A set of ID for data of an existing tool is created as a parameter. A bulk access template that acquires a plurality of data is prepared. Access is provided to an existing tool path through the bulk access template. The bulk access template is prepared for each type of data that is acquired. The template is instantiated based on the URI that is requested. Entries that correspond to the operating table are filled in by executing the bulk access template that was created. When an RDF expression is requested for the URI of the template that is the same as one previously accessed, the entries would already be in the operating table, so that the RDF expression can be generated without accessing the existing tool.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a computer implemented method, program, and system for generating RDF expressions from predetermined data.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, RDF (Resource Description Framework) format has been used as a mechanism for describing resources on the web, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication 2005-242934 and Japanese Patent Application Publication 2006-302085. Furthermore, Bizer, Tom Heath, Tim Berners-Lee, Lined Data—The Story So Far, International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems, 5 (3), 2009, describes Linked Data where RDF format data is used in coordination on a web mechanism as a mechanism for global information disclosure. Also see, Open Services for Lifecycle Collaboration (OSLC), http://open-services.net/, for a description on using Linked Data for information coordination within an enterprise.
Tools that provide Linked Data include tools that store and provide RDF data, and tools that convert non-RDF data managed by existing tools to RDF and then provide RDF data.
Furthermore, tools that use Linked Data include tools that obtain data by traversing links based on a user request, and tools that crawl over tools that provide Linked Data beforehand and create an index in order to make data access more efficient.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration where a plurality of computers is connected by a network in order to use this type of tool. In other words, computers 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, and 118 are connected to a network 102 which is typically a LAN or WAN. Computer 104 and computer 110 store a tool that stores and provides RDF data.
Computer 106 and computer 112 store an existing tool. Herein, data that is handled by an existing tool refers to records that are stored in a relational database, application language objects that are accessed by the API of an existing tool, and structured data in XML, HTML, CSV.
Computer 108 and computer 114 store a tool that manages the existing tools on computer 106 and computer 112, and converts data that is not RDF to RDF and then provides, or in other words, stores a tool that converts and provides Linked Data.
Computer 116 stores a tool that obtains data by traversing links based on a user request. Computer 118 stores a tool that crawls over tools that provide Linked Data beforehand and creates an index.
With this configuration, each time computer 116 and computer 118 accesses the tool that converts and provides Linked Data on computer 108 and computer 114, the existing tool on computer 106 or computer 112 is accessed in order to return a response.
In particular, when the tool that crawls over tools that provide Linked Data beforehand and creates an index on computer 118 crawls over the tool that converts and provides Linked Data on computer 108 and computer 114, a plurality of accesses are concentrated in order to generate a response for the request. Therefore, access to the existing tool in order to respond to the requests from the crawler becomes a bottleneck, and there is a problem that the throughput of the entire system is reduced.
Soeren Auer, Sebastian Dietzold, Jens Lehmann, Sebastian Hellmann, David Aumueller, Universitaet Leipzig, Postfach Leipzig, Triplify—Light-Weight Linked Data Publication from Relational Databases, WWW 2009, describes technology that converts data of an existing database to RDF in accordance with a mapping designation. Using the technology described therein, a plurality of triples is simultaneously generated from the results of a single existing database query, thus preventing an increase in the number of accesses. However, access to the existing database always occurs when accessing the conversion tool, so the throughput of the entire system is not improved.

Generating RDF expression technical field

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention discloses an integrated circuit arrangement (100) comprising a data communication network comprising a plurality of connections (300), a plurality of modules (110) coupled to the data communication network via at least one network interface (120), the network interface comprising a plurality of buffers; a remote service module (150) being coupled to the data communication network via a further network interface (140), wherein each of said modules (1 10) is arranged to provide its network interface (120) with a service request (200) for the remote service module (150), said network interface being arranged to extend said service request with a first identifier (204) for establishing a network connection (300) with a remote service module (150); and a circuit portion (350) comprising a plurality of buffers (142) between the at least one network interface (120) and the remote service module (150) for storing service requests (200) from the plurality of modules (110), said circuit portion comprising decoding logic (144) for selecting one of said buffers (142) by decoding a further identifier (210) embedded in the service request (200).

Facilitation of data communication between modules of an integrated circuit, e.g. a system on-chip (SoC), or between IC modules in a system-in-package (SiP) poses a difficult design challenge for the designers of such arrangements because the complexity of the modules within the arrangement and the speed at which these modules operate put high demands on both the flexibility and the performance of the data communication part of the arrangement.
In complex arrangements, peer-to-peer connections, e.g. buses, are not suitable because they lack the required flexibility such that an excessive amount of metal would have to be incorporated in the IC arrangement to meet data communication requirements. To this end, the so-called network-on-chip (NoC) paradigm has been developed. A typical NoC comprises a plurality of connections between multiple network interfaces, with the connections being configurable by means of switches in the NoC.
An example of an IC arrangement according to the opening paragraph is disclosed in "An Efficient On-Chip NI Offering Guaranteed Services, Shared Memory Abstraction, and Flexible Network Configuration" by A. Radulescu et al. in IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2005, pages 4-17. In this arrangement, a service request is communicated from a master module to a slave module through such a NoC. The slave module may comprise a plurality of queues, with the master module providing routing information in the form of a combination of a path identifier and a remote queue identifier to allow the network interface to establish a network connection between the network interface of the master module and the network interface of the slave module. The path identifier and the remote queue identifier both reside as first level identifiers in the same level of an OSI compliant request package. The network interface of the master comprises different queues to provide guaranteed bandwidth and best effort services over the network. The queues in the remote (slave) network interface are used for the same purpose.
A drawback of this approach is that once the service request is stored in one of the remote queues, reordering of the service requests is no longer possible, especially when the queues are implemented as first-in first-out (FIFO) buffers. Such reordering may be useful if the processing of the request by the slave module consumes a relatively large amount of time, which may lead to the network becoming underutilized when the slave module is processing one or more time-consuming service requests. For instance, in case of a slave module being a memory controller, the handling of the memory access requests typically takes much longer than the communication of the access request and the access results over the network, such that network performance optimization by the implementation of guaranteed bandwidth and best effort principles over the network connection is unlikely to yield optimal performance of the IC arrangement.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,043,593 discloses a master unit and a slave unit in a data processor connected via a data bus. The master unit is arranged to assign a priority identifier to a data transaction between the master unit and the slave unit. The slave unit has a data transaction queue into which the data transactions are stored and an execution order analysis unit for determining whether the content of the data transaction queue needs reorganizing based on the priority identifier value of an incoming data transaction. This allows for the out-of-order execution of data transaction by the slave unit. This solution has the drawback that large numbers of data transactions may require reorganizing each time a new data transaction arrives at the slave module. This can inhibit efficient data throughput in case of a high volume of data transaction traffic. Moreover, this solution is not equipped to handle data transactions from multiple masters.

Integrated circuit arrangement for buffering service requests


A magnetic head comprises a lower magnetic pole, an insulating film formed on the lower magnetic pole, a coil arranged over the lower magnetic pole so as to penetrate the insulating film, and an upper magnetic pole having a pole at its top end so as to have a clearance against the lower magnetic pole and formed of magnetic material having saturation magnetic flux density Bs (T) and electric resistivity .rho. (.mu..OMEGA.cm) on the insulating film to have a film thickness .delta. (.mu.m), and both sides of the upper magnetic pole being formed to extend from root portions of the pole at a taper angle .theta. (degree), whereby the upper magnetic pole can satisfy a condition of (1+tan .theta.).delta.Bs/.sqroot..rho..ltoreq.1.0.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnetic head and, more particularly, an induction type magnetic head for use in a magnetic disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, and so forth.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An induction type magnetic head has been employed to record magnetic information on a magnetic disk or a magnetic tape or to reproduce the magnetic information recorded on the magnetic disk or the magnetic tape. However, in recent years, with the practical implementation of magnetoresistive devices, the induction type magnetic heads have often been exclusively used for magnetic recording.
The induction type magnetic head (inductive head) has in general a cross sectional structure as shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B. A spiral coil 1 is interposed between a lower magnetic pole 2 and an upper magnetic pole 3 via an insulating layer 4. The upper magnetic pole 3 denotes a magnetic pole which is positioned on the side far from a recording track of a magnetic recording medium, i.e., which is made of a film being finally formed.
If the induction type magnetic head is employed in combination with a reproduction only MR magnetic head to which the magnetoresistive device is installed, such a configuration is commonly adopted that the lower magnetic pole of the induction type magnetic head can also serve as an upper shielding layer of the MR magnetic head. Thus, miniaturization of the magnetic head can be attained and also displacement between write position and read position can be prevented from being generated.
In the induction type magnetic head, an infinitesimal gap is formed between top ends of the upper magnetic pole 3 and the lower magnetic pole 2 via the insulating layer 4. The upper magnetic pole 3 is formed to have a narrowly tapered top end, as shown in FIG. 16B. Such tapered slant .theta. relative to a surface line of the top end is called a squeezing angle or a taper angle.
Normally a permalloy thin film is employed as a soft magnetic thin film serving as the upper magnetic pole 3. A film thickness .delta. of the thin film is about 3.5 to 4.0 .mu.m and the taper angle .theta. is 45 to 55 degrees. Recently, in order to prevent reduction in the recording magnetic field due to a narrower write gap, material with high saturation magnetic flux density (high Bs) such as Ni.sub.50 Fe.sub.50 has been employed as the upper magnetic pole 3, or a composite magnetic pole which is made by laminating a high Bs thin film and the permalloy thin film has been employed. However, even in such configuration, the film thickness .delta. of the overall upper magnetic pole is 3.0 .mu.m or more and the taper angle .theta. is 30 degrees or more.
By the way, there has been a necessity of driving the recording head at the high frequency of about 100 MHz or more as the recording density is increased in recent years.
In the high frequency induction type magnetic head, dibit resolution has been utilized as an important index to estimate the high recording density characteristic. The dibit resolution can be given by a value (V.sub.dibit /V.sub.iso) which is derived by dividing a recording/reproducing output V.sub.dibit composed of only two bits at the high frequency (e.g., 100 MHz) by a recording/reproducing output V.sub.iso composed of only two bits at the low frequency (e.g., 10 MHz). In general, a value of 40% or more has been needed as the dibit resolution.
However, in the case that the induction type magnetic head is employed at the high frequency range of more than 100 MHz, sufficient consideration as to the influence of eddy current caused in the writing head (especially, upper magnetic pole) has not been taken in the prior art. As a consequence, the upper magnetic pole is improperly designed for high frequency applications. For purposes of example, the film thickness .delta. and the taper angle .theta. of the upper magnetic pole are formed excessively large compared to the properties of material used as the upper magnetic pole, such as saturation magnetic flux density Bs, electric resistivity .rho., etc. Therefore, it has been believed that it is difficult to improve the recording resolution, etc. by increasing the dibit resolution up to 40% or more in the high frequency band beyond 100 MHz.


