A replaceable ink cartridge for an ink jet printer having an ink supply station with an ink receptacle and an electric connector. The cartridge includes a chassis removable from the ink supply station, and having an ink passage and an electrical connector connectable to the printer's electric connector. An ink reservoir is removably connected to the chassis, and has a chamber containing a supply of ink. The reservoir has an ink outlet registered with the ink passage, and the chassis has an ink level annunciator connected to the cartridge's electrical connector, for generating a signal to enable printing after the ink reservoir is depleted and replaced with a second reservoir.

A typical ink jet printer has a pen that reciprocates over a printable surface such as a sheet of paper. The pen includes a print head having an array of numerous orifices through which droplets of ink may be expelled into the surface to generate a desired pattern. Some ink jet printers have a replaceable ink supply mounted to a stationary position on the printer, and connected to a reciprocating print head by a conduit. This permits the use of a larger ink supply, and avoids the need to replace the print head each time the supply of ink is depleted. Color ink jet printers generally have a multi-chamber cartridge, or several ink supply cartridges each containing a different color of ink.
Some existing systems provide each stationary ink supply cartridge with an on board electronics memory chip to communicate information about the contents of the cartridge. It may also be possible for such a chip to serve as a "gas gauge" that indicates or transmits to the printer the amount of ink remaining, so that the printer does not continue printing with an empty cartridge.
The on board memory in an ink cartridge may also serve to record or store other information about the ink cartridge, such as manufacture date (to ensure that excessively old ink does not damage the print head,) ink color (to prevent misinstallation,) and product identifying codes (to ensure that incompatible or inferior source ink does not enter and damage other printer parts.)
However, for very low cost applications, these advantages provided by a memory chip in each disposable cartridge may be outweighed by the cost of replacing the chip every time a cartridge is depleted. In addition, there may be other elements in a cartridge, such as structural, plumbing, and pumping components, that have useful lives that extend well beyond the time it takes to deplete the ink supply. Yet even with separate chips and ink supply elements, simply replacing or refilling the ink supply portion of an existing cartridge will not enable its operation, as the existing memory chip may continue to indicate a depleted or beyond-shelf-life cartridge, causing the printer to refuse to proceed to avoid risk of damage or faulty output. Therefore, there is a need for a low cost ink jet printing system that permits retaining non-depleted elements of an ink cartridge while restoring an ink supply, for a printer that has sensors to avoid using a depleted or dated cartridge.
The present invention overcomes or reduces the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a replaceable ink cartridge for an ink jet printer having an ink supply station with an ink receptacle and an electrical connector. The cartridge includes a chassis removable from the ink supply station, and having an ink passage and an electrical connector connectable to the printer's electrical connector. An ink reservoir is removably connected to the chassis, and has a chamber containing a supply of ink. The reservoir has an ink outlet registered with the ink passage, and the chassis has an ink level annunciator connected to the cartridge's electrical connector, for generating a signal to enable printing after the ink reservoir is depleted and replaced with a second reservoir.

Ink jet cartridge with separately replaceable ink reservoir


The experience of an end user of a work is enhanced by incrementally distributing the work and supplementing the work by adding an additional interactive component. Installments of works are delivered to the end user on a scheduled basis (and may optionally be delivered upon demand by the end user), or as a benefit delivered in exchange for end user interaction fulfilling certain criteria. The end user is requested or required to perform a task associated with the installment before a subsequent installment is delivered. The user's response (or lack thereof) to the task is recorded, and the user is optionally enabled to later review his or her responses. Each task may have correct or incorrect answers, or the task may require an ad hoc response(s). Optionally, an administrator may review the responses of the tasks of various users assigned to a particular administrator.

Electronic publishing (ePublishing) has been around virtually since the advent of the computer. While ePublishing offers numerous advantages to the author of the work (via lower costs of distribution, lower entry costs into the field, easier portability, etc.) or has added new functionality to the work (via animations, links, assignments, etc.), ePublishing has to this point failed to change the fundamental nature of the work itself. The apparent goal has been to make dissemination of works easier for the publisher. While these advances have provided benefits to the publisher of the work, and may have provided some enhancements to the reader of the work, in fact, many often make it more difficult for the reader to enjoy the work itself.
As an example, Adobe offers what they refer to as an eBook. This is a portable, protected document file format that allows authors to scan or copy their works in a manner that for all intents and purposes resembles the draft copy of the publication they would have previously sent to a printer prior to publication in book form. In essence, the end user is required to act as his or her own printer if they wish to enjoy the work on paper. Alternatively, the user is forced to view the work on a computer screen or other PDF-compatible electronic device.
Published patent application U.S. 2002/01825578 describes the creation of virtual replicas of current works and the ability to add interactive functionality such as animations, links, etc. This approach and others also allow a user to interact with the publication, e.g., by providing a mechanism for the author or reader to ask or answer questions posed in the publication, etc.
In these cases, however, the essential nature of the work itself is unchanged. The user is required to make an active attempt to locate, read and digest the material at the users own pace in an environment that for all intents and purposes still retains the essentially passive qualities of a book or periodical, albeit in a somewhat different format. The link to an eBook on a user's computer desktop no more promotes reading than the paperback lying on the nightstand.
Serialized content has also long been delivered to users via network interfaces. Web sites such as The Daily Inbox (http://dailyinbox.com/) deliver quotes, parts of books or periodicals to users who subscribe to their service via email, PDAs or other interfaces. The publisher in these instances appears to benefit by 1) increasing sales of their print publications through increased awareness or readership of the print publications via their online content distribution, and 2) advertising revenue associated with advertisements delivered with the messages delivered to the end user as a part of the content. Ultimately, the publishers are unconcerned if the end user actually uses, benefits or actually reads the (network or print) publication, the publishers benefit from revenue derived from publication sales and advertising.

Methods and systems for electronic publishing content management


A method of updating conversation allocation in link aggregation is disclosed. The method starts with verifying that an implementation of a conversation-sensitive link aggregation control protocol (LACP) is operational at a network device of a network for an aggregation port. Then it is determined that operations through enhanced link aggregation control protocol data units (LACPDUs) are possible. The enhanced LACPDUs can be used for updating conversation allocation information, and the determination is based at least partially on a compatibility check between a first set of operational parameters of the network device and a second set of operational parameters of a partner network device. Then a conversation allocation state of an aggregation port of the link aggregation group is updated based on a determination that the conversation allocation state is incorrect, where the conversation allocation state indicates a list of conversations transmitting through the aggregation port.

As illustrated in FIG. 1A, link aggregation is a network configuration and process used to aggregate multiple links between a pair of nodes 120, 122 in the network to enable transmission of user data on each of the links participating in a Link Aggregation Group (LAG) 101 (see, e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard 802.1AX). Aggregating multiple network connections in this fashion can increase throughput beyond what a single connection can sustain, and/or can be used to provide resiliency in case of a failure of one of the links The "Distributed Resilient Network Interconnect" (DRNI) 102 (see Clause 8 of IEEE 802.1AX-REV/D1.0) specifies extensions to link aggregation in order to be able to use link aggregation on a network interface even between more than two nodes, for example between four nodes K, L, M and O as illustrated in FIG. 1B.
As shown in FIG. 1B, a LAG is formed between Network 150 and Network 152. More specifically, a LAG is formed between LAG virtual nodes or 'portals' 112, 114. The first LAG virtual node or portal 112 includes a first node (K) and a second node (L). The second LAG virtual node or portal 114 includes a third node (M) and a fourth node (O). These nodes can also be referred to as "Portal Systems". Note that both the first and second LAG virtual nodes or portals 112, 114 may include a single or more than two nodes in a portal. LAG Nodes K and M are connected as peer nodes, and LAG Nodes L and O are also connected as peer nodes. As used in this application, a "LAG virtual node" refers to a DRNI portal in the IEEE documentation discussed above (i.e., two or more nodes that appear as a single node to their respective peers). Additionally, the statement that virtual node or portal 112 "includes" two nodes K, L means that the virtual node or portal 112 is emulated by the nodes K, L, this can be referred to as an "emulated system." Similarly, the statement that virtual node or portal 114 "includes" two nodes M, O means that the virtual node or portal 114 is emulated by the nodes M, O. Note that link aggregation group 161 is also formed between K-M and L-O links.
Multiple nodes participating in the LAG appear to be the same virtual node or portal with a single System ID to their peering partner in the LAG. The System ID is used to identify each node (e.g., node K, node L, node M, and node O). The System ID is included in Link Aggregation Control Protocol Data Units (LACPDUs) sent between the individual partner nodes of the LAG (e.g., between K and M or between L and O). The System ID can be generated based on identifiers of the constituent nodes of a portal using any individual identifier or any combination thereof. A common and unique System ID for the corresponding LAG virtual node or portal can be consistently generated. Thus, as shown in FIG. 1B, node K and node L belong to the same Network 150 and they are part of the same DRNI Portal 112 (i.e., the same LAG virtual node), and use a common System ID of "K" for the emulated LAG virtual node 112. Similarly, Nodes M and O of Network 152 are seen as a single LAG virtual node or portal 114 with a System ID "M" by Nodes K and L.
FIG. 1B also shows the DRNI link allocation of a particular service (see bold link between K and M in FIG. 1B). The service allocation of an interface may involve a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN), and an identifier for the service may be a VLAN Identifier (VID), such as a Service VID (i.e., "S-VID") (typically identifying services on Network to Network Interfaces (NNIs)) or a Customer VID (i.e. "C-VID") (typically identifying services on User to Network Interfaces (UNIs)). (Note that B-VIDs are indistinguishable from S-VIDs as they have the same Ethertype.) In the example of FIG. 1B, the service is allocated to the upper link (between upper nodes K, M). The upper link is thus chosen as the "working" link and the lower link (between nodes L, O) is the "standby" link or "protection" link. Service link allocation, i.e. using the same physical link for frame transmission both in the forward and in the backward directions is highly desirable.
Transmitted frames may be dynamically redistributed, and such redistribution may result from a removed or added link or a change in a load-balancing scheme. Traffic redistribution occurring in the middle of a traffic flow may cause disordered frames. In order to ensure that frames are not duplicated or reordered due to this redistribution, the Link Aggregation uses a Marker Protocol. The aim of using the Marker Protocol is to detect when all the frames of a given traffic flow are successfully received at a remote peer node. In order to accomplish this, LACP transmits Marker Protocol Data Units, PDUs, on each of the port channel links. The partner system responds to a received Marker PDU once it has received all the frames transmitted on this link prior to the Marker PDU. The partner system then sends a Marker response PDU for each received Marker PDU. Once the Marker response PDUs are received by the local system on all member links of the portal, the local system can redistribute the frames in the traffic flow thereby avoiding any risk of frame disordering. However, it can be problematic to ensure that a Marker response PDU works properly in a DRNI where either or both peer nodes of the LAG can comprise multiple systems. Measures must therefore be taken in order to ensure that frame ordering is maintained for certain sequences of frame exchanges—known as conversations—between ports in such LAGs.

