A heatable glass pane is disclosed. The glass pane includes two bus bars which are located parallel to a base edge of the glass pane and arranged essentially in a line in their axial direction, spaced apart a short distance from one another. The glass pane includes a set of heating wires which are in electrical contact with the two contact busbars and the heating wires have essentially the same lengths.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a heatable glass pane, comprising two contact bus bars of different polarity, which are arranged essentially parallel to one another in their longitudinal direction and parallel to a base edge of the heatable glass pane, and a set of heating wires, which are in electrical contact with the contact bus bars.
2. Description of Related Art
Such a glass pane has been disclosed in DE 101 26 869 A1. Therein, an electrically heatable pane is disclosed, in which the mutually parallel contact bus bars are arranged at different distances from the base edge and thus one on top of the other, when viewed transversely with respect to their longitudinal direction. The heating wire is guided, starting from the upper contact bus bar, in a plurality of loops and then beyond the upper contact bus bar to the lower contact bus bar, the heating wire being electrically insulated with respect to the upper contact bus bar at the point of intersection with said upper contact bus bar. The arrangement of the two contact bus bars on the same pane edge is particularly advantageous for side windowpanes of motor vehicles, since a contact bus bar at any other edge would be visually disruptive. In addition, the base edge lies within a doorframe, which makes power supply easier, in particular if a window winding motor is already present. The disclosure also includes guiding the heating wire in the region of a slope of the side windowpane, i.e. where the pane has not yet reached its maximum height extent, in a greater number of loops (for example with five changes in direction) than in the region of the greatest pane height (for example three changes in direction). This is intended to achieve a situation in which the lengths of the laid heating wires are the same, as far as possible, in order to achieve corresponding resistance values. However, one disadvantage of the described manner of laying the heating wires is that only a very rough variation of the heating wire length is possible. When the heating wire reaches the region of the contact bus bars, the decision remains as to whether to make contact with the contact bus bars or to carry out a further two changes in direction, which then means an increase in the heating wire lengths by almost two complete heights of the pane at this point. It is thus barely possible to achieve a situation in which the heating wire lengths are actually to a large extent exactly the same. In addition, it is technically complex to guide the heating wire with insulation over the upper contact bus bar to the lower contact bus bar.
DE 296 06 071 U1 has disclosed a heatable glass pane, in which parallel-connected, electrical heating wires, which are embedded in a thermoplastic intermediate layer, are provided only in the region of the window wiper rest position. In this case, contact bus bars have been disclosed which have only relatively small dimensions on the pane and therefore also only permit a correspondingly limited number of heating wires for contact-making purposes. The heating wires are guided in each case one loop, the heating wires, which are guided in the outermost loop, being essentially longer than the innermost wires. The limited extent of the contact bus bars and thus the limited number of heating wires which can be used allows for an expedient heating field only in a lower subregion of the glass pane.


The present invention discloses an extrusion apparatus for high viscosity liquid to address the problems that the existing extrusion apparatus tends to be abraded for long-time use and the high viscosity liquid could not be well extruded. The extrusion apparatus for high viscosity liquid of the invention comprises a gun body, a retainer fixedly connected to the gun body, a push rod slidably running through the gun body, a wrench hinged to the gun body and a handle connected to the gun body, characterized in that, a push block is hinged to one end of the wrench adjacent to the push rod, the push rod has a rod body provided with several teeth on the side facing the push block, a push tooth is provided on the push block, a permanent magnet is placed on the push block or the push rod, and the push tooth could be snapped to the teeth under action of the magnetic force of the permanent magnet.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for extruding liquid, and more particularly, to an extrusion apparatus for high viscosity liquid.
2. Related Art
An extrusion apparatus is required to coat the existing high viscosity liquid, such as glass pastes. The conventional extrusion apparatus comprises a gun body, a retainer set at front end of the gun body, a push rod running through the gun body and a wrench hinged to the gun body. The push rod is shaped as a prism, and could slide within the gun body. A push plate is hinged to the upper end of the wrench, on which a through hole is arranged with a shape similar to the cross section of the push rod. The size of the through hole is slightly larger than that of the cross section of the push rod. An anti-back plate with the same shape as the push plate is further provided after the gun body. The push rod is passed through the anti-back plate. During operation, a cylinder storing high viscosity liquid is fixed on the retainer, the wrench is turned to drive the push plate, the push rod is pressed against a piston in the cylinder, and the piston is further pushed to extrude the liquid out of the cylinder, so that the high viscosity liquid is coated. During operation of the extrusion apparatus, the liquid is extruded by turning the wrench, but the amount of the liquid extruded out of the cylinder is difficult to control, and the uniformity of coating of the liquid is impaired and the coating quality can not be guaranteed. Moreover, if the extrusion apparatus has been operated for a long time, abrasion tends to occur between the push plate and the push rod, and the use effect is further impaired. Furthermore, the anti-back plate is used to prevent the push rod moving reversely in real time. The outlet of the cylinder is generally not too large. After the wrench is turned once, the liquid in the cylinder can not flow out of the outlet in time, and the piston in the cylinder applies a reverse acting force to the push rod. The push rod can not be moved reversely under action of the anti-back plate. This way, there is still liquid flowing out of the outlet after a period of coating, which causes a lot of waste. A large amount of high viscosity liquid is adhered around the outlet, causing the outlet unclean. Once the high viscosity liquid is solidified, the liquid can not conveniently flow out of the cylinder through the outlet.

Extrusion apparatus for high viscosity liquid


The display management system includes an operation display apparatus, a master display apparatus, and a management server. The management server has a selection unit that causes the user to select image processing that is executed by the master display apparatus when the image edited by the user by using the operation display apparatus is checked using the master display apparatus, and an instruction unit that instructs the operation display apparatus to execute the image processing selected by the selection unit in a case where this image processing can be executed by the operation display apparatus. The operation display apparatus has an image processing unit that subjects the inputted image to the image processing performed under instruction by the instruction unit and a display unit that displays on a display unit the image subjected to the image processing by the image processing unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display management system.
2. Description of the Related Art
The performance of display apparatuses that input and display images (referred to hereinbelow as "displays") has recently improved and functionality of displays has increased accordingly. The number of settable set values has also increased according to the increase in functionality.
The set values include, for example, set values relating to specifications of display apparatuses, set values relating to display, and set values relating to image processing.
The set values relating to specifications of display apparatuses include, for example, a resolution (display resolution), a representable color gamut, a representable gradation (bit depth), and a frame rate.
The set values relating to display include, for example, a brightness adjustment value, a color temperature set value, and a gamma set value.
The set values relating to image processing include, for example, an enhancer set value that adjusts the sharpness of displayed image, a set value of stored color correction processing that corrects the displayed colors on the basis of stored colors in humans (for example, the value of color after correction), a set value of frame rate conversion processing that converts the frame rate of dynamic images (for example, a frame rate after correction), whether black insertion processing is performed to increase dynamic image responsiveness by inserting black images between display frames, and whether dynamic gamma processing is performed to correct gamma values on the basis of statistics relating to the displayed image.
There are no unified specifications or standards relating to functions of the aforementioned image processing, and the types of the available image processing functions, methods for realizing the image processing, and the effects obtained typically differ depending on the display apparatus. The functions of the above-mentioned display processing will be referred to hereinbelow as "display unique functions" or simply "unique functions".
Further, the above-described increase in display functionality and increase in the degree of freedom in setting have resulted in the development of displays that can emulate another display as one of display application examples. The emulation as referred to herein is a process of executing the software developed for a certain hardware on another hardware of a different design. In the emulation, a program is activated by creating the environment of another display by simulation via software called "emulator".
In a workflow such as movie production, the final display is performed, for example, with a projector. Where a display can be prepared that can emulate the projector properties, it would be possible to check the appropriateness of produced contents (created image), without actually using the projector.
The displays capable of emulating the final output device (display that finally displays the images), such as described hereinabove, are expensive. Therefore, only several such displays are typically used in one job (one workflow). The display capable of emulating the aforementioned final output device will be referred to hereinbelow as a master display (master display apparatus).
Meanwhile, in a workflow such as movie production, the movie production operations are typically performed by several tens to several hundreds of people. Therefore, the operators perform operations by using displays that have no function of emulating another display. The display that has no function of emulating another display will be referred to hereinbelow as operation display (operation display apparatus).
Such an emulation function (function of emulating another display) is realized by a combination of display unique functions. The display unique functions typically differ among the displays. Therefore, when the operation results obtained in an operation display apparatus are displayed for checking on a master display apparatus (or a final display device (a projector or the like)), the desirable results are difficult to obtain. More specifically, due to the difference between the display unique functions, the display results obtained with the operation display apparatus can be significantly different from those obtained in the master display apparatus.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-167678 discloses a method for displaying the processing results of an image processing apparatus at a terminal. More specifically, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-167678 indicates that where a terminal requests a server to transmit the image subjected to image processing, the server determines the image processing apparatus to be used and transmits to the terminal the image to which image processing has been applied in this image processing apparatus.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2010-28658 discloses a system in which functional limitations are provided for each user and each function when an image-forming apparatus such as a printer is used. In the system disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2010-28658, where the user notifies the system of printing to a specific application by using a hot folder or the like, the functional limitation for each user is canceled and functional laminations are switched to those corresponding to the application.