A method for producing carboxylic acid fluorides of the formula RCFXC(O)F, where X represents fluorine or chlorine, in good yields and with good selectivity for the carboxylic acid fluorides by reacting compounds of the formula RCFXCHFCl with oxygen by photochemical oxidation in the gaseous phase, preferably under sensitization with chlorine and using light having a wavelength xcexxe2x89xa7280 nm, which conditions make it possible to work without the use of pressure. Glass apparatus may be covered with a protective coating so as to protect it against traces of hydrogen fluoride. To this end, for example, heat-shrinkable sleeves made of light-permeable hydrogen fluoride-resistant material may be used. Polytetrafluoroethylene, polyfluoropropylene or a mixture thereof are especially suitable for this purpose. This type of protection is also suitable for other reactions such as photo-induced fluoro-dediazonation in hydrogen fluoride/pyridine for the production of aromatic compounds fluorinated in the nucleus or the oxidation of CHCl2 groups for the production of carboxylic acid chlorides.

The invention relates to a process for the production of carboxylic acid fluorides by photochemical oxidation and to an apparatus therefor.
Polyhalogenated carboxylic acid fluorides are intermediates in chemical synthesis. They can be used, for example, in the production of water-repellant or oil-repellant compounds for use in paper and cloth. They can also be used as a precursor for the production of surface active substances or in flameproofing.
Perfluorocarboxylic acid fluorides can be prepared according to European Patent Application EP-A 260713 by the heat treatment of perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers in the presence of special salts containing fluorides, such as alkali fluorides, alkaline earth fluorides, fluorometallates, transition metal fluorides or oxyfluorides. A minimum temperature of 250xc2x0 C. is necessary for the heat treatment. Conversion rates and selectivity are not constant throughout the course of the reaction: initially the conversion rates and the selectivity are low.
International Patent Application WO 96/29298 entitled: xe2x80x9cProcess for the production of polyfluoracyl preparationsxe2x80x9d discloses that polyhaloacyl fluorides such as trifluoroacetyl fluoride and difluoroacetyl fluoride can be produced by oxidation of 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane. This is a thermal process which is performed as regards temperature and pressure at or above the critical point. The process is not very selective regarding the formation of carboxylic acid fluoride: in the production of trifluoracyl compounds, trifluoroacetyl fluoride forms in an amount of at least 60 to 70 mole-%, trifluoroacetyl chloride in an amount from 5 to 15 mole-%, trifluoroacetic acid in an amount of 10 to 20 mole-%, 5 to 10 mole-% of a dimerization product (octafluorodichlorobutane), and 1 to 5 mole-% of chlorofluorophosgene.
The object of the present invention is to provide a method whereby carboxylic acid fluorides can be produced in a technical simple manner in a high yield and with a high selectivity. This object is achieved by the method of the invention.
The method of the invention for preparing carboxylic acid fluorides of the general formula RCFXC(O)F comprises the photochemical oxidation of compounds of the general formula RCFXCHFCl as an educt, in which R represents F or linear perfluorinated C1-C9 alkyl or branched, perfluorinated C1-C9 alkyl, and X represents chlorine or fluorine, with oxygen as reactant in the gas phase. The operation is thus carried out with activating irradiation of the gaseous reaction mixture. The irradiation can be carried out through glass of any composition (e.g., through glass within the apparatus, glass enclosures for the irradiator). For example, quartz glass apparatus can be used. The rate of reaction is increased when it is performed in the presence of a sensitizer, especially in the presence of elemental chlorine as sensitizer. Irradiators such as radiation lamps and fluorescent tubes can be used, which emit radiation within a range of 200 to 600 nm, for example. It is advantageous to perform an activating irradiation with light of a wavelength of xcexxe2x89xa7280 nm. The invention will be further explained with reference to this preferred embodiment.
Conversion rates, yield and selectivity are especially high if the reaction is performed in the presence of elemental chlorine and selects an activating irradiation with light having a wavelength of xcexxe2x89xa7280 nm. Frequencies of a wavelength below 280 nm are then substantially masked out of the frequency spectrum. This can be done by using lamps which emit only light of a wavelength above or at 280 nm, and/or by using means which mask out the corresponding frequencies from the emitted light. For example, radiation can be performed through glass which is permeable only for light of a wavelength of 280 nm or above, i.e., glass which filters out the shorter-wavelength content of the radiation. Borosilicate glasses, for example, are well suited for the freqpurpose. Suitable glasses contain, for example, 7 to 13% B2O3, 70 to 80% SiO2, also 2 to 7% Al2O3 and 4 to 8% Na2O+K2O as well as 0 to 5% alkaline earth metal oxides (all weight-percent). Known brand names for borosilicate glass e s are Duran, Pyrex and Solidex.
Particularly well suited for the irradiation are lamps which emit only (UV) light of a wavelength above or at 280 nm. Especially fluorescent tubes (e.g., those made by Philips) are very well suited. With such lamps the irradiation can be performed through quartz glass, but also through the glasses described above which filter out the shorter wavelength component of the radiation. It is of course necessary that the lamps or tubes emit also in the absorption range of elemental chlorine. In addition to the especially suitable fluorescent tubes, radiation lamps (e.g., medium or high-pressure mercury lamps) can also be used, for example; any lines in the range below 280 nm are filtered out, for example by radiating through a glass which is permeable only to light having a wavelength at or above 280 nm. Usable glasses are described further above. Also well suited for the irradiation are lamps, e.g., mercury high-pressure lamps, which radiate mainly or only in the preferred wavelength range at or above 280 nm on account of a dopant. High-pressure mercury lamps, for example, exhibit a quite intense band in the range of 254 nm, which, as described above, can be filtered out through borosilicate glass, for example. In the case of high-pressure mercury lamps doped with metal iodides, this line is greatly suppressed. The often over-proportional increase of the conversion rate when such doped radiators are used is surprising. Especially well suited are high-pressure mercury lamps which are doped with gallium iodide, especially thallium iodide or cadmium iodide. Even when such doped lamps are used, it is advantageous to filter out the shorter wavelength radiation component with xcex less than 280 nm, for example by working in borosilicate glass.
With regard to reaction temperature and pressure it is possible to conduct the reaction so that no condensation occurs within the photoreactor. If higher boiling educts are used, it can be performed in vacuo, for example. In regard to temperature, the reaction is advantageously carried out at temperatures up to 200xc2x0 C. The preferred temperature range is 30 to 150xc2x0 C. As stated, the operation can be performed at reduced pressure; preferably the pressure is at least 1 bar absolute. It is especially preferred to operate at a pressure of 1 to 10 bar (abs.). It is very especially preferred to operate in a pressureless manner. The term, xe2x80x9cpressureless,xe2x80x9d in the context of the present invention, means that no additional pressure acts upon the reaction mixture except for the ambient pressure (i.e., about 1 bar), the oxygen gas pumping pressure (or that of an oxygen-containing gas, since air or mixtures of oxygen and inert gas, for example, can be used) and the optionally utilized chlorine as well as the pressure that may develop due to hydrogen chloride gas forming in the reaction. The total pressure in the reactor then is advantageously lower than 2 bar absolute or, depending on the pumping pressure, even lower than 1.5 bar absolute, but greater than the ambient pressure.
The process can be performed batch-wise or continuously, in which case the reaction is advantageously carried out in a continuous-flow apparatus. Preferably, one proceeds by continuously feeding starting material (the corresponding educt, oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas, and, optionally chlorine) into the continuous-flow apparatus and continuously withdrawing reaction product in an amount corresponding to the amount fed in.
The molar ratio between the educt and oxygen can vary within a wide range; however, it is desirable to use at least 0.4 mole of oxygen per mole of starting compound. Especially good results are achieved if the molar ratio between the starting compound and the oxygen ranges from 1:0.4 to 1:1, especially 1:0.4 to 1:0.6. The oxygen can be used, as stated, in the form of air, as a mixture of O2 and insert gas, but preferably as pure oxygen. If the irradiation is performed in the presence of chlorine as sensitizer, the molar ratio between the educt and the elemental chlorine can also vary within a wide range, e.g., 1:0.01 to 1:1. Especially good results are achieved if the molar ratio between the educt and the elemental chlorine lies in the range from 1:0.05 to 1:0.2.
