A flip chip package with an anti-floating structure includes a leadframe, a flip chip, and a plurality of solders. The leadframe includes a plurality of leads and a fastening part. At least one locking hole is formed on an upper surface of the fastening part. The flip chip includes an active surface, and at least one locking protrusion and a plurality of bumps formed on the active surface. The locking protrusion is correspondingly plugged into the locking hole to act as an anti-floating structure for the flip chip package. When the solders are used for connecting the bumps with the leads by reflowing, the anti-floating structure will prevent the flip chip from floating up, and the solders will not generate necking after reflowing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a flip chip package, and more particularly to a flip chip package with an anti-floating structure, which facilitates the solder to connect the bumps of a flip chip with a leadframe.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the recent development of packaging technique, the flip chip package has become the current focus. A conventional flip chip package is used to flip-chip bond a chip to a leadframe, so as to reduce the package cost. As disclosed in ROC Patent Publication No. 567598, entitled "Flip Chip Package of Semiconductor Chips", it comprises a leadframe, a semiconductor chip, a plurality of first bumps, and a plurality of second bumps. The leadframe comprises a die pad and a plurality of leads. The semiconductor chip comprises an active surface and a back surface opposite to the active surface on which a plurality of first solder pads and second solder pads are formed. The first bumps and the second bumps are disposed on the corresponding first solder pads and second solder pads respectively, so that the semiconductor chip becomes a flip chip. The semiconductor chip is arranged with the active surface facing the leadframe, and the first bumps and the second bumps are connected to the die pad and the leads, respectively. However, since the first bumps and the second bumps are low temperature eutectic bumps so as to be soldered to the leads, when they are soldered to the die pad and the leads, the leads of the leadframe do not have a solder mask to define the soldering area, and the heights of the first bumps and the second bumps will thus be affected by collapse and diffusion.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, another conventional bonding method that is to bond the high-temperature bumps of a flip chip to a leadframe through the solder is disclosed. The conventional flip chip package 100 mainly comprises a leadframe 110, a flip chip 120, and a plurality of eutectic solders 130. The leadframe 110 comprises a plurality of leads 111 that comprise the eutectic solders 130 formed beforehand. The flip chip 120 comprises a plurality of high temperature bumps 121, e.g., high lead bumps, such as lead/tin 95/5, so that the high lead bumps 121 will not be melted during reflowing of the eutectic solders 130, thus avoiding the collapse and diffusion of the bumps 121. Referring to FIG. 2, the eutectic solders 130 are used for soldering the high temperature bumps 121 of the flip chip 120 to the leads 111 of the leadframe 110. During the process of reflowing, the flip chip 120 may always float up because of the surface tension of the eutectic solders 130, such that the solders 130 may form a necking portion 131 at one side near the leadframe 110 after reflowing. Therefore, the stress is easily concentrated on the necking portion 131, which may easily break off.
Consequently, there is an existing need for a flip chip package with an anti-floating structure to solve the above-mentioned problems.

Flip chip package with anti-floating structure

Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc.


A motorcycle's transmission control device is provided in which, in a case of a clutchless shift operation, disengagement of a fit of gears of a transmission and the fit of subsequent gears thereof can be smoothly achieved. A throttle operation unit controls the degree of opening of a throttle valve to become a first throttle opening-degree when a clutchless shifting unit determines that a clutchless down-shift operation can be implemented, and controls the degree of opening of the throttle valve to become a second throttle opening-degree when the clutchless shifting unit determines that a fit between shift gears is disengaged by the clutchless down-shift operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a transmission control device of a motorcycle, and in more particular to a transmission control device of a motorcycle in which a rider can perform a shift by a shift operation of a transmission without performing a clutch operation.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a motorcycle, when a shift operation is performed by a manual transmission, usually, a rider disconnects a clutch and subsequently performs an up-shift operation or down-shift operation, and lastly connects the clutch so that the shift operation is completed. Meanwhile, in a motorcycle for racing, there are cases in which the rider may perform an up-shift operation or down-shift operation without performing a clutch operation (hereinafter referred to as a "clutchless shift operation") because a more prompt shift operation is required.
In a case of a clutchless shift operation, a shift operation is performed in a state in which torque is transmitted from an engine part to a drive-wheel part, or from a drive-wheel part to an engine part, so that it is difficult to disengage a mesh of gears. For this reason, the rider must adjust an engine's output to perform disengagement of the mesh of gears, and a mesh to next gears.
However, it is difficult for the rider to suitably perform such an output adjustment of the engine in various operating states. For this reason, when the rider performs a clutchless shift operation in a state in which an output adjustment of the engine is not suitable, there are cases in which smooth shifts cannot be performed.
Hence, as countermeasures to this, devices are developed in which an engine's output can be controlled according to a clutchless shift operation by the rider. For example, in a conventional technology disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 5041974, the technology related to a clutchless shift operation is disclosed in that, in a shift operation of a transmission, a mesh of gears can be easily disengaged by reducing rotational force transmitted between an input shaft and an output shaft of the transmission.
In addition, in Japanese Patent Publication No. 4392794, a technology related to a clutchless shift operation is disclosed in which, by performing an open movement to a predetermined degree of opening on a throttle valve at a time of a down-shift operation, an engine's output after performing a mesh to next gears is smoothly changed, and shift shock produced at a time of the gear mesh is mitigated.

Transmission control device of motorcycle


Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for producing a ranking for pages on the web. In one aspect, a system receives a set of pages to be ranked, wherein the set of pages are interconnected with links. The system also receives a set of seed pages which include outgoing links to the set of pages. The system then assigns lengths to the links based on properties of the links and properties of the pages attached to the links. The system next computes shortest distances from the set of seed pages to each page in the set of pages based on the lengths of the links between the pages. Next, the system determines a ranking score for each page in the set of pages based on the computed shortest distances. The system then produces a ranking for the set of pages based on the ranking scores for the set of pages.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to techniques for ranking pages on the web. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for producing a ranking for pages on the web by computing shortest distances from a set of seed pages to each of the pages to be ranked, wherein the seed pages and the pages to be ranked are interconnected with links.
2. Related Art
The relentless growth of the Internet has been largely fueled by the development of sophisticated search engines, which enable users to comb through billions of web pages looking for specific pages of interest. Because a given query can return millions of search results it is important to be able to rank these search results to present high-quality results to the user.
A popular search engine developed by Google Inc. of Mountain View, Calif. uses PageRank® as a page-quality metric for efficiently guiding the processes of web crawling, index selection, and web page ranking. Generally, the PageRank technique computes and assigns a PageRank score to each web page it encounters on the web, wherein the PageRank score serves as a measure of the relative quality of a given web page with respect to other web pages. PageRank generally ensures that important and high-quality web pages receive high PageRank scores, which enables a search engine to efficiently rank the search results based on their associated PageRank scores.
PageRank scores are computed based on the web link-graph structure, wherein the web pages are the nodes of the link-graph which are interconnected with hyperlinks. In this model, PageRank R for a given web page p can be computed as:
                              ∀                      p            ∈            P                          ,                              R                                      (              p              )                                =                                    (                              1                -                d                            )                        +                          d                                                              ∑                                      q                    →                    p                                                                                R                                                              (                      q                      )                                                                                                      q                                                              out                                                                                ,                            (        1        )            wherein P is the set of all the web pages, |q|out is the out-degree of a specific page q in the set P, and 0≦d≦1 is a damping factor.
However, the simple formulation of Equation (1) for computing the PageRank is vulnerable to manipulations. Some web pages (called "spam pages") can be designed to use various techniques to obtain artificially inflated PageRanks, for example, by forming "link farms" or creating "loops."
One possible variation of PageRank that would reduce the effect of these techniques is to select a few "trusted" pages (also referred to as the seed pages) and discovers other pages which are likely to be good by following the links from the trusted pages. For example, the technique can use a set of high quality seed pages (s1, s2, sn), and for each seed page i=1, 2, . . . , n, the system can iteratively compute the PageRank scores for the set of the web pages P using the formulae:
                              ∀                                                    s                i                            ≠              p                        ∈            P                          ,                                            R              i                                                  (              p              )                                =                      d                                                      ∑                                  q                  →                  p                                                                                R                      i                                                                                (                      q                      )                                                                                                      q                                                              out                                                                                w                                                        (                                          q                      →                      p                                        )                                                                                ,                            (        2        )            where Ri(si)=1, and w(q→p) is an optional weight given to the link q→p based on its properties (with the default weight of 1).
Generally, it is desirable to use large number of seed pages to accommodate the different languages and a wide range of fields which are contained in the fast growing web contents. Unfortunately, this variation of PageRank requires solving the entire system for each seed separately. Hence, as the number of seed pages increases, the complexity of computation increases linearly, thereby limiting the number of seeds that can be practically used.
Hence, what is needed is a method and an apparatus for producing a ranking for pages on the web using a large number of diversified seed pages without the problems of the above-described techniques.

