioning frame allows alignment of components forming a section of an aircraft that is situated on at least one positioning frame in relation to workstations. During this process, connecting members are inserted into receptacle members arranged in the region of the floor area. The members may be at least partially form-fitted fashion. In order to adapt the device to sections with different dimensions, such as sections with different cross-sectional geometries and/or lengths, the device is provided with at least one supporting device for supporting the section that is mounted on the positioning frame, After depositing at least one positioning frame in the work station, the decoupled transport device may be used for transporting other sections.

Devices for transporting components, such as industrial trucks and trolleys are known. Such industrial trucks are used, for example, in complex production facilities for automatically transporting components between individual work stations, wherein the trucks are completely integrated into the sequence of manufacturing processes. For example, if the processing machines arranged in a work station have completed the processing of a component, the industrial truck with the component lying thereon automatically travels to the next work station, in which further processing steps are carried out. The processing machines in the work stations comprise, for example, standard industrial robots or articulated robots that are fitted with different tools.
In known devices that are equipped with industrial trucks, a component being transported into a work station is not separately aligned relative to the work station and the processing machines arranged therein. The attainable positioning accuracy of the industrial truck within the work station needs to suffice for the respective processing operations, which limits accuracy.

Device for transporting components for transportation systems


System for evaluating the traffic environment of a motor vehicle and for influencing the speed of the motor vehicle in its own traffic lane, comprising an electronic control unit, which is connected to a signal transmitter that produces a signal characteristic of the desired speed of the motor vehicle, a signal transmitter that produces a signal characteristic of the yaw of the motor vehicle about its vertical axis, a signal transmitter that produces a signal, which is characteristic of the articles situated, in the direction of travel of the motor vehicle, in front of the motor vehicle in terms of their spacing and orientation relative to the motor vehicle and which is the speed relative to the speed of the system motor vehicle and/or the spacing relative to the system motor vehicle and/or the angular offset or the cross track distance relative to the vehicle longitudinal axis of the system motor vehicle, and a signal transmitter that produces a signal characteristic of the speed of at least one wheel of the motor vehicle, and which is connected to at least one control device, which influences the performance of the motor vehicle, for supplying said device with output signals derived from the performance of the motor vehicle situated in front of the system motor vehicle, in which in the electronic control unit the behavior of the other articles moving in the space in front of the system motor vehicle is evaluated in order to infer therefrom how many traffic lanes the road has and along which of said traffic lanes the system motor vehicle is moving.

The present invention relates to a system for influencing the speed of a motor vehicle. Such control systems are increasingly used under the description ACC (Autonomous/Adaptive Cruise Control) in motor vehicles, in particular top-of-the-range and upper-mid-range class models.
Devices are known that regulate the driving speed of a motor vehicle, in which the driver can preset a desired speed and the driving speed of the motor vehicle can be brought to and maintained at this target speed by means of a speed regulator as long as this device is activated. However, with this system there is no monitoring of the driving speed of a vehicle in front. The driver therefore has to act when his vehicle approaches the vehicle in front. Likewise, the driver can however also correspondingly increase the speed of his vehicle if the speed of the vehicle in front increases.
A device that takes over from the driver the task of monitoring the distance to the vehicle in front and that matches the speed of the driver's vehicle to the speed of a vehicle in front is described for example in EP-A-0 612 641.
In order to broaden successfully the use of such ACC systems, a safer and more reliable operation of this system is necessary, which also results in better driving comfort and thus in an improved acceptability when driving. A more intensive evaluation of the driving environment of the driver's vehicle is necessary to this end. The results of this evaluation of the driving environment have then to be considered when influencing the speed of the driver's vehicle. In particular the invention is concerned with the problem of placing the articles in front of the driver's vehicle reliably in traffic lanes or to assign traffic lanes to the articles. The selection of the target vehicle which the driver's vehicle can follow with high reliability is to be improved in this manner.

System for influencing the speed of a motor vehicle


The invention relates to method and apparatus for adjusting a clock signal which is supplied to an electronic apparatus. After the turn-on of a power source of the electronic apparatus, it is detected that a temperature of at least a part of devices in the electronic apparatus substantially reaches a saturation state. When the temperature of the device reaches the saturation state, a phase adjustment of the clock signal of the electronic apparatus is executed. After completion of the phase adjustment of the clock signal, its adjusting state is fixed.

The invention relates to a phase adjusting method and apparatus of a clock and, more particularly, to a phase adjusting method and apparatus of a clock which is suitable for use in an electronic computer, a communicating apparatus, or the like of a short machine cycle time that has a clock system having a phase adjusting circuit to reduce a clock skew, an electronic apparatus using such a phase adjusting method, and a semiconductor integrated circuit for embodying the phase adjusting method.
Generally, to reduce the machine cycle time of a large scale computer or the like, it is necessary to minimize the skew of a clock signal of a whole system. Hitherto, to minimize the skew of the clock signal, a method of adjusting the phase of the clock signal is used.
However, a semiconductor device which is used in an electronic apparatus as well as a large scale electronic computer has a temperature dependency of a signal delay time. Therefore, a conventional technique which merely performs the phase adjustment has a problem such that after the phase of the clock signal was adjusted, when a variation in temperature change occurs among the devices in the apparatus, a clock skew is caused.
As a technique which can solve such a problem, for instance, there is known a technique disclosed in U. S. Pat. No. 5,043,596 assigned to Hitachi Ltd.
The above document teaches a method of intermittently executing the phase adjustment of a clock in a real time manner by switching a delay circuit while always detecting a temperature. The above method is effective to execute the severe phase adjustment in a real time manner in a system in which a temperature change of the device is severe during the operation of the apparatus. However, a temperature compensating circuit is complicated and a management of advanced LSI circuit manufacturing processes is necessary in order to raise the accuracy of the temperature detection. It is, therefore, difficult to realize such a conventional technique in a general large scale computer.

Method and apparatus for adjusting clock signal of electronic apparatus


The charge pump circuit includes: a charge pump output branch having a first transistor and a second transistor coupled in series; an output branch replica having a third transistor and a fourth transistor coupled in series; a feedback circuit coupled between the output branch and the output branch replica; a charge pump input circuit coupled to the charge pump output branch, and having first and second input branches; and an input circuit branch replica controlled by the feedback circuit and coupled to the charge pump input circuit.

With the scaling down of supply voltage of CMOS technology, voltage headroom gets less and less. It severely affects the operation of analog circuits. For example, in LCVCO (VCO formed with inductor (L) and varactor (C)) phase locked loop (PLL) design, varactor current-voltage (C-V) relation is not scaled with voltage. However, control voltage is scaled down with supply voltage. This results in severely reduced tuning range of the PLL.

