A distributed resources sharing method using weighting factors of sub-domains in an optical network includes connecting working paths to an optical network according to a request of a subscriber, and calculating weighting factors for measurement of concentration of the sub-domains including the working paths by using information on connected working paths. The method also includes setting up the backup paths by using the weighting factors, and allocating resources in response to connection request at the time of setting up the backup path and sharing the allocated resources. With this method, it is possible to prevent a waste of idle resources caused from concentration of allocated resources. In addition, since the information of the idle resources in the network can be sensed at the time of selecting the backup paths by using a weight factor, the shared resources can be distributed, thereby maximizing efficiency of the resources.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a distributed resources sharing method using weighted sub-domains in a generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) optical network, and more particularly, to a distributed resources sharing method of distributing shared resources by using information on weighted sub-domains in order to prevent waste of idle resources caused from concentration of allocated resources at the time of sharing resources of backup paths.
This work was supported by the IT R&D program of MIC/ITA [2005-S-101-02, Multimedia QoS Routing Technology Development].
2. Description of the Related Art
In a generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) optical network configured with optical cross connectors (OXCs), recovery time is longer than that of a synchronous optical network/synchronous digital hierarchy (SONET/SDH) network, so loss of traffic is very large. Therefore, there is needed a mechanism for survivability of the optical network. In addition, the mechanism needs to be operated so as to effectively use resources of the optical network.
Fiber obstacles in the optical network denote obstacles to all optical paths passing through a fiber. Each optical connection has a data rate of 10 Gbps. The optical connection in the GPLS optical network is implemented with a coarser granularity of 10 Gbps than an existing packet network (for example, a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) network), so that loss of resources caused from the obstacle is increased. Therefore, utilization of connected resources in the optical network is more important than the existing network, and the mechanism for effectively using the resources of network is required. In an existing protection mechanism, other backup paths are selected by using only the shared risk link groups of the working paths, so that the recovery from the obstacle can be rapidly performed.
However, in the mechanism, the resources cannot be effectively used due to an insufficient method of sharing resources between the backup paths. In order to compensate for the shortcomings, a mechanism for sharing the resources between the backup paths has been proposed.
Although the efficiency of the resources can be improved by the mechanism, unbalanced sharing of the resources between the backup paths has not been considered. In other words, since the backup paths may be concentrated on one site, idle resources may not be used. Since the idle resources cannot be effectively used, the efficiency of the total resources is decreased.
As an example, there has been proposed a mechanism for minimizing network resource usage in terms of efficiency of the resources. The mechanism is based on an assumption that O-E-O (optical-electronic-optical) conversion in a mesh-type optical network is applied to some nodes but not all the nodes according to the status of system at the time of setting up optical connections (that is, light paths). Resources contention is caused from selection of the same resources t the time of setting up working paths or working/backup paths. In the existing mechanism, the network resources are minimized by considering signal quality, wavelength continuity, and path diversity for allocation of resources. However, similarly to the resource control mechanism where the O-E-O conversion is applied to all the nodes, the mechanism leads to concentration of the resources, so that the resources cannot be effectively controlled.
In an alternative example, there has been proposed a mechanism where available resources are firstly searched from a pool of resources at the time of setting up backup paths, and the resources are used for recovery. However, in the mechanism, a connection control method is not considered, so that the resource sharing is difficult in case of occurrence of concentration of backup paths.

Distributed resource sharing method using weighted sub-domain in GMPLS network

Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute


A system for communicating with an Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network is provided. A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, an intermediate node having a controller element to receive from a non IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) compliant node a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) message having a calling party number and a called party number, and insert in the SIP message a request that instructs a receiving IMS-compliant node to bypass validation of the calling party number. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

The adoption of an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network architecture to merge legacy Voice over IP (VoIP) services with Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) services can give rise to interoperability issues. For example, a non-IMS compliant server will not able to redirect a call through an IMS network due in part to a validation process requiring authentication credentials for the calling party number. The call can also fail when the IMS network detects that a communication device associated with the calling party number is not registered in the IMS network or is currently engaged in a call. In yet another scenario, the call can fail when originating treatment is applied to the calling party number by a feature server of the IMS network.
A need therefore arises for a system for communicating with an IMS network.

