The present invention provides a digital wireless intercom system including: at least one master base station; at least one remote base station connected to the at least one master base station wiredly through at least one of a local area network, a local area network infrastructure and an internet, the at least one remote base station transmitting and receiving a synchronization signal and a data signal of digital type with the at least one master base station; a plurality of first belt packs within a transmission radius of the at least one master base station, the plurality of first belt packs transmitting and receiving the synchronization signal and the data signal with the at least one master base station wirelessly; and a plurality of second belt packs within a transmission radius of the at least one remote base station, the plurality of second belt packs transmitting and receiving the synchronization signal and the data signal with the at least one remote base station wirelessly, wherein the at least one master base station and the at least one remote base station are driven with different independent frequencies based on a frequency interference situation, and wherein the synchronization signal and the data signal transmitted and received between the at least one master base station and the at least one remote base station have different starting timings of period.

Recently, as a digital wireless intercom system that supplements drawback of an analog wireless intercom system using a very high frequency (VHF) band and a ultra high frequency (UHF) band, a digital wireless intercom system using a scientific and medical (ISM) band of about 900 MHz/2.4 GHz and an unlicensed national information infrastructure (UNII) band of about 5 GHz that are useful without a license has been widely developed.
In addition, as a standard of a wireless local area network (WLAN) next to an existing IEEE 802.11n WLAN, standardization of IEEE 802.11ac and IEEE 802.11ad that support a multiple access and a speed over 1 Gbps and have a tightened power saving specification for portable device has been actively performed.
The digital wireless intercom system has several advantages. For example, an audio data of high sound quality may be transmitted with a high data transmission speed. In addition, audio channels that can be simultaneously used by a method such as a time division method may be obtained. Further, various value added service may be provided.
Regardless of the advantages, the digital wireless intercom system has a disadvantage such that a distance of wireless communication is shorter than that of the analog wireless intercom system using the VHF band and the UHF band.
In addition, since the ISM band and the UNII band are useful by everyone without limitation in purposes with various devices using a wireless technology such as a digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT), a WLAN, a Bluetooth and a frequency shift keying (FSK), frequency bands having relatively low interference have different characteristics according to service area and service time. As a result, the digital wireless intercom system using the ISM band and the UNII band has a disadvantage such that an optimum frequency band having relatively low interference can not be always used through an equal frequency according to service area and service time.
For the purpose of overcoming the limitation in a distance of wireless communication of the digital wireless intercom system, a method of expanding a distance of wireless communication by installing antennas at various points has been suggested. The digital wireless intercom system including antennas according to the related art will be illustrated with reference to a drawing.
FIG. 1 is a view showing a digital wireless intercom system according to the related art.
In FIG. 1, a digital wireless intercom system 10 according to the related art includes a base station (BS) 20, an antenna splitter 30, first and second active antennas 40 and 42, a plurality of first belt packs 50, a plurality of second belt packs 52 and a plurality of third belt packs 54.
The antenna splitter 30 is connected to the base station 20 wiredly, and the first and second active antennas are connected to the antenna splitter 30 wiredly.
The plurality of first belt packs 50 are located within a first transmission radius R1 that is a distance of wireless communication of the base station 20. In addition, the plurality of second belt packs 52 are located within a second transmission radius R2 that is a distance of wireless communication of the first active antenna 40, and the plurality of third belt packs 54 are located within a third transmission radius R3 that is a distance of wireless communication of the second active antenna 42.
As a result, while the plurality of first belt packs 50 within the first transmission radius R1 of the base station 20 transmits and receives an audio data with the base station 20 wirelessly, the plurality of second belt packs 52 and the plurality of third belt packs 54 outside the first transmission radius R1 of the base station 20 can not directly transmit and receive the audio data with the base station wirelessly.
In this case, although the plurality of second belt packs 52 and the plurality of third belt packs 54 are located at a shadowed area of the base station 20, the plurality of second belt packs 52, the plurality of third belt packs 54 and the base station 20 transmit and receive the audio data with each other wirelessly by expanding the distance of wireless communication of the base station 20 using the first and second active antennas 40 and 42 connected to the base station 20 wiredly through the antenna splitter 30.
In the digital wireless intercom system 10 according to the related art, accordingly, the limitation in a distance of wireless communication may be improved to a certain extent by eliminating the shadowed area of the base station 20 using the first and second active antennas 40 and 42.
However, although an unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable may be used for a connection line between the base station 20 and the antenna splitter 30 and a connection line between the antenna splitter 30 and the first and second active antennas 40 and 42, a quality of wireless communication may be deteriorated by a length of the connection lines to cause a phenomenon such as a sound disconnection due to delay. In addition, an Ethernet (, which is referred to as a local area network (LAN)) and an infrastructure that are already installed in a building may not be used due to different protocols.
Further, the additional antenna splitter 30 and the additional first and second active antennas 40 and 42 are required, and the additional antenna splitter 30 and the first and second active antennas 40 and 42 are required to be connected through the additional UTP cables.
Since additional equipments are required to expand the distance of wireless communication, installation cost and maintenance cost increase and utilization and generalization have their limitations.
Moreover, an additional signal converting unit is required even when the digital wireless intercom system 10 according to the related art is connected to an internet.
Although the digital wireless intercom system according to the related art has advantages such as the high sound quality due to the high data transmission speed and the multiple audio channels due to the time division method, the digital wireless intercom system according to the related art has disadvantages such as the short distance of wireless communication and the frequency interference. As a result, the digital wireless intercom system according to the related art is restrictively applied to a broadcasting system of high price, and general application of the digital wireless intercom system according to the related art to a building such as a restaurant has a serious obstacle.

Digital wireless intercom system and driving method thereof


An audio jack connector includes an insulative housing and a terminal group received in the insulative housing. The housing has a body, a mating portion extending from one end of the body along an axis direction of the body and an insertion hole defined in the mating portion and passing through the body and mating portion along the axis direction of the body. At least slots connected to the insertion hole are defined in the body. The terminal group includes a first set of terminals with simple supported beam structure and a second set of terminals with cantilever beam structure. The first set of terminals with simple supported beam structure have an U-shaped fixed portion with two side arms defined at the opposite sides of the fixed portion. A resilient arm connects the side arms together. The resilient arm has a contact portion at the middle, the contact portion projects inward into the insertion hole, so the outer surface of the first resilient arm is formed as a concave.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an audio jack connector, and more particularly to an audio jack connector which increases the interference action between a plug and terminals.
2. The Related Art
Video and music equipments develop quickly in recent years. The stability for an audio jack connector matching with a plug is required. A conventional audio jack connector includes an insulative housing and a plurality of terminals received therein. The terminal is bent to form a cantilever beam shape by a conductive material. When one end of the terminal presses against a plug, the other end of the terminal is received in the insulative housing. During the process of inserting, the deformation of the terminal oversteps the bounds of the terminals easily, and then the terminal can't provide enough elastic force to press against the plug and enough friction to keep the plug hold firmly in the audio jack connector to transmit signal stably.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide an audio jack connector which overcomes the problems encountered with previous art.


A cooling device for an electric motor includes a plurality of inwardly projected stator poles arranged in a circumferential direction such that an axially extending space is defined between two adjacent stator poles. Coils are wound on the respective stator poles and coolers are disposed in the respective spaces such that each of the coolers is in thermal contact with its neighboring coils.

The present invention relates to a cooling device for an electric motor such as a switched reluctance motor in which a coil is wound on each of a plurality of projected poles of a stator.
In general, there are four types of cooling devices for electric motors as follows:
(a) Free cooling device: constructed such that a plurality of fins are provided on the outside of a housing of an electric motor. PA1 (b) Compulsive cooling device: constructed such that a fan is provided inside or outside a housing of an electric motor so as to exhaust high temperature air outside the electric motor housing. PA1 (c) Water cooling device: constructed within a housing of an electric motor. PA1 (d) Oil spray cooling device: constructed such that an amount of oil is sprayed from an output shaft of an electric motor for cooling the same.
However, the foregoing four devices are not satisfactory at all. In detail, the fins are not expected to be practical especially when no winds blow or a heat generation source is isolated from the fins. The compulsive cooling device is widely used but its cooling ability is not very good. The reason is that the electric motor has to be located in a sealed construction when it is placed under wet or humid conditions and therefore, the generated heat in the sealed motor housing has no passages to escape outside. In addition, the water cooling device is often spaced from a heat generation source so that the cooling ability is inefficient. Furthermore, to form water passages in the housing of the electric motor, the thickness of the housing becomes inevitably thick and therefore the total weight of the motor and castings for forming the housing are very large, expensive and complex. In the oil spray cooling device, foreign matter or particles are generated due to oil deterioration and the resultant foreign matter or particles may clog or plug an oil passage. Thus, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory cooling using the oil spray cooling device.