In regard to purity of the product it is desirable that as little water as possible be present during the reaction (for example, less than 30 ppm). If desired, the reactants can be freed of entrained water in a known manner, e.g., by means of a molecular sieve.
The average residence in the reaction vessel is advantageously between 0.01 and 30 minutes, preferably 4 between 0.5 and 3.5 minutes. The optimum average residence, time, which depends on, among other things, the type of lamps, the radiation power of the lamps and on geometric parameters of the irradiation apparatus, can be determined by simple manual tests and analysis of the product stream, for example by gas chromatography. It may also be advantageous to agitate the reaction mixture in the reactor, for example by means of suitable built-in devices. No fluid coolant needs to be added to the reaction mixture.
Preferred educts to which the process of the invention is applied are those in which R represents fluorine or linear, perfluorinated C1 to C4 alkyl or branched perfluorinated C1-C4 alkyl. Especially, educts are used in which R represents fluorine, CF3 or CF3CF2. In particular, the following carboxylic acid fluorides can be produced:
CF3CHClF+xc2xd O2 xe2x86x92 greater than CF3C(O)F+HCl
CF2ClCHClF+xc2xd O2 xe2x86x92 greater than CF2ClC(O)F+HCl
CF3CF2CHClF+xc2xd O2 xe2x86x92 greater than CF3CF2C(O)F+HCl
CF3CFClCHClF+xc2xd O2 xe2x86x92 greater than CF3CFClC(O)F+HCl
CF3CF2CF2CHClF+xc2xd O2 xe2x86x92 greater than CF3CF2CF2C(O)F+HCl
CF3CF2CFClCHClF+xc2xd O2xe2x86x92 greater than CF3CF2CFClC(O)F+HCl
To protect the surface of the glass apparatus it can be modified to guard it against attack by the HCl gas and any traces of HF that might form. For this purpose, for example, transparent films or xe2x80x9csocksxe2x80x9d can be drawn over the surfaces to be protected. Suitable materials include poly- or perfluorinated synthetic resins such as polytetrafluoro-ethylene (PTFE), perfluoropolypropylene (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy polymers (PFA) or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and mixtures thereof.
The method has the advantage over the known method of producing carboxylic acid fluorides that it can be performed with a high conversion rate and high selectivity at low temperatures. It is therefore very effective. Furthermore, it can be performed at low pressure, if desired.
The invention also relates to an irradiating apparatus which can be used in the process of the invention and is specially modified. Irradiating apparatus usually have a container for a liquid, gas or gas mixture to be irradiated, as well as a casing in which the irradiator is held. Often such apparatus have a shaft in which the irradiator is arranged (immersion shaft reactors). Known are radiation apparatus of glass, e.g., quartz glass or borosilicate glass, with a glass casing. The irradiation apparatus of the invention has a container for receiving a gas to be irradiated and an irradiator which is arranged in a casing which is in contact with the gas to be irradiated, wherein at least a portion of the surface of the container in contact with the gas to be irradiated having a protective covering permeable to the radiation, insofar as the casing, particularly an immersion shaft, is made of glass. Alternatively, the immersion shaft, the casing or the entire apparatus can be made of radiation-permeable (i.e., light-permeable) polymer, preferably of polyfluorinated or perfluorinated polymer, such as PTFE, FEP, PFA, PVDF, or mixtures thereof. Preferred protective coverings are named above, e.g., those of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), FEP or mixtures thereof. Especially preferred are irradiation apparatus according to the invention, which have a protective covering in the form of a shrink tubing of PTFE or PTFE-FEP, which is drawn onto the glass casing of the radiator. The radiation apparatus according to the invention are especially immersion shaft reactors, wherein the protective covering (preferably a PTFE or PTFE-FEP shrink tubing) is applied to the cooling finger of the immersion shaft, i.e., on that glass surface of the cooling water jacket which is in contact with the gas or gas mixture to be irradiated. Suitable polymers which are clear at the operating temperature and therefore light-permeable are commercially available.
The invention also relates to the use of polyfluorinated and perfluorinated polymer coatings, especially in the form of PTFE perfluoropropylene shrink tubing, to protect glass apparatus against attack by hydrogen fluoride.
Photochemical processes in which hydrogen fluoride is used as reactant or formsxe2x80x94often only in tracesxe2x80x94as a reaction product, are known. Published German patent application DE-OS 24 18 676 discloses the production of trifluoroacetyl chloride by photochemical oxidation of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-difluoroethane with oxygen in the presence or absence of chlorine. Gas-phase processes for the production of halogenated acid chlorides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,569,782 and 5,545,298. Disclosed is the oxidation of hydrogen-containing chlorofluoroalkanes in the presence of chlorine under irradiation with certain wavelengths of UV light (xcex greater than =280 nm, for example through borosilicate glass or irradiation in the absence of chlorine through quartz glass). A photochemical liquid-phase process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,938. In that process also, light of the above-mentioned wavelength is radiated. The photochemical production of acid fluorides is disclosed, for example, in the International Patent Application No. 96/29298. In addition to the production of carboxylic acid derivatives, other processes are known wherein hydrogen fluoride is used or released by photochemical induction. In the publication, xe2x80x9cProgramme and Abstractsxe2x80x9d of the xe2x80x9c15th International Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry,xe2x80x9d The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Aug. 2-7 1997, Abstract P(2) 148, a process is described by Mitsuo Kurumaya, Tsunetoshi Honda and Tatsui Nishiyama for the production of aromatic compounds fluorinated in the nucleus. Amino aromatic compounds are diazotized in a solution of hydrogen fluoride and pyridine, and this is followed by a photochemically induced fluorodediazonation. The corresponding aromatic compounds fluorinated in the nucleus are then formed in a good yield. In this manner the authors produced various kinds of multisubstituted fluoroaromatic compounds which can be used as pharmaceutical and liquid crystal intermediates. HF can also form as a byproduct in the photochlorination of fluorine-containing haloalkanes or haloalkenes.
According to the invention, the use of a covering of polyfluorinated and perfluorinated polymers, especially polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoropropylene, and mixtures and copolymers thereof, preferably in the form of shrink tubing, is appropriate for the protection of glass apparatus against the action of hydrogen fluoride generally in photochemical reactions in which hydrogen fluoride is used or forms. Also usable, for example, are polymers which comprise or consist of perfluoroalkoxy polymers (PFA) or polyvinylidene fluoride or mixtures thereof. Shrink tubing of copolymers of polytetrafluoroethylene and perfluoropropylene are especially well suited, such as TEFLON-FE(copyright) made by Technoplast. Advantageously, irradiation apparatus will have a shaft in which the radiator is disposed (immersion shaft reactors). Especially suitable for use are radiation apparatus which have a protective covering in the form of a shrink tubing of a polytetrafluoroethylene-polyperfluoropropylene, which is drawn onto the glass casing of the radiator in the immersion shaft.
Polyfluorinated and perfluorinated HF-resistant coverings or apparatus parts constructed from them, especially those composed of polytetrafluoroethylene and/or polyperfluororopylene, are usable both for gas phase reactions and for liquid phase reactions. For example, the covering can be used in order to provide protection against the effects of hydrogen fluoride on glass apparatus involved in the production of acid fluorides, acid chlorides and aromatic compounds fluorinated in the nucleus, or in photochlorinations as described further above.
It is an advantage of the invention that even after months of use, no etching due to the effect of hydrogen fluoride can be detected on the glass apparatus. Irradiation through the covering is possible; even in long-term tests, no turbidity has been observed in the shrink tubing of PTFE-polyperfluoropropylene which was used.


A method for providing an output power of a switched mode power converter comprises the steps of determining a block length and, if a set value of the output power is below a first power threshold, preventing a power flow through the converter in each period of the multiphase AC voltage for at least one blocking interval. Each blocking interval has a duration of one block length. The switched mode power converter has a multiphase AC side with a number N of conductors for receiving a multiphase AC voltage. The number N of conductors is at least three. Power flows into the switched mode power converter through a combination of current-carrying conductors. The block length is defined by a time span between two subsequent changes of the combination of the current-carrying conductors.