Method and system of updating conversation allocation in link aggregation


A communication apparatus according to the present invention includes: upper limit setting unit, adapted to set a transmission upper limit which defines an upper limit of data size of mail data to be transmitted in a single e-mail; image data acquiring unit, adapted to acquire image data to be attached to the e-mail; transmission upper limit updating unit, adapted to update the transmission upper limit by subtracting a predetermined margin from the transmission upper limit; data dividing unit, adapted to divide the image data acquired by said image data acquiring means into pieces of image data corresponding to the transmission upper limit updated by the transmission upper limit updating means; divided mail data generating unit, adapted to generate divided mail data containing each of the pieces of image data divided by said data dividing means; and transmission unit, adapted to repeatedly transmit the divided mail data so as to transmit the e-mail to which the image data is attached.

Recently, along with the spread of computers and networking of information, e-mail used to transmit and receive character information via networks has come into wide use.
Files in various formats can be attached to e-mail in addition to a mail body consisting of character information. By taking advantage of this feature, Internet FAX (hereinafter abbreviated to IFAX) used to transmit and receive images as attached TIFF (Tag Image File Format) files has come into wide use.
An IFAX transmitter converts image data read by a scanner into TIFF and transmits the converted image data to an IFAX receiver. The IFAX receiver reproduces the TIFF image data from the received data and prints the TIFF image data.
Various methods are available to transmit image data. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-32202 discloses a technique for transmitting multiple pages of image data by dividing them on a page by page basis.
Also available is RFC (Request for comments) 2045 (issued by the Internet Engineering Task Force—IETF). RFC 2045 describes a method for dividing one e-mail data into multiple pieces of e-mail using "message/partial" as MIME Content-Type and combining the multiple pieces of divided e-mail data into one e-mail data.
Furthermore, RFC 2046 stipulates that an SMTP server which receives and transfers messages must add a "Received:" field containing a "timestamp" and "reception information" to the head of the received messages as path information.
If e-mail is transmitted with a large file attached, intermediary mail servers may be heavily loaded, resulting in a delay in mail delivery. If things get worse, the entire mail delivery service will be stopped. Thus, mail servers are often set not to receive e-mail which is larger than a certain size.
Consequently, if a large volume of image data is transmitted via IFAX, intermediary mail servers may cause delivery error due to the large data size. For example, when transmitting e-mail with an attached file from a PC, it is relatively easy to check the data size of the attached file. In the case of IFAX, however, it is difficult to estimate data size when scanning and transmitting images. This may cause delivery errors frequently.
When transmitting a high-resolution image or color image, even a single page of such an image may involve large data size and delivery errors cannot be avoided even with the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-32202.
Even if e-mail is transmitted in the message/partial format described in RFC 2045 and RFC 2046 by being divided into blocks of a predetermined size, a problem described below with reference to FIG. 8 arises.
Referring to FIG. 8, outgoing mail data created for transmission of e-mail consists of a mail header 604, mail body 605, and attached TIFF file 606. The mail body 605 does not have to exist.
Upon receiving the outgoing mail data from a transmitter, a mail server adds a "Received:" field 603 to the head of the outgoing mail data according to RFC 2046. When the outgoing mail data is transferred to another mail server, another "Received:" field 602 is added to the head of the outgoing mail data. If this is repeated, "Received:" fields such as 601 and 600 are piled up, ever enlarging the outgoing mail data.
Thus, even if outgoing mail data are transmitted after being divided into blocks of a predetermined size, their size increases as they pass mail servers on the route. Consequently, even if e-mail is transmitted keeping within data size limits set for mail servers, the limits are exceeded in mid-course, resulting in a delivery error of a mail server.

Apparatus, method, and program for communication


A holder for a portable wireless instrument has a pocket portion to contain the portable wireless instrument. The wireless instrument has a vibration function announcing an incoming call. A band portion fastens the pocket portion on an arm of a wearer. A vibration transmitting member is arranged on the rear portion. Both sides of the vibration transmitting member project from the inside and the outside of the rear portion of pocket. Thus, the vibration transmitting member contacts the holder for a portable wireless instrument and the arm of a wearer. Vibration of the portable wireless instrument is transmitted to the arm of a wearer of the portable wireless instrument via the vibration transmitting member.

Holders, more particularly a holder for wearing a portable wireless instrument on an arm of a wearer, are described for example in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 161424/2001 and Japanese Registered Design No. 1143941. The holder has a pocket (pouch) portion to contain the portable wireless instrument (e.g. a cellular phone) and a band portion (a fastening belt) adapted to be fastened on the arm of a wearer. The holder is made of cloth or leather. It has become a mainstream that the portable wireless instrument inform the recipient of an incoming call via vibration generated by a vibrator built in the portable wireless instrument. The prevention of a ringing sound provides consideration to surrounding persons.

Holder for a portable wireless instrument


An industrial process which is a process for producing a hexahydropyridazine-1,2-dicarboxy derivative in good yield, is provided. By reacting a hydrazine dicarboxy derivative of the general formula (1): EQU ROC--NH--HN--COR (1). (wherein R is an alkoxy group or an aryl group) with a dihalogenobutane of the general formula (2): EQU X--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --X (2). (wherein X is a chlorine or bromine atom) in the presence of a base selected from an alkali metal carbonate or hydroxide, a hexahydropyridazine-1,2-dicarboxy derivative represented by the general formula: ##STR1## (wherein R has the same meaning as R in the above general formula (1)) is obtained efficiently.

Heretofore, with respect to a hexahydropyridazine-1,2-dicarboxy derivative: ##STR2## a process has been proposed, for example, as disclosed in Arch. pharm. 295,526-32(1960), wherein diethylhydrazine dicarboxylate and dibromobutane are reacted in the presence of metal potassium using dimethylformamide as a solvent to obtain diethylhexahydropyridazine-1,2-dicarboxylate.
However, the above conventional process has a problem that metal potassium which is difficult to handle, is required to be used, and besides, the yield in the cyclization is as low as 16%.
The present invention has been accomplished for the purpose of solving the above-mentioned problem of the prior art and providing a process which is an industrial process and which is capable of producing a hexahydropyridazine-1,2-dicarboxy derivative in good yield.

Process for producing a hexahydropyridazine-1,2-dicarboxy derivative


An ink jet head has a plurality of first ink chambers (3) front end portions of which open at an end surface (A) of the substrate and rear end portions of which are blocked, and a plurality of second ink chambers (4) front end portions of which open at an end surface (B) on the opposite side to the end surface (A) and rear end portions of which are blocked. Furthermore, this ink jet head has electrodes formed upon inner walls of the first ink chambers (3) and the second ink chambers (4), a first common ink chamber (6) formed between the rear end portions of the second ink chambers (4) and the end surface (A) and communicated with the first ink chambers (3), and a second common ink chamber (7) formed between the rear end portions of the first ink chambers (3) and the end surface (B) and communicated with the second ink chambers (4). And this ink jet head has a nozzle plate covering the first ink chambers (3) and the second ink chambers (4), and having nozzle holes formed to correspond to those ink chambers.

