The present invention relates to an ethylene polymerization process carried out with the aid of a catalyst system of the Ziegler-Natta type consisting essentially of titanium, halogen and magnesium. The process is performed such that the ethylene polymerization takes place in the presence of a polychlorinated saturated hydrocarbon compound. The halogenated hydrocarbon compound is used in a quantity such that the molar ratio of the halogenated hydrocarbon compound to titanium of the catalyst is in the range from 0.01 to 1.8. Preferably the halogenated hydrocarbon compound is chloroform or trichloro-1,1-ethane.

The present invention relates to an ethylene polymerization process using a Ziegler-Natta type catalyst system.
According to EP-B-192 427 it is known to produce ethylene polymers by a gas phase polymerization process carried out in two consecutive polymerization reactors. According to this process, the catalyst used can be chosen from a wide variety of catalysts. However when this process is performed using a titanium based catalyst, ethane formation was very often observed in particular in the first reactor where hydrogen content is relatively high for producing polymers having a high melt index.
According to EP-A-197 689 it is known to polymerize olefins with a vanadium based catalyst used in the presence of chloroform as a catalyst promoter.
A process has now been found for the production of ethylene polymers carried out with a Ziegler-Natta type catalyst which makes it possible to substantially reduce the formation of ethane, in particular when a polymer having a high melt index is produced from a reaction mixture having a relatively high hydrogen content.


This application discloses a shadow rendering method and apparatus, a computer device, and a storage medium, the method including: obtaining at least one rendering structure in a virtual scene according to an illumination direction in the virtual scene; obtaining model coordinates of a plurality of pixels according to a current viewing angle associated with the virtual scene and depth information of the plurality of pixels; sampling at least one shadow map according to the model coordinates of the plurality of pixels to obtain a plurality of sampling points corresponding to the plurality of pixels; and rendering the plurality of sampling points in the virtual scene to obtain at least one shadow associated with the at least one virtual object.

With the development of image rendering technologies, to simulate a more realistic three-dimensional scene, a terminal usually renders a shadow of an object in the three-dimensional scene in real time. The object may be a character or an entity.
Currently, real-time shadow rendering may be implemented by using a third-party plug-in (for example, Fast Shadow Receiver). For example, according to light source data and a baked scene mesh, a mesh of a shadow region is obtained from the scene mesh, and shadow texture is rendered on the shadow region, to obtain a scene mesh with a shadow. Usually, "ghosting" (such as interspersed terrain and decals on the ground) occurs between the shadow directly rendered by the third-party plug-in and an original three-dimensional model in a scene, and the effect of shadow rendering is poor.

Shadow rendering method and apparatus, computer device, and storage medium

TENCENT TECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) COMPANY LIMITED


An integrated circuit includes an electrically resettable fuse device. The electrically resettable fuse device has a plurality of resettable fuse modules coupled in parallel. Each resettable fuse module including a fuse element characterized by a first and a second impedance states. The plurality of resettable fuse modules are configured such that when the fuse element is in the first impedance state, and a current flowing through each fuse element in a first direction exceeds a current limit, the fuse element enters into the second impedance state. When the fuse element is in the second impedance state and, in response to a global reset signal and a local reset signal, a current is applied to the fuse element in a second direction opposite the first direction, the fuse element is reset to the first impedance state.

The present invention relates generally to electronic circuits. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to circuits and systems for an electrically resettable fuse device for integrated circuit applications.
In electronics, a fuse is a low resistance resistor that acts to provide overcurrent protection. Short circuit, overloading, mismatched loads or device failure are possible reasons for excessive current. A conventional fuse is usually a metal wire that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected, so that further damage by overheating or fire is prevented. Overcurrent protection devices are essential in electrical systems to limit threats to human life and property damage.
In integrated circuit (IC) applications, a fuse or anti-fuse device can be used to implement circuit design options. For example, a metal fuse can be cut open with a laser. In other cases, a high voltage can be used to breakdown a metal-insulator-metal structure to establish a conductive path.
Most conventional fuses for overcurrent protection are a 'one shot', non-resettable device which must be replaced once they have been activated or blown. On the other hand, conventional self-resetting fuses use a thermoplastic conductive element thermistor that impedes the circuit during an overcurrent condition by increasing device resistance. The thermistor is self-resetting in that when current is removed, the device will cool and revert to low resistance. These devices are often used in aerospace/nuclear applications where replacement is difficult, or on a computer motherboard so that a shorted mouse or keyboard does not cause motherboard damage.

Variable resistance memory cell based electrically resettable fuse device


The invention relates to a method for running communication services or a corresponding service logic in a communication system (UMTS), whereby a station (A, B) logs on to an access device (PA or PB) of the communication system (UMTS), and service-related instructions depending on a service logic relating to the station (A or B) are emitted on the network side, in a network device on the connection path between the station (A, B) and another station (B or A). The aim of the invention is to enable the service logic to be updated without having to transmit it from the station with, for example, registration data each time. To this end, the service logic relating to said station (A or B) is called by the device (PA or PB) emitting the instruction, from a service data bank (DD) in which the service logic is stored on the network side.

In communication systems, for example mobile radio networks according to the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) or UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) standard, connections between two stations or network elements that are located at a distance from each other are generally set up via a plurality of further network elements, so that the two end stations can communicate with each other.
The session initiation protocol SIP is known for signaling connections (sessions) between in particular mobile users or stations and this describes a protocol and a network infrastructure. According to this, SIP messages are routed from a source user or a first station generally via a plurality of signaling servers to a second station as the destination user. In order to be able to provide extended communication services, such as for example session forwarding, number translation, pre-paid, etc. in such a signaling environment, different approaches are under discussion, such as call processing language CPL, SIP servlets (SIP-Java programming interface), SIP CGI (common gateway interface/general SIP access interface). A service thereby generally comprises a service logic in the form of a program code and status information in the form of data. In the case of personalized services, said status information is station-specific or user-specific. When forwarding messages, the signaling servers run the service logic or execute its instructions, whereby status information is included. In this way the service logic can influence the response of the signaling server.
In such an environment problems arise due to the possibilities for distributing the service logic and status information. If a new service is launched, this information must be made available to the signaling servers involved in the running process. An obvious approach would be to install said information in a permanent manner for administrative purposes on a specific signaling server. In the case of personalized services, this would however require a user or their station always to use the same signaling server. This assumption is not practical for the following reasons:    a) in mobile radio networks users or their stations are generally mobile and can only or have to use a signaling server in their proximity, located for example in a local intranet, in a dynamic manner.    b) A signaling server may break down, whereupon the user or their station must be able to use an alternative server. The information would also have to be installed on such a server to be made additionally available.    c) A load distribution method can generally be used in mobile radio networks, to assign users or their stations to the signaling server with the smallest load out of a plurality of signaling servers.
This possibility would also not be applicable or would require the information to be installed on the plurality of signaling servers.
These problems occur in particular in systems, as for example with the multimedia subsystem architecture defined by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), according to which a signaling server from a plurality of available signaling servers is allocated to a user-side station in a dynamic manner during the registration process.
IETF proposals from the internet field (IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force), such as Java Enhanced SIP (JES) and servlet delivery (SDLI), describe methods, by means of which service logic and status information can be transported together with signaling messages. Stations or terminals "append" the service logic to messages, whereby the signaling servers extract said information and run the service logic as required. However such approaches do not resolve the above problem satisfactorily:    d) In a mobile network environment the bandwidth of the air interface is a valuable resource. It would be a waste of this resource, if a large amount of service logic and status information were transmitted from the stations into the network.    e) For security reasons many network operators also have serious misgivings about receiving and running just any service logic from user-side stations. This could have an adverse effect on the stability of the network.    f) Also status information changes, which may result from the running of a service, cannot be stored permanently. This would be necessary however, if this changed status information were required for the repeat running of a service.    g) It should be possible to run many services without involving an end station, e.g. call forwarding when the station is not available.

Method and network device for running especially personalized communication services in a communication system


A method, system, and/or computer program product enables the secure debugging of a software application. A server receives a secure software application from a client. The secure application is designed to execute within the server, and access to data used by the secure software application is protected by a security object, which allows a processor within the server to access the data used by the secure software application without permitting data to exit unprotected from the processor. The server also receives a secure sidecar debugging application from the client. The secure sidecar debugging application is designed to debug the secure application, but cannot be used by the server. If there is an error in execution of the secure software application within the server, the server transmits the secure software application to the client, where it is debugged using the secure sidecar debugging application.

The present disclosure relates to the field of computers, and specifically to computers on a network. Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to debugging computer applications by a computer on a network.
Computer networks often include a server computer and one or more client computers. The server computer often handles operations on behalf of the client computer, such as executing applications, providing memory and computing resources, etc. Such operations performed by the server often require a high level of trust between the client and the server, which may or may not be warranted, particularly during debugging operations, due to insecure connections between the server and client, distrust of who is able to access the server, etc.

