An improved method and system for accessing the most recent version of a requested data file that has been downloaded into a private network from a source external to the private network. The objects of the method and system are achieved as is now described. A network of computers is defined as private relative to one or more other networks of computers. More than one computer within said defined private network is specified as composing a "common cache." A copy of any data file entering the defined private network from a source external to the defined private network is cached at one or more computers which compose the defined "common cache." In response to a request from a computer within the defined private network for a specific data file which originates from a source external to the defined private network, a determination is made as to whether a copy of the requested specific data file is resident within the defined "common cache." The most recent version of the requested specific data file which is resident within said defined "common cache" is obtained if it was determined that a copy of the requested specific data file is resident within the defined "common cache." The requested specific data file is obtained from a source external to the defined private network if it was determined that a copy of the requested specific data file is not resident within the defined "common cache."

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates, in general, to an improved method and system for accessing the most recent version of a requested data file that has been downloaded into a private network from a source external to the private network. In particular, the present invention relates to an improved method and system for accessing the most recent version of a requested data file that has been downloaded into a private network from a source external to the private network by utilizing a "common cache" which is implemented within a collection of hierarchically distributed computers within the private network.
2. Description of Related Art
The present invention is directed toward the improvement of the efficiency of prior art methods and systems used with internetworks. An internetwork is an informal collection of packet-switching networks that is (a) interconnected by gateways, (b) uses protocols allowing it to function as a single, large, virtual network, (c) consists of an interconnection of individual personal computers and computer networks each of which belongs to a public or private entity, such as a person, corporation, university, government agency, or laboratory, and (d) uses existing telecommunications facilities to establish interconnections. M. Weik, Communications Standard Dictionary 475 (3rd ed. 1996).
The most well known internetwork is the public network merely referred to as "the Internet." The Internet is the formal collection of networks and gateways that (1) includes among others, the military network (MILNET), and the National Science Foundation network (NSFNET); (2) uses the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite; (3) functions as a single, virtual network; and (4) provides global connectivity. Id at 474. Since its inception, the Internet has continued to grow rapidly. In early 1995, access was available in 180 countries and there were more than 30 million users. It is expected that 100 million computers will be connected via the public Internet by 2000, and even more via enterprise internets. The technology and the Internet have supported global collaboration among people and organizations, information sharing, network innovations, and rapid business transactions. "Internet," Microsoft.RTM. Encarta.RTM. 96 Encyclopedia. .COPYRGT. 1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
The Internet essentially provides a mechanism whereby a packet-switched data communications channel is established through a packet-switching network between two machines. The Internet is centrally managed, and only computers which appear within the Domain Name System (DNS) can actually establish a true, non-virtual, connection to the Internet. The DNS is actually an online distributed data base which is run on Internet servers throughout the Internet which map human readable addresses into Internet Protocol addresses. Computers that connect directly into the Internet are known as "hosts" and carry "domain names" which uniquely identify them as true nodes within the Internet. M. Weik, Communications Standard Dictionary 262 (3rd ed. 1996).
Each Internet "host" generally has a number of "client" computers attached to it, and functions as a "server" for those computers with the service provided being Internet access. In communications networks the terms "client" and "server" refer to client-server architecture which is a network-based system that uses client software running on one computer to request a specific service and uses corresponding server software running on a second computer to provide access to a shared resource managed by the second computer. M. Weik, Communications Standard Dictionary 137 (3rd ed. 1996). The server then connects to a resource, such as the Internet, which provides the specific service requested. The server thus allows efficient sharing of a resource. Thus, the terms "client" and "server" are context dependent, and a computer that functions as a "client" in one context (such as a computer requesting Internet access) may function as a "server" in another context (such as where that same computer has a number of computers attached to it and functions as a network resource manager for those attached computers). This same relationship can extend indefinitely, with each attached computer capable of functioning both as a "client" or a "server", dependent upon the computers connected to them and the software architecture on the computers.
This hierarchical relationship has been recognized in the DNS, and consequently a human readable DNS name generally has the structure of a sequence of labels separated by periods, with each label generally specifying a computer (although not always, in that sometimes the labels map to drives or files), and with a file extender being appended to the last label, which corresponds to a specific file on the computer being accessed. For example, a human readable DNS might be nic.ddn.mil/somefile, in which nic (Network Information Center) is the name of the host computer connected to the Internet, ddn (Defense Data Network) is the subdomain corresponding to computer connected to the primary domain computer, and mil (MILNET) is the primary domain corresponding to a computer connected to the host computer, and somefile is a file residing on ddn. M. Weik, Communications Standard Dictionary 262 (3rd ed. 1996). Furthermore, each of these domains and subdomains could merely be drives or files as discussed.
Use of the DNS allows computer to computer connection, but once so connected how are the machines to understand each other? In order to understand each other, the machines on either side of the connection must "speak the same language." Toward this end application programs were developed which ran upon the computers communicating over the Internet which allowed the computers on either end of the channel to understand each other. For example, an application called "Gopher" allows users to create and use computer file directories. This service is linked across the Internet to allow other users to browse files. Another application program called File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows users to transfer computer files easily between host computers. This is still the primary use of the Internet, especially for software distribution, and many public distribution sites exist. The Telnet application allows users to log in to another computer from a remote location. However, all of these preceding referenced protocols generally are meant to connect two computers and allow them to communicate. "Internet," Microsoft.RTM. Encarta.RTM. 96 Encyclopedia. .COPYRGT. 1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. In 1989 applications to connect computers took a quantum leap forward.
In 1989 the World Wide Web (WWW) was developed by English computer scientist Timothy Berners-Lee to enable information to be shared among internationally dispersed teams of researchers at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) facility near Geneva, Switzerland. Although the name World Wide Web would seem to indicate that the WWW is a network, it is not. The WWW is actually an application program which runs on individual computers and that creates connections to multiple different source computers over one or more networks. All WWW computer files are formatted using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and WWW communication among computers occurs using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). A computer file formatted in HTML is called a "web page" in WWW parlance.
In WWW parlance, connections established between different computers are termed "links." Users interact with computers running WWW software by utilizing application programs known as a WWW browser (e.g. Netscape Navigator). A WWW browser program allows a file formatted in HTML/HTTP format (i.e. "web pages") to be displayed on a computer screen as an agglomeration of text, images, sound, or other visual objects, which can appear as highlighted texts or graphics, and which are in actuality subprograms to establish communications links with other machines internetworked and running WWW software. The user can navigate through information by using a mouse and pointing and clicking on such visual objects on the screen, which will establish a link with another computer over the network and retrieve and display a file formatted in HTML by using the HTTP protocol. Thus, the innovation of the WWW was that the creation of HTML/HTTP formatted files allowed the display of information on a computer screen "as if" it were resident on one computer, while in actuality the information may be distributed in many different files on many different computers. It is important to remember that the HTTP/HTML scheme only refers to making internetworked computers speak the same language, and that actual network communication normally occurs over the Internet or other networks using standard network protocols, such as TCP/IP, or OSI protocols.