An autofocus actuator is provided by which it is possible to easily confirm that a holder and a yoke do not make contact with each other even when the space between the holder and the yoke is made as small as possible in order to improve shock resistance. The autofocus actuator includes light transmission holes for confirming a space between an inner peripheral surface of an inner cylindrical portion of the yoke and an outer peripheral surface of a cylindrical portion of the holder provided with a lens unit and being capable of adjusting its position in the optical axis direction by supplying electrical power to a coil secured to the holder. The light transmission holes are provided at predetermined positions of a flange portion of the holder and a stopper for attaching a leaf spring to the holder, respectively, so that light can pass therethrough.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to an autofocus actuator, and in particular to an autofocus actuator which can be used in a compact electronic device equipped with a camera such as a digital camera or portable telephone or the like.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In digital cameras and the like, an actuator which can move lenses in the optical axis direction by the interaction between a magnetic field due to a permanent magnet and a magnetic field generated by electric current flowing through a coil is used for the purpose of carrying out autofocus and zoom. Further, with the recent development of megapixel image taking elements having a pixel number of one million pixels or more, there has been a demand for an autofocus function even in cameras installed in portable telephones.
A well-known prior art autofocus actuator is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2004-280031. As shown in FIG. 20, a prior art autofocus actuator 100 is equipped with a yoke 130 having a roughly U-shaped cross-section, a permanent magnet 140 attached to the outer wall inner surface 132 of the yoke 130, a holder 110 (carrier) provided with a lens assembly 105 at a center position, a coil 120 mounted in the holder 110, a base 185 in which the yoke 130 is mounted, a frame 180 which supports the base 185, and two leaf springs 160U, 160L which support the holder 110. The holder 110 is inserted into a through hole formed by an inner cylindrical portion 131 of the yoke 130. The two leaf springs 160U, 160L are the same and are arranged to sandwich the holder 110 from above and below. Further, the two leaf springs 160U, 160L function as a feeder circuit of the coil 120. By balancing the current value applied to the coil 120 and the restoring force of the two leaf springs 160U, 160L, it is possible to control the amount of movement of the lens assembly 105 mounted to the holder 110.
As an example of the external dimensions of an autofocus actuator mounted in a portable telephone, the length is approximately 10 mm, the width is approximately 10 mm, and the thickness is approximately 5 mm.
In the prior art autofocus actuator 100 described above, if the holder 110 and the inner cylindrical portion 131 of the yoke 130 make contact with each other, there is the problem that it becomes impossible to move the lenses with good precision.
Further, if the space between the holder 110 and the inner cylindrical portion 131 of the yoke 130 is made large so that the holder 110 and the inner cylindrical portion 131 of the yoke 130 do not make contact with each other in order to solve this problem, there is also the problem that the shock resistance of the autofocus actuator 100 is degraded.
For example, in the case where a portable telephone falls from a height where it was being used, the space between the holder 110 and the inner cylindrical portion 131 of the yoke 130 needs to be made about 0.1 mm in order to ensure sufficient shock resistance.


A battery assembly is disclosed having an enclosure with a top and sides, one of the sides having an opening for receiving the batteries therein. A plurality of batteries in electrical communication with one another are disposed within the enclosure. Each battery has a pair of parallel tubular openings extending through the battery, with one tubular opening being in electrical communication with the positive pole and the other tubular opening being in electrical communication-with the negative pole of the battery. When the batteries are aligned with one another within the enclosure, the tubular openings are axially aligned with each other. A conductor rod threaded at each end extends through and is in electrical communication with each tubular opening in each battery. A threaded fastener is secured to each of the threaded end of each of the conductor rods.

Embodiments described herein relate to the field of motor vehicle battery assemblies, and in particular to a sealed compression pole battery box or enclosure containing an array of individual batteries disposed within the enclosure in electrical communication with one another and maintained clamped together via a positive and negative conductor rod threaded at each end extending through one of a pair of openings extending through the battery array.
Commercial trucks and buses are typically provided by original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") with battery boxes that often carry up to four or more batteries. Such battery boxes are typically open flat pans with the batteries arranged in side by side fashion, with the batteries connected via battery cables connected to the terminals of each of the batteries. A maze of battery tie down brackets and fasteners is often encountered.
These battery boxes, and the batteries and battery cables disposed therein, are high maintenance parts and often require repair or replacement. Any operator error downtime attributed to the battery box and its contents is therefore significant. Initially, or over time as maintenance is performed, battery box clutter, cabling mess and disorder often results. Also, the relays and high power fuses creates relatively complex and relatively expensive packaging issues for such supporting components.
Additional problems associated with such battery boxes are relatively high assembly labor costs due to the high assembly line labor content. Part complexity due to non-standardized construction has also contributed to elevated part costs, typically due to the expensive jumpers with connectors at each end. Overall, the total number of components is relatively high. Assembly difficulty is also encountered, as jumpers were often misplaced or lost when not in use. Insufficient mechanical interlock between battery poles and cables often causes erratic and unpredictable mechanical electrical contacts. In such battery boxes, the exposed positive terminals are sources of high amperage shorts to all truck metal surfaces, where the negative grounded pole completes the electrical circuit. If a poor electrical connection occurs, reduced cranking amps from batteries downstream occurs. Also, reduced charging for batteries downstream of a poor electrical connection often results.
Often, the battery boxes are exposed to the elements in order to facilitate maintenance. Due the exposed nature of the battery box, the battery connections are exposed to water and road salt, causing corrosion, which is a source of accidental high amp electrical shorts. Battery pole corrosion results in increased electrical resistance and heat generation. Batteries downstream of a corroded electrical connection do not get adequate charging from the alternator and therefore do not contribute their full potential of cranking amps. Corroded electrical connections also contribute to "no start" vehicle downtime.
Corrosion caused by water, road salt and loose battery connections also increase electrical resistance resulting in the generation of heat. It is generally understood that heat generated at the battery poles greatly reduces battery life and contributes to "no-start" downtime. Shortened battery life is also caused by erratic charging and heat generated from the electrical resistance of poor or corroded connections. Such heat also generates battery cable insulation decay, which further created shorts and damage.
Such battery boxes are also ergonomically deficient. Operators and maintenance person must perform repairs or replacement in awkward environments and often in awkward physical positions, for example when bending jumpers between terminals. When conducting such maintenance, the operators and mechanics of such battery boxes must use prudence when working in the battery box to avoid shorting the batteries. All the exposed positive terminals were sources of high amperage shorts by wrenches or spanners that are sometimes dropped, creating a short circuit between the positive terminal nut and all metal negative grounded surfaces. Repetitive strain disorders are not uncommon.
Drivers and mechanics have tried a variety of techniques to address the issues described above. These precautions and procedures included: stud terminal batteries used to apply greater joint clamp load, greasing the terminals with axle grease, pouring Coca-Cola weekly on the terminals, brushing water and baking soda on the terminals at each oil change, power-washing the battery box when washing the trucks, periodically tightening the battery pole fasteners, periodically disassembling and manual cleaning the terminals, periodically polishing the terminals and cables with steel wool, and steel brushing of the pole and terminals. Notwithstanding these efforts, product design improvements that enhance product reliability with reduced battery box clutter, and cabling mess, with also a location for convenient packaging of relays and high-powered fuses, were still desired.


An apparatus for evaluating phase change of an emulsion comprises a sliding part having a sliding surface to which the emulsion is applied, a pushing part disposed at a fixed position and pushed against the sliding surface applied with the emulsion, and sensor means for measuring a force imparted to the pushing part in the sliding direction. Also disclosed is a method for evaluating phase change of an emulsion from changes in the force measured by the apparatus.

Emulsions are mixtures of two or more incompletely miscible liquids such as oil and water. There are many kinds of emulsions in use in the modern world. Some, such as milk, mayonnaise, creams for foods, cosmetic creams and the like, are used in the home. Others, such as paints, adhesives, drugs, pesticides, asphalt and the like, are utilized in industry.
If an emulsion is left to stand without agitation for a long period, it will generally separate into its two or more constituent liquids by creaming, cohesion and coalescence of its dispersed droplets. It is therefore important for industrial use of emulsions to be able to evaluate their chemical stability as well as their mechanical properties such as hardness, fluidity and deformability.
Some emulsions such as cosmetic creams, nutrient creams and butters are not stable during the use, and the evaluation of such emulsions has conventionally depended on tactile tests conducted by skilled panalers. Although human sensitivity is very high and such evaluations are generally accurate, they involve some disadvantages. Specifically, they are strongly influenced by the panelers' physical condition, individual preferences, the test environment, and so on. Therefore the data sometimes vary widely and are not always reliable.

