A refresh circuit (230) and a method for the refresh of dynamic memory devices (201) are described where the rows to be refreshed are determined by a logical function and by a reference address (223). The availability of refresh signals (215) for the rows at the outputs (217) of a decoder (214) is determined by control logic (224) which is connected to an address generator (212) and to a reference register (222) which contains a reference address (223). By supplying the reference address (223) to the refresh circuit (230) it is possible to determine which rows are to be refreshed. The memory array (210) of the dynamic memory device (201) can be refreshed partially and energy consumption for the refresh can be reduced.

Dynamic memory devices such as DRAM need to be refreshed. This consumes energy. In many systems energy consumption is very crucial for performance, and the power used for refreshing should be reduced.
Energy consumption can be reduced by using a memory that consists not only of a DRAM but also of a less power consuming static memory (SRAM). During standby mode critical data can be stored in the SRAM, and the DRAM can be switched off and not refreshed. Providing an SRAM leads to additional cost and space. Moreover, two different memory access cycles are required.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,601 describes a memory device that alters the input refresh addresses to access fewer memory cells to save power, or to address more memory cells to decrease the refresh time. The circuit contains a simple transistor configuration that blocks certain address bits, then substitutes active bits in their place to the address decoder. The circuit also includes a controller that is responsive to the memory device entering the refresh mode. When the device is used in refresh mode, the address bits may be passed unblocked to the address decoder for full user control.
Another prior art reference, European patent application 488 593, relates to the stability of the refresh in case the power supply fails.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of prior art dynamic memory device 101.
Dynamic memory device 101 comprises memory array 110, address generator 112 and decoder 114. The combination of address generator 112 and decoder 114 is referred to as refresh circuit 130. As shown in FIG. 1, dynamic memory device 101 also comprises data terminal 120 and optional terminal 116. Memory array 110 comprises a multitude of storage elements 111 and data accessing means 118. Data accessing means 118 is provided to write, read and update data which is stored in storage elements 111. Data accessing means 118 is connected to storage elements 111 and to data terminal 120.
A physical group of storage elements 111 in memory array 110 is referred to as block 113. Blocks 113 are logically designated by A.sub.1, A.sub.i . . . A.sub.n. In memory array 110, the number of blocks 113 is n. Block addresses a.sub.1, a.sub.i . . . a.sub.n are logically assigned to blocks A.sub.1, A.sub.i . . . A.sub.n. There is one block address a.sub.i for one block A.sub.i.
Outputs 117 of decoder 114 are connected to storage elements 111 of corresponding blocks 113. Address generator 112 is connected to decoder 114 and generates block addresses 119 (a.sub.1, a.sub.i . . . a.sub.n) corresponding to blocks 113 (A.sub.1, A.sub.i . . . A.sub.n).
Dynamic memory device 101 can be connected to other components via data terminal 120 or optional terminal 116. Optional terminal 116 can provide control signal 121 for address generator 112. For example, control signal 121 can be a clock signal.
In one refresh cycle, address generator 112 generates block addresses 119 (a.sub.1, a.sub.i . . . a.sub.n) for all blocks 113 (A.sub.1, A.sub.i . . . A.sub.n) of memory array 110. Block addresses a.sub.1, a.sub.i . . . a.sub.n can have, for example, ascending or descending values. Block addresses a.sub.1, a.sub.i . . . a.sub.n are supplied to decoder 114. Decoder 114 sends refresh signals 115 to corresponding blocks 113 on memory array 110. Upon receiving refresh signal 115 the information of all storage elements 111 of one block 113 is updated by data accessing means 118, thus each block 113 is refreshed. At the end of each refresh cycle, address generator 112 resets automatically and the cycle can start again when a clock signal is available. The clock signal can be supplied as control signal 121 via optional terminal 116. It can also be generated by address generator 112 itself.
It is frequently the case with a DRAM, that data is stored in an array comprising memory cells which are arranged for example in rows. In such a case the memory cells correspond to storage elements 111, the rows to blocks 113, a counter to address generator 112, a row decoder to decoder 114, and data accessing means 118 comprises charge detection circuits for reading the information. Row addresses are generated in the counter and supplied to the row decoder. The row decoder is connected to each row via outputs 117. The signals at the outputs of the row decoder are the above mentioned refresh signals 115. When refresh signal 115 is applied to a particular row, the information of every single memory cell of that particular row is read and the capacitor of that memory cell is recharged if required, thus that row is refreshed.
For convenience of explanation and not intended to be limiting the following example is given:
In a DRAM having an array of 1024.times.1024 memory cells for storing 1 Mbit data, the memory cells are arranged in 1024 rows designated as A.sub.1 . . . A.sub.1024. The row decoder is connected to each row and supplies above mentioned refresh signals 115 to the rows. The counter produces increasing addresses a.sub.i which are integer numbers from a.sub.1 =1 to a.sub.1024 =1024. When, for example, the address a.sub.256 =256 is supplied to the input of the row decoder then all 1024 memory cells of row A.sub.256 are refreshed one after another. The charge of each memory cell is detected by a charge detection circuit which is part of data accessing means 118. If the memory cell is charged, than it is recharged. That means that all memory cells with charged capacitors (e.g., representing the bit "1") are recharged, and these with uncharged capacitors (e.g., representing the bit "0") are not recharged.
A DRAM usually also includes data accessing means 118 to read the information of each memory cell. Additional addresses such as, for example, column addresses are required to access each memory cell. That additional addresses can be supplied via data terminal 120.
In dynamic memory device 101 of FIG. 1, all blocks 113 of memory array 110 are refreshed in every refresh cycle, thus consuming energy.
The invention provides an improved refresh circuit for dynamic memory devices and a method for refreshing such devices that reduces or overcomes the above mentioned problems of prior art.

Dynamic memory device with refresh circuit and refresh method


A tamper evident structure (10) for flexible packages is disclosed to include a slider-zipper assembly (100) and a tamper evident diaphragm (200). The slider-zipper assembly includes a slider (102) engaged with a zipper (104). The zipper includes a longitudinal male element (106) engageable to a longitudinal female element (108), a first flap (114) and a second flap (116) extending downwardly along the respective length from the longitudinal male and the longitudinal female element. Further, the tamper evident diaphragm includes a plurality of temperature sensitive ribs (202) configured along the length on an outer surface thereof, and a pressure sensitive weak line (204) configured centrally along the length of the tamper evident diaphragm. The tamper evident diaphragm is sealed to the zipper in such a manner that a first end portion and a second end portion of the tamper evident diaphragm is respectively sealed to the first flap and the second flap, forming the tamper evident structure for the flexible packages.

Tamper evident flexible packages are commonly used in packaging industries to match the demands of consumers' satisfaction. More often than not, in view of providing tamper evidence to the flexible packages, tamper evident structures are configured to the flexible packages. However, in various instances while configuring the tamper evident structures to the flexible packages, the tamper evident structures get tampered due to heat and pressure, which are required to configure the tamper evident structures to the flexible packages. For example: a tamper evident structure including a slider-zipper assembly having a closed loop extending from the zipper gets tampered due to heat and pressure. Specifically, such tamper evident structure may be configured to the flexible packages by sealing the closed loops to opposite side panels of the flexible packages in such a manner that when the slider-zipper assembly is opened, users have to tear the closed loop to access contents of the flexible packages. However, while configuring the closed loop of such tamper evident structure to the flexible packages, the closed loop may get sealed to itself due to heat and pressure, in turn tampering the tamper evident structures. Particularly, in case of flexible package when product filling is done from the top side of the package and then the loop is sealed with remaining side of the panel of the package by pressure and heat.
Accordingly, there exists a need to prevent tampering of the tamper evident structures while configuring thereto with the flexible packages.

Tamper evident structure, method for making such a structure, and tamper evident package comprising such a structure


A sanitizer assembly for foot wear is provided that includes a base platform, a plurality of nozzles and an activation pump. The base platform includes a grate upon which footwear can be placed. The plurality of nozzles are positioned under the grate. The nozzles are configured and arranged to dispense a fine mist of alcohol-based sanitizer on the footwear. The activation pump is in fluid communication with the plurality of nozzles. The activation pump is further in fluid communication with a supply of alcohol-based sanitizer. In addition, the activation pump is configured and arranged to pump the alcohol-based sanitizer to the nozzles.

In food processing plants, keeping a sanitary environment is imperative to prevent the food from becoming contaminated. One method used to maintain a sanitary environment is by sanitizing footwear of workers as they enter the plant. A typical footwear sanitizing system is done with the use of brush scrubbers or a sprayed foam solution. However, in dry powder production facilities, it is desirable to minimize moisture on the plant production floor and on the footwear. The use of a boot scrubber system or foam solutions introduce unwanted moisture on the plant production floor and on the footwear and hence are undesirable in a dry powder production facility.
For the reasons stated above and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for a sanitary foot sprayer system that does not introduce significant moisture in a dry powder plant.

Sanitary foot sprayer for dry powder plants


This invention provides an optical transmitter module and an optical module using an EA modulator capable of realizing stable ACER regardless of operating temperature without using a control mechanism for maintaining temperature of the EA modulator constant. In the EA modulator, optical waveguides formed of a multi-layered film are formed on a substrate, an electrical signal is applied to the optical waveguides in a direction vertical to the substrate, and the input light absorption amount is changed to control the amount of output light. Also, a plurality of p-side electrodes electrically separated from each other for applying an electrical signal to the active layer optical waveguides are arranged on optical axes of active layer optical waveguides. The length of optical waveguides to which the electrical signal is applied is changed by controlling the number of p-side electrodes to which the electrical signal is applied in accordance with temperature.