A global messaging system delivers messages to user devices by employing aliases, permissions, and protocols. A sender sends a message to an alias. The message is transmitted to devices associated with the alias. The system compares the message length to a maximum message length and modifies the transmission of the message when the message length exceeds the maximum message length by sending a concatenated message and adding a header to the message. Accordingly, messages can be delivered to recipients without the need to know a physical device address or have the ability to directly communicate with the device.

Individuals use various devices to receive video, audio, and text, messages (delayed or real-time). For example, a typical individual can receive messages at several locations by way of several devices. There is usually a telephone in the individual's residence, office, and car. The individual may also carry a mobile phone, a pager, and a Personal Data Assistant (PALM PILOT™ for example). In addition, the individual may have one or more e-mail accounts, a fax machine, and other communication devices. Since, the individual may not have access to all devices at all times, it may take several communication attempts before a message reaches the person. Therefore, there is a need for a method and system, which ensures that a message reaches an individual regardless of the device or devices available to the individual.
Message networks, such as pager systems, allow customers to receive messages on personal devices. The messages are usually delivered to the network by a sender directly contacting a sending interface of the network such as a telephone paging system. Several such networks allow users to send messages by employing the personal communication devices. However, such capabilities are usually limited to sending messages only to users on the same system. Thus, there is a need for a method and system for sending messages to users regardless of whether they are on the same network as the sender. In addition, there is a need for a method and system for delivering a message to a device on a system that is not reachable from the system that is delivering the message.


Hair grooming devices designed for detangling hair that has been styled into plats, braids, dreadlocks or cornrows and methods for using these devices are provided by the present invention. The device includes a handle portion and a tapered parting member extending longitudinally and transversely from a first end of the handle portion wherein the parting member has at least one transverse tooth extending from the end portion of the parting member. Depending on the requirements of the user, a single tooth or a plurality of teeth are provided in various embodiments of the present device and certain embodiments can be used to apply various hair styling fluids to the hair.

The detangling of hair is a daily problem experienced by many men and women. Detangling of hair is often a time-consuming and painful process for those who have their hair styled in plats, braids, dreadlocks or cornrows. For convenience, the term "plat" is used hereinafter to incorporate hair styled in braids, dreadlocks and cornrows.
The detangling of hair styled in plats is usually accomplished by using the fingers and a comb to slowly attempt to detangle the plat. However, a standard comb or brush is not suited to this purpose and most of the work must be done using the fingers. This is a slow and tedious process and often an attempt to use a comb or brush results in hair breakage, scalp irritation and pain.
While there are a variety of devices available for detangling hair, the vast majority of these devices are primarily intended for detangling straight hair which has been become tangled as a result of washing or styling. These devices are unsuited to the detangling of plats, given the dense, intertwined nature of the hair present in the plats. Ideally, devices used to detangle the hair should provide relatively rapid and pain-free detangling without damage to the scalp or hair. Accordingly, there is a need for a device which is specifically designed for the detangling of hair present in plats.
Previous attempts to design hair grooming devices suitable for detangling hair have often incorporated a pair of parallel combs reciprocating with respect to each other, which serve to detangle the hair as the comb is pulled through the hair. The prior art includes a variety of patents directed to devices which incorporate this parallel comb design U.S. Pat. No. 3,794,050 to Gallanis et al. is directed to a power driven comb for untangling which utilizes a pair of closely spaced comb members which are reciprocated in an out of phase relationship to create a wave motion in hair for the purpose of untangling it. The power-driven comb disclosed in Gallanis et al. is designed to untangle and comb hair without disrupting the curled or styled condition of the hair. U.S. Pat. No. 3,840,030 to Baker is directed to a detangling hair dryer comb wherein the rapid reciprocation of one comb with respect to a fixed straddling comb facilitates detangling of the hair while drying it. U.S. Pat. No. 3,850,180 to Ryckman, Jr. et al. is directed to a powered hair detangling device with a comb arrangement that provides rapid reciprocation of one comb with respect to a fixed straddling comb. This device may include means to dispense a fluid onto the combs and thus into the hair. U.S. Pat. No. 3,850,181 to Baker is directed to an improvement in the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,850,180 wherein the improvement is in the design of the movable comb means which reduces the load on the movable comb.
While the above-described patents are generally directed to detangling hair, none are designed for detangling hair which has been platted. In particular, none of these devices is suited to insertion into a plat for detangling of the individual plat as the comb is moved through the hair.
In View of the difficulty in detangling hair which has been platted and the unsuitability of the prior art devices, a need exists for a device that can untangle hair relatively painlessly without damaging the scalp or hair of the user.


An organic electroluminescent display device (10) includes a plurality of organic layers (16, 18, and 20) disposed between opposing electrode assemblies (12 and 14). One electrode assembly, for example the anode assembly (12), may be fabricated of a substrate (22) and an electrode (24), wherein the electrode is modified by the addition of a modifier species. The modifier species compensates for mismatches between the electrode layer and the overlaying organic material layers which are respectively hydrophilic and hydrophobic. The modifier is preferably a silane or disilane material.

Until fairly recently, the preferred, indeed the only means by which to display information in the electronic medium was to use a video monitor comprising a cathode ray tube ("CRT"). CRT technology has been well known for over 50 years, and has gained widespread commercial acceptance in applications ranging from desktop computer modules to home televisions and industrial applications. CRTs are essentially large vacuum tubes having one substantially planar surface upon which information is displayed. Coated on the inside of the CRT planar surface is a layer of phosphors which respond by emitting light when struck by electrons emitted from the electron gun of the CRT. The electron gun is disposed in an elongated portion which extends away from the inside of the CRT display surface.
While CRTs are widely used in numerous applications, there are several inherent limitations to the application of CRT technology. For example, CRTs are relatively large and consume a great deal of energy. Moreover, as they are fabricated of glass, the larger the display surface, the heavier the CRT. Given the need for the electron gun to be spacedly disposed from the phosphor surface of the display, CRTs have a substantial depth dimension. Accordingly, CRTs have little practical applicability in small and portable applications, such as handheld televisions, laptop computers, and other portable electronic devices which require the use of displays.
To answer the needs of the marketplace for smaller, lighter, more portable display devices, manufacturers have created numerous types of flat panel display devices. Examples of flat panel display devices include active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD's), plasma displays, and electroluminescent displays. Each of these types of displays has use for a particular market application, though each are accompanied by various limitations which make them less than ideal for certain applications. Principal limitations inherent in devices such as AMLCD's relate to the fact that they are fabricated predominantly of inorganic semiconductor materials by semiconductor fabrication processes. These materials and processes are extremely expensive, and, due to the complexity of the manufacturing process, cannot be reliably manufactured in high yields. Accordingly, the costs of these devices are very high with no promise of immediate cost reduction.
One preferred type of device which is currently receiving substantial research effort is the organic electroluminescent device. Organic electroluminescent devices ("OED") are generally composed of three layers of organic molecules sandwiched between transparent, conductive and/or metallic conductive electrodes. The three layers include an electron transporting layer, an emissive layer, and a hole transporting layer. As used herein, the charge carriers which combine in the emissive layer are electrons and holes. The electrons are negatively charged atomic particles and holes are positively charged counterparts. OED's are attractive owing to low driving voltage, i.e., less than about 20 volts. Hence, they have a potential application to full color flat emissive displays.
One problem which has plagued OED's has been the stability of the devices, and in particularly the thermal stability of the hole transporting material. Degradation in these materials have been observed and are typically attributable to one of two problems: (1) phase stability of hole transporting materials, namely the tendency to recrystallize or aggregate, which is a function of the glass transition temperature of the hole transporting material; and (2) the adhesion of hole transporting materials which are typically organic, to the materials from which the electrodes are fabricated, which are typically inorganic. These problems may be due to thermal expansion coefficient mismatch and surface tension mismatch (hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity) between the organic hole transporting material and the inorganic electrode materials.
To address issues arising from this mismatch between the organic and inorganic layers, numerous solutions have been proposed. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,429, it was proposed to insert a thin layer of organometallic material between the organic and inorganic materials. The organometallic materials have physical properties which are between those of the organic and inorganic materials and thus serve as a buffer layer. Examples of such organometallic materials include metal phthalocyanine complexes such as copper phthalocyanine, and zinc phthalocyanine. Another solution was proposed in an article authored by J. Sheats, et al in Science Magazine (Science 273, 884, (1996)) which describes spincoating a thin layer of polyaniline between the organic and inorganic materials. The article reports that the lifetime of the OED was drastically increased. One final approach which may be employed is described in commonly assigned, copending patent application Ser. No. 08/743,257, entitled "Organic Electroluminescent Light Emitting Material and Device Using Same", filed 4 Nov. 1996 which is now U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,183 in the names of Song Shi, et al, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In that patent application, the inventors describe a structure in which a layer of a conductive polymer passivating material is disposed between the electrode structure and the organic materials of the organic electroluminescent display device.
While each of these approaches provides a solution to the problem, there are numerous shortcomings attendant to each. For example, organometallic materials described in the '429 patent are both relatively expensive and difficult to deposit with high reliability. Similarly, spincoat deposition of polyaniline between the hole transporting and ITO materials is a relatively difficult process which may both increase the cost and decrease the manufacturing yield of OED's.
Accordingly, there exists a need for improved electrode structures for use in OED's. The electrode structures should enhance the thermal coefficient matching and the surface tension matching between the organic hole transporting layer materials and the inorganic electrode materials. The solution to the problem should be fabricated of a relatively inexpensive material which can be deposited via readily available, highly-rel reliable, inexpensive processes.