Apparatus and method for evaluating phase change of emulsion


A gaze-based three-dimensional (3D) interaction system and method, as well as a 3D gaze tracking system and method, are disclosed. The gaze direction is determined by using the image of one eye of the operator who gazes at a 3D image, while the gaze depth is determined by the distance between pupil centers from both eyes of the operator shown in an image of both eyes of the operator.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for three-dimensional interaction based on gaze. In particular, the present invention relates to a system and method of using the image of the user's eyes to search for the point on a three-dimensional display screen that the user gazes on.
2. Background of the Invention
The eye gaze tracking technique and eye gaze direction detecting technique have been in the spotlight for new user input in the field of human computer interaction (HCl) and have been developed to assist the disabled use a computer. A person's gaze reflects one's specific interests or changes in body conditions. There has been considerable research on developing attentive user interface (AUI) and safety systems for preventing drowsy driving by utilizing the gaze tracking technique.
Traditionally, a number of methods have been used for tracking one's gaze on a two dimensional screen. For example, an electrooculography (EOG) method can be used where an electrode is put near an eye to track the gaze. Other methods include: monitoring the brightness of a pupil which changes according to the position of the light source; monitoring the point to which the light source is reflected from the cornea; utilizing the phenomena occurring when light from the light source passes through the different layers of eye having different refraction; and the search coil method that utilizes contact lenses. In addition, information regarding a user's head movement, obtained by using a magnetic sensor, and information regarding the center points of the irises and the pupils, obtained by using a camera, have been traditionally used to understand the relationship between the head and eyes and track the gaze. Alternatively, analog methods have also been used to predict one's gaze by monitoring the light variation due to the change in position of a light receiving device and the gaze and utilizing the light receiving device which receives light from a light emitting device and light which is reflected from the eye.
The conventional two-dimensional gaze detection methods mentioned above required monitoring the gaze while the user's head is secured (because of the lack of information on the position of the user's head) or using a separate device for detecting the position of the user's head, and were also not as accurate due to the limitations of the two-dimensional technique. Furthermore, the conventional gaze tracking devices were not suitable for mass production and very expensive and, as a result, have only been used as an input apparatus for the disabled.
There have been reports of using a head tracker or a stereo camera to find the three-dimensional position of the actual user's and then extracting the three-dimensional gaze vector; however, this method has the disadvantage that the user cannot move his/her head freely. The conventional model-based three-dimensional interaction method, which tracks the user's gaze on the basis of feature points of the user's face and the eyes that have been extracted, does not require the attachment of a separate device for detecting interaction, and allows some movement of the head but has the disadvantage that the entire face of the user needs to be captured within the camera's field of view (FOV).

System and method for three-dimensional interaction based on gaze and system and method for tracking three-dimensional gaze


A graphical user interface comprising a data interface for receiving a set of text documents; a calculator for transforming each received text document into a vector of a n-dimensional manifold, n being larger than 2; transforming each n-dimensional manifold vector into a 2-D data; generating a first mapping of what 2-D data corresponds to what n-dimensional manifold vector; and generating a second mapping of what 2-D data corresponds to what received text document; a first user display arranged for displaying each 2-D data on a 2-D plane; a first user interface arranged for allowing a user to select a subset of the displayed 2-D data; wherein selecting said subset of 2-D data automatically selects the n-dimensional manifold vectors that correspond to said subset of 2-D data; and a second user display arranged for displaying a list of the text documents that correspond to said subset of 2-D data.

Data-driven taxonomy creation and prototyping of the corresponding classification model can be conducted using distributed word representations. Distributed word representations, for example word embeddings, can be applied in various text mining and natural language processing tasks. They are used to embed individual words into a high dimensional manifold. A corresponding technology used for full documents is that of text embeddings rather than word embeddings. Text embeddings similarly embed full documents into a high-dimensional manifold, and often use word embeddings as a starting point. An embedding method can thus be used to represent full text documents as vectors. These embedding methods are for example used in information filtering, information retrieval, indexing or relevancy rankings. There exists a need for a graphical user interface capable of allowing users to intuitively discover and understand topic variants, which can be effectively achieved through effective use of these text embeddings.

Graphical user interface tool for dataset analysis


A service clock regenerator regenerates a local clock from time stamps of a remote clock transmitted over a network by determining the slope of (or difference between current and previous) time stamps of the remote clock and the slope of time stamps of the local clock. A phase difference is formed as the difference between the slope of the time stamps of the remote clock and the slope of the time stamps of the local clock and this phase difference is accumulated to generate a phase error signal. The phase error signal is filtered to generate a frequency adjustment signal having a magnitude that depends on the phase error signal. The frequency of the local clock is adjusted according to the magnitude of the frequency adjustment signal thereby reducing a phase difference between the remote time stamps and the local time stamps. The (local service) clock signal has a nominal frequency of Fc/(N+K/L) Hz over each successive interval of L periods, where N, K and L are integers, and L>K (where K can be the above noted frequency adjustment signal). Each set of L periods includes a first set of K periods and a second set of L-K periods. These two sets of periods are organized by interleaving two or more non-null subsequences of periods of the first set with two or more non-null subsequences of periods of the second set. During each period of one of the subsequences of the first set, the clock is outputted with a frequency of Fc/N Hz. Likewise, during each period of one of the subsequences of the second set, the clock is outputted with a frequency of Fc/(N+1) Hz. A service clock regeneration system with multiple service clock regenerator modules is also provided. A combined service clock regenerator/synchronous residual time stamp generator is furthermore provided.

An asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network is a communication network which can transfer information from one or more sources to one or more destinations. The communication network itself may be composed of multiple communicating nodes (e.g., terminals, routers, servers, switches, etc.) that are interconnected to each other by physical communication links (wires, cables, optical fibers, RF channels, etc.). A node transmits a signal containing a bitstream to an adjacent node via the communication link that connects the two adjacent nodes. The transmitted bitstream is organized into fixed sized packet or "cell" slots for carrying 53 byte packets called cells. Each cell has a 5 byte header, for communicating control information, and a 48 byte payload for communicating a message to be conveyed between nodes. A node allocates a "virtual channel" to each communication, which amongst other things, identifies an adjacent node to which cells of the communication must be transmitted. A sequence of virtual channels of nodes on a path between a source node and a destination node identifies a virtual channel connection. The source node transmits cells to the destination node via this sequence of virtual channels, i.e., from node to node on the path, in a bucket brigade like fashion. Prior to transmitting the information, the source node segments the information into 48 byte sized messages and appends a 5 byte header to each such message to form a cell. The source node writes a virtual address into the cell header, such as a virtual channel identifier, which enables each node on the path that receives the cell to determine the outgoing virtual channel on which to transmit the cell. A destination node receiving the cells extracts the messages from the payloads and reassembles the messages (in the appropriate order) into the originally transmitted information.
Consider that cells are received at each node from a variety of communication links. It is possible that multiple cells are contemporaneously received that must be outputted on the same communication link. Because only one cell can be outputted at a time on the same communication link, the contemporaneously received cells must be transmitted sequentially. Thus, cells may be temporarily buffered pending transmission. Such buffering introduces a latency in the delivery of the cell. In the alternative, a transmitted cell may be discarded because it is received at a congested node (a node receiving far more cells than can be transmitted) or received with uncorrectable errors at the node. When a cell is discarded, it is often retransmitted from the source at a later time. The latency incurred by cells of a specific communication varies from moment to moment in the communication network. As a result, jitter is introduced into the delivery of information from the source node to the destination node.
It is desirable to support delivery of constant bit rate (CBR) services, such as audio and voice communication using an ATM network. However, CBR communications must be delivered in a synchronous, de-jittered fashion. Otherwise, the CBR communication will contain discontinuities or gaps which degrade the communication or render the communication completely unintelligible.
If the service clock signal is known, the destination node can attempt to regenerate the same service clock for resynchronizing the received CBR information. The problem is that the locally generated clock at the destination node is subject to drift and will not track the remote service clock at the source node with sufficient accuracy to enable proper resynchronization of the received CBR information.
FIG. 1 illustrates a system for overcoming these problems associated with communicating a CBR service via an ATM network disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,978. In FIG. 1, CBR data produced in synchronism with an original service clock is segmented into packets by SAR (segmentation and reassembly) and SRTS generator circuit 14 of a source node 12. In addition, the original service clock, and a network clock, are used to generate time stamps, referred to as synchronous residual time stamps (SRTS samples), in segmentation and reassembly (SAR) and SRTS generator circuit 14 as described below. The network clock can be any clock signal available throughout the network, such as the OC3/DS3 155 Mbit/sec data link bit clock used for synchronizing the transmission of the bitstream of various links of the ATM network 16. The SRTS samples are inserted into the headers of the cells carrying the CBR data and transmitted via the ATM network 16 to the destination node 18. At the node 18, an SAR and service clock regenerator circuit 20 reassembles the CBR data stream. The SAR and service clock recovery circuit 20 furthermore extracts the SRTS samples. Using the network clock and the SRTS samples, the SAR and service clock recovery circuit regenerates the service clock and resynchronizes the received CBR data.
FIG. 2 illustrates how SRTS samples are generated. The SAR and SRTS generator 14 counts the number of network clock ticks in each successive interval 22, 24 of 3008 service clocks. Representations of these counts form the SRTS samples transmitted in cells. At the SAR and service clock regenerator circuit 20 of destination node 18, a service clock that has exactly the same frequency as the original, remote service clock at the node 12 is generated.
The SAR and service clock regenerator circuit 20 counts network clock ticks. A representation of each locally generated count of network clock ticks forms a local SRTS sample. The local SRTS sample is compared to a corresponding representation of an incoming, remote SRTS sample extracted from incoming cells. The locally generated service clock is then adjusted based on a difference between the two SRTS samples.
The locally generated counts will only vary slightly from the counts of the remote service clock. Thus, the representations of the local and remote SRTS samples include only a sequence of the least significant four bits of the counts or SRTS samples.
FIG. 3 shows a prior art service clock regenerator 30. Incoming remote SRTS samples (of the remote service clock of the source node 12) received at the destination node 18 are temporarily stored in FIFO 32. Meanwhile, a network clock, having a frequency of F.sub.NET is fed to a frequency divider 34 which produces a lower frequency network clock having a frequency F.sub.NETx =F.sub.NET /x. The value of x may be chosen in relation to the frequency of the service clock so that the lower frequency network clock is greater in frequency than the service clock but less than twice the frequency of the service clock. The reduced frequency network clock is fed to the increment input of a 4-bit free-running roll-over counter 36. Herein, a "roll-over counter" is a counter that repeatedly counts up to a maximum count, wraps around to zero after reaching the maximum count, and continues to count up to the maximum value.
Each locally generated count of the counter 36 is outputted to a 4-bit comparator 38. The 4-bit comparator 38 also receives a corresponding remote SRTS. When the local count of the counter 36 reaches a value equal to the received remote SRTS with which it is compared, a pulse is outputted. The pulses outputted from the comparator 38 are gated through AND gate 40. That is, the AND gate 40 also receives a clock signal from a gate counter 42 running at the SRTS sampling period rate, e.g., about 513 Hz for a 1.544 MHZ T1 service clock. These gated pulses are then multiplied by 3008 in an analog phase-locked loop (PLL) 44 to regenerate the service clock.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative prior art service clock regenerator 50. Like the service clock regenerator 30 of FIG. 3, incoming SRTS samples of the remote service clock at the source node are temporarily stored in an incoming SRTS sample FIFO 52. Meanwhile, the network clock with frequency F.sub.NET is fed to a frequency divider that divides the network clock signal frequency by x to produce a clock with frequency F.sub.NETx. The reduced frequency network clock signal is fed to a local SRTS generator 56. The local SRTS generator 56 also receives the recovered service clock outputted from a course tuning oscillator 60. The local SRTS generator 56 counts the number of ticks of the reduced frequency network clock modulo 16 that occur every SRTS interval (of 3008 ticks of the recovered service clock). This produces a local 4-bit SRTS sample of the locally regenerated service clock. The local SRTS sample is then compared with (i.e., subtracted from) a corresponding incoming remote SRTS sample of the remote clock in a phase comparator 58. This difference, which represents the phase difference between the local service clock and the remote service clock, is then fed to the coarse tuning oscillator 60 to adjust the frequency of the local service clock. That is, when the locally regenerated service clock leads the remote service clock (locally generated SRTS sample is greater than incoming SRTS sample), the frequency of the coarse tuning oscillator 60 is reduced. Likewise, when the locally regenerated service clock lags the remote service clock (locally generated SRTS sample is less than the incoming SRTS sample), the frequency of the coarse tuning oscillator 60 is increased.
One problem associated with the two system clock regenerators 30 and 50 is that they both use a simple difference between a parameter of the local service clock and a parameter of the remote service clock. However, this is not exactly equivalent to the phase difference between the local service clock and the remote service clock. Rather, it is merely an indication of the difference in count between the two. In other words, if the local service clock had the identical frequency as the remote service clock but the local count was different than the received SRTS, the service clock regenerators 30 and 50 would nevertheless attempt to adjust the frequency of the local service clock. In addition, in the service clock regenerators 30 and 50, the two values subtracted in the comparators 38, 58 are both generated by 4-bit roll-over counters. If one counter counts faster than the other, it is possible for the faster counter to roll-over before the other counter. If a difference is formed between the counts of these two counters at that moment, then the slower counter will have a higher count than the faster counter. Thus, the difference will have the wrong polarity thereby causing an opposite frequency adjustment as should be applied (i.e., the frequency of the local service clock will be increased when it should be decreased or vice versa). Both of these limitations tend to increase the PLL acquisition time and to destabilize the PLL tracking.
A second problem with the service clock regenerators 30 and 50 is that no filtering is applied to the adjustment signal produced by the comparison circuit 38 or 58. This is undesirable because it tends to adjust the frequency of the service clock too rapidly.
It is an object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art.
The service clock regenerator 30 uses an analog PLL. Such a PLL is difficult to incorporate into a digital integrated circuit. On the other hand, the PLL used in service clock regeneration includes an oscillator which must oscillate at a selectable frequency F/X, where F is a constant, but X is a selectable real number. This can be achieved in the prior art by oscillating the frequency synthesizer at a frequency F/N for a selectable number of K periods. The frequency synthesizer then oscillates at a frequency of F/(N+1) for L-K periods. This is repeated during successive L period intervals to achieve a frequency between F/N and F/(N+1). Although over L periods, the frequency synthesizer nominally produces a signal having the correct frequency, the frequency synthesizer oscillates too slowly during too many (K) consecutive periods and then oscillates too quickly during too many subsequent (L-K) consecutive periods. It is an object of the present invention to improve on this technique.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide an architecture that is modular and easily scalable, e.g., on an integrated circuit.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a flexible service clock architecture that can selectively recover a service clock from remotely originating SRTS samples or generate SRTS samples for enabling regeneration of a local service clock at a remote node.

Synchronous residual time stamp service clock regenerator phase locked loop phase comparator and loop filter


An information processing apparatus includes a network learning portion that performs learning of an appearance/position recognition network by constraining first to third weights and using a learning image, wherein the appearance/position recognition network has a foreground layer including a position node, a background layer including a background node, and an image layer including a pixel node, and is a neural network in which the position node, the background node, and the pixel node are connected to each other, and wherein the first weight is a connection weight between the position node and the pixel node, the second weight is a connection weight between the position node and the background node, and the third weight is a connection weight between the background node and the pixel node.

The present technology relates to an information processing apparatus, an information processing method, and a program, and, particularly to an information processing apparatus, an information processing method, and a program, enabling an agent such as a robot capable of performing various actions to easily perform learning of objects or the like in an environment in which the actions are performed.
For example, in a case where an agent capable of performing actions performs an object moving task in which the agent moves a body which is an object such as the hand of the agent which can be moved by the agent itself and thereby moves a non-body which is an object other than the body of the agent without prior knowledge by using captured images of the environment in which the agent is placed, it is necessary for the agent to recognize the hand in the image as in the hand regard performed by an infant.
For example, in "Harumitsu NOBUTA, Shun NISHIDE, Tetsuya OGATA, Hiroshi G. OKUNO, "Acquisition of Spatial Map based on Body Schema Using Neurodynamical Model", THE 29TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ROBOTICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN", a method has been proposed in which an MTRNN (Multiple Timescale Recurrent Neural Network) for acquiring a body schema as an internal model is employed, and an agent identifies a body of the agent among a plurality of objects including the body of the agent by using the MTRNN.
In "Harumitsu NOBUTA, Shun NISHIDE, Tetsuya OGATA, Hiroshi G. OKUNO, "Acquisition of Spatial Map based on Body Schema Using Neurodynamical Model", THE 29TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ROBOTICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN", a movement command issued for moving the body by the agent, and position information in an environment of three objects including one object which is the body of the agent which is moved in response to the movement command and two objects which are non-bodies, are given to the MTRNN, and then the MTRNN is learned.
In addition, in "Harumitsu NOBUTA, Shun NISHIDE, Tetsuya OGATA, Hiroshi G. OKUNO, "Acquisition of Spatial Map based on Body Schema Using Neurodynamical Model", THE 29TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ROBOTICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN", only a movement command is given to the MTRNN after being learned, and the movement command is recognized. Thereafter, in "Harumitsu NOBUTA, Shun NISHIDE, Tetsuya OGATA, Hiroshi G. OKUNO, "Acquisition of Spatial Map based on Body Schema Using Neurodynamical Model", THE 29TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ROBOTICS SOCIETY OF JAPAN″, prediction values of the position information of the three objects are obtained (generated) using the recognition result of the movement command from the MTRNN, and position information of the body of the agent (and position information of the non-bodies) are specified from the position information of the three objects on the basis of prediction errors of the prediction values. Further, an object moved along positions indicated by the position information is identified as the body of the agent.