Producing a ranking for pages using distances in a web-link graph


A vehicle powered by a hybrid drive system configured to improve ergonomics within an operator compartment, minimize engine noise within the operator compartment, and/or reduce the transmission of heat associated with the drive system into the operator compartment is disclosed. The operator compartment is carried and/or supported on a chassis relative to the hybrid drive system. The hybrid drive system is coupled to the chassis and comprises an engine coupled to a generator portion. When coupled to the chassis, the generator is positioned in front of the engine. In one embodiment, the vehicle is a refuse vehicle.

Work vehicles such as refuse vehicles, firefighting vehicles, military vehicles, or various material handling vehicles typically necessitate an operator or another occupant of the vehicle to move in and out an operator compartment of the vehicle. For example, a refuse vehicle collecting refuse in a residential area makes frequent stops to collect refuse. Often, the operator must exit the vehicle at each stop to cause the refuse to be loaded into the vehicle.
To improve efficiency, manufacturers have sought to move the operator compartment closer to the ground to reduce the distance an operator must move when exiting and entering the vehicle. Lowering the operator compartment, without requiring an oversized console or "doghouse," is often limited by the conventional internal combustion engines, transmissions, and drive trains typically employed in such vehicles. An oversized console may interfere with desired movements of an operator and/or may interfere with an operator's line of sight throughout the vehicle.
Work vehicles employing conventional internal combustion engines, transmissions, and drive trains often experience a substantial amount of engine noise within the operator compartment. Engine noise within the operator compartment is enhanced because the operator compartment is often positioned substantially over the engine and/or slightly behind the engine. Further, such vehicles often exhibit relatively low fuel efficiency and/or produce undesirable emissions that are released during operation.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a vehicle which overcomes one or more of the above-mentioned problems. Advantageously, such a vehicle would enhance many aspects of refuse collection and transportation, and/or other vehicle applications. The techniques below extend to those embodiments which fall within the scope of the appended claims, regardless of whether they provide any of the above-mentioned advantageous features.

Engine and generator orientation within a hybrid vehicle


A method of decoding a one-point algebraic geometric code of dimension k and length n, in which, in order to identify the position of the errors in a received word, the syndromes matrix S, of size (n−k)×(n−k), is defined, of which the elements Sij of each line i are calculated, for j between 1 and w(i), where the boundary w is a decreasing function, using the syndrome s of the received word. Matrices Su are constructed for the successive values of u starting with S1=S, and, for u>1, each matrix Su is obtained by performing on the matrix Su−1, column permutations where appropriate, then linear manipulations involving the line of index u. These steps are performed in such a manner as to find a matrix Sλ which has a line of index less than or equal to λ of which the elements are zero in the first w(λ) columns. The invention also relates to devices and apparatuses adapted to implement this method.

It will be recalled that so-called "channel" encoding consists, when the "code words" sent to the receiver are formed, of introducing a certain amount of redundancy in the data to be transmitted. More particularly, by means of each code word, a predetermined number k of information symbols are transmitted which are chosen from a predetermined "alphabet" of finite size q; to these k information symbols are added a number (n−k) of so-called "parity" symbols, taken from the same alphabet, so as to form code words c=(c1,c2, . . . ,cn) of length n; the set of the rules for calculation of the parity symbols as a function of the information symbols defines a "code", or "encoding method", of "dimension" k and "length" n, thus characterized by a certain number of code words constituting a sort of dictionary. A code may be conveniently defined by means of a matrix H, of size (n−k)×n, termed "parity matrix": a word c of given length n is a code word if, and only if, it satisfies the relationship: H·cT=0 (where the exponent T indicates the transposition).
At the receiver, the associated decoding method then judiciously uses this redundancy to detect any transmission errors and if possible to correct them. There is a transmission error if the difference e between a received word r and the corresponding code word c sent by the transmitter is non-zero.
More particularly, the decoding is carried out in two main steps.
The first step consists of associating an "associated code word" with the received word. To do this, the decoder first of all calculates the "error syndrome" s=H·rT=H·eT. If the syndrome is zero, it is assumed that no transmission error has occurred, and the "associated code word" will then simply be taken to be equal to the received word. If that is not the case, it is thereby deduced that some symbols in the received word are erroneous, and a correction algorithm is then implemented which is adapted to estimate the value of the error e; the algorithm will thus provide an estimated value ê such that (r-ê) is a code word, which will then constitute the "associated code word".
The second step simply consists in reversing the encoding method, that is to say in removing the redundant symbols from the "associated code word" to retrieve the initial information symbols.
More particularly, the invention concerns the first of these two steps, and the conditions for implementation of the correction algorithm.
The purpose of a correction algorithm is to associate with the received word the code word situated at the shortest Hamming distance from this received word, the "Hamming distance" being, by definition, the number of places where two words of the same length have a different symbol. Each code thus provides an error correction capacity which is limited by the shortest Hamming distance between any two code words, which is termed the "minimum distance" of the code d; more particularly, when the chosen correction algorithm is used to find the position of possible errors in any received word, and to provide a replacement symbol for each of these positions, one can be sure of being able to optimally correct INT[(d−1)/2] errors for a code of minimum distance d ("INT" designates the integer part). If the received word contains a number of errors strictly greater than INT[(d−1)/2], the algorithm will in certain cases capable of proposing a correction, but it will then of course be very doubtful that such a correction will be right, that is to say that the associated code word really is the code word sent by the transmitter.
The capability of a correction algorithm to propose a correction of a received word is faithfully represented by the formula:2t≦Δ,where t is the number of erroneous symbols in the received word, and Δ is a strictly positive integer which we will call the "solving capability" of the algorithm. If the value of (2t) is less than or equal to the solving capability, the correction algorithm will be capable of correcting the received word. If the value of (2t) is greater than the solving capability, the algorithm can:
either simply fail in its correction attempt,
or be capable of proposing a correction of the received word; in this case, if that correction is accepted, the risk is taken of it being erroneous, i.e. that the code word proposed is not in fact the word sent; clearly, the greater (2t) is with respect to Δ, the higher the risk.
Taking into account the above considerations concerning the minimum distance d of the code, the algorithm considered will be said to be "maximum" ifΔ=d−1,and "sub-maximum" ifΔ<d−1.
Among known encoding methods, "Reed-Solomon" codes may be cited, which are reputed for their efficiency. These codes, however, have the particularity that the length n of the code words is necessarily less than or equal to the size q of the alphabet of the symbols. On account of this, if a Reed-Solomon code is desired having code words of great length, high values of q must be envisaged, which leads to costly implementations in terms of calculation and storage in memory. Moreover, high values of q are sometimes ill-adapted to the technical application envisaged.
However, for modern information carriers, for example in recordings on CD ("compact discs") and DVD ("digital video discs"), it is sought to increase the density of information. When such a carrier is affected by a physical defect such as a scratch, a high number of information symbols may be rendered unreadable. This problem may nevertheless be remedied using very long code words. For this reason, it has been sought to build codes which naturally provide words of greater length than Reed-Solomon codes.
In particular so-called "algebraic geometric codes" or "Goppa geometric codes" have recently been proposed (see for example "Algebraic Geometric Codes" by par J. H. van Lint, in "Coding Theory and Design Theory" 1st part, IMA Volumes Math. Appl., volume 21, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990). These codes are constructed from algebraic curves defined on the basis of an alphabet of q elements structured into a Galois field. An important parameter of such a curve is its "genus" g. In the particular case where the curve is a simple straight line (the genus g is then zero), the algebraic geometric code reduces to a Reed-Solomon code. In certain cases, algebraic geometric codes make it possible to achieve a length equal to (q+2g√{square root over (q)}), which may be very high; for example, with an alphabet length of 256 and a genus equal to 120, code words are obtained of length 4096.
Algebraic geometric codes are, as has been said, advantageous as to the length of the code words, but they have the drawback of requiring (on the basis of current knowledge at least) decoding algorithms that are rather complex, and thus rather expensive in terms of equipment (software and/or hardware) and processing time. This complexity is in fact greater or lesser according to the algorithm considered, a greater complexity being in principle the price to pay for increasing the error correction capacity of the decoder. (see for example the article by Tom Høholdt and Ruud Pellikaan entitled "On the Decoding of Algebraic-Geometric Codes", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 41 no. 6, pages 1589 to 1614, November 1995).
It should be noted that for these algorithms, only a lower bound of their solving capability Δ is available, except in the "trivial" case of the maximum algorithm for correction of Reed-Solomon codes (called the "Berlekamp-Massey algorithm"), for which the solving capability is precisely known and is equal to Δ=n−k. A generalization of this algorithm to non-zero algebraic geometric codes, termed "basic" algorithm, has been proposed by A. N. Skorobogatov and S. G. Vladut, in the article entitled "On the Decoding of Algebraic-Geometric codes", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 36 no. 5, pages 1051 to 1060, November 1990), this algorithm provides a solving capability at least equal to Δ=n−k−2g.
However, the minimum distance d for a algebraic geometric code is at least equal to (n−k+1−g). It is thus clear that the basic algorithm is "sub-maximum", and this is all the more so the greater the genus g of the algebraic curve. With the aim of improving the solving capability, Skorobogatov and Vladut proposed, in the same article cited above, a "modified" version of the "basic" algorithm. This "modified" algorithm has a solving capability at least equal to Δ=n−k−g−s, where s is a parameter dependent on the algebraic curve chosen, which may furthermore sometimes be zero (this is the case for example for so-called "hyperelliptic" algebraic curves.
The basic algorithm proceeds essentially in three steps:    1) constructing a "syndromes matrix" S, of size (n−k)×(n−k), of which each coefficient Sij, where j is less than or equal to a "boundary" value w(i), is equal to a linear combination judiciously chosen of the elements sv (v=1,2, . . . , n−k) of the syndrome s, the coefficients Sij beyond the boundary remaining indeterminate,    2) identifying the position of the errors in the received word, by solving a certain number of linear equations of which the coefficients are taken from the syndromes matrix S, and    3) correcting the erroneous symbols of the received word of which the position is now known.
The modification introduced by the modified basic algorithm consists in a new mode of operation for the second step of the algorithm. More particularly, for any integer μ between 1 and (n−k), the following system of linear equations is considered:
                                                        ∑                              i                =                1                            μ                                                                                l                                                                                i                                                                          S                                  i                                                                                j                                                              =          0                ,                              for                                                                          j                    =          1                ,        2        ,                                          …                                          ,                  w                                (            μ            )                          ,                            (        1        )            where the values of the unknowns li are to be found in the same alphabet of symbols as the elements of the code words. An integer λ0 is then sought which is the smallest value of μ for which such a system has a non-trivial solution, that is to say a solution where the coefficients li are not all zero.
Skorobogatov and Vladut thus teach to consider successively and independently the sub-matrices of S size μ×w(μ), first for μ equal to 1, then for μ equal to 2, and so forth until one is found for which the lines are linearly dependent.
However, a question which is important from a practical point of view and which must be posed in relation to any calculation algorithm, is that of its complexity, that is to say the number of arithmetical operations which it requires. It can be shown that the solution of the modified basic algorithm, as succinctly described above, requires of the order of n4 arithmetical operations (in the symbols alphabet), where n is, it should be recalled, the length of the codewords. However, the complexity of the basic algorithm is only of the order of n3. In this manner the increase in the solving capability according to this approach is thus made at the cost of an increase in complexity.