Conventionally, the EA modulator used in an optical communication system is used in combination with a semiconductor laser device as an optical transmitter module, and generally has the configuration as follows. That is, in this configuration, the temperatures of the semiconductor laser device and the EA modulator are set to be constant by using a temperature control mechanism and continuous light which is outputted by injecting a driving current into the semiconductor laser device is modulated by applying an electrical signal to the EA modulator so as to output the signal light. At this time, an extinction ratio at the time of modulation (hereinafter, referred to as ACER (Alternating Current Extinction Ratio)) which is an intensity ratio of an ON level and an OFF level of the signal light is stabilized usually by keeping the temperature of the EA modulator constant.
The usual optical transmitter module is described in "Semiconductor Laser" by Ito Ryoichi and Nakamura Michiharu, Baifuukan, 1989, p. 277. Further, the usual EA modulator is described in "Electron Lett. vol 28", pp. 1157 to 1158, 1992.
Meanwhile, in the recent optical transmitter modules to be applied to optical communication systems, not only the improvement of transmission properties such as high speed and large capacity but also the size reduction, electric power saving and low cost are required. For this reason, in recent years, optical modules which do not require the temperature control mechanism are demanded. Conventionally, in the optical transmitter modules using the EA modulators, in order to keep ACER stable regardless of ambient temperature, the temperature control mechanism which keeps the temperature of the EA modulators constant is indispensable. This will be described in detail below.
The ACER is determined by an extinction curve at the time when a DC voltage is applied to the EA modulator (hereinafter, referred to as DCER curve). When the voltage is applied to the EA modulator, a laser beam inputted into the EA modulator is absorbed by the EA modulator, and a light output which is attenuated by the inputted laser beam is outputted from the EA modulator. The amount of attenuation depends on the voltage applied to the EA modulator (hereinafter, referred to as VEA), and a relationship between the attenuation amount and VEA is expressed by a DCER curve. The ACER is proportional to a difference in DCER (hereinafter, referred to as ADCER) between a high level of an electrical signal (hereinafter, referred to as VOH (Voltage Of High)) and a low level thereof (hereinafter, referred to as VOL (Voltage Of Low)) to be applied to the EA modulator. That is, when the difference in DCER between VOH and VOL is large, the ACER also becomes large. Therefore, when the DCER curve, the VOH and the VOL do not change, the ACER is constant.
Further, the DCER curve changes in accordance with the change in temperature of the EA modulator and the semiconductor laser device. This is because an absorption end wavelength of the EA modulator (hereinafter, referred to as λEA) and an oscillation wavelength of the semiconductor laser device (λDFB) to be inputted have different shift amounts depending on temperature. The difference between λEA and λDFB is called a detune amount, and the detune amount changes in accordance with the temperature. When the temperature is high, the detune amount becomes small, and when the temperature is low, the detune amount becomes large. When the detune amount is large, even if a voltage applied is increased, the EA modulator cannot sufficiently absorb light. This is because when the detune amount becomes large, confinement of electrons and holes in a light absorption layer of the EA modulator at the time of applying a voltage becomes weak, namely, the absorption factor of the EA modulator decreases, and thus, the DCER becomes small in a deep voltage area. FIG. 6 illustrates the change of the DCER curve depending on the temperature.
In FIG. 6, the horizontal axis represents an applied voltage to EA modulator VEA, and the vertical axis represents the extinction ratio DCER at the time of applying the DC voltage. As the temperature becomes lower, the DCER in an area with large VEA becomes smaller, and thus, ΔDCER which is equivalent to that at the high temperature cannot be obtained. For this reason, in the optical transmitter module using the EA modulator, the temperature control mechanism, which keeps the temperature of the EA modulator and the semiconductor laser device constant, is indispensable in order to keep the DCER curve constant.
Generally, the EA modulator is used in combination with the semiconductor laser device. However, when the temperature control mechanism is not necessary, a light output from the semiconductor laser device is lowered at the time of the high-temperature operation, and thus, the light output from the EA modulator is decreased.

Semiconductor electro-absorption optical modulator, semiconductor electro-absorption optical modulator integrated laser, optical transmitter module and optical module


A Secure Telephony Identity (STI) proxy server is described for intercepting incoming Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) communication requests for the purpose of mitigating an effect of fraudulent and nuisance VoIP communications. The STI proxy server may facilitate an STI verification server in verifying an authenticity of an originating network associated with an incoming call request. In one example, the STI proxy server may verify that the visited network is permitted to interact with the home network, based on a list of permissible networks. In addition, the STI proxy server may determine whether public STI certificates associated with an originating network have expired or set to expire within a predetermined time interval. In response to an actual o impending expiration, the STI proxy server may facilitate retrieval of a superseding, new public STI certificate for use by an STI authentication server to digitally sign an outgoing SIP INVITE messages.

Today, the use of mobile devices is widespread. Continual advancements in mobile device technology can improve the productivity and quality of life for users by enhancing accessibility to real-time communications in a variety of environmental settings, such as a home, workplace, school, and/or so forth. However, mobile devices are highly susceptible to nuisance concerns by unspecified individuals that target some users for unwanted or ill-intentioned purposes. Unspecified individuals may include telephone marketers or spammers that initiate nuisance concerns. Unspecified individuals may also include individuals that impersonate a known person's identity (i.e. phone number) for fraudulent or nuisance purposes.
Telecommunication providers have deployed a set of technology standards intended to help mitigate the impact of nuisance concerns through the use of digital certificates that ensure that the calling telephone identity, is legitimate. Under these sets of technology standards, each telecommunication provider uses a trusted certificate authority source to verify the calling telephone identity. However, the integration of new technology standards can impose interoperability and interworking challenges, which at times may overwhelm and negatively impact the operation of telecommunication networks. Such challenges can be viewed most prominent when the telecommunication network is inundated with communications intended for fraudulent or nuisance purposes.

Secure telephone identity (STI) certificate management system


A fluid cylinder block includes a body having a plurality of bores formed therein that intersect at a junction, and a stress distributing joint comprising a groove formed in the body adjacent opposing bores of the plurality of bores on each side of the junction, wherein the grooves include a major dimension that is greater than a diameter of the opposing bores.

1. Field
Embodiments of the disclosure generally relate to fluid cylinder blocks that are utilized in pressurized fluid delivery systems to transfer high volumes of fluids at extreme pressures and, in particular, to a fluid cylinder block having one or more stress distributing joints.
2. Description of the Related Art
Pressurized fluid delivery systems which include fluid cylinder blocks for transferring fluids at high pressures are used in multiple industries. One example where such systems are used includes the oil and gas industry where high pressure fluid reciprocating pumps, such as multiplex plunger pumps, are commonly used. These types of pumps have a fluid end that includes valves, pistons, liners, among other components, that are driven by a power end that converts the rotation of a drive shaft to the reciprocating motion of the pistons in the fluid end. The fluid end typically includes a fluid cylinder block having at least three bores that intersect at a junction, and at least two of the bores share a common axis. The pumps facilitate pumping at rates of up to 100 bbl/minute, and are capable of creating variable pressures, e.g., between negative pressures during suction to a discharge pressure of about 1,000 pounds per square inch (psi), or more. This variable pressure may occur at frequent intervals (e.g., about every fifth of a second for a pump operating at 300 strokes per minute). The fluid end of the fluid cylinder blocks frequently has a short service life as the oscillating pressures cause the fluid cylinder block to crack and fail due to cyclic fatigue stress.
Numerous attempts to alleviate stresses in fluid cylinder blocks have been attempted. One such attempt includes completely offsetting the axis of one bore relative to the axis of other bores. However, completely offsetting the bores creates less than ideal flow dynamics in the fluid end. Complete offsetting also complicates servicing of the fluid end since internal valves and other internal components are accessed via the inside of the bores. Thus, introducing additional bends or turns between bores complicates servicing. In addition, offsetting the bores may minimize use of standard internal components resulting in manufacture and/or purchase of customized components. This increases the cost of the fluid end considerably.
Therefore, there exists a need for a fluid cylinder block that resists stresses.

Fluid cylinder block having a stress distributing joint


Methods for producing phosphor based light sources are disclosed. One method includes measuring an excitation light output of an LED, forming a plurality of phosphor film articles, measuring an optical characteristic of each of the plurality of phosphor film articles, selecting one of the plurality of phosphor film articles based on the LED excitation light output and measured optical characteristic of the one of the plurality of phosphor film articles to obtain a desired emission light output from the phosphor film article when the phosphor film article is positioned to receive the excitation light, and positioning the phosphor film article to receive the excitation light.