Rail-to-rail charge pump with replica circuitry


An apparatus for producing a hologram mask. The apparatus includes a first object light at least partially transmittable through a first original mask having a light transmitting screening pattern, and a first reference light having a first phase difference between it and the first object light. The first object and reference lights cause interference patterns to be recorded a hologram recording material, as do a second object light at least partially transmittable through a second original mask having a light transmitting screening pattern, and a second reference light having a second phase difference between it and the second object light where the second phase difference is not the same as the first phase difference. The resulting first and second original mask images recorded in the hologram recording material can be simultaneously replayed to produce an exposed pattern approximating an exposed pattern of a non-holographic phase shifting photomask.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an exposure method and an apparatus for producing a hologram mask for exposure to be used in a photolithography process in manufacture of a semiconductor integrated circuit, a liquid crystal display and the like.
2. Description of Related Art
There is a recording method using a phase shift mask, which has a phase-modulation layer called phase shifter, in order to solve an inconvenience that, in a recording method for imaging an exposure pattern of a mask for exposure directly on an object by proximity exposure, lens projection exposure, mirror projection exposure, or the like, resolution of an exposure pattern having a line width of about the same degree of the wavelength of an exposure light is difficult due to a diffraction phenomenon of light (so-called diffraction limit).
In the recording method using such a phase shift mask, if a phase shifter is formed, for example, in one of two close light transmitting portions formed in a phase shift mask to make the phases of lights having transmitted both the light transmitting portions reversed to each other, the diffracted lights are cancelled by each other due to interference with each other in opposite phases, so that the diffraction limit is alleviated to improve the resolution of image formed on the object.
However, in the recording method using a phase shift mask, a lens optical system is used as an imaging optical system, which influences the aberration and a numerical aperture of the lens optical system to give influence on the resolution of an image, thus restricting the resolution of a finally obtained image.
In order to solve such an inconvenience as the resolution of the image is restricted due to the aberration and the numerical aperture of the lens optical system for image-formation, there is proposed a method of forming a pattern having information of an exposure pattern of a phase shift mask, by using a hologram mask with an interference fringe including information of an exposure pattern of a phase shift mask formed thereon and irradiating a laser beam on the hologram mask to form an image of the light having passed the interference fringe of the hologram mask on an object.
In the recording method using such a hologram mask, whether an optical system such as a lens between the hologram mask and the object is provided or not, an image without aberration in principle and an image of high resolution can be obtained, since a high numerical aperture (NA) is apt to be easily obtained.
However, there was such a problem that the hologram mask is produced by recording the information of the phase shift mask to become an original mask in a hologram material, which makes production of the phase shift mask difficult.

Kabushiki Kaisha Ekisho Sentan Gijutsu Kaihatsu Center


The present disclosure considers an exhaust manifold and method of casting an exhaust manifold, where the exhaust manifold has both a portion of the exterior wall that is jacket cooled and a portion of the exterior wall that is not cooled. The non-cooled portion of the exterior is not accessible when the exhaust manifold is secured to the engine block. Furthermore, the non-cooled portion of the exterior wall of the exhaust manifold is designed to add stability during the casting process and allow for a simplified casting process with fewer cores.

International safety standards often specify maximum surface temperatures in engine environments. One component of the engine environment is the exhaust manifold, which accumulates exhaust gases from multiple engine cylinders into one exhaust pipe. In the marine environment, jacket-cooling is a method used to comply with safety standards specifying maximum surface temperatures. A coolant jacket can shield and cool hot exhaust manifolds coupled with an engine, thus maintaining a surface temperature below the specified maximum. Such jacket cooled exhaust manifolds can be constructed out of fabricated or cast metal.
Prior exhaust manifolds, such as the exhaust manifold disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,921,398 to Kashmerick, have portions constructed out of cast aluminum and include a cooling jacket to reduce the surface temperature of the exhaust manifold. The prior casting methods used to construct such exhaust manifolds required a complex and a resource intensive manufacturing process, often requiring casting of multiple pieces followed by an assembly of cast portions. The present disclosure is directed to mitigating or eliminating one or more of the drawbacks discussed above.


An optical fiber cable includes a plurality of loose tubes and an outer jacket for binding the loose tubes is disclosed. Each of the plurality of loose tube includes one or more optical fibers; an inner jacket for binding the optical fibers; and an antistatic fluid applied between the optical fibers to prevent or reduce the generation of static electricity between the optical fibers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical fiber cable, and more particularly to an optical fiber cable having a plurality of tubes.
2. Description of the Related Art
Optical fibers are commonly used in optical communication networks due to their advantages, such as high bandwidth capacity and small size. However, conventional optical fibers are extremely delicate and detrimentally affected by physical and environmental conditions, such as tensile stresses. In view of such physical limitations of optical fibers, efforts have been made to use a cable design that integrates a bundle of ducts each containing at least one optical fiber.
An optical fiber cable generally includes a plurality of strength members for improving the tensile strength of optical fibers and a plurality of water blocking members for preventing the intrusion of moisture into the optical fibers. Such optical fiber cables may have a loose tube structure with optical fibers contained in a plurality of tubes or a ribbon cable structure with a plurality of ribbon optical fibers.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,630,003 of Candido J. Arroyo et al., a loose tube optical fiber cable is disclosed. The cable of Arroyo et al. has a plurality of loose tubes each containing a plurality of optical fibers. Each loose tube incorporates a water blocking yarn or tape, instead of a gel-type filler, to prevent the water intrusion into the tube.
Because the loose tube optical fiber cable of Arroyo et al. does not use a gel-type water blocking member, it eliminates the need to wash the optical fibers stained with gel and thereby expedites the removal of an outer jacket.
However, in conventional cables described above, serious static electricity may be caused between optical fibers contained in a tube. The static electricity acts as a repulsive force between the optical fibers and lowers efficiency in a process of applying or removing the outer jacket.


A non-linear power amplifier for amplifying a constant envelope phase modulation component of a modulation signal and combining an amplitude envelope component of the modulation signal into the amplified constant envelope phase modulation component and method for performing the same. The power amplifier receives a constant envelope phase modulation signal and transmits the signal through a pair of amplifier stages which are impedance matched together. The first amplifier stage has a fixed gain which drives an impedance load and, in turn, the second amplifier stage. A variable resistance device is connected between a base of an amplifying transistor in the second amplifier stage and electrical ground for variably controlling the gain of the second amplifier stage by variably controlling the base-to-ground resistance of the amplifying transistor in the second amplifier stage. By varying the base-to-ground resistance of the amplifying transistor, the pulse width, gain, and power output of the constant envelope phase modulation signal can be controlled. The amplitude envelope component of the modulation signal is then reintroduced into the amplified constant envelope phase modulation component at a low current point between the base of the amplifying transistor and the variable resistance device, which enables the power amplifier to be operated with a low current consumption.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a low voltage, non-linear power amplifier, and specifically to an efficient, non-linear power amplifier which amplifies a constant envelope phase modulation component of a modulation signal and combines an amplitude envelope of the modulation signal with the amplified constant envelope phase modulation signal at the output of the power amplifier.
2. Description of Related Art
Digital wireless phones have gained widespread use throughout the world. These phones typically utilize cellular network systems, such as PHS, having base stations serving a predetermined area or cell, where each base station has a certain number of channels for communicating with handsets within that cell. The transmitted signals undergo some type of modulation to transmit a signal on an available channel within the predetermined cell, where the modulated signals are amplified to a desired power level for transmission. The power levels of the signals transmitted by the handsets are precisely controlled by power amplifiers in order to prevent signal interference from occurring at the base station with signals received from other handsets, while also ensuring a quality signal is transmitted. Digital modulators, such as a .pi./4 differential quadrature phase shift-keying (DQPSK) modulator, are typically used for PHS handsets and other digital wireless phones. A .pi./4 DQPSK modulated signal contains both phase and amplitude information, which requires the transmit chain of the handset to maintain a certain level of linearity in order to meet system requirements of adjacent channel power and transmit accuracy. The linearity requirements on the power amplifier require it to be operated in a linear power mode, such as a Class AB mode. Linear power modes are less efficient than other power modes and require a large amount of current to operate. Thus, the large amount of current consumed by a telephone handset using a linear power amplifier reduces the talk time of the handset or requires the use of a large battery.
Typically, data to be transmitted by the telephone handset is fed through a differential encoder, where an in-phase component (I) and a quadrature component (Q) of the modulation signal to be transmitted are created. The I and Q components are then passed through digital filters which give the modulation a particular shape. The resultant I and Q filtered signals are then modulated at a radio frequency for transmission and combined as a phase modulated signal. The phase modulated signal is then amplified to bring the signal to a desired power level for transmission.
This type of conventional power amplification requires a linear power amplifier to be used in order to maintain the requisite level of linearity, which undesirably operates the handset in a non-efficient manner. The talktime of the handset could be increased if a more efficient, non-linear power amplifier were utilized in the transmit architecture. However, the in-phase and quadrature components of the modulation signal and, thus, the phase modulated signal will have both phase and amplitude modulation (AM) components. Thus, both the phase and amplitude modulation components of the signals are fed through the power amplifier. When an AM envelope signal is amplified with a non-linear power amplifier, the AM envelope on the output of the amplifier is distorted due to the spectral spreading of the AM envelope signals which will occur in the power amplifiers. Therefore, non-linear power amplifiers can not be used with current digital telephones without causing distortion in the modulation signal due to the presence of the AM envelope.
There is a need for a non-linear power amplifier which amplifies a phase modulated signal to a desired power level without amplifying the amplitude envelope of the phase modulated signal. Moreover, there is a need for a non-linear power amplifier which reintroduces the amplitude envelope into the phase modulated signal at the output of the power amplifier in an efficient manner to maintain a low current consumption by the non-linear power amplifier.