Methods and devices for decoding one-point algebraic geometric codes


A semiconductor device is mounted on one of the surfaces of a circuit board. Further, an input line and an output line and at least one of an input terminal and an output terminal of the circuit board are formed on the same surface. In the case where only one of the input and output terminals is formed on the surface on which the semiconductor device mounted, the other terminal is formed on the other surface of the circuit board and is further connected with a corresponding input or output line through a via hole by an interlayer connection. Moreover, an input bus line connected to the input terminal is provided therein to connect adjoining semiconductor devices provided on the same circuit board or to connect a semiconductor device provided on a circuit board with a semiconductor device provided on another adjoining circuit board. Semiconductor devices are mounted in a liquid crystal display by connecting the output terminal of the circuit board with a corresponding LCD terminal of an LCD cell through an anisotropic conductive film. Adjacent circuit boards are connected with each other by connecting the adjoining input terminals with each other by using a wire or an FPC or the like.

In the prior art, there are known methods for mounting semiconductor devices in an electronic apparatus. For example, there is a so-called TAB (Tape Automated Bonding) method for connecting tape carrier packages, on each of which semiconductor devices are mounted, in a bundle as a single connection by using TAB technology, and a COG (Chip-on-Glass) method for directly connecting semiconductor devices to interconnecting wires or lines, the pattern of which is formed on a glass substrate.
In the case of a liquid crystal display, it is typical to connect a driving semiconductor chip to the peripheral part of the panel of the liquid crystal display, which consists of X-electrodes and Y-electrodes of a matrix structure, by using the TAB method. However, in this case, input and output lines of semiconductor devices are formed on a same surface of a TAB package. Moreover, each TAB package is mounted on the outside of the liquid crystal panel. Thus, the mounting area becomes very large. This results in a large frame portion (commonly referred to as a "large death area") formed about the peripheral part of the liquid crystal display panel. Consequently, the liquid crystal display has a problem in that the entire liquid crystal display is large in size and the displaying area is relatively small.
Furthermore, a separate driving circuit board provided with an input bus line for supplying an input signal and electric power to the semiconductor devices of each TAB package is necessary. Thus, the liquid crystal display has a problem in that the death area is further expanded and the cost increases.
Moreover, in the case of directly mounting the driving semiconductor devices on the surface of the liquid crystal panel by using the COG method, the patterns of the input and output lines or the like are formed on the surface of the peripheral part of the liquid crystal panel. As a result, the mounting area of the liquid crystal panel becomes large. Similarly, as in the case of employing the TAB method, the death area becomes very large. Additionally, the liquid crystal panel is furnished with the input and output lines and the input bus line crosswise on a same surface. Consequently, the liquid crystal display has a problem in that the manufacturing cost becomes very high.
Therefore, the applicant of the instant application proposed a structure in which a liquid crystal driving LSI is mounted in a liquid crystal display through a multilayer circuit board, as described in the specification of Japanese Patent Application No. 5-2235223/1993. As illustrated in FIGS. 26 and 27, this arrangement includes a laminated circuit board 55 having an input line 57, an output line 58, and an input terminal 59 formed on a surface thereof to a predetermined position at which a driving LSI 56 is connected. An output terminal 62 for connecting a liquid crystal panel 60 to a connecting terminal 61 is formed on the back surface of the circuit board. Input bus lines 63 or the like are provided in intermediate layers. Interlayer connections are established between the output line and terminal and between the input line and terminal through a via hole 64.
With this arrangement, a driving circuit board connected to the TAB board becomes unnecessary. Consequently, the mounting area is small, and the entire liquid crystal display can be made small and thin. Furthermore, reliability is improved by reducing the number of connection points.
This laminated circuit board, however, has the following problems. Manufacturing cost becomes high because interlayer connections are made among a large number of output lines and terminals, typically 80 to hundreds per semiconductor device, through via holes. Additionally, the mounting area of the circuit board is large because a large number of via holes are bored therein. Further, because the multilayer structure has at least three layers, the manufacturing process is complex and the manufacturing cost is increased. Moreover, the liquid crystal display equipped with the LSI can not be sufficiently thinned. Furthermore, because of the difficulty in processing, it is difficult to realize a fine pitch of the output lines, which is not more than, for example, 150 .mu.m. Therefore, the laminated circuit board can not sufficiently respond to a demand for the downsizing of electronic equipment.

Structure and method for mounting semiconductor devices, and liquid crystal display


A method for shared aeronautical object management includes receiving, from an owner flight application at a server, a share command for an aeronautical object, and flagging the aeronautical object as a shared object. The method further includes transmitting, to a first recipient flight application, the first shared object, receiving an update to the shared object, and transmitting, responsive to receiving the update, the update to the first recipient flight application based on the first recipient flight application being connected to the server when the first update is received. The method further includes receiving a shared object changed version command from the second recipient flight application, and transmitting, responsive to receiving the shared object changed version command, the update to the second recipient flight application.

Pilots may use private information to supplement public information, or to use when public information is not available. For example, the FAA does not maintain information about helicopter landing sites on private buildings, such as hospitals. Thus, helicopter companies that provide services to hospitals may have a set of proprietary information that is used by the helicopter pilots that fly for the company. Likewise, other flight companies and individuals may have private information that the companies share. Similar to public aeronautical information, proprietary aeronautical information may also include navigation charts, information about waypoint, and obstacles.
Pilots may want to use aeronautical information from other pilots or from their companies. Such sharing of aeronautical information may be through sending a copy of the information to use on the individual's device. The individual's device may become disconnected limiting the ability to propagate updates to the device. For example, the issue is exacerbated by pilots switching between being connected to, and disconnected from, a network such as the Internet. Moreover, certain flight plans are specific for a type of aircraft and may not be applicable to other types. It is desirable for any shared aeronautical information to account for such dependencies.