Thus, in order to effectively utilize the Internet one needs to both establish a connection over the Internet, and to specify a protocol whereby the computers know how to communicate. In accessing Internet services this is accomplished by use of what is known as the universal resource locator (URL). The URL has two basic components, the protocol to be used, and the object pathname. For example, the URL "http://www.uspto.gov" (home page for the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office) specifies a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) and a pathname of the server ("www.uspto.gov"). The server name is associated with a unique numeric value (TCP/IP address).
The foregoing concepts can be made more clear by reference to FIG. 1 which depicts a high-level schematic view of a private network interfacing with an external network. FIG. 1 is also a schematic diagram of how networked computers can connect through hosts to the Internet and then communicate to other computers through the Internet. The Internet 10 is shown as a network cloud. Internet host 12 is depicted as a mainframe computer. Internet host 12 functions as a network server for the network composed of client computers 20-22. Computer 20 functions as network server for the network composed of client computers 30-32. Computer 22 functions as network server for the network composed of client computers 33-35. Computer 31 functions as network server for the network composed of client computers 40-43. Computer 34 functions as network server for the network composed of computers 44-47. Computer 50 functions as a network server for the network composed of client computers 61-64. Computer 46 functions as a gateway between network servers 34 and 50. Furthermore, each network server just referenced functions as a gateway from its lower attached network into the network above it.
Internet host 12A is depicted as a mainframe computer. Internet host 12A functions as a network server for the network composed of client computers 20A-22A. Computer 20A functions as network server for the network composed of client computers 30A-32A. Computer 22A functions as network server for the network composed of client computers 33A-35A. Computer 32A functions as network server for the network composed of client computers 40A-43A. Computer 34A functions as network server for the network composed of computers 44A-47A. Furthermore, each network server just referenced functions as a gateway from its lower attached network into the network above it.
FIG. 1 can be used to illustrate the concepts discussed above. Assume personal computer 40A is running a web browser application program. Suppose that a personal computer 40A's user wants to access a "web page" (computer file formatted in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)) via a "link" that appears in highlighted fashion on the personal computer 40A's screen. When personal computer 40A's user activates the "link" assume personal computer 40A specifies via a URL that the "web page" corresponding to the displayed "link" actually corresponds to a data file resident on computer 62 Thus, in order to access the desired "web page," personal computer 40A must use its private network protocol to negotiate with its server 32A and indicate that it desires delivery of information to Internet host computer 12A. Server 32A must then serve as a gateway and communicate to its network server 20A and negotiate with server 20A to pass personal computer 40A's information to Internet host 12A. Server 20A must then establish communication with Internet host 12A and then pass personal computer 20A's information to Internet host 12A.
Once Internet host 12A receives the URL from personal computer 20A, it must translate the human readable URL into Internet Protocol format, and then establish a connection with a second Internet host 12 and send the information. Internet host 12 then negotiates with network server 22 and subsequently passes the information. Network server 22 negotiates with network server 34 and subsequently passes the information. Network server 34 negotiates with network gateway 46 and subsequently passes the information. Network gateway 46 negotiates with network server 50 and subsequently passes the information. And network server 50 negotiates with a personal computer 62, and delivers the information to same. Once personal computer 62 has received the information, it recognizes it as a request for a specific HTML file resident within it, retrieves that file, and returns the requested HTML file ("web page") to requesting computer 40A throughout the network in a fashion similar to the one in which the request for the file was sent.
Each time that the networked computers communicated in the above scenario, the computers first had to establish communications links between themselves and pass the information. Each time the information was passed, the information had appended to it headers and trailers to ensure that it arrived at the correct location. Stallings W., Data and Comiuter Communications 245-278 (1985). Each communication requires both communications channel bandwidth consumption and computer processing overhead.
Although the above scenario only addresses one computer-computer communication, with WWW software many such connections are envisioned to be occurring simultaneously. Such simultaneous activity consumes considerable communications channel bandwidth and processing capacity.
The problems arising from such redundant data links have been recognized previously. In order to reduce the redundant links and unnecessary Internet work traffic, the previous solution has been to create local data caches on end client user machines, data caches on internetwork gateways, and data caches on the Internet hosts.
FIG. 2 illustrates the major components used to enact the previous solution. Shown is Internet host 12A to which are attached a first network with network server 20A and network members 30A-32A. Also shown attached to Internet host 12A is a second network with network server 22A and network members 33A-35A. In the previous solution, Internet host 12A creates an Internet host cache 12AC of Internet files which are frequently downloaded through it from the Internet. In addition, network server 22A also creates a cache 22AC of Internet files which are frequently downloaded through it. Furthermore, the application program, such as a web browser 33AB, which for sake of illustration is shown running on client computer 33A also creates a local cache 33AC of Internet files which the web browser has recently accessed.
In operation, a user (not shown) of the web browser application 33AB running on client computer 33A requests access to a specific data file 10F. The web browser first checks its local cache 33AC for the requested specific data file. If web browser 33AB finds such file is resident it retrieves the cached file and utilizes it in the manner requested by user (not shown). If the web browser 33AB either finds no such specific data file 10F resident in local cache 33AC (as is the case shown in FIG. 2) or finds such resident file is too old to be reliable, web browser 33AB requests specific data file 10F from Internet host 12A through network server 22A, which in this instance functions as a network gateway.
If the requested specific data file 10F is resident in Internet host local cache 12AC, then Internet host delivers a copy of the cached file to web browser 33AB through network server 22A, which in this instance functions as a network gateway. If the Internet host 12A, either finds no such specific data file 10F resident in Intrenet host cache 12AC or finds such resident file is too old to be reliable, Internet host establishes contact with the computer (not shown), via the Internet, wherein specific data file 10F is actually resident and retrieves the file in the fashion discussed above with respect to computer-computer communication via the Internet. Once Internet host 12A receives specific data file 10F it delivers such to web browser 33AB through gateway/network server 22A.
Each time an often requested specific data file transits through a network server/gateway, such as 22A, the network server creates a cached copy such as 22AC of the specific data file. Thereafter, specific data file requests through the network server/gateway 22A are first checked against this cache to determine if the specific data file is resident, much in the fashion described regarding when web browser 33AB requests a specific data file from Internet host 12A.