International Business Machines Corporation


Lubricating oil compositions comprising a base oil and a halogen containing ester of phosphoric acid having a specified structure in an amount in the range of from 0.01 to 5 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the base oil, and lubricating oil compositions further comprising an epoxy compound in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the base oil.

a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to compositions useful as lubricating oil.
b) Description of the Related Art
With respect to the applicational field of the lubricating oil compositions, the recent technical situation and the technical subject which is required to solve, will firstly be described.
Various types of refrigerating machines have heretofore been used. In these refrigerating machines, refrigerating machines which are effected by compressing the vapor of a refrigerant are classified into three types composed of rotary compressor type, reciprocating compressor type and centrifugal compressor type, in accordance with structural type of their compressors.
The rotary refrigerating machines, namely refrigerating machines having a rotary compressor, are widely employed to refrigerators, air conditioners and the like for home use, because they have such a meritorious property that they can be miniaturized and driven with a highly reduced noise.
On the other hand, the reciprocative refrigerating machines are also widely employed as refrigerating machines for car air conditioners and the like, because they can be made as a big one having a large refrigerating capacity and have high mechanical reliability.
As the refrigerants for the refrigerating machines having a type of compressing the vapor of the refrigerant, there are widely used halogenated hydrocarbons typified by trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), monochlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) or the like, hydrocarbons, in which propane is a typical substance, and inorganic gases typified by ammonia, carbon dioxide or the like.
In addition, it has recently been known that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) is also useful as a refrigerant alternative to CFC-12, for avoiding the destruction of the ozone layer in the high altitude atmosphere due to the conventional refrigerants of CFC type.
As lubricating oils for the refrigerating machines using such refrigerants, there are generally used paraffinic mineral oils, naphthenic mineral oils, alkylbenzenes, poly-.alpha.-olefines, oils consisting of polyoxyalkylene and/or polyalkylene glycol compounds and a mixture of two or more of these oils, or oils obtained by adding one or more additives to these base oils.
As such additives, there are mainly used antioxidants of phenolic or amino compounds, compounds of benzotriazole type for inactivating metals (Japanese Patent Publication 19352/1985), hydrogen chloride removing agents typified by epoxy compounds (Japanese Patent Publication 42119/1982), load carrying additives of esterified compounds of phosphoric acid typified by triphenyl phosphate and tricresyl phosphate.
The refrigerating machines which are effected by compressing the vapor of the refrigerant under the use of such a lubricating oil, are continuously operated for a very long period of time as refrigerating machines in refrigerators, or are intermittently operated under rigorous conditions as refrigerating machines in car air conditioners accompanied by a high load and the repeated and sudden changes between their stopped state and operated state. Therefore, they must have a high grade safety and reliability in their operations.
According to the recently strengthened tendency of demanding the miniaturization and lightening with regard to almost every kinds of machines, the refrigerating machine have also been forced so as to operate under more rigorous conditions caused by its miniaturized and lightened design.
As a matter of course, the wear resistant properties of the metal portions contacting and sliding each other in such refrigerating machines are very important. For example, when the top ends of the vanes of the rotor or the inner surface of the compressor housing in a rotary compressor are worn, the vapor of the refrigerant leaks through the gap generated between the vane and the housing by the abrasion, and as the result, the compression efficiency of the compressor is reduced. Moreover, when the wear proceeded to an extreme state, the compressor can not continue its mechanically smooth operation, and finaly it becomes entirely impossible to operate by the reason of co-searing phenomenon of the metal portions to be smoothly slided each other.
Conventional lubricating oils become insufficient for giving enough wear resistant properties to the sliding metal portions of the compressor which is designed in accordance with the recent tendency of miniaturizing and lightening the refrigerating machines and is driven under more rigorous operating conditions than those of conventional one.
Additionally, with regard to the lubricating oils for metal processing which is an important application field of lubricating oils, although esters of phosphorous acid which have heretofore been used as extreme pressure agents can increase the lubricational properties of the metal processing oil, the esters have problems in their stabilities such as storage stability, thermal stability and stability for hydrolysis. The shortage in these stabilities can be improved by adding an amine compound to the oil. However, the lubricational properties of the metal processing oil is inversely reduced by the addition of such an amine compound.
Further, phosphate esters and zinc dithiophosphate as the alternatives of the esters of phosphorous acid are excellent in the stabilities, however such alternatives can not give any satisfactory metal processing oil having sufficient lubricational properties.


A system and method for enhancing media access control (MAC) address privacy in a multi-hop wireless network, comprising providing at least one node which generates a temporary MAC address for itself for use in the network by at least one other node, and which ensures that the temporary MAC address is unique among other nodes in the network prior to using the temporary MAC address.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for enhancing media access control (MAC) address privacy in a multi-hop wireless network, comprising providing at least one node which generates a temporary MAC address for itself for use in the network by at least one other node, and which ensures that the temporary MAC address is unique among other nodes in the network prior to using the temporary MAC address.
2. Description of the Related Art
Wireless communication networks, such as mobile wireless telephone networks, have become increasingly prevalent over the past decade. These wireless communications networks are commonly referred to as "cellular networks", because the network infrastructure is arranged to divide the service area into a plurality of regions called "cells". A terrestrial cellular network includes a plurality of interconnected base stations, or base nodes, that are distributed geographically at designated locations throughout the service area. Each base node includes one or more transceivers that are capable of transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals, such as radio frequency (RF) communications signals, to and from mobile user nodes, such as wireless telephones, located within the coverage area. The communications signals include, for example, voice data that has been modulated according to a desired modulation technique and transmitted as data packets. As can be appreciated by one skilled in the art, network nodes transmit and receive data packet communications in a multiplexed format, such as time-division multiple access (TDMA) format, code-division multiple access (CDMA) format, or frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) format, which enables a single transceiver at a first node to communicate simultaneously with several other nodes in its coverage area.
In recent years, a type of mobile communications network known as an "ad-hoc" network has been developed. In this type of network, each mobile node is capable of operating as a base station or router for the other mobile nodes, thus eliminating the need for a fixed infrastructure of base stations.
More sophisticated ad-hoc networks are also being developed which, in addition to enabling mobile nodes to communicate with each other as in conventional ad-hoc networks, further enable the mobile nodes to access a fixed network and thus communicate with other types of user terminals, such as those on the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and on other networks such as the Internet. Details of these advanced types of ad-hoc networks are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,072,650 entitled "Ad Hoc Peer-to-Peer Mobile Radio Access System Interfaced to the PSTN and Cellular Networks", issued on Jul. 4, 2006, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,807,165 entitled "Time Division Protocol for an Ad-Hoc, Peer-to-Peer Radio Network Having Coordinating Channel Access to Shared Parallel Data Channels with Separate Reservation Channel", issued on Oct. 19, 2004, and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,873,839 entitled "Prioritized-Routing for an Ad-Hoc, Peer-to-Peer, Mobile Radio Access System", issued on Mar. 29, 2005, the entire content of each being incorporated herein by reference.
As the deployment of the wireless networks grows rapidly, the issue of identity privacy for the wireless users is becoming one of the major concerns in the context of wireless security. Currently, fixed Media Access Control (MAC) address identifiers for user mobile devices or nodes cannot be hidden with ease from eavesdroppers and other users in a wireless network, due to the fact that fixed MAC address identifiers cannot be adequately encrypted in the current security design. Consequently, if a mobile host sends packets from several locations, an eavesdropper might be able to track that node even if other packet security measures have been used.
In Universal Mobile Telephone Standard (UMTS) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular telephone networks, a mechanism for user identity confidentiality has been used in which a user is normally identified by a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI). In this mechanism, a TMSI is assigned by a Visited Location Register (VLR), which is located at the base station. The TMSI, in this regard, has local significance only in the location or routing area in which the user is registered, and the VLR will maintain a mapping between TMSI and user's permanent International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
A need remains, however, for mechanisms and schemes for MAC address privacy within infrastructure-based multi-hop ad-hoc wireless networks. The present invention provides such a scheme.

Scheme for MAC address privacy in infrastructure-based multi-hop wireless networks


A computer system provides a wireless audio signal transmitter module which is capable of transmitting audio signal wirelessly from a host computer to at least one remote wireless signal receiver. The wireless audio signal transmitter module is connected to a sound effect interface for receiving audio signal from the computer. The audio signal is processed, modulated, and then transmitted out by an antenna. The wireless signal is received and processed by the audio signal receiver located within an effective transmission distance. The signal is then transmitted to a user via a microphone.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to audio signal receiving and transmission of a computer system, and in particular to a computer system with a wireless audio signal transmitter module capable of transmitting audio signals between a host computer and at least one wireless signal receiver in a wireless manner.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Computers are widely used in a variety of applications, such as industry, business, office, education and household applications. A multi-media computer system comprises a host computer to which audio/video processing means is coupled for handling audio and video signals. The audio and video signals processed in the host computer are broadcast and displayed by means of speakers and image displays.
Conventionally, a speaker is connected by a cable plugged to the host computer. Generally, a speaker broadcasts music openly. In other words, the sound or music from a speaker is transmitted and spread out to every corner. It is understandable that broadcasting is not appropriate or allowed in some environment for example in an Office. Also, in some situation, the user has to turn the volume low to avoid disturbing the others, for instance, when at midnight or someone is studying or working in the room. His pleasure of enjoying the music or movie is restricted and affected.
Alternatively, an earphone may be connected to the host computer for transmitting the music or sound signals from the host computer to a user's ears. Thereby, the user can listen to his favorite music transmitted to the earphone and would not disturb other people in the room or cause noise pollution.
Currently, most computers or notebook computers are equipped with wired earphone. When a user uses an earphone, he is restricted to move within a small area limited by the length of the cable. If he moves to a distance larger than the length of the cable, the cable of earphone may be pulled or the earphone may be plugged off. Moreover, the user has to be very careful to avoid winding of stuffs around the user by the cable. It causes inconveniences to the user, especially when the user is watching a television. He has to sit still in front of the computer and cannot follow the music rhythm and dance. Otherwise, he has to move to another place that allows him to broadcast the music by speakers. Also, when he is watching a movie and if he wants to take anything far away e.g. a drink from the kitchen or if he wants to go to the toilet, he has to put off his earphone.
Thus, the present invention is aimed to provide a wireless audio signal transmission to overcome the above problems.