A hydrofoil craft which possesses at least one hull, at least one support arm which extends from said hull into the water and which is connected to the hull, at least one foil attached to each support arm, and preferably at least one shock strut per support arm which pivotally connects said hull to the support arm, so that said shock struts allow the support arm and the foil to move in concert with the upgusts and downgusts of water velocity located near the foil so as to enable said hydrofoil craft to maintain approximately constant lift. The principles involved are also applicable to aircraft of the "wing in ground effect" type which is designed to fly close to the water's surface so as to take advantage of the favorable aerodynamic effects of the water's proximity.

Dynamically supported AMVs cannot be operated comfortably at high speeds in or above rough water. Examples of such AMVs include air cushion vehicles, surface effect ships, wing in ground effect ("WIG") aircraft, and hydrofoil craft.
Hydrofoil craft are boats which typically possess a more or less conventional planing boat hull and which have one or more vertical struts extending from beneath the hull into the water. Each vertical strut typically carries at least one foil. When the hydrofoil craft has accelerated to a sufficient velocity through the water, the lift created by the foils raises the hull above the water's surface, thus eliminating the hull's resistance.
WIG aircraft, in contrast, are "flying boats" intended to cruise just above wave crests so as to avoid all but very occasional water contact during flight. WIG aircraft possess one or more wings which are generally three orders of magnitude larger than the foils of hydrofoil craft. When a WIG aircraft has accelerated to a sufficient velocity through the water, the aerodynamic lift created by these wings lifts the aircraft entirely out of the water. By remaining close to the water's surface, WIG aircraft encounter significantly less resistance than they would encounter at higher altitudes because their aerodynamic lift is much greater closer to the water's surface than it would be at higher altitudes.
Hydrofoils are often used to transport people and cargo across varying sea states However, hydrofoils are typically used in rough water only at reduced speeds. WIG aircraft have not yet been built commercially.
To determine how a hydrofoil craft could be operated at high speeds in rough waters without resulting in an uncomfortable ride, I engaged in a "time-domain analysis" in which the actual forces on a craft were calculated at successive time intervals. From these calculations, the craft's motion in space could be determined.
I performed a time-domain computer analysis to reconstruct the detailed shape of a random sea's surface (i.e., the random wave patterns), as a function of both time and space. The real random seas which are actually experienced can be thought of as the sum of many sinusoidal component waves where each individual wave component has its own orbital velocity A reconstruction of such a random sea was obtained by using wave components of equal energy rather than wave components of equal frequency in the method described in Principles of Naval Architecture, Society of Naval and Marine Engineers, Chp. 8 (1990). The resulting random seaway was found to follow the statistical theories postulated in Cartwright, D. E., and Longuet-Higgins, M. S., "The Statistical Distribution of the Maxima of a Random Function," Proc. Rov. Soc., Ser. A, Vol. 237, pp.212-232 (1956).
Once realistic random seas could be computed, the water's movement and velocity below the water's surface could be studied. During this study, I discovered that the velocity of water in a seaway typically approximated the expected value for a sinusoidal wave train of the same average wave height and length. Periodically, however, the individual wave components would combine such that the aggregation of the components would result in much more or much less vertical velocity than would be the case for a single sinusoidal wave.
I believe that these occasionally extreme changes in vertical water velocity are at least partially responsible for the uncomfortable and sometimes injurious rides to which hydrofoil craft are subject in rough water, particularly when the occasionally extreme change in water velocity is a "downgust". When a foil is moving horizontally in the water and encounters such a downgust, the effect of this downgust, from the foil's point of view, is the same as if the foil were lifted rapidly upward. In either case, the "added mass" of the water in the vicinity of the foil imposes a large downward acting load on the foil.
The concept of "added mass" has been known to hydrodynamicists for at least two centuries, but is not well understood by most engineers. I have described the phenomenon in some detail in the first and second chapters of my book "Design of High Speed Boats: Volume 1, Planing", published by Fishergate, Inc., 2521 Riva Road, Annapolis, Md. 21401.
Roughly speaking, a submerged body (such as a foil) moving through the water displaces the water locally by its passage. The water is moved aside as the foil pushes by, and then more or less returns to where it was after the foil has passed. If the foil is moving at a constant speed, this movement of the water in its vicinity does not cause any resistance to the foil's motion. The resistance which does exist is due to the water's viscosity.
When the foil is accelerating to higher speeds, however, this moving aside of the water provides additional resistance to the acceleration, and so we call this effect "added mass". A given propulsive force causes the foil to accelerate less rapidly in water than it would in air, because of this added mass which is three orders of magnitude greater in water than in air because of water's much greater density. Conversely, the hydrodynamic force exerted on a foil, if the water is accelerating, is larger than its constant speed resistance.
Very roughly, the "added mass" of a high aspect ratio body like a foil is equal to the mass of water in a circular cylinder whose length is equal to the foil's span and whose diameter is equal to the foil's thickness or breadth measured at right angles to its direction of motion. Thus, if a foil has a span of ten feet, a chord of four feet and a thickness of 0.3 feet, its added mass for motion parallel to its chord will be about ##EQU1##
If, on other hand, its motion is at right angles to the chord, its added mass will be about ##EQU2##
Thus, although the "added mass" is not important for a foil's normal motion roughly parallel to its chord, it has a powerful effect on any vertical motion which may be superimposed on this generally horizontal motion. The added mass resists upward and downward acceleration of the foil. Conversely, it the water is accelerating vertically at ten feet per second per second (ft/sec.sup.2), the vertical force on the foil, due to "added mass" alone, will be about EQU 251.3.times.10=2,513 pounds EQU (mass).times.(acceleration)=(force)
Notice that this effect has nothing to do with the foil's angle of attack to the relative flow of water, so that it is not significantly influenced by changing the foil's angle to the flow.
Accordingly, when a hydrofoil craft encounters a downgust and tries to compensate for this downgust by changing the angle of incidence of its foils to increase lift, this compensation by itself is not sufficient to overcome the substantial downward impulse due to the water's added mass. In other words, merely changing the angle of incidence of the foil will not prevent a downgust of water from forcing the foil farther below the water's surface than it was prior to encountering the downgust. When the foil is attached to a conventional vertical strut which is rigid, the downgust of water will necessarily lower the hydrofoil craft's hull as well as the foil. If the downgust of water is sufficiently large, the craft's hull can be lowered enough so that the hull will impact the water's surface ("plough-in"), which is uncomfortable and occasionally dangerous.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,417,722 (O'Neill), No. 2,771,051 (Von Schertel) and No. 3,141,437 (Bush, et al.) are examples of previous efforts made in an attempt to create a hydrofoil craft which could operate at higher speeds in rough water. However, these three patents tried to solve this problem by merely changing the foil's angle of incidence to compensate for any changes in the orbital velocity of waves. As is alluded to previously, these attempts were unsuccessful because they did not take into account the "added mass" effect of the vertically moving water. Furthermore, merely "changing the [foil's angle of incidence] in an attempt to maintain an essentially constant angle of attack in waves is a self-defeating process [because] the inherent lags in the total system make this a practical impossibility." Ellsworth, W., "Hydrofoil Development--Issues and Answers," AlAA/SNAME Advanced Marine Vehicle Conference, Paper No. 74-306 (1974).
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,456,611 (Johnson) and No. 2,930,338 (Flomenhoft) also attempted to create a smooth-riding hydrofoil craft by attaching springs or cylinders to the vertical struts of hydrofoils. However, neither of these patents addresses the problem created by the added mass effect. Johnson employs his vertical struts as "equalizers" (to stabilize the craft) and shock absorbers, while Flomenhoft uses his struts for "better cushioning." Thus, it has proven extremely difficult to devise a hydrofoil craft which can compensate for the "added mass" effect of water so as to enable it to operate at high speeds in rough water.
With respect to WIG aircraft, the orbital water velocities are unimportant because these aircraft are not in water contact. However, WIG aircraft are still subject to many changes in the lift of their wings. When a wave crest passes under a wing, the proximity of the crest causes the wing lift to increase (at constant speed and pitch angle) and the subsequent trough causes the lift to decrease. Moreover, any head or following wind follows the contours of the waves, moving upwards toward each crest and downwards toward each trough. If the wind is blowing strongly, the vertical components of its velocity can also induce an increase or decrease in lift.
For example, a WIG aircraft which is cruising at 500 knots over water which has a wavelength of 200 feet experiences a vertical vibration at about ##EQU3## Clearly, a vertical vibration at this frequency could not be minimized by merely changing the wing angle of incidence or by cyclically moving the wing's trailing edge flaps to smooth out the lift vibrations. See generally Ellsworth, W., "Hydrofoil Development--Issues and Answers," AlAA/SNAME Advanced Marine Vehicle Conference, Paper No. 74-306 (1974). Thus, WIG aircraft, like hydrofoil craft, are subject to rough rides due to the changes in lift induced by the proximity of the sea's surface and by head or following winds.
Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for hydrofoil craft which can compensate for the random upgusts and downgusts of water velocity around its foils and which can maintain approximately constant lift so that the hull above the foils can ride smoothly at high speed in rough water. Furthermore, there also remains a need in the art for WIG aircraft which can compensate for the random changes in the lift of its wings so that the aircraft can fly comfortably just above the water's surface.