FIG. 3 shows a problem that exists within this prior art solution. At time t1 a user (not shown) of web browser 33AB requests specific data file 12F. Since specific data file is not resident in local cache 33AC, web browser 33AB then requests specific data file 12F from Internet host 12A. Internet host 12A consults Internet host cache 12AC, finds specific data file 12F.sub.t1 (where the subscript t1 indicates the version of specific data file 12F resident in Internet host case 12AC at time t1) resident and delivers a copy of the cached file to web browser 33AB. At time t1+10 seconds, another web browser 30AB, running on computer 30A, requests the same specific data file 12F, which again is not resident in local cache 30AC from Internet host 12A through network server/gateway 20A. However, upon receipt of this request and at this new time t1+10 seconds, Internet host 12A determines that the cached version of specific data file 12F (that cached version being 12F.sub.t1) is too old and therefore initiates communication, over the Internet, with computer 35 (upon which data file 12F is actually resident) and requests a new copy of file 12F from computer 35. Upon receipt of newly retrieved specific data file 12F.sub.t1+10 (where the subscript t1+10 indicates the version of specific data file received by Internet host 12A from computer 47 in response to the query made at time t1+10), Internet host 12A passes a copy to the file through network server/gateway 20A to web browser 30AB, and then caches the newly retrieved version of specific data file 12F.sub.t1+10. Furthermore, at this point network server/gateway 20A determines that specific data file 12F.sub.t1+10 is oft requested and thus decides to store an image of the file in network server cache 20AC (not shown).
The problem that exists within the prior art solution is now readily apparent. A newer version (specific data file 12F.sub.t1+10) is now locally resident in both Internet host cache 12AC and network serve cache 20AC, but web browser 33AB has in its cache the older version of the file (12F). Since it is very possible, and even likely, that the newly retrieved specific data file 12F.sub.t1+10 contained data different from earlier retrieved specific data file 12F.sub.t1 it is important that when such a newly retrieved specific data file 12F.sub.t1+10 becomes locally resident, such newly retrieved file contents be disseminated throughout the system to all clients who may be interested in such data. However, under the prior art solution this updated information is not supplied to the local caches of web browsers running on client computers.
In light of the foregoing, it is apparent that a need exists for a method and system which efficiently disseminates throughout application programs running on computers within one or more private networks the newest version of a specific file which has been downloaded into the one or more private networks from a source (such as the public Internet or other private networks) external to the one or more private networks.

Method and system for creating and utilizing common caches for internetworks

International Business Machines Corporation


An apparatus for forming a box or bag that is made of a substrate strip which includes a winder having a mandrel and posts that extend from the mandrel in a direction parallel to a winding and translation axis that rotate together as a unit around the translation axis. The apparatus also has a feeder that includes precursors and a gathering head used for forming the precursors into the strip and feeding the strip to the winder. A motor adjusts the feeder's angle relative to the winder in response to instructions from the controller based on the dimensions of the box or bag. This causes controlled overlap between adjacent windings of the strip on the posts. As the mandrel rotates, the posts draw the strip and wind the strip along a spiral having a length in excess of the depth. Zero waste of precursors is made possible by cutting the substrate perpendicular to its length and folding over the box or bag ends to form an angled seam with respect to the sides of the box.

Packages are widely used for shipping goods. To enable more efficient use of resources, the package should be no larger than necessary to safely accommodate the goods to be shipped. Since goods come in many sizes, it is useful to also have packages that come in many sizes.
A typical package used to hold or ship product is a cardboard box or a padded bag. To make a box, a commercially available custom box size making machine begins by taking cardboard from a Z-fold stack. It then makes appropriate cuts in the cardboard and either also folds it to make the box or presents the cut flat cardboard to then be folded into a box by a person or other machine. Such machines are quite large, particularly because of the need to accommodate the stacks of Z-folded cardboard and feeding mechanisms. Additionally, the cutting process results in wasted cardboard.
The cardboard that forms the raw material for such a machine is made on a large machine that outputs a continuous sheet of cardboard that is then periodically creased on opposite sides that allows it to form a Z-fold stack. The stack has a large footprint since cardboard is mostly air, and thus the stack takes up a significant portion of the floorspace allocated to a custom box making operation. As cardboard's surface area to volume ratio is low, the stack must be often replenished.
Padded mailing bags are also made using large expensive machines that make one size of bag from rolls of material (converter machines). Very large quantities of the same size bag can be made, but significant set-up time is required to change the size of the bag made. Hence padded bags are made and stacked into a box for shipment and then the padded bags, which themselves take up a large volume because they are also mostly air, must frequently be replenished at packing stations that use padded bags to pack and ship goods.


A red or infrared sensitive silver halide emulsion is disclosed, comprising at least a compound represented by the following formula. A photographic material containing the emulsion is also disclosed.

The present invention relates to silver halide emulsions, and silver halide light sensitive photographic materials and thermally developable silver halide photographic materials, each of which contains the silver halide emulsion.
Silver halide light sensitive photographic materials are prepared employing silver halide grains exhibiting superior characteristics such as high sensitivity, memory and a high S/N ratio. However, the longest inherent sensitivity edge of the silver halide grains is in the vicinity of 500 nm, so that spectral sensitization by the use of sensitizing dyes is indispensable to provide sensitivity at the longer wavelength side. Particularly with recent progress in light sources, importance of photosensitive materials sensitive to the laser wavelength region increases in the field of recording materials for industrial use. On the other hand, reduction of processing effluent is strongly demanded in terms of environmental protection and saving space in the field of the recording materials for industrial use. In this regard, there appeared an image recording system for medical use using semiconductor lasers as a light source and without using liquid system processing chemicals.
Spectral sensitization techniques for silver halide infrared sensitive photographic materials are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,582,344 and 5,013,642; European Patent420,012; Russian Patents 1,549,027, 1,596,961 and 1,780,427; JP-B 3-10391 and 6-52387 (hereinafter, the term, JP-B refers to published Japanese Patent); JP-A (hereinafter, the term, JP-A refers to unexamined and published Japanese Patent Application) 3-138638, 3-138642, 3-235940, 3-242944, 3-244667, 4-311948, 4-312577, 5-72660, 5-45773, 5-45774, 5-45775, 5-72660, 5-72661, 5-265120, 5-341432, 6-194781, 6-222491, 6-222492, 6-250323, 6-301141, 6-317868, 6-332103, 6-324425, 7-175158, 7-306512, 8-194282, 8-201959, 9-281638, 9-281639, 9-288326, 9-288327, 9-292672, and 9-292673; PCT/JP-A 9-5100122. Further, techniques for anti-halation are described in JP-A 7-13295 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,635.
Photographic materials to be exposed to infrared rays have advantages that visible absorption caused by sensitizing dyes or anti-halation dyes can be greatly reduced, enabling to form a photographic material substantially having no color. However, a sensitizing dye having an absorption maximum in the infrared region has a long conjugated chain so that the conjugated chain is easily affected by the surrounding to be liable to variation, i.e., the difference between the lowest unoccupied level and the highest occupied level is small and the lowest unoccupied level of a sensitizing dye is close to the conduction band level of silver halide grains, producing problems that fogging is liable to occur, sensitivity is lowered after storage over a period of a long time or variation in sensitivity is easily caused by the temperature or humidity at the time of exposure.