An ink jet printer prints a picture upon a medium such as paper or the like by discharging minute liquid drops of ink from minute nozzle holes provided in an ink jet head, according to printing data. Some such printer devices using such an ink jet method are capable of making full color pictures with an ink jet head which is charged with inks of the four colors cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, or with inks of six colors by adding to those light cyan and light magenta.
Recently it has also become widespread, by installing such an ink jet head to a production device, to perform manufacture of wiring patterns and color filters and the like, and to apply such processes in industry.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a prior art ink jet head. FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a portion thereof cut along the line CC-CC in FIG. 10. And FIG. 12 is a perspective view showing the fitting state of a prior art multi color ink jet head to a head holding member.
A number of grooving processes are performed by dicing upon a piezoelectric substrate 101 which has been polarized in its thickness direction, and thereby ink chambers 104 are formed. Electrodes 105 are formed upon the inner walls of these ink chambers 104, and electrode protective layers (not shown in the drawings) of thickness of about 10 μm are formed so as to cover over these electrodes 105. Electrically conductive material not shown in the figures is loaded into the rear end portions of the electrodes 104. A common ink chamber 103 is formed in a cover member 102. This common ink chamber 103 is communicated with all the ink chambers upon the piezoelectric substrate 101, and thereby it is arranged to supply ink from this common ink chamber 103 to the various ink chambers 104. The ink jet head 100 consists of the piezoelectric substrate 101 with the cover member 102 adhered thereto.
In the structure described above, when voltages corresponding to the printing data are applied to the electrodes 105, the wall portions of these ink chambers 104 are deformed, and the ink within the ink chambers 104 is pressurized. As a result, this ink is discharged from nozzle holes, not shown in the figures, which are provided in front end portions of the ink chambers 104.
With this type of piezoelectric method, since it is possible to control the amount of pressurization of he ink and the volumes of the discharged ink drops by regulating the voltage, thus controlling the deformation of the piezoelectric elements, accordingly the distinguishing feature is that tone printing is available in a simple manner.
It is possible to perform color printing by providing a plurality of ink jet heads 100 of the structure described above in combination, and by outputting inks of different colors from the various heads. FIG. 12 shows an ink jet head 200 in which four ink jet heads 100 are disposed upon a head holding member 106, and which is capable of such color printing.
However, since these individual ink jet heads 100 are separate members, it is necessary to assemble these separate members to the head holding member 106, and it is not guaranteed that the positions of the various nozzle holes are determined at high accuracy, so that the problem has arisen of the yield factor being low.
Thus, in order to solve this problem, the construction disclosed in Patent Document #1 has been proposed.
That is, by forming an ink chamber of a different length for each of the ink colors, and by supplying inks of the various colors from ink supply conduits corresponding to these ink chambers of different lengths which are formed in a top plate, it becomes possible, by processing a single piezoelectric substrate, to manufacture an ink jet head which provides multi color printing in yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. According to this structure the beneficial effect is obtained that it is possible to enhance the quality of the printing, since it is possible to perform determination of the positions of the various nozzle holes at high accuracy without it being necessary to give any consideration to positional deviation between the different heads; and, moreover, the yield factor during mass production is enhanced.
Patent Document #1: JP H10-235907A

Ink jet head and method of manufacture thereof


There is provided an ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus capable of reducing an unnecessary signal component in a reception signal. A sign data array formed of a plurality of sign data items arranged in an element arranging direction is extracted from a plurality of element reception signals having been subjected to delay processing but having not been subjected to summing processing. A factor computing unit computes a first factor indicating a level of sign coherence in the sign data array and a second factor indicating a sign transit density in the sign data array. The factor computing unit then computes a factor (evaluation value) for adjusting gain of the reception signal, based on the first factor and the second factor.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus, and more particularly to a technique of reducing an unnecessary or undesired signal component such as a side-lobe component, a grating lobe component, or the like, contained in a reception signal.
2. Background Art
Ultrasonic diagnosis apparatuses are apparatuses which form an ultrasonic diagnosis image by transmitting and receiving ultrasound to and from a living organism. In order to increase the image quality of the ultrasonic diagnosis image, it is desirable to reduce an unnecessary signal component contained in a reception signal; i.e., a side-lobe component, a grating lobe component, a noise component, or the like.
More specifically, in a receiving beam former provided in an ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus, for the purpose of focusing, delay processing (phase alignment processing) is applied to a plurality of element reception signals supplied from a plurality of transducer elements, and thereafter, summing processing is further applied to the plurality of element reception signals having been subjected to the delay processing. With these processing operations, beam data serving as an RF signal, for use in forming an ultrasonic image, are obtained. When reflection waves are received from a focus point, as phases are identical among the plurality of element reception signals having been subjected to the delay processing, beam data having large amplitude can be obtained after the summing processing. In contrast, in the case of reflection waves from a point other than the focus point, as the phases are not identical among the plurality of element reception signals, only beam data having low amplitude can be obtained. However, the beam data actually contain an unnecessary signal component such as a side-lobe component.
As a method for suppressing an unnecessary signal component contained in a reception signal, a method for suppressing a reception signal by using a factor, called SCF (Sign Coherence Factor), has been proposed. According to this method, based on a sign data array which is formed of a plurality of sign data items arranged in the element arrangement direction, which are extracted from a plurality of element reception signals having been subjected to the delay processing but having not yet been subjected to the summing processing, the gain of a reception signal (beam data) after the summing processing is adjusted. Specifically, the gain is adjusted in accordance with SCF, which is defined based on the ratio of the number of positive sign data items and the number of negative sign data items (see Jorge Camacho, et al, "Phase Coherence Imaging", IEEE Transactions Ultrasonics, vol. 56, No. 5, 2009 (WO2010/018282)).
However, if the SCF method described above is always applied, there may be a possibility that a main lobe component is excessively suppressed, thereby reducing the image quality of an ultrasonic image. Specifically, according to the above SCF method, in which only the number of positive sign data items and the number of negative sign data items are referenced, the gain control is not based on the amplitude of the individual element reception signals and the amplitude profile formed of a plurality of instantaneous amplitude values of the plurality of element reception signals. Accordingly, with the SCF method, there is a possibility that turbulence of the phase is misidentified when the amplitude profile changes across the baseline, despite the amplitude profiles being identical to a certain degree.


A camera mounting system may include first and second self-standing post assemblies. The first post assembly may include a first post including a first tube extending between bottom and top ends of the first post, and a first base attached to the bottom end of the first post. The second post assembly may include a second post including a second tube extending between bottom and top ends of the second post, a second base attached to the bottom end of the second post, a tension device attached to the second post, and a cable configured to extend between the first and second posts and including a first end portion configured to removably attach to the first post assembly and a second end portion attached to the tension device. The tension device may be configured to adjust tension of the cable between the second post and the first post.

Various types of image and/or video capturing systems and methods have been used for capturing images and/or videos of events. According to one approach, a camera is mounted to a moving platform to provide various different vantage points for capturing images and/or videos of an event carried out at a venue. Another approach involves suspending a movable camera from a number of cables arranged in a venue to provide various different vantage points for capturing images and/or videos of an event. Although these existing approaches may be suitable in some instances, the structures used for supporting and positioning the camera typically are complex, expensive, and difficult to construct and employ.
Moreover, most existing systems and methods for capturing images and/or videos of sporting events are intended for use with respect to a single sporting match or game carried out at a single venue. Accordingly, such systems and methods generally may not be suitable for capturing images and/or videos of multiple matches in sporting events carried out at the same time at a single venue. Examples of this scenario include multiple concurrent fights carried out in adjacent areas during a martial arts tournament, multiple tennis matches carried out on adjacent courts during a tennis championship, and the like.
Furthermore, certain sporting events may be carried out in temporary venues, making it challenging to have a fixed system for mounting and positioning cameras to capture images and/or videos of the events. Additionally, certain venues may be used for various types of sporting events, with the venue being reconfigured for different events. In this manner, a fixed camera mounting system may not allow cameras to be positioned in an optimal arrangement for capturing images and/or videos of a particular sporting event carried out a given time.
A need therefore exists for improved camera mounting systems and methods for mounting and positioning cameras to capture images and/or videos of events, which may overcome one or more of the above-mentioned limitations associated with existing camera mounting systems and methods.

Portable self-standing camera mounting system for mounting multiple cameras


An expansion dowel is provided, which includes at least one dowel body and a bolt, the bolt including an expansion body, which forces the dowel body radially to the outside when the expansion body is displaced in an extraction direction relative to the dowel body, a corrosion protection layer and an antifriction layer covering the corrosion protection layer being provided on the expansion body. It is also provided that the corrosion protection layer is a Zn/Ni coating or a Zn/Fe coating. A manufacturing method for an expansion dowel of this type is also provided.