Information processing apparatus, information processing method, and program


The light intensity ratio adjustment filter is placed between the reference surface and the sample surface of the interferometer. This light intensity ratio adjustment filter has a light intensity ratio adjustment film including an optical reflection-absorption layer and a dielectric anti-reflection layer on the surface of a transparent substrate made of glass on the sample side, and an optical anti-reflection film on the reference surface side, and acts so as to reflect part of the incident light from the surface opposite the reference surface, and after absorbing part of the remaining light, transmit the remainder towards the sample, and furthermore, absorb part of the light returned from the sample while controlling reflection, and transmit the remainder in the direction of the reference surface as the sample light.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light intensity ratio adjustment filter placed between a sample and a reference surface of a Fizeau interferometer, an interferometer employing this filter, and a method of measuring light interference, and more particularly to a light intensity ratio adjustment filter employed in an interferometer used when exchanging and measuring samples for which optical reflectance differs greatly, for example, objects of high reflectance such as metal surfaces, and low reflectance objects of such as glass surfaces.
2. Description of the Prior Art
With interferometers, it is generally known that satisfactory high contrast interference wave information is obtained with a small difference in optical intensity when sample light from the sample and reference light are multiplexed, and that the range of difference of, for example, the ratio of optical intensity of the sample light and the reference light is between approximately 5 and ⅕.
Therefore, in a situation in which low reflectance samples must be exchanged with high reflectance samples and measured sequentially, a method is employed in which the reflectance of the reference surface is set to approximately the same as the reflectance of the low reflectance sample, and when measuring the high reflectance sample, an optical attenuation filter is inserted between the reference surface and the sample surface, to attenuate the sample light.
However, with this method, while there is no problem when measuring flat sample surfaces, problems arise in that, when measuring spherical sample surfaces it is difficult to secure space in which to insert the optical attenuation filter between the reference surface and the sample surface, and to ensure that light reflected from the surface of the optical attenuation filter does not negatively effect measurement, the optical attenuation filter is inserted in an inclined manner, and therefore measurement accuracy is lost due to aberration occurring in the sample light (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,049 (hereafter referred to as 'Document 1')).
Therefore, a method is also known in which the base material of the optical attenuation filter is an extremely thin synthetic resin film (pellicle) on which the optical attenuation coating is applied. Thus, the restrictions on space for insertion of the optical attenuation filter are alleviated, and aberration is of an extent which can be ignored. However, an optical attenuation filter manufactured in this manner is brittle and delicate, and not readily inserted and removed from the light path (see Document 1).
Furthermore, a further method is also known in which the reference surface is coated with a light intensity ratio adjustment film, and the light intensity ratio of the reference light reflected from the reference surface and the sample light passing through the light intensity ratio adjustment film, reflected by the sample surface, and passed again through the light intensity ratio adjustment film, is approximately 1.
However, while the problems related to the optical attenuation filter are solved with this method, there is a new problem in that a plurality of very expensive reference surfaces must be prepared to suit the reflectance of the sample surface, and measurement criteria differ with samples of differing reflectance during measurement, and it is difficult to treat correlation of the measurement results (see Document 1).
To solve this problem, it is possible to achieve a range of light intensity ratio adjustment in which satisfactory high contrast interference wave information can be obtained for the light intensity ratio of sample light and reference light with measurement of both low reflectance samples and high reflectance samples by coating the reference surface with a light intensity ratio adjustment film having a reflectance intermediate between the low reflectance sample and the high reflectance sample (intermediate reflectance).
However, with this method, there is a problem in that, when the light returned from the sample passes through the reference surface, since the reflectance of the reference surface is intermediate reflectance, the intensity of the light reflected again in the direction of the sample increases, reflected interference occurs repeatedly between the sample surface and the reference surface (multiple interference), and phase analysis of the interference fringe obtained is difficult.
An experiment has therefore been conducted in which the structure of the light intensity ratio adjustment film of the reference surface having the intermediate reflectance is modified to ensure that multiple interference does not occur between the sample surface and the reference surface.
For example, a Fizeau interferometer in which the reference surface is coated with a light intensity ratio adjustment film of intermediate reflectance is disclosed in J. Sci. Instrum., 1967, Vol. 44, pp. 899-902 (Surface-coated reference flats for testing fully aluminized surfaces by means of the Fizeau Interferometer)(hereafter referred to as 'Document 2'), SPIE, 1999, Vol. 3738, pp. 128-135 (Coating requirements for the reference flat of a Fizeau interferometer used for measuring from uncoated to highly reflecting surfaces)(hereafter referred to as 'Document 3'), and Document 1. These light intensity ratio adjustment films are comprised of, for example, one optical reflection-absorption layer, and one or two dielectric anti-reflection layers, and increase the reflectance of the incident measurement light at the reference surface, and absorb and attenuate light returned from the sample and passing through the reference surface due to the optical reflection-absorption effect of the optical reflection-absorption layer and the anti-reflection effect of the dielectric anti-reflection layers. On the other hand, the light intensity ratio adjustment film comprises a film preventing reflection to ensure that the incident light returned from the sample is not reflected in the direction of the sample and causing multiple interference.
Thus, a reduction in the accuracy of phase information analysis due to light reflected by the reference surface and returned again to the sample surface may be prevented, and the light intensity ratio of sample light and reference light at the reference surface may be readily set to be within the range (for example, between approximately 5 and ⅕) centered on 1, irrespective of the reflectance ratio of the sample.
The optical reflection-absorption layer is comprised of metal layers such as nickel-chrome or bismuth and the like, and the dielectric anti-reflection layers are comprised of metal oxide layers such as titanium oxide or bismuth oxide and the like. One aspect of such a film configuration is known as 'C&D Coat'.
Since high contrast interference wave information unaffected by multiple interference can be obtained for a variety of samples of various differing optical reflectance using a single light intensity ratio adjustment film with the technology disclosed in Document 1, Document 2, and Document 3, this technology is effective in increasing the efficiency of measurement and the accuracy of measurement.
However, with the technology disclosed in these documents, since the reference surface is coated with the light intensity ratio adjustment film, this film cannot be withdrawn from the light path when it is desired to eliminate the effects due to this film. In other words, when the reference surface and sample surface are both low reflectance glass surfaces, satisfactory interference wave information of good contrast may be obtained without use of the light intensity ratio adjustment film, and conversely, wavefront aberration of the light intensity ratio adjustment film is superimposed on the interference wave information due to a non-uniform distribution of transmissivity in the light intensity ratio adjustment film. With this conventional technology, therefore, it can be said that the interference wave information of low reflectance samples is sacrificed.
Furthermore, with this conventional technology, since the reference surface is coated directly with the light intensity ratio adjustment film, there is the concern that the surface accuracy of the reference surface may be reduced due to the effects of heat applied during application of the coating, and by the effects of membrane stress of the attached light intensity ratio adjustment film, and the like.
Furthermore, with the interferometer configured to allow measurement of sample surfaces with light of differing wavelengths, since the reflection, transmission, and absorption characteristics of the light intensity ratio adjustment film are wavelength-dependent, depending upon the selected wavelength, it becomes difficult to contain the ratio of optical intensity of the sample light and the reference light within a range centered on 1 (for example, between approximately 5 and ⅕), and to control multiple reflection between the reference surface and the sample surface. Thus, there is the concern that a plurality of types of expensive reference surfaces must be exchanged in use.

Light intensity ratio adjustment filter for an interferometer, interferometer, and light interference measurement method


The present disclosure provides a semiconductor structure. The semiconductor structure includes a substrate, a die stack disposed over the substrate, a heat spreader disposed over the substrate and having a surface facing the substrate, and a thermal interface material (TIM) disposed between the die stack and the heat spreader. A bottommost die of the die stack includes a surface exposed from remaining dies of the die stack from a top view perspective; and the TIM is in contact with the exposed surface of the bottommost die and the surface of the heat spreader, and is in contact with a sidewall of at least one of the plurality of dies of the die stack.

Electronic equipment using semiconductor structures is essential for many modern applications. With the advancement of electronic technology, the semiconductor structures are becoming steadily compact while having greater functionality and greater amounts of integrated circuitry. With the increasing functionality and compact scale of the semiconductor structure, numerous manufacturing operations are implemented with increased complexity.
The manufacturing operations of the semiconductor structure involve many steps and operations on a compact semiconductor structure. The manufacturing of the semiconductor structure with an increased interconnect density is becoming increasingly complicated. An increase in complexity of manufacturing the semiconductor structure may result in deficiencies such as degraded electrical performance or other issues, resulting in a high yield loss of the semiconductor structure and increase of manufacturing cost. As such, there are many challenges for modifying a structure of the semiconductor structures and improving the manufacturing operations.

TAIWAN SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING COMPANY LTD.


A network arrangement of low powered monitored devices which are linked together along with a control device in a mesh network configuration. Each of the security devices and the control devices are powered by an on board power source. To maximize the lifetime of the of the power supply the devices are monitored periodically and synchronously, and the devices are only activated during monitoring.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to low powered monitored devices arranged in a configuration commonly referred to as a mesh network.
2. Background of the Related Art
Mesh Networks are networks in which data of various kinds can be routed between nodes. The advantageous feature of a mesh network is that it allows connections between nodes to be made even when direct paths between the nodes are broken by allowing hopping around the nodes until the required node is reached. Mesh Networks are generally very reliable and are widely used in connection with Information Technology (IT) applications, particularly in wireless form.
Hitherto, it has not been thought possible to link monitored devices in a mesh network configuration due to the fact that such devices are required to operate on power drawn from an on board power supply. Due to the power requirements of such devices, it has been thought that use in a mesh network configuration would lead to an unacceptably short life of the on board power supply where there is the need for constant monitoring of the devices in the network.