The problems of sensitivity, storage stability and performance variation are marked not only in wet-type photographic materials but also in thermally developable photographic materials (which are also referred to as photothermographic materials). To overcome such problems of infrared sensitization, supersensitization techniques were disclosed, including, for example, supersensitizers for infrared described in European Patent 176,483, 203,698, 465,730 and 509,253; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,962 and 5,024,928; JP-A 61-69063, 62-299838, 63-159840, 2-67546, 2-134630, 2-157744, 4-184332, 4-255841, 5-45833, 5-45834, 5-313289, 6-289555, 8-262612 and 9-211773. Further, examples of the infrared supersensitizers for use in photothermographic materials include aminopolycarboxylic acid derivatives described in JP-A 2-4241, aromatic heterocyclic mercapto compounds and aromatic heterocyclic disulfide compounds. However, it was proved that the aminopolycarboxylic acid derivatives were weak in a supersensitization effect, leading to lower sensitivity and the use of the aromatic heterocyclic mercapto compounds and aromatic heterocyclic disulfide compounds resulted in reduced sensitivity after being stored under high humid conditions. Techniques for enhancing storage stability include, for example, cyclic carbonyl compounds described in JP-A 7-146527 and disulfide compounds having specific structure described in JP-A 10-90823, 10-90824, 10-90825, 10-319534 and 11-4489. However, these techniques were not sufficient in supersensitization and storage stability so that further improvements are desired.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a red or infrared sensitive silver halide emulsion exhibiting high sensitivity and low fog and little sensitivity variation caused by changing the exposure condition, a silver halide photographic material and silver halide photothermographic material which contain the silver halide emulsion.
The above object of the invention can be accomplished by the following constitution:
1. A silver halide emulsion comprising at least a compound represented by the following formula (1), (2) or (3):
wherein Y1 represents a hydrogen atom, a direct bond or an amidino group; W11 represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group or an amidino group; V21 represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, RS group or an amidino group, in which R is an alkyl group, aryl group or a heterocyclic group; T and T21 each represent a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon linkage group or a direct bond; T11 represents a bivalent liking group comprised of aliphatic hydrocarbon group; J1, J2, J21, J22 and J23 each represent a bivalent linking group containing at least one of an oxygen atom, sulfur atom and nitrogen atom or a direct bond; J11 represents a bivalent linking group containing at least one of an oxygen atom, sulfur atom and nitrogen atom; Ar1 and Ar21 each represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group; ArH1, ArH11 and ArH21 each represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group; k1 is an integer of 1 or 2; k21 is an integer of 2 to 4; q11, q12 and q21 are each an integer of 0 and 1 and q11+q12xe2x89xa00; Q represent a k21-valent linking group attached via the J22 group to any one of V21, T21 and ArH21.
2. A silver halide emulsion comprising a compound represented by the following formula (4):
wherein ArH31 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group; T31 represents a bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon linkage group or a direct bond; J31 represents a bivalent linking group containing at least one of an oxygen atom, sulfur atom and nitrogen atom or a direct bond; Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd each represent a hydrogen atom, an acyl group, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group, or Ra and Rb, Rc and Rd, Ra and Rc, or Rb and Rd combine with each other to form a nitrogen containing ring; M31 represents an ion necessary to neutralize an intramolecular charge; and k31 represent the number of the ion necessary to neutralize an intramolecular charge;
3. The silver halide emulsion described in 1 or 2, wherein the emulsion further comprises at least a compound represented by the following formula (S-1) or (S-2):
wherein Z1, Z2 and Z11 each represent a nonmetallic atom necessary to form a 5- or 6-membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which may be monocyclic or condensed ring; L1 through L9 and L11 through L15 each represent a methine group; R1, R2, R11 and R12 each represent an aliphatic group; R13 and R14 each represent a hydrogen atom, a substituent group or an atomic group necessary to form a condensed ring between R13 and R14; X1 and X11 each represent an ion necessary to balance with an intramolecular charge; p1 and p11 represent the number necessary to balance with an intramolecular charge; and m1, m2 and n11 are each an integer of 0 or 1;
4. A silver halide light sensitive photographic material comprising a support having thereon a light sensitive silver halide emulsion layer, wherein the silver halide emulsion layer comprises the silver halide emulsion described in 3 above;
5. A thermally developable silver halide photothermographic material comprising on a support an organic silver salt, light sensitive silver halide grains or a component forming a light sensitive silver halide, a reducing agent and a compound represented by the formula (1) through (4) described above;
6. The photothermographic material described in 5, wherein the photothermographic material further comprising a compound represented by the formula (S-1) or (S-2) described above.
The silver halide emulsion according to this invention is a red or infrared sensitive silver halide emulsion. The red or infrared sensitive silver halide emulsion refers to a silver halide emulsion having sensitivity to light at the wavelengths of 600 nm of the longest visible wavelength edge or longer, and preferably a silver halide emulsion having a sensitivity maximum at the wavelength of 600 nm or longer. The wavelength of the sensitivity maximum of the silver halide emulsion of this invention is preferably 700 to 900 nm, and more preferably 780 to 850.
The silver halide photographic material according to this invention comprises a compound represented by formula (1), (2), (3) or (4) and a silver halide emulsion sensitive to light in the red to infrared region, and the silver halide emulsion is preferably sensitized with a compound represented by formula (S-1) or (S-2).
The thermally developable photographic material according to this invention (hereinafter, also referred to as photothermographic material) comprises an organic silver salt as a reducible silver source, a reducing agent, and a light sensitive silver halide and/or a light sensitive silver halide forming component, as a photocatalyst. The photothermographic material of this invention comprises a compound represented by formula (1), (2), (3) or (4), and further comprises a compound represented by formula (S-1) or (S-2), whereby supersensitization in the red to infrared region, and preferably in the infrared region can be sufficiently achieved and sensitivity variation caused by changes of humidity can be restrained.
The compounds represented by formulas (1), (2), (3) and (4) will now be detailed. In formulas (1) through (4), the aliphatic hydrocarbon group represented by W11 and V21 is a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms), alkeny group (preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms), alkynyl group (preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms); the aryl group is a monocyclic or condensed aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, and preferably phenyl); and the heterocyclic group is a 3- to 10-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic group (e.g., 2-thiazolyl, 1-piperadinyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 2-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, carbazolyl, etc.), which may be monocyclic or condensed with other ring to form a condensed ring.