The present invention relates to methods for producing light sources. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods for producing light sources in which light emitted from a light emitting diode (LED) impinges upon and excites a phosphor material, which in turn emits visible light.
White light sources that utilize LEDs in their construction can have two basic configurations. In one, referred to herein as direct emissive LEDs, white light is generated by direct emission of different colored LEDs. Examples include a combination of a red LED, a green LED, and a blue LED, and a combination of a blue LED and a yellow LED. In the other basic configuration, referred to herein as LED-excited phosphor LED, a single LED generates a beam in a narrow range of wavelengths, which beam impinges upon and excites a phosphor material to produce visible light. The phosphor can comprise a mixture or combination of distinct phosphor materials, and the light emitted by the phosphor can include a plurality of narrow emission lines distributed over the visible wavelength range such that the emitted light appears substantially white to the unaided human eye.
One example of a phosphor LED is a blue LED illuminating a phosphor that converts blue to both red and green wavelengths. A portion of the blue excitation light is not absorbed by the phosphor, and the residual blue excitation light is combined with the red and green light emitted by the phosphor. Another example of a phosphor LED is an ultraviolet (UV) LED illuminating a phosphor that absorbs and converts UV light to red, green, and blue light.
Some advantages of white light phosphor LEDs over direct emission white LEDs include, for example, better color stability as a function of device aging and temperature, and better batch-to-batch and device-to-device color uniformity or repeatability. However, phosphor LEDs can be less efficient than direct emission LEDs, due in part to inefficiencies in the process of light absorption and re-emission by the phosphor.
A fundamental problem of optical variation exists at each stage of the manufacture of the phosphor LED. For example, in the manufacture of gallium nitride LEDs, a large number of LEDs are made simultaneously on a single substrate wafer. On this single wafer there can be a variation of peak emission wavelength that can vary from several nanometers to tens of nanometers across the LED wafer. Subsequent deposition of phosphor also adds optical variability to the completed phosphor LED. Process control of phosphor/binder mixture composition, uniformity, and deposition thickness can be problematic for manufacturers trying to achieve uniformity in phosphor LED packages that can be less than one cubic millimeter in volume. Variations in mixture viscosity, mixture homogeneity, raw material homogeneity, and surface tension all combine to make dispensing/depositing a uniform amount of phosphor difficult and costly. These issues combine to produce problems with several phosphor LED attributes such as, for example, color, brightness, angular uniformity, and electrical to optical efficiency.


The invention features a modified small nucleolar ribonucleic acid (snoRNA) that directs the conversion of a uridine to a pseudouridine in a target nucleic acid, e.g., RNA, that includes first and second flanking regions located on either side of the uridine. The modified snoRNA includes a ribonucleotide sequence of a box H/ACA snoRNA including a Domain A sequence and a Domain B sequence, or a Domain A sequence and a Domain C sequence, wherein the snoRNA is modified in that the Domain A sequence is replaced by a first recognition sequence complementary to at least three consecutive nucleotides in the first flanking region in the target nucleic acid, and the Domain B or C sequence is replaced by a second recognition sequence complementary to at least three consecutive nucleotides in the second flanking region in the target nucleic acid.

Two recent advances have altered the understanding of the small nucleolar RNAs ("snoRNA"s) in eukaryotic cells. The first was the discovery that nearly all snoRNAs can be classified into two large families, based on short conserved sequence elements (Balakin et al., Cell, 86:823-834, 1996). The families are known as the box C/D and box ACA families. Only one known snoRNA does not belong to either family. This is the phylogenetically conserved MRP/7-2 snoRNA, which is part of a snoRNP complex involved in rRNA processing (Maxwell et al., Annu. Rev. Biochem., 35:897-934, 1995).
Members of the box C/D family contain box C and box D elements that are almost always near the 5' and 3' ends of the snoRNA molecule. These elements have been implicated the synthesis, localization, and function of snoRNAs (see, e.g., Maxwell et al., supra; and Huang et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 12:4456-4463, 1992).
The box ACA family includes snoRNAs with an ACA triplet (or certain active variants thereof) located three nucleotides upstream from the 3' terminus (Balakin et al., Cell, 86:823-834, 1996). These snoRNAs are also referred to as "ACA snoRNAs" or "ACA box snoRNAs."

Site-specific synthesis of pseudouridine in RNA


Use of separate range tone mapping for combined images can help minimize loss of image information in scenes that have drastically different luminance values, i.e., scenes that have both bright and shadowed regions. Separate range tone mapping is particularly useful for combined images, such as those from spherical camera systems, which may have a higher probability of including luminance variability. The resulting increased bit depth of separate range tone mapping can make the transition between different images that make up a combined image more subtle. Each of a plurality of images that make up a combined image can use a different tone map that is optimized for the particular image data of the image. Multiple tone maps that are applied to overlapping regions of the plurality of images can subsequently be combined to expand the bit depth of the overlapping regions.

Technical Field
This disclosure relates to image processing, and more specifically to performing separate range tone mapping on combined images.
Description of the Related Art
Tone mapping can be important when capturing, storing and reproducing images because often the bit depth of the image's pixels have a limited dynamic range that is inadequate to capture all of the light intensities present in real-life scenes. Accordingly, tone maps specify which ranges of luminance are mapped to each bit value. General tone maps can be applied to images regardless of the content of the images. For example, tone map bit values may be allocated evenly across the luminance spectrum. However, tone maps can also be adapted based on image content to best represent the real-life scene captured in the image. For example, a scene that is dark or mostly shadowed may use a tone map that allocates more bit values to the darker end of the luminance spectrum than a tone map for an average scene. Similarly, a scene that is particularly bright or light may use a tone map that allocates more bits values to the lighter end of the luminance spectrum than a tone map for an average scene. However, when a scene contains both shadowed and bright features, application of a single tone map may compress features on either edge of the spectrum due to the limited bit depth of the tone map.

Separate range tone mapping for component images in a combined image


A method in a wireless communication terminal (103), including receiving a radio resource allocation comprising a plurality of sub-carriers that is a subset of available sub-carriers, wherein the available sub-carriers include a DC sub-carrier, wherein the DC sub-carrier and all but one edge-most sub-carrier of the plurality of sub-carriers are designated for transmission if the DC sub-carrier is between any two sub-carriers of the allocation, and all of the sub-carriers except the DC sub-carrier from the plurality of sub-carriers are designated for transmission if the DC sub-carrier is not between any two sub-carriers of the allocation.

DFT-SOFDM is an OFDM-like single carrier modulation technique that is used in the EUTRA uplink (25.814 v2.0.0). DFT-SOFDM has significantly better power de-rating, which is also known as cubic metric or peak to average power ratio (PAPR) properties than OFDM, enabling better data rates near the cell edge and/or improved battery life in subscriber stations or user equipment (UE). Unfortunately, direct conversion transmitters and receivers introduce distortion on the DC sub-carrier. On the uplink, the distortion includes unsuppressed carrier feed-through from all active user equipment in the uplink.
In 3GPP 25.814 v2.0.0, the DC sub-carrier may be used for DFT-SOFDM transmissions. Since DFT-SOFDM is a weighted sum of multiple data symbols (in contrast to conventional OFDM), degradation to the DC sub-carrier degrades receiver performance compared to an ideal DFT-SOFDM receiver with no DC distortion. At the transmitter, both error vector magnitude (EVM) and the cubic metric (CM)/PAPR worsen with increased levels of DC distortion.
In 3GPP 25.814 v2.0.0, a DC sub-carrier is provided on the OFDM downlink (DL) but it is not used for data transmission. In IEEE 802.16, a DC sub-carrier is provided on the OFDMA uplink (UL) but it is not used for data transmission. Using this same concept on the DFT-SOFDM uplink would improve receiver performance, since no spread data is mapped to the DC sub-carrier, and help EVM. However, allocations spanning the DC sub-carrier would suffer from increased CM (˜1.7 dB for pi/2 BPSK, 0.7 dB for QPSK, and 0.5 dB for 16 QAM), and this would negate one of the benefits of DFT-SOFDM.
DFT-SOFDM has been proposed for the reverse link in 3 GPP2. 3GPP2 however does not discuss how to handle the DC sub-carrier with direct conversion transmitters and receivers in the system.
The various aspects, features and advantages of the disclosure will become more fully apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon careful consideration of the following Detailed Description and the accompanying drawings described below. The drawings may have been simplified for clarity and are not necessarily drawn to scale.

Resource allocation including a DC sub-carrier in a wireless communication system


An agricultural implement wear monitoring system that monitors a first component of an agricultural implement. A sensor detects and emits a signal indicative of a first geometric dimension of the first component and/or a second geometric dimension of the first component relative to a second component. A controller couples to the sensor. The controller monitors the first geometric dimension and/or the second geometric dimension, and in response to a detected change in the first geometric dimension and/or the second geometric dimension determines a remaining service life of the first component.

The present disclosure relates generally to agricultural implements.
Certain agricultural implements, such as disc drills, may be used to open trenches in a soil surface and to place agricultural product, such as seed or fertilizer, in the trenches. A disc drill may have several row units attached to a frame and arranged in a row. This arrangement may form several parallel rows of deposited agricultural product as the disc drill is pulled through a field by a tractor. Each row unit may include an opener disc that excavates a trench into the soil surface, a product chute configured to deposit the agricultural product into the trench, and a packing wheel configured to pack the displaced soil on top of the agricultural product. Unfortunately, components on the disc drill may wear out and reduce the effectiveness of the disc drill.


A balloon catheter is disclosed, which is capable of improving accuracy of an inspection result of a tube wall of an elongated member constituting a catheter shaft and achieving further improved product quality through the inspection, and a method of manufacturing an elongated member for a balloon catheter, which is used for the balloon catheter. In an outer tube of a balloon catheter, distal from a proximal end of a guide wire lumen is formed of a transparent material. From a distal end toward a proximal end, an inner tube of the balloon catheter has at least a first region and a second region, the second region being a transparent region that is more transparent than the first region.