System for communicating with an internet protocol multimedia subsystem network


A master link box for use with a link assembly of a work machine is disclosed. The master link box may include first and second master links with pin bores and lateral annular recesses disposed around the pin bores, a master link pin with a radial projection at a proximal end and a distal annular groove in the outer circumferential surface near the distal end, and a master retaining ring. The master link pin may be inserted through either master link until the radial projection of the master link pin abuts the lateral recess of one of the master links. The master retaining ring may be secured in the distal annular groove to prevent the master link pin from retracting through the master link box. The master retaining ring may be secured in the distal annular groove without press-fitting the master retaining ring.

A variety of machine tracks have been used for construction, mining and agricultural machines, military vehicles, conveyors and torque transmitting devices for well over a century. In general terms, a machine track consists of an endless chain of track links coupled together and extending about rolling elements. In the case of ground engaging tracks, such as those used to propel mobile machines, a toothed rotating element, commonly known as a drive sprocket, is often used to rotate a track about one or more idlers and a plurality of track rollers supporting the weight of the machine. Such tracks are in widespread use, and have earned a place as indispensable components of many machines operating in rugged environments. The durability, utility and resultant commercial success of tracks used in track-type machines is in large part a result of many decades of research and engineering of their numerous specialized components. While many designs have proven well-suited to rugged off-road environments, where track-type machines typically operate, a drawback to virtually all viable track designs is the difficulty in disassembling or "breaking" the track for service, part replacement or machine disassembly.
One design utilizes pins to couple track links together to form sets of parallel endless track chains. In certain of these designs, a single pin couples together an inboard link and an outboard link in each of the parallel chains. Track shoes coupled with the respective chains provide the elements which engage the ground for propelling the machine. Press fits are often used to provide a robust connection between the pin and the associated track links. To disassemble most tracks having press fits, and particularly those having S-shaped links, a relatively large hydraulic press is typically required to press the pin out of the track. Even after removing the pin, seals used to retain lubricating fluid and protect components from entry of foreign material may resist further disassembly of the track, necessitating the use of an additional hydraulic press to complete track disassembly at a given joint. Great care is often required to avoid damaging the track components during disassembly. Tracks having straight links are often serviced by pulling outboard links off of the ends of track pins rather than pressing out the pins.
Due to the time, care and specialized tools required to disassemble machine track, it has become common to use master links in a track. While master links provide relatively easier disassembly of a track at a given joint, they often still require specialized tools and provide only a single point at which the track can be broken. Master links are also relatively extensively machined parts, and hence expensive, and in some instances can create a weak point in the track. Additionally, master links are generally only able to be fit into a track from one side of the track.
U.S. Pat. No. 9,630,665, titled "Crawler belt coupling apparatus," discloses a crawling belt coupling apparatus including first and second crawler belt links, a master pin, a locking pin, and a snap ring. However, this Patent cannot be assembled from either side of the continuous track and is not easy to assemble. Accordingly, a link pin is needed to which is both durable and easy to install in a link assembly.
The present disclosure is directed to one or more of the problems or shortcomings set forth above.

Flanged master track pin with retaining ring


One or more preambles are inserted into frames of Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing (OFDM)-Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) signals. The preamble is received by the antennas of a receiver, decoded and compared to known values to provide synchronization, framing, channels estimation, offsets and other corrections to the transmitted signal.