Microreflectance infrared (IR) spectroscopy is used to determine the degree of cure of Meta-Paete (pyromellitic dianhydride-oxydianiline ethyl ester) films on metallized substrates. In this method, the infrared bands at 1028 and 1015 cm.sup.-1 are used to indirectly monitor ethanol evolution during Meta-Paete cure. The 1015 cm.sup.-1 band serves as internal reference, while the 1028 cm.sup.-1 band, which corresponds to the C--O stretch in the ethoxy group, is used to monitor imidization through loss of the ethoxy group during cure. Quantification of ethanol evolution is possible, since no apparent distortion is observed in the external reflection spectra at these two frequencies. The method can also be applied to measure the cure uniformity of Meta-Paete films, to provide an estimate of film thickness over metallized substrates, and to monitor temperature uniformity in an oven cavity.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is generally related to electronic component manufacturing, including printed circuit board (PCB) and integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing. More particularly, this invention is related to an in-line monitor for non-destructively evaluating the state of cure and percent imidization of thick (>1 .mu.m) meta-paete (pyromellitic dianhydride-oxydianiline ethyl ester) polyimide films.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Ginsburg et al., IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin Vol. 25, No. 8, January 1983, discloses that Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques have been used in the past to monitor the degree of imidization of polyimide work pieces. The detected degree of imidization can be used to adjust on-line fabrication parameters.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,983 to Voeltz discloses a process and apparatus for determining the cure characteristics of materials which utilizes infrared radiation that is passed through a sample and reflected back through the sample by a reflective surface which supports the sample. A sensor monitors changes in the intensity of the reflected beam and the cure characteristics are determined by absorption changes.

Method to monitor Meta-Paete cure on metallized substrates

International Business Machines Corporation


A method for stimulating the production of growth factor in living tissue is provided. The method involves time application of a controlled, fluctuating, directionally oriented magnetic field parallel to a predetermined axis projecting through the target tissue. This method provides a non-invasive technique for mediating tissue growth, maintenance, and repair by stimulating the production of growth factors in the tissue of interest. Because cell growth is stimulated by increased levels of growth factor (such as, for example, insulin-like growth factor-II) the beneficial effect remains and continues after the applied magnetic field is removed. Increases in the production of growth factor in the range of 20 to 50 percent have been observed.

In recent years, multidisciplinary investigations of developmental processes have provided evidence suggesting that electric and magnetic fields play an important role in cell and tissue behavior. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,697, entitled, "Techniques for Enhancing the Permeability of Ions," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, a method and apparatus are disclosed by which transmembrane movement of a preselected ion is magnetically regulated using a time-varying magnetic field. The fluctuating magnetic field is tuned to the cyclotron resonance energy absorption frequency of the preselected ion. And in U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,951, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Controlling Tissue Growth and An Applied Fluctuating Magnetic Field," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, a method and apparatus are disclosed whereby the growth characteristics of target tissue can be influenced by exposing the target tissue, especially bone tissue, to a magnetic field with precise predetermined ratios of frequency to average magnetic flux density. These important discoveries brought to light the interplay of local geomagnetic fields and frequency dependence in ion transport mechanisms.
In the present invention, a magnetic field is used to stimulate the production of growth factor in vivo. The growth factors produced can, by stimulating cell growth and cell replication, exert a beneficial and continuing influence after removal of the magnetic field.
Growth factors have long been recognized as potent molecules that can increase the proliferation of many cellular types of living tissue. These growth factors have been identified and produced in-vitro. The problems associated with the delivery of the in-vitro produced growth factor to a specific site in a living organism has limited the use of growth factors as a therapeutic tool.
It has now been found that the production of growth factor can be increased in vivo by the exogenous stimulation of living tissue with magnetic fields. In effect, the existing cells are stimulated to increase the intracellular synthesis of growth factor and/or decrease the intracellular synthesis of growth factor inhibitors by the applied magnetic field. The net effect is an increase in the amount of effective growth factor available to influence cell growth and proliferation and, therefore, a net increase in the amount of mitogenic cellular activity. The increased level of growth factor, in turn, results in increased levels of cell production and proliferation. This increased rate of cell growth results in increased rates of cell repair, regeneration and/or remodeling in the local area of interest. When applied to a damaged area of tissue, the present invention allows for an increased rate of repair or healing using the cells' natural regenerating and repair capabilities.

Method for increased production of growth factor in living tissue using an applied fluctuating magnetic field


An optical waveguide structure including a bottom layer, a middle waveguide layer, and a top cladding layer is provided. The middle waveguide layer is disposed on the bottom layer. The top cladding layer is disposed on the middle waveguide layer and covers the middle waveguide layer. The refractive index of the middle waveguide layer is greater than that of the bottom layer, and is greater than that of the top cladding layer. The optical waveguide structure has a first end region and a second end region. The middle waveguide layer in the first end region has a first end having a width gradually decreased toward the second end region. The top cladding layer in the second end region has a second end having a width gradually decreased away from the first end region.

Silicon photonic techniques are the key techniques to reduce the power consumption of high-speed computers and data centers in the future. The optical signal of a silicon photonic chip needs to be transmitted to an optical fiber to achieve the object of two-way signal transmission, and overcoming the huge size difference between silicon waveguide and optical fiber and realizing high-density channel number and simultaneous optical coupling alignment requires an exceptional bridging design with a planar single-mode optical waveguide cable. A typical optical fiber has an outer diameter of about 125 microns, and a silicon waveguide has a width of less than about 0.5 microns. If the silicon waveguide is aligned with the optical fiber spacing, then a large chip area is occupied, and therefore more than several times the number of output terminals and input terminals are lost. Therefore, the planar single-mode optical waveguide cable may be bridged by fan-shaped wiring in order to simultaneously connect a high-density silicon waveguide channel and a low-density optical fiber cable. If the planar single-mode optical waveguide cable is flexible and bendable, then various types of alignment package options may be provided, thereby reducing the cost of chip packaging.
Optical waveguide materials provide a possible solution for the manufacture of flexible and bendable optical waveguide cables. In manufacture, planar single-mode optical waveguide cables must provide an alignment package design with optical fiber and a silicon waveguide. The optical fiber end is aligned with the package via a precision-made fiber optic connector, and the alignment packaging method of the silicon waveguide end is still the focus of research in the world of photonics research or related industries. The technical difficulty lies in the fact that the size of the silicon waveguide and the size of the planar optical waveguide are too different, and the two-way back and forth conversion of the single-mode optical signal mode from the silicon waveguide to the planar optical waveguide requires an exceptional optical coupling structure design to satisfy both low coupling optical loss and high tolerance level.