A balloon catheter is known as a medical device used in performing a medical procedure for widening a lesion area (stenosed site) formed in a living body lumen such as a blood vessel, or used in causing a stent to indwell the lesion area.
As the balloon catheter, an over-the-wire type and a rapid exchange type are generally known.
The balloon catheter of the rapid exchange type is configured so that a guide wire is inserted into only a distal portion side of an elongated member called a catheter shaft having a balloon located therein.
Therefore, a guide wire port (opening portion) through which the guide wire is inserted into or removed from the catheter shaft is disposed in an intermediate portion in an axial direction of the catheter shaft.
As a manufacturing method of the catheter shaft used for the balloon catheter of the rapid exchange type, for example, a method disclosed in JP-A-2014-195487 has been proposed.
According to this manufacturing method, a thermal fusion process is performed in which a distal side shaft, an inner tube shaft, and a proximal side shaft, all of which configure the catheter shaft, are thermally fused to and integrated with each other.
Note that, the inner tube shaft is a configuration member of an inner tube forming a guide wire lumen, and the distal side shaft and the proximal side shaft are configuration members of an outer tube forming a dilating lumen through which a pressurizing medium for dilating the balloon can be circulated.
According to the above-described manufacturing method, when a process of thermally fusing and integrating the respective shafts is performed, a predetermined connection tube is connected to a proximal portion side of the inner tube shaft, thereby preventing a material from flowing into a proximal side and suppressing a possibility that a tube wall (partition wall) of a thermally fused portion may be thinned.
For example, in a manufacturing stage of the catheter shaft, if the tube wall is extremely thinned, there is a possibility that the guide wire lumen and the dilating lumen which are disposed parallel to each other across the tube wall may communicate with each other.
Therefore, after the catheter shaft is manufactured, an inspection process is performed as follows. The thermally fused tube wall is inspected to confirm a thickness of the tube wall, or to confirm that the guide wire lumen and the dilating lumen do not communicate with each other.
For example, in this inspection process, the work is carried out in order to visually confirm a thermally fused portion and a peripheral portion of the thermally fused portion in the catheter shaft.

Balloon catheter and method of manufacturing long member for balloon catheter


An image pickup device having an electron multiplying-charge coupled device has: an electron multiplying magnification control unit of the electron multiplying-charge coupled device; an obtaining unit for obtaining signals which are outputted from light-shielded pixels of the electron multiplying-charge coupled device; an averaging unit for executing an inter-line averaging process to the signals obtained by the obtaining unit; a suppression unit for performing a predetermined low-level suppression and a predetermined high-level suppression to the signal averaged by the averaging unit in accordance with the electron multiplying magnification of the electron multiplying magnification control unit; a deriving unit for deriving image signals which are outputted from light-unshielded pixels of the electron multiplying-charge coupled device; and a subtraction unit for subtracting the signal suppressed by the suppression unit from the image signals derived by the deriving unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an image pickup device such as a television camera or the like having a charge coupled device and, more particularly, to a method of reducing noises such as a smear and the like contained in an image signal which is outputted from an electron multiplying-charge coupled device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Hitherto, there has been an image pickup device constructed in such a manner that an optical image is formed/provided by a lens onto a charge coupled device for converting light into an electric signal, wherein an adjusting apparatus for adjusting a transmission light amount is provided on an optical path corresponding to each minimum block of the charge coupled device, and the adjusting apparatus has: a control function for reducing a reception light amount of each photoelectric conversion unit of the charge coupled device into 1/α (α is an integer of 1 or more) so as not to be deviated from a dynamic range that is peculiar to the charge coupled device; and a function for amplifying an output corresponding to each of the minimum blocks by α times at the post stage of the charge coupled device (for example, refer to JP-A-7-023283).

Image pickup device and noise reduction method thereof


A seal ring (102) is formed in a manner to surround each ferroelectric capacitor (101). Additionally, a seal ring (103) is formed in a manner to surround a plurality of ferroelectric capacitors (101). Further, a seal ring (104) is formed in a manner to surround all of the ferroelectric capacitors (101) and along a dicing line (110) inside the dicing line (110).

Conventionally, in a semiconductor device such as a memory, a seal ring (moisture-proof ring) is formed along a dicing line as described in Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-277465), for example. Such a seal ring is formed in order to prevent permeation of moisture from the outside.
However, in a ferroelectric memory being a memory having a ferroelectric capacitor, it is difficult to sufficiently prevent deterioration of the ferroelectric capacitor due to moisture absorption only by such a seal ring.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-277465

Semiconductor device and manufacturing method of the same


A multipurpose terminal receives an address signal and a data signal. An address valid terminal receives an address valid signal indicating that a signal supplied to the multipurpose terminal is the address signal. An arbiter determines which of an external access request and an internal refresh request is given priority. The arbiter disables reception of the internal fresh request in response to a fact that both a chip enable signal and the address valid signal reach a valid level (an external access request). The arbiter enables the reception of the internal refresh request in response to completion of read or write operation. As a result, in a semiconductor memory device including the multipurpose terminal which receives the address signal and the data signal, contention between the read operation and the write operation, and a refresh operation which responds to the internal refresh request is prevented, which prevents a malfunction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device which includes a multipurpose terminal receiving an address signal and a data signal and automatically refreshes a memory cell.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, a semiconductor memory called a pseudo-SRAM has been attracting attention. The pseudo-SRAM includes DRAM memory cells (dynamic memory cells) and operates as an SRAM by internally automatically performing a refresh operation of the memory cells. The dynamic memory cell is small in area. Therefore, the pseudo-SRAM with a low cost per bit and a large capacity can be developed.
The pseudo-SRAM generates an internal refresh request to perform the refresh operation in a predetermined cycle independently of (in asynchronization with) an external access request (read request or write request.) In Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-243765, a pseudo SARM with a built-in arbiter which determines priority between the internal refresh request and the external access request to prevent a collision between the refresh operation and an access operation is described.
Meanwhile, a semiconductor memory device which receives an address signal and a data signal at the same terminal is proposed. The formation of a multipurpose terminal reduces the number of terminals, which reduces a chip size and thereby lowers the manufacturing cost. This type of semiconductor memory device includes an address valid terminal which receives an address valid signal to recognize that the address signal is supplied to the multipurpose terminal. A system which accesses the semiconductor memory device sets the address valid terminal to a valid level when supplying the address signal to the multipurpose terminal, and sets the address valid terminal to an invalid level when supplying the data signal to the multipurpose terminal.
The present invention is made to solve the following problems which arise when a multipurpose terminal receiving an address signal and a data signal is provided in a pseudo-SRAM.
Generally, when receiving activation of a chip enable signal, the pseudo-SRAM recognizes an external access request. A system which accesses the pseudo-SRAM needs to supply an access address at the time of the external access request. Accordingly, if the multipurpose terminal is formed in the pseudo-SRAM, the system needs to set an address valid terminal, together with a chip enable terminal, to a valid level when accessing the pseudo-SRAM. In other words, in a state where the chip enable terminal is fixed to the valid level, the address valid signal is recognized as the external access request.
However, the above arbiter of the pseudo-SRAM recognizes the external access request by only the chip enable signal. Therefore, when the chip enable signal is fixed to the valid level, the arbiter cannot recognize the external access request and continues to give priority to a refresh request. This causes contention between a refresh operation and an access operation, and thereby the pseudo-SRAM malfunctions.
When the address signal is received by the multipurpose terminal, the valid period of the address signal becomes shorter. A semiconductor memory device malfunctions if an erroneous address signal is incorporated thereto. Further, when an internal circuit of the semiconductor memory device is operated using the address signal with a short valid period, the timing margin of the internal circuit reduces, which makes a circuit design difficult. If the timing margin reduces, the semiconductor memory device becomes more likely to be affected by a change in manufacturing condition, resulting in a decrease in yield.
In the pseudo-SRAM, an external address signal or an internally generated refresh address signal needs to be selected as the address signal to be supplied to a memory cell array depending on whether the access operation is performed or the refresh operation is performed. If the valid period of the external address is short, the timing margin to select the address signal reduces. If the erroneous address signal is selected, the semiconductor memory device malfunctions.
When a semiconductor memory device which includes the multipurpose terminal receiving the address signal and the data signal is newly designed, a design cost and a manufacturing cost of a photomask and so on are newly required. These costs are reduced by appropriating already existing design property.

Semiconductor memory device including a terminal for receiving address signal and data signal


A gene detection field-effect device provided with an insulation film (2), a semiconductor substrate (3), and a reference electrode (4), includes: (a) the insulation film (2) including a nucleic acid probe (5) immobilized on one of the surfaces thereof and is in contact with a sample solution (6) containing at least one type of a target gene (601) for detection and analysis; (b) the semiconductor substrate (3) being installed so as to abut against the other surface of the insulation film (2); and (c) the reference electrode (4) being provided in the sample solution (6).