Computer system with wireless audio signal transmitter module


A method and apparatus providing an imager with shared power supply and readout lines. A pixel array has a plurality of pixels arranged in rows and columns. Each column of the array comprises a column line coupled to receive pixel signals from the pixels in the column and selectively operated to provide a supply voltage to at least one pixel in a different column.

Many portable electronic devices, such as cameras, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), MP3 players, computers, and other devices include an imaging device for capturing images. One example of an imaging device is a CMOS imaging device. A CMOS imaging device includes a focal plane array of pixels, each one of the pixels including a photosensor, for example, a photogate, photoconductor or a photodiode overlying a substrate for accumulating photo-generated charge in the underlying portion of the substrate. Each pixel has a readout circuit that includes at least an output transistor and a charge storage region connected to the gate of the output transistor. The charge storage region may be constructed as a floating diffusion region. Each pixel may include at least one electronic device such as a transistor for transferring charge from the photosensor to the storage region, one device, also typically a transistor, for resetting the storage region to a predetermined charge level prior to charge transference, and a row select transistor for selectively connecting the pixel to a column line.
In a CMOS imaging device, the active elements of a pixel perform the necessary functions of: (1) photon to charge conversion; (2) accumulation of image charge; (3) resetting the storage region to a known state; (4) transfer of charge to the storage region accompanied by charge amplification; (5) selection of a pixel for readout; and (6) output and amplification of a signal representing a reset level and pixel charge. Photo charge may be amplified when it moves from the initial charge accumulation region to the storage region. The charge at the storage region is typically converted to a pixel output voltage by a source follower output transistor.
In general, CMOS imaging devices require some minimum number of horizontal and vertical lines per pixel for providing control signals, biasing and readout of the pixels. The number of horizontal and vertical lines per pixel running across the pixel array determines the size of the opening over the photosensor and thus, significantly affects fill factor and quantum efficiency.
FIG. 1 shows one column of a typical pixel array 11 as is known in the art. The pixel array 11 contains pixels 50 that are coupled to two vertically routed, conductive/metal lines: column line 45 and array pixel voltage supply line 44. A sample and hold circuit 46 is coupled to the column line 45 for receiving and holding output signals from selected pixels, usually pixel row by pixel row.
FIG. 2 shows the configuration of a typical four transistor pixel 50. The pixel 50 includes a photosensor 52 (e.g., photodiode), transfer transistor 54, and readout circuit 51. The readout circuit 51 includes a storage node configured as a floating diffusion region FD, reset transistor 56, source follower transistor 58 and row select transistor 60. The photosensor 52 is connected to the floating diffusion region FD by the transfer transistor 54 when the transfer transistor 54 is activated when the transfer select line 53 carries a transfer select signal TX. The reset transistor 56 is connected between the floating diffusion region FD and the array pixel voltage supply line 44 supplying the array pixel supply voltage Vaapix. A reset select signal RST supplied over a reset select line 57 is used to activate the reset transistor 56, which resets the floating diffusion region FD to a known state (e.g., Vaapix) as is known in the art.
The source follower transistor 58 has its gate connected to the floating diffusion region FD and is connected between the array pixel voltage supply line 44 and the row select transistor 60. The source follower transistor 58 converts the charge stored at the floating diffusion region FD into an electrical output signal. The row select transistor 60 is controllable by a row select signal ROW, supplied over a row select line 61, for selectively outputting the output signal OUT from the source follower transistor 58 to the sample and hold circuit 46 via the column line 45. For each pixel 50, two output signals are conventionally generated, one being a reset signal Vrst generated after the floating diffusion region FD is reset, the other being an image or photo signal Vsig generated after charges are transferred from the photosensor 52 to the floating diffusion region FD. The reset signal Vrst is selectively stored in the sample and hold circuit 46 when the reset sample and hold select signal SHR is pulsed. The pixel signal Vsig is selectively stored in the sample and hold circuit 46 when the pixel sample and hold select signal SHS is pulsed. Thus, the pixel 50 has two vertical conductive/metal lines that run through each column of the array: array pixel voltage supply line 44 and column line 45, and three horizontal conductive/metal lines that run through each row of the array: transfer select line 53, reset select line 57 and row select line 61.
To increase fill factor, it is often desirable for pixels to share horizontal and/or vertical lines. One known method of sharing vertical lines is for two or more pixels in different columns to share the same column line. Another known method has pixels in adjacent columns sharing the array pixel voltage supply line. Both of these approaches increase fill factor and quantum efficiency compared to the conventional pixel array 11 shown in FIG. 1. As the total pixel area continues to decrease due to desired scaling, however, it becomes increasingly important to create imaging devices with fewer metal lines running through the pixel array area to further increase quantum efficiency and fill factor.

Method and apparatus providing an imager with a shared power supply and readout line for pixels


A filter unit that minimizes the exposure of patients to pathogens found in the dental unit water supply lines (DUWL) while promoting frequent replacement of DUWL filters by providing a disposable microfiltration filter that is easily replaced at low cost. A disk or membrane type filter is placed in an autoclavable filter unit that attaches to the handle of an existing design dental instrument such that the form and function of the dental instrument are not adversely affected. The filter unit, which fits in-line between the dental instrument and the DUWL, includes two portions that are detachably connected by an annular sleeve. When connected, a recess between the portions forms a recess that holds a microfiltration disk filter for filtering water that flows through the dental instrument before it reaches a patient's mouth. The filter unit is easily sterilized after the disk filter is removed. The filter unit is readily adapted to fit standard dental instruments without adversely increasing the size, shape, or weight of the dental instrument.

Dentists often use instruments, such as handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, or syringes, that deliver water and air into a patient's mouth during the course of a dental procedure. A pressing concern in the use of such instruments is the risk of infection created by disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) which build up over the course of time in both the dental unit water line (DUWL) that supplies the instrument and in the tips of the instruments themselves. The DUWL typically extends from the dental instrument to a water source originating either from the municipal water supply or from bottled supplies within the dentist's office. Contamination is particularly promoted within DUWL's because the water in these lines is frequently stagnant since the water flows only when the instrument is in use. There are two principal sources of instrument contamination. The first source of contamination is the pathogens found in the water supply that attach themselves to the walls of the DUWL's. The second source of contamination is the pathogens that are sucked into the instrument and DUWL due to backflow from the patient's mouth (the point of use).
The way in which DUWL's become contaminated is well-known. Basic principles of fluid mechanics dictate that zones of stagnation form around the perimeter of a DUWL. These zones exist because the velocity of flowing water is zero at the walls of the tube. In the absence of agitation, microorganisms breed and flourish in the form of thin biofilms. Found among these organisms are pathogens such as legionella, pseudomonas, and mycobacteria. Biofilms occasionally break off from the walls of the DUWL and float downstream into a patient's mouth, greatly increasing the risk of infection. Backflow is another significant source of pathogens. Backflow occurs when some of an infected patient's fluids are sucked into the tip of the instrument, eventually contaminating the entire instrument. The risk of pathogen transmission and infection becomes especially significant when immuno-compromised patients, such as HIV-positive victims and cancer victims, are exposed to water from the DUWL.
Conventional methods of sterilization fail to prevent the breeding and growth of pathogens in DUWL's. Simple liquid flushing does not solve the problem, as the biofilms are generally unaffected by flowing liquid. Likewise, flushing with biocide or other decontaminant is ineffective as many organisms are resistant to these chemical treatments. Finally, use of purified water sources to minimize the contaminants in the entering water flow is not a viable solution because pathogens multiply rapidly once the seal on the water supply is opened.
Autoclaving is the most effective method of contaminant control. Although the instrument or instrument head usually is detachable and therefore suitable for autoclaving, the DUWL's generally are not detachable and are too long and unwieldy to be autoclaved. In addition, DUWL's usually are not designed to withstand this sort of treatment.
Several attempts at filtering water flowing via the DUWL through the instrument have proven cumbersome and economically inefficient.
In Hansen, U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,159, a disposable cartridge filter is disclosed which uses activated charcoal in the filter. This material is ill-suited for filtering the water in the DUWL because the pore size of activated charcoal is too large to effectively filter out pathogens.
In Johnston, et. al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,004, the filter is not placed in the handle and the DUWL must be cut in order to install a new filter. These limitations are likely to make the instrument cumbersome for a dentist to use and time-consuming to replace. Due to the position of the filter, it does not solve the backflow problem without the use of a separate check-valve or the chemical disinfection of the DUWL between patients, thus adding cost and complexity to its use.
In Dalrymple, et. al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,451, a series of air/water filter housings are disclosed. However, the filtering mechanisms entail a multivalent iodine resin/halogen scavenging system. The cost of this scheme precludes frequent replacement and disposal of the filter cartridges. In addition, several of the preferred water treatment embodiments require a filter manifold approximately two inches in length which makes the dental instrument unwieldy. This unwieldiness undercuts the purpose of dental instruments designed for easy manipulation within a patient's mouth. This approach also introduces chemicals into the water which is delivered to the patient's mouth.
In Wolf, et. al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,279, the filter is based on a chemical method of decontamination, thus making the filters more expensive and not amenable to frequent disposal. As in Dalrymple, this approach also introduces chemicals into the water which is delivered to the patient's mouth.
Finally, in Kinsel, U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,025, the filter is placed very close to the at the tip of the instrument, in close proximity to the point of use. While this is beneficial for decontamination purposes, it can make the instrument unwieldy due to the location of the filter housing. In addition, the proposed filter design is not suitable for the actual physical orientation of liquid and air tubes in a DUWL. This approach requires the entire filter and housing to be disposed of when changing filters, thus adding to cost. Also, while Kinsel's filter arrangement might be suitable for a dental syringe, it might not be suitable for a handpiece due to the greater volume of water required to cool a handpiece.
The presence and potential harm of pathogens in DUWL's and dental instruments are well-documented and the American Dental Association has called for a solution.