Network arrangement of low powered monitoring devices


A gas plug retention and removal device for a gas operating system of a firearm. The gas operating system can include a gas block comprising a front end, a rear end, a gas block bore defined between the front and rear ends, and at least one cam engagement surface. A gas plug can be removably received in the front end of the gas block for at least partially sealing the gas block bore, and a cam lever bail can be pivotally coupled to the gas plug and include at least one lever arm. The at least one lever arm can be pivotally connected to the gas plug, be adapted to engage the gas block, and have at least one cam lobe formed therealong. The at least one cam lobe can engage the cam engagement surface of the gas block as the cam lever bail is pivoted so as to disengage and facilitate the removal of the gas plug from the gas block to provide access to the gas block bore.

Semi-automatic firearms, such as rifles and shotguns, are designed to fire a round of ammunition, such as a cartridge or shot shell, in response to each squeeze of the trigger of the firearm, and thereafter automatically load the next shell or cartridge from the firearm magazine into the chamber of the firearm. During firing, the primer of the round of ammunition ignites the propellant inside the round, producing an expanding column of high pressure gases within the chamber and barrel of the firearm. The force of this expanding gas propels the bullet/shot of the cartridge or shell down the barrel.
In semi-automatic rifles and shotguns, a portion of the expanding gases typically are directed through a duct or port that interconnects the barrel of the firearm to a piston assembly that generally houses an axially moveable gas piston. This piston assembly further typically includes a gas block that connects the piston assembly to the barrel, and through which the explosive gases pass. In some systems, the gas blocks are one piece elements located on their firearms and aligned with the port in the barrel through which the gases from the fired cartridge flow into the gas block and back to the action for expelling the spent cartridge and for chambering a fresh cartridge. The portion of the explosive gases that are diverted from the barrel of the firearm act upon the gas piston so as to force the gas piston in a rearward direction to cause the rearward motion of the bolt of the firearm. This rearward motion of the bolt opens the chamber, ejects the empty shell or cartridge casing, and thereafter loads another shell or cartridge into the chamber, after which the bolt returns to a locked position for firing as the gases dissipate or are bled off.


An apparatus includes a touch screen panel including a sensing matrix arranged in a row-column format. The apparatus also includes a control device to scan the sensing matrix to detect a presence of multiple objects at least proximate to the touch screen panel. The control device can identify rows and columns of the sensing matrix that correspond to the presence of the multiple objects. The control device can orthogonally multiplex the identified rows and columns into one or more row-column pairs. The control device can scan at least one of the row-column pairs to detect locations of the multiple objects relative to the touch screen panel.

Many touch screen devices utilize capacitive touch sensing technology to detect a presence of an object in contact with or proximate to a touch screen panel, for example, by identifying a change in capacitance in the touch screen panel associated with the presence of the object. There are two main types of capacitive touch sensing technology, mutual capacitance and self-capacitance. In mutual capacitive touch screen devices, every row-column intersection in the touch screen panel may include a capacitive sensor that can be separately measured. This all-points-addressable approach to touch screen panels allows for sensing of multiple simultaneous touches to the touch screen panel and for performance of multi-touch operations, such as panning, zooming, rotating, or the like.
In self-capacitance touch screen devices, each row and each column can be separate capacitive sensors. To detect a touch to the touch screen panel, the touch screen device can separately scan each row to determine whether a touch has occurred on a particular row, separately scan each column to determine whether a touch has occurred on a particular column, and then infer a location of the touch based on an intersection of the particular row and the particular column. While self-capacitance can effectively resolve a single touch condition, by addressing rows and columns, as opposed to individual points of the touch screen panel as in mutual capacitance, when there are multiple touches of the touch screen panel, techniques to resolve locations of the multiple touches may provide both locations of actual touches to the touch screen device as well as ghost touches.


A relaxation oscillator includes a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit, an integration capacitor, a sampling circuit, and a controllable oscillator. The RC circuit performs an RC charging operation to set a first voltage, performs an RC discharging operation to set a second voltage, and performs a reset operation to reset the first voltage to a first reference voltage and reset the second voltage to a second reference voltage. The sampling circuit performs a charge delivery operation to sample a voltage difference between the first voltage and the second voltage, and transfers the voltage difference to the integration capacitor. The controllable oscillator generates an output clock in response to a control input provided by the integration capacitor.

The present invention relates to an oscillator design, and more particularly, to a relaxation oscillator that samples a voltage difference between voltages generated by resistor-capacitor (RC) charging and discharging for controlling an output clock frequency of a controllable oscillator and an associated relaxation oscillation method.
Many electronic devices operate using one or more clocks. These clocks are often generated using an oscillator. Many different oscillator types exist and can be implemented in different systems. Typical integrated circuits (ICs) often include one or more on-chip oscillators to develop clock signals. For example, a relaxation oscillator may be used to generate an output clock with a target frequency. One feature of the relaxation oscillator is that the relaxation oscillator is capable of generating the output clock without the need of a reference clock. A typical relaxation oscillator design may include a plurality of current sources and/or a continuous comparator. However, the continuous comparator is a power-hungry component, and the current source generally has high quiescent current. As a result, the typical relaxation oscillator design may fail to meet requirements of low-power applications. Thus, there is a need for an innovative ultra-low power relaxation oscillator design.

Relaxation oscillator that samples voltage difference between voltages generated by resistor-capacitor charging and discharging for controlling output clock frequency of controllable oscillator and associated relaxation oscillation method


A follow block structure of a magazine for stapling guns adapted for use in a fastener feed structure of a stapling gun, the magazine including a slide groove along which a follow block may slidably displace. The follow block includes a pull tab extending from one side thereof, a recess at a central portion thereof for mounting a slide element. The slide element is insertably fitted to the follow block to aid the follow block in slidable displacement along the slide groove to push fasteners forwardly. The slide element is made of engineering plastics so that there is a relatively small friction coefficient when it slides along the slide groove which is made of aluminum alloy. The slide element has good wear resistance and can ensure the smooth displacement of the follow block. Besides, the slide element can be easily and conveniently replaced when worn so that maintenance cost is reduced.

(a) Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates generally to a follow block structure of a magazine for stapling guns, and more particularly to a follow block structure including a slide element that has good wear resistance and is easily replaceable to simply the manufacturing process and reduce the number of necessary components.
(b) Description of the Prior Art:
FIGS. 1A and 1B show two different types of conventional follow block structures for stapling guns. In FIG. 1A, the follow block structure is an integrally formed iron product of a follow block 10 and a slide element 11. When such follow block structure is installed in a slide groove of the stapling gun and rubs against the aluminum alloy housing of the stapling gun, the housing will be easily damaged worn since the friction coefficient of the contact surface is large. Once the slide element 11 has been worn out, it cannot stay in its proper position to push the fasteners, and the entire follow block structure has to be discarded. It is a waste of resources to discard the entire follow block structure just because the slide element is damaged.
The follow block structure in FIG. 1B includes a plastic slide element 21 locked to an iron follow block 20 by bolts 22. Although the friction between the plastic slide element 21 and the housing is reduced, assembly is quite troublesome. Besides, the components thereof are arranged in a scattered manner and secured by bolts. It is therefore desirable to have an improved follow block structure that eliminates the drawbacks with the prior art.


To provide a molded body which has high strength, high ductility, and excellent dimensional stability while maintaining incombustibility and fire resistance.

For building interior and exterior materials, inorganic building materials such as fiber reinforced cement type building materials and calcium silicate panels are widely used. However, the conventional fiber reinforced cement type building materials have high bending strength, but a high dimensional change rate. On the other hand, the calcium silicate panels has a low dimensional change rate, but low bending strength due to constraint of reinforcing fibers resistant to autoclave curing. Also, the calcium silicate panels has problems of poor weather resistance, and a high energy cost related to the autoclave curing.
As a method for improving dimensional stability of a cement type building material, for example, Patent Document 1 describes a method for producing an inorganic building material comprising cement as main ingredient, by adding a reinforcing material and a specified admixture to the cement and mixing them.
In addition, as a method for obtaining a fiber reinforced inorganic body which is excellent in dimensional stability without curing at a high temperature, for example, Patent Document 2 describes a method for producing a fiber reinforced inorganic body, comprising: a step of preparing a slurry containing a cement-containing water-curable inorganic substance, a shrinkage reduction agent, a short fiber for reinforcing, water, and a water-insoluble vinyl monomer containing a polymerization initiator and an emulsifier; a step of molding this slurry; and a step of hardening and curing the obtained molded body.

Molded body formed from curable composition

Abstract: A molded body formed from a curable composition containing (A) at least one aluminosilicate source, (B) an alkali metal hydroxide, (C) a calcium ion source, and (D) an alkali resistant fiber, wherein the aluminosilicate source (A) has an SiO2 content of 50% by mass or more based on a total mass of the aluminosilicate source (A), an amorphous ratio of 50% by mass or higher, and an average particle diameter of 50 μm or smaller, and comprises an aluminosilicate source having an average particle diameter of 10 μm or smaller in an amount of 30% by mass or more based on the total mass of the aluminosilicate source (A).