The US 2013/0235626 A1 (Delta) discloses several control schemes to achieve soft switching while regulating the output voltage of a PFC rectifier.
The burst lengths of this scheme are not chosen based on the input current waveform.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,222,772 (VI Chip) discloses to perform a power factor correction at high loads and an on-demand burst mode at low loads. At low loads, the controller may adjust the phase angle of the operating interval relative to the unipolar input towards centering the operating interval about a peak in the pulse waveform.
The burst lengths are not chosen based on the input current waveform, only the placement of the bursts depends on the input current waveform.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,728 (Leonardi) discloses a single phase switched mode power supply with a burst mode synchronized to the frequency of the utility line, the length of each burst being essentially fixed to correspond to ¼ of each AC utility line cycle according to U.S. Pat. No. 8,222,772 (VI Chip).
The burst length does not depend on the duration between two subsequent changes in the current-carrying conductors.
US 2002/0125863 (Lin et al.) discloses a method to regulate the power of a plurality of loads using a plurality of phased burst signals. A constant or variable phase delay is generated between each phased burst mode signal. One application is regulating circuits for a plurality of cold cathode fluorescent lamps. In this document, the burst length is chosen to regulate the transmitted power.
The burst lengths are not chosen based on the input current waveform.
If the input current does not correspond to the input voltage, the often required power factor correction cannot be realized. Therefore a high switching frequency is often used with the consequence that the known burst mode routines may lead to audible noise or a ringing of the input filters of the power supply.

Burst mode routine for switched mode power converter

DELTA ELECTRONICS (THAILAND) PUBLIC CO., LTD


A holder for an array unit having a planar substrate and an array of chemical moieties on a surface of the substrate. The holder may include a body with a retaining mechanism which releasably retains an array unit in a seated position. A holder identifier may include data on a characteristic of the holder or seated array or be linkable to a file containing such information. An apparatus, method, and computer program product which may be used with such a holder are also provided.

Polynucleotide arrays (such as DNA or RNA arrays) and peptide array, are known and may be used, for example, as diagnostic or screening tools. Such arrays include regions (sometimes referenced as spots or features) of usually different sequence polynucleotides or peptides arranged in a predetermined configuration on a substrate. The array is "addressable" in that different features have different predetermined locations ("addresses") on a substrate carrying the array.
Biopolymer arrays can be fabricated using in situ synthesis methods or deposition of the previously obtained biopolymers. The in situ fabrication methods include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,754 for synthesizing peptide arrays, and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,351 and WO 98/41531 and the references cited therein for polynucleotides. In situ methods also include photolithographic techniques such as described, for example, in WO 91/07087, WO 92/10587, WO 92/10588, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854. The deposition methods basically involve depositing biopolymers at predetermined locations on a substrate which are suitably activated such that the biopolymers can link thereto. Biopolymers of different sequence may be deposited at different feature locations on the substrate to yield the completed array. Procedures known in the art for deposition of biopolymers, particularly DNA such as whole oligomers or cDNA, are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,522 (touching drop dispensers to a substrate), and in PCT publications WO 95/25116 and WO 98/41531, and elsewhere (use of a pulse jet in the form of a piezoelectric inkjet head).
Further details of large scale fabrication of biopolymer arrays by depositing either previously obtained biopolymers or by the in situ method, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,242,266, 6,232,072, 6,180,351, and 6,171,797.
In array fabrication, the quantities of DNA available for the array are usually very small and expensive. Sample quantities available for testing are usually also very small and it is therefore desirable to simultaneously test the same sample against a large number of different probes on an array. These conditions require the manufacture and use of arrays with large numbers of very small, closely spaced features.
The arrays, when exposed to a sample, will exhibit a binding pattern. The array can be read by observing this binding pattern by, for example, labeling all targets such as polynucleotide targets (for example, DNA), in the sample with a suitable label (such as a fluorescent compound), scanning an illuminating beam across the array and accurately detecting the fluorescent signal from the different features of the array. Assuming that the different sequence polynucleotides were correctly deposited in accordance with the predetermined configuration, then the observed binding pattern will be indicative of the presence and/or concentration of one or more polynucleotide components in the sample. Peptide or arrays of other chemical moieties can be used in a similar manner. Techniques and apparatus for scanning chemical arrays have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,763,870 and 5,945,679. Apparatus which reads an array by scanning an illuminating beam by the foregoing technique are often referred to as scanners and the technique itself often referred to as scanning. Conventionally, such scanning has been done by illuminating array features on a front surface of the substrate one pixel at a time. Array scanners typically use a laser beam as a light source, which is scanned over pixels covering the array features. A detector (typically a fluorescence detector) with a very high light sensitivity is normally desirable to achieve maximum signal-to-noise in detecting hybridized molecules, particularly in array scanners used for DNA sequencing or gene expression studies. At present, photomultiplier tubes ("PMTs") are still the detector of choice although charge coupled devices ("CCDs") and avalanche photodiodes ("APDs") can also be used. PMTs and APDs are typically used for temporally sequential scanning of array features, while CCDs permit scanning many features in parallel (for example, one line of features simultaneously, in which case an illuminating line may be used).
Polynucleotide arrays have previously been provided in two formats (sometimes referenced as "array units"). In one format, the array is provided as part of a package in which the array itself is disposed on a first side of a glass or other transparent substrate. This substrate is fixed (such as by adhesive) to a housing with the array facing the interior of a chamber formed between the substrate and housing. An inlet and outlet may be provided to introduce and remove sample and wash liquids to and from the chamber during use of the array. The entire package may then be inserted into a laser scanner, and the sample exposed array may be read through a second side of the substrate.
In another format, the array is present on an unmounted glass or other transparent slide substrate. This array is then exposed to a sample optionally using a temporary housing to form a chamber with the array substrate. The slide may then be placed in a laser scanner to read the exposed array. Most slide scanners require that the user manually insert the slide into a holder within the scanner. Some scanners allow the slide to rest on a surface while others clamp it to a known location using various types of guides. However, this exposes the fragile slide to the risk of chipping or breaking with consequent loss of what may be a very expensive array which itself may carry the results of an expensive and difficult to reproduce experiment. Perhaps even worse, minor damage such as smudges or scratches may go unnoticed to a user but can cause highly erroneous results to be read from the very small features of the array.
One of the problems recognized by the present invention, of using array holders, is as follows. First, different manufacturers may wish to construct array holders of different configurations (for example, to include a hybridization chamber). This can lead to a problem in that different array holders may position the array substrate, and hence the array, at different spatial locations within the scanner depending on the particular dimensions of the array holder. To avoid wasted time and misleading data, the scanner is set to scan only the area of the array on the slide. To do this the scanner needs to know where the array is physically located inside the scanner. Knowing where the array is located inside the scanner also avoids misinterpretation of read data as a result of incorrectly assuming that a location in a scanned image (for example, a corner feature) is the actual location on the array (for example, the corner). While this may not be a problem if all users were to use a standard size slide for all arrays (such as the well accepted 1″×3′ microscope slide), the introduction of various non-standardized holders causes the array location within the scanner to vary. Another problem recognized by the present invention is that some scanners may not actually be able to physically accommodate some holders and could be damaged by their attempted loading into the scanner. Further, to keep array manufacturing costs low, it may be desirable to use non-standard substrate sizes in which case it becomes useful for the scanner to know in advance both the location and the size of the substrate containing the array. This can be particularly important where it is possible to damage the reader or holder should reader attempt to read an area (such as by laser illumination of it) where no substrate is present.
The present invention recognizes that it would be desirable then to have some means for an array reader to obtain information on one or more characteristics of an array holder or an array unit.


The electrical generator set has two separate cooling airflows. A first airflow is generated by an impeller mounted on the drive shaft of the engine and provides for cooling the electrical generator or alternator and for partial cooling of the electrical circuitry which controls mainly the voltage of the electrical output. This airflow exists only while the engine is running. The first airflow is mixed with the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine for noise and temperature reduction. the use of a venturi tube supports driven by the exhaust gases supports the airflow.. A second airflow provides for cooling the radiator of the liquid cooled internal combustion engine and for partial cooling for the electrical circuitry. This second airflow is generated by one or more electrical fans and is independent on whether or not the engine is running.

The present invention relates to motor-generator sets for generating electrical energy. The present invention provides for a very compact implementation with low noise level. A first design offers a low profile package with easy access to all components, thereby providing very easy maintainability. A second design includes an open package with a high efficiency electrical generator.