Under the circumstance such that decoding of the whole base sequence of human genome is terminated and decoding of base sequence for genome of other living organisms is in breakthrough, a huge amount of base sequence information is being accumulated. It seems that a gene-related technology will be dramatically developed in a wide range of fields such as diagnosis of various diseases, development of medicaments, breed improvement of agricultural products by revealing the function of gene in the living organisms on the basis of the genome base sequence information. A base of such development of the new field is information on gene expression and function in addition to the base sequence information. DNA chip or DNA microarray (hereinafter referred to as "DNA microarray" as a generic nomination of both) has been developed as a technology for performing a large scale decoding of the gene function and the gene expression and leading the same to the genetic screening. However, many of the DNA microarrays in the status quo are based on a principle of fluorescence detection. It has problems that laser or complex optical system is required, and the system is upsized and expensive.
Most of the currently developed DNA microarrays are based on a principle of detection of double strand DNA on the basis of hybridization and selectivity of reactions is not very high. Therefore, there is a problem in accuracy of the gene polymorphism analysis. In particular, in the field of medical practice, it is necessary to detect gene polymorphism or Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (hereinafter, it may be abbreviated as SNP) simply in high degree of accuracy for realization of a tailor-made medical practice. Therefore, a technology which can satisfy increase of both simplicity and accuracy has been required.
As a method of resolving these problems, some DNA microarrays of a current detection system which is combined with an oxidation-reduction indicator are reported. For example, there is developed a system for detecting a target gene by fixing an end of a molecule denominated as molecule wire to a metal electrode, hybridizing a nucleic acid probe to the other end thereof, and the detecting oxidation-reduction indicator and giving receiving of electrons of metal electrode as variations in electric current on the basis of hybridization with respect to the target gene (Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2).
There is also developed a system for detecting hybridization by measuring the oxidation-reduction current at the metal electrode using Ferrocenylnaphthalene Diimide as an electrochemically active indicator (Non-Patent Document 3). There is further developed a medicinal virtue inspection system for hepatitis C using a current detection system DNA tip (Non-Patent Document 4). In this system, an expensive laser, a complex optical system or the like are not necessary, a simple and compact system can be established.
However, in the case of the four systems in Non-Patent Documents 1 to 4, since detection is based on the oxidation-reduction reaction on the metal electrode in principle, there is a problem such that if there exists an oxidizing substance or a reducing substance in a sample (for example, ascorbic acid), an electric current based on oxidation or reduction flows, which hinders detection of gene and results in deterioration of detection accuracy. In association with measurement of the electric current, electrode reaction is proceeded on the metal electrode. Since the electrode reaction is irreversible and non-equilibrium reaction, corrosion of the electrode or generation of gas may be resulted, and consequently, separation of immobilized nucleic acid or impairment of stability of current measurement may be resulted. Therefore, there is a problem such that the detection accuracy may be deteriorated specifically when measurement is repeatedly performed.
There is also reported a trial to detect the hybridization of DNA using the field-effect device (Non-Patent Document 5). This technology is for detecting a change in electric charge by hybridization using the field effect on the basis of the fact that the DNA molecule has a negative electric charge in solution. However, since the DNA probe formed on a substrate has the negative electric charge by nature, the amount of change in electric charge by the hybridization of the target gene is small, and hence identification from non-specific adsorption is impossible. Therefore, increase in sensitivity and improvement of accuracy have been subjects to be solved for genetic screening. It is also difficult to detect a slight difference (one base is different) between two genes such as the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) since both the sensitivity and accuracy (selectivity) are low.
Non-Patent Document 1: Nature Biotechnology, vol. 16, p. 27-31, 1998
Non-Patent Document 2: Nature Biotechnology, vol. 16, p. 40-44, 1998
Non-Patent Document 3: Anal, Chem, 72, p. 1334-1341, 2000
Non-Patent Document 4: Intervirology, 43, p. 124-127, 2000
Non-Patent Document 5: J. Phys. Chem. B., 101 p2980-2985, 1997

Gene detection field-effect device and method of analyzing gene polymorphism therewith

National Institute for Materials Science


There is provided a cationic organic peroxyacid having the general formula ##STR1## wherein: R.sub.1 is an optionally substituted, linear or branched, C.sub.8 -C.sub.12 alkyl or alkenyl group; R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each a methyl group; R.sub.4 is an optionally substituted, linear or branched C.sub.3 -C.sub.5 alkyl or alkenyl group; p is 0 or 1; z is an integer selected from 0-3; y is an integer selected from 0-5; w is 0 or 1; and X.sup.- is a counter anion. This peroxyacid was found to have good bleaching performance without showing incompatibility with anionic surfactants.

It is well known that organic peroxyacids can be used as bleaching agents in detergent compositions Many different types of organic peroxyacids have been proposed such as peroxybenzoic acid, peroxyphthalic acid, peroxyalkanoic acid and diperoxyalkanedioic acids, described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,110,095, 4,170,453, and 4,325,828. Other classes of peroxy acids which have been disclosed include amidoperoxyacids which contain a polar amide linkage part way along a hydrocarbon chain (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,634,551 and 4,686,063) and phthalimido-substituted peroxyalkanoic acids (EP-A-325,288).
There is now an increasing interest in cationic organic peroxyacids, particularly for use in bleaching and detergent compositions, since, when compared to their non-cationic counterparts, they
(i) are more substantive; PA1 (ii) have a better bleaching performance; and PA1 (iii) are pH-robust. PA1 X and Y represent various groups; PA1 R.sub.2 is an optionally substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group; PA1 R.sub.3 is an optionally substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl group; PA1 R.sub.4 is an optionally substituted alkylene group, ##STR3## h and k are integers from 0 to 3; 1 is an integer from 1 to 10; PA1 R.sub.5 is a C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 alkyl group, alkenyl group or alkyl-substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; and PA1 m, n, and p are 0 or 1. PA1 R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each a methyl group; PA1 R.sub.4 is an optionally substituted, linear or branched C.sub.3 -C.sub.5 alkyl or alkenyl group; PA1 p is 0 or 1; z is an integer selected from 0-3; PA1 y is an integer selected from 0-5; w is 0 or 1; and PA1 X.sup.- is a counter anion.
A range of peroxyacids comprising a quaternary ammonium group is described in Japanese patent application JP4-91075 (KAO). In particular, this document discloses a range of materials of formula ##STR2## wherein: R.sub.1 is an optionally substituted, linear or branched, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl or alkenyl group or an unsubstituted or C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl-substituted aryl group;
It can be seen that the cationic peroxyacids disclosed by this Japanese application contain a sulphonate as counter anion. Furthermore, in the Examples of this Japanese document a peroxyacid is disclosed having the following formula ##STR4## A disadvantage of this type of materials is that they may give rise to negative interactions with surface-active materials, especially anionic surfactants, (eg. precipitation) leading to loss of peroxyacid and a poorer bleach performance. Furthermore, it was found that local dye damage may result when coloured fabric is treated with this type of peroxyacid. It was also found that this type of peroxyacids can only be produced at relatively poor yields, typically ranging from 11-55% by weight.
We have now found a related group of peroxyacid compounds containing, as an R.sub.4 -group, a linear or branched C.sub.3 -C.sub.5 alkyl or alkenyl group, which compounds were found to have good bleach activity without showing any incompatibility with anionic surfactants.


A movable floor device for a vehicle, which comprises a movable board disposed beneath feet of an occupant seated in an occupant seat, a drive source disposed below the occupant seat, and a driving-force transmission mechanism adapted, according to a driving force of the drive source, to input a force directed in a selected one of frontward and rearward directions of a vehicle body, into a rear portion of the movable board. The movable board is supported in such a manner as to be selectively displaced upwardly and downwardly in response to respective ones of the frontward and rearward forces input from the driving-force transmission mechanism. The movable floor apparatus of the present invention makes it possible to allow a lowermost height position of a movable board to be set at a lower level so as to cope with various seating postures with enhanced flexibility.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application Serial Nos. 2006-229779, 2006-229780, and 2006-220781, all filed with the Japan Patent Office on Aug. 25, 2006, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a movable floor apparatus for a vehicle, which comprises a movable board disposed beneath feet of an occupant seated in an occupant seat, to cover an upper surface of a vehicle body floor in a liftable and lowerable manner.
2. Description of the Background Art
Heretofore, there has been proposed a movable floor apparatus comprising a movable board (movable floor) disposed in an area located above a vehicle body floor (floor panel) defining a floor surface of a vehicle body and below a foot-operated pedal, such as a brake pedal, and a lifting/lowering drive mechanism (movable-floor adjustment mechanism) based on a double linkage adapted to drivingly lift and lower the movable board relative to the vehicle body floor, as disclosed, for example, in JP 2005-271829A (Patent Publication 1). The movable floor apparatus disclosed in the Patent Publication 1 allows the movable board to be selectively displaced upwardly and downwardly in conformity to a physique of an occupant or the like so as to provide enhanced operability of the foot-operated pedal.
More specifically, in the movable floor apparatus disclosed in the Patent Publication 1, the double linkage-based lifting/lowering drive mechanism is disposed below the movable board (i.e., between the vehicle body floor and the movable board), and driven such that link members thereof are raised up and laid down to displace the movable board upwardly and downwardly. In this arrangement where the lifting/lowering drive mechanism is disposed below the movable board, a lowermost (i.e., initial) height position of the movable board is inevitably set at a relatively high level which is determined by a height dimension of an installation space required for the lifting/lowering drive mechanism. Thus, an occupant with particularly large body size (e.g., a tall occupant) is likely to have difficulty in ensuring a correct seating posture.


A power converter magnetics assembly is disclosed. The power converter magnetics assembly can include an interface panel, a magnetic component mounted to the interface panel to form a magnetics subassembly, and a chassis coupled to the magnetics subassembly. The chassis can have a cavity with an opening. The magnetic component can be received within the cavity and the interface panel can be disposed over the opening and secured to the chassis to form an enclosure about the magnetic component.