In-line filter system for dental instruments


The inventive process scheme and its various embodiments described herein will comprise filtering a selenium containing water by reverse osmosis or nanofiltration to produce a primary permeate stream at least meeting the water stream effluent discharge requirements of the location and a concentrate stream containing the removed selenium and other species, a RO or NF concentrate treatment specific to the case which will treat and reduce the selenium content of the concentrate, optionally in conjunction with a sulfate removal process, and result in a highly concentrated sludge or other output, and a selenium depleted aqueous overflow stream, a portion of which will be combined with the primary permeate stream so that the selenium content of the combined stream does not exceed the local requirement, and the reminder of the selenium depleted aqueous overflow stream will be returned to be combined with the selenium containing water entering the inlet of the primary reverse osmosis treatment.

While selenium is an essential element for animals, toxicity may occur with as little as 5 mg/kg. Exposure to toxic levels manifests in birds and fish as embryo mortality and deformities, and poor post hatching survival. Selenium in the environment of these species may result from mining operations, for example, discharge from tailings impoundments, run-off from waste rock piles, discharge from fly ash ponds at fossil fuel combustion plants, or from impoundments or run-off from large scale agricultural irrigation.
Regulatory guidelines for the concentration level in North America for selenium discharge requirements are presently low and can be expected to trend lower. The USEPA has set the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) and the Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) in drinking water for selenium at 0.05 mg/L. EPA has found selenium to potentially cause the following health effects when people are exposed to it at levels above the MCL for relatively short periods of time; hair and fingernail changes; damage to the peripheral nervous system; fatigue and irritability.
To meet future requirements, industrial and other discharging entities should plan on requirements of the order of 1-5 μg/L (ppb). Selenium discharges at this level are challenging because selenium exists in a variety of different forms, is usually at a dilute concentration, and treatment results in a concentrated residual which has to be disposed of without re-release of selenium.
The need for selenium removal or reduction technology has generated many approaches to this problem. These can be separated into four categories, each with their strengths and weaknesses. Practitioners desiring to select a technology will find that they face two daunting problems; the difference in effectiveness exhibited by the technologies on different selenium ion forms, selenate (Se+6 or SeVI) and selenite (Se+4 or SeIV), and other organocomplexes, such as selenocyanate, and the deleterious effect of other ions, particularly sulfate ions on the various technologies.
1. Standard Desalting Techniques                The use of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) to remove selenium from water has been reported. Nanofiltration can remove selenate, but is less effective against selenite. Reverse osmosis is reported able to remove selenate and selenite to less than about 5 μg/L at full scale.        Ion exchange (IX) can remove selenate but is less effective for selenite. Sulfate which has almost equivalent ion exchange affinity decreases the effectiveness of IX for selenate. It has been reported that arsenic removal media, such as DOW Adsorbsia™ removes selenite, but not selenate.
2. Adsorption Techniques                Ferrihydrite (ferric oxyhydroxide mineral) precipitation, which may be used as a co-precipitate with ferric salts, effectively removes selenite, Se(IV) at pH<˜8, but is not effective for selenate, Se(VI). Reduction of Se(VI) prior to adsorption is required. The presence of other aqueous species in the solution may influence the removal of Se(IV)        Activated alumina adsorbs selenite at pH levels between 3-8. Aqueous silica adsorbs in preference to selenite at pH 7 but is no problem at pH 4, but selenate adsorption by alumina is poor. Selenate adsorption drops off rapidly with increasing pH and is less than 50% at pH 7. Sulfate and carbonate adsorption significantly interferes with selenate adsorption.
3. Microbiological Processes                These are specific for selenate. The reaction residence time is hours, necessitating retention of large volumes of water or wastewater being treated in bioreactors. Nitrates and sulfates reduce effectiveness of this technique and must be removed or mitigated.        U.S. Pat. No. 4,519,913 describes a microbiological process that reduces the concentration of selenium ions in a waste solution by passing said waste solution through a treatment zone containing a porous matrix on which are retained populations of at least one bacteria of the genus Clostridium under anaerobic conditions, said bacteria being capable of metabolically reducing said selenium ions to water insoluble selenium metal. The water insoluble selenium metal resulting from this metabolic reduction is retained on the porous matrix and the resulting aqueous effluent has a lower water soluble selenium ion concentration.        U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,357 describes a method of removing dissolved hexavalent selenium from water by treating the selenium-containing water in a reactor containing microbial biomass and a nutrient for the biomass, substantially in the absence of free oxygen, to cause at least part of the selenium to be captured by particles having a size of 0.1 micron or greater; and passing the discharge from the reactor through a filter in order to filter out particles which captured the selenium. This method is suited for removing dissolved hexavalent selenium from water which contains a higher weight concentration of nitrate than of hexavalent selenium (measured as selenium). In such a process, the concentration of nitrate in the water is lowered to 5 mg/l or below, typically 2 mg/l or less.        In U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,831 a process for removing oxyanions of selenium by selenate respiring microorganisms may be obtained by reducing the nitrate concentration well below 1 mM. In this process, the required lowering of the nitrate concentration in selenium- and nitrate-containing waste water may be accomplished by employing a nitrate utilizing biomass under aerobic conditions in a first treatment zone to remove nitrate followed by a second treatment zone where an anaerobic microbiological reaction using selenate respiring microorganisms to affect the biological reduction of oxyanions of selenium to elemental selenium.
4. Chemical Reduction Processes                These processes reduce selenate to selenite or selenium, and flocculate and co-precipitate the selenium ions or metal for collection and disposal. Ferrous, aluminum and zinc salts are used with ferrous salts being the most common. Iron metal is used sometimes with copper catalyst to reduce selenium ions to selenium metal which precipitates on the iron or as an insoluble iron selenite with ferric hydroxide formed by simultaneous oxidation.        U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,464 describes a method to substantially reduce the concentration of selenium ions in the selenate oxidation state in an aqueous solution by contacting the aqueous solution with metallic iron. The metal iron reduces selenium ions in the Se(VI) oxidation state to at least the Se(IV) oxidation state, and the metallic iron is oxidized and hydrolyzed to form a ferric hydroxide precipitate. The inventors of '464 believe that the selenium is either precipitated on the iron by a cementation process or precipitated on the ferric hydroxide by adsorption of the reduced selenite ions upon the surface of the precipitate to form an insoluble iron selenite.        U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,264 uses ferrous hydroxide at pH's between 8 and 10, preferably at about pH 9. Under these conditions, ferrous hydroxide reduces the selenium ions in an aqueous solution to elemental selenium and is itself oxidized to ferric oxides which are highly magnetic (magnetite and maghemite). The elemental selenium particles remain within the particles of the iron oxides and are collected and removed from the solution by magnetic means.        In U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,667 selenium is removed from selenium-containing water in a two stage process. The water is first cooled to approximately 80 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit and fed to a continuously stirred tank reactor where it is mixed with an aqueous solution of ferric sulfate or other soluble ferric salt to reduce the pH of the water and to produce a precipitate consisting of ferric hydroxide and ferric oxyhydroxide. In a second continuously stirred tank reactor, the treated water is mixed with an aqueous permanganate solution, causing the oxidation of the selenium to selenite and forming a manganese dioxide precipitate. The selenite is adsorbed on both the manganese dioxide and the ferric hydroxide, and is removed with them by centrifugation.
The Selenium Workgroup of The North American Metals Council (http://www.namc.org/selenium.html) has published a report (http://namc.org/docs/00062756.PDF) which extensively reviews the present state of selenium removal technology. They state;
"While the physical, chemical and biological treatment technologies have the potential to remove selenium, there are few technologies that have successfully and/or consistently removed selenium in water to less than 5 μg/L at any scale. There are still fewer technologies that have been demonstrated at full scale to remove selenium to less than 5 μg/L, or have been in full scale operation for sufficient time to determine the long-term feasibility of the selenium removal technology. No single technology has been demonstrated at full scale to cost-effectively remove selenium to 5 μg/L for waters associated with all sectors. Therefore, performance of the technology must be demonstrated on a case specific basis."
The inventors have realized that to economically and efficiently meet selenium removal requirements for the various cases that will arise will require a flexibly designed and integrated process scheme. The inventors describe herein a process that will treat and recycle the input selenium containing water stream, discharging the major part of input selenium containing water as treated water that meets the local requirements for release. Local requirement means the discharge concentration set by one or more local, state or federal governmental agencies, or requirements of downstream processes to which the discharge is sent.