Low voltage medium power class C power amplifier with precise gain control


A tangible, non-transitory machine-readable medium includes machine-readable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to receive a plurality of data inputs from one or more databases, determine a plurality of geofences based at least in part on the plurality of data inputs, and determine a plurality of scores based at least in part on the plurality of data inputs. Each score of the plurality of scores is associated with a geofence of the plurality of geofences. The machine readable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, also cause the one or more processors to generate a model comprising the plurality of geofences and the plurality of scores, and to output a driving route based at least in part on the plurality of geofences and the plurality of scores.

The present disclosure relates generally to driving assistance systems and methods. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to generating a model including geofences based on historical accident data, and notifying and/or rerouting model users to enable greater awareness and avoidance of certain geofenced areas.
This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present disclosure, which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to help provide the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it is understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
Route planning or guidance of a driven vehicle may be performed using a system that analyzes current road conditions to output a route to a destination. For instance, a user may input the destination into the system. Based on current traffic estimates, current reported accidents, and/or current reported road work, the system may determine the quickest and/or most direct route to the destination. However, it is presently recognized that many drivers may wish to have access to a route planning or guidance system that provides routes and/or guidance based on other factors and/or historical data.

United States Automobile Association (USAA)


An actuator with an electrically heatable operating element, the housing of the operating element being held stationary in a mount of a base body, and a transfer element, which comprises two plastic molded parts, is provided between the piston and the element to be adjusted.

In an actuator of this general type, such as known from German Patent Disclosure DE 26 25 561 A, the housing of the thermostatic operating element, with which a heating element is associated, is disposed in stationary fashion. The electric supply lines to the housing and/or to the electric heating element therefore do not move during operational movement of the actuator, and so the risk of mechanical damage to the electrical supply lines and their terminals is slight.

Actuator with an electrically heatable thermostatic operating element


A system and method of providing annotated trajectories by receiving image frames from a video camera and determining a location based on the image frames from the video camera. The system and method can further include the steps of determining that the location is associated with a preexisting annotation and displaying the preexisting annotation. Additionally or alternatively, the system and method can further include the steps of generating a new annotation automatically or based on a user input and associating the new annotation with the current location.

Global Positioning System (GPS) devices provide fairly accurate location information with many military, civil, and commercial uses. However, GPS devices are generally not suitable for indoor use because GPS signals can be blocked or scattered by roofs and walls. Accordingly, indoor localization techniques are being developed that do not rely on GPS signals.
Mobile devices, such as smartphones, are commonly used to provide location information to a user and often include video cameras and GPS capabilities, allowing for the use of various localization technologies. Most mobile devices additionally include digital displays for interfacing with the user.
Therefore, localization techniques and, in particular, indoor localization techniques can be improved by combining localization information with information that can be displayed to the user via the digital display.

Methods and systems for multimedia trajectory annotation


A data receiving system comprising an I base-band signal and a Q base-band signal which are used in a quadrature demodulation operation. Zero-crossing points of respective base-band signals are detected and a control signal is generated in response to each zero-crossing point. A phase-shift switching circuit alternately selects either the I base-band signal or the Q base-band signal in response to the control signal to generate an I/Q base-band signal. And, a demodulation operation is executed on the basis of the I/Q signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a data receiving system for receiving frequency shift keyed (FSK) signals, and more particularly to a direct-conversion type FSK-data receiving system suitable for realizing a small sized apparatus and a low-power consumption.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A direct-conversion system has been used as a receiver suitable for integration and adopted to a pager-type receiving apparatus and the like recently. Some of already known systems are, for example, a demodulation system which carries out a demodulation based on a phase relationship between a pair of quadrature channels and a demodulation system which carries out a demodulation based on a frequency difference between an output signal obtained from a carrier wave signal frequency and an output signal obtained from a local oscillator signal frequency being slightly offset from the carrier wave and so on.
Also, already known system is a demodulation system which consists of one series of high-frequency circuit portions and shifts a phase of a local oscillator signal so as to execute a demodulation. (For example, refer to Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. SHO 64-84948)
This conventional direct-conversion receiving system is explained hereinafter with reference to FIG. 32.
In FIG. 32, a reference numeral 501 denotes a frequency converter, and a reference numeral 502 denotes a filter circuit. A reference numeral 503 denotes a limiter circuit, and a reference numeral 504 denotes an exclusive-OR circuit. A reference numeral 505 denotes a counter circuit, and a reference numeral 506 denotes a shift register circuit. A reference numeral 507 denotes a switching control circuit, and a reference numeral 508 denotes a 0.degree./90.degree. phase-switching circuit. Further, a reference numeral 509 denotes a local oscillator.
An operation of the direct-conversion receiving system constituted as above is explained as follows.
In a first-half of an FSK-modulated 1-bit data, the 0.degree./90.degree. phase-switching circuit 508 is set to 0.degree.. And the FSK-modulated data is converted into a base-band signal in the frequency converter 501 and subsequently sent through the filter circuit 502, the limiter circuit 503 to the shift register circuit 506 to store its waveform.
On the other hand, in a second-half of the FSK-modulated 1-bit data, the 0.degree./90.degree. phase-switching circuit 508 is set to 90.degree.. And, in the same manner, the FSK-modulated data is shaped its waveform through the frequency converter 501, the filter circuit 502, and the limiter circuit 503.
The waveform of the first-half of the FSK-modulated 1-bit data which is previously stored in the shift register circuit 506 is read out from a last written part (last-in last-out) by being offset by an amount of 90.degree.. Then, thus read out waveform is supplied together with the second-half waveform of the FSK-modulated 1-bit data to the exclusive-OR circuit 504.
As to a phase change, an output base-band signal from the exclusive-OR circuit 504 changes +90.degree./-90.degree. in accordance with the FSK-modulated signal data by the 0.degree./90.degree. phase change of the local oscillator signal.
By reading out the waveform stored in the shift register 506 by offsetting 90.degree., the read out signal becomes the same-phase or the opposite-phase with respect to the local oscillator signal being switched by an amount of 0.degree./90.degree.. Therefore, by checking an exclusive-OR result of both signals, a judgement of "1"/"0" becomes possible.
However, in accordance with the above-described conventional system, since the phase of the local oscillator signal is changed between the first-half and the second-half of the 1-bit data, a measure for synchronizing with the 1-bit data becomes requisite for this system.
Furthermore, in the case where a frequency deviation of the FSK-modulated signal is small compared with the transmission speed, a signal period included in 1-bit data becomes small. Therefore, it becomes difficult to check an interrelationship between a first-half waveform and a second-half waveform in the 1-bit data.
Moreover, in the case where the frequency of the local oscillator signal is offset, in either side of a plus or a minus of the FSK-modulated data, a signal period included in 1-bit data becomes also small. Therefore, its demodulation becomes difficult as well as the case where the transmission speed is high.
Still further, since the local oscillator is associated with the phase-shift circuit, the local oscillator requires a large output power to compensate the loss in the phase-shift circuit. Also, in a direct conversion receiver, it may happen that the local oscillator signal leaks toward the received carrier wave signal since both signals have substantially the same frequencies.
On the other hand, an another example of already known FSK data receiving systems is disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. SHO 55-14701. This conventional system is explained hereinafter with reference to FIG. 33.
In FIG. 33, a reference numeral 560 denotes an input terminal of FSK data receiving system, and reference numerals 561, 562 denote mixers. A reference numeral 563 denotes a local oscillator, and a reference numeral 564 denotes a 90.degree. phase-shift circuit. Reference numerals 565, 566 denote low-pass filters, and reference numerals 567, 568 denote I-signal and Q-signal, respectively.
Further, reference numerals 569, 570 denote limiter amplifiers, and reference numerals 571, 572 denote digital signals. A reference numeral 573 denotes a D-type flip-flop circuit, and a reference numeral 574 denotes its output signal.
With this arrangement, an FSK data inputted into the input terminal 560 is supplied to both the mixer 561 and the mixer 562 at the same time. A local oscillator signal generated from the local oscillator 563 is supplied to the mixer 561 to mix with the FSK data. The local oscillator is also supplied to the 90.degree. phase-shift circuit 564. An output signal from the 90.degree. phase-shift circuit 564 is supplied to the mixer 562 to mix with the FSK data.
An output signal from the mixer 561 is sent to the low-pass filter 565 to generate the I-signal 567. On the other hand, an output signal from the mixer 562 is sent to the low-pass filter 566 to generate the Q-signal 568.
The I-signal 567 and the Q-signal 568 are transformed into digital signals 571 and 572 through the limiter amplifiers 569 and 570, respectively.
The digital signal 571 is inputted into a data input terminal of the D-type flip-flop circuit 573, and the digital signal 572 is inputted into a clock input terminal of the D-type flip-flop circuit 573. The D-type flip-flop 573 generates the output signal 574 which is used for a demodulation.
However, in such a conventional data receiving system, the digital signals are obtained by directly inputting the I-signal and the Q-signal into the limiter amplifiers. Therefore, if the base-band signal has a small voltage close to a judging voltage of the limiter amplifier, noises may cause the I/Q signal to accidentally cross the judging voltage of the limiter amplifier, thus generating undesirable error digital signals. Consequently, a demodulation becomes difficult.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