A tire pressure monitor system tool that stores information regarding a plurality of tire pressure monitor systems. The information may include procedures for resetting and diagnosing the tire pressure monitor system. The tool may include a storing module that stores the information and a displaying module that causes the information to be displayed on a display of the tool. The tool may enable a user to input data regarding a vehicle. Based on the vehicle data input by the user, the tool may determine a tire pressure monitor system installed on the vehicle using the information stored. Based on the tire pressure monitoring system installed on the vehicle, the tool may determine one or more reset or diagnostic procedures that may be performed by the tool. The tool may also reference the owner's manual of the vehicle. The tool may also include an updating module that updates the information stored by the tool. The tool may also include an update interface that may be, for example, an RS232 port. The tool may interface with an electronic control unit of a vehicle.

Systems have been developed to monitor, for example, vehicle tire pressure, and to report the tire pressure to a receiver at a central monitoring station using radio transmissions. A typical remote automotive tire condition monitoring system includes a plurality of tire-based sensory transponders and a central, vehicle-based arrangement. The sensory transponders include a component that senses a tire condition, such as tire inflation pressure or tire temperature. Each transponder is capable of outputting a coded transmission that conveys sensed tire condition information and an identifier for reception by the vehicle-based arrangement. Within the vehicle-based arrangement, an electronic control unit ("ECU") processes the conveyed information and controls provision of information regarding the sensed tire conditions to a vehicle operator. During operation of such a system, the vehicle operator is readily notified of a current tire condition, such as a low inflation pressure in a tire.
For a vehicle operator to determine which tire has a condition of interest (e.g., a low inflation pressure), information provided to the vehicle operator must unambiguously identify the location (e.g., right front) of the tire that has the condition of interest. In order for the ECU to provide such tire location information, the ECU has a memory that stores tire identification information for comparison with the identification conveyed from the transponder. Also, within the memory, a certain tire location is associated with each stored tire identification. Thus, once a provided identification is matched to a stored identification, a location on the vehicle is associated with the provided tire condition information. Accordingly, the operator is made aware that the tire at a certain location (e.g., right front) has the certain condition (e.g., low inflation pressure).
Changes routinely occur regarding the tires and/or transponders that are associated with a vehicle. The changes can result in new, different transponders being associated with the vehicle, or a rearrangement of the locations of the transponders, via rearrangement of the tires. Examples of such changes occur when one or more new tires with new transponders are mounted on a vehicle (e.g., the placement of the initial set of tires during vehicle manufacture or replacement of one or more tires), when the tires are rotated during routine maintenance, or when a transponder is replaced on an existing tire. It should be readily apparent that new/modified identification and location information regarding the tire must be provided or "taught" to the ECU.
In order to accomplish the "teaching" of the tire identification information to a vehicle-based portion, one known tire identification system is placed in a "learn" mode via actuation of pushbutton(s) on an operator-accessible information panel of the vehicle-based portion. During the learn mode, the vehicle-based portion is in a ready state to receive a distinctive "learn" mode signal transmitted from each of tire-based transmitter of the system. In order to cause each tire-based transmitter to send the "learn" mode signal, a strong magnet is swept over the outside of the associated vehicle tire.
A monitor is located at each tire and periodically takes a measurement of the tire pressure. A pressure signal is generated that corresponds to the pressure within the tire. The monitor transmits the measurement in a radio frequency transmission to the central monitoring station that produces an alarm or a display in response to the measurement. When the tire pressure drops below a predetermined pressure, an indicator is used to signal the vehicle operator of the low pressure.
During assembly and routine maintenance such as tire rotation or tire replacement, the tire pressure system must be calibrated. Calibration involves associating the various tire positions with the pressure transmitters that are located on the tires. One proposed method for calibrating a system uses a magnet device to initiate the calibration. In this system, an internal display panel with locations corresponding to the tire location is activated. When the tire locations are illuminated on the display, the vehicle operator or service technician places the magnet near the indicated tire. The transducer then sends a code corresponding thereto to the central controller. When the indicator indicates another tire location, the magnet must be brought near each tire location until each of the tire locations have a tire registered thereto. One problem with this device is that a separate component such as a magnet must be provided to the vehicle operator that is used only in the calibration process. One problem associated with a separate magnet device is that such a device is subject to loss. Thus, the tire pressure sensing system would be rendered inoperable.
One problem with such systems is the need to program the location of the transmitters at the central station. To be useful, the tire pressure is preferably associated with the tire which originated the measurement when presenting a display or alarm. Each monitor includes identification information that can be transmitted with the measurement. The tire monitor is preferably activated to produce this information and the information is conveyed to the central station and associated with the position of the tire.
In one technique, the tire monitors include a reed switch or other magnetic device. A magnet is passed near the reed switch causing the monitor to transmit a radio frequency transmission that includes identification data. A service technician repeats this process at each wheel and then loads the identification and position information into the central monitoring station.
One drawback with such a system is that because many wheels are made from steel which is a magnetic material, tire pressure sensing systems may not operate properly because the steel wheels may shield the magnetic energy. Therefore, the system may also be rendered inoperable because the pressure transmitter is not activated by the magnet.
Various tire manufacturers have suggested various locations for the pressure sensors. Known systems include coupling a pressure sensor to the valve stem of the tire. Other known systems and proposed systems locate the pressure sensors in various locations within the tire wall or tread.
These previous techniques have been limited in effectiveness. The magnetic programming technique may be subject to interference and crosstalk, for example in a factory where many such tire monitors are being assembled with tires and vehicles. Also, users of modular products are required to purchase a separate tool to interface with tire pressure monitor systems.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Tire pressure monitor system tool with re-learn and diagnostic procedures


A phototransistor of a CMOS image sensor suitable for decreasing the size of layout, and a method for fabricating the phototransistor are disclosed, in which the phototransistor includes a first conductive type semiconductor substrate; an STI layer on the first conductive type semiconductor substrate, to define an active area and a device isolation area in the first conductive type semiconductor substrate; a second conductive type well in the first conductive type semiconductor substrate; a gate line on the first conductive type semiconductor substrate; an ohmic contact layer in the second conductive type well, wherein the ohmic contact layer is overlapped with the gate line in state of interposing the STI layer therebetween; and a contact to connect the gate line with the ohmic contact layer through the STI layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a CMOS image sensor, and more particularly, to a phototransistor of a CMOS image sensor suitable for decreasing the size of layout, and a method for fabricating the phototransistor.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Generally, an image sensor is a semiconductor device for converting an optical image into an electric signal. The image sensor can be broadly categorized into a charge coupled device (CCD) and a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor.
In case of the CCD, respective metal-oxide-silicon MOS capacitors are positioned adjacently, wherein electric charge carriers are stored in and transferred to the capacitors. Meanwhile, the CMOS image sensor adopts the CMOS technology of using a control circuit and a signal processing circuit as the circumferential circuit. The CMOS image sensor uses the switching method of sequentially detecting output signals by forming the predetermined number of MOS transistors in correspondence with the number of pixels.
The CCD has the high power consumption and the complicated mask process. Also, it is impossible to provide the signal processing circuit inside the CCD chip, whereby it cannot be formed in one chip. In order to overcome these problems, the sub-micron CMOS fabrication technology has been researched and developed.
In the CMOS image sensor, the photo-sensing means is generally formed of a photodiode. Recently, instead of the photodiode, a phototransistor is used for the photo-sensing means, to improve the photo-sensing degree.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of showing a unit pixel in a 3-T CMOS image sensor according to the related art.
As shown in FIG. 1, a unit pixel of a 3-T CMOS image sensor according to the related art is comprised of a phototransistor PT, and three NMOS transistors Rx, Dx and Sx.
The phototransistor PT is formed as a PMOS transistor structure in which a gate is connected with a semiconductor substrate. Accordingly, when the light is incident on the phototransistor PT, electrons are accumulated on the semiconductor substrate, whereby a gate potential is lowered. Due to the lowered gate potential, holes are accumulated to the lower side of gate. In proportion to the amount of accumulated holes, more electrons are accumulated to the semiconductor substrate. Thus, the gate potential becomes lower. As a result, the phototransistor PT functions as the photo-sensing means having the great photo-photosensitivity according to the repetitive mechanism. That is, the phototransistor PT is very sensitive to the small amount of light.
Among the three NMOS transistors, the reset transistor Rx discharges the electrons stored in a floating sensing node FSN to detect the signal. The drive transistor Dx changes an output voltage of a unit pixel by changing a current of a source follower according to the change on the potential of the floating sensing node FSN. The select transistor Sx is provided for switching and addressing.
In addition, a DC gate is a load transistor, which has a gate having a constant voltage applied thereto. That is, since the constant voltage is applied to the gate of the transistor, a constant current flows through the DC gate. Also, 'VDD' is a drive power voltage, 'GND' is a ground voltage, and 'Signal Out' is an output voltage of a unit pixel.
Hereinafter, a phototransistor of a CMOS image sensor according to the related art will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 2 is a layout of a phototransistor according to the related art. FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view along A—A′ of FIG. 2.
As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, an N-well 12 is formed in a p-type semiconductor substrate 1 1, and an STI layer 13 is formed in a device isolation area of the p-type semiconductor substrate 11, whereby the semiconductor substrate 11 is divided into an active area and the device isolation area.
After that, a gate line 14 is formed by forming a gate oxide layer 21 on the active area of the semiconductor substrate 11. Then, source and drain 15 and 16 are formed at both sides of the gate line 14 in the active area of the semiconductor substrate 11, wherein the source and drain 15 and 16 are formed in the p-type. Also, an ohmic contact layer 17 is formed in the active area of the semiconductor substrate 11, wherein the ohmic contact layer 17 is formed at the predetermined interval from the gate line 14.
Then, contacts 18 and 19 are respectively formed on the gate line 14 and the ohmic contact layer 17, wherein the contacts 18 and 19 pass through an insulating interlayer (not shown). Herein, the contacts 18 and 19 are connected with each other by an upper metal layer 20. That is, the gate line 14 is connected with the N-well 12 through the contact 18, the metal layer 20, the contact 19 and the ohmic contact layer 17.
If applying a reverse bias to the N-well 12, the N-well 12 becomes a depletion layer. When the light is incident on the depletion layer, electron-hole pairs are generated. In this state, the holes are discharged to the semiconductor substrate 11, and the electrons are accumulated to the depletion layer.
As the electrons are accumulated to the depletion layer, the potential of the ohmic contact layer 17 is lowered, whereby the potential of the gate line 14 connected with the ohmic contact layer 17 is also lowered. Accordingly, the holes are accumulated to the lower side of the gate line 14. In proportion to the amount of accumulated holes, more electrons are accumulated to the depletion layer.
Accordingly, the potential of the ohmic contact layer 17 is lowered, and the potential of the gate line 14 is also lowered. Thus, more holes are accumulated to the lower side of the gate line 14. In proportion to the amount of accumulated holes, more electrons are accumulated to the depletion layer.
According to the repetitive mechanism, the phototransistor is very sensitive to the small amount of light. That is, the phototransistor serves as the photo-sensing means of the great photo-sensitivity.
However, the related art phototransistor has the following disadvantages.
In the related art phototransistor, the gate line 14 is formed at the predetermined interval from the ohmic contact layer 17. Accordingly, it is necessary to provide the additional area for design of the ohmic contact layer 17. That is, the entire layout area increases, and the chip size also increases.