These groups of W11 and V21 each may be substituted at any position thereof. Examples of the substituents include an alkyl group (including cycloalkyl and aralkyl groups, and preferably having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl-hexadecyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, and phenethyl), an alkenyl group (preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and 2 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., vinyl, allyl, 2-butenyl, 3-pentenyl, etc.), an alkynyl (preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and 2 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., propargyl, 3-pentynyl, etc.), aryl group (preferably having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and 6 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., phenyl, p-tolyl, o-aminophenyl, naphthyl), an amino group (preferably having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 0 10 carbon atoms, and 0 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g., amino, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, diphenylamino, dibenzylamino, etc.), an imino group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and 1 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., methylimino, ethylimino, propylimino, phenylimino, etc), an alkoxy group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and 1 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, butoxy, etc.), an aryloxy group (preferably having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 16 carbon atoms, and 6 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., phenyloxy, 2-naphthyloxy, etc.), an acyl group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and 1 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., acetyl, formyl, pivaloyl, etc.), an alkoxycarbonyl group (preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and 2 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, etc.), an aryloxycarbonyl group (preferably having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 7 to 16 carbon atoms, and 7 to 10 carbon atoms, e.g., phenyloxycarbonyl, etc.), an acyloxy group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, e.g., acetoxy, benzoyloxy, etc.), an acylamino group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, e.g., acetylamino, benzoylamino, etc.), an alkoxycarbonyl group (preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and 2 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., methoxycarbonylamino, etc.), an aryloxycarbonyl group (preferably having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 7 to 16 carbon atoms, and 7 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., phenyloxycarbonyl, etc.), a sulfonylamino group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and 1 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., methanesulfonylamino, benzenesulfonylamino, etc.), a sulfamoylamino group (preferably having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 0 to 16 carbon atoms, and 0 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., sulfamoyl, methylsulfamoyl, dimethylsulfamoyl, phenylsulfamoyl, etc.), a carbamoyl group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and 1 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., carbamoyl, methylcarbamoyl, diethylcarbamoyl, phenylcarbamoyl, etc.), an alkylthio group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms and 1 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., methanesulfonyl, tosylsulfonyl, etc.), an alkylsulfinyl group or arylsulfinyl group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and 1 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., methanesulfinyl, benzenesulfinyl, etc.), an ureido group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and 1 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., ureido, methylureido, phenylureido, etc.), a phosphoric acid amido group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and 1 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., diethylphosphoric acid amido, phenylphosphoric acid amido, etc.), hydroxy group, mercapto group, a halogen atom (e.g., fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, iodine atom), cyano group, sulfo group, sulfino group, carboxy group, phosphono group, nitro group, hydroxamic acid group, hydrazine group, and a heterocyclic group (e.g., imidazolyl, benzimidazoyl, thiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, carbazoyl, pyridyl, furyl, piperidyl, morphoryl. etc.).
Of these substituent groups described above, hydroxy group, mercapto group, sulfo group, sulfino group, carboxy group, phosphono group, and phosphino group include their salts. The substituent group may be further substituted. In this case, plural substituent may be the or different.
The preferred substituent group include an alkyl group, aralkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl group, alkylthio group, acyl group, acylamino group, imino group, sulfamoyl group, sulfonyl group, sulfonylamino group, ureido group, amino group, halogen atom, nitro group, heterocyclic group, alkoxycarbonyl group, hydroxy group, sulfo group, carbamoyl group, and carboxy group. Specifically, an alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl group, alkylthio group, acyl group, acylamino group, imono group, sulfonylamino group, ureido group, amino group, halogen atom nitro group, heterocyclic group, alkoxycarbonyl group, hydroxy group, sulfo group, carbamoyl group and carboxy group are more preferred; and an alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl group, alkylthio group, acylamino group, imono group, ureido group, amino group, heterocyclic group, alkoxycarbonyl group, hydroxy group, sulfo group, carbamoyl group and carboxy group are still more preferred.
The amidino group represented by Y1, W11 and V21 may be substituted. Examples of the substituent groups include an alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, pyridylmethyl, benzyl, phenethyl, carboxybenzyl, aminophenyl, etc.), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, p-tolyl, naphthyl, o-aminophenyl, o-methoxyphenyl, etc.), and a heterocyclic group (e.g., 2-thiazolyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thieno, 2-imidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, carbazolyl, etc.).
The bivalent, aliphatic hydrocarbon linkage group represented by T1, T11, T21 and T31 include a straight-chain, branched cyclic alkylene group (preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and 1 to 12 carbon atoms), an alkenylene group (preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, and 2 to 12 carbon atoms), an alkynylene group (preferably having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms and 2 to 12 carbon atoms), each of which may be substituted by substituent group(s) including those as defined in V21, W11 and Y1.
Examples of a bivalent linking group containing at least one of an oxygen atom, sulfur atom and nitrogen atom, represented by J1, J2, J21, J22 and J23 include the following groups, which may be combined:
wherein Re and Rf are the same as defined in Ra through Rd.
The aromatic hydrocarbon group represented by Ar1, Ar21, ArH1, ArH11, ArH21 and ArH31 are each a monocyclic or condensed aryl group (preferably having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and more preferably 6 to 20 carbon atoms). Examples thereof include phenyl and naphthyl, and phenyl is preferred.
The aromatic heterocyclic group represented by ArH1, ArH11, ArH21 and ArH31 is a 5- to 10-membered unsaturated heterocyclic group containing at least one of N, O and S, which may be monocyclic or condensed with other ring. A heterocyclic ring of the heterocyclic group is preferably a 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring or its benzo-condensed ring, more preferably a nitrogen-containing, 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring or its benzo-condensed ring, and still more preferably one or two nitrogen-containing, 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring or its benzo-condensed ring. Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic group include groups derived from thiophene, furan, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazolo, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, triazole, triazine, indole, indazole, purine, thiadiazole, oxadiazole, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthylizine, quinoxaline, quinazolone, cinnoline, pteridine, acrydine, phenathroline, phenazine, tetrazole, thiazole, oxazole, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzthiazole, benzothiazoline, benzotriazole, tetrazaindene, and carbazole. Of these, groups derived from imidazole, pyrazolo, pyridine, pyrazine, indole, indazole, thiadiazole, oxadiazole, quinoline, phenazine, tetrazole, thiazole, oxazole, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzthiazole, benzothiazoline, benzotriazole, tetrazaindene, and carbazole are preferred; and groups derived from imidazole, pyridine, pyrazine, quinoline, phenazine, tetrazole, thiazole, benzoxazole, benzoimidazole, benzthiazole, benzothiazoline, benzotriazole, and carbazole are more preferred.
The aromatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic heterocyclic group represented by Ar1, Ar21, ArH1, ArH11, ArH21 and ArH31 may be substituted. The substituent group is the same as the substituent groups defined in T1, T11, T21 and T31. The substituent group may be further substituted, and plural substituting group may be the same or different. Further, the group represented by ArH1, ArH11, ArH21, and ArH31 is preferably an aromatic heterocyclic group.
The aliphatic hydrocarbon group, ary group and heterocyclic group represented by Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re and Rf are the same as those defined in W11 and V21. The preferred range thereof is the same as defined in W11 and V21.
The acyl group represented by Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re and Rf includes an aliphatic or aromatic one, such as acetyl, benzoyl, formyl, and pivaloyl. The nitrogen containing heterocyclic group formed by combination of Ra and Rb, Rc and Rd, Ra and Rc, or Rb and Rd includes a 3- to 10-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring (e.g., ring groups such as piperidine ring, piperazine ring, acridine ring, pyrrolidine ring, pyrrol ring and morphorine ring).