Provided is a solvent-free-adhesive polyisocyanate composition, containing, a polyisocyanate (A) and an aromatic vinyl-maleic anhydride copolymer (B), which is a copolymer of aromatic vinyl and maleic anhydride in which a molar ratio [aromatic vinyl/maleic anhydride] of the raw material monomers of the copolymer is 1.5/1 to 5/1. Further provided is a method for producing the polyisocyanate composition; a solvent-free adhesive containing, the solvent-free-adhesive polyisocyanate composition and a polyol (Y); and a multilayer film obtained by laminating a first base material film, a second base material film, and an adhesive layer between the base material films, in which the adhesive layer is formed of the solvent-free adhesive.

Polyurethane resins are widely used as laminate adhesives for soft packaging materials due to their excellent adhesion to the base material and excellent flexibility. Laminate films bonded by the urethane resin adhesives are used as packaging materials for food, pharmaceutical products, detergents, etc.
The mainstream method heretofore has been a dry lamination method in which an adhesive dissolved in an organic solvent is applied to a film, the organic solvent is evaporated as the film passes through an oven, and another film is bonded thereto. However, recent years have seen an increase in demand for two-component-type solvent-free laminate adhesives that do not contain organic solvents from the viewpoints of reducing impact on the environment and improving the work environment (refer to PTL 1 below).
In these solvent-free laminate adhesives, the resin component inevitably has a low molecular weight to obtain an appropriate coating property, and thus, the adhesion strength of the product laminate, in other words, the laminate strength, is low, which raises issues such as insufficient resistance to high-temperature retort treatment and insufficient adhesion to aluminum base materials or aluminum-deposited base materials in a high-temperature environment. Meanwhile, increasing the molecular weight and improving the laminate adhesion strength may result in insufficient pot life.
Then, in order to resolve the technical trade-off between the laminate strength and the pot life of such solvent-free laminate adhesives, PTL 1 below discloses a two-component solvent-free adhesive composed of a polyol component and a polyisocyanate component, in which a polyol premix is prepared by adding a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and propylene carbonate to the polyol component and is combined with the polyisocyanate component.
However, with this technology, when the polyol premix prepared by adding a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and propylene carbonate to the polyol component is stored for a long time, the styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer reacts with the polyol, ring-opening of the acid anhydride groups leads to generation of carboxyl groups, and a significant increase in viscosity occurs when the premix is mixed with the polyisocyanate component, thereby failing to obtain an appropriate working time (pot life). This phenomenon has been particularly significant when the premix is stored at high temperature (for example, at 60° C. for about 10 days).
Moreover, regarding the adhesion strength, the strength and the adhesion to the aluminum base material after a high-temperature retort treatment have not been sufficient; in addition, the adhesive function is no longer exhibited when the long-term storage of the adhesive causes an increase in viscosity. Furthermore, propylene carbonate, which is a blended component, has a low molecular weight, and thus when the composition is used in food pouches, there is a risk of elution of propylene carbonate into the content.

Solvent-free-adhesive polyisocyanate composition, solvent-free adhesive, and method for producing multilayer film using the same


Various embodiments of a rear-projection screen, a method of rear-projection collimation and a projection video display (PVD) system. In one embodiment, a rear-projection screen includes: (1) a total-internal-reflection (TIR) fresnel lens configured to aim light received at an incidence angle toward a central axis of the TIR fresnel lens at a convergence angle and (2) a refractive fresnel lens configured to refract the light received from the TIR fresnel lens and at least to reduce the convergence angle.

Projection video display (PVD) systems based on digital mirror devices (DMDs) have become quite popular owing, in part, to their accurate color rendition, resolution, display size and cost. However, DMD-based rear-projection PVD systems require an elongated optical path between DMD and screen to magnify their images from a fraction of an inch to several feet wide. Front-projection DMD-based rear-projection PVD systems have at their disposal the distance separating the projector from the rear-projection screen. Rear-projection DMD-based rear-projection PVD systems rely in part on cabinet depth to provide that distance: the larger the rear-projection screen size, the greater the required distance and cabinet depth.
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and plasma displays, which compete with DMD-based rear-projection PVD systems, do not magnify images and consequently tend to be relatively shallow, perhaps on the order of a few to several inches. Further, their depth is fairly independent of display size. Consumers prefer a shallower cabinet, so reducing cabinet depth in DMD-based rear-projection PVD systems to maintain their competitiveness is an ongoing challenge.
One way to reduce cabinet depth is to use mirrors to fold the optical path. However, once the image is incident on the projection screen, further optical processing is necessary to collimate the light so it is steered toward the viewer. Moreover, that collimation should preserve the intensity and fidelity of the image; it should not attenuate or distort the image. Unfortunately, ever-thinner cabinets cause the angle of incidence to climb. The next generation of DMD-based rear-projection PVD systems may have angles of incidence around 75° relative to normal (90° being parallel to the rear-projection screen). This high angle of incidence presents a significant collimation challenge, and one that the prior art is unable to address without unacceptably dimming or distorting the image or being prohibitively expensive and therefore impractical for use in commercial DMD-based rear-projection PVD systems.
What is needed in the art is a rear-projection screen that can collimate light incident at a large angle relative to normal. What is further needed in the art is a method of rear-projection collimation that can accommodate high angles of incidence. What is still further needed in the art is a DMD-based rear-projection PVD systems that has a lower cabinet depth to screen-size ratio than prior PVD systems.