Expansion dowels are known, for example, from EP 0514342 A1. They are inserted into a drilled hole in a substrate of a component, e.g. a wall or a ceiling. By drawing an expansion cone provided on the bolt into a dowel body designed as an expansion sleeve, the dowel body is expanded radially and forced to the outside, and the expansion dowel is anchored thereby in the substrate. According to EP 0514342 A1, a friction-reducing coating is provided in the contact area between the expansion cone and the dowel body.
EP 0429880 A2 relates to a method for the corrosion-protective coating of dowels, in particular drive-in dowels for building facades by applying a zinc-containing protective layer, including the following steps: mechanical cleaning of the dowel surface and/or applying a primer to the dowel surface and drying; mechanically applying at least one layer of a zinc-containing, organic coating material; drying each applied zinc-containing layer; applying an organic protective layer; and drying the organic protective layer.
The EP 3 104 025 A1 relates to an expansion anchor, in which a double coating having an inner layer and an outer layer covering the inner layer is provided in the expansion area, the outer layer having a friction coefficient with respect to the adjacent element which is greater than a friction coefficient of the inner layer with respect to the adjacent element.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,491,244 B2 describes an expansion dowel, in which an expansion sleeve element is coated with tin zinc.
EP 0523298 B1 shows a bolt made from an austenitic stainless steel, whose surface layer is formed as a nitrated layer and is then covered by a metal covering, for example a nickel zinc coating.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,408 A describes a multilayer coating for bolts, which has, in particular, a zinc nickel layer and an organic cover layer.
DE 202004001155 U1 discloses a wheel bolt in the automotive area, which has an outer surface formed by a zinc nickel alloy coating applied by electroplating as well as an additional silicatic antifriction coating.
DE 3924133 A1 shows an expansion dowel, in which the expansion elements are hot-dip galvanized.
US 20080050195 A describes an expansion dowel, in which the surface roughness of the expansion sleeve increases in the direction of the rear end of the expansion dowel.
DE 4225869 A1 describes a dowel made from stainless steel, in which the surfaces subjected to a surface pressure are provided with an anti-jamming coating. A coating may be formed, in particular, by galvanization or nitrating, and an additional layer made from antifriction varnish, wax or grease is optionally applied.
DE10118374 A1 describes a method for manufacturing an expansion anchor, which includes a cone provided with an antifriction coating on its front end, the surface of the cone being processed with the aid of steel brushes prior to applying the antifriction coating in such a way that parallel-running grooves are created.
DE 19716926 A1 discloses an expansion anchor, which has a coating in the form of a heat-shrinkable tubing.
An expansion anchor is derived from EP 2876312 A1, in which the friction coefficient of the friction between the expansion body and the dowel body is direction-dependent.
EP 2339186 B1 shows an anchor bolt, which includes a wedge member formed from a material having a Vickers hardness between approximately 218 HV and approximately 290 HV, and which includes a sleeve element formed from a material having a Vickers hardness between approximately 218 HV and approximately 290 HV.
DE 102007057160 A1 proposes, in an expansion anchor, to insert a sliding ring into an annular step at the transition from the shaft to the expansion body, which is intended to prevent a scoring of the expansion sleeve on the expansion body.
DE 10248664 A1 shows an expansion anchor made from high-grade steel, in which the expansion section includes craters at least in areas.
DE 19522026 A1 discloses an expansion anchor having an intermediate layer between the expansion body and the dowel body, which is formed from a strip of smooth foil and is undetachably fixed between the expansion body and the dowel body.

Expansion dowel having a zinc alloy coating


A detector circuit monitors the phase relationship between the lamp voltage and the excitation voltage, and if one or more conditions are met, triggers the open lamp protection process in a discharge lamp system. The detection circuit can be incorporated into a lamp voltage feedback circuit and implemented on the integrated circuit level with less cost and circuit complexity.

Open lamp voltage schemes are often required in cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) inverter applications for safety and reliability reasons. In an open lamp condition, there might be a very large undesirable voltage occurring across the outputs if protections are not in place. This undesirable voltage may be several times higher than a nominal output and could be harmful to circuit components.
A conventional method to achieve open lamp voltage protection is to monitor the lamp current. The method is shown in FIG. 1 for in-phase applications and in FIG. 2 for out-of-phase applications. When lamp current becomes zero, the open lamp protection is triggered. In the open lamp protection circuits shown, an extra diode is needed for every lamp. Also, the open lamp detection circuit and the lamp voltage feedback circuit are independent. This results in undesired complexity of the overall circuit and associated high costs. A simpler open lamp protection method and circuit is needed.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method and system for open lamp protection


A nonvolatile memory system is disclosed. The nonvolatile memory system includes a host device and a storage device connected to the host device through a physical cable including a power line and a data line. The storage device includes: a nonvolatile memory; a link controller configured to temporarily deactivate the data line while supplying power from the host device through the power line; and a memory controller including a user verification circuit configured to authenticate a user of the storage device and change a state of the memory controller according to a verification result, a relink trigger circuit configured to control the link controller based on the state change of the memory controller, and a data processing circuit configured to encrypt and decrypt data.

The inventive concept relates to a semiconductor memory, and more particularly, to a storage device, a nonvolatile memory system including a memory controller, and an operating method of the storage device.
Semiconductor memory devices may be classified into volatile memory devices, which lose stored data when the supply of power is terminated, and nonvolatile memory devices, which do not lose stored data when the supply of power is terminated. A read and write speed of volatile memory devices is fast, but when external power is not supplied to the volatile memory devices, stored content disappears. On the other hand, nonvolatile memory devices have a read and write speed less than that of the volatile memory devices, however, content therein is preserved even when external power is not supplied to the nonvolatile memory devices.
Flash memory is a nonvolatile memory device used in various fields due to its high operating speed, low power consumption, low noise, and high capacity through stacking. According to the increased use of flash memory, demand for security techniques for flash memory has increased.
A self encrypting drive (SED), one of the security techniques used for flash memory, may provide a high security function by encrypting data to write the encrypted data and decrypting the encrypted data to read the data.
However, a storage device supporting SED is a passive device and may operate according to a command of a host device, and thus, when the host device does not support SED, the storage device may not operate independently. Therefore, there is a need for a storage device capable of operating in various host devices.

Storage device, nonvolatile memory system including memory controller, and operating method of the storage device for independently performing a relink to a host device


Embodiments of the present invention provide a method for ensuring quality of service of an Internet Protocol television live broadcast service, and the method includes: detecting a live broadcast packet received from an original multicast group (100); if detecting that the live broadcast packet has an error or a loss, joining a multicast group corresponding to a delay multicast stream sent by a retransmission server, and receiving a delay retransmission packet from the delay multicast stream (102); and recovering the live broadcast packet according to the received delay retransmission packet (104). Correspondingly, a terminal and a retransmission server are provided. Once the terminal detects that the original packet has a loss or an error, the terminal directly receives a packet from a delay packet stream sent by the retransmission server for recovering, thereby avoiding a NACK storm, simplifying the processing of the retransmission server, and improving the retransmission efficiency.

In recent years, operators focus on an Internet Protocol Television (Internet Protocol Television, IPTV for short) service, in which a set top box together with a television serves as a terminal, a broadband IP serves as a transmission technology, and the service is centered on an audio-visual service and integrates instant communications, games and information services into a whole. From the second half of 2004, the national operators accelerate the pace of IPTV pilot construction. As an emerging service providing manner, the IPTV provides potential opportunities of new services, new income and new business modes, which may bring new profit growth to the communication and media service providers.
A live broadcast service as an IPTV basic service is the inheritance of the conventional television service, and quality of service of the live broadcast service should be at least equivalent to that of the existing cable television to ensure competitiveness of the IPTV. Therefore, the ensuring the quality of service (Quality of Service, QoS for short) of the live broadcast service is crucial to the smooth development of the IPTV services.
The packet loss or packet error may occur during transmission over the IP network. Forward Error Correction (Forward Error Correction, FEC for short) and Auto Repeat Request (Auto Repeat Request, ARQ for short) technologies are two common methods in the IPTV services to recover an original packet, and may also be used to ensure the QoS of the live broadcast service. The FEC technology is easily implemented, but needs to consume more redundant bandwidth, and moreover cannot recover the packet when being beyond the error correction capability. Therefore, in the actual application and standard organizations, the ARQ manner is usually used to recover the lost or error packet.
In the ARQ manner, a terminal receives multicast packet data corresponding to the live broadcast service, decodes the data and then outputs it, and in the receiving process, the terminal further detects whether the packet loss or error occurs according to a packet loss detection algorithm. If the packet loss or error occurs, a Nack message for request for data retransmission is directly sent to a retransmission server, and after receiving the Nack retransmission request, the retransmission server retransmits a designated packet to the terminal according to the instruction of the Nack message.
Through the method, the retransmission request of each terminal may be quickly fed back to the retransmission server. However, if the packet loss is not caused by the user side but occurs in an aggregation layer or a core node layer of the transmission network, every user can sense the packet loss. In such a case, the retransmission server may receive the Nack retransmission requests sent from multiple terminals almost at the same time (this condition is referred to as a Nack storm). The Nack storm in a short period may result in the following two problems:
1. A load of the retransmission server is increased instantly, which may possibly cause the abnormal working state or cause that the retransmission requests of some terminals cannot be responded timely.
2. Data packets are retransmitted to multiple users at the same time, which causes that the occupied network bandwidth is increased sharply. As a result, it is difficult to plan the network bandwidth, network congestion may be possibly caused, the packet loss is further intensified, and the whole system is caused to be in an unstable state.