Advanced marine vehicles for operation at high speeds in or above rough water


A nonvolatile semiconductor memory device includes: a memory cell array region having memory cells connected in series; a control circuit region disposed below the memory cell array region; and an interconnection portion electrically connecting the control circuit region and the memory cell array region. The memory cell array region includes: a plurality of first memory cell regions having the memory cells; and a plurality of connection regions. The interconnection portion is provided in the connection regions. The first memory cell regions are provided at a first pitch in a first direction orthogonal to a lamination direction of the memory cell array region and the control circuit region. The connection regions are provided between the first memory cell regions mutually adjacent in the first direction, and at a second pitch in a second direction orthogonal to the lamination direction and the first direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device in which data can be electrically reprogrammed.
2. Background Art
Semiconductor memory devices of recent years tend to increase the number of bits (the number of memory cells) to increase the amount of data programmed to one chip. Therefore, in recent years, many semiconductor memory devices are proposed having structures in which memory cells are disposed three dimensionally (hereinbelow referred to as "3D laminated cell structures") to increase the integration of memory (refer to JP-A 2007-266143 (Kokai), U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,724, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,885).
In an EEPROM using a high voltage for programming and the like, an HV transistor is indispensable to breakdown against the high voltage. However, it is difficult to reduce the programming voltage, and the HV transistor cannot shrink. In the case where, for example, an HV transistor is used as a transfer gate transistor connected to a word line, it is necessary that the number of transistors is the same as the number of word lines. Accordingly, it is difficult to reduce the occupied surface area of the entire chip due to the occupied surface area of the HV transistor. In particular, the occupied surface area of the HV transistor becomes a problem in the case where a 3D laminated cell structure is formed.
In a NAND flash memory, for example, using a floating gate as the memory layer and a MONOS (Metal-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Semiconductor) nonvolatile semiconductor memory device using silicon nitride and the like as the memory layer, laminating the memory cell portion may be considered to increase the memory density. JP-A 2007-180389 (Kokai) discusses technology in regard to a laminated nonvolatile semiconductor memory device that includes multiple memory cell strings in which a semiconductor is formed in a pillar configuration perpendicular to a semiconductor substrate and multiple memory cells are connected in series.
In the nonvolatile semiconductor memory device, a control gate of the memory cell is connected to a word line; the word line is drawn out to a peripheral circuit region; and a prescribed operation is performed. Then, the word line is provided at a density according to the arrangement density of the memory cells. On the other hand, although a transfer gate transistor is provided in the peripheral circuit region, generally, the size of the transfer gate transistor is larger than the distance between the word lines. Although multi-layered interconnections are formed by the word lines connected to the control gates of each cell in a laminated nonvolatile semiconductor memory device having multi-layered memory cells, technology is not known that connects each word line laminated in such multiple layers to the transfer transistor of the peripheral circuit region. Therefore, in conventional art, it is necessary to increase the spacing between laminated word lines, resulting in an impediment to shrinking and increased densities of nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices.


A control arrangement for a motor vehicle having an internal combustion engine and an automatic transmission provides country-specific engine and/or transmission control commands which can be selected alternatively for different countries by a changeover device. The control arrangement permits the use, during production, of identical engine and transmission control units together with their control commands so that it is possible to activate simply in a country-by-country fashion the engine and/or transmission control commands, which determine, for example, the exhaust-gas behavior and the fuel consumption of the motor vehicle.

This invention relates to controllers for motor vehicles having an internal combustion engine and an automatic transmission and a control unit for controlling the operation of the engine and the transmission.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,396,420, for example, discloses a control arrangement for an automatic motor vehicle transmission and for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, in which shifting and engine control characteristics are stored. Depending on the desired power output, the driving behavior of the driver and the particular driving situation, the control arrangement assures the availability of the desired engine torque, as well as, for example, that the automatic transmission is shifted appropriately with respect to full consumption or power output. Since motor vehicles are marketed worldwide, such engine and transmission control commands must be adapted country-by-country so that it is possible to observe for each country the particular national statutory provisions with respect to fuel consumption, exhaust-gas emission and, if appropriate, also maximum speed.

Control arrangement accommodating requirements of different countries for motor vehicles having an internal combustion engine and an automatic transmission


A new variety of Chrysanthemum plant named ‘Bridal Time’, having a good uniform canopy of large white flowers with a dark green disc. The new variety has a uniform spreading habit with a good foliage presentation.

The present invention comprises a new and distinct cultivar of chrysanthemum botanically known as Chrysanthemum morifolium and referred to by the variety name 'Bridal Time'.
'Bridal Time', identified as '22075-0', originated from a cross made in a controlled breeding program in Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom. The female parent of the new variety is '20829-0' (unpatented seedling) and the male parent is the variety known as 'Cool Time' (U.S. Plant patent application Publication No. 2002/0129416).
The new variety 'Bridal Time' has been asexually reproduced by vegetative cuttings in Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom, and the distinguishing characteristics are retained through successive generations of asexual reproduction.


A ceiling fan including a motor with a stator and a rotor, a downrod assembly having a longitudinal slot therein and a base portion, and a plurality of fan blades attached to the rotor. The motor is capable of sliding along the downrod assembly in order to change the position along the downrod assembly that the plurality of fan blades rotate. Additionally, the speed at which the plurality of fan blades rotate corresponds to the height above the base portion that the plurality of fan blades elevate.

Ceiling fans are a very common way for people to cool a room. Current ceiling fans typically mount directly adjacent to a ceiling (direct mount) or are mounted to the ceiling by way of a downrod, which allows the ceiling fan to hang down from the ceiling a certain distance, for example, 6 in., 1 ft., 2 ft., 3 ft., 4 ft., etc. In both cases, whether directly mounted to the ceiling or mounted by way of a downrod, the position or height of the ceiling fan above the floor remains fixed.
In addition, current ceiling fans typically have hub mounted ceiling fan blades that directly connect to an electric motor. The blades are powered by a direct current (DC) electric motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. This conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy causes the ceiling fan to rotate.
Embodiments of the present invention disclosed and described herein are directed to a new type of ceiling fan that can move up and down a ceiling downrod or whose position on the ceiling downrod can be adjusted.


The present invention is directed to a method, a switching server, a terminal device and system for providing circuit switched calls and services to terminal devices connected to a switching server via an IP Multimedia Subsystem. The method comprises a step of providing (S120) a first interworking entity (330) in the terminal device (300) for interworking between circuit switched signalling messages and signalling messages related to packet switched sessions towards the IMS (30). The method further comprises providing (S130) a second interworking entity (230) in the switching server (200) towards the IMS (30). The terminal device (300) is thus capable of accessing circuit switched calls and services directly from the switching server (200).