Rear-projection screen for projection video display system, method of rear-projection collimation and projection video display system incorporating the same


When four access request origins A, B, C, and D are present, a priority table (No. 1) having a priority order of A, B, C, and D, a priority table (No. 2) having a priority order of B, D, A, and C, a priority table (No. 3) having a priority order of C, A, D, and B, and a priority table (No. 4) having a priority order of D, C, B, and A are prepared. An order of employing these tables is determined in advance in this order. A priority table next in the order to the priority table employed in last arbitration or, when a priority table at the bottom in the order is employed in last arbitration, a priority table at the top in the order is employed. Based on the priority levels defined in the employed priority table, an access request to be accepted is selected.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for arbitrating access to a common resource when access requests are issued from a plurality of origins.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, in a computer, when access requests such as those for reading and writing are issued from a plurality of blocks (access request origins) to a common resource such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), it is necessary to execute arbitration to the access requests. There has conventionally been an apparatus that executes such arbitration. The apparatus is configured to prevent the arbitration result from being unbalanced by counting the number of times of request acceptance for each of access request origins to control such that the counted numbers are equalized among the access request origins, or by a round-robin scheme.
For example, a bus arbiter apparatus is known that includes a group setting unit that makes settings by assigning each of a plurality of modules to any one of a plurality of arbitrating groups, an in-group arbitrating unit that arbitrates bus accesses to a common bus for each of the arbitrating groups, an intra-group arbitrating unit that arbitrates bus accesses to a common bus among the arbitrating groups, and a bus-use permission signal generating unit that provides a bus use permission signal to a module arbitrated by the intra-group arbitrating unit (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2003-271545).
Moreover, such a bus arbiter apparatus is also known that includes a unit that groups request origins each of which needs to maintain the time from the issuance of a bus use request to the bus use permission to be short and request origins of requests other than requests for refreshing the DRAM as one group and regards the group as one request origin; a unit that, representing the lowest priority as the request of a group and the request having a priority higher by one level than the lowest priority as the request of refreshing in the initial state, changes, when a request origin for a request that is not the request of the group and not the request of refreshing has received bus use permission, the priority level of the request origin that has received the bus use permission to the lowest rank and, when the request of the group or the request of refreshing has received bus use permission, changes the lowest rank request of the priority to the request of the group and the request having the higher priority by one level than the lowest rank to the request of refreshing; and a unit that issues bus use permission in response to a bus use request of a request origin based on the priority levels changed by the above unit (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. H11-39255).
Furthermore, such a arbitration control system is also known that includes a plurality of requesters that transmit use requests for a common resource retained commonly among a plurality of apparatuses; a control unit that receives the use requests and transmits the received use request at a predetermined frequency having been set to the requesters that have transmitted the use requests; and a arbitrating unit that arbitrates by selecting requesters to permit the use of the common resources according to the received use requests (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-197050).
However, in the above conventional methods in which the number of times of request acceptance is counted, a counter is necessary for each of the access request origins. Therefore, the circuit scale of the arbiter apparatus tends to be large.

Method and apparatus for arbitrating access


An improved device for inflating and illuminating a balloon. The device includes a hollow tube having an air baffle structure integrally molded in its interior. The air baffle structure directs air flowing through the tube out through side openings and into a surrounding balloon. A small aperture also extends through the air baffle structure itself. The aperture is sized so that a double lead wire can pass though the aperture from one side of the air baffle structure to the other. The double lead wire extends past the air baffle structure and is directly coupled to an illumination source at the top end of the tube. A sealant is used to seal the aperture through which the double lead wire passes. As such, an air impervious air baffle structure is provided that allows for the direct electrical connection in between a light source on one side of the air baffle structure and a power supply on the opposite side of the air baffle structure.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to devices capable of being positioned within a balloon that assist in the inflation of the balloon and enable the balloon to be illuminated internally. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices that retain a light source within a balloon and couple that light source to an external power source after the balloon is inflated.
2. PRIOR ART STATEMENT
U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,941 to Daniel Panjuke, the inventor herein, entitled Balloon Inflation Device With Light, discloses a device for positioning a light within a traditional latex balloon. Referring to FIG. 1, it can be seen that the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,941 to Panjuke contains a hollow tube 12 that passes into the opening of a latex-type of balloon. A flange 14 is disposed near the bottom of the hollow tube 12. The open end of a balloon passes over the flange 14, thereby creating an air impervious seal around the hollow tube 12. To fill the balloon, air is introduced into the balloon through the hollow tube 12. A baffle 16 is positioned in the hollow tube 12. Two holes 18 are positioned adjacent to the baffle 16. As air is introduced through the bottom of the hollow tube 12, the air is directed through the two holes 18 and into the balloon by the baffle 16. The presence of an elastic band 20 enables air to pass into the balloon through the two holes 18 yet prevents air from leaving the balloon through those same holes 18.
A light bulb 22 connects to the top of the hollow tube 12. As the bulb 22 is placed into the top of the hollow tube 12, the specialty leads 24 of the bulb 22 contact two terminals 26 disposed on the interior of the hollow tube 12. The terminals 26 extend down the length of the hollow tube 12 and interconnect with an electrical plug 27 that leads to a power source.
In the prior art, the manufacturing of the terminals 26 on the interior of the hollow tube 12 have been problematic. The terminals 26 must be firmly affixed to the interior of the hollow tube 12. Furthermore, the terminals 26 must extend down the sides of the baffle 16 in the hollow tube 12 without allowing air to leak past the baffle 16. In order to achieve such a configuration, the baffle 16 cannot be molded as part of the hollow tube. Rather, the baffle 16 must be glued in place within the hollow tube 12 after the terminals 26 have be affixed to the sides of the hollow tube 12. The use of the terminals 26 also requires that the light bulb 22 and the electrical plug 27 be specially configured to contact and engage the terminals 26 inside the hollow tube 12. All such requirements have added greatly to the cost and labor required to manufacture the overall device.
A more specific description of the operation of the prior art device shown in FIG. 1 is contained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,941 to Daniel Panjuke, entitled Balloon Inflation Device With Light, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In view of the prior art, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,941, a need therefore exists in the art for an improved balloon and inflation device that does not use interior terminals to connect the light source to a power source. Such an improved device would greatly reduce the complexities of manufacturing and would result in a device that is less costly and less labor intensive to produce. This need is satisfied by the present invention as described and claimed.

Balloon inflation and illumination device


On-line diverting acids for continuous injection into water injection wells and methods of preparing the diverting acid are disclosed. The on-line diverting acids have a raw material composition of: 5.0-25.0% of hydrochloric acid, 3.0%-6.0% of ammonium fluoride, 4.0%-8.0% of a diverting agent, 3.0%-7.0% of a chelating agent, 1.0-3.0% of a corrosion inhibitor, 1.0-3.0% of an anti-swelling/swelled-clay-shrinking agent and a balance of water. The on-line diverting acids can remove plugging from deep zones of high and low permeability layers, and can be continuously injected to simplify the construction process, to achieve the purpose of reducing the pressure and stimulating the injection.