Industrial Technology Research Institute


A lift system for raising and lowering a load including a rigid platform, four spaced fixed supports positioned around corners of the platform, and a power source connected to a first of the supports. First and second inextensible lines are each preferably fastened at one end to a third support diagonally opposing the first support, and at another end thereof to the power source. The first line preferably extends from the power source to the third support, passing to a plurality of four pulleys each attached to a corner of the platform and over a pulley attached to the second support. The second line preferably extends from the power source to the third support, passing to a plurality of four pulleys each attached to a corner of the platform and over a pulley attached to the fourth support. The lift system produces a mechanical advantage of four.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of lifts and more particularly hoists and suspension systems based on pulleys and cables that are stabilized against tilting and rolling, such as those for lifting, suspending and lowering watercraft.
2. Description of Related Art
Mechanisms for lifting and lowering large loads based on pulleys and cables are especially useful because they are light, strong, and adaptable to many loads and easily powered by one or more motors or a manually driven winch. The alternatives to cables and pulleys usually involve hydraulics, levers, guide channels, screws or other complex mechanisms that add to the cost and complexity and reduce the reliability.
Lifts that remove and replace recreational power vessels and sailing vessels have special requirements. They need to be adaptable to a range of vessels, often over fifty feet in length and up to 50,000 or 70,000 pounds in weight. Simplicity of design, low cost and economy of maintenance are paramount. Moreover, for watercraft it is often inconvenient or practically impossible to provide for cables or structural members that pass overhead across the vessel.
In addition, it is necessary in most applications to lift and lower the load without allowing it to rotate about a horizontal axis. For vessel loads, this is equivalent to the requirement that the vessel be stable against forces that would produce roll or pitch. Stability is usually achieved by employing separate cable lines at the four corners of a rectangular lift mechanism, each separately powered, or powered in pairs from two electrical motors attached to long cylindrical pipes extending along the length of the vessel on either side.
The four-motor lift leaves access to the vessel unobstructed, because each one of the motors may be mounted on one of four posts, which are separated fore-aft and starboard-port so that they do not seriously impede access to the vessel. It has the obvious disadvantage of requiring more than the minimum number of motors. The two-motor lift, on the other hand, has two top rails, or beams, and two parallel pipes to transmit power fore-aft. The attendant top rails not only add to the cost of the lift but they also impede access to the vessel for repair, cleaning, loading and boarding. Moreover, the location of one of the electrical motors outboard of the dock presents additional problems of servicing a motor without dock access (unless additional dockage is provided) and maintaining electrical power cables under water.
In view of the foregoing, it is evident that a need exists for a simple mechanism, based only on cables and pulleys, that lifts and lowers large loads without rotation, and without the use of cables or structural members that pass over the load, with a single electrical motor, located on the dockside, and without rails or other members that impede access to the vessel. Several patents have attempted to address these needs.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,335, Golbersen, is directed to a boat hoist including a lift suspension system which results in even application of forces to points on the moveable platform remote from the point of attachment of the lifting device, thus eliminating twisting of the loaded platform.
This patent achieves equal loading of lift points by means of a cable arrangement similar to that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,471, which requires that one end of each of two cables be fixed below the surface of the water, and suffers from that same disadvantage.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,090,841, Penick, Jr. et al., is directed to a boat lift in which a hydraulic pump and cylinder with a piston is mounted on a manual boat lift such that the piston rod carries a pulley which engages the lifting cable so that when the piston moves in the cylinder the boat will move up or down.
This patent requires that part of the cable be immersed in the water while the boat is in the lifted position, which has the same disadvantages as U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,471. Moreover the invention calls for a piston and cylinder in addition to lines and pulleys, considerably adding to the maintenance costs of the system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,471, Golbersen, is directed to a boat lift, including a vertical main post mounted on dock with the lower end mounted in the water but spaced above the floor of the water. A frame includes an outer guide post having a platform mounted on the water floor with an upper end above the water level; the frame is connected by a single member to the main post. A platform unit for supporting a small boat is slidably connected at both ends to the main post and the guide post, and a cable and winch unit is interconnected among the foregoing elements for effecting a level lifting and lowering of the platform unit into and out of the water.
This patent suffers from the defect that it requires one end of the cable to be secured at the bottom of the main post, at which point it is continually immersed in the water. This requires frequent replacement of the cable, or the use of a non-corrosive cable material, which adds considerably to the cost of installation and maintenance. Also, because of the restricted size of the vessels that can be lifted by this device, use on large multi-hull vessels is impractical.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,769,568, Parkins et al., is typical of current designs. It consists of two motors, two top rails and four winders operating in a configuration as previously described. It has all the disadvantages of currently employed lifts, namely more than one motor and two top rails.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,360, Wood II, has two motors, no top rail and two beams passing under the load. The dockside and water side of each beam are raised and lowered by separate cables, each wound on spools driven by the motor on the dockside pile. These two lines have mechanical advantages of one and three, the different mechanical advantages being compensated for by differential drives on the motor. This arrangement has no top rails and two motors on the dockside, but requires a differential gearing system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,623, Sargent et al., has no top rail and no motor. It consists of a nut on a threaded vertical shaft which nut is rotated to raise or lower a boat attached to the nut.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,470,816, Golden et al., in a four post/dual motor embodiment, raises and lowers the vessel on two beams, one fore and one aft of the vessel, using two motors on the dock side and no top beam. This invention, however suffers from the fact that it is not stable to roll. Further, it requires that the cables be permanently secured below the water, which greatly shortens their life.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,408,776, McLaughlin et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,736, McLaughlin et al., consists of two beams under the vessel in the shape of a "V." The lift is powered by a single motor at the top of the dockside post, spooling two lines that are each reeved through pulleys to a waterside post with a mechanical advantage of three, and also spooling two other lines each connected to the dockside of one of the beams with a mechanical advantage of one. The two different mechanical advantages are offset by drums of different diameters. The two beams and the vessel are raised or lowered synchronously depending on the direction of rotation of the motor.
These patents have no top rail and only a single dockside motor. The stability of the lift, however, is limited by the "V" shape of the beams, since it presents an asymmetrical support for the vessel. Further, many vessels are heavier at the stern and must be supported there. The lift is unsuitable for catamarans, which must be supported at four symmetrically located coplanar points. Finally, the inventions require two different diameter winches, which adds to the cost and complexity.
An earlier version of these inventions, U.S. Pat. No. 6,230,639, McLaughlin et al., employed two separate waterside posts. In this earlier version, the stability problem is solved, but as in the case of the 2002 and 2003 patents, the cost and complexity of the lift is increased by the use of two winders of different diameters.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,484,655, Gibson, has one motor and no top rail. It has two beams in a "V" formation, similar to other three-piling lifts. It is subject to the limitation of the other three-piling lifts and in addition it is unstable to rolling.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,070,171, Mangin, is directed to a suspension and hoisting system including two cable circuits, each including a cable fixed at one end and attached to a lifting apparatus, such as a winch, at the other, and being reeved around deflection pulleys mounted on two parallel shafts located at either end of the load support, and with the lifting apparatus of each cable being mounted above the load support on the side of the load that is opposite its fixed end. The cable of at least one of the cable circuits is reeved successively around at least two coaxial deflection pulleys mounted on each end shaft in such a way that on at least one of the shafts at least one pulley of one cable circuit rotates in the same direction as at least one pulley of the other cable circuit under identical lifting and lowering action of the two lifting apparatus, while these two pulleys are constrained to rotate in opposite directions by any downwardly oriented force independent of the action of the lifting apparatus. Accordingly, these two pulleys are interlocked to reduce or eliminate any tendency of the load support to incline under the effect of this downward force.
This patent suffers from reliance on friction between cable and pulley to prevent the downward force from lowering one end of the load. In many applications, maintaining a friction-free contact between pulley and cable is difficult because of the presence of water, grease, and dirt on the cables. Moreover, the two cable circuits are of unequal length, which results in unequal elongation under temperature variations, which will tend to make one or the other cable prone to slipping.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,117,805, Shakelford, Jr., is typical of current designs. It consists of two motors, two top rails and four winders operating in a configuration as previously described. This invention has the disadvantages of other current state-of-the art boat lifts, namely it requires two motors, one of which is on the waterside of the vessel, and it requires a top rail on either side of the vessel, both of which obstruct access to the vessel.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,383,781, Griffin, is typical of current designs. It consists of two motors, two top rails and four winders operating in a configuration as previously described. It has the disadvantages of requiring a top rail and having more than one motor.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,407,150, Bellantoni, provides a means of lifting of boats and large loads, by means of cables and pulleys alone and without submerged cables. It is stabilized against rotation by the arrangement of the pulleys and lines. It allows construction of a boat lift with only one motor, but requires two top rails along the length of the vessel, which impede access to the vessel.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,607,644, Gibb et al., has one top beam and no motors. It is limited to boats of 5,000 pounds or less because it is manually powered.
All the above patents provide for raising and lowering of a large load without cables or structural members passing over the load, but either allow rotation of the load, or have top rails along the side of the load impeding access, or require more than one motor, or have one or more substantive disadvantages such as requiring mechanisms more complex than a pulley and cable system, or restricting the location and type of pulleys and cable fastenings, or depending upon frictional resistance to prevent rotation of the load, or being limited in the weight that they can lift, or otherwise requiring that the parts of the cable and one or more pulleys to be permanently submerged. Current commercially available boat lifts, although stable against rotations, usually have two motors and two top rails to carry power to four lifting points.
The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings.

Stabilized single-motor lift system without top rails


In a cylinder head of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine having bottom-top and side walls defining therebetween a cooling water space and including for each cylinder a number of intake and exhaust passages arranged around a central well for receiving a spark plug or a fuel injector, which all extend through the cooling water space through which cooling water flows generally in a longitudinal direction of the cylinder head, the bottom wall has for each cylinder cooling water supply openings disposed at a side of the cooling space so as to generate, adjacent the bottom wall, a transverse flow, and transverse projections are arranged ahead of each cylinder so as to extend upwardly for lifting the longitudinal cooling water flow above the transverse cooling water flow.

The invention resides in a cylinder head of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine having bottom and top and side walls delimiting a cooling water space through which intake and exhaust passages extend and for each cylinder a recess for receiving a spark plug or an injector.
Such a cylinder head is described for example in DE C 42 22 801 wherein a cooling water space is divided by a dividing wall into an upper and a lower cooling water chamber. In the upper cooling water chamber, a longitudinal cooling water flow is maintained whereas, in the lower cooling water chamber, a transverse cooling water flow through the cylinder head is maintained in order to achieve a particularly good cooling effect for the walls adjacent the combustion chambers. It has been found, however, that the cooling water may remain stagnant in areas adjacent the divider wall, which detrimentally affects the cooling particularly of the exhaust passages and the recesses receiving the spark plugs or the fuel injectors.
It is therefore the principal object of the present invention to provide a cylinder head with water cooling passages formed therein such that particularly the cooling of the recesses receiving the spark plugs or the injectors and the exhaust passage is improved.