Integrated selenium removal system for waste water


A controller for a vehicle fuel pump electric motor is connected to one or more vehicle sensors for sensing fuel flow demand and pulse width modulating the motor to control the speed. A fuel demand sensor and a triangle generator are connected to a summing controller for generating a pulse width modulated control signal to a driver. The driver has a pair of outputs for generating a pair of complementary pulse width modulated switch signals to a pair of switches whereby the switches are switched on and off alternately. One of the switches is connected in series between a power supply and the motor armature and the other switch is connected across the armature. A crash sensor, such as an inertia switch, is connected to the summing controller for terminating pulse width modulation in the event of a crash. The switch connected across the armature can be turned on to short circuit the armature and quickly stop the motor in the event of a crash.

The present invention relates generally to an apparatus for controlling a vehicle fuel pump and, in particular, to a vehicle fuel pump controller responsive to sensed vehicle conditions such as fuel demand.
As electrical and electronics components are added to vehicles, the increased electrical load is taxing the design limits of the vehicle electrical systems. Furthermore, federal and state legislation has mandated standards for reduced fuel vapor loss and fuel consumption in vehicles. Thus, automotive electrical system designers are searching for ways to increase the efficiency of the electrical components of the vehicles thereby reducing the power requirements.
The electric fuel pump consumes a relatively large amount of power from the vehicle electrical system. In order to assure a sufficiently high fuel pressure and fuel flow at the fuel injectors, fuel pumps currently used in vehicles are designed to produce a relatively constant fifty to one hundred pounds per square inch pressure with a return line and a pressure regulator to return the excess fuel to the fuel tank. Such a fuel system has two undesirable effects. One is that the returned fuel has passed through the hot environment of the engine compartment and, therefore, this heating effect increases the vapor generation in the fuel tank. The second effect is that the fuel pump consumes a relatively large amount of power, for example one hundred watts, constantly even though such full power is required only for a short time periods during start up and high rates of acceleration of the vehicle.

Apparatus for controlling a vehicle fuel pump


Disclosed is a process for preparing biodiesel from renewable oil and fat catalyzed by lipase with online dehydration. The method uses a short chain alcohol ROH as an acyl-acceptor, and utilizes a lipase as the catalyst to catalyze transesterification reaction of oil and fat feedstock with said short chain alcohol, so as to synthesize biodiesel; and online dehydration with a membrane or a molecular sieve is carried out during the whole process or part of the reaction process. Such online dehydration process greatly simplifies the operation procedure, and provides good economic and environmental benefits.

Biodiesel, which is new prospect in oil and fat industry, are long-chain fatty acid ester substances generated by transesterification reaction of biological oil and fat feedstock. It is a novel renewable energy resource without pollution, and is referred to as biodiesel. The combustion properties of it are comparable to the traditional petroleum diesel. Since the harmful substances in the exhaust emitted from an engine in which biodiesel is combusted is 50% reduced when compared to traditional petroleum diesel, extensive attention has recently been drawn to the investigations and applications of biodiesel.
Currently, biodiesel is primarily produced by chemical processes, i.e. using animal/plant oil and fat together with some low carbon alcohols (methanol or ethanol) to conduct transesterification reaction under the catalysis of acidic or alkaline catalysts, so as to generate corresponding fatty acid methyl ester or ethyl ester. There exist the following inevitable disadvantages when using chemical processes to prepare biodiesel: (1) the free fatty acids and water in the oil and fat feedstock severely affect the progression of the reaction; (2) the poor solubility of methanol in oil and fat would easily result in the formation of emulsion, such that the subsequent processing procedure will become complicated; and (3) the amount of methanol used according to the requirements of the process greatly exceeds the molar ratio of the reaction, and the recovery of the excess methanol increases the energy consumption during the process.
A process using a biological enzyme for synthesizing biodiesel has the following advantages: mild reaction conditions, no pollutant emitted, and broad applicability for various oil and fat feedstock. Such process is in accordance with the green chemistry trend, and thus is getting increasing attention. However, in conventional lipase-catalyzing processes of converting oil and fat feedstock for the preparation of biodiesel, when the water content in the oil and fat feedstock is greater than 0.5% (based on the weight of the oil), the acid value of the biodiesel product after the reaction is generally higher than 0.5 mg KOH per gram of oil. This does not fulfill the acid value standard required for China and International biodiesel quality, and thus subsequent processing procedure involving complicated alkaline neutralization is required afterwards. Such subsequent processing procedure using alkaline neutralization to decrease the acid value affects the yield of the product, and brings about pollution problems.

Process for preparing biodiesel from renewable oil and fat catalyzed by lipase with online dehydration


A light deflector is disclosed that includes a movable mirror serving as a deflector supported by a rotary shaft and configured to deflect a light beam emitted from a light source and scan an area to be scanned; a rotation part configured to cause the movable mirror to vibrate in a reciprocating manner by periodically applying a rotational torque to the movable mirror; a driving circuit configured to control the rotation part; a circuit board having the driving circuit provided thereon, the circuit board being configured to support the movable mirror as a unit; a contact plane contacting the circuit board in a plane perpendicular to the rotary shaft of the movable mirror; and a positioning part configured to determine the position of the rotary shaft in the contact plane.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light deflector, an optical scanner, and an image forming apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In optical scanners used in conventional electrophotographic image forming apparatuses, polygon mirrors or galvanometer mirrors are used as light deflectors for light beam scanning. In order to achieve higher image resolution and perform printing at higher speed, these mirrors should be rotated at higher speed. However, there is a limit to an increase in the rotational speed of the mirror (scanning speed) for reasons such as bearing durability, heat generation due to windage, and noise.
On the other hand, recently, studies have been made of a light deflector using silicon micromachining. For example, Japanese Patent Nos. 2924200 and 3011144 disclose techniques for forming a vibrating mirror and torsion beams, serving as a shaft to support the vibrating mirror, as a unitary structure using a Si substrate.
According to these techniques, it is possible to miniaturize a mirror surface, and resonance is employed to cause the mirror to vibrate back and forth or in a reciprocating manner. Therefore, these techniques have the advantage of enabling high-speed operation with low noise and low power consumption. Further, since the mass of a movable part is reduced, it is also possible to keep banding due to vibration at low level.
Japanese Patent Nos. 3445691 and 3543473 disclose employment of a vibrating mirror in place of a polygon mirror.
However, in order to configure an optical scanner supporting a "tandem system" according to which a color image is formed by superposing images of different colors recorded on corresponding photosensitive body drums using vibrating mirrors, a vibrating mirror is required for each image forming station.
Further, each vibrating mirror is driven independently. Therefore, a difference in resonant frequency results in non-uniformity of the scan line pitch, so that the degree of misregistration of scan lines gradually increases between the start and the end of writing in the sub scanning direction. Further, if the vibrating mirrors are different in vibration center, the magnification in the area along the main scanning direction, that is, the dot distance, varies to cause misregistration or uneven density among superposed color images. This causes color misregistration or color change, thus degrading image quality.
Conventionally, in optical scanners using polygon mirrors, the misregistration as described above is periodically detected at the time of turning on an apparatus or an interval between jobs using detection patterns recorded on a transfer body as disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Application Publication No. 7-19084 and Japanese Patent No. 3049606. Then, the misregistration is corrected by registering the positions of the first lines by synchronizing writing start timing at every other surface of each polygon mirror. As described above, however, simple replacement of the polygon mirrors, not to mention performing correction, cannot reduce color misregistration or color change.
Meanwhile, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2002-258183 discloses a mirror driving method in the case of retaining disposition of multiple vibrating mirrors. According to this driving method, the vibrating mirrors are supported on a single base as a unit with their mirror surfaces being oriented in the same direction, and are driven by setting a common scanning frequency in the band excluding a resonant frequency.
As described above, the existing techniques have a problem in that mere replacement of polygon mirrors cannot reduce color misregistration or color change in the case of applying vibrating mirrors to an optical scanner supporting the "tandem system."