Method and device for ensuring quality of service of internet protocol television live broadcast service


A planar magnetic device in which the high-frequency loss in the coil conductor can be reduced. The device comprises a planar coil formed of a coil conductor constituted by a plurality of conductor lines. The coil conductor is provided in the form of a spiral. The planar coil is interposed between two insulating layers which are sandwiched between two soft-magnetic layers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a planar magnetic device for use in various high-frequency components, such as a choke coil and a transformer which are to be incorporated into a switching power supply.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is demanded in the so-called multimedia age which has come recently, various portable electronic apparatuses are made smaller, thinner, lighter and more efficient. This owes much to the increased integration density of electronic circuits, which has been made possible by advanced LSI technology, advancements in component-mounting technology, and the development of high-energy battery cells (e.g., lithium cell and nickel-hydrogen cells).
The power-supply section of such an electronic apparatus has a switching type power supply which is a stable one. It is considered difficult to reduce the size and weight of the switching type power supply, without impairing the high power-converting efficiency of the power supply. The size, weight and manufacturing cost of the switching type power supply remains the same, while the those of the other components of the electronic apparatus are successfully reduced. Inevitably the switching type power supply becomes increasingly responsible for the size, weight and cost of the apparatus.
To reduce the size and weight of the switching type power supply, the switching frequency of the power supply may be increased so that the power supply may incorporate a small power-supply component, such as a small inductor, a small transformer or a small capacitor. Here arises a problem. The higher the switching frequency, the greater the energy loss in the small power-supply component, and lower the power-converting efficiency of the switching type power supply. To enable the power supply to convert high-frequency power efficiently, it is absolutely required that the small power-supply component should have but a small energy loss. Further, magnetic components, such as an inductor and a transformer, can hardly be made thinner. It therefore remains difficult to provide a switching type power supply which is sufficiently thin.
To provide a switching type power supply which is very small and thin, it has been proposed that a planar inductor or transformer be used which comprises a planar coil and a soft-magnetic film. FIG. 1A shows a conventional planar inductor. The planar inductor has a planar coil 1 which is generally square as shown in FIG. 1B. As shown in FIG. 1A, the coil 1 is interposed between two insulating layers 2, which are sandwiched between two soft-magnetic layers 3.
The planar inductor has the frequency characteristic illustrated in FIG. 2. As the higher the frequency f increases, the equivalent series resistance R rapidly increases, while the inductance L remains almost unchanged. The quality factor Q remains less than 10. Any inductance element whose quality factor Q is more than 10 is generally considered a good one. The higher the quality factor, the better. It is therefore demanded that the quality factor Q of planar inductors be increased. The high-frequency loss in each soft-magnetic layer 3 and the high-frequency loss in the planar coil 1 are regarded as preventing an increase in the quality factor Q of the planar inductor. (High-frequency loss of soft-magnetic layer is an eddy-current loss or a hysteresis loss.)
A new type of a planar inductor has been invented, which is shown in FIG. 3. This inductor comprises two insulating films (not shown), a planar coil 4 interposed between the insulating films, and two soft-magnetic layers 5 provided on the insulating films, respectively. The planar coil 4 is oblate as a whole. The soft-magnetic layers 5 are made of uniaxial anisotropic material, have a hard axis of magnetization and are magnetized in rotation magnetization mode. The eddy-current loss made in the layers 5 is therefore small. As a result, a decrease of the high-frequency loss in the layers 5 can be well expected.
The planar inductor shown in FIG. 3 has the frequency characteristics illustrated in FIG. 4. As FIG. 4 shows, the quality factor Q of the planar inductor is less than 10, at the most.
The inventors hereof analyzed the high-frequency loss in planar inductors, each comprising two soft-magnetic layers, two insulating layers sandwiched between the soft-magnetic layers and a spiral planar coil interposed between the insulating layers. The results of the analysis were as follows:
An inductor shown in FIG. 5A, comprising two soft-magnetic layers 8, two insulating layers 7 interposed between the layers 8 and a spiral planar coil 6 interposed between the insulating layers 7, had an internal magnetic flux. The flux consisted of an in-plane component Bi and a vertical component Bg, with respect to the soft-magnetic layers 8. These components Bi and Bg were distributed as illustrated in FIG. 5B.
Another inductor shown in FIG. 6A, identical to the inductor of FIG. 5A except that a meandering planar coil 9 replaced the spiral one, had an internal magnetic flux. The flux consisted of an in-plane component Bi and a vertical component Bg with respect to the soft-magnetic layers 8. These components Bi and Bg were distributed as illustrated in FIG. 6B.
From the in-plane component Bi of the magnetic flux which extending through the soft-magnetic layers 8 there was generated an eddy currents jm,p, which flowed in the direction of thickness of either soft-magnetic layers 8 as illustrated in FIG. 7. Similarly, from the vertical component Bg of the magnetic flux there was generated an eddy currents jm,i, which flowed in the surface direction of either soft-magnetic layers 8 as shown in FIG. 8.
In each of the inductors shown in FIGS. 5A and 6A, the vertical component Bg extending through the kth conductor 10 of the planar coil (6 or 9) generated an eddy current jc,l which flows along the coil conductor line 10 as shown in FIG. 9. In the spiral planar coil 6 of the inductor shown in FIG. 5A, the vertical component Bg extended in the same direction over the entire width of the coil conductor 10. Hence, as shown in FIG. 10, the density of a high-frequency current flowing through the coil conductor 10 was high at one end of the coil conductor 10 and low at the other end thereof. That is, the current density was markedly not uniform in the coil conductor 10.
In other words, the high-frequency current did not flow uniformly through the coil conductor 10. Rather, it flowed concentratedly through one end of the coil conductor 10. The resistance of the coil conductor 10 inevitably increased very much, making a large high frequency loss. This loss is considered to make it difficult to increase the quality factor Q of the planar inductor.
Furthermore, the inventors studied the increase in the high-frequency resistance of the planar coil, which had been caused by the vertical component Bg of the magnetic flux. As seen from FIG. 9, the vertical component Bg extended upwards through the kth coil conductor 10. It extended in the same direction through the same coil conductor 10. (In FIG. 9, Bgk(x) represents the density of the vertical component extending through the kth coil conductor 10.) The current flowing in the coil conductor 10 was distributed in the coil conductor 10 as indicated in FIG. 10. Namely, the current density was high in the left end of the coil conductor 10 and low in the right end thereof. This is because the eddy current jc,l generated from a vertical alternating magnetic flux was superposed on a current I supplied from an external power supply. Assuming that the density Bgk(x) of the vertical component extending through the kth coil conductor 10 is a constant one Bgk, the resistance Rc(f) the coil conductor 10 has at frequency f is given as: ##EQU1## where Rc(0) is the direct-current resistance of the coil conductor 10, tc is the thickness thereof, d is the width thereof, .rho. is the resistivity thereof, and lk is the length thereof.
The resistance Rc(f) of the coil conductor 10, calculated by the equation (1), increases with the frequency f, along a curve a shown in FIG. 11. As the curve a shows, the calculated resistance Rc(f) increases with the frequency, almost in the same manner as the measured equivalent series resistance R of the conventional planar inductor (FIG. 2), as is shown in FIG. 2 and as is indicated by a curve b in FIG. 11.
As FIG. 11 shows, the region between the calculated value a and measured value b indicates the increase of resistance R which has resulted from the high-frequency loss made at the soft-magnetic layers 8. This increase is far less than the increase in the resistance of the planar coil itself. That is, in a planar magnetic device comprising two soft-magnetic layers and a planar coil interposed between these layers, a greater part of the high-frequency loss is the loss in the coil conductor. The high-frequency loss in the coil conductor can be said to make it difficult to increase the quality factor Q of the planar magnetic device.
The conventional planar magnetic devices descried above are planar inductors. The planar transformers hitherto known have the same problem as the planar inductors. In a conventional planar transformer, the resistance of the coil conductor increases in a high-frequency band, resulting in a high-frequency loss. This loss decreases the operating efficiency of the planar transformer.


A composition, systems for dispensing the composition and methods for the use of the composition are described. The composition comprises:                (A) Monohydric alcohol in an amount sufficient to provide antimicrobial activity;        (B) Surfactant comprising a dimethicone surfactant; and        (C) Builder, the builder in an amount sufficient to provide stability or to improve the stability of a foam formed from the composition.

Foamable soap products contain a significant quantity of air. While these compositions can be economically manufactured as compared with non-foamable compositions, the formulation of foamable compositions comprising a high alcohol content has generally required the compositions to be provided as aerosol products which include a propellant (e.g., hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon, compressed gas) to facilitate foaming when the composition is dispensed from an aerosol container. These aerosol compositions can also include polymeric gelling agents, moderately high molecular weight (e.g., C16 to C22) alcohols and nonionic surfactants, for example. Aerosol products are costly to manufacture because of the need for a pressurized container and the inclusion of a foaming propellant.
In the formulation of non-aerosol soap products having a high alcohol content, surfactants have been included in such compositions to facilitate some level of foaming when the compositions are dispensed through a mechanical pump or the like. Surfactants can facilitate at least some degree of initial foaming, but such non-aerosol foams are often unstable and tend to collapse as soon as they are dispensed. While some fluorochemical surfactants have been known to facilitate more stable foams in non-aerosol compositions, fluorochemical surfactants may raise environmental concerns.
There is a need to provide foamable alcohol-containing compositions that are formulated to be anti-microbial and which can be applied to the skin (e.g., the hands). There is a need for alcohol-containing compositions that will form a stable foam in the absence of an aerosol propellant and which will deliver alcohol to the skin for rapid skin disinfection.
Within the foregoing need, it is desirable to provide foamable, low viscosity, alcohol-containing compositions that are safe and efficacious while providing properties that may be desired by the consumer.

Foamable alcohol compositions comprising alcohol and a silicone surfactant, systems and methods of use


According to one embodiment, a computerized method comprises receiving an encrypted object and conducting a first static scanning operation on the encrypted object to decrypt the encrypted object in real-time. Thereafter, a second static scanning operation is conducted on the decrypted object to determine whether the decrypted object is suspected of including malware. Based on the results of the second static scanning operation, the decrypted object may be classified to identify a suspected presence of malware.