Cylinderhead of a multicylinder internal combustion engine


A rear obstacle detection and avoidance system for use on a vehicle comprises a rear obstacle detector that is coupled to the vehicle and measures the distance between the vehicle and an obstacle substantially to the vehicle's rear, a speed sensor that determines vehicle speed, an alert generator that notifies an occupant of the vehicle of a rear obstacle, and a processor that is coupled to the rear obstacle detector, the speed sensor, and the alert generator. The processor causes the generation of a first alert when the vehicle's speed is less than a threshold speed and the distance between the vehicle and an obstacle substantially to the vehicle's rear is less than a first distance determined in accordance with a first function of speed vs. distance. Additionally, the processor causes the generation of a second alert when the vehicle's speed is greater than the threshold speed and the distance between the vehicle and an obstacle substantially to the vehicle's rear is less than a second distance determined in accordance with second function of speed vs. distance.

In most circumstances, the driver of a vehicle (e.g., a car, truck, SUV, etc.) has adequate visibility to permit the safe operation of his or her vehicle. Indeed, a driver's ability to see areas to the vehicle's rear is typically enhanced through the well-known use of interior and exterior rearview mirrors. Despite this, however, drivers commonly encounter situations in which their ability to see the vehicle's path and obstacles within the vehicle's path is handicapped, especially when operating the vehicle in reverse (e.g., when backing into a parking space).
A variety of rear obstacle avoidance (ROA) systems have been developed that alert a driver to obstacles near or within the vehicle's projected rearward path and thereby minimize the likelihood of collision. One known type provides the driver with a more complete view of the vehicle's rearward path. For example, an ROA system of this type may be configured to tilt the vehicle's external rearview mirrors downward when the vehicle is operating in reverse and a rear obstacle is detected (a "curb view" function). Alternatively, ROA systems may permit a driver to view images in the vehicle's rearward path captured by a rear-facing camera via a monitor mounted in the vehicle's cabin.
Another known type of rear obstacle detection and avoidance system minimizes the likelihood of a rear obstacle collision in a more active way; i.e., by detection and notification. For example, ROA systems may employ a camera and one or more sensors (e.g., infrared, ultrasonic, or radar sensors, or any combination thereof) that monitor the vehicle's rearward path and alert the driver to any obstacles detected therein by producing audible and visual alerts. Such ROA systems may vary the alerts generated in relation to the distance between a detected obstacle and the vehicle (i.e., the detected distance); e.g., the system may generate one audible beep per second when the detected distance is greater than two meters, two beeps per second when the detected distance is between one and two meters, and three beeps per second when the detected distance is less than one meter. Unfortunately, while ROA systems of this type are generally satisfactory when performing relatively low speed reverse maneuvers (e.g., parking), they typically do not provide the driver with adequate warning when the vehicle is traveling in reverse at greater speeds (e.g., when the vehicle is being driven in reverse to back out of an alley or long driveway). Furthermore, some drivers may have difficulty reacting quickly enough to avoid a collision with a detected rear obstacle even when their vehicle is operating at a relatively slow speed.
Considering the above, it should be appreciated that it would be desirable to provide a rear obstacle detection and avoidance system configured to effectively alert a driver of a rear obstacle and the likelihood of collision therewith during both low speed and higher speed reverse maneuvers. In addition, it should be appreciated that it would be desirable for such a system to automatically disengage the throttle and apply the appropriate amount of braking force immediately prior to a rear obstacle collision. Furthermore, other desirable features and functions of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.

Speed-sensitive rear obstacle detection and avoidance system


An ink-jet head, as a liquid discharging head, includes a cavity unit, a flexible flat cable, a plurality of actuators, and a thermal conductive member. The thermal conductive member is in contact with the actuators so that heat is transmitted to the actuators. Accordingly, it is possible to realize a liquid discharging head which performs a recording of high quality while suppressing an excessive local heating of the ink-jet head and heating up, to a high temperature, of the ink-jet head due to heat generated from the actuators, thereby suppressing occurrence of a temperature gradient between the actuators so as to prevent the decline in recording quality due to the temperature difference.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid discharging head (liquid jetting head) and a liquid discharging apparatus (liquid jetting apparatus) each having a structure in which a cavity unit and an actuator are laminated or stacked in layers.
2. Description of the Related Art
There has hitherto been known an ink-jet head including a cavity unit which has a plurality of nozzle rows arranged on a front surface thereof and an ink distribution channel (ink channel) formed therein; an actuator which selectively applies a discharge pressure (jetting pressure) to an ink in the cavity unit; and a flexible flat cable which transmits a driving signal to this actuator.
In the ink-jet head having such a structure, sometimes the actuator generates heat during a recording operation. When this heat is excessive or concentrated locally, a viscosity of the ink is changed, and discharge characteristics (jetting characteristics) from the nozzle are affected. Due to this, there is a fear that recording quality is lowered, and/or an operation failure of the actuator is caused, for example.

Liquid discharging head and liquid discharging apparatus


The general inventive concepts relate to the field of display technology, and provide a mask plate and a method for producing a substrate mark to increase the accuracy of the production of a substrate mark, and decrease the difficulty in monitoring products and the production cost. An exemplary mask plate comprises: a display region mask part; at least one pair of test mark mask parts, a test mark mask part being located on either side of the display region mask part and their positions being opposite to each other; and a protection mark mask part correspondingly disposed on the outside of each test mark mask part relative to the display region mask part, wherein the pattern outline of the protection mark mask part is larger than that of the test mark mask part.

With the continuous progress of production technology, the display panel production line has been developed from the line of the first generation (in which the size of a glass substrate is 300 mm×400 mm) to the present line (in which the size of a glass substrate is 2850 mm×3050 mm). Since new products are continuously being developed and put into production, the difficulty in monitoring and managing products is exacerbated.
In order for a test device to detect the relative position of a particular display panel on a substrate, every display panel is designed with a test mark in the periphery of a display region. In order to increase the utilization rate of the glass substrate, the area of the display region is designed to be larger and larger. However, limited by the precision of an exposure device, some test marks need to be designed to be in a double exposure region. In general, in order to protect the photoresist at the position where the test marks in the double exposure region are located from being exposed out at the time of the second exposure, a protection mark of the same size as the test mark is further designed in the periphery of the display region.
The test mark and the protection mark may be formed together with the pattern of the display region by means of a patterning process. In conventional processes, the precision of placement of the exposure device was necessarily high. If there was a positional deviation between the first exposure and the second exposure of the substrate, it would result in the produced test mark falling outside the intended pattern outline size, and thereby failing to achieve the test purpose. As such, conventional processes not only proved unfavorable to monitoring of products, but also could result in large loss of product and investment.

Mask plate and a method for producing a substrate mark

Chengdu Boe Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.


A phase change memory of high compatibility with DRAM. If a cell MC0, connected to a word line WL0L, is of a low resistance, current flowing through it is higher than that flowing in a dummy cell MR0, and hence a bit line SA_B is at a potential lower than that of a bit line SA_T. This difference is amplified by a sense amplifier SA and read out. Immediately before latching cell data by the sense amplifier, an NMOS transistor MN1 is turned off to disconnect a memory cell part from a sense amplifier part. An NMOS transistor MN10 then is turned on so that data on the selected word line are all in the set state. If then writing is to be carried out, writing is carried out in the sense amplifier SA from signal lines LIO and RIO, which are I/O lines. However, writing is not performed in the memory cells. Before a precharge command is entered to precharge the word line WL0L, under, the NMOS transistor MN1 is again turned on to write reset in the cell MC0.