High power magnetics assemblies are often used in galvanically-isolated power converters for medium voltage and high voltage applications, such as energy storage modules, micro-grids, power supplies, and AC/DC converters. Conventionally, such assemblies comprise a number of individual magnetic components or devices wired together.
Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated, and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended.


Apparatus for obtaining polarized imagery using a portable device, comprising a light source, a first polarizing filter configured to cover the light source, a second polarizing filter configured to cover the lens of a mobile device's built-in camera, one or more housing to contain the light source and filters, and couplers attached to the housings for coupling the housings to the mobile device. When the housing is coupled to the mobile device and the camera is operated, light from the light source passes through the first polarizing filter, then passes as polarized light through an illuminating path to illuminate an object being imaged. Then light from the illuminated object passes through an optical path, through the second polarizing filter to the camera lens. In embodiments, the axis of polarization of at least one of the polarizing filters can be modified to allow for cross, parallel and variable polarized imaging.

Polarization allows for differential imaging of surface and subsurface layers of organic and inorganic objects. In the process of polarized imaging, a light emitted from a light source is polarized along a given axis by a filter before illuminating an object. Upon reaching the object, this polarized light may be reflected from the surface or enter the object and be absorbed, refracted, scattered and/or fluoresced. In the case in which the light is reflected from the object's surface, the light maintains the original axis of polarization. In cases in which light enters the object, the light is depolarized. When viewing the object with an optical sensor such as a camera or eye, a second polarizing filter may be placed in the optical path between the object and the optical sensor. If the axis of polarization of the second polarizer is parallel to the axis of first polarizer, light reflected from the surface of the object is passed through the second filter unobstructed and is received by the sensor. However, light with different axes of polarization such as those emitted from the subsurface which has been depolarized is blocked. This allows for clear visualization of the surface while minimizing the background noise of the subsurface. Conversely, if the axis of polarization of the second polarizer is perpendicular to the axis of the first, light reflected from the surface of the object is blocked from being received by the sensor, allowing light from the subsurface to be preferentially received by the sensor. This allows for better visualization of the subsurface, while minimizing the background noise of the surface. The second polarizer may also be placed in variable axes in relation to the first polarizer to achieve variable combinations of polarized imaging.
Cross polarization have known benefits in dermatology, dentistry, forensics, gemology, paleontology, photography and other specialties in which subsurface imaging or removal of surface glare is useful. For example, in dermatology, cross polarization is used to evaluate lesions by minimizing glare of the skin surface, allowing for more detailed analysis of subsurface structures such as vasculature or pigmentation. In dentistry, cross polarization is used to decrease glare on teeth to allow for more accurate color matching of resins.
Polarized imaging requires a polarized light source and a polarized optical receiver. There are several apparatuses in which flash/strobes are connected to digital cameras with polarizing filters placed in front of both the camera and flash. Polarized imaging devices are also available without cameras. In these cases, a polarized light source is used to illuminate an object that is viewed by an operator through a polarized window. These polarized imaging devices tend to be expensive and are not intended for mobile imaging.
Mobile devices have made imaging technology more accessible and cost-effective. However, a polarized imaging apparatus for mobile devices is not available nor have been described outside of a specific use case of dermoscopy. Dermatoscopes are commonly utilized by dermatologist to view individual skin lesions or small areas of the skin. Digital dermatoscopes are compatible with mobile devices. They function by providing polarized light that illuminates the skin combined with a second polarizer and magnifying lens in front on the mobile device's camera. However, these devices are specifically used for evaluation of small areas no larger than approximately 5 cm. Since digital dermatoscopes contain optics with short focal lengths, small field of view and magnification, they cannot be used for other imaging purposes. For example, dermatoscopes are not able to image larger areas such as multi-lesion patterns of pigmentation, inflammation, and actinic damage. Nor can dermatoscopes be used for dentistry, forensics, or the other specialties listed earlier.
Apparatuses for generalized polarized imaging on mobile devices are not available. The polarizers that are available for mobile devices are limited to the camera (receiving sensor) and not the illuminating source (LED or flash). Polarization of only the mobile device camera has limited effectiveness because the light which illuminates the objects is not polarized. Instead, polarizers for mobile cameras function to partially reduce surface glare to better visualize objects, but are not intended for detailed viewing of subsurface elements. To view the subsurface in detail controlled polarized lighting is necessary. There are several generalized external lighting devices available for mobile devices, but none that incorporate variable polarization outside of dermoscope-type devices.
Polarized imaging can also be combined with other imaging techniques. For example, cross polarization can be combined with spectral imaging in dermatology. In spectral imaging, various wavelengths of light penetrate the skin to different depths and exhibit variable absorption patterns with chromospheres in the skin such as hemoglobin and melanin. These characteristics allow use of various spectra (wavelengths) of light to target specific structures within the skin to enhance visualization. When spectral imaging is combined with cross polarization, the surface glare can be excluded allowing for even better visualization of targets.
Thus, there is a need for an apparatus that can be used with a smart phone or other mobile device equipped with a camera, which enables economical and effective polarized imaging.

Polarized imaging apparatus for use with a mobile device


To automatically examine medical ampuls to determine their dimensional accuracy, the ampuls are moved in a horizontal position on a chain conveyor in a cadenced manner through an optoelectronic testing station. At the testing station, each ampul is lifted out of the chain conveyor and illuminated by light from a diffusely radiating illumination source perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the ampul. In the case of one-point-cut ampuls, the ampuls are rotated about their longitudinal axes during the testing process. The light passing through the ampul is received by a photodiode camera system which converts the images into electrical image signals. These image signals are evaluated with respect to their changes in intensity produced by the tested ampul in order to generate measurement values for the desired ampul dimensions and, if applicable, for their deviations from standard ampul dimensions.

The invention relates to a method for inspecting medical ampuls for dimensional accuracy, wherein the ampuls are held in a horizontal position on a conveying device and are moved in cycles through an inspection station.
Medical ampuls must meet high demands for dimensional accuracy since the quantity filled into them is not measured when the ampuls are filled. Instead, it is assumed that if they are filled to a predetermined fill marker the desired fill level is accurately attained. The fill quantities are generally relatively small, so small dimensional fluctuations signify relatively great changes in the fill quantity. This leads to a correspondingly great fluctuation in the pharmacologically effective dosage for administration of the medications packaged in the ampuls.

Method of inspecting the dimensional accuracy of medical ampuls


Microwave hyperthermia treatment device includes a microwave generation unit, a power supply unit, and a control unit including an exposure-time actuation timer, an intermittent actuation timer, a second-device connecting terminal, and a remote switch. Two microwave hyperthermia treatment devices are connected with each other via the second terminal connecting terminals for simultaneous use flanking the torso along either side of an affected area, whereby superposed strong microwaves are irradiated. The temperature of tumor(s) in the affected area can thereby be brought to about 43° C. in about 1 minute, rendering lengthy treatment periods unnecessary and thus alleviating temperature stress on the patient. Two remote-control switches to the control unit can be provided, one of which may be given to a patient for use as an emergency stop switch, eliminating the necessity of having to insert a temperature sensor in the body, which also alleviates the burden on the patient.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to microwave-employing hyperthermia treatment devices and treatment systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
That a one-degree rise in human body temperature increases immunological competence by 30% is conventional knowledge, and a variety of thermotherapeutic techniques taking advantage of that fact are available. With microwave treatment devices, an extremely weak output is used for treating arthritis, chronic rheumatism, and similar diseases.
Achieving necrosis of cancerous tumors by putting the human body into hyperthermia of about 43° C. is also conventional knowledge. There are a variety of means by which the body can be put into hyperthermia, among which raising temperature by exposing the body to microwave energy is known.
A specific such example is in Japanese Unexamined Pat. App. Pub. No. S61-33668, in which an affected part of a patient's body is exposed to microwave energy at 2,450 MHz so as to continuously heat the affected part at about 43° C. for about an hour, and the process is repeated at regular intervals.
As an improvement in microwave hyperthermia techniques, Japanese Unexamined Pat. App. Pub. No. H05-23400 discloses an implementation comprising a first control means for controlling the number of microwave output pulses, and a second control means for controlling the output level.
This embodiment is configured such that microwave energy is output in synch with the power supply frequency, rendering the provision of a separate oscillator unnecessary. The number of pulses per second is changed by adjusting an output-adjusting dial. Accordingly, in the case of a 50 Hz commercial power supply, since the number of pulses output per second is 50, the per-second pulse count can be adjusted from 1 to 50 with the control dial.
As the dial is turned to make the adjusted output value greater, the number of microwave pulses output per second increases, along with which the wave height decreases. Conversely, as the dial is turned to make the adjusted output value smaller, the number of microwave pulses output per second decreases, along with which the wave height increases. Pat. App. Pub. No. H05-23400 states that accordingly, setting the output-adjusting dial to a low value enables a large dose of energy to be applied to biological tissue within a short period of time, whereby the biological tissue can be heated to deep-layer areas.
Further, the disclosed technique controls the microwave output energy with two control means so as to reduce the microwave output-power level along with an increase in the number of output pulses.
Meanwhile, Japanese Unexamined Pat. App. Pub. No. H08-206242 discloses technology for heating both deeper and surface areas by outputting microwave energy in intermittent pulses in alternation with a continuous pulse. This technology is embodied so as to output microwave energy in synch with the power supply frequency. Setting of the microwave output-power value per interval during which the microwave energy is output in intermittent pulses is done with pulsed-output count and power-level adjustments, and the setting per interval that the microwave energy is output in a continuous pulse is done with the power-level adjustment.
Therein, assuming that the ratio of the interval during which the microwave energy is output in intermittent pulses to the interval during which the microwave is output in a continuous pulse is 1:1 (=5 seconds:5 seconds), the disclosure teaches that in a 5-second period for the intermittent-pulse microwave output interval, five intermittent microwave pulses of 0.2 seconds pulse width are output with the power level being set to 500 watts, and in the ensuing 5-second period for the continuous-pulse microwave output interval, the power level is set to 100 watts.
In this conventional example, the output energy in the case of the intermittent pulses is 500 W×(0.2 s×5)=500 J, and the energy in the case of the continuous pulse is 100 W×5 s=500 J; thus the output energy of both the intermittent pulses and the continuous pulse is the same.
Since the output energy reaching an affected part is attenuated within a subject's body, with thus attenuated output energy levels, although it may be termed thermotherapy, the technology is unable to achieve necrosis of cancerous tumors.
In a still further example of hyperthermia treatment using microwave energy, Japanese Unexamined Pat. App. Pub. No. 2001-231870 discloses technology with a first oscillating means that outputs electromagnetic radiation at a first oscillation frequency, a second oscillating means that outputs electromagnetic radiation at a second oscillation frequency, and a mixing means that mixes and outputs simultaneously the electromagnetic radiation of the first and the second frequencies, wherein an affected area of a subject is exposed with the mixed-frequency electromagnetic radiation to heat the affected area.
In particular, high-frequency (2450 MHz) electromagnetic waves and low-frequency (915 MHz) electromagnetic waves differ in their tissue-depth attainment levels—that is, in their attenuation rates within tissue. Given that low-frequency electromagnetic radiation has a lower attenuation rate in tissue and can reach further than high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic waves at the two frequencies are mixed by the mixing means at a ratio of choice, and through an antenna section are irradiated onto the prostate area.
More specifically, with the technology disclosed in Pat. App. Pub. No. 2001-231870, the mixing ratio for the two frequencies of electromagnetic radiation is preset in accordance with the weight of the prostate. For example, if the prostate weighs less than 20 g, with 2450 MHz:915 MHz being a 9:1 ratio, and assuming a total output power of 50 W, then the proportions would be 45 W:5 W. Likewise, if the prostate weighs 40 to 50 g, with the ratio being 3:7 and assuming a the total output power of 50 W, the proportions would be 15 W:35 W.
Nevertheless, the conventional techniques discussed above each employ a single microwave treatment device and irradiate microwaves continuously for approximately one hour. Consequently, patients undergoing hyperthermia treatment must endure the high temperature for as long as an hour or so.