Over the last decade, malicious software (malware) has become a pervasive problem for Internet users. In some situations, malware is an exploit, in the form of an executable program for example, which is embedded within downloadable content and designed to adversely influence or attack normal operations of a computer. Examples of different types of exploits may include bots, computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware, or any other programming that operates within an electronic device (e.g. computer, tablet, smartphone, server, router, wearable technology, or other types of electronics with data processing capability) without permission by the user or an administrator.
For instance, exploits may be present in one or more files infected through any of a variety of attack vectors, where the files are part of network traffic. For instance, as an illustrative example, the file may have a Portable Executable (PE) file format where the exploit is activated upon execution (opening) of the file.
Currently, malware detection systems are deployed to extract content from plaintext files within network traffic and analyze such content for malware. However, given that there has been a significant increase in malware propagation through the use of encrypted files, especially files encrypted through use of an Exclusive OR (XOR) function, additional functionality is needed to conduct real-time malware analysis of these types of encrypted files.
It is noted that the conventional method for analyzing encrypted files for malware involves a computationally intensive, brute-force technique. More specifically, this "brute-force" technique is a rudimentary key detection scheme in which iterative decryption operations are conducted on an encrypted file using different key combinations in the hopes of recovering the plaintext version of the file. For instance, in order to recover plaintext from a file encrypted with a one-byte XOR key, this brute-force technique would undergo up to 256 (28) iterative decryption operations. However, in order to recover the plaintext from a file encrypted with a two-byte XOR key or a three-byte XOR key, this brute-force technique would need to undergo up to 65,536 (216) iterative decryption operations or over 16 million (224) iterative decryption operations, respectively.
Clearly, the current brute-force technique is unsuitable for real-time (on-the-fly) malware analysis.

System, apparatus and method for conducting on-the-fly decryption of encrypted objects for malware detection


A crossbow includes a body having a stock member and a barrel connected to the stock member. The barrel has an arrow receiving area for receiving an arrow. The crossbow also includes a bow having a pair of bow arms, a bowstring connected to the bow arms, a bowstring release mechanism used to hold and release the bowstring and, a scope mount used to hold a scope. An arrow retention spring is provided for retaining the arrow to the arrow receiving area. A vibration dampener may be positioned between the arrow retention spring and the scope mount in order to dampen the arrow retention spring vibrations made when shooting the crossbow. This greatly reduces unwanted noise.

A. Field of Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of crossbows and, more specifically, to apparatuses and methods used to dampen the vibrations of a crossbow's arrow retention spring.
B. Description of the Related Art
Crossbows in general have been used for many years as a weapon for hunting, fishing, and for target shooting. Significant development of the crossbow has occurred to increase the force with which an arrow is shot, increase shooting accuracy, and to make the crossbow safe. In general, the crossbow includes a body including a stock member and a barrel connected to the stock member. The barrel has an arrow receiving area for receiving the arrow that is to be shot. The crossbow also includes a bow connected to the body and having a pair of bow arms, a bowstring connected to the bow arms, and a bowstring release mechanism used to hold and release the bowstring in order to propel the arrow. Generally an arrow retention spring is provided and used for retaining the arrow to the arrow receiving area prior to activation of the bowstring release mechanism.
One problem with the large forces provided with crossbows is the corresponding large vibrations. These vibrations result in unwanted noise that is both too loud (as measured in decibels) and too long in duration. One cause of unwanted crossbow vibrations is the arrow retention spring. Arrow retention springs are known to cause an unwanted "ping" sound when the arrow is released from the crossbow. This application provides a new and very effective invention to reduce arrow retention spring vibrations and the corresponding unwanted noise. In this way the disadvantages known in the art can be overcome in a way that is better, more efficient and that provides better overall results.

Vibration dampening arrow retention spring


The present invention is in the field of multiple layer glass panels having multiple polymer layers disposed thereon, and more specifically, the present invention is in the field of multiple pane windows having multiple polymer layers disposed thereon wherein a moisture barrier layer is included.

Poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) is commonly used in the manufacture of polymer sheets that can be used as interlayers in light-transmitting laminates such as safety glass or polymeric laminates. Safety glass typically refers to a transparent laminate comprising a poly(vinyl butyral) sheet disposed between two panes of glass. Safety glass is often used to provide a transparent barrier in architectural and automotive openings. Its main function is to absorb energy, such as that caused by a blow from an object, without allowing penetration through the opening.
In many applications it is desirable to use only a single pane of glass onto which one or more layers of polymeric material are disposed to produce a multiple pane glass panel. In one simple form, a two layer poly(vinyl butyral)/polyester construct is disposed on a pane of glass with the poly(vinyl butyral) in contact with the glass, and the three layer panel is then laminated to produce a finished multiple layer glass panel, which is also known as a bilayer.
Such bilayers, however, are prone to delamination if subjected to certain environmental conditions, including the ingress of moisture through the polyester and into the poly(vinyl butyral). The ingress of water into the poly(vinyl butyral) layer can lead to delamination of the entire panel because the adhesion properties of the poly(vinyl butyral) are detrimentally impacted by increased water content.
Attempts to alleviate moisture ingress have included the use of poly(vinyl butyral) rather than polyurethane, the inclusion of additives into the poly(vinyl butyral) layer, and the specific adjustment of the molecular properties of the poly(vinyl butyral) to create a layer that is less prone to absorption and retention of water. These attempts have all resulted in varying degrees of success.
Accordingly, further improved compositions and methods of manufacture for improved multiple layer glass units having an exposed plastic surface are desired.

Multiple layer laminate with moisture barrier


A golf club head of composite material comprises an outer shell, an inner shell, a base plate, and a front wall. The outer shell of a metal material is provided with a receiving space and a neck having therein a shaft hole in communication with the receiving space. The inner shell of a fiber-reinforced resin material is adhered to the inner wall of the receiving space of the outer shell and is provided with a cell facing the open end of the outer shell and with an annular shoulder adjacent to the open end of the outer shell. The base plate is arranged on the annular shoulder of the inner shell so as to seal off the cell of the inner shell and to form a shaping slot located between the base plate and the open end of the outer shell. The front wall of a fiber-reinforced resin material is embedded in the shaping slot to form a ball-striking face of the golf club head.

A golf club head made of a fiber-reinforced resin material is superior to a golf club head of a metal material in terms of the ball-striking capability. However, the golf club head of the fiber-reinforced resin material has its own share of shortcoming because such fiber-reinforced resin material is inherently less wear-resistant and is therefore vulnerable to damage upon being impacted. In addition, such golf club head of the fiber-reinforced resin material generates a relatively greater shock upon hitting a ball, thereby placing the golf club head under greater stress and strain.


A vanadium dioxide front-end advanced shutter device. The electronic shutter device is designed to protect receiver front-ends and other sensitive circuits from HPM pulse events such as HPM weapons, directed energy weapons, or EMPs. The shutter incorporates a transition material such as thin-film vanadium oxide (VOX) materials that exhibit a dramatic change in resistivity as their temperature is varied over a narrow range near a known critical temperature. A high-energy pulse causes ohmic heating in the shutter device, resulting in a state change in the VOX material when the critical temperature is exceeded. During the state change the VOX material transitions from an insulating state (high resistance) to a reflective state (low resistance). In the insulating state, the shutter device transmits the majority of the signal. In the reflective state, most of the signal is reflected and prevented from passing into electronics on the output side of the shutter device.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to microwave systems and, more particularly, to high-speed front-end shutter components.
2. Description of the Related Art
Microwave systems have become increasingly important to electronic systems in many different fields, including defense applications. Modern military platforms are highly dependent on microwave systems for their on-board communications, radar and electronic warfare systems. The ability to protect these systems from high energy threats, such as high power microwave (HPM) weapons, directed energy weapons, or electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) that arise from nuclear blasts, is paramount to the effectiveness of the military.
Microwave receiver front-ends typically include a high-sensitivity low-noise amplifier (LNA) which is particularly vulnerable to high energy exposure. Receiver front-ends are, by functional necessity, well-coupled to electromagnetic energy from the environment via an antenna. As a result, the receiver front-end components (i.e. the entire RF to IF chain) are vulnerable to semiconductor junction breakdown, arcing, thermal damage and electromigration-induced damage that may accompany a high energy electromagnetic attack. Therefore, receiver front-end systems require power limiters to isolate the vulnerable components during a high power electromagnetic attack.
The current state of the art falls roughly into two categories; solid state diode limiters or plasma discharge limiters. Solid state emitter devices provide fast response (˜1 ps); however they can only handle a maximum peak power of approximately 100 kW and typically handle only 10 W to 100 W over the duration of a 1 ms HPM attack. Plasma discharge tubes provide protection against significantly larger power levels but suffer from slower switching times. Present state of the art power limiters for microwave receiver front-ends do not sufficiently protect against the extraordinarily high electric fields generated by EMPs, HPM, or directed energy weapons. Hence, there is a need for a capable power limiter solution.