Examples of acid anions used as the ion necessary to neutralize an intramolecular charge, represented by M31 include a halide ion (e.g., hloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, etc.), p-toluenesulfonate ion, perchlorate ion, tetrafluorobarate ion, sulfate ion, methylsulfate ion, ethylsulfate ion, methansufonic acid ion and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ion.
The k21-valent linking group represented by Q can be selected from an element, aliphatic group, aromatic group, heterocyclic group, and a linking bond, each of which has a valence number of 2 to 4. Examples of the element include a nitrogen atom, phosphorus atom, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, carbon atom and boron atom. Examples of the aliphatic group include an 1 to 4 bonds-containing alkylene group (e.g., methylene, 1,2-ethylene, propane-1,2,3-tri-yl) and an 1 to 4 bonds-containing alkenylene group (e.g., propene-1,3-di-yl). Examples of the aromatic group include monocyclic or condensed rings containing 1 to 4 bonds and comprised of 5 to 14 carbon atoms (e.g., benzene-1,2-di-yl, benzene-1,3,5-tri-yl, naphthalene-1,8-diyl); and example of the heterocyclic group include 1 to 4 bonds-containing, monocyclic or condensed heterocycles (e.g., pirydine-2,6-di-yl, triazine-1,3,5-tri-yl, triazine-2,4,6-triyl, piperidine-1,4-diyl).
In the compounds represented by formula (2), W11 is preferably a hydrogen atom or amidino group; and in the compounds represented by formula (3), V21 is preferably a hydrogen atom, Rs group or amidino group.
Exemplary examples of the compounds represented by formulas (1) through (4) are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these.
The compounds represented by formulas (1) through (4) are commercially available and can also be readily synthesized according to the methods known in the art, for example, the methods described in xe2x80x9cShin-Jikken Kagaku Kozaxe2x80x9d (New Series of Experimental Chemistry) vol. 14 (III), page 1739-1741 (edited by Chemical Society of Japan, 1978).
In photothermographic materials according to this invention, the compound represented by formulas (1) though (4) may be incorporated into a light sensitive layer or a light-insensitive layer, and preferably a light sensitive layer as an image forming layer. The addition amount of the compound represented by formulas (1) though (4), depending of the intended purpose, is preferably 10-4 to 1 mol/mol Ag, more preferably 10-3 to 0.3 mol/mol Ag, and still more preferably 10-3 to 0.1 mol/mol Ag.
The compound of formulas (1) through (3) or of formula (4) each can be used alone or in combination. The compound of formulas (1) through (4) may be incorporated by dissolving in water or appropriate organic solvents such as alcohols (e/g/, methanol, ethanol, propanol, fluoroalcohol), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone), dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and methyl cellosolve. Alternatively, the compound can be incorporated by the well known emulsion-dispersing method, in which the compound is dissolved in oils such as dibutyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate and glyceryl triacetate and diethyl phthalate and auxiliary solvents such as ethyl acetate and cyclohexanone and then an emulsified dispersion is mechanically prepared. Further, the method known as a solid dispersion method is also employed, in which solid powdery particles are dispersed in water by means of a ball mill, colloid mill, sand grinder mill, Manton-Gaulin homogenizer, microfluidizer or ultrasonic homogenizer. Surfactants may be used in dispersing fine solid particles.
The compound represented by formula (S-1) or (S-2) will be detailed. In the formula (S-1) or (S-2), Z1, Z2 and Z11 are each a nonmetallic atom group necessary to complete a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or condensed nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. Examples thereof include an oxazole nucleus (e.g., oxazolidine ring, oxazoline ring, benzoxazole ring, tetrahydrobenzoxazole ring, naphthoxazole ring, benzonaphthoxazole ring), imidazole nucleus (e.g., imidazolidine ring, imidazoline ring, benzimidazole ring, tetrahydrobenzimidazole ring, naphthoimidazole ring, benzonaphthoimidazole ring), thiazole nucleus (e.g., thiazolidine ring, thiazoline ring, benzothiazoline ring, tetrahydrobenzothiazole ring, naphthothiazole ring, benzonaphthothiazole ring), selenazole nucleus (e.g., selenazolidine ring, selenazoline ring, benzoselenazole ring, tetrahydrobenzoselenazole ring, naphthoselenazole ring, benzonaphthoselenazole ring), tellurazole nucleus (e.g., tellurazolidine ring, tellurazoline ring, benzotellurazole ring), pyridine nucleus (e.g., pyridine ring, quinoline), and pyrrole nucleus (e.g., pyrrolidine ring, pyrroline ring, pyrrole ring, 3,3-dialkylindolenine, 3,3-dialkylbenzoindolenine ring). These nuclei each may be substituted. Examples of groups capable of being substituted on these nuclei include a lower alkyl group (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-pentyl, methylthioethyl, methoxyethyl), a vinyl group, a styryl group, an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromophenyl), a trifluoromethyl group, an alkoxy group, (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, p-tolyloxy), alkylthio group (e.g., methylthio, ethylthio, benzylthio), an arylthio group (e.g., phenylthio, p-bromophenylthio, p-methoxyphenylthio), a carbonyloxy group (e.g., acetyloxy, propanoyloxy, benzoyloxy), an amino group (e.g., amino, dimethylamino, anilino), a heterocyclic group (e.g., pyridyl, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrimidinyl), an acyl group (e.g., acetyl, benzoyl), a cyano group, a carbamoyl group (e.g., N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, morpholinocarbonyl), a sulfamoyl group (e.g., sulfamoyl, N-phenylsulfamoyl, morpholinosulfonyl), an acylamino group (e.g., acetylamino, benzoylamino, o-hydroxybenzoylamino), a sulfonylamino group (e.g., methanesulfonyamino, benzenesulfonylamino), an alkoxycarbonyl group (e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, trifluoroethoxycarbonyl), a hydroxy group, a carboxy group, a sulfonyl group (e.g., methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfonyl, benzenesulfonyl), a sulfinyl group (e.g., methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, trifluorosulfinyl, phenylsulfinyl). These substituting groups may be substituted on any position.