A phase change memory, as typical of a memory provided with a programmable resistor device, is formed of a chalcogenide material, such as Ge, Sb or Te, which undergoes transition between an amorphous state and a crystalline state on joule heating, these states being used as two logic states for storage. If the phase change caused in the phase change memory by joule heating is to be from the low resistance state (set state) to the high resistance state (reset state), a high current is caused to flow for short time. For reverse transition, that is, for transition from the high resistance state (reset state) to the low resistance state (set state), it is necessary to cause a relatively low current to flow for longer time, usually for tens of ns to about 100 ns. For example Non-Patent Document 1 shows the configuration of a 64 Mb RAM employing a phase change memory in which the set time, that is the time needed for setting up the low resistance state, and the reset time, that is the time needed for setting up the high resistance state, are 120 ns and of the order of 50 ns, respectively.
The phase change memory may be read out within a time comparable to that of a DRAM. On the other hand, the time for transition from the high resistance state (reset state) to the low resistance state (set state) is longer, being from tens of ns to approximately 100 ns. For this reason, the phase change memory is intended to be used in many cases in combination with an asynchronous SRAM or a flash memory having a longer cycle time.
FIG. 6 depicts a timing chart for writing for the case of using a phase change memory in combination with a memory having an asynchronous SRAM interface. In FIG. 6, a word line is taken high responsive to address transition. A column selection line is activated simultaneously. When the column selection line is activated, data writing is commenced. The data writing comes to a close responsive to address transition of the next cycle. When the write cycle tWC is 70 ns, the write time can be performed until shortly after the start of the next cycle. Hence, tW=50 ns or thereabouts can be secured as an actual write time. In this manner, in case the write time of the phase change memory tWR=45 ns, it may be presumed to be possible to implement an SRAM-compatible non-volatile memory.
As a related technique, these is shown in Patent Document 1 a non-volatile semiconductor memory apparatus having memory cells capable of holding data as volatile data and non-volatile data. The memory cells capable of holding data as volatile data and non-volatile data may be the combination of, for example, cells of a DRAM, as volatile data memory means, and cells of an EEPROM, as non-volatile data memory means, or may also be cells having the functions of both volatile memory cells and non-volatile memory cells, through the use of a ferroelectric material. In this memory apparatus, when a start signal for starting a readout cycle for reading out data from a memory cell or a start signal for starting a write cycle for writing data in a memory cell is entered, a column address decision circuit verifies whether the row address (word line address) as entered for the directly previous readout/write cycle is the same as that entered for the current readout/write cycle. In case the row address of the directly previous readout/write cycle is different from that of the current readout/write cycle, volatile data is stored as non-volatile data in the memory cell as selected with the row address of the directly previous cycle, by way of a store operation. Subsequently, the non-volatile data, stored in the memory cell, as selected by the row address of the current cycle, is converted into volatile data, in order to read out the non-volatile data, by way of a recall operation. The so obtained volatile data is stored in the memory cell, in the sense amplifier connected to the relevant column address, and in, for example, a latch circuit other than the sense amplifier.
[Non-Patent Document 1]
Woo Yeong Cho et al., 'A 0.18 μm 3.0 V 64 Mb Non-Volatile Phase-Transition Random-Access Memory (PRAM)', 2004 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC 2004/SESSION 2/NON-VOLATILE MEMORY/2.1, Feb. 16, 2004
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Kokai Publication No. JP-P2001-210073A

Semiconductor memory apparatus and method for writing in the memory


Provided is a plastic foamed article to be attached to an attaching target having a rod-shaped attaching portion having a radial direction, the plastic foamed article including a holding portion for holding the attaching portion in the radial direction in a state attached to the attaching target, the holding portion including a pair of opposite surfaces facing each other for holding the attaching portion between the pair of opposite surfaces and a protrusion provided on one of the pair of opposite surfaces, and at least a part of the protrusion is configured to be elastically deformed by the attaching portion in a state in which the attaching portion is held between the pair of opposite surfaces.

As this type of plastic foamed article, a plastic foamed article which is a core material used for a headrest for an automobile, configured capable of being attached to a headrest stay, and which protects the rear head part as a buffer material during vibration of the automobile and the like is known, for example (Patent Literature 1).
Such plastic foamed article is provided with a sandwiching portion having a pair of opposite surfaces facing each other. Moreover, the headrest stay has a substantially inverted U-shape and is provided with a pair of rod-shaped insertion portions arranged in parallel and a rod-shaped attaching portion for connecting together one ends of the pair of insertion portions and is configured so that the insertion portions are inserted into a seat body upper part from the other end side thereof.
The plastic foamed article is attached to the headrest stay by pushing the attaching portion into a space between the pair of opposite surfaces so as to sandwich the attaching portion in a radial direction.
Here, in the plastic foamed article, when a distance between the opposite surfaces of the sandwiching portion is larger than a size of the attaching portion in the radial direction, when it is attached to the headrest stay as above, the attaching portion cannot be sandwiched and becomes loose.
Considering the above-described point, the prior-art plastic foamed article is configured so that the distance between the opposite surfaces of the sandwiching portion is smaller than the size of the attaching portion in the radial direction. That is, in a state in which such plastic foamed article sandwiches the attaching portion, the attaching portion is depressed by a predetermined depth on each of the opposite surfaces.


An information processing apparatus and an information processing method as well as a program storage medium by which a large amount of image data is managed readily and displayed plainly are disclosed. A film window and a map window are displayed on a display screen. Thumbnail icons corresponding to photograph image data are arranged in a time series, and thumbnail icons corresponding to image data picked up before and after image pickup of the photograph image data can be referred to by an operation of an upward scroll button or a downward scroll button. When a user clicks one of the thumbnail icons, a position representative of a place at which the photograph was taken is displayed at the center of the map window. When the user clicks one of the position icons, a thumbnail icon representative of the image data picked up at the place is displayed at the top of the film window.

This invention relates to an information processing apparatus and an information processing method as well as a program storage medium, and an information processing apparatus and an information processing method as well as a program storage medium by which a large amount of image data is managed and displayed.
In one of methods of managing photograph images stored as digital data, photograph images are managed as a combination of a map and photographs. A user stores picked up photograph images in a corresponding relationship to positions on a map into a storage medium. Then, when a point on the map at which a photograph was taken is designated, a photograph image picked up at the point designated by the user is displayed as a reduced image (hereinafter referred to as thumbnail icon) in the proximity of the designated point.
However, when a plurality of photographs were taken at one place, particularly where the number of photographs is great, it is difficult to plainly display a plurality of corresponding thumbnail icons on a screen.

Apparatus and method for image/position display


Disclosed herein are systems and methods for evaluating video quality. The systems include a video transmitter and a video receiver. The transmitter generates feature parameters from a reference video to be transmitted and transmits the generated feature parameters along with compressed video data via a network. The video receiver receives the feature parameters and the compressed video data via the network, evaluates the video quality of the received video using the feature parameters and transmits video quality evaluation results to the video transmitter via the network.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to systems and methods for objective video quality measurements.
2. Description of the Related Art
Video quality measurements are core technologies that are used for development and performance evaluation of new encoding methods. A measure of the video quality is also needed for the evaluation of transmission quality of videos. Consequently, it is becoming more important.
Traditionally, the evaluation of video quality is performed by a number of evaluators who subjectively evaluate the quality of video. However, this approach has several limitations. First, it is time-consuming and expensive. Furthermore, it cannot be done in real time.
In particular, with the development of digital and communication technologies, it is possible to transmit digitized videos through a network. In such a system which transmits videos that are compressed using such digital technologies, it is very important to monitor video quality at the receiving side.
However, in traditional video transmission systems, there have been few methods for the receiver to evaluate video quality. In particular, it is difficult for the transmitter to monitor the video quality at the receiver.

Systems and methods for objective video quality measurements


An adhesive composition comprising an emulsion polymer which comprises a (meth)acrylate copolymer, and aziridinyl silane and an optional silica particle component is described. The addition of the aziridinyl silane results in a significant increase in the shear properties, particularly at elevated temperatures.

Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are known to possess properties including the following: (1) aggressive and permanent tack, (2) adherence with no more than finger pressure, (3) sufficient ability to hold onto an adherend, and (4) sufficient cohesive strength to be removed cleanly from the adherend. Materials that have been found to function well as PSAs include polymers designed and formulated to exhibit the requisite viscoelastic properties resulting in a desired balance of tack, peel adhesion, and shear holding power. PSAs are characterized by being normally tacky at room temperature (e.g., 20° C.). PSAs do not embrace compositions merely because they are sticky or adhere to a surface.
U.S. Pat. No. Re. 24,906 (Ulrich) discloses a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, the adhesive layer of which comprises a copolymer of acrylic acid ester and a copolymerizable monomer such as acrylic acid, described therein as an "acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive tape". Although acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive tape may provide acceptable strength and good adhesion, there has been a need for even higher shear strength, especially at elevated temperatures, without any reduction in adhesion, particularly in peel strength.

Pressure-sensitive adhesive containing aziridinyl silanes


An emergency landing control system for an aircraft includes a landing site data source, a performance margin data source, an engine health data source, an aircraft health data source, and a processor. The landing site data source determines, continuously and in real-time, available landing sites. The performance margin data source conducts, continuously and in real-time, continuous performance analysis of an engine. The engine health data source determines, continuously and in real-time, available engine power as a function of time. The aircraft health data source determines, continuously and in real-time, available aircraft life as a function of time. The processor receives data from these data sources and, based on these data, continuously generates landing paths to one or more of the available landing sites, and selectively and continuously adjusts maximum available engine power up to emergency power limits, as needed, during execution of a landing maneuver to a landing site.