Light deflector, optical scanner, and image forming apparatus


A method and an apparatus for supporting a self-destruction function in a baseband modem are provided. Aspects of the present disclosure are to address at least the above-mentioned problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages described below. Accordingly, an aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a self-destruction method and apparatus in which a self-impossible state is autonomously entered if the baseband modem of a receiving terminal which supports mobile communication is necessary. Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a method and apparatus for deleting information stored in memory when a command is received over a mobile communication network in which a baseband modem has been constructed and then entering a self-impossible state so that the terminal is not recovered although it is booted up again.

With the development of mobile communication technology, a user stores various pieces of information in a terminal and manages the pieces of information. Accordingly, if the terminal is lost, problems attributable to personal information distribution and the reuse of the terminal may occur.
In order to solve the problems, if a user sends a specific command to a lost terminal through a base station, the lost terminal autonomously deletes data stored in the lost terminal's flash memory in order to protect the user's personal information. Although the data stored in the flash memory is deleted, all chips included in the terminal may not be made in a fully impossible state because all the functions of the chips remain intact. If the functions of chips remain intact, a finder who picks up a lost terminal may recover the lost terminal because the lost terminal may be booted up and resell/reuse the lost terminal. In order to prevent such a problem, there is a need for technology in which chips are made in a fully impossible state in some cases.
The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present disclosure.

Method and apparatus for supporting self-destruction function in baseband modem


A brushless hybrid electrical machine for converting between electrical and mechanical energy has a rotor supported for rotation about an axis of rotation relative to a juxtaposed stator that is stationary and magnetically interacts with the rotor. The rotor includes a ferromagnetic rotor structure having two portions spaced apart, but rotating together, and defining therebetween an armature air gap. Magnetic poles are arranged in a circumferentially alternating array of ferromagnetic and permanent magnet poles, bordering the air gap. A stationary air core armature having multiple phase windings is located in the armature air gap, and a field coil is also positioned between the two portions of the rotor for generating field coil flux that flows in a flux path through the ferromagnetic poles, the armature air gap and through the ferromagnetic rotor structure. The permanent magnet poles generate permanent magnet flux that also flows in a flux path through the armature air gap and through the ferromagnetic rotor structure. The field coil flux and the permanent magnet flux induces an AC voltage in the multiple phase windings of the air core armature as said rotor rotates.

Electrical motors and generators can employ a permanent magnet generated field or electromagnetic generated field using a field coil. Permanent magnet machines induce voltages in the armature coils that vary with the rotational speed of the rotor. Machines using a field coil for generation of flux have the benefit of allowing control of the voltage induced in the armature coils by varying the current to the field coil. However, the machine requires a constant power draw to maintain the field flux and is usually larger in size. A hybrid type machine can be used in which the flux through the armature coils results from both a field coil and from a permanent magnet. The result is a more robust and compact device in which the induced voltage can be controlled. Unfortunately, current hybrid electrical machines are complex and costly in construction, and have lower power capability or less than optimal efficiency, or both.

Compact heteropolar hybrid alternator-motor


The invention relates to acid neutralizer technology, specifically involving a pure nano calcium powder and its preparation method, the nano calcium powder purity include the weight of the raw material: 3-7 parts pearl, 8-12 parts mother of pearl, 2-3 parts red coral, 20-30 parts oyster shell, clam shell 35-55 parts, Giant Clam 5-10 parts, pangolin shell 1-3 and 1-7 parts “ore” defined as limestone, cold water stone, and goose pipe rock. The preparation methods include cleaning, primary grinding, heat decomposition, rules grinding, nano grinding and mixing. Nano calcium pure powder of the present invention relates to the specific natural raw materials, and strict control of the nano calcium powder purity can provide human body absorption rates over 99%. The preparation method of the invention process is simple, convenient operation and control, stable quality, high yield, can be large-scale industrial production.

Today's lifestyle includes pollution of air, food and beverage processing; radiation exposure from TV, computers, mobile phones and other electronic devices. Such harmful exposure causes high acidity, which can lead to early aging, and chronic diseases, such as high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer.
Chemical imbalances in the human body and high acid factors are caused by:
1. Breathing air: air pollution in today's world is very big, the influence of breathing such pollution can damage human health by causing excessive fluid acidity.
2. Drinking water: the body should be 70% water, including blood and body fluids; at the same time, a man needs 8 glasses of water a day to maintain our physical fitness. However, pure water processing technology can deplete all minerals, and some of these substances help neutralize acids. When water is exposed to the air it changes from neutral pH 7.0 into slightly acidic. Drinking this water could lead to higher acid in the body. In addition, the current trend away from water, to a variety of acidic beverages, including most of the drinks in the supermarket, such as fruit juices, coffee, cola and soda, further increases the body's acidity.
3. Food: traditional growth of fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry and seafood are frequent use of compounds, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics and growth hormones, particularly in the use of all kinds of food antibiotics and growth hormones, particularly in the use of all kinds of food additives in food, these items can promote the growth of plants and animals as well as to keep the beautiful appearance. But small amounts of these items remain on the surface of foods, causing the human daily intake of harmful chemicals, which makes human body acid higher and higher.
4. Detergents: few people know that 90% of the soaps and shampoos contain sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), lauryl sulfate (SLES), and polyether sodium sulfate (SLS), one drop of which will stay 5 days in the human tissue. These soap and shampoo cleaning function is very strong, but the acid chemicals are damaging a person's skin.
5. Radiation: our way of life includes exposure to microwaves, computers, mobile phones and other electronic radiation. In addition, some people are exposed to radiation from nuclear reactor leaks, caused by earthquakes and tsunami floods. In addition, because we hurry so much in today's society, more and more people have too much stress, which also drives acid values higher and higher.
These harmful particles cause human body chemistry high acid value imbalances, which will result in human aging ahead of time, energy, can also lead to chronic diseases, such as high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer. A simple solution to these problems is to neutralize body acids.
In recent years, more and more people realize the importance of pH balance to the human body. A healthy body should show alkaline pH values of 7.5 instead of acid. Therefore, how to balance the body pH became the latest and one of the most popular trends in today's society.
Acidic mixtures used as food additives in our daily life, detergent and germicide and disinfectant can damage the body, and also can produce dioxin pollution in the environment. Such materials are also used as a food additive used in animal husbandry, fishery and other industrial products. Sulfaguanidine and kappa number and others used for synthesis of antibacterial agent for human skin and hair care, or as drugs for humans and animals. However, from the safety of food and drugs, some of these materials should be under strict control, especially when the acid value is lower than standard values. So you need to use natural materials as raw materials for production of acid neutralizer, rather than synthetic compound neutralizer, especially for use in food, drinking water and beverages. In addition, acids found in common cleaners can enter the body through the skin.
After the change of the natural material contains a lot of calcium liquid of macromolecular acid neutralizer, shellfish and minerals, for example, after the material intake by human body can also be for water purification. Chinese patent application number 201410140698.7 includes a kind of pure natural superfine calcium powder preparation technology, including material selection, cleaning, crushing, grinding, calcination, hydrolyzed and superfine grinding etc. The following steps: (1) material: collecting quantity is greater than 30% of the raw materials, raw materials including sea creatures and ore; (2) cleaning: on the depth of raw materials in preliminary cleaning and cleaning; Adopts water polishing method, described in the preliminary cleaning step to remove the surface stains and epidermis of raw material, adopts high pressure water washing method, described in depth cleaning step to remove heavy metals and persistent silt on the surface of the raw material; (3) pieces: more cleaning after crushed into small particles of raw materials, referred to the small particle size is 10˜20 mm; (4) calcination: the shredded granules with the method of temperature programmed heating calcining, in order to realize the decomposition of calcium ingredient materials for the purpose; Described temperature programmed steps include: (a) preliminary heat up to 350-1600° C., calcined 1.5-3 hours, until the raw material is heated to form cracks; (b) continue to heat up to 1000-2000° C., 1-3.5 hours, calcined until the complete decomposition of calcium carbonate; (5) grinding: after calcining materials for grinding and particle size of 20˜40 microns; (6) hydrolysis, adding suitable amount of water for hydrolysis, get water virgin pulp; All landowners superfine grinding and drying, until will be watermill virgin pulp grinding particle size was 0.1˜10 microns, in 240-260° C. drying temperature, from a single raw material of superfine calcium powder; was mixed: according to certain proportion to different raw material of superfine calcium powder, get different uses mixed superfine calcium powder.
The patent provides reference for the preparation of acid neutralizer, but made of superfine calcium powder particle size was only about micron level, human body of superfine powder of calcium absorption rate itself; and the patent did not open the mixture ratio of raw material, and the mixture ratio of raw material have a direct impact on the efficacy of nano calcium powder.