Acidification is one of the important measures for increasing production and stimulating injection in sandstone reservoirs. However, in the acidification measures for sandstone reservoirs, the acid distribution technique of the acid solution for sand-shale thin interbed, uneven water accepting layer or multi-formation still has the problem of uneven distribution, removing only plugging from high permeability zones but not entering low permeability zones to effectively remove plugging.
At present, the mechanical diverting technology has a strict requirement on construction well condition, and a high construction cost; the foam diversion and polymer diversion has high requirements on reservoir temperature, reservoir permeability and porosity respectively, and they are greatly harmful to formations and cannot easily flow back, thus their use is also limited.
Self-diverting acids or diverting acids, on which many researches focus in recent years, have advantages such as superior diverting performance, good leak-off control and no damage to the reservoir. However, in the field application, it is necessary to keep tripping the tubing string, and inject from the wellbore in multiple steps a prepad fluid, a spacer fluid, a treatment fluid, an overflush fluid, a temporary plugging agent, a diverting agent, a displacement fluid, the treatment fluid and the like; in order to prevent the secondary plugging caused by secondary precipitate formed of residual acid after construction, the acid solution needs to flow back, resulting in complex construction steps, high construction strength, and long construction time.
Therefore, it is a problem to be solved in the art to provide an on-line diverting acid for continuous injection with good diverting, slowing speed and flowback performances.

On-line diverting acid for continuous injection into water injection wells and a preparation method thereof


Disclosed is a golf ball in which a plurality of dimples is arranged. The golf ball includes first dimples having the largest diameter and second dimples having the second largest diameter arranged on the surface of the golf ball divided into a spherical rhombic dodecahedron, the first dimples are arranged in an LF region of a radius of π/10 radian ±10% around a first apex of the spherical rhombic dodecahedron, shared jointly by 4 spherical rhombi, and the second dimples are arranged in an LS region of a radius of π/20 radian ±10% around a second apex of the spherical rhombic dodecahedron, shared jointly by 3 spherical rhombi. Thereby, air flow and pressure drag are uniformized in all of spherical polygons and thus, a carry distance of the golf ball may be improved.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a golf ball, and more particularly to a golf ball capable of improving a carry distance.
Description of the Related Art
Generally, dimple arrangement of a golf ball has a great influence on flight performance of the golf ball. Specifically, when a golfer hit a golf ball with a golf club, back spin is generated by the loft angle of the golf club, at the same time strong repulsive elasticity is generated from the core of the golf ball and launching the ball, thus the golf ball flies while forming various type ballistic trajectories depending on specifications of the golf ball.
If a golfer hit a golf ball with a driver, the flight duration of the golf ball is about 6 seconds. Although the ballistic trajectory of the golf ball at the initial stage is similar, the peak of the ballistic trajectory is considerably different according to dimples of the golf balls. Of course, even if the same golfer hit a golf ball using the same golf club, flight characteristics of the golf ball is different due to differences in repulsive elasticity, hardness and rotating performance of the golf ball, the flight characteristics and the flying trajectory of the golf ball are also various according to size, number, area ratio, depth, arrangement of dimples, and so on.
Further, divisional composition used when dimples are arranged is a very important factor determining the size and area ratio of the dimples in connection with symmetry of a golf ball. Generally, divisional composition to arrange dimples on the surface of a golf ball serves to divide a sphere into a spherical polyhedral state. That is, as divisional composition, there are a spherical tetrahedron composed of 4 spherical triangles, a spherical hexahedron composed of 6 spherical squares, a spherical octahedron composed of 8 spherical triangles, a spherical cube-octahedron composed of 6 spherical squares and 8 spherical triangles, a spherical dodecahedron composed of 12 spherical pentagons, a spherical icosahedron composed of 20 spherical triangles, a spherical icosi-dodecahedron composed of 12 spherical pentagons and 20 spherical triangles, and so on. They may be subdivided and thus form spherical polyhedron of various shapes and then, dimples may be arranged.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,477 discloses a golf ball in which, in arrangement of dimples on its spherical surface divided into faces of an icosi-dodecahedron, balance is achieved between the dimple-free area ratio of equatorial region (mold parting line), generated by buffing, and the dimple-free area ratio of the polar regions, generated by widely arranging dimples by new composition, so as to promote flight stability and to improve the carry distance of the golf ball. However, the disclosed golf ball has excellent flight stability but has disadvantages, such as increase in flight duration and difficulty in raising a ballistic trajectory peak.
And U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,708 discloses a golf ball in which the largest dimple is arranged respectively to apex portion of spherical triangle forming an octahedron and apex of small spherical triangle (one small spherical triangle in a spherical cube-octahedron) formed by connecting midpoint of each side of large spherical triangle one another, so that large and small dimples being arranged on each polygon are balanced to uniform air resistance and thus, flight stability of the golf ball is improved.
Further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,444 discloses a golf ball in which three or four kinds of dimples are arranged on the surface of the golf ball, and the carry distance of the golf ball is increased by properly adjusting a ratio between diameters of the dimples and depths of the dimples by adjusting the depths of the dimples according to the diameters of the dimples.
Meanwhile, U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,902 discloses a dimple arrangement of a golf ball in which conventional divisional composition of a spherical cube-octahedron is further subdivided such that dimples in regions are connected to the largest size dimples which exist one by one in the regions in a form of band and thus, a region of an air stream reducing air resistance in a low-speed area is provided so as to increase the carry distance of the golf ball.
Even in case of other documents than the above-described Patents, dimples are generally arranged in order in consideration of the sizes of the dimples so as to achieve symmetrical divisional composition and uniform arrangement of the dimples.
In this case, when hit a golf ball with a golf club, back spin is similarly generated by the loft angle of the head of the golf club. In this way, air pressure is accumulated below the reversed rotating ball, and air above the golf ball flows faster than peripheral air and thus air pressure above the golf ball is lowered. Consequently, aerodynamic lift equivalent to many times of gravity is formed on the golf ball. Thereafter, the golf ball flies at a high speed up to the apex of a ballistic trajectory with the aid of repulsive power to hitting power and aerodynamic lift, and flies at a low speed from the apex of the ballistic trajectory to a landing point. Therefore, if the time taken for a golf ball to reach the apex of the ballistic trajectory is further increased or the apex is further raised even when the golf ball flies along a proper trajectory for the same time, the carry distance of the golf ball may be further increased based on the principle of parabolic motion.
However, since air resistance of the golf ball increases in proportion to the maximum sectional area of the golf ball, decrease in size of the golf ball is advantageous in terms of the carry distance. However, the sizes of golf balls are restricted to 1.68 inches or more by the official ball regulations of R&A or USGA and thus, the sizes of golf balls should not be discretionally adjusted.
Therefore, most authorized golf balls are about 1.68 inches in diameter, the surfaces areas of the golf balls according to diameters thereof are similar and thus, if dimples are arranged by dividing the surfaces of a sphere—into the above-described spherical polyhedrons, the spherical polyhedrons are indispensably overlapped.
In general, in manufacture of a golf ball, if a cavity inserted into a mold is manufactured, a master mold is firstly made and then covered with a stainless steel plate having a thickness of 0.8 mm or less, and dimples are formed respectively by pressing using high-pressure pins. In this case, the depth of the dimples is restricted to some degree by the diameter of the dimples due to strength of the stainless steel plate. If such a depth is converted into a Frustum depth and thus, a volume ratio of the dimples is calculated, the volume ratio of dimples in most golf balls are about 400 mm3±10%. Accordingly, in case of dimples formed in such a cavity, the diameters of the dimples are determined, the volume ratio of the dimples become almost similar, flying characteristics of a golf ball are determined by the sizes and the number of respective dimples. Furthermore, when dimples are arranged, the maximum number of dimples generally fills on the surface of a sphere, a dimple area ratio tends to be determined by the diameters and the number of the dimples. It may support explanation that, if the total number of dimples having similar sizes is the same, the flying performances of golf balls become similar in terms of dimple arrangement determining the carry distance of the golf ball aerodynamically.
Of course, even if a golf ball has the same dimple arrangement, the flying performance of the golf ball differs from that of other golf balls due to differences in the structure, size, weight, and the compression of a golf ball, a material and hardness of a cover, and a degree of repulsive elasticity of a core. However, if dimple arrangements having symmetry according to the official ball regulations of R&A or USGA are formed by equalizing structures, sizes, weight, and hardnesses of golf balls, and cover materials and uniformizing the total numbers of dimples having similar sizes, when the golf balls manufactured having different dimple arrangements are hit by a swing machine and tracked using a track-man or through other measurement methods, the flying performances of the golf balls are not significantly different.
The important factors in the flying performance of a golf ball are carry distance, amount of rotation, flight duration, peak height, and lateral deviation. If two golf balls having 3˜6 kinds of dimples of different sizes, which are arranged in the same numbers, have different dimple arrangements according to dimple size, the peak heights and the lateral deviations of the two golf balls are different due to a difference of the dimple arrangements.
Meanwhile, a golf ball needs to have symmetry according to the official ball regulations, that is why the same dimples are arranged on the same spherical polygons so that the surface of a sphere is symmetrically divided into a spherical polyhedron consisting of a plurality of spherical polygons. In this case, if the surface areas of the spherical polygons forming the spherical polyhedron are the same, there is no difference between dimple arrangements and a difference between flying performances is restricted. However, in many cases, the surface areas of spherical polygons formed according to divisional composition are greatly different, thus causing difficulty in dimple arrangement.
For example, if the radius of a golf ball is 0.84 inches, the overall surface area of the golf ball is 8.866831105 in2. In case of a spherical rhombic dodecahedron, 12 spherical rhombi, each of which has a surface area of 0.738902592 in2, form the overall surface area of a sphere. However, in case of a spherical cube-octahedron, the surface area of one of spherical triangles forming the spherical cube-octahedron is 0.388987121 in2 and the surface area of one of spherical squares forming the spherical cube-octahedron is 0.959155691 in2, and 8 spherical triangles and 6 spherical squares form the overall surface area of a sphere divided into the spherical cube-octahedron. Further, in case of a sphere of a spherical icosi-dodecahedron having the same radius, the surface area of one of spherical pentagons is 0.527394879 in2, the surface of one of spherical triangles is 0.126904631 in2, and 12 spherical pentagons and 20 spherical triangles form the overall surface area of the sphere. In this way, the respective spherical polygons are different and thus, the surface areas thereof are different. If a dimple arrangement in which only 1 kind of relatively large dimples having a diameter 0.145 inches or more to easily obtain the aerodynamic lift are symmetrically arranged on the overall surface of a sphere is given, an excessively large number of land regions without dimples is formed, the total area ratio of the dimples is reduced and thus, aerodynamic lift is reduced and an expected carry distance of the golf ball may not be obtained. On the other hand, if a dimple arrangement in which only small dimples having a diameter 0.1 inches or less are symmetrically arranged on the overall surface of a sphere is given, a serious problem in aerodynamic lift is generated and thus, only about 85% of a desired carry distance of the golf ball may be acquired.
Therefore, in order to solve the above-described problems, a dimple arrangement, in which various kinds of dimples having different sizes are arranged on the surface of a golf ball so as to minimize regions without dimples, retain lateral symmetry, and promote flight stability of the golf ball, has been required.