This process is a method of preventing polymer scale formation in a polymerization vessel during the polymerization of a monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated double bond. The inner wall surface of a polymerization vessel is coated with a water-based coating solution containing (a) a water-soluble anionic dye and (b) at least water-insoluble cationic dye or water-insoluble nitrogen-containing organic compound, where the water-based coating solution has a pH of 7 or less. The coating solution is applied and then dried to form a coating.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of effectively preventing polymer scale from sticking, and particularly to a method of preventing polymer scale from sticking in a polymerization vessel during the polymerization of monomers having an ethylenically double bond.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In processes of preparing polymers by polymerizing monomers in a polymerization vessel, known to arise is the problem that the polymer sticks on inner wall surface and so forth of the polymerization vessel in the form of scale. Once the scale of polymer sticks on the inner wall surface and so forth of the polymerization vessel, much labor and time are required as a result to remove the scale of polymers. Disadvantages may also result such that the yield of polymers and the cooling capacity of the polymerization vessel are lowered, and the sticked scale of polymers may peel from the surfaces to mix into a product, and the quality of manufactured polymers are thereby made poor.
As methods of preventing polymer scale from sticking on the inner wall surface and so forth of a polymerization vessel, there have been hitherto proposed, for example, a method in which a polar compound, a dye, a pigment or the like is coated on the inner wall surface (Japanese Patent Publication (KOKOKU) Nos. 30343/1970 and 30835/1970), a method in which an aromatic amine compound is coated (Japanese Pre-examination Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 50887/1976), and a method in which a reaction product of a phenolic compound with an aromatic aldehyde is coated (Japanese Pre-examination Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 54317/1980).
These are effective in preventing polymer scale from sticking, when vinyl halide monomers such as vinyl chloride or monomer mixtures mainly comprised of said monomers and containing a small amount of monomers copolymerizable therewith are polymerized.
However, in instances in which the monomers to be polymerized comprise other monomers having an ethylenically double bond such as styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, acrylate and acrylonitrile, these monomers have so large a dissolving power against the coating formed by the above sticking-preventing methods that part or the whole of the coating may be dissolved away, so that it becomes impossible to effectively prevent polymer scale from sticking on the inner wall surface and so forth of a polymerization vessel. This sticking of scale particularly tends to occur when the polymerization vessel is made of stainless steel.

Method of preventing polymer scale formation


An in-line system for fabricating a liquid crystal display-includes a sealer coating unit for coating a sealer onto a first substrate with a plurality of liquid crystal display cell regions, a liquid crystal injection unit for dropping a liquid crystal onto the first substrate coated with the sealer, and an assembly unit for assembling the first substrate with the second substrate. A sealer hardening unit hardens the sealer interposed between the first and the second substrate to thereby assemble the first and the second substrate with each other. A substrate cutting unit cuts the first and the second substrates along cutting lines through illuminating a laser beam along the cutting lines such that the first and the second substrates are severed into the liquid crystal display cell regions.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an in-line system for a liquid crystal display, and a method of fabricating a liquid crystal display using the same.
(b) Description of the Related Art
Generally, the fabrication of a liquid crystal display involves processes of fabricating an array substrate where wiring line patterns and switching circuits (in the case of an active matrix type) are formed on a glass substrate, a liquid crystal display cell process where alignment treatment, spacer formation and injection of a liquid crystal between the array substrate and an opposing substrate are made, and a module process where attachment of driver ICs and mounting of a backlight are made.
A plurality of liquid crystal display cell regions are simultaneously formed at a mother glass in the array substrate fabrication process. The plurality of liquid crystal display cell regions are severed from each other to form separate display units through cutting in the liquid crystal display cell process.
In the liquid crystal display cell process, a vacuum injection or a drop injection may be made to fill the cells with liquid crystal.
With the vacuum injection, an alignment film is coated onto the substrates to align the liquid crystal molecules, and then surface-treated. Spacers are formed at one of the substrates to maintain the cell gap in a constant manner, and a sealer with a liquid crystal inlet hole is printed around the substrates. The substrates are then aligned and assembled with each other through a hot press process with a thermal-hardening sealer. After grooves are formed at the substrates per a panel unit through scribing, the substrates are severed from each other through impact cutting. The respective panels are put into a vacuum vessel such that the liquid crystal inlet hole of the sealer is dipped into a liquid crystal. In this way, the liquid crystal is injected into the liquid crystal display cell. Finally, the liquid crystal inlet hole is sealed such that the injected liquid crystal is contained.
With the drop injection, an alignment film is coated onto the substrates, and then surface-treated. Spacers are formed at one of the substrates. After a sealer is formed around one of the substrates in the shape of a closed curve, a liquid crystal is dropped onto the substrate. The two substrates are aligned, and assembled with each other by way of the sealer. Finally, the sealer is hardened.
In the case of drop injection, as liquid crystal is contained within the liquid crystal display cell while being severed into unit cells through scribing, the characteristic of the liquid crystal can deteriorate from loss of alignment force of the alignment films and due to the impact to the substrates, and this can result in poor display characteristics. To prevent such a problem, the substrate severing may be completely made at the groove formation process based on scribing by penetrating the cutting blade through the substrates. In this case, the stress applied to the substrates at the cutting becomes increased. Consequently, the possibility of deteriorating the display characteristic of the liquid crystal display cell is increased and production yield is decreased.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

In-line system and method for manufacturing liquid crystal display


A method for image segmentation includes specifying seed points in an image of interest, the seed points corresponding to a node in a seed texture, each seed point having a different color. The method includes determining a matrix for each node, including neighboring edge weights of each node, and determining a probability that a node can be characterized as each seed point. The method includes assigning the node the color of a most probable seed point, and outputting a segmentation of the image of interest according to node assignments, wherein the segmentation differentiates portions of the image of interest.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to image segmentation, and more particularly to a system and method for finding a multi-label image segmentation based on a specification of labels for pixels.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Segmentation is an important component of many clinical medical imaging applications, including anatomic analysis and modeling, morphological measurement, visualization, and surgical planning. Unfortunately, segmentation is often a challenging problem due to difficulties resulting from noise, limited contrast, and weak boundaries often observed in medical images.
Addressing multi-label image segmentation without recursively applied binary segmentation has been proposed using automated and semi-automated methods. Such random walker methods have been shown to perform better than other segmentation algorithms known to-date. However, the random walker methods are limited by calculation time.
Methods for GPU acceleration of image segmentation have been proposed. However, these methods have disadvantages including leaking of a segmentation through a weak boundary, poor performance in cases where pixel intensities are not clearly divided by a threshold, failure to located object boundaries, etc.
Therefore, a need exists for a system and method for accelerating the performance of a random walker method using a GPU implementation, achieving interactive rates.

GPU accelerated multi-label image segmentation (MLS)


To accept a plurality of starting factors without the use of a CPU and improve the real-time processing speed of A/D conversion, the same number of channel selection registers, mode registers and conversion result storage registers as the number of starting factors are provided and divided into groups according to the types of starting factors, and a control circuit for specifying a register group for a starting factor when the factor is generated is also provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an A/D converter for converting analog input signals into digital signals.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the configuration of a conventional A/D converter which is commonly used. In the figure, reference numeral G represents a channel selector for selecting one of a plurality of channels having analog input signals 10, 7 a comparator for comparing a changing reference voltage and the voltage of an analog input signal selected by the selector 6, 8 a successive approximation register for storing the comparison result of the comparator sequentially, 3 a conversion result storage register (a 3-word register in this case) for storing the data of the successive approximation register 8 as the result of conversion, 1 a channel selection register for storing channel selection information for the channel selector 6 to select one of the analog input signal channels, 2 a mode register for storing mode information such as starting factors, A/D conversion speed, and A/D conversion operation modes, 9 a D/A converter for converting the data of the successive approximation register 8 into an analog signal to provide this conversion result to the comparator 7 as a reference voltage, 11 a start control circuit for controlling the activation of the A/D converter according to a given starting factor 12, 5 a control circuit for controlling the channel selector 6 according to the outputs of the channel selection register 1, the mode register 2 and the start control circuit 11, and 13 an interrupt request signal outputted from the successive approximation register 8 and supplied to a CPU to inform the completion of conversion.
The operation of the A/D converter will be described hereafter. In advance, channel selection information is set in the channel selection register 1 and mode information is set in the mode register 2. The channel selection register 1 is intended to select an arbitrary analog input signal from a plurality of analog input signals 10. The mode register 2 is intended to determine the operation mode of the A/D converter. Generally, A/D conversion modes include one in which A/D conversion is performed only once after the start of operation, one in which A/D conversion of the same channel of analog input signals into digital signals is repeated, and one in which a plurality of channels having analog input signals are converted into digital signals one after another. As shown in FIG. 9, when there are a plurality of starting factors 12, the mode register 2 is provided with a bit for specifying a starting factor.
Generally speaking, the starting factors are written onto an (unshown) starting register by software, or external events are directly inputted as the starting factors. FIG. 9 shows an example where two starting factors can be selected by the mode register 2.
Therefore, after setting values to the channel selection register 1 and the mode register 2, the A/D converter is activated to begin A/D conversion. A/D conversion of one bit at a time starting from the most significant bit of the analog input signal of a channel selected by the channel selector 6 is performed through the comparison of the voltage of the analog input signal and the output (reference voltage) of the D/A converter 9 with the comparator 7, and the result of comparison is stored in the successive approximation register 8. When A/D conversion of all the bits of the analog input signal is completed, the results of conversions are transferred to the conversion result storage register 3 by the unshown CPU.
Since the conventional A/D converter has only one channel selection register, mode register and conversion result storage register, one starting factor must be selected during the system design stage for dedicated use. Therefore, when a plurality of starting factors are required, the CPU must accept the starting factors and the A/D converter must be activated by software. In this way, since the processing of the CPU intervenes in A/D conversion and other processes, response speed to the starting factors is significantly lowered. For example, when such a conventional A/D converter is used in the control system of a car engine, analog information (first starting factor), such as the crank angle (related to the amount of gasoline injection) and engine speed, required on a real-time basis, and analog information (second starting factor), such as the engine coolant temperature, required at predetermined intervals, are converted into digital information through the CPU, thus lowering response speed to the first starting factor in particular.