The demand for services in which data is delivered via a wireless connection has grown in recent years and is expected to continue to grow. Included are applications in which data is delivered via cellular mobile telephony or other mobile telephony, personal communications systems (PCS) and digital or high definition television (HDTV). Though the demand for these services is growing, the channel bandwidth over which the data may be delivered is limited. Therefore, it is desirable to deliver data at high speeds over this limited bandwidth in an efficient, as well as cost effective, manner.
A known approach for efficiently delivering high speed data over a channel is by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The high-speed data signals are divided into tens or hundreds of lower speed signals that are transmitted in parallel over respective frequencies within a radio frequency (RF) signal that are known as sub-carrier frequencies ("sub-carriers"). The frequency spectra of the sub-carriers overlap so that the spacing between them is minimized. The sub-carriers are also orthogonal to each other so that they are statistically independent and do not create crosstalk or otherwise interfere with each other. As a result, the channel bandwidth is used much more efficiently than in conventional single carrier transmission schemes such as AM/FM (amplitude or frequency modulation), in which only one signal at a time is sent using only one radio frequency, or frequency division multiplexing (FDM), in which portions of the channel bandwidth are not used so that the sub-carrier frequencies are separated and isolated to avoid inter-carrier interference (ICI).
Further, each block of data is converted into parallel form and mapped into each subcarrier as frequency domain symbols. To get time domain signals for transmission, an inverse discrete Fourier transform or its fast version, IFFT, is applied to the symbols. The symbol duration is much longer than the length of the channel impulse response so that inter-symbol interference is avoided by inserting a cyclic prefix for each OFDM symbol. Thus, OFDM is much less susceptible to data loss caused by multipath fading than other known techniques for data transmission. Also, the coding of data onto the OFDM sub-carriers takes advantage of frequency diversity to mitigate loss from frequency-selective fading when forward error correction (FEC) is applied.
In addition to having greater spectral efficiency, i.e. more bps/Hz, than conventional transmission schemes, the OFDM spectral efficiency is further enhanced because the spectrum can be made to look like a rectangular window so that all frequencies are similarly utilized. Moreover, OFDM is less sensitive to timing errors because the timing errors are translated to a phase offset in the frequency domain.
Another approach to providing more efficient use of the channel bandwidth is to transmit the data using a base station having multiple antennas and then receive the transmitted data using a remote station having multiple receiving antennas, referred to as Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO). The data may be transmitted such there is spatial diversity between the signals transmitted by the respective antennas, thereby increasing the data capacity by increasing the number of antennas. Alternatively, the data is transmitted such that there is temporal diversity between the signals transmitted by the respective antennas, thereby reducing signal fading.
Presently, MIMO systems either are designed to transmit signals having spatial diversity or are designed to transmit signals having temporal diversity. It is therefore desirable to provide a common system that can deliver signals with either spatial diversity or temporal diversity depending on the transmission environment.
It is further desirable to provide a system that has the advantages of both an OFDM system as well as those of a MIMO system. Such a system would transmit the OFDM symbols over a plurality of channels with either spatial diversity or temporal diversity between the symbols. However, when the signals are received at the remote station, the framing and timing of the received signals and the frequency and sampling clock offsets must be determined so that the information contained in the received signals may be recovered. Further, the signals may be distorted because of transmitter imperfections as well as because of environmental effects and interference which change the frequencies of the channels and may also increase the bit error rate (BER). Additionally, the gain of the received signals must be controlled.
Accordingly, it is advantageous to provide a system that can efficiently transfer data from a transmitter to a receiver over multiple channels.

Preamble design for multiple input—multiple output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system


A filter well suited for paint arrestor usage having a monolithic high loft manmade fiber body with a convoluted flow contact surface. The filter is preferably formed by a convoluter as in one with a roller set and blade cutter to form mirror image fiber filter sheets from a received fiber batt. Provided is a well mixed proper fiber blend, such as one having a set of fibers made of a majority of course fibers joined by way of thermal bonding fibers which facilitate, during convoluting, formation of a crisp cut and high integrity three dimensional surface, as in one of rows of peaks separated by valleys. The projection/recess arrangement over the flow contact surface as well as the thickness and relative projection-to-base dimensions are arranged to provide a high paint holding capacity without too fast a load up of, for example, paint particles and while avoiding too great of a pressure drop within that load up time.