In the field of communications over a network it has become widespread the use of packet switched services over broadband access networks, which are typically packet switched networks. One service which has become increasingly popular is the transmission of voice over packets, according for instance to the Voice over Internet Protocol, VoIP. The problem of interworking between VoIP services and existing circuit switched voice calls provided in existing circuit switched networks is typically solved by means of interworking nodes specifically implemented in the network. Thanks to the interworking, users of packet switched voice services over packet switched networks can interoperate also with users of traditional circuit switched voice services.
More recently, network operators and users have experienced an increased need of making also circuit switched calls or packet switched network. In other words, on one side there is the problem of interworking packet switched services such as VoIP with circuit switched networks, while on the other side it has become important offering circuit switched calls and services to packet switched users.
Through the deployment of low cost fixed broad band accesses and increased backbone network capacity, voice has turned from a niche Voice over IP application into a key service enabled by IP networks. This is especially visual through VoIP implementations like Skype.
Skype hereby imitates and enhances (video, presence, . . . ) the traditional circuit switched voice service for calls inside the IP network. In order to interwork with the traditional circuit switched voice service, Skype deploys gateways, which mediate between the Skype voice service and the circuit switched voice service. The ease of installation, the look and feel, the "good enough" voice quality and the low usage fees have been instrumental for Skype's success.
At the same time, the mobile voice access continues to be dominated by the traditional circuit switched mobile system, like the mobile soft switch. The mobile soft switch is a network entity for controlling a variety of functions in relation to communications within the network. The soft switch may be comprised in one physical device but is typically distributed over several physical devices in order to partition the distribution of functionalities within the network. With soft switch it is made reference to network entities such as exemplarily comprised in network architectures according to 3GPP specifications, see e.g. TS 23.002. Mobile service providers in developed countries continue to achieve 50-90% of their income through the mobile voice service and do not have any incentive to move away from the mobile voice service. On emerging markets the infra-structure for fixed broad band accesses is usually not available, nor economically feasible. This makes the mobile circuit switched networks the prime choice for deploying voice services.
Wireless and mobile broadband accesses capable of carrying voice are now emerging through WLAN, WiMAX, HSPA, LTE. This gradually enables fixed type of VoIP services like Skype to be available also in a wireless and mobile environment. Telecom industry has developed the Internet Protocol Multimedia Standard (IMS) to handle services enabled by the increasingly broad band access networks. The multi media telephony service (MMtel) is also present and targeting the VoIP markets. IMS systems are however not yet broadly deployed.
Today a user can either use a narrow band traditional circuit voice through a wireline or mobile phone, or a lower cost broad band access VoIP service. The advantage of having a low cost VoIP service also implies that the users need to make an active choice whether to use Skype, other VoIP services, mobile circuit voice or fixed circuit voice. This choice is influenced on their geographical position, the device they want to use, who they want to reach, what the other party tends to use, the length of the conversation, the price they are prepared to pay, how much money they have on their prepaid account for the service, the services they want to invoke including the kind of voice quality they want to have etc. Thus, an active choice is needed that makes the use not straightforward.
Another problem for the users is that the user experience, the quality and the services offered vary with the choice made. For example a Skype user can have excellent speech quality one day and poor quality the next day, or the service might not be available at all.
The mobile service providers in developed countries notice the new wireless and mobile broadband accesses that now occur. There is an understanding that a certain amount of voice traffic will migrate from the circuit networks to the VoIP services. Today mobile service providers have limited means to benefit from the transition to VoIP. There is an expectation that IMS can play a future role in this, but proprietary implementation like Skype dominate as they are available already today. An uncontrolled voice migration would mean that large parts of the operators' income disappear.
Mobile service providers in developing countries want to secure that the investments in today's voice infrastructure can be used for a long time. A scenario where wireless and mobile broadband are added rapidly and rapid voice migration happens will discourage current voice infra structure investments.
Mobile and fixed service providers that embrace proprietary VoIP technologies, like Skype, for use in broadband networks face a number of challenges. Skype-like networks are in essence networks of their own that need to be built from scratch. This means that all aspects that have been developed and optimized over more than 100 years in circuit voice networks need to be re-implemented in the new VoIP networks. It is technically challenging, and thus also costly, to maintain a high availability VoIP service (in service performance, capacity, scalability, etc) and compliance to market and regulatory aspects in VoIP networks (market specific services, charging, monitoring, interconnect, etc). A further problem is that the gateways required for connecting proprietary VoIP networks, like Skype, to traditional voice circuit networks emulate functionality. This creates a significantly different look and feel for the VoIP users as compared for example to 2 GSM subscribers having a voice conversation.
Mobile and fixed service providers that embrace the IP Multi Media (IP MM) system face a similar situation as when wanting to deploy proprietary VoIP technologies broadly. This is due to today's limited deployment of IP MM and the need for gateways for inter-working scenarios.
Mobile and fixed service providers that enhance existing circuit switching voice equipment to support native SIP based VoIP services also face several challenges. SIP client access security either needs to be implemented directly in the switching nodes or access nodes that interwork between the accesses and switching nodes need to be introduced. Interworking between SIP based VoIP and circuit switched need to be defined and implemented with capability loss as a consequence. Network scalability and stability need to be solved too. Thus, a series of problems are still open.
Attempts are known in the art for connecting broad band accesses to existing mobile voice networks by placing a proprietary BSC/RNC emulation node between the broad band access and the mobile soft switch. Although there is interest from leading mobile service providers, the solution is not yet proven. Furthermore, it is a single source solution, introduces additional complexity to the network and faces the previously mentioned availability and scalability challenges.
It is also known in the art a communication node which is added to a known communication network for interfacing between a mobile switching server and one or more different access networks. The additional network device performs the interworking between services provided over a broadband access network and a mobile switching centre or between services provided over an INS network and a mobile switching server. It is remarked that this known solution performs an interworking on a network to network interface. However, also this known solution suffers from at least the same problems as above mentioned. For instance, the interworking causes the loss of functionalities since during the interworking process some functionalities may get lost due to the impossibility to convert or adapt all the native functionalities of one service into the functionalities of a different service. Furthermore, this solution adds to the complexity of a network and to its maintenance since it adds one more component to the whole network. At the same time, low reliability and low scalability of the known solution are still a problem.

Providing circuit switched calls and services over a broadband network


An agricultural bagger apparatus and method for compacting feed into a horizontally deployed bag including a moving hopper wall and mechanism for moving the wall at an input end of hopper. The wall moving mechanism and the moving wall of the hopper sweeps the feed adjacent to the sloping wall to prevent feed bridging. A safety enclosure isolates the wall moving mechanism from contaminants and prevents exposure to the wall moving mechanism. Some embodiments also compact feed in the upper portion of a tunnel, for example, by reciprocating a hinged piston above a primary compression mechanism. A tunnel-adjustment mechanism varies a cross-section area of the tunnel exit in order to control the amount of compaction on the feed as it leaves the tunnel and enters the bag. In some embodiments, dual counter-rotating toothed compression mechanism force feed between the rotors and into the tunnel at a rate and pressure greater than what is possible with only one multiple-toothed compressor rotor.

Horizontally expandable, silage storage bags are commonly used as an alternative to permanent feed storage structures such as barns and silos. From an economic standpoint, an expandable plastic storage bag is preferable to a more elaborate, permanent structure. Further, the expandable bags are more easily loaded with feed than permanent structure and the silage stored therein is readily accessible for use, for example using a small tractor with a front bucket to unload the feed.
An exemplary prior art bagger is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,878,552 (which patent is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference), to Paul R. Wingert, the present applicant. A tractor-powered bag-loading apparatus is disclosed in association with an expandable bag. A backstop is located at the filled end of the bag and has attached thereto laterally spaced cables, which extend forward to rotatable cable drums on the bagger machine. The drums are yieldably braked and, under a predetermined force applied to the cables, release the cable to allow movement of the bag-loading apparatus and tractor away from the filled end of the bag as it is filled. The bag is filled by a toothed rotor, which propels silage through a tapered tunnel and into the bag inlet. The tapered tunnel described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,878,552 provides a smooth, more evenly filled bag.
The bag for use with such bagging machines is manufactured and delivered in a pleated shape, i.e., folded into an accordion-bellows-type shape. Typically, a bag having a nominal ten-foot-diameter (approximately 3 meters diameter, or 9.6 meters circumference) and a 300-foot length (approximately 90 meters length) will be folded to a 10-foot-diameter (about 3 meters) ring about one foot (about 0.3 meter) long and 1 foot (about 0.3 meter) thick. To start the loading operation, this bag-ring is pre-loaded around the tunnel, and the pleats are unfolded one at a time as the bag is deployed and filled with feedstock. Once any portion of the bag fills with feed, that portion becomes very heavy, and does not move. Thus the bagger machine itself is propelled along the ground in front of the bag being filled.
One exemplary bagging machine is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/721,268 filed on Nov. 22, 2000, entitled "Improved Agricultural Feed Bagger and Method" by Paul R. Wingert, the inventor of the present application. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/721,268 is incorporated in its entirety by reference. In some embodiments of the present invention, a large conveyer-belt bed, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/721,268, is provided for loading voluminous quantities of agricultural material into its hopper.
One contends with numerous problems in using previous bagging structures. For example, there is a safety problem caused by feed that bridges within the tapered input hopper. Persons may be tempted to unclog the hopper by stomping or otherwise inserting an arm or a leg thus risking being sucked through and shredded by the primary compression mechanism. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/977,036 (incorporated herein by reference) filed Oct. 11, 2001 by Paul R. Wingert, the inventor of the present invention, provided several embodiments that churned the feed to prevent bridging of feed in the input hopper, and that had fixed safety shields over portions of the moving parts. Apparatus and methods for increasing compaction in the upper tunnel were also described.
As more fully described in patent application Ser. No. 09/977,036, one way to help prevent bridging is to churn or move the feed in hopper, for example using an arm that moves in a curvical motion, since it is connected to arm that moves in a circular motion driven by motor (e.g., a hydraulic motor, in some embodiments), and arm is also connected to arm that moves in a wiper-blade motion. Thus the curvical motion of arm helps prevent feed from bridging against sloping wall by moving feed towards rotor. Sloping shield wall provided additional safety by enclosing much of the moving part of the arm, and much or all of arms and. However, now bridging could occur against the stationary sloping shield wall, although this was further from rotor and at a portion of chute that was larger in cross sectional area, so the bridging problem was reduced.
Conventional baggers also suffer from an inability to adequately compact feed in the upper and lower portions of the tunnel, thus leaving the feed in the lower bag highly compacted and the feed in the upper bag only moderately compacted. Conventional baggers also suffer from inability to efficiently force large amounts of feed into the bag while providing a variable control on the tunnel opening to control the amount of feed compaction.