An aquaponic grow system includes a plurality of sensors for sensing nutrient levels in liquid provided to a grow chamber, and to adjust nutrient levels based on the sensed levels. In some embodiments the system includes a plurality of sensors configured to sense nutrient levels in a common chamber, with the system configured to calibrate the sensors.

The present invention relates generally to fertilization and irrigation ("fertigation") systems for crops, and more particularly to fertigation systems for closed-loop aqueous (hydroponic or aeroponic) grown crops and calibration of sensors used in such systems.
Aqueously grown crops generally maintain roots of the crops in an aqueous rich environment, with the roots either in a liquid solution or a mist environment. For example, hydroponically grown crops generally maintain roots of the crops in a liquid solution of water and nutrients. Also for example, aeroponically grown crops generally maintain roots of the crops in an aqueous mist environment, with the mist formed using a liquid solution, and the mist providing water and nutrients for plant growth.
Maintaining an appropriate level of nutrients in the liquid solution may be difficult particularly for a closed-loop system, in which liquid solution injected into a grow chamber is reused in a recirculating manner. For example, the crops may intake different amounts of nutrients from the solution, and this may change over time. Also for example, a large quantity of aqueous solution generally may be present about the crop roots, particularly for hydroponic systems, forming a relatively large reservoir of solution. Injecting nutrients into the solution may result in variations in concentration of the nutrients within the reservoir, and there may be significant delays or time lags between time of injection of the nutrients and dispersal of the nutrients within the reservoir. These delays or time lags may make sampling of the solution for nutrients prone to errors, and increase difficulties in accurate sampling of nutrient levels.
In addition, sensors used for the sampling of the solution may benefit from periodic recalibration. Recalibration of sensors, however, may be a relatively lengthy process, increasing costs and also possibly resulting in excessive time in which sampling is not performed.

Aqueous grow chamber recirculating nutrient control system and sensor calibration


The present invention teaches a variety of filter circuits for protecting against transient electrical pulses such as those caused by electrostatic discharge (ESD) events. One aspect of the present invention teaches an integrated circuit package having primary circuitry, an ESD protection device, a filter circuit, and a conductive lead arranged to couple a point external to the integrated circuit package to a point internal to the integrated circuit package. The ESD device, coupled in series between the conductive lead and a ground reference, can limit the voltage magnitude of a transient electrical pulse occurring upon the conductive lead. The filter circuit is operable such that the voltage magnitude of an electrical signal generated at the filter circuit output is less than the voltage magnitude of the certain transient electrical pulse itself. One preferred filter circuit has two resistors R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, two capacitors C.sub.1 and C.sub.2, and two transistors Q.sub.1 and Q.sub.2. These components are arranged such the first terminals of resistors R1 and R2 and the collector of transistor Q1 are electrically coupled and constitute the filter circuit input. The second terminal of the resistor R2 and the first terminal of the capacitor C2 are electrically coupled. The second terminal of the capacitor C2 and the base of the transistor Q2 are electrically coupled. The second terminal of the resistor R1, the collector of the transistor Q2, the first terminal of the capacitor C1, and the base of the transistor Q1 are electrically coupled. Finally, the emitter of the transistor Q2 and the second terminal of the capacitor C1 are electrically coupled.

Electrical devices of all types are susceptible to damage from transient electrical events. The short duration of transient electrical events such as electrostatic discharge (ESD) might make them appear innocuous. However, this is simply not the case.
Take, for example, the high susceptibility of many integrated circuits to ESD events. ESD, as will be appreciated, is the rapid discharge of static electricity from one conductor to another conductor having a different electrical potential. The typical integrated circuit includes a variety of conductors and electrical components that are generally intended to operate near the same potential. Hence, components internal to the integrated circuit are not designed to withstand the rapid discharge of electricity arising during ESD events. However, when a lead of the integrated circuit comes into near contact with a conductor of a different potential (e.g., a human who has been walking over a carpet), an ESD event occurs potentially damaging the integrated circuit.
FIG. 1 provides a schematic useful for describing how an ESD event may arise in connection with an integrated circuit 10 of the prior art. The integrated circuit 10 includes primary circuitry 12, an ESD protection device 14, and an input lead 16 coupled electrically to both the primary circuitry 12 and the ESD protection device 14. The primary circuitry 12 and the ESD protection device 14 are both coupled to a common ground reference 20. An impedance Z1 models the effective impedance between the input lead 16 and an external conductor 30 that is the source of the static electricity.
When the external conductor 30 and the input lead 16 possess different potentials and are brought close enough together, the impedance Z1 is such that an ESD event occurs. The ESD event generates a current I.sub.ESD across the impedance Z1 and a voltage V.sub.ESD at the external conductor 30 with reference to the common ground 20. The typical ESD event lasts less than 300 nanoseconds, meaning that that the energy has dissipated and both the voltage V.sub.ESD and the current I.sub.ESD are negligible after this time. However, while the ESD event is occurring, the voltage V.sub.ESD and the corresponding I.sub.ESD can be exceedingly high. For example, the voltage V.sub.ESD from a normal human body discharge can exceed 3 kilo Volts.
Typical ESD protection devices such as ESD protection device 14 operate such that the resulting voltage V.sub.+ across the primary circuitry 12 is less than 100 Volts with the bulk of the current I.sub.ESD flowing through the ESD protection device 14 rather than the primary circuitry 12. For many integrated circuits, this reduction in applied voltage and the redirection of the current is sufficient protection to safeguard against any possible damage. However, certain integrated circuits are much more sensitive to transient electrical pulses and currently available ESD protection devices are not capable of providing the needed protection.
For example, certain integrated circuits include thin film fuses. These thin film fuses can be selectively blown, even after the integrated circuit has been packaged, in order to produce an integrated circuit having the desired electrical characteristics. This enables the electrical characteristics of the integrated circuit to be modified after the integrated circuit is fully packaged. As will be appreciated, different selections of the fuses result in different electrical characteristics. These thin film fuses are sensitive to voltage spikes and may be inadvertently blown when an ESD event occurs, even when protected by a standard ESD protection device. Once a fuse is improperly blown, the electrical characteristics of the integrated circuit are irreversibly altered.
Accordingly, what is needed is a filter circuit that can work in conjunction with common ESD protection devices to provide enhanced protection from ESD events and other transient electrical events.

Filter circuits for protecting against transient electrical pulses


An open-end spinning unit, which comprises a spinning rotor 1 that rotates during the spinning operation at a high rotational speed in a closed rotor housing 2. The spinning rotor is rotated by an individual electric motor drive 18 and supported in a smoothly running bearing assembly. When the drive is disconnected and the rotor housing is properly closed by a cover element 8, the spinning rotor is biased and rotated by an airflow resulting from a vacuum prevailing in the rotor housing and the motor drive operates as a generator. At least one of the electric quantities Pv, Gv which develop during the generator operation of the drive 18 is monitored, and upon exceeding a threshold value which can only be attained when the cover element is properly closed, a signal S is generated and processed in a control unit 30 to cause the cover element 8 on the rotor housing 2 to be locked, and thereafter the drive 18 is connected to its electrical supply to rotate the rotor at high speed.