Many materials and combinations of materials have been utilized as filtration media for fluid filters to remove solid or liquid particulate from fluid streams. Fluid filters are found in use in commercial spray booths such as commercial paint spray booths and, when so utilized, are known in the art as paint arrestors. The commercial paint spray booths utilize controlled airflow to direct overspray away from the article being painted. This overspray is then exhausted from the booth through a filtration system comprising paint arrestors.
The performance or capabilities of such fluid filters are generally judged according to three main criteria:                A) Particulate Removal Efficiency;        B) Holding Capacity; and        C) Pressure Drop.
Particulate removal efficiency of a filter is the ability of the filter to capture and retain particulate. For example, with respect to paint arrestors, efficiency is a representation of the percentage of the total paint particles entrained in the air stream exiting the booth that are captured by the filter.
Holding capacity is the amount of particulate which can be retained by the filter before the pressure drop becomes so great that the filter must be cleaned or replaced. Typically the test is stopped at 0.5 in. water and this represents the point at which a filter is typically exchanged due to airflow restriction. Proper airflow through the paint spray booth prevents quality issues with the painted surface. Relative to paint arrestors, paint holding capacity is the weight of the paint particles, solubolized, suspended, or in aerosol form, that the filter has captured and held for the time period specified. Paint holding capacity thus is determinative of the effective life of a filter. When dealing with disposable paint arrestors, the effective life has a direct bearing on the overall costs to a paint spray booth operator. Also, testing of paint arrestors also frequently records the amount of "run off" of paint particles from a filter. For example, with a vertically arranged filter, the run off includes particles that impact the filter but are not captured by the filter due to, for example, vertical flow off the filter to an underlying surface as in a liquid drain facility. As the efficiency determination for a filter includes the relative amount of captured paint particles to those generated, any run off prior to the holding capacity being reached results in a lowered efficiency rating for a filter, and thus a desirable filter is one with little run-off.
Pressure drop for a given flow rate of fluid through the filter is utilized as a measure of the power required to move the fluid stream through the media. Thus, for paint arrestors, pressure drop, initial and final, is the pressure differential as measured in the air stream across the filter before loading and after loading with paint. Pressure drop can thus affect the airflow in the booth and the subsequent ability to remove overspray from the paint area.
Spray booths are used in a variety of industrial applications as in the application of paint to many different products. A number of different spray atomizing application techniques can be used in such spray booths or in other spray environments. One of these techniques is an air atomization technique wherein coating or paint particles are mixed with an air stream being ejected from a spray gun and the air stream is directed to the product being coated. Another spray application technique example is an airless atomization technique wherein the coating material is atomized and propelled by hydraulic pressure to the product being coated. Yet another spray application technique example is an electrostatic spraying technique. In a typical electrostatic setting, the product to be coated is grounded and the coating material is atomized (either by an air or airless technique) and is electrically charged. As a result, the coating materials are deposited on the product due to the electrical attraction of charged coating particles to the product being coated.
Regardless of the spray technique that is used, a paint spray booth is commonly employed to contain, for example, evaporating solvents and to capture airborne atomized paint particles to minimize their impact on the environment and to protect painters from being unnecessarily exposed to the solvents and paint particles used in the coating process, particularly those that may be toxic. In fact, the use of spray booths is normally required for most liquid paint spray applications by federal or state regulatory agencies, including, in particular, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Moreover, spray booths tend to enhance the quality of the finish being applied to a product being coated by providing a clean environment for the application of liquid coatings to these products.
In such spray booths, it is desirable to maintain a consistent, steady and uniform flow of air throughout the booth. Among other things, the consistent air flow prevents the accumulation of partially dried overspray on an object being coated so that the appearance of the object is not marred and tends to assist in providing the product with a quality finish. Moreover, spray booths prevent the accumulation of hazardous concentrations of potentially explosive solvent vapors. In fact, environmental clean air standards require that the emissions from spray booths must not include more than certain levels of particulates.
To remove paint particulates from the air being exhausted from a spray booth, a common practice is to employ a replaceable fibrous filter which will trap the majority of these paint particulates. These filters soon become clogged with such particulates so that the air flow through the spray booth tends to be substantially reduced, thus decreasing the air flow past the worker inside the booth and the products being coated. Moreover, the spray booth has to be shut down to replace such clogged filters (once per eight hour shift is not uncommon).
Typical paint arrestors or paint filters utilize flat or two dimensional surfaced sheets of non-woven fiber media. These filters can have laminated scrims, varying densities within the filters, and layers of various non-wovens of different constructions and appearances (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 6,231,646 to Schweizer et al.). In some cases, multiple filters of various constructions are used in series. High efficiency final filters can be pleated or sewn into bags to increase surface area, in an effort to lower pressure drop while maintaining higher efficiencies. In many paint spray booths, initial filtration is accomplished using flat sheets of non-wovens of various thicknesses. Expanded papers or laminated non-wovens that are slit and stretched producing voids (commonly referred to as paint pockets), can be added to the flat sheets in an effort to facilitate higher efficiencies and paint holding capacities.