Examples of the aliphatic group represented by R1, R2, R11 and R12 include a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-ethyl-hexyl, octyl, decyl), an alkenyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 2-prpopenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-propenyl, 3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 4-hexenyl), and an aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms (benzyl, phenethyl), each of which may be further substituted. Examples of the substituting group include a lower alkyl group (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl), a halogen atom (e.g., fluorine atom, chlorine atom bromine atom), a vinyl group, an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, p-tolyl, p-bromophenyl), trifluoromethyl, an alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, methoxyethyl), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, p-tolyloxy), cyano, a sulfonyl group (e.g., methanesulfonyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl), an alkoxycarbonyl group (e.g., ethoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl), an amino group (e.g., amino, biscarboxy-methylamino), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, carboxyphenyl), a heterocyclic group (e.g., tetrahydrofurfuryl, 2-pyrrolidinone-1-yl), an acyl group (e.g., acetyl, benzoyl), a ureido group (e.g., ureido, 3-methylureido, 3-phenylureido), a thioureido group (e.g., thioureido, 3-methylthioureido), an alkylthio group (e.g., methylthio, ethylthio), an arylthio group (e.g., phenylthio), a heterocyclic-thio group (e.g., 2-thienylthio, 3-thienylthio), a carbonyloxy group (e.g., acetyloxy, propanoyloxy, benzoyloxy), an acylamino group (e.g., acetylamino, benzoylamino), a thioamido group (e.g., thioacetoamido, thiobenzoylamino), and hydrophilic groups such as a sulfo group, carboxy group, phosphono group, sulfato group, hydroxy group, mercapto group, sulfino group, carbamoyl group (e.g., carbamoyl, N-methylcarbamoyl, N,N-tetramethylenecarbamoyl), sulfamoyl group (e.g., sulfamoyl, N,N-3-oxapentamethyleneaminosulfonyl), sulfonamido group (e.g., methanesulfonamido, butanesulfoneamido), sulfonylaminocarbonyl group (e.g., methanesulfonylaminocarbonyl, ethanesulfonylaminocarbonyl), acylaminosulfonyl group (e.g., acetoamidosulfonyl, methoxyacetoamidosulfonyl), acylaminocarbonyl group (e.g., acetoamidocarbonyl, methoxyacetoamidocarbonyl), sulfinylaminocarbonyl group (e.g., methanesulfinylaminocarbonyl, ethanesulfinylaminocarbonyl) and sulfoamino group.
Aliphatic groups substituted by such a hydrophilic group include, for example, carboxymethyl, carboxybutyl, carboxypentyl, 3-sulfatobutyl, 3-sulfopropyl, 2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl, 4-sulfobutyl, 5-sulfopentyl, 3-sulfobentyl, 3-sulfinobutyl, 3-phosphonopropyl, hydroxyethyl, N-methanesulfonylcarbamoylmethyl, N-acetylaminosulfonylmethyl, sulfoaminopropyl, 2-carboxy-2-propenyl, o-sulfobenzyl, p-sulfophenethyl, and p-carboxybenzyl.
Examples of the substituent group represented by R13 or R14 include an alkyl group (e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl), an aryl group (including a monocyclic and polycyclic ones, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl), a heterocyclic group (e.g., thienyl, furyl, pyridyl, carbazolyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl), a halogen atom (e.g., fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom), a vinyl group, trifluoromethyl group, an alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, methoxyethoxy), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, p-tolyloxy), an alkylsulfonyl group or arylsulfonyl group (e.g., methanesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl), a sulfinyl group (e.g., methylsulfinyl, phenylsulfinyl), an alkoxycarbonyl group (e.g., ethoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl), an amino group (e.g., amino, methylamino, biscarboxy-methylamino, acetylamino, benzoylamino), a heterocyclic group. (e.g., tetrahydrofurfuryl, 2-pyloridinone-1-yl), an acyl group (e.g., acetyl, benzoyl), a ureido group (e.g., ureido, 3-methylureido, 3-phenylureido), a thioureido group (e.g., thioureido, 3-methylthioureido), an alkylthio group (e.g., methylthio, ethylthio) and an arylthio group (e.g., phenylthio). These groups each may be substituted by substituent groups as cited in the aliphatic group represented by such R1, and the substituted alkyl group include, for example, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-ethoxycarbonylpropyl, 2-carbamoylethyl, 2-methanesulfonylethyl, 3-methanesulfonylaminopropyl, benzyl, phenethyl, carboxymethyl, carboxymethyl, allyl, and 2-furylethyl. Substituted aryl groups include, for example, p-carboxyphenyl, p-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl, p-morpholinophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, and p-nitrophenyl. Substituted heterocyclic groups include, for example, 5-chloro-2-pyridyl, 5-ethoxycarbonyl-2-pyridyl and 5-carbamoyl-2-pyridyl. The condensed ring which R13 and R14 link to gether with each other to form include, for example, 5- or 6-membered saturated or unsaturated rings. Substitution is capable on any position of the ring and the substituent group is the same as defined in R13 and R14.
In formulas (S-1) and (S-2), the methine group represented by L1 through L9 and L11 through L15 is a substituted or unsubstituted methine group. The substituent group include, for example, a substituted or unsubstituted, lower alky group (e.g., methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, benzyl), alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy), aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, naphthoxy), aryl group (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, p-tolyl, o-carboxyphenyl), xe2x80x94N(V1)(V2)xe2x80x94 group, xe2x80x94SR group or a heterocyclic group (e.g., 2-thienyl, 2-furyl, N,N-bis(methoxyethyl)barbituric acid, in which R1 is a lower alky group, aryl group or heterocyclic group, and V1 and V2 are each substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl or aryl group, or V1 and V2 link together with each other to form a 5- or 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring. The methine can link together with an adjacent one or one next thereto to form a 5- or 6-membered ring.
In cases where the compound represented by formula (S-1) or (S-2) is substituted by a cationic or anionic group, an equivalent amount of anionic or cationic counter ion is formed to neutralize an intramolecular charge. Of the ion necessary to neutralize an intramolecular charge represented by X1 or X11, examples of the cation include proton, organic ammonium ion (e.g., triethylammonium, triethanolammonium, pyridinium, etc.) and inorganic ions (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions, etc.). Examples of acid anions include halide ions (chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion), p-toluenesulfonic acid ion, perchlorate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, sulfate ion, methylsulfate ion, ethylsulfate ion, methanesulfonic acid ion, and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ion.
Exemplary examples of the sensitizing dyes represented by formulas (S-1) and (S-2) are shown below, but are not limited to these.
The infrared sensitizing dyes described erlier can be readily synthesized according to the methods described in F. M. Hammer, The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds vol.18, xe2x80x9cThe cyanine Dyes and Related Compoundsxe2x80x9d (A. Weissberger ed. Interscience Corp., New York, 1964); JP-A 3-138638 and 10-73900; Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 9-510022; U.S. Pat. No. 2,734,900 and British patent 774,779.
The sensitizing dye used in this invention may be used alone or in combination. In either case when used alone or used in combination, the total amount of the dye(s) to be incorporated is preferably 1xc3x9710xe2x88x926 to 5xc3x9710xe2x88x923, more preferably 1xc3x9710xe2x88x925 to 2.5xc3x9710xe2x88x923, and still more preferably 4xc3x9710xe2x88x925 to 1xc3x9710xe2x88x923 mol per mol of silver halide.