Various operational measurements of a network element are determined in real time. These measurements are used to determine the call carrying capacity of the elements and the reaction of the network element to various call loads. Models of the network elements are generated from the operational measurements. Using an element's model, the network's reaction to various changes in a particular element can be determined without complex and expensive engineering work.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to radio communications. More particularly, the present invention relates to evolution planning using a performance monitoring platform.
2. Description of the Related Art
The rapid increase of wireless telephony has caused radiotelephone service providers to evolve their networks to meet the demand. The evolution planning of a complex cellular network is a difficult task due, in part, to the rapid increase in the number of services and the different components in the network.
Typically, for each new feature or configuration change of the network, such as caller identification or conference calling, the network services engineering groups conduct a thorough study to evaluate the effect of the change on all of the network components. The accuracy of these complex, time consuming tasks is limited by the amount of data that can be collected by the engineering team and the ability to reduce this data to usable information. Additionally, failure to plan properly has resulted in many service outages when system changes were performed. There is a resulting need for a more accurate, faster method for performing cellular network evolution planning.

Evolution planning in a wireless network


A system for, and method of, retrieving network management data in a network and a network management station incorporating the system or the method. In one embodiment, the system includes: (1) an information querier, associated with a network management station, that develops a query for at least some network management data from a target agent in the network and assigns a path for a response from the target agent that is unique to the target agent and (2) a response receiver, associated with the information querier, that receives, via the path, the response from the target agent containing the at least some the network management data.

Networks have become critical to today's society. Their importance is reflected not only in the number of elements (such as servers, clients, hubs, routers and gateways) that are networked together, but also in the varied and complex ways those elements are interconnected. Undisputably the most widely recognized example of a network is the Internet, which is responsible for interconnecting countless subnets and individual servers and clients.
As networks have become more complex, network management has likewise become more automated and standardized. One widely employed architecture for automatically managing networks adopts a manager/agent topology. Network management stations (NMSs) are employed to supervise agents associated with each element in the network that is to be managed. Each agent has access to a management information base (MIB) that contains data regarding its associated element. The data include, for example, a unique identity for the element, its operating characteristics and the identities of other elements to which it is connected. The NMSs query the various agents for the data from their respective MIBs. These queries, transported to the agents in packets, conform to a standard protocol called the Simple Network Management Protocol, or SNMP.
The data gathered by the NMSs by means of these messages are used to model the network in various known ways. Once a model or models are developed, the operation of the network may be optimized and problems that may occur in the network from time to time can be diagnosed, localized or resolved.
For example, in a network having a server, a router, a gateway and a hub, it is desired to allow an NMS to manage the network. First, the NMS sends a packet containing an SNMP query to, for example, the server. The server's agent responds with one or more packets containing its MIB response. Then, the NMS sends a packet containing another SNMP query to, for example, the router. The router' agent responds with one or more packets containing its MIB response. Then, the NMS sends a packet containing an SNMP query to, for example, the gateway. The gateway's agent responds with one or more packets containing its MIB response. Finally, the NMS sends a packet containing an SNMP query to the hub. The hub's agent responds with one or more packets containing its MIB response.
At the risk of being repetitious, the point is made that gathering MIB information is a serial process. The underlying reason for this is that requests must be fulfilled one at a time. Otherwise, the MIB information from one element can become confused with the MIB information from another element, corrupting the data-gathering process.
Unfortunately, an individual query/response can take a counterintuitively long time. It has been determined that, on average, query/responses in modern Internet Protocol (IP) networks take about a minute to complete. For the exemplary network above, the query/response time is about four minutes.
One minute per element may not at first glance seem to be an inordinate delay, but modern networks may contain many thousands of elements. In such networks, delays of many thousands of minutes before meaningful network management can be put in place is unacceptable. Accordingly, what is needed in the art is a faster way to retrieve the MIB information necessary for modeling a network so networks can come under effective management faster.