There is utilized in the art disposable fluid filters comprised of a batting of, non-woven, fibrous, fluid material having surface patterns on a fluid contact surface. Examples are found in, for example, U.S. Publication No. 2006/0000196, U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,745 to Randall et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,641 to Berrigen et al. While U.S. Publication No. 2006/0000196 fails to describe how its filter is formed, each of U.S. '745 and U.S. '641 feature a compression technique wherein the fiber media is fed through a pair of comparison rollers to form a surface pattern on one side of the compressed batting (e.g., U.S. '745 involves a heated patterned roll; while U.S. '641 features one of the two compression rollers traveling at a high speed to form wrinkle indulations in the filter surface).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,419 describes first and second fluid permeable layers of non-woven fiber batting with the upstream layer formed with paint pockets as by a slit and stretch technique.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,740,610 and 6,500,292 describe a non-woven fiber pad for use in futons, mattresses, upholstery and the like having a convoluted surface formed by cutting a non-woven fiber batt having a plurality of low melt synthetic fibers. The non-woven batt is compressed generally toward a cutting device by a pair of counter-rotating drums having convoluted surfaces. A heated wire cutter is preferably utilized to form the desired contour pattern (reference is made to band saw use as an alternative in the '292 patent). The requirements associated with a comfortable futon or the like (e.g., a smooth skin surface due to surface fusing) are considered far removed from the characteristics associated with a filter such as a paint arrestor as explained in greater detail below.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,443 describes a fluid filter formed by manufacturing randomly disposed structure fibers and a thermoplastic binder fiber. The interstices between the fibers are fixed by applying a latex resin to the batting which is described as fixing the pore sizes of the filtering media before the filtering media is molded into the desired shape.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,258 discloses air filter elements of foam with an upstream surface area of peaks and valleys.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,445 to Spann describes convolution assemblies used for contouring foam pads for cushioning purposes. As described in Spann, a convolution machine cuts a single piece of foam into two complementary pieces with contoured surfaces generated by the convoluter cut. The cut is done via a horizontal band saw, usually a smooth, practically continuously honed blade with a wedge shaped support. The resilient material is fed into the convoluter, and is compressed in a defined manner, based on the "tooling". This tooling is assembled on two driven rollers that run parallel and on either side of the convoluter-cutting blade. As the rollers turn, the foam pad is fed into the machine, compressed by the tooling, and cut in the compressed state by the convoluter blade. As the cut resilient material recovers from the compression provided by the convoluter tooling, a contoured cut surface is formed on each separated foam sheet with the three dimensional pattern depending on the design of the tooling (e.g., the formation of sinuous or wave-like ridges). In general, convolution patterns are designed such that the two resultant products obtained are of the same mass, although this does not necessarily have to be the case.
While convoluting foam provides relatively consistent product output each time when the other factors associated with the foam material are maintained consistent, the inventors have determined that there is difficulties associated with convoluting non-woven material in an effort to provide filter media. That is, while a convoluted non-woven fiber layer may be well suited for inclusion within a mattress or the like, it may not be deemed commercially viable for filtering (e.g. a paint arrestor) as there are additional criteria involved with making a commercially viable non-woven fiber filter for use in a setting such as a paint spray booth. In other words, a non-woven fiber material such as one used for a mattress, can have varying density levels throughout its thickness and across its surface due to the fiber recipe characteristics and/or the formation process without being considered non-workable. Further, a high loft fiber composition best suited for cushioning and bedding material is able to have different characteristics than that used in the formation of a suitable filter for paint arresting as there is not the level of concern for consistency and surface integrity. Also convoluting non-woven (particularly high loft non-woven material) also presents the additional problem of inconsistent surface cutting results and/or a change in the media characteristics at the cut surface (e.g., a fraying of fiber ends or tearing of surface sections). Also, for many filter uses, it is preferable to have a convoluter that utilizes a non-heated material cutting device as, while a heated cutter can avoid some of the issues of tearing and fraying, for many fiber batt compositions it would alter the initial fluid impact surface of the filter and lessen the penetration potential of the filter and hence its holding capacity, etc.
While non-woven batting is relatively inexpensive and thus good for disposable use, it is prone to poor surface projection integrity (e.g., peak integrity). Attempts by the inventors to convolute fiber blends has resulted in peaks which were torn more than cut in the convoluting process. The peaks were also very fragile with loose fibers hanging or laying on top of the peaks. Also, subsequent handling of the convoluted high loft non-woven product resulted in further degradation of the projections or peaks. Loose fibers are deemed problematic when the filter is intended for use as a paint filter. This is because loose fibers introduce the potential for fibers to find their way into the booth and on the object being painted.
In addition, while convoluting foam material in a production setting is relatively straightforward due to the material involved (e.g., polyurethane foam), the processing of convoluted fiber in a production setting directed at filter usage is much more difficult in view of the different characteristics of the material involved, the interplay of that material with a convoluter equipment, and the end production characteristics required. For example, the inventors efforts involved in convoluting high loft, non-woven filter material has shown that high-loft recipes and surface patterns play a role in the resultant filter characteristics.
For example, an improper fiber recipe (fiber blend or mixture and/or fiber bonding means utilized) and/or an improper cutting technique and/or an improper surface pattern can lead to problems such as ill-defined pattern generation both within a single convoluted piece as well as between convolution runs for what is considered the same starting material. Additionally, inventor testing has determined that, in addition to fiber blend recipes playing a role in whether a convoluted end product is suitable for an end use in, for example, a paint spray booth application, the surface pattern itself can play a role both in removal efficiency and in product acceptability. That is, the nature of high loft, non-woven material is such that during, for example, a peak/valley convolution processing, there resulted in many inconsistencies relative to peak height, base thickness, peak definition, peak and base height ratios, etc.