The invention relates to a method for operating an open-end rotor yarn spinning unit, and an apparatus for carrying out the method.
Different types of open-end rotor spinning units are known, which comprise a spinning rotor that rotates during the spinning process at a high rotational speed in a rotor housing which is closed by a cover element and kept under a vacuum. The open-end rotor spinning units differ both with respect to the bearing mount of their spinning rotors and with respect to their drive.
The majority of the open-end spinning rotor units that are currently on the market and disclosed, for example, in DE 103 05 279 A1, and corresponding U.S. Publ. No. 2004/154280 comprise spinning rotors that are supported with their rotor shaft in the cusp of a so-called twin disk bearing. In the case of such twin disk bearings, it is common to provide for axially securing the spinning rotor, an additional thrust bearing, which may be constructed either as a mechanical bearing or as a magnetic bearing. The drive of such bearing mounted spinning rotors normally occurs via a tangential belt which runs the length of the machine, with a contact roll causing the tangential belt to lie against each rotor shaft of the spinning rotor. The above described bearing and drive assemblies permit spinning rotor speeds greater than 100,000 rpm.
Besides these spinning rotors that are mechanically supported in twin disk bearing assemblies, it is also known to support spinning rotors in bearing assemblies in a noncontacting manner, and to operate them by individual electric motors, for example, by electromagnetic drives. Noncontacting, smoothly operating bearing assemblies are, for example, air bearings or magnetic bearings.
DE 100 22 736 A1 and corresponding U.S. Publ. No. 2002/002816 describe an open-end spinning unit with such a magnetic bearing assembly. In this assembly, the rotor shaft of the spinning rotor is supported in a noncontacting manner via two bearing points that are arranged in axially spaced relationship and formed by paired permanent magnets. These paired permanent magnets are constructed and arranged such that respectively opposite magnet poles face each other, so that respectively repulsive magnetic bearing forces are operative between the permanent magnet on the rotor side and the permanent magnet on the stator side.
The permanent magnets on the stator side are also surrounded by electric windings that can be switched in a defined manner, and which permit increasing or decreasing the magnetic forces as a function of the direction of the electric current flow. In this process, the electric windings are activated via a corresponding control device as a function of signals of a sensor, which measures the axial deviation of the rotor from its desired position.
The drive of such spinning rotors that are supported in a noncontacting manner, normally occurs by means of individual electric motor drives, preferably DC motors, which are each arranged between the magnetic bearing points.
Irrespective of the type of bearing mount and/or the type of the drive of spinning rotors, it is necessary to open such open-end spinning devices from time to time, for example, for cleaning the spinning rotor. This means that the particular spinning rotors must first be slowed down to a standstill. After opening the rotor housing, they can then be cleaned, for example, by a mechanical scraper of an automatically operating piecer carriage or by the operating personnel.
Because of the high rotational speeds, at which the spinning rotors rotate during the spinning process, one must make sure that the piecer carriage or the operating personnel can open the rotor housing only when the spinning rotor has slowed down to no more than a considerably reduced speed. Furthermore, when restarting the spinning rotor, it must be made sure that the rotor housing is properly closed by a cover element.
For this reason, open-end rotor spinning units with a spinning rotor that is mechanically supported in a twin disk bearing assembly and adapted for being driven by a tangential belt, comprise a rotor brake, whose brake shoes engage the rotor shaft in the fashion of tongs and, in so doing, decelerate it. This means that the rotor brake starts acting, as soon as the cover element that closes the rotor housing is actuated in the direction of "opening".
At the same time as the rotor brake is actuated, a contact roll which brings during the spinning operation the tangential belt of machine length into frictional contact with the rotor shaft of the particular spinning rotor, is raised and thus separates the driving engagement of the rotor shaft and the tangential belt.
The above described rotor brake remains in contact with the rotor shaft, until the cover element engages again in the prescribed manner, i.e., the rotor housing is properly closed.
In practical operation, the above described devices have proved themselves in connection with spinning rotors that are supported in twin disk bearing assemblies. In the case of spinning rotors that are driven by individual motors, in particular when these spinning rotors are supported in a magnetic bearing assembly, such devices are however less advantageous or unusable for various reasons.
Spinning rotors that are driven by individual motors are normally not decelerated to a standstill, for example, by a mechanical rotor brake, but electrically. This means that in the case of such drives the flow direction of the motor current is simply reversed for stopping the spinning rotors. Such a braking current permits decelerating spinning rotors that are driven by individual motors, to a standstill within the shortest time and in a material protective manner. However, these individually driven and magnetically supported spinning rotors require taking additional measures which ensure that before opening the rotor housing, the spinning rotor rotates only below a predetermined rotational speed limit, and in particular that the rotor housing is also properly closed before a restart of the spinning rotor.
The known open-end spinning units with spinning rotors that are driven by individual motors and supported in magnetic bearings, are therefore equipped with special sensor devices, which monitor the proper closing of the rotor housing.
Based on the above-described state of the art, it is an object of the invention to develop a method and an apparatus, which enable a cost favorable and reliable operation of open-end rotor spinning units, whose spinning rotors are driven by individual motors and supported in magnetic bearing assemblies.

Method and apparatus for operating an open-end rotor spinning unit


Light-emitting devices having a semiconductor phosphor layer formed by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The semiconductor phosphor layer may be any Group III nitride semiconductor compound that is in-situ doped during MOCVD deposition with one or more dopants effective to act as luminescent centers. The MOCVD deposition conditions required for the formation of these extrinsic luminescent films differ significantly from the MOCVD deposition conditions utilized to deposit intrinsic GaN luminescent films.

Light-emitting devices operating by principles of electroluminescence are used in many light-emitting structures, ranging from simple panel lights to complex displays and lasers, which cover the lighting industry, computer monitors, automotive industry, television and other consumer electronics, as well as military applications. Such light-emitting devices, of which light-emitting diodes (LED's) are exemplary, are tailored to emit visible light of a given wavelength by selection of its constituent compound semiconductor. For example, aluminum gallium arsenide is used for fabricating red LED's, gallium aluminum phosphide for fabricating green LED's, and gallium nitride for fabricating blue LED's. Multi-color light-emitting structures based upon such LED's are difficult to produce by conventional methods. Specifically, such diverse compounds are difficult to combine into an integral structure. Moreover, performance characteristics, such as current and voltage requirements, differ significantly for such diverse LED's and presents a circuitry challenge in the production of multi-color light-emitting structures.
Light-emitting devices typically incorporate a semiconductor phosphor layer that provides the light emission when biased. Wide band gap semiconductors (WBGS), such as gallium nitride, doped with light-emitting elements having partially-filled inner shells, such as rare earths (RE) and transition metals, are particularly attractive materials for the fabrication of such phosphor layers. Specifically, the emission efficiency of WGBS increases with band gap value, which facilitates room temperature operation.
Gallium nitride represents one of a number of Group III nitride semiconductor compounds that possess certain advantages when compared with other WBGS. For example, gallium nitride exhibits a direct band gap transition, excellent mechanical, chemical, and thermal stabilities, and an ability to incorporate large concentrations of luminescent centers. In addition, gallium nitride has a relatively large energy band gap (approximately 3.4 eV) that permits visible light emission from higher energy transitions, while still affording a measure of control over the conductivity.
Therefore, there is a need for light-emitting devices fabricated by MOCVD in which the light-emitting element is supplied by in-situ doping and in which the visible light emission is sufficiently intense for device applications.

Method of forming a semiconductor phosphor layer by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition for use in light-emitting devices


A purpose of this invention is to provide an apparatus which can carry out a deodorization/odor-removal/disinfection work even on a large-scaled matter such as a room etc. effectively and efficiently. A deodorization/odor-removal/disinfection apparatus of this invention is equipped with an ozone generator (1), an ozone blow-off mechanism which blows generated ozone from a blow-off port (12), a device (2) which atomizes aqueous hydrogen peroxide, and an aqueous hydrogen peroxide blow-off mechanism which blows the atomized aqueous hydrogen peroxide from a blow-off port (32). This apparatus generates ozone and at the same time produces aqueous hydrogen peroxide under atomized state, makes the both contact each other and then makes them contact with an object.

Deodorization and odor-removal by using ozone are frequently utilized. Free-hydroxyradical produced by reaction between ozone and water molecule decomposes various odorous substances, especially malodorous substances such as ammonia and isovaleric acid etc. to provide deodorization and odor-removal effects. The free-hydroxyradical is produced by methods (1) ozonolysis caused by ultraviolet radiation, (2) hydrogen peroxide decomposition caused by ultraviolet radiation, (3) ozonolysis caused by hydrogen peroxide catalyst etc., and is produced efficiently by the method (3) in particular.
Incidentally, the above-mentioned method (3) has so far been carried out by putting a matter to be treated into aqueous hydrogen peroxide and making ozone bubble in the aqueous hydrogen peroxide. In this method, however, it has been unable to deodorize and remove odor from a large-scaled matter, and an efficiency has been bad.

Deodorization/odor-removal/disinfection method and deodorization/odor-removal/disinfection apparatus


A damping assembly for a front-wheel independent suspension of a four-wheel mobility scooter includes a chassis with two front wheels, and two connecting sleeves. In each of the connecting sleeves is disposed a first shock absorber which includes a rectangular outer pipe and a rectangular inner pipe disposed in and rotated 45 degrees with respect to the outer pipe, between each of the edges of the inner pipe and the inner space of the outer pipe is disposed an elastic rubber The inner pipe has two suspension arms connected to a shaft, respectively, each shaft includes a first connecting arm extending in a width direction of the chassis, the front wheels are connected to the first connecting arms, on each of the shafts is provided a second connecting arm extending upward and hinged with a third connecting arm extending in the width direction of and hinged to the chassis.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a four-wheel mobility scooter, and more particularly to a damping assembly for a front-wheel independent suspension of a four-wheel mobility scooter.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Mobility scooters are environment friendly mobility aids which are very suitable for elders, disabled people and middle aged people and can get people any place they want. For example, people can use it when going to a garden, shopping around, or dropping off and picking up child. However, the road surface that the mobility scooter runs is never always smooth. Therefore, to enhance sitting comfort, the mobility scooters must be equipped with shock absorbers which normally are in the form of a spring disposed between the seat and the chassis. However, the shock absorbing effect of the spring is not good since it only works in the height direction. Besides, the spring shock absorber is complicated in structure, costly to assemble, and requires a certain amount of height, which is not conducive to miniaturization of the mobility scooter.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages.

Damping assembly for a front-wheel independent suspension of a four-wheel mobility scooter


A system includes a syngas cooler and a compatible seal gas system. The syngas cooler may be configured to cool a syngas. The compatible seal gas system may be configured to supply a compatible seal gas to a seal of the syngas cooler. The seal may be configured to block the syngas from a passage between an outer wall of the syngas cooler and a tube cage of the syngas cooler.