Agricultural bagger with dual rotor and/or variable-taper tunnel


A mixture obtained by mixing ascorbic acid powder with arginine powder in a weight ratio (ascorbic acid/arginine) of 1/5 to 20, especially 1/5 to 1/4; and a supplement such as a nutrient preparation and a health-care food containing the mixture. Mixing of arginine powder and ascorbic acid powder in the weight ratios eliminates stringent taste specific to arginine and alleviates stringent feeling in the stomach (heartburn, nausea or vomiting) after oral intake thereof. The mixture prevents also peroxidative injuries of cells caused by an administration of a great amount of arginine alone. Further, mixing of arginine powder with ascorbic acid powder prevents browning of the mixture after long-term storage.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for eliminating the stringent taste and alleviating stringent feeling in the stomach of L-arginine (hereinafter referred to as arginine) by mixing L-ascorbic acid (hereinafter referred to as ascorbic acid) and for alleviating the toxicity of arginine-derived NO radical by arginine-ascorbic acid-combined treatment.
2. Description of the Related Art
From late 1970's to 1980's, a research group of Illinois University reevaluated that dietary arginine is indispensable for optimal health of adult and especially aged humans. (see E. Kimoto, "Nutritional Chemistry of L-Arginine", Kaisei Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 1999 (Literature 2), page 93).
In 1987, it was reported that NO radical participating in a wide variety of physiological functions such as blood pressure control and prevention of infections is derived from arginine as a source. This led to increased attention paid to arginine in the field of amino acid nutrition science (see Literature 2, page 57).
Arginine participates in assorted physiological functions. For example, it stimulates detoxication of ammonia via urea cycle, serves as material for the synthesis of creatine phosphate (bioenergy storing form), polyamine (bioactive substance) and proline (an amino acid constituent of collagen), stimulates secretion of endocrine hormones, serves as a source for the production of NO radicals (inter/intra cellular signal transducer) and so forth.
Concerning the nutritional and metabolic aspects of basic amino acids, overabundance of lysine (one of the essential amino acids) and insufficiency of arginine, that is, imbalance of lysine/arginine ratio inhibits antagonistically many of metabolic pathways of arginine, thus can be harmful to health (see Literature 2, page 76).
Furthermore, arginine has been increasingly appreciated not only as a nutrient for average people as collective but also as a "conditionally indispensable" nutrient in order to maintain better health conditions of individuals suffering from some complaint or diseases.
In particular, arginine is an indispensable nutrient for the therapy of post-operative stress or invasion (see Literature 2, page 93).
As described above, alimentation or supplement of arginine is a very useful method for maintaining health. However, arginine and its salt of inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or sulfuric acid have a very stringent taste (harsh, acrid taste, irritating the throat), so that it is very difficult for people to take arginine or the salt. Furthermore, after the intake of arginine or the salt, it often causes stringent feeling in the stomach (heartburn, nausea or vomiting) so that it makes the intake of arginine unpleasant.
Long-term intake of arginine results in increased production of NO gas which changes easily into nitrous acid. A portion of the nitrous acid reacts with dietary-intaken secondary amines to produce carcinogenic nitrosamine compounds. It is well known that ascorbic acid as an antimutagenic vitamin inhibits such a harmful reaction (see, the lower part in the page 10 of Literature 1).
Active oxygen species such as superoxide radical anion (O2·−) are often produced in diseased cells. NO radical readily reacts with O2·− and produces deleterious peroxynitrite (O═NOO−) (see, the middle part in the page 64 of Literature 2).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Arginine/ascorbic acid mixed powder as an oral supplement


A method of power generation, including: igniting a biomass boiler; starting a solar concentrating collector; measuring water temperature t3 at water outlet main of the solar concentrating collector; opening a second control valve arranged between the water outlet main and the boiler drum when t3 is greater or equal to 95° C.; closing the second control valve and the third control valve to prevent water in the solar collector tube from running and to maintain the water in a heat preserving and inactive state if the water temperature t3 decreases and t3 is less than 95° C.; turning the turbonator unit into a thermal power generation mode; opening a first control valve arranged between the water outlet main and a water supply tank if the water temperature t3 continues decreasing and when t3 is between 5 and 9° C.; and turning the turbonator unit into a biomass boiler power generation mode.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a solar power generation method and system using a biomass boiler as an auxiliary heat source.
2. Description of the Related Art
Solar energy is characteristic in its wide distribution, unlimited reserves, clean collection and utilization, and zero emission of CO2. However, a large scale exploit and utilization of the solar energy is much higher than the exploit of the conventional fossil energy. Furthermore, the capture of solar energy is affected by the change of the weather, thereby being unstable and discontinuous. Therefore, how to solve the above problems becomes a hot topic in the current energy and power research field.
As an organic matter produced by the photosynthesis of plants, biomass is characteristics in its wide distribution, large amount of reserves, much cleaner than fossil energy, and zero emission of CO2. Thus, biomass is a very important renewable energy; the development and exploit of the biomass is also a hot topic in the current energy and power research field. Biomass boiler power plant using straw of crops, forest fuel wood, and wastes from wood process as a biomass fuel becomes maturely industrialized. However, the heat value of the biomass fuel at a unit volume is lower than that of the coal at the same unit volume. In order to maintain a continuous operation of the biomass boiler power plant, the biomass fuel storage field requires a large area, thereby resulting in large demands of land. Furthermore, the biomass fuel stored in the open air is prone to wet, which affects the combustion, and some kind of biomass fuel is possible to auto-ignition in wet environment. All these problems critically restrict the whole beneficial result of the biomass boiler power plant.
The solar radiation is largely affected by the weather and the cloud, and the capture of the solar radiation can be only conducted during a local time period of 8:00-17:00, the above tower type or trough type solar power generation system has adopted a special developed fast started turbine (also known as a solar turbine, which is capable of running in day time and stopping during the night, or running in sunny days and stopping in cloudy days) in order to adapt to the characteristic of the solar energy, frequently and fast start the system, and maintain a stable operation of the turbine. Compared with a conventional fossil energy adapted turbine, the solar turbine is characteristic in no demand of a long time to preheat a jigger, being provided with a large enough heat storage system, and a twice heat exchange between a heat storage medium (heat transfer oil or molten salt) and a working medium (water vapor). However, this technical scheme makes the system more complicated, and needs a higher cost. The twice heat exchange lowers the thermoelectric conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the solar turbine has a larger volume, higher cost, and lower heat efficiency due to its special material and special structure.
More particularly, the system uses the molten salt as the heat storage medium, which makes the operation of the system become more difficult. Because at a temperature lower than 260° C., the molten salt is transformed from a liquid state into a solid state; and the solid state molten salt affects the operation of the system no matter it exists in pipes or in the heat storage tank. Thus, the molten slat is required to maintain at a temperature above 260° C. for long term, which, however, is energy consuming and is very difficult to realize.
In nocturnal period during winter or long term snowy and cloudy days when the temperature falls to 0° C. below, the above solar turbine is not capable of continuous operation. Besides no beneficial results is produced; how to prevent the system from freezing is a difficult and energy consuming problem.

Wuhan Kaidi Engineering Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd.


A display device includes a light source, a light-directing element, a first lens, a microlens array, and a reflective display element. The light-directing element is adapted to project a lighting beam provided by the light source toward an incident direction. The first lens is configured to receive the lighting beam projected by the light-directing element and project the lighting beam toward the incident direction. The first lens is located between the microlens array and the light-directing element. The micro-image units of the reflective display element correspond to the microlenses of the microlens array respectively. Each micro-image unit converts the lighting beam into an sub-image beam and reflect the sub-image beam to the microlens array. Each sub-image beam is projected to the first lens by the corresponding microlens, and the sub-image beams pass through the light-directing element and transmit to an aperture to form an image beam.