Fluid flow filter and method of making and using


Apparatus and methods for lifting loads are described. The load lift includes a support frame and a lift assembly with main cylinder and at least one standby cylinder connecting a rotatable cross beam with a clamp plate. A rotary actuator assembly is connected to the lift beam to move the lift assembly out of the way while not in use by rotating the lift assembly from a lift position to a standby position.

The need to lift heavy components is common in many manufacturing and service environments. In semiconductor manufacturing, process chamber components (e.g., lids) often need to be removed from the process chamber to allow for an operator to perform routine maintenance as well as repairs and upgrades. Outside the semiconductor manufacturing environment, very heavy loads (e.g., automobile engines) are frequently lifted for any number of reasons.
Currently, heavy components are typically lifted using electric winches and chains to lift process chamber parts or gantry girders. Winches and chains can fail under heavy stress conditions, resulting in loss of the load. A heavy load dropping from any height can damage the load or injure nearby personnel.
Therefore, there is a need for fail-safe apparatus to lift heavy components.


A process for steam conversion of a hydrocarbon feedstock in the presence of a catalyst includes the steps of (a) providing a catalytic emulsion comprising a water in oil emulsion containing a first alkali metal and a second metal selected from the group consisting of Group VIII non-noble metals, alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof; (b) mixing the catalytic emulsion with a hydrocarbon feedstock to provide a reaction mixture; and (c) subjecting the reaction mixture to steam conversion conditions so as to provide an upgraded hydrocarbon product. A catalytic emulsion and process for preparing same are also provided.

The invention relates to a steam conversion process and a catalyst for providing a high rate of conversion of a heavy hydrocarbon feedstock to lighter more valuable hydrocarbon products as well as a process for preparing the catalyst.
Various processes are known for converting heavy hydrocarbons into more desirable liquid and gas products. These processes include visbreaking and extreme thermal cracking. However these processes are characterized by low conversion rates and/or a large percentage of undesirable by-products such as coke which, among other things, can pose transportation and disposal problems.
It is therefore the primary object of the present invention to provide a steam conversion process wherein good conversion is obtained with reduced levels of undesirable by-products such as coke.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a steam conversion catalyst useful for carrying out the process of the present invention.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a process for preparing the steam conversion catalyst of the present invention.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for recovering catalyst metals from by-products of the steam conversion process for use in preparation of catalyst for subsequent steam conversion processes.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will appear hereinbelow.