The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to gasification systems, and more particularly to systems and methods for sealing a syngas cooler.
Gasification systems may be used to generate a gas mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), e.g., synthesis gas, or syngas, by reacting various hydrocarbon feedstock, such as coal, with steam and oxygen (O2) in a gasifier. The syngas may be processed and utilized in chemical production applications or as fuel in a combined cycle power plant. The gasification process generally takes place at relatively high pressures and temperatures. Cooling the hot syngas may be desirable, for example, to aid in maintaining the stability of the syngas as the syngas is distributed for use in chemical production applications or in combined cycle power plants.
A syngas cooler may be used to cool the syngas produced by the gasifier. Syngas produced by the gasifier may also contain corrosive gases, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbonyl sulfide (COS).

System and method for sealing a syngas cooler


To provide more useful additional information to the user at a more effective timing.

Recently, along with the development of information processing technology, a variety of electronic commerce is being carried out. For example, a user is able to utilize an electronic commerce (EC) site or the like to purchase products casually. Also, in electronic commerce like the above, many technologies for improving the user's buying motivation and convenience have been proposed. For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses a technology that provides information about consumables and options incidental to a product that a user has selected or purchased. Also, Patent Literature 2 discloses a technology that displays advertising information according to an expiration date of a product that a user has purchased.

Information processing apparatus, information processing method, and program

Abstract: Provided is an information processing apparatus including an output control unit that controls an output of additional information related to a product purchased by a user. The output control unit controls an output of the additional information on the basis of delivery information about the product. In addition, provided is an information processing method that is executed by a processor, the information processing method including controlling an output of additional information related to a product purchased by a user. The controlling of an output includes controlling an output of the additional information on the basis of delivery information about the product.


Provided are apparatuses and methods for making chlorine dioxide on demand by converting a chlorine dioxide generating solution into chlorine dioxide by exposure to UV light.

Chlorine dioxide enjoys considerable commercial and industrial importance in a wide variety of applications. It is currently used in large quantities as a bleaching agent for wood pulp, paper, fats, oils, tallow, and flour.
A recent series of regulatory approvals have increased the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant and sanitizer in the food processing industry. New federal guidelines have permitted its use in meat, dairy, poultry, fruit and vegetable post-harvest produce, and prepared foodstuffs. In most circumstances, chlorine dioxide does not cause organoleptic impairments of food products.
Chlorine dioxide is also widely used in the wastewater industry both as a pollution control agent and a potable water treatment. Chlorine dioxide is an excellent sulfide scavenging agent and is employed in scrubbing towers in wastewater, rendering, and the oil and gas industry.
The unique properties of chlorine dioxide provide a growing receptivity in its use as an environmental and microbial control agent. Chlorine dioxide reacts with a high degree of specificity towards certain industrial pollutants, such as sulfides, amines, mercaptans, and cyanide while not reacting with ammonia or most organic compounds.
The highly selective nature of chlorine dioxide is important in disinfection. Unwanted disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are not formed as they are with chlorine or hypochlorites. Chlorine dioxide also is effective over a wide pH range, does not disassociate in solutions, has rapid disinfection kinetics, and does not accumulate in treated solutions.
Chlorine dioxide is most often generated on-site due to prohibition and hazards of its transport and storage. It has been produced conventionally by several chemical and electrochemical processes. The most common means of production is the acidification of aqueous sodium chlorite. Strong acids such as sulfuric or hydrochloric give high yields of chlorine dioxide while weaker (and safer) acids such as citric and lactic give much lower yields.
The acidic conversion of chlorite to chlorine dioxide is greatly enhanced in yield by adding a chlorine donor such as hypochlorite or chlorine gas. While advantageous in recoverable yield, a three-precursor system introduces a greater level of complexity in apparatus and reactor design. Current methods for producing chlorine dioxide gas employ highly toxic chlorine gas. On-site storage of hypochlorites, strong acids, and chlorine gas also poses additional hazards and regulatory scrutiny to the end user.
Electrochemical generators have attempted to partially address this issue. Such generators utilize a singe precursor, normally sodium chlorite or sodium chlorate. The produced chlorine dioxide product is separated from the electrolyte solution using a gas permeable structure. However, they are not widely used due to other disadvantages such as high cost, generation of explosive hydrogen gas, and reliability. New designs have begun to address these concerns
A potentially superior and alternative method for producing chlorine dioxide is by photochemical oxidation. Photochemical reactions of chlorine dioxide and oxyanions of chlorine have been reported by E. J. Brown and M. Cheung (1932) and disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,043,284, 2,457,285, and 2,683,651.
More recent work of photochemical methods is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,414,180 and 4,456,511 to Fisher. This work describes a generator containing aqueous sodium chlorite illuminated by externally placed incandescent fluorescent bulbs. The sodium chlorite is photochemically oxidized to chlorine dioxide and removed from the aqueous solution with a gaseous nitrogen or air stream.
Further, more detailed work is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,489 to J. Callerame, which describes a tubular chamber containing sodium chlorite. An ultraviolet source, namely a low pressure mercury vapor bulb, was housed inside the vessel and the inside wall was made from a UV reflector such as polished aluminum. The reaction was discontinued when the chlorine dioxide concentration reached ten percent weight and the entire reaction product was removed from the reaction space. Ten percent was the upper limit chosen due to explosive properties of chlorine dioxide.
Similarly in U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,500 to Callerame, mixtures of chlorine and oxygen gas and aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite were photochemically converted to chlorine dioxide. As in the earlier Callerame patent, the solution was held within the tubular vessel until the maximum concentration of chlorine dioxide reached ten percent. Afterwards, the entire reaction contents containing chlorine dioxide were removed and conveyed to their place of use. In the photochemical reactions of chlorine and oxygen, explosions were reported to have occurred in two instances.
Improvements in safety of photochemical methods were reported by Simpson in U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,558. A means is described for positioning a UV bulb in a container of aqueous chlorite. The aqueous chlorite is circulated through a circulation tube by an air or gas sparge. This also effectively removes chlorine dioxide and thus reduces the safety hazardous associated with its accumulation in solution.
While considerably improving upon the safety of the prior photochemical methods the following limitations are still imposed:                (1) The prior art requires additional air moving system to generate a gas sparge.        (2) The prior art was conducted in fragile quartz tubes and aspirators.        (3) The prior art requires a circulation tube in proximity to the ultraviolet bulb to conduct the chlorite precursor across the field of ultraviolet radiation.        (4) The prior art production of chlorine dioxide cannot be directly regulated by controlled addition of chlorite precursor. The prior art production of chlorine dioxide must be controlled by bulb intensity and gas sparge rate.        (5) The scale-up of the prior art device is difficult. The chlorine dioxide production rate also decreases as the chlorite is exhausted
Chlorine dioxide has the potential for increased use in a variety of commercial and industrial applications. The apparatus for its generation would ideally be safe, economical, easy-to-use, and not require storage of hazardous ingredients. A clear and compelling need exists for a device that produces chlorine dioxide while fulfilling the above criteria.

Apparatus and method for producing chlorine dioxide


A meter cable mounting structure having a shaft portion of an inner cable and a fitting hole of a revolving shaft that can be easily aligned for facilitating the mounting operation. The meter cable mounting structure includes a meter cable having an inner cable with a shaft portion of a square shape in cross section at least at one end thereof. A pinion includes a fitting hole of a square shape in cross section that corresponds to the shaft portion of the inner cable at the end thereof with a tapered inner wall portion being provided in a periphery of an open end of the fitting hole. The tapered inner wall portion is reduced in diameter gradually toward the open end and includes a guide projection for guiding the shaft portion when mounting the meter cable to the pinion by fitting the shaft portion into the fitting hole.

An inner cable includes shaft portions having a square shape in cross section at both ends thereof that is rotatably stored in a meter cable. The shaft portion at one end of the inner cable is mounted, for example, to a pinion (revolving shaft) or the like that meshes a gear provided on a speed detecting portion of a front wheel or on a revolving speed detecting part of an engine of a motorcycle or the like. In addition, the shaft portion on the other side is mounted to a revolving shaft provided in a speed meter or a tachometer or the like. Mounting portions for the respective revolving shafts each are formed with a fitting hole of square shape in cross section that corresponds to the shaft portions of the inner cable for allowing transmission of the rotation thereof. In addition, a tapered inner wall portion that is reduced in diameter gradually toward an open end of the fitting hole is provided on a periphery of the open end.
The meter cable is mounted to the revolving shaft by inserting and fitting the shaft portion into the fitting hole while performing a centering between the shaft portion of the inner cable and the fitting hole of the revolving shaft in the tapered inner wall portion. See, for example, JP-UM-A-7-12971.
However, in the meter cable mounting structure in the related art, it is not easy to align the shaft portion of the inner cable and the fitting hole of the revolving shaft in phase when performing the centering of the shaft portion of the inner cable and the fitting hole of the revolving shaft in the tapered inner wall portion on the side of the revolving shaft.
Therefore, a problem arises wherein it is necessary to mount the meter cable while paying attention to the phase of the shaft portion of the inner cable and the fitting hole of the revolving shaft. Thus, time and efforts are required for the mounting operation.