The invention relates to a method and apparatus for removing nitrogen oxide from gas (exhaust gas) discharged, for example, in the steps of plating, washing with acids, dissolution, etc. The removing method comprises making a liquid capable of absorbing and removing nitrogen oxide adhered onto the surfaces of glass fibers followed by making a gas containing nitrogen oxide brought into contact with said glass fibers while making said nitrogen oxide absorbed by the liquid adhered onto the surfaces of said glass fibers to thereby remove said nitrogen oxide from said gas. According to this method, since a gas containing nitrogen oxide is brought into contact with a liquid capable of absorbing and removing nitrogen oxide from the gas, that has adhered on the surfaces of glass fibers, the nitrogen oxide is efficiently absorbed by said liquid and is therefore efficiently removed from said gas.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for removing nitrogen oxide from gas (exhaust gas) discharged, for example, in the steps of plating, washing with acids, dissolution, etc.
2. Prior Art
Heretofore, it is known that gas (exhaust gas) is discharged, for example, in the steps of plating, washing with acids, dissolution, etc., for surface treatment of metals, etc. To remove nitrogen oxide from such exhaust gas, known is a method of spraying a mist of a liquid containing aqueous hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide over said exhaust gas to make said liquid react with the nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas followed, thereby removing the nitrogen oxide from the exhaust gas. Apparatus to which this method is applied have been put to practical use.
However, this conventional method, as using such a liquid containing aqueous hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide, had a problem in that special care shall be taken in handling the sodium hydroxide which is a strong alkali. In addition, since such a mist comprising aqueous hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide is brought into contact with exhaust gas in said conventional method, the method had still another problem in that the contact efficiency between the mist and exhaust gas is poor and therefore the efficiency of removing nitrogen oxide from the gas is poor.


An adjustable clamping device. A base or a channel is attached to either the top or side of a work table. The base has a threaded aperture for engaging one end of a threaded rod upon which several adjustable clamping bars are positioned. The clamping members are each movable to an adjusted clamping position on the threaded rod.

This invention relates to an adjustable device for clamping objects of various heights and thickness.
A clamp is used to hold a workpiece for an operation. A disadvantage of many prior art clamps is that it is difficult to adjust the clamp after it is connected to the workpiece.
It would be convenient to adjust a clamping member by merely adjusting a fine adjustment mechanism. It would also be convenient to have a clamping device that can be used on top of the work surface as well as on the side of the work surface.
Examples of the known art are shown in the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 1,196,703 to Kraut for a tool; 1,913,988 to Keefe for a shelf bracket; 3,297,314 to Brown for a variable V-block and clamping device or assembly; and 3,957,261 to Hefel for a holding device for workpieces and the like.
The Kraut patent discloses a combination wrench, hammer, scale and clamp. The Keefe patent shows a shelf bracket for gripping a shelf. The Brown patent teaches a V-block having replaceable different diameter eyes and V-plates for holding different workpieces. The Hefel patent shows a device that has clamping arms that are moved axially by loosening nuts. None of these patents show a clamp having an insert partially contained within a cavity of the clamping member and having an adjustment hub extending outside the clamping member.


The multifunctional lubricant additive compositions of the invention preferably contain a methylene bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) as an antiwear and extreme pressure additive, a 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative as an antioxidant and antiwear additive, a tolutriazole compound as an antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor, a glycerol monooleate as a friction modifier, a calcium sulfonate as a detergent and extreme pressure additive, a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate as an antiwear and antioxidant additive, a polymethylacrylate as a dispersant, a polyol ester as a carrier and friction modifier, a red dye for leak detection, and optionally, solvent neutral oil and a pour point depressant.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to additive packages for lubricants, and more particularly, to a multifunctional additive useful for improving the properties of petroleum and synthetic hydrocarbon based engine oils, gear oils, hydraulic oils, compressor oils, and most soap-based greases.
2. Description of Related Art
The trend in modern machinery design is toward compactness and energy efficiency, which means metal parts reduced in size but more complex, while providing the same or increased power, or carrying the same or a higher load. These design parameters in turn create a need for better lubricants. As used herein, the term "lubricants" refers to both oils and greases. Effective lubricants desirably reduce friction, with associated reductions in noise, wear, maintenance and failure-related shutdowns.
It is well known that not all lubricants available in the marketplace are high performance products. Many users purchase less expensive, general purpose lubricants without regard to the need for lubricants having specialized properties for use in applications involving extreme pressure, high wear, or other adverse conditions. It is also well known that many aftermarket additives are available for improving the properties of various lubricants. The lubricant industry is under increasing pressure to develop new base oil and additive technologies that offer higher performance, extended service life and environmental compatability. Some of the conventional, commercially available lubricant additives contain solid materials or chlorinated petroleum products. Solid particles, even polytetrafluoroethylene, can settle out of the lubricant, clog filters, and cause plugging, caking or other undesirable buildup. Clorinated products are typically corrosive, and can cause undesirable pitting in metal surfaces as well as increasing associated disposal costs.
For all of the foregoing reasons, a multifunctional lubricant additive is needed that has excellent lubricating, extreme pressure and antiwear properties, that contains no solids or halogenated compounds, and that will extend the service life of the treated oil or grease.


A keyboard structure capable of suppressing a depth dimension of a keyboard instrument and rearward displacements of key main bodies to thereby prevent plastic deformation of hinges. White and black key main bodies are each disposed for pivotal motion around a common base end, serving as a key fulcrum, in a key depression/release direction via a hinge extended therefrom vertically downward. A rear stopper is provided in an intermediate portion of a key frame, and a contact portion of a stopper contact member is in light contact with a front surface of the rear stopper when a key main body is in a key depression initial position. In a key-nondepressed state, when a rearwardly force is applied to a key main body, the rear stopper applies the contact portion with a forwardly force against the rearwardly force, thus suppressing a rearward displacement of the key main body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a keyboard structure of an electronic keyboard instrument, which is provided with keys whose main bodies are connected via thin plate-like hinges to base ends of these keys for pivotal motion about the base ends as key fulcrums in a key depression/release direction.
2. Description of the Related Art
A keyboard structure of an electronic keyboard instrument has conventionally been known, in which key main bodies are supported for pivotal motion via thin plate-like hinges by base ends at the rear of keys (Japanese Patent Publication No. 2628656). In the keyboard structure of this type, the hinges are horizontally rearwardly extended in substantially parallel to key depression surfaces of the keys, and thus the keys are long in longitudinal dimension. As a result, the keyboard instrument and its instrument body are long in depth.
On the other hand, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2001-215968 discloses a keyboard structure in which hinges and base ends are extended perpendicularly downward from the rear of key main bodies, whereby the longitudinal dimension of keys is shortened.
However, in the keyboard structure disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2001-215968, the hinges are extended parallel to the vertical direction and adapted to be deformed in the front-to-rear direction. When a force from front to rear is applied to any of the key main bodies, a corresponding hinge receives substantially the entirety of the force, and the hinge is deformed rearward. Such a force from front to rear can be generated when a key front end is simply depressed with a finger. In some cases, the key depressing force can be strong. Therefore, there is a fear that a hinge can be plastic-deformed due to an excessive force being applied thereto carelessly.
In a case where hinges are designed to be adequately long in length, the hinges are hardly plastic-deformed when applied with a force from front to rear. When the hinges are made excessively long, however, the key main bodies are likely to make rolling motion. In that case, the performance of keys are remarkably deteriorated, which is disadvantageous.

Keyboard structure of electronic keyboard instrument


A pumping/compressing apparatus for use in a fluid handling system transferring a fluid from one location, e.g., a tank, to another location or to an end use is provided. The apparatus basically includes a motor and a multistage, e.g., two stage, device including at least one reciprocating piston, an inlet stage chamber, an outlet stage chamber, an inlet, and an outlet. The piston is arranged to be reciprocated at multiple, e.g., respective first and second, speeds. The second speed is higher than the first speed, whereupon when the piston is reciprocated at the first speed the device effectively pumps liquid or mostly liquid to the outlet. When the piston is reciprocated at the second speed the device effectively compresses gas or mostly gas fluid and provides it to the outlet. A blowby port may be provided to provide blowby fluid back to the tank or the device.