System and method for retrieving network management data from multiple network elements


A lever type connector comprising: a pair of projections, formed on each of guide grooves of a lever, which converts the rotation of the lever in a predetermined engaging direction effected due to the engagement between a pair of guide pins of a male connector and the guide grooves into the rotation thereof in a direction opposite to the predetermined engaging direction when the guide pins are brought into contact with each of the projections when the male connector is held at a temporary engaging position thereof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lever type connector and more particularly to the lever type connector comprising a pair of connectors connected with each other by using a lever supported by a pair of shafts projecting from one of the connectors.
2. Description of the Related Arts
A great force is required to connect a plurality of connectors, for example, 20 or more with each other. Therefore, lever type connectors have been proposed to connect them easily by means of a lever which allows an operator to connect them by applying a relatively small force thereto.
Referring to FIG. 4, an example of the above-described conventional lever type connector is described below. A lever 3 is rotatably supported by a pair of supporting shafts 4 and 4 on both outer side surfaces of a connector 1. A pair of guide pins 5 and 5 engaging guide grooves 3c and 3c of the lever 3 project from a connector 2. The lever 3 is rotated to move the connector 2 into the connector 1 so as to connect them with each other or move the connector 2 away from the connector 1 so as to disconnect them from each other due to the engagement between the guide pins 5 and 5 of the connector 2 and each of the guide grooves 3c and 3c of the connector 1.
In connecting the connectors 1 and 2 of the above-described lever type connector with each other, an operator has the connector 2 in one hand to engage the connectors 1 and 2 with each other while the operator rotates the lever 3 by the other hand. The following connector eliminates the need for using both hands in connecting them with each other. That is, an operator rotates the lever 3 by one hand with the connector 2 held by the connector 1 in a temporary engaging position. In the temporary engaging position, the connectors 1 and 2 are not in contact with each other and thus are unconductive to each other.
The above-described lever type connector has, however, the following problem in installing it on an automobile or the like: As shown in FIG. 5, in the temporary engaging position, the guide pin 5 of the connector 2 is in contact with an inclined surface 3b of a guide groove 3a formed on the lever 3. If a force F1 in the engaging direction acts on the connector 2 by accident, the guide pin 5 applies a rotational force F2 in the engaging direction to the lever 3. As a result, the lever 3 rotates in the engaging direction (A) and hence the connector 2 is moved from the temporary engaging position toward the predetermined engaging position. Consequently, the terminals of the connectors 1 and 2 are brought into contact with each other and as a result, both connectors 1 and 2 become conductive to each other although the connector 2 is not in engagement with the connector 1 at the predetermined engaging position.
If the operator has forgotten to connect the connector 2 with the connector 1 at the predetermined engaging position with the connector 2 held at the temporary engaging position, there is a possibility that an incomplete engagement between the connectors 1 and 2 cannot be detected in a conductivity inspection test, because the connectors 1 and 2 are conductive to each other.


The joint between two drywall panels is taped with a paper tape which is backed with a pressure sensitive adhesive. After burnishing the applied tape with a metal or other stiff blade, a water-soaked sponge is moved along the burnished tape to soak the outwardly facing paper surface. The drywall mud is then applied to the wetted paper tape to bridge the joint between the panels without raised or protruding portions of the paper tape, thereby presenting a more continuous and aesthetically satisfying bridge between the panels.

In modern commercial and residential construction interior wall surfaces are typically formed from flat modular units affixed to wood or metal studs. These units, know as sheet rock, gypsum board, plasterboard or generically herein as wallboard, come in standard dimensions which are abutted to form a continuous surface. In order to present a surface which is unmarked by seams, it is necessary to position bridging tape which overlaps the seam and which supports a coating of a wet plaster-like compound known as mud. The mud is applied to obscure any variations in the wall profile, and to form the wall surface into an uninterrupted expanse.
Conventional drywall tape is typically a simple kraft paper strip which is adhered to the drywall surfaces by a coating of mud. Because the mud must be applied as the tape is positioned, operators must take care not to discharge the mud onto non-work surfaces. In addition, once the drywall tape has been applied an installer must wait as much as a day for the mud to dry before a final surface coat of mud can be applied.
Self-adhesive drywall tapes eliminate the clean-up and drying time delays associated with other paper tapes. The tapes are adhered to the wall board with light pressure, and are then rubbed down or burnished with a knife and may be immediately coated with mud. These tapes, such as the type manufactured by E-Z Taping System, Inc., of Green Bay, Wis., and disclosed in pending U.S. application No. Ser. 08/677,382, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,129, offer rapid and neat application, and can cut many hours in the taping of a building project. Nonetheless, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes have manifested a tendency to "raise up" or protrude after the initial coating of mud. The raised areas are readily eliminated by waiting for the joint compound or mud to dry and then applying hand pressure to the raised area, or lightly sanding or scraping the raised area. Alternatively, raised up sections may be treated while the mud is still wet by applying pressure to the raised portions. Although the unevenness is completely addressed by these steps, this obstinate phenomenon has been an obstacle to full realization of the time and labor saving benefits of pressure-sensitive tapes for bridging wall board joints.
What is needed is a method for apply pressure-sensitive adhesive backed paper tape to wall board joints which is convenient, consistent, and which does not require waiting for mud to dry.


Disclosed are a hot-rolled galvanized steel sheet having excellent galling resistance and formability, and a method for manufacturing the same. The hot-rolled galvanized steel sheet, includes: a base steel; and a hot-rolled galvanizing layer formed on the surface of the base steel, wherein the hot-rolled galvanizing layer provides a hot-rolled galvanized steel sheet having a Mn crystallite having a size of 10 μm or less between the resin dendrites of zinc that form sequins.

According to ASTM A653 and DIN EN10346, a hot-rolled galvanized steel sheet refers to a zinc-plating layer containing 99 or more weight percentage (wt %) of zinc (Zn). Such a hot-rolled galvanized steel sheet is readily manufactured and has a low production price. Accordingly, an application range of the hot-rolled galvanized steel sheet has recently been extended to household appliances and automotive steel sheets.
However, it is known that galling-suppressing characteristics of such a hot-rolled galvanized steel sheet are deteriorated when the hot-rolled galvanized steel sheet is molded. Such galling refers to a phenomenon in which a plating layer is separated from base steel and applied to a mold. Pieces of the plating layer, applied to the mold, cause defects such as scratches in a continuous molding process to deteriorate surface quality of a product. Accordingly, since the product deteriorated in surface quality is considered to be defective, such galling should be prevented.
Although there are various factors affecting galling characteristics, it is known that surface roughness and hardness of a plating layer affect galling characteristics in terms of physical properties of a material. Accordingly, surface roughness and hardness are controlled by various methods to suppress galling.
As another method, according to a method disclosed in Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0742832, a crystal grain may be formed to have a size of 0.1 millimeter (mm) or less. In this case, it is known that galling characteristics are further improved than a large-sized crystal grain.
However, in this case, as the crystal grain decreases in size, an orientation of a {0001} plane increases. When a preferred orientation, in which the {0001} plane is disposed parallel to a horizontal direction of a steel sheet, is increased, there is a risk of brittle fracture at low temperature.
There are many types of sealer adhesive used to assemble rolled steels, to reduce noise, and improve durability in automotive assembly. In general, when an expensive adhesive is used, adhesive properties are improved, but such use may be costly.

Hot-rolled galvanized steel sheet having excellent galling resistance, formability and sealer-adhesion property and method for manufacturing same