Rotary-wing aircraft, such as helicopters, can take off and land vertically, hover, fly forward, backward, and laterally. Thus, helicopters are used in myriad environments and for myriad purposes that fixed-wing aircraft and other types of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft cannot. The environments range from deserts to oceans, from remote rural areas to sprawling urban areas. The purposes include personnel and cargo transportation, military, journalism, search and rescue, firefighting medical transport, tourism, and aerial observation, just to name a few.
Unfortunately, helicopters also exhibit certain drawbacks. In particular, the incidence of unintended ("emergency") landings for helicopters is undesirably high. There are many causes associated with these emergency landings. The leading causes, however, include operator error, equipment malfunctions, and hazardous weather. Regardless of its cause, in an emergency landing situation the pilot must decide where and how to land the aircraft. Often the pilot has to choose between landing immediately, without regard to the nature of the landing zone, and attempting to reach a more desirable landing zone. The distinction between these choices may not be clear, and the information the pilot may need to fully assess the situation may not be available. Moreover, the workload pressures placed on the pilot while executing an emergency landing may actually exacerbate the situation.
Hence, there is a need for a system that provides more clear and distinct choices and/or sufficient information to a pilot when an emergency landing maneuver needs to be conducted and/or reduces the workload pressures on the pilot when executing an emergency landing maneuver. The present invention addresses at least these needs.

Rotary-wing aircraft emergency landing control


Anti-cancer compositions and methods are described herein. In particular, compositions including one or more of leelamine, a leelamine derivative, abietylamine, an abietylamine derivative, and an abietic acid derivative are described. Methods for treatment of pathological conditions particularly cancer, in a subject using one or more of leelamine, a leelamine derivative, abietylamine, an abietylamine derivative, and an abietic acid derivative are described herein.

In spite of recent medical progress, cancer continues to be one of the most common and deadly diseases. Elucidation of biochemical pathways involved in development and progression of various cancers is important to identify potential anti-cancer treatments as well as to develop agents effective to regulate such pathways in other aspects of health and disease.
A particular cancer, melanoma, is the most deadly form of skin cancer due to its high metastatic potential. The well-known phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) and STAT pathways are activated in 50-70% of melanomas, functioning to reduce cellular apoptosis, increase proliferation and aid the invasive processes through the lymphatic system to promote melanoma metastasis development.
There is a continuing need for compositions and methods to treat cancer.
Compositions and methods are required to inhibit the PI3K, MAPK and STAT pathways and inhibit abnormal cell survival and proliferation.

Compositions and methods relating to proliferative diseases


An electronic device including a flexible display panel is provided. The electronic device includes a display panel, a first component, a movable module, and a housing. The housing includes a first movable portion, a second component, and a third component. The third component includes a first space where the first component is stored. The display panel includes a flexible display portion. The display portion includes a first region, a second region, and a third region. The first region is fixed to the second component. The second region is fixed to the first component stored in the third component. The movable module has a function of holding a first angle that is formed between the second component and the third component by the first movable portion. The third region positioned between the first region and the second region has a function of forming a curved surface according to the first angle. The first component slides in the first space according to the first angle.

Mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, electronic book readers, and notebook personal computers have been widely used. The mobile devices require a display panel that is suitable for displaying a larger amount of information. The amount of information displayed on a display panel with the same display area has increased with a reduction in the size of a pixel. In contrast, the mobile devices are also required to have flexibility as mobile devices and to have a larger display area.
A foldable electronic device has been proposed as a mode of a mobile device that achieves both flexibility and a large screen. As the foldable electronic device, an electronic device including two or more display panels or an electronic device using a flexible display panel has been proposed.
For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a structure of an electronic device using a flexible display.

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


There is provided subsea repair apparatus for performing repair of a subsea cable located beneath the sea, said apparatus comprising: an environment capsule capable of providing a substantially water-free environment within the capsule; and repair equipment located within the environment capsule arranged to repair said subsea cable without the need for a person to be located within the environment capsule.

Direct Electrical Heating (DEH) is a method for preventing wax and hydrates forming in subsea production pipelines of oil and gas. DEH is based on the fact that an electric alternating current (AC) in a metallic conductor generates heat in a single phase circuit, and DEH may be performed as follows. One cable is connected to the first end of the pipeline and a single core cable is piggybacked on (ie supported by) the pipeline and connected to the far end of the pipeline. The two cables together with the pipeline form a single phase electrical circuit. The single core piggyback cable is either strapped directly to the pipeline or located inside a mechanical protection profile which is strapped to the pipeline.
A traditional method for cable repair is to cut the cable subsea at the fault location, pull one end of the piggyback cable to the surface on a vessel and join the piggyback cable with an excess cable length stored on the vessel. The excess cable length is approximately 2.5 to 3 times water depth. The other end of the damaged cable is then pulled to the surface and dry spliced with the other end of the excess cable length. The piggyback cable is then re-installed on the pipeline with the excess cable length loop installed perpendicular to the pipeline. After electrical testing of the cable, the excess cable loop is rock dumped.
The following patent publications describe this existing technology:
EP1381117B1 (U.S. patent, filed 1982 Sep. 13, US NAVY)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,479,690 (European patent, filed 2003 Jul. 8, NEXANS)
There are some problems with the existing technology. With the current technology an excess length of 2.5 to 3 times the water depth is installed perpendicular to the pipeline and needs to be rock dumped. The pipeline also needs to be rock dumped in this area in order to avoid pipeline buckling. This is a time consuming operation with high cost. This operation requires a typical weather window of Hs<3 m in 24 hours.
For ultra deep water the excess cable length is up to 9 km which in some cases is longer than the length of the piggyback cable and pipeline. The total cost for a repair using existing technology can therefore be very high in ultra deep water.
In addition, the existing technology requires that the piggyback cable is able to carry its own weight at relevant water depth. This is not a challenge at 300-400 m water depth but for water depth in the area of 1000 m and deeper the copper conductor is not able to carry its own weight. This makes a repair scenario using existing technology very challenging.
The following documents also describe methods for repairing subsea cables. Chinese utility model CN 200949707Y (Shengli) describes a working cabin to allow maintenance of underwater cables without a surface boat. JP 4067711 (Hitachi) describes a capsule within which people may work underwater to cut a submarine cable. RU 2,336,196 (Uchrezhdenie) describes a compartment which allows personnel to work underwater. JP 10-145955 describes a container 102 filled with an insulating liquid 101 whose specific gravity is higher than water. Underwater cutting and connecting of cables 103 is performed in the liquid 101.


A liquid detergent composition comprising surfactants, a suspending agent, beads, and water.

Structured liquids are known in the art for suspending beads or particles in cleaning liquid compositions. The means of providing structure to the liquid includes using particular surfactants that thicken the liquid, or by the addition of thickening agents such as polymers and gums which thicken the liquid so as to be able to suspend particles or beads therein for long periods of time.
However, the suspension of beads in a cleaning liquid composition by the aforementioned use of surfactants, electrolytes, thickening agents, polymers and gums has some characteristics that consumers may consider unacceptable for certain products. Conventional structured liquids are often opaque or turbid thereby obscuring the suspended beads from the consumer, which are shown to best advantage in a transparent or clear liquid.
Further, the by-product of thickening a liquid to provide structure for suspended beads causes a significant increase in liquid viscosity and a corresponding decrease in liquid pourability, a property which consumers generally do not associate with certain products, such as a liquid detergent product.


A method and a system implementing a service level agreement based storage access system. A service level agreement based storage access system presents a single interface for data storage consumers and translates generic data operation requests to data operation request specific to a storage server. The SLA based storage access system also monitors storage server performance and may throttle processes to ensure service level agreements are not violated.

Applications and users of computer-based systems may generate significant data storage needs. Entities managing such systems may augment their internally-managed storage capacities with storage provided by third party storage vendors. However, third party storage vendors may provide varying levels of service and each may present a proprietary interface. A plurality of proprietary interfaces may present different requirements and may change over time, which complicates building applications and services that depend on the third party storage vendors. Moreover, in prior art implementations, the data storage needs of the applications and users of a system were addressed by manually provisioning a block of storage. This leads to inefficient allocation of storage and requires personnel resources. Dependence on multiple third party storage vendors and local storage may make it difficult to ensure performance requirements, such as enforcing service level agreements of the applications and the users.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Service level agreement based storage access