The light field display device is a display device using light field display technology to produce stereoscopic images. The light field image produces a real image or a virtual image on an imaging surface through a microlens array. Therefore, the observer can see the light field image with depth feeling at a particular distance.
Generally, when people observe the objects within about 10 meters, and the monocular focuses on objects at different distances, there will be accommodation. At this time, both eyes will also rotate on the visual axis at the same time. Therefore, the objects seen by the two eyes will produce parallax and synthesize a stereoscopic image in the brain, which is called "Vergence", that is, non-conjugative movement (opposite movement) of the two eyes in opposite directions. However, the current head-mounted display provides the 2D image, which may result in a situation where the monocular focus is not matched with the binocular focus. This will cause dizziness and discomfort, and produce virtual reality vomiting, this is called vergence-accommodation conflict.
The information disclosed in this "BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION" section is only for enhancement understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, the information disclosed in this "BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION" section does not mean that one or more problems to be solved by one or more embodiments of the invention were acknowledged by a person of ordinary skill in the art.


Enforcing a plurality of different policies on a stream of packets is disclosed. In lieu of running separate algorithms for each policy, the system exploits the commonalities of all of the policies. The conditions corresponding to the compiled rules are arranged in a condition tree and processed in a pipelined architecture that allows the results of the various stages to be carried forward into subsequent stages of processing. The rules for which all conditions have been satisfied can be identified by one stage of processing in one pass of condition tree traversal and are passed to subsequent stages. A rule table corresponding to an individual policy type can then be readily examined to determine partial or complete satisfaction of the rule of that policy type, without requiring a re-examination of the conditions underlying the rule. Additionally, corresponding actions can be taken where rule satisfaction is determined. This approach allows extremely high-speed policy enforcement performance.

1. Field of the Invention
This application relates generally to policy enforcement and more particularly to efficient enforcement of multiple policies on a stream of packets.
2. Description of the Related Art
The increase of traffic and security threats on the Internet and the demand for high performance have created a need for mechanisms that enable Service Providers (SP) to provide safer, faster and more reliable networks and servers to their customers. However, current network architectures lack tools that can enable SP to provide integration of various security and performance enhancement policies along with aggregation of different customer traffic, particularly at wire speed. This has impacted them adversely in terms of customer confidence in their ability to provide a secure and reliable network infrastructure. What is therefore needed is a device that can enable the SP to better provide these capabilities. Additionally, the ability to selectively offer these services would be a potential SP revenue source.
In the past, vendors have attempted to perform the policy enforcement for IP networks through various devices. These devices can be broadly classified into the following four types of devices: standalone systems that enforce unique (fixed) policies; switches that enforce limited policies; routers that enforce a limited set of policies; and integrated policy enforcement systems.
Standalone systems are designed to enforce specific policies, typically through a rigid algorithm implemented in software or hardware. Examples are FIREWALL™ from Checkpoint Software Technologies LTD, and Internet Security Systems (ISS) intrusion detection systems. While these systems offer adequate functionality in the right environment, they are inflexible where various policies need to be introduced, and would not adequately support high-speed systems.
Switches provide the basic switching capabilities at the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model layer two. They also occasionally integrate Firewall (FW), Load Balancing (LB) or Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities. Since the switching is performed mostly through ASICs across various switching ports, it does not have capabilities to implement the deep packet inspection before making policy decisions.
Routers primarily route network packets at OSI layer three. They also have started to integrate additional IP service functionalities while routing the network traffic. However, these devices utilize the limited additionally available processing capabilities of the routing processor to make policy decisions. Their ability to make wire speed decisions is thus very limited.
Finally, there are integrated policy enforcement systems. Traditionally, vendors who have built integrated policy enforcement systems have built them by running the policy enforcement software on a general purpose computing platform integrated with their proprietary logic for packet delivery. This rigid approach generally allows the enforcement of policies in specific environments but does not offer flexibility or the capability of delivering enforcement at high speeds, for reasons similar to those found in stand-alone systems.
Thus, what is needed is a flexible policy enforcement engine that can handle multiple different sets of enforcement policies and that has an architecture that facilitates such enforcement at high speeds.

Architecture for an integrated policy enforcement system


A user device may receive an access request to access an application provided by a cellular carrier associated with the user device. The user device may use a first type of tunneling protocol to establish a connection, via an evolved packet data gateway (ePDG), to a server that provides the application; determines whether the connection is established using the first type of tunneling protocol; and use a second type of tunneling protocol to establish the connection when the connection is not established using the first type of tunneling protocol. The user device may also use the connection to access the application via the ePDG.

Some mobile phone devices can use wireless Internet connections, instead of a cellular network associated with the mobile phone devices, to access applications, such as Internet protocol (IP) multimedia subsystem (IMS) applications, of an operator of the cellular network. To access the applications of the operator, the mobile phone devices use the IP security (IPsec) tunneling protocol to establish a connection via an evolved packet data gateway (ePDG) of the cellular network. However, these mobile phone devices often establish the wireless Internet connection via firewalls that do not support the IPsec tunneling protocol. When that is the case, the mobile phone devices are unable to access the applications of the operator.

Connecting to an evolved packet data gateway


Toner contains a binder resin containing a crystalline resin having a urethane and/or urea bonding; and a colorant, wherein in a diffraction spectrum of the toner as measured by an X-ray diffraction instrument, a ratio {C/(C+A)} of an integral intensity C of the spectrum derived from the crystalline structure to an integral intensity A of the spectrum derived from the non-crystalline structure is 0.12 or greater, wherein the toner satisfies the following relation 1: T1−T2≦30° C. (Relation 1), where T1 represents the maximum endothermic peak in the first temperature rising from 0° C. to 100° C. at the temperature rising rate of 10° C./min and T2 represents the maximum exothermic peak in the first temperature falling from 100° C. to 0° C. at the temperature falling rate of 10° C./min as T1 and T2 are measured by diffraction scanning calorimetry (DSC).

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to toner and a development agent, an image forming apparatus, and a process cartridge that use the toner.
2. Background Art
Latent images formed electrically or magnetically are typically rendered visible by an electrophotographic image forming apparatus using toner (electrophotographic toner). For example, in electrophotography, electrostatic images (latent images) are formed on an image bearing member (typically a photoreceptor) and developed with toner to form visible toner images. The toner image is then transferred onto a transfer medium, typically paper, and thereafter fixed thereon. In the process in which the toner image is fixed on the transfer medium, a thermal fixing device such as a heating roller fixing system or a heating belt fixing system is generally used for better energy efficiency.
In recent years, demand for ever faster, more energy-efficient image forming apparatuses has continued to grow. Toner having excellent low-temperature fixability and providing quality images is one of the keys to satisfying such demand.
To attain toner having excellent low-temperature fixing, binder resins forming the toner are required to have low softening temperatures. However, when the softening temperature of the binder resin is low, part of the toner image easily adheres to the surface of the fixing device when fixing the image and is transferred onto the transfer medium (so-called offset, also referred to as hot offset).
In addition, the ability of the toner to withstand high temperatures also deteriorates, leading to clumping (in which the toner particles stick to each other) under high-temperature conditions in particular. Furthermore, there are other problems, such that the toner particles adhere to the inside of a development device or to carrier particles, thereby contaminating the development device or causing toner filming on the surface of the image bearing member.
To solve these problems, use of crystalline resins as the binder resins for toner is known.
Crystalline resins quickly soften at their melting points so that it is possible to lower the softening point of the toner to around its melting point while securing excellent high-temperature stability at the melting point or temperatures lower than that. Therefore, such toner can have a good combination of low-temperature fixing and high-temperature stability.
For example, JP-H04-24702-B (JP-S62-070859-A) and JP-H04-24703-B (JP-S62-070860-A) disclose toners using crystalline resins elongated from a crystalline polyester by diisocyanate as the binder resins.
These toners have excellent low-temperature fixing properties but insufficient hot offset resistance, which is not satisfactory in terms of the level of quality currently required.
In addition, JP-3910338-B1 (JP-2001-305796-A) discloses toner that uses a crystalline resin having a cross-linked structure formed by unsaturated linking containing a sulfonic acid group.
This toner can overcome hot offset in comparison with conventional toner. Further, JP-2010-77419-A discloses regulating the ratio of the softening point to the peak temperature of the melting heat and viscoelasticity to obtain an excellent combination of low-temperature fixability and high-temperature stability.
However, these toners having crystalline resins as the main component of their binder resins, although they have excellent impact resistance, also exhibit poor indentation hardness (e.g., Vickers hardness). As a consequence, due to the stirring stress in a development device, carrier and a machine are easily contaminated and toner filming on a photoreceptor tends to occur. Also, the chargeability and fluidity tend to deteriorate because of burial of an external additive.
In addition, recrystallization of toner melted on a fixing medium during heat fixing takes a time, thereby delaying recovery of the hardness of the image surface.
For this reason, a mark of the discharging roller used in the sheet discharging conducted after fixing is left on the image surface, which causes a change of the gloss or damage.
Moreover, even if the hardness of the image surface is restored by the recrystallization of the toner, the hardness is not sufficient, so that the image is still vulnerable to scratch or abrasion.
JP-3360527-B1 (JP-H09-329917-A) discloses improvement of the stress resistance of toner by regulating the durometer hardness of a crystalline resin in the toner and containing inorganic particulates in the toner. Although successful in some degree, it does not have an impact on a mark of the roller left after fixing or improve the image hardness sufficiently. In addition, the low temperature fixability is worsened by the inorganic particulates. Consequently, this improvement does not stretch the advantage of the fixability of the crystalline resin to the full.
Unlike the above-mentioned, for example, JP-3949526-B1 (JP-2004-038115-A) and JP-4513627-B1 (JP-2006-276305-A) disclose a combinational use of a crystalline resin and a non-crystalline resin instead of using a crystalline resin as the main component.
These toners compensate the defect about the hardness of crystalline resins by the non-crystalline resin but are not capable of exhibiting the power of the crystalline resin for the low temperature fixability improvement to the full.