Phototransistor of CMOS image sensor and method for fabricating the same


Transmission-line filtering with enhanced frequency response is disclosed. In an example aspect, an apparatus includes a transmission-line filter to enhance a frequency response of a filtering operation. The transmission-line filter includes an input port, an output port, and multiple transmission-line base units. The multiple transmission-line base units are disposed between the input port and the output port and are coupled to the input port and the output port. Each of the multiple transmission-line base units includes a respective transmission line of multiple transmission lines. At least one transmission-line base unit of the multiple transmission-line base units includes a multi-resonant circuit.

Electronic devices include traditional computing devices such as desktop computers, notebook computers, tablet computers, smartphones, wearable devices like a smartwatch, internet servers, and so forth. However, electronic devices also include other types of devices with computing power such as personal voice assistants, thermostats, automotive electronics, robotics, devices embedded in other machines like household appliances and industrial tools, Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, and the like. These various electronic devices provide information, entertainment, social interaction, security, safety, productivity, transportation, manufacturing, and other services to human users. Thus, electronic devices play crucial roles in many aspects of modern society.
Many of the services provided by electronic devices in today's interconnected world depend at least partly on electronic communications. Electronic communications include, for example, those exchanged between or among different electronic devices using wireless or wired signals that are transmitted over one or more networks, such as the Internet or a cellular network. Electronic communications therefore include both wireless and wired transmissions and receptions. To make electronic communications, an electronic device uses a transceiver, such as a wireless transceiver.
Typically, electronic devices use a wireless transceiver to communicate with wireless signals in accordance with some wireless standard. Examples of wireless standards include an IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi standard and a Fourth Generation (4G) cellular standard, both of which we use today with smartphones and other connected devices. However, efforts to enable a Fifth Generation (5G) wireless standard are ongoing. Next-generation 5G wireless networks are expected to offer significantly higher bandwidths, lower latencies, and access to additional electromagnetic spectrum. Taken together, this means that exciting new wireless technologies can be provided to users, such as driverless vehicles, augmented reality, on-the-go 4K video streaming, ubiquitous sensors to keep people safe and to use natural resources more efficiently, and so forth.
To enable these technologies, wireless devices will be communicating with signals that use wider frequency ranges and that span bands located at higher frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum. Further, many of these wireless devices will be expected to be small, to be inexpensive, to consume low power, or some combination thereof. Thus, the components that enable wireless communications under these constraints will likewise be expected to be tiny, low-cost, and capable of functioning with less energy use. One such component that facilitates electronic communications is the signal filter. Unfortunately, the filters designed for devices that operate in accordance with the 4G wireless cellular standard are proving inadequate to handle the higher frequencies intended for 5G-capable devices.
In other words, to facilitate the adoption of 5G technologies and the widespread deployment of wireless devices that can provide many new capabilities, existing signal filters should be replaced with those having more-robust designs and superior filtering performance. Consequently, electrical engineers and other designers of electronic devices are striving to develop new signal filters that will enable the promise of 5G technologies to become a reality.


Fuel flow and nozzle area are controlled by a multi-variable control. A requested fan speed is compared with measured fan speed, producing an error signal which is translated in a proportional-integral inner control loop into a requested compressor pressure signal that represents an acceptable rate of change in compressor pressure for difference between requested and measured fan speed. The error signal is compared with measured compressor pressure; the difference being used in a multi-variable control to adjust fuel flow and turbine exhaust area to achieve the requested compressor pressure.

The fuel controls used in gas turbine engines fundamentally are intended to regulate the quantity of fuel supplied to the burner as a function of requested power, as indicated by power lever advance (PLA). More sophisticated controls such as multi-variable controls take into account one or more operating characteristics of the engine and adjust the fuel control to provide requested thrust. Closed loop fuel controls with multi-variable capability may "close the loop" on compressor speed and other variables. To provide good performance under all the different operating conditions in which an aircraft engine may operate, multivariable controls have a variety of different transfer characteristics, each selected based upon the combination of the all the operating characteristics supplied to the control at any instant of time. Multi-variable controls therefore switch at some point between one type of transfer function or operating mode to another, and these transition points can be extremely problematic in gas turbine engines, especially during high power acceleration and deceleration when the engine runs with the least stall margin. In general terms, the problem arises because at the switch-over point there is a control discontinuity; the control is momentarily not in complete control. If stall margin is small, a stall may take place rapidly. A technique that has been used to alleviate this shortcoming puts limits on output from the multi-variable control outputs. For example, there could be a limit in the amount of rate of fuel flow change. Using an analogy to the operation of an automobile automatic transmission, these limits are something like slightly relieving accelerator pressure at the moment of shifting to attain a smooth gear change. While these approaches avoid some of the transient related problems, they do so at the expense of acceleration rate. The critical interaction between a multi-variable control and stall margin becomes more problematic in high bypass gas turbine engines that have controllable exhaust nozzles. Those engines that are likely used under high performance conditions, especially fighter aircraft having vectoring nozzles. Engine stall occurs for a number of reasons, but, in any case, is highly dependent on compressor discharge pressure (PB) and engine exhaust pressure (P6) which is affected by nozzle area and orientation. High-speed compressor pressure is an excellent indication of engine power at any particular time during engine operation. To estimate stall margin, it is necessary to take into account compressor discharge (exhaust) pressure, discharge pressure, turbine speed (N2). Engine thrust is determined by engine airflow and exhaust velocity. The exhaust velocity is set by discharge pressure (P6) and the airflow is determined by fan speed (N1). It is thus desirable to associate fan speed with PLA, and regulate P6 to provide optimum thrust and fan stall margin at that airflow. Control of these variables provides precise thrust control, but does not ensure adequate compressor stall margin or burner stability during gross engine transitions.

Pressure based close loop thrust control in a turbofan engine


A display device and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. The display device includes a base substrate and at least one pixel circuit provided on the base substrate. The pixel circuit includes a driving transistor, a first transistor, and a second transistor; the base substrate includes a semiconductor body that can be doped, and a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer that are on the semiconductor body; the first transistor includes a first doped region in contact with the first electrode of the first transistor, and a second doped region in contact with a second electrode of the first transistor, and the first doped region of the first transistor and the second doped region of the first transistor are spaced apart from each other, have a same doping type, and are both in the semiconductor body.

The micro organic light-emitting diode (Micro-OLED) display device is a new type of OLED display device that uses a silicon substrate as a substrate, and is also called a silicon-based organic light-emitting diode (silicon-based OLED) display device. The silicon-based OLED display device has the advantages of small size and high resolution, and is manufactured using a mature CMOS integrated circuit process, which can realize active addressing of pixels, and can manufacture a variety of functional circuits including a TCON (timing control) circuit, a OCP (Operation Control) circuit, and the like on the silicon substrate, thereby implementing light weight.

Display device and manufacturing method thereof