This invention relates generally to systems for transferring fluids, e.g., cryogenic fluids, from a vessel to another location or an end user and more particularly to apparatus that can be used in a low pressure cryogenic storage system for pumping a liquid, compressing a gas or pumping/compressing a combination of liquid and gas at high pressure, with the speed of operation of the apparatus being variable depending on the type of fluid being transferred.
Cryogenic fluids, such as liquified hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, argon or liquified air, and liquified hydrocarbons, such as liquified methane, butane, propane or natural gas, are typically stored and transported in pressurized containers. The containers are typically well-insulated and refrigerated to very low temperatures. While many types of pumps/compressors have been designed for transferring fluids between containers or from one container to a point of use, mechanical pumps of the reciprocating piston type have been preferred for many applications. Such pumps/compressors usually make use of a motor having a rotary output shaft for driving or reciprocating the piston.
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art the term "pump" is generally used in the context of liquid handling, wherein the operation of a "pump" increases the pressure on the liquid. The term "compressor" on the other hand is generally used in the context of gas handling, wherein the operation of a "compressor" increases the pressure on the gas. A problem with utilizing a compressor as a pump, or visa versa, stems from the restriction of the pump valves to fluid flow. For a given reciprocating speed, liquid flow through the pump valves will have a much higher pressure drop when compared to gas flow. To make the valves work properly for gas flow, the valves will be too small and restrictive when used for liquid flow. The solution is to control the phase of the fluid going into the pump along with pump rotational speed. If only gas is admitted, the compressor can run at a higher speed compared to if liquid is admitted to the pump.
A second problem arises when considering the power required for pumping a liquid as compared to compressing a gas. For any given rotational speed, the pump will need much more power than a compressor. A variable speed motor does not resolve this issue, since the power a variable speed motor puts out is directly proportional to rotational speed. Thus, at low rotational speed, where liquid must be pumped, the power required is highest, but the motor's power output is lowest.
A third problem regards the control of piston ring blowby gas. For a cryogenic pump being used for liquid, blowby liquid will flash and at least partially convert to a gas. If this blowby fluid is routed back to the pump suction, the gas displaces some liquid, thus reducing the flow rate of the pump which may be seen as a detriment to system performance. If the reciprocating machine is being used to compress a gas, there may be a negligible effect on system performance if this blowby gas is re-ingested. Thus routing of blowby gas in a system which uses a single machine to pump liquid and also to compress gas is a concern, and a method of controlling blowby is beneficial.
In order to pump a liquid or mostly liquid fluid, the rotational or reciprocating speed of the motor driving a reciprocating piston pump should be relatively low, e.g., 600 rpm or less, primarily due to the pump's valves and its power requirements. To compress a gas, or mostly gas fluid, a reciprocating piston compressor will benefit from a higher rotational or reciprocating speed, e.g., 1200 rpm.
Because boiling and vaporizing of a cryogenic liquid in a storage tank results in a gas which must be dealt with, various techniques have been proposed for pumping the liquid and compressing the gas. For example, one technique of the prior art focuses on separating the liquid from the gas, and pumping/compressing each component separately using different devices. In U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,171,074 (Charron), U.S. Pat. No. 6,273,674 (Charron), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,296,690 (Charron) there are disclosed various methods and apparatus for separating a mixture of liquid and gas in oil field applications. In the case of a cryogenic tank, heat from the environment causes some of the liquid to boil off, thereby increasing the tank pressure unless the gas is vented. In such a tank, the mixture of gas and liquid may be controlled by piping vapor (gas) from the top of the tank and liquid from the bottom of the tank. In such an arrangement, the ability to compress excess gas in the tank in order to prevent over pressurization and loss of product by venting is highly desirable. To that end, U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,195 (Schuck), U.S. Pat. No. 5,243,821 (Schuck et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,556 (Ursan et al.) describe methods of mixing vapor with liquid.
While the above patents appear generally suitable for their intended purposes, they never the less leave much to be desired from the standpoint of their ability to deliver a cryogenic product as well as conserving and reducing venting and associated wastage of the product. A single reciprocating piston device capable of handling both liquid and gas of a cryogenic product is thus desirable. Unfortunately, prior to the subject invention there hasn't been a single pump/compressor apparatus that can accomplish the desired pumping/compressing of a liquid/gas on a viable, cost effective basis.
As will be seen from the discussion to follow, the subject invention accomplishes those ends by a simple methodology, e.g., changing the reciprocating speed of the pump/compressor to accommodate the particular fluid being pumped. Changing the operating speed of a pump or fan has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,947,854 (Kopko), but not in the context of pumping/compressing two different phase fluids.


A punching tool storing and interchanging system of the present invention comprises a plurality of punching tool storing magazines respectively storing the multiplicity of punching tools; a stock area stocking the plurality of punching tool storing magazines at a position apart from the punching tool holding member; an operating area positioning the punching tool storing magazine used for interchanging operation among the plurality of punching tool storing magazines near the punching tool holding member; a magazine transferring apparatus transferring the punching tool storing magazine between the stock area and the operating area; and a punching tool interchanging apparatus. The system selects the punching tool among the multiplicity of punching tools stored in the plurality of punching tool storing magazines and interchanges with the punching tool held by the punching tool holding member in the punch press.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a punching tool storing and interchanging system which stores a multiplicity of punching tools and interchanges a predetermined punching tool among the stored multiple punching tools with a punching tool which is held by a punching tool holding member in a punch press.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional punching tool storing and interchanging system will be briefly described below with containing the description concerning an operation thereof.
An operating area is provided near a turret (an embodiment of the punching tool holding member) in the punch press and a punching tool storing magazine for storing a multiplicity of punching tool is fixedly provided in the operating area. A punching tool interchanging apparatus is provided between the turret in the punch press and the punching tool storing magazine, and this punching tool interchanging apparatus is structured such as to interchange a predetermined punching tool among the multiplicity of punching tools stored in the punching tool storing magazine with the punching tool held by the turret.
In this structure, the punching tool storing magazine is fixedly provided in the operating area so that a number of the punching tool and a number of kinds of the punching tool capable of being stored in one punching tool storing magazine are limited. Particularly, in the case that a set of punching tools comprising an upper punching tool (a punch) and a lower punching tool (a die) is stored, it is necessary to prepare (storage) the same kind of punching tool sets each of which has a different clearance between the upper punching tool and the lower punching tool to each other in correspondence to a thickness of a sheet metal enough a number of the different thickness so that the number of the kinds of the punching tool sets (the punching tools) capable of being stored in one punching tool storing magazine is further reduced. Accordingly, there is a problem that it is difficult to automatically perform a various kinds of punching processes with respect to the sheet metal.

Punching tool storing and interchanging system


Disclosed is a method of producing a barium-titanium-based ferroelectric glass using a containerless solidification process, such as an electrostatic levitation process or a gas levitation process, which comprises the steps of levitating a sample 1 of a barium-titanium-based compound by a levitating force of compressed air, heating the sample up to a temperature greater than its melting point (1330° C.) by about 100° C. to allow the sample to be molten, and, after maintaining the molten state for a given time period (at least several second), quenching the sample from a given temperature range (1400 to 1000° C.) at a cooling rate of about 103 K/sec, so as to allow the sample to be solidified while inhibiting nucleation and mixing of impurities from a container. The present invention makes it possible to provide a glass exhibiting an unprecedented, extremely large permittivity.

Over 50 years since discovery of a ferroelectric barium titanium oxide BaTi2O5, researches on ferroelectrics with a focus on applications thereof have been carried out energetically around the world.
A ferroelectric material having a high permittivity, a piezoelectric property, a pyroelectric property, an electrooptic effect and a nonlinear optical effect is applied to various fields, such as electrical and optical fields, and used as a capacitor, an amplifying element, a piezoelectric resonant element, a pyroelectric element, a light modulator and a wavelength conversion element. In particular, recent years, great interest has been shown in researches and applications of a transparent ferroelectric oxide glass. The ferroelectric glass can be crystallized to control its optical properties, and therefore expected to be utilized as a high-performance light modulator (electrical signal/light signal conversion), optical switch (change in direction of a light path) and wavelength conversion element (change in wavelength of a laser beam). Further, the ferroelectric glass is suited to mass production at low cost in view of advantageous capability to be produced through short processes. Thus, the research and development of the ferroelectric glass are highly significant from an industrial perspective as well as scientific and engineering perspectives.
While the ferroelectric BaTi2O5 has excellent dielectric characteristics, it is extremely difficult to be formed as bulk glass due to relatively high nucleation frequency and crystal growth rate in its solidification process. In previous reports, only a thin film-shaped glass was obtained even in a roll quenching method at a cooling rate of about 107 to 8 K/s (see the following Non-Patent Publication 1). Further, an addition of a glass forming element is required to obtain a ferroelectric glass (see the following Non-Patent Publication 2).                [Patent Publication 1] Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-284855        [Patent Publication 2] Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-020798        [Non-Patent Publication 1] K. Yoshimaru, Y. Ueda, K. Morinaga, T. Yanagase, Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 1984, 92: p 481        [Non-Patent Publication 2] A. Narasaki, K. Tanaka, K. Hirao, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999; 75: p 3399

Method of producing barium-titanium-based oxide glass using containerless solidification process


A well packer for engaging and sealing against the inside of a conduit having a mandrel, friction blocks, slips, and a packer seal. The friction blocks are supported by the mandrel and positioned parallel to the slips providing a short inexpensive packer. The packer can be quickly and easily converted to be either a mechanical set bi-directional packer, a compression set well packer, or a tension set packer.

The present invention is directed to a well packer that can be utilized as a compression set, a tension set, or a bi-directional packer by simply adding, subtracting or moving components to create the various version desired.
It is well known to provide a well packer which is generally used to isolate and seal off production fluids from an oil and/or gas well between the outer casing and production tubing. However, during the life of an oil or gas field, production requirements can range from the initial flowing, to artificial lift, and include pressure maintenance by the injection of water and/or gases. Each of these phases can require separate and unique features of a well packer. For example, initially free flowing completions ideally use a bi-directional packer. However, when the reservoir pressure declines, artificial lift is required to maintain production. A weight set compression packer is used in wells for this purpose if the producing interval is deep enough to allow sufficient pipe weight to affect and maintain a packer seal. In shallow applications, a tension set packer is the ideal selection if pipe weight is not sufficient to affect and maintain a packer seal by compression.