Toner, development agent, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge


A mating guide part formed with a mating recess part that has a substantially rectangular shaped in a plan view with a first high frequency connection unit mounted therein is included, the first high frequency connection unit includes a first high frequency terminal and a square tube shaped first high frequency shield with a substantially rectangular cross section extending in the mating direction enclosing around the first high frequency terminal, the second connector includes a counterpart mating guide part that has a substantially rectangular shape in a plan view with a second high frequency connection unit mounted therein, and the second high frequency connection unit includes a second high frequency terminal and a square tube shaped second high frequency shield with a substantially rectangular cross section that extends in the mating direction enclosing around the second high frequency terminal.

Conventionally, connectors such as board to board connectors, etc., have been used to electrically connect pairs of parallel circuit boards together. Such connectors are attached to each mutually facing surface on pairs of circuit boards and mated together so as to be connected. In addition, a connector integrated with a coaxial connector for connecting a coaxial cable used to transmit high frequency signals is proposed, for example, as an antenna wire that is connected to an antenna (for example, see patent reference 1).
FIGS. 9A and 9B are perspective drawings showing a conventional connector. Note that, in the drawings, FIG. 9A is a perspective view as viewed from a mating surface side of a first connector and FIG. 9B is a perspective view as viewed from a mating surface side of a second connector.
In the drawings, 811 is a first housing of the first connector mounted on a first circuit board (not shown) and includes an insertion recess 812, with side parts 814 formed on both sides and a first end part 821 formed on both ends in the longitudinal direction of this insertion recess 812. Furthermore, each of the side parts 814 are equipped with a first line of a plurality of first terminals 861. Also, a first coaxial connector hold part 841 that holds a first coaxial connector 871 extends from one of the first end parts 821.
In addition, 911 is a second housing of the second connector mounted on a second circuit board (not shown) that extends in the longitudinal direction and includes a second end part 921 formed on both ends in the longitudinal direction. Furthermore, the second housing 911 is equipped with a second line of a plurality of second terminals 961. Also, a second coaxial connector hold part 941 that holds the second coaxial connector 971 extends from one of the second end parts 921.
Furthermore, when the first connector and second connector are mated, the second housing 911 is inserted into the insertion recess 812 and the mutually matched first terminals 861 and second terminals 961 come into contact. In addition, the first coaxial connector 871 and a second coaxial connector 971 mate and are connected. Thus, electrical conductors connected to the first terminals 861 formed on the first circuit board (not shown) and electrical conductors connected to the second terminals 961 formed on the second circuit board (not shown) mutually conduct enabling transmitting of power and signals. In addition, a coaxial cable (not shown) connected to the first coaxial connector 871 and a coaxial cable (not shown) connected to the second coaxial connector 971 mutually conduct and can transmit high frequency signals.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-185773


A digital radio broadcasting system using spread spectrum modulation transmitted from both geosynchronous satellites and terrestrial repeater stations provides multi-program audio services to mobile and fixed user receivers over a large geographical area in an ubiquitous manner.

There are requirements in large countries throughout the world to provide high audio quality, multiple program radio broadcasts. Historically radio broadcasting started with terrestrial stations using low transmission frequencies with AM (Amplitude Modulation). Due to its analog narrowband characteristics, susceptibility to interference and propagation variability, AM terrestrial stations cannot transmit high audio quality broadcasts nor, beyond a local area, provide reliable wide geographical coverage. Subsequently, terrestrial radio stations using higher transmission frequencies with FM (Frequency Modulation) were implemented. These transmit much better quality audio programs, but each terrestrial FM station provides only local geographical coverage (e.g., a 40 km radius is typical) and the signal is analog. Currently several systems which could provide high quality (e.g., compact disc) terrestrial radio broadcast on a local geographical basis using digital modulation are under technical evaluation (Broadcast Engineering Conference Proceedings; National Association of Broadcasters; April., 1996; pp. 5-26 and 115-125).
The requirement to provide high quality, multi-program radio broadcasting on a broad geographical basis (e.g., nationwide, regional or hemispherical) through use of satellites to transmit the radio programs directly to fixed, mobile and transportable receivers on the earth has been proposed (International Journal of Satellite Communications; Vol. 13, Nr. 4; July-August 1995; pp. 215-272). With the current state of art and projected advancements in satellite technology, such radio broadcasts from satellites must be within direct line of sight of the user receivers, although multiple satellites can be used to mitigate blockage and certain partial blockage, such as tree foliage and multipath. Multipath can also be mitigated by using higher satellite transmission power. However, current and projected satellites do not have the power transmission capability to penetrate modern buildings or to provide service where heavy satellite signal shadowing exists, such as in the central cores of large cities, with reliable reception of high quality multi-program audio programs. It has been estimated that such blocked or heavily shadowed transmissions would have to be at least a thousand times more powerful than a non-blocked satellite transmission (Direct Broadcast Satellite Radio; Nasser Golshan; California Institute of Technology (JPL D-9550); March 1992; pp. 13-18) and, even if this could be eventually accomplished, the cost of the extremely high powered satellites and their launch vehicles would make the service uneconomical.
A solution for providing high quality, multi-program satellite radio broadcast service available to listeners in fixed locations, such as homes and office buildings, and in automobiles moving through heavily shadowed areas is to broadcast the radio service in these particular areas of the country by associated terrestrial broadcast radio stations. This can be accomplished by having such terrestrial broadcast stations receive the satellite transmission and rebroadcast it in a different radio frequency band. Generally there are no suitable additional frequency bands available to accomplish the rebroadcast, and all mobile radio receivers would be more expensive due to the need to receive two frequency bands. It is therefore important to devise methods where the satellites and associated terrestrial broadcast stations use the same transmission frequency without interfering with each other.
A method to use the same radio frequencies for a combined satellite broadcast and terrestrial rebroadcast system has been proposed by French and Canadian organizations (Digital Audio Broadcasting Proceedings; European Broadcasting Union; June, 1992; pp. 99-109) and experimental results reported (Digital Audio Broadcasting Proceedings; Canadian Association of Broadcasters; March, 1994; pp. 206-235). The method uses a modulation called COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex), and it has been shown theoretically and by measurement (Digital Audio Broadcasting Proceedings; Canadian Association of Broadcasters; March, 1994; p. 179) that coverage gaps occur within the service area when the satellite and terrestrial signals have similar amplitudes but arrive at user receivers with a time differential greater than the system's allowable guard band interval.
The methods and apparatus of this invention use spread spectrum modulation configured to allow satellite radio broadcasting and associated terrestrial radio rebroadcasting of high quality, multi-program audio programs at the same radio frequency so that user reception is possible at all locations ubiquitously over very large geographical service areas.
In part, this invention relates to the inventions disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,278,863, issued on Jan. 11, 1994, and 5,319,673, issued on Jun. 7, 1994, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/434,228, filed in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office on May 4, 1995. By these references, these disclosures are incorporated by reference in this disclosure.

Digital radio satellite and terrestrial ubiquitous broadcasting system using spread spectrum modulation


A sensing device includes: a sensor module that includes a group of sensors, at least one of which is set as a motion sensor, and can switch an operation mode to an overall operation mode in which all of the group of sensors operate and a partial operation mode in which a part of the sensors including the at least one sensor set as the motion sensor operate; and a control unit that controls the switching of the operation mode of the sensor module on the basis of an output from the motion sensor.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a sensing device, an electronic apparatus, and the like.
2. Related Art
Some sensor module includes a sensor that detects the motion of a gyro sensor, an acceleration sensor, or the like (a motion sensor). For example, a sensor module disclosed in JP-A-2009-134071 (Patent Document 1) converts a signal from a motion sensor and outputs the signal at a predetermined interval. In this invention, an embodiment in which signal processing is performed without using a CPU to suppress power consumption is disclosed. However, the power consumption increases because other components such as a sensor, an analog front end (AFE), an AD converter (ADC) continue to operate.
In JP-A-2008-175771 (Patent Document 2), two motion sensors having different measurement ranges and equivalent functions are prepared and switched according to a situation, whereby an increase in current consumption can be suppressed. However, cost increases because the two motion sensors having the equivalent functions are prepared regardless of the fact that the motion sensors operate only exclusively.