Vanadium-dioxide front-end advanced shutter technology


A thin film magnetic head includes a magnetic core composed of upper and lower magnetic pole films spaced apart to define a read-write gap and a coil disposed between the upper and lower magnetic pole films in an area outside of the gap. The upper and lower magnetic pole films each comprise a thin-film laminate having alternating magnetic and non-magnetic thin films. The magnetic thin film includes an amorphous Co alloy having a soft magnetic property and a thickness within a range of 0.1 .mu.m to 0.5 .mu.m and the non-magnetic thin-film includes a non-magnetic metal or an insulating nitride.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a thin film magnetic structure for use in a magnetic head of a disc storage apparatus, and more particularly, for use in a magnetic head having a magnetic circuit and a coil are formed of thin films, and the method of fabricating the thin film magnetic structure.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It has been recognized that distinguished advances have occured in the technology of magnetic disc storage apparatus with significant improvement in storage capacity, and a single disc with 3.5 inches diameter can store several hundred mega bytes of data on it. For further improvement in storage capacity in high-density recording environments, it is required to make the width of a track on a disc even smaller and to record data with higher density in each track. In order to satisfy this requirement, interests in thin film magnetic heads having a fine structure to be used as a read-and-write head have been increased. This kind of magnetic head is made by integrating all the functional components such as magnetic cores and coils in the form of thin films on a single substrate by means of semiconductor fabricating technologies. In the following, a structural example of a general thin film magnetic head is explained referring to FIGS. 1 and 2.
A coil 30 shown at the center of FIG. 1 is a spiral coil, and a magnetic core 10 is composed of a pair of magnetic pole films 15 and 16 shaped like the cross-section of an onion between which a part of the coil 30 is placed. In the top part 10a of the magnetic core 10, a read-and-write gap G having a narrow gap width w is formed between magnetic pole films 15 and 16, and a magnetic circuit is defined by contacting the other end parts of magnetic pole films 15 and 16 to each other at the base part 10b of the magnetic core 10. Where the gap G is placed close to or in contact with a surface of a disc, the magnetic head formed as in the above structure can write data on the disc by leading electric current into the coil 30 through a pair of lead lines 30a and 30b and the magnetic head can read data on the disc by detecting induced electric current in the coil 30.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view through line X--X of FIG. 1, showing an enlarged cross-sectional view of the read-and-write gap. A lower-side magnetic pole film 15 composed of magnetic materials such as Permalloy having a thickness between 1 .mu.m and 2 .mu.m is placed on a substrate 1 made of alumina, and a gap film 20 composed of alumina or silicon oxide having a thickness less than 0.5 .mu.m is provided above the lower-side magnetic pole film 15. In the example shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the coil 30 has two-layered turns, a lower-side coil 31 and an upper-side coil 32, both of which are formed by photo-etching processing of thin films deposited by vacuum evaporation or sputtering of copper or aluminum in the form of spiral patterns and are covered with a lower insulating film 33 and an upper insulating film 34 made of silicon oxide or polyimide. The coil 30 is inserted between the lower magnetic pole film 15 and the upper magnetic pole film 16 and the magnetic core 10 is formed in such a manner that the both the upper side magnetic pole film 16 and the lower-side magnetic pole film 15 contact the gap film 20 at the top part 10a. The read-and-write gap G is formed by lapping processing of the outer face of the top part 10a and the read-and-write gap G has a narrow gap length g defined by the thickness of the gap film 20 between the magnetic pole films 15 and 16. This kind of thin film magnetic head shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is disclosed in, for example, laid-open Japanese Patent Application No. 84019/1980.
In the above described kind of thin film magnetic head, current semiconductor processing technologies for precisely defining the gap width w and the gap length g, present the reduction of the track width on a disc and a high recording density on the track to a certain degree. However, the performance of the magnetic head in recording and reading data on a disc is strongly influenced by the magnetic characteristics of magnetic materials used for the magnetic core 10. Specifically, as the signal frequency in reading data on a disc goes up to several MHz, it is required to use magnetic materials having a high magnetic permeability in a high frequency region for forming the magnetic head. In order to satisfy this requirement, anisotropic magnetic materials are often used and the axis of easy magnetization is fixed in the direction that the head gap width w is defined. This structure is explained in FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the top part 10a of the lower magnetic pole film 15 of the magnetic core 10 where static magnetic domains without application of outer magnetic fields are shown. Magnetic domain walls are categorized into a Bloch magnetic domain wall, or 180-degree magnetic domain wall B18, which is a boundary of two adjacent magnetic domains having their magnetization directions opposite to each other, and a Neel magnetic domain wall, or 90-degree magnetic domain wall B9, which is a boundary of the adjacent magnetic domains having their magnetization directions vertical to each other. Therefore, in the magnetic pole film, as shown in FIG. 3, magnetic domains are composed of either hexagonal magnetic domains H or triangle magnetic domains T, and unless the head width w is large, magnetic domain configuration is such that hexagonal magnetic domains H expand and occupy the center of the head and triangle magnetic domains T are placed aside hexagonal magnetic domains H. Arrows in hexagonal magnetic domain H show directions of axes of easy magnetization which are parallel to the direction in which the head width w is defined. In reading and writing data on a disc, as magnetization force is applied in the direction vertical to the direction in which the head width w is defined, magnetic walls of hexagonal magnetic domains H are displaced in response to the magnetization force to rotate the magnetization directions of domains H 90 degrees. This manner of rotating magnetization direction of hexagonal magnetic domains H requires less energy as opposed to reversing the magnetization direction in the opposite direction. Such rotation of magnetization direction permits a higher magnetic permeability to be obtained.
However, if the gap width w is reduced to less than about 10 .mu.m and the gap length g is reduced to less than about 0.5 .mu.m, it is difficult to obtain a higher magnetic permeability. One reason is that where the gap width w is made small the area occupied by triangle magnetic domains T becomes greater than that occupied by hexagonal magnetic domains H. The other reason is that an the eddy current loss increases in the magnetic core 10 as the gap length g is made smaller for increasing the signal frequency for reading and writing data. A well-known solution to this problem is to form the magnetic core 10 in the form of multiple layered films. In IBM Disclosure Bulletin, Vol, 21, No. 11, 1939, pp. 4361, there is disclosed a structure in which a film made of Permalloy and a film made of silicon oxide are alternately laminated for forming multiplied layered films. In this structure, the eddy current loss is reduced by means of forming a thin film of Permalloy. Further, by making the thickness of films of silicon oxide small enough, thin films of Permalloy sandwiching a film of silicon oxide can be sufficiently coupled magnetically to form a magnetic circuit so that the growth of triangle magnetic domains T may be limited and hexagonal magnetic domains H may be enlarged dominantly. Furthermore, Japanese Patent Laying-open Nos. 4908/1989 and 42011/1989, disclose technologies in which Permalloy series alloys are used in order to solve the above mentioned problems in a similar way. In addition, in laid-open Japanese Patent Application No. 51515/1985, a magnetic head having multiple layered films made of Fe-Si alloys is disclosed.
However, as a practical manner, improvement in the magnetic permeability of multiple layered magnetic materials, is not easily attained. In particular, when, magnetic materials having a high coercive force are used for the magnetic recording media to improve signal level for high-density recording environments. For writing data on a magnetic disc made of this type of magnetic recording media, requires magnetic materials having high saturation magnetic flux density to form the magnetic core of the magnetic head. Under these conditions, it is very difficult to attain high magnetic permeability with multiple layered magnetic materials.
For example, the coercive force of the magnetic recording media used in the MIG (Metal In Gap) method may be employed up to 1500 Oe. A magnetic head using magnetic materials such as Permalloy can not give this kind of magnetic recording media enough energy. Therefore, it is required to use amorphous magnetic materials such as Mo-Permalloy alloys. From experimental observations, it has been proven that the magnetic permeability of multiple layered thin films formed with amorphous magnetic materials and silicon oxide is half the expected value of the magnetic permeability. Even by changing experimental conditions such as sputtering parameters and film thickness of magnetic films and silicon oxide films, no no prospective, practical use of the above mentioned materials and structure of multiple layered thin films have been found. In the above experiments, frequency dependence of magnetic permeability of multiple layered thin films was found to be rather good as a result of a multiple layered structure. This has been interpreted to mean that the generic property of high permeability magnetic materials is not reflected in individual magnetic thin films formed as above, and hence higher magnetic permeability can not be obtained.

Thin film magnetic head having a magnetic/non-magnetic laminate structure with the non-magnetic material being a metal or an insulating nitride


This is a method for limiting access to selected features of a freely distributed multimedia file, by disabling selected features of the file (using encryption, compression, or other access denial), distributing the file with some enabled features as an inducement to new users, and offering to enable more features when a new user attempts to use a disabled feature. A licensing system then receives a request from the user's system, identifying a specific operating context and one or more features desired by the corresponding user. Accounting is done and an authorization is sent to the user or the user's system to enable the features. However, the authorization is uniquely associated with the measured operating context of the user and the features remain enabled only for said operating context, thus limiting full operation to authorized users, while permitting new users access to limited operations.