Microwave hyperthermia treatment apparatus and treatment system


An epicardial stimulation lead includes a lead body having a connector at a proximal end for coupling the lead to a generator of an active implantable medical device. The lead also includes a distributor housing at a distal end of the lead body and means for anchoring the distal end of the lead body to the epicardium. The lead also includes an active part having a plurality of microcable conductors, the proximal ends being coupled to the distributor housing, the distal ends being free. Each microcable has a diameter of at most equal to 2 French. Each microcable includes at least one denuded area in the insulating coating forming a stimulation electrode adapted to contact or penetrate an epicardium wall. Each microcable also includes a transverse elongated member extending at an angle relative to the main direction of the microcable for penetrating into the epicardial wall.

The present invention relates to "active implantable medical devices" as defined by the Jun. 20, 1990 90/395/CEE directive of the European Community Council, which includes devices that continuously monitor a patient's cardiac rhythm and deliver to the heart if and as needed electrical pulses for stimulation (pacing), cardiac resynchronization, cardioversion and/or defibrillation in response to a rhythm disorder detected by the device, and more particularly to "epicardial" leads that are directly fixed on the outer wall of the heart, as contrasted with "endocardial" leads which are inserted in a cavity of the heart where they are introduced via the venous system, and "coronary" leads implanted in the heart coronary network.
The epicardial leads may be prescribed for the stimulation of the left ventricle, as an alternative to pacing leads implanted via the coronary sinus, which require a delicate approach for their implantation and are not without various drawbacks.
Nevertheless, unlike endocardial leads introduced via the venous network (see for example U.S. Pat. Publication No. 2009/0157136 A1), the implantation of an epicardial lead constitutes a very invasive operation, usually requiring general anesthesia and the use of surgical techniques. It is indeed necessary that a chest surgeon incises the thorax so as to provide access to the pericardial sac (the pericardium being the fibro-serous envelope that surrounds the heart) and the myocardium itself, in order to fix the lead on the external wall of the latter, by suturing or by screwing.
For this reason, the implantation of an epicardial lead, though representing a known technique, is often seen as a back-up solution in case of failure of implantation of a lead through the coronary sinus. Moreover, an epicardial lead often provides poor results, especially with respect to electrical performance.
Several types of epicardial leads have been proposed, but all have serious enough drawbacks. A first type of lead uses an electrode pressed against the wall of the epicardium, wherein it is supported by suturing. These leads are very stable, but require broad access to allow the suture by the surgeon, and the possible implantation zone is very limited, as it is restricted to the vicinity of the chest incision.
A variant of this type of lead is a lead body that is divided into two distinct branches, each branch having a distal end supporting a pacing electrode to be sutured on the cardiac wall. This support is provided by an absorbable suture terminated with a needle: during the procedure, after suturing the electrode to its support on the cardiac wall, the surgeon buries the absorbable suture using the needle, which needle is subsequently removed by cutting the suture. This permanent traction effort provides excellent contact of the electrode, positively biased against the heart wall. The presence of two separate electrodes also allows application of a bipolar stimulation, over a somewhat wider surface area.
Another type of lead proposed is equipped with an anchoring helical screw for screwing in the myocardium wall. Screwing can be performed directly, but the work area is then limited in the same way as a sutured lead. It can also be performed using a special insertion tool having an articulated head on which the lead is mounted, but the area of possible implantation, although broader, is nevertheless limited by the rigidity and the large diameter of the support tube of the instrument that the surgeon must manipulate in the curved pericardial space.
Moreover, from the mechanical point of view, the screws of current leads are very generously sized, due to the mechanical stresses exerted on the screw during implantation, arising from the high amplitudes of displacements and the radial tractions that are exerted. These generously sized screws are relatively traumatic to the tissues, with possible creation of local fibrosis reactions.
One disadvantage which is common to all these leads, besides the highly invasive surgery, is their relatively poor electrical performances, particularly because of the large size of the sutured electrode (which should ensure a satisfactory contact with the heart wall) or because of the large dimensions of the screw (needed to withstand implantation constraints). But a large electrode does not provide a satisfactory current density, which is detrimental to the stimulation efficiency.
In addition, the stimulation is punctual (only one stimulation site), with two drawbacks:
A less effective stimulation compared to a multisite configuration, and
The risk that the chosen site is not the most effective, or that because of cardiac remodeling, the site originally chosen over time become less effective. In this regard, given the invasive nature of the operation, it is not a realistic option to consider further surgery on the patient to try to improve the situation by seeking a possible alternative site that would be more effective than the originally chosen site.
A final drawback of existing epicardial leads, particularly for screw leads, is that it is almost impossible to extract them once they are implanted.
For all these reasons, the use of epicardial leads remains undeveloped, and these leads are generally used as a last resort when other techniques are not feasible.
The U.S. Pat. Publication No. 2007/0043412 A1 proposes a device implementing multiple electrodes (of a conventional type) located in different parts of the epicardium to form a network of electrodes. From an electrical point of view, each electrode is provided with its own connecting conductor, and the respective conductors are connected together to a common conductor connected at its other (proximal) end to the generator. The pacing pulses can thus be simultaneously spread to several electrodes at several points of the myocardium, corresponding to the points of implantation of the electrodes.
WO 2005/039690 A1 describes a different lead configuration, wherein two screw epicardial electrodes are implanted facing each of the two ventricles, each electrode being connected to the generator by its own conductor.
With these devices, since the electrodes used are of a conventional type (typically, screw electrodes), the problems mentioned above related to the nature of the electrodes remain, including: difficulty of implantation with the use of complex instruments particularly for in situ screwing after the implantation position is reached; need of a highly invasive intervention, which is traumatic for tissues with possible creation of a local fibrosis reaction of large sized screws because of mechanical constraints; poor electrical performances because of the large size of the electrode, which does not provide a satisfactory current density, to the detriment of the stimulation effectiveness.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A speaker system that includes a speaker unit, a cabinet, a plurality of protruding materials, and a gas adsorbing material. The cabinet forms a chamber at a backside of the speaker unit. The plurality of protruding materials are formed inside the chamber and connected to the cabinet. The gas adsorbing material is supported, in a space, by the plurality of protruding materials. Accordingly, it is possible to easily increase a contact area between the gas adsorbing material and the space theresurrounding.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a speaker system utilizing an adsorption phenomenon of a gas, and equipment accommodating the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, it has been difficult for a small-size speaker system to reproduce a bass sound in consideration of an influence of acoustic stiffness exerted in a chamber of a speaker cabinet. This is because a reproduction limit of the bass sound of the speaker system is determined depending on a capacity of the cabinet. Thus, for the purpose of expanding the reproduction limit of the bass sound without enlarging the capacity of the cabinet, there has been a speaker system which has activated carbon located inside of the cabinet (for example, Patent Document 1).
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a main portion of the speaker system described in Patent Document 1. Further, FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view viewed from along line K-L of FIG. 13. In FIG. 13, the speaker system includes a cabinet 101, a woofer 102, activated carbon 103, a supporting material 104, a diaphragm 105, and a vent tube 106. The woofer 102 is fixed to an opening portion of the cabinet 101. The activated carbon 103 is an aggregation of granular activated carbon. A shape of the activated carbon 103 is maintained in a predetermined shape by the supporting material 104. The supporting material 104 is formed by, for example, a netted material, and on a surface thereof, pores are formed so as to allow air to pass through. The diaphragm 105 is located between the woofer 102 and the activated carbon 103, and divides the chamber inside the cabinet 101 into two. The vent tube 106 connects the two chambers divided by the diaphragm 105.
An action of the speaker system shown in FIG. 13 will be described. When an electric signal is applied to the woofer 102, a pressure in a chamber at a side of the woofer 102 changes, and the diaphragm 105 vibrates due to the pressure. Here, with regard to a chamber at the side of the activated carbon 103, a pressure change occurs inside the chamber due to vibration of the diaphragm 105, however, since air molecules inside the chamber are adsorbed by the activated carbon 103 depending on the pressure inside the chamber, the pressure change inside the chamber is suppressed. As a result, the same effect as a case where the capacity of the cabinet 101 is enlarged can be obtained, and consequently, it is possible to reproduce the bass sound even with a small cabinet, as if with a large cabinet.    Patent Document 1: Japanese National Phase PCT Laid-Open Publication No. 60-500645