This invention relates to a method of encouraging distribution, registration, and purchase of freely copyable software and other digital information. The invention applies to software as well as other information which can be repeatedly copied with little loss of fidelity, and which is expressed via a hardware- or software-programmable apparatus, such as a computer or a digital audio tape player.
The Copyability of Software—Problem and Opportunity.
Digitally encoded information ("software") is one of the most economically important commodities of the era. The ease and economy with which perfect copies can be made, copied and distributed has promoted the spread of software and related technologies through "traditional" commercial channels (retail and mail order sales, etc.) and through "non-traditional" distribution channels: computer user groups, user-to-user copying and sharing (e.g., of software and of music and video tapes), digital data networks such as the internet, CompuServe, static media such as CD-ROM disks loaded with large quantities of data, public libraries, and broadcast media. These non-traditional distribution channels in particular have made it difficult for software creators and copyright holders to regulate the use of their creations, or to receive payment and registration information from their users. Consequently, software producers forfeit substantial revenues and valuable information about their customer base and potential markets, while businesses and universities find themselves subject to legal prosecution and intimidation for software piracy.
Two approaches to these problems are copy-deterrence, and copy-encouragement. Copy-deterrence is implemented through laws, license agreements and copy-protection technologies. Copy-encouragement is practiced by "shareware" and small scale marketers who tolerate the low registration rates in order to reach the many potential users who can be reached at little cost through non-traditional distribution channels. Separately and in combination, however, these approaches have had significant disadvantages.
Copy-deterrence.
Legal copy-deterrence techniques such as licensing agreements, and litigation against companies and universities whose members knowingly or unknowingly engage in piracy are inefficient, expensive, and often unsuccessful. They incidentally create large numbers of "software criminals" or "pirates" who routinely violate these unenforceable, hard-to-understand, and often unreasonable contracts.
Hardware and software copy-deterrence technologies have also been developed, but they often raise the price and complexity of the software product, and inspire the development, sale and use of counter-technologies intended to defeat these copy-protection technologies. Copy-protection techniques often inconvenience Users who have legitimate needs and good reasons for making copies, and User protests against such inconveniences have in fact caused many software vendors to abandon copy-protection schemes. Yet another disadvantage of hardware-based copy-protection techniques, as well as those which involve modification or customization of the executable program itself is that they prevent software vendors from exploiting the remarkable non-traditional distribution networks which have sprung up in the software marketplace, and which have given rise to the alternative approach, copy-encouragement.
Copy-encouragement
Shareware programmers and vendors encourage their users to copy, share, and distribute software to others in hopes that an adequate proportion of recipients will voluntarily contact the vendors, register themselves, and pay for the software which they are using. Only a small fraction of users actually oblige, but the non-traditional distribution channels reach so many potential customers so cheaply, that the shareware strategy has been adopted by small-scale vendors who do not have the resources for traditional manufacturing, advertising, packaging, and distribution methods.
In addition to the explicitly-shareware oriented software vendors, it has been observed that many purveyors of popular software packages actually tolerate a large amount of illicit copying in the hopes that users will eventually purchase a copy or an upgrade. In any case, it is obviously and crucially desirable to the vendors of easily-copyable software that users register and pay for software.
Users of freely copyable software are often encouraged to register and pay for software by offering them additional benefits including "enhanced" versions of the software. But this strategy is deficient: withholding such benefits reduces the attractiveness of the product to potential users, and reduces the probability that users will recommend or give the program to other paying customers. And once a user has purchased one enhanced copy, he or she has even less incentive for registering additional copies to be used on additional machines, and is now able to pirate the more powerful program, thus undercutting incentives for registration among future users who might receive copies. There is a need for a means of INSTANTLY rewarding Users who register and pay for freely copyable software, without undercutting future incentives for registering, copying, and distributing additional copies.
Another problem with the prior art is that the people who actually create software (i.e., programmers) often do not have the financial resources, business experience, time or motivation required for registering, billing, and collecting money from paying users. This is why they often license their programs to established publishers and settle for a small percentage of the profits which arise from the sale of their creations. Programmers would benefit greatly if they could "program a business operation" into their software just as they can now "program a computational operation" into their software—i.e., by adding a few lines of code which activate other routines which will do their bidding. The present invention provides a means of satisfying this unrecognized need in the industry.
Objects of the Present Invention
One object of the present invention is to encourage users to pay for, and register the freely-copyable software they actually use.
Another object is to enable programmers to "program a business operation" by writing a few lines of code, and thus reduce their financial and other dependence upon software publishers, distributors, and vendors.
Another object is to allow programmers to be confident that their licensed representatives (software distributors and vendors) are in fact reporting and paying royalties on all product sales.
Another object is to encourage and allow users to evaluate and exploit useful software before deciding whether to purchase, and to provide a convenient and rapid way for them to purchase access to advanced features severally or individually, as they and the programmer choose.
Another object is to incent users to distribute freely-copyable software to other people who would benefit from, and possibly purchase the software.
Another object is to create economic and pragmatic incentives which deter piracy: the idea is that if higher registration rates could be attained, software prices could more accurately reflect their actual utility to the average user. This would reduce the incentives for piracy and associated technologies.
Another object is to increase the availability and profitability of freely copyable software and of the grassroots distribution channels.
Another object is to enable users to gain instant access to advanced features of freely copyable software with minimal delay through virtually any form of communication technology with or without auxiliary telecommunications equipment such as modem.
Another object is to eliminate the need for costly and inconvenient non-copy-able adjuncts to software programs (such as expensively printed manuals and packaging, hardware locks) etc., whose only purpose is to deter illegal copying of software and whose effect is to inflate software prices.
Another object is to improve upon the technology embedded in the author's prior art (TAU) so that technology can be made available to other programmers as freely-copyable software tools.
Still further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a consideration of the ensuing description and drawings.

Method for selling, protecting, and redistributing digital goods

SL Patent Holdings LLC c/o AOL Time Warner


Inorganic nanofibers comprise an inorganic matrix material surface functionalized with at least one metal oxide in crystalline form. Crystal growth on external surfaces may occur in substantial alignment with a longitudinal axis of the nanofibers, and the crystals are typically between about 10.0 nm and 30.0 nm in size. The nanofibers may be hollow (i.e., nanotubes) or they may be randomly dispersed together in the form of a nanofiber mat. Methods for making the nanofibers comprise spinning a dispersion comprising linear polymers and metal oxide precursors.

Nanofibers may be collected as non-woven nanofiber mats, which are useful in various applications, including sensing, filtration and the like. Typical nanofiber mats are constructed of carbon based nanofibers, which optionally comprise amorphous metal oxides. These carbon-based nanofiber mats are most often built on polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate or polyacrylonitrile backbones.
There is a need for improved nanofibers and nanofiber mats comprising a relatively high surface to volume ratio (and thus a large number of potential active sites) along with a relatively high thermal stability.

Nanofibers, nanotubes and nanofiber mats comprising crystaline metal oxides and methods of making the same


A method for making magnetic random access memories (MRAM) isolates each and every memory cell in an MRAM array during operation until selected. Some embodiments use series connected diodes for such electrical isolation. Only a selected one of the memory cells will then conduct current between respective ones of the bit and word lines. A better, more uniform distribution of read and data-write data access currents results to all the memory cells. In another embodiment, this improvement is used to increase the number of rows and columns to support a larger data array. In a further embodiment, such improvement is used to increase operating margins and reduce necessary data-write voltages and currents.

High-density, high-speed, non-volatile, low-power, and low-cost are common goals shared by many memory devices. But all these cannot be realistically obtained in practice, and some trade-offs are inevitable. The particular applications dictate which way the compromises should be made. For example, static random access memory (SRAM) is fast, but usually comes at the cost of lower density. Such is useful in CPU-cache memory applications. Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is high density, but is not non-volatile. So DRAM is usually used in main memory applications for general purpose computers.
Newer memory types like magnetic random access memory (MRAM) are inherently non-volatile, but still have to find compromises between density, access speed, etc. Three types of MRAM have been developed based on different magnetic phenomenon, e.g., anisotropic, giant, and tunneling magneto resistance.
The tunneling magneto resistance type of MRAM is of interest here. A cross-point array of magnetic tunneling junction (MJT) memory cells allows direct addressing. Each cell appears as a resistance that depends on the digital data value being stored.
The conventional MJT memory cell comprises two magnetic layers separated by an electrical insulator. The insulator is so thin that it is subject to tunneling currents between the magnetic layers it contacts. Such tunnel currents appear as an electrical resistance that depends on the magnetic field that cuts through the insulator. The upper and lower magnetic layers are deposited as ellipsoids so that their magnetizations will occur in one of two preferred directions, e.g., longitudinal with the ellipsoid.
The lower magnetic layer is fabricated with a high coercitivity material and is permanently magnetized in a set direction during an annealing process step. The upper magnetic layer comprises a lower coercitivity material and is flip-flopped in its magnetic direction by column and row data-write currents that agree at the targeted cross-point array intersection.
The magnetic field experienced by the insulator sandwiched in between the upper and lower magnetic layers will be in one of two states, a first where both magnetic directions are the same, and a second where the magnetic directions are opposite. The magnetic field affects the ease with which tunneling electrons with spin can punch or tunnel through the insulator. So the state of the upper magnetic "data" layer can be read by measuring the apparent electric resistance across the insulator.
Hewlett-Packard MRAM technology includes cross-point arrays of MJT cells in which differential measurements of each MJT cell's electrical resistance are measured. If the reading causes the upper magnetic layer magnetic direction to flip, a current is generated that can be sensed. Such then allows a data-write cycle to be generated that restores the bits disturbed during an "equipotential" read cycle.
Building large arrays of memory cells has been a problem because the data-write currents seen by particular cells can be reduced by spurious leakage paths through non-selected cells. The bit lines and word lines connect to rows and columns of memory cells, and it is the memory cell at the intersection of the selected bit line and selected word line that is intended to receive all the data-write current. But other memory cells laying on a selected bit line, or on a selected word line can participate in a leakage path that serpentines through multiple memory cells in series. Each memory cell appears as a programmable resistance, and these can load the individual bit lines and word lines. The practical effect is such bit and word lines are limited in length and thus the size of the array is also limited. Another effect is the operating margins are reduced.
What is needed is a circuit to limit or control such leakage currents so the bit and word lines are not so loaded and larger arrays can be fabricated.

Increased magnetic memory array sizes and operating margins