A system for improving the efficiency and reliability of entering data into a database or spreadsheet computer program by providing suggested completions to the data entry operator. The operator invokes an edit mode (200) for a particular data area and a dynamic list of possible completions is generated (210) based on other data items associated with the edited data area. The list of possible completions is dynamic because it changes to reflect the status of the current data within the database or spreadsheet. As the operator enters characters of a data item (220), the list of completed data items is searched for an entry that matches the entered data item (230). If a match is found then the matching item is displayed to the data entry operator as a suggested completion (240). The data entry operator can then elect to accept the suggested completion (250) or to continue entering the data item.

In the field of data processing systems, data is entered into databases for the purposes of rapid searching, retrieving or processing. Since its inception, the field of data processing has been bottle-necked by the time consuming and human-error prone process of data entry. Therefore, it is desirable to improve the efficiency and reliability of entering data into a database system. One method to achieve this objective is the use of automatic completion algorithms to assist in the data entry process. Automatic completion algorithms generally refer to the technique of comparing a partially-entered data item to a list of possible completed data items to find a suggestion for completing the partially-entered data item. Automatic completion algorithms improve the data entry process by increasing the speed and integrity of data entry. For instance, a user is only required to enter enough characters of a data item to uniquely identify a suggested completion. This results in increasing the speed of data entry by reducing the number of required key strokes. For larger data items, the savings in time can be quite noticeable. Concerning the increase in data integrity, by providing suggested completions, many of the human errors such as spelling errors and data anomalies can be eliminated from the process of data entry.
Data processing systems can take on many forms ranging from highly-formatted, custom or specialized database programs to a more generic, user-definable database, such as a spreadsheet application. Examples of the former include products such as inventory control systems, manufacturing tracking systems and accounts receivable/payable systems. An example of a more generic database is the "MICROSOFT EXCEL" computer spreadsheet program marketed by Microsoft Corporation.
Automatic data entry completion algorithms have appeared in various types of applications. For example, the help utility in "MICROSOFT WORD" for "WINDOWS 95", version 7.0, provides an automatic completion feature for retrieving help information from a database. An alphabetically sorted list of predefined topics are available as an index into the information database. When entering a word or words describing the type of information required (i.e., entering "acc" to obtain information concerning "accented characters") the automatic completion feature will search the list for a matching entry. If a suggested completion is identified, it will be displayed to the user.
Microsoft's "ACCESS" database program, version 7.0, is an example of a more generic, user definable database that provides an automatic completion feature to aid in defining database tables. The "Table Definition" interface consists of the predefined categories: Field Name, Data Type and Description. When entering data items into the Data Type category, a predefined list of suggested completions is examined to determine if a match for the data item being entered (partial data entry) exists. If a match is found, the matching data item is displayed as a suggested completion. Similar to Microsoft's "WORD" program, "ACCESS" relies on the characteristic of the data items conforming to a pre-defined list of possibilities.
For the other categories in the "Table Definition" interface of "ACCESS", the data entries are user-definable as opposed to being selected from a pre-defined list. Here, no suggested completions are provided when entering data into these categories. Furthermore, once a database table has been defined, the user can enter data into the user-defined data categories of the database table. In this interface, "ACCESS" again does not provide an automatic completion feature.
A characteristic of each of the above-described automatic completion algorithm implementations is that they operate within a rigidly defined database structure. These implementations take advantage of the fact that the format and contents of the data being entered are known, and hence, a pre-defined list of suggestions can be utilized. Both of these implementations improve the efficiency and reliability of data entry in a fixed or structured database by allowing the use of an automatic completion algorithm. But, in more generic databases, such as a spread sheet, the user is at complete liberty to define the categories and types of data that can be entered. There is a need for a system to provide efficient and reliable data entry for user-definable database systems. Therefore, there is a need for a system for generating a list of completed data items in a generic database that allows the use of an automatic completion feature and hence, that provides a more efficient an reliable method for entering data into a generic database.
Implementing an automatic completion feature for the process of entering user-definable data posses several technically complicated issues. The implementation must be able to: (1) modify the selection list as new data items are entered and update the selection list when previously entered items are modified; (2) minimize the impact of the selection lists on system resources such as memory; and (3) minimize any delays in processing user inputs. Because entering user-definable data is a process requiring efficient and reliable data entry, there is a need for an automatic completion capability for generic, user-definable, data entry systems.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need for an automatic completion method that can be used for generic, spreadsheet type applications in which the structure of the database and the types of data entered can take on a multiplicity of formats. There is also a need for a method to dynamically generate a list of suggested completions that would be based on data items having an association with the data item being entered rather then utilizing a static list of predefined possible data items.

Method and apparatus for suggesting completions for a partially entered data item based on previously-entered, associated data items


The current invention relates to a definition of a process model in a Workflow Management System or a computer system with comparable functionality (WFMS) wherein said process model is modeling at least one hyper-edge said hyper-edge representing a boundary within said process model. According to the current invention the process model is realized by defining said hyper-edge by one or a multitude of additional hyper-edge nodes being part of said process model.

The present invention relates to a technology for the representation of hyper-edges in a graph-oriented process meta model of a Workflow-Management-Systems or a computer system with comparable functionality (WFMS).
Workflow-Management-Systems (WFMS) support the definition and execution of business processes. Business processes executed within a WFMS environment control who will perform which piece of work of a network of pieces of work and which resources are exploited for this work. The individual pieces of work might be distributed across a multitude of different computer systems connected by some type of network.
Such WFMS implement a particular meta model for modeling business processes. The most prominent meta model is the graph-oriented process meta model, implemented for example by IBM MQSeries Workflow. It supports the modeling of business processes as a network of activities. This network of activities, the process model, is constructed as a directed, acrylic, weighted, colored graph. The nodes of the graph represent the activities, which are performed. The edges of the graph, the control connectors, describe the potential sequence of execution of the activities. Definition of the process graph is via IBM MQSeries Workflow's Flow Definition Language (FDL) or via the built-in graphical editor. The runtime component of the Workflow-Management-System uses said process model as a template to create process instances.
Different meta models for modeling of business processes have been developed within the state of the art though it finally turned out that the graph-oriented meta model is the most expressive one providing the richest set of modeling constructs. This fact created the problem that some modeling constructs, which are available within the graph-oriented meta model, cannot be translated to other WFMS meta models. Especially the modeling construct of a so-called sphere, could not be translated satisfactory in a workable implementation within other WFMS meta models. Spheres are defined as a set of activities within the process model, that means a sub-graph of the process model. Spheres are modeling constructs to establish a common context or goal for the individual activities within said sphere.
Thus there is a need in the state of the art for providing realizations of advanced modeling constructs within WFMS meta models which maybe realized in almost any WFMS.

Using nodes for representing hyper-edges in process models

International Business Machines Corporation


A wet sheet for cleaning includes multiple layers and is impregnated with a chemical solution. The wet sheet includes hydrophobic fiber layers arranged in a front surface layer and a back surface layer, and a hydrophilic fiber layer arranged in an intermediate layer. The hydrophobic fiber layers have an interlaced part with a high fiber density where the hydrophobic fiber layers are interlaced with the hydrophilic fiber layer. The interlaced part has at least one slightly interlaced part and at least one highly interlaced part which is formed in a dent shape and which is interlaced with a higher fiber density. The highly interlaced part is formed in an area ratio of 10 to 20% to an area of the front surface layer or the back surface layer. Static friction resistance of the wet sheet for cleaning is lower than kinetic friction resistance of the wet sheet for cleaning.

Conventionally, there have been known wet sheets for cleaning which are made of sheet material impregnated with chemical solution. Some of such wet sheets are formed with multiple layers, where hydrophilic fiber such as rayon is provided as an inner layer and hydrophobic fiber such as polypropylene is provided as an outer layer, and the hydrophilic fiber of the inner layer is impregnated with chemical solution (ex. Patent Document 1).