In cases when dyes are used in combination, the dyes can be incorporated in any proportion. The dye may be directly dispersed in a silver halide emulsion. Alternatively, the may be dissolved in an appropriate solvent such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, methyl cellosolve, acetone, water, pyridine, or a mixture thereof and added to the emulsion in the form of a solution. Ultrasonic can also be employed. The sensitizing dye can be added in such a manner that a dye is dissolved in a volatile organic solvent, the resulting solution is dispersed in a hydrophilic colloidal medium and the dispersion is added to the emulsion, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,469,987; a water-insoluble dye is dispersed in aqueous medium without being dissolved and the dispersion is added to the emulsion, as described in JP-B 46-24185 (hereinafter, the term, JP-B means a published Japanese Patent); a dye is dissolved using a surfactant and the resulting solution is added to the emulsion, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,822,135; a dye is dissolved using a compound capable of shifting to longer wavelengths and the solution is added to the emulsion, as described in JP-A 51-74624; or a dye is dissolved in an acid substantially containing no water and the solution is added to the emulsion, as described in JP-A 50-80826. Further, the dye may be added according to the method described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,912,343, 3,342,605, 2,996,287 and 3,492,835. The dye may be homogeneously dispersed in a silver halide emulsion before coating on a support, or may be dispersed at any stage of preparing the silver halide emulsion.
In cases when used in combination, the dyes can be independently or in the form of a mixture dispersed in a silver halide emulsion. In addition to the compound represented by formulas (1) to (3) used in combination with the sensitizing dye represented by formula (S-!9 or (S-2), a visible region-absorbing dye capable of exhibiting supersensitization, a dye not exhibiting supersensitization, or a compound having no absorption in the visible region may be incorporated into the emulsion. Usable sensitizing dyes and substances exhibiting supersensitization in combination with the dye are described in Research Disclosure (hereinafter, also denoted as xe2x80x9cRDxe2x80x9d) vol. 176, item 17643 (December, 1978) page 23, section IV-J; JP-B 49-15500 and 43-4933; and JP-A 59-19032, 3-15049 and 62-123454.
Techniques described in Research Disclosure No. 308119 (hereinafter, also denoted such as RD 308119) are applicable to the silver halide emulsions used in the invention, as shown below.
The silver halide emulsion according to the invention is subjected to physical ripening, chemical ripening and spectral sensitization. As additives used in these processes are shown compounds described in Research Disclosure No. 17643, No. 18716 and No. 308119 (hereinafter, denoted as RD 17643, RD 18716 and RD 308119), as below.
Photographic additives usable in the invention are also described, as below.
Exemplary examples of DIR compounds usable in this invention include compounds D-1 through D-34 described in JP-A 4-114153, which are preferably usable in this invention. Examples diffusible DIR compounds, in addition to the above compounds, include those which are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,234,678, 3,227,554, 3,647,291, 3,958,993, 4,419,886 and 3,933,500; JP-A 57-56837 and 51-13239; U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,072,363 and 2,070,266; and Research Disclosure December, 1981, item 21228.
A variety of couplers can be employed in the invention and examples thereof are described in research Disclosures described above. Relevant description portions are shown below.
Additives used in the invention can be added by dispersing methods described in RD 308119 XIV. In the invention are employed supports described in RD 17643, page 28; RD 18716, page 647-648; and RD 308119 XIX. In the photographic material according to the invention, there can be provided auxiliary layers such as a filter layer and interlayer, as described in RD 308119 VII-K, and arranged a variety of layer orders such as normal layer order, reverse layer order and unit layer arrangement.
Silver halide photographic light sensitive materials used in the invention can be processed by use of commonly known developing agents described in T. H. James, The Theory of the Photographic Process, Fourth edition, page 291 to 334; and Journal of American Chemical Society, 73, 3100 (1951), including, e.g., hydroquinone, p-aminophenol, N-methyl-p-aminophenol, 2,4-aminophenol, 2,4-diaminophenol as described in JP-A 4-15641; 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidones such as 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone, 1-phenyl-4-methyl4-hydroxymethyl-3-pyrazolidone, and 5,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone and according the conventional method described in RD17643, pages 28-29, RD18716, page 615 and RD308119, XIX.
The thermally developable photothermographic materials used in invention will be described below.
Thermally developable photothermographic materials are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,152,904 and 3,457,075, and D. Morgan, xe2x80x9cDry Silver Photographic Materialxe2x80x9d and D. Morgan and B. Shely, xe2x80x9cThermally Processed Silver Systemsxe2x80x9d (Imaging Processes and Materials) Neblette, 8th Edition, edited by Sturge, V. Walworth, and A. Shepp, page 2, 1969), etc. Of these, the thermally developable photosensitive material used in the invention is characterized in that they are thermally developed at temperature of 80 to 140xc2x0 C. so as to obtain images without fixation.
Silver halide grains work as a light sensor. In order to minimize cloudiness after image formation and to obtain excellent image quality, the less the average grain size, the more preferred, and the average grain size is preferably less than 0.1 xcexcm, more preferably between 0.01 and 0.1 xcexcm, and still more preferably between 0.02 and 0.08 xcexcm. The average grain size as described herein is defined as an average edge length of silver halide grains, in cases where they are so-called regular crystals in the form of cube or octahedron. Furthermore, in cases where grains are not regular crystals, for example, spherical, cylindrical, and tabular grains, the grain size refers to the diameter of a sphere having the same volume as the silver grain. Furthermore, silver halide grains are preferably monodisperse grains. The monodisperse grains as described herein refer to grains having a monodispersibility obtained by the formula described below of less than 40%; more preferably less than 30%, and most preferably from 0.1 to 20%.
Monodispersibility=(standard deviation of grain diameter)/(average grain diameter)xc3x97100(%)
The silver halide grain shape is not specifically limited, but a high ratio accounted for by a Miller index [100] plane is preferred. This ratio is preferably at least 50%; is more preferably at least 70%, and is most preferably at least 80%. The ratio accounted for by the Miller index [100] face can be obtained based on T. Tani, J. Imaging Sci., 29, 165 (1985) in which adsorption dependency of a [111] face or a [100] face is utilized.
Furthermore, another preferred silver halide shape is a tabular grain. The tabular grain as described herein is a grain having an aspect ratio represented by r/h of at least 3, wherein r represents a grain diameter in xcexcm defined as the square root of the projection area, and h represents thickness in xcexcm in the vertical direction. Of these, the aspect ratio is preferably between 3 and 50. The grain diameter is preferably not more than 0.1 xcexcm, and is more preferably between 0.01 and 0.08 xcexcm. These are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,337, 5,314,789, 5,320,958, and others. In the present invention, when these tabular grains are used, image sharpness is further improved. The composition of silver halide may be any of silver chloride, silver chlorobromide, silver iodochlorobromide, silver bromide, silver iodobromide, or silver iodide.
Silver halide emulsions used in the invention can be prepared according to the methods described in P. Glafkides, Chimie Physique Photographique (published by Paul Montel Corp., 19679; G. F. Duffin, Photographic Emulsion Chemistry (published by Focal Press, 1966); V. L. Zelikman et al., Making and Coating of Photographic Emulsion (published by Focal Press, 1964). Any one of acidic precipitation, neutral precipitation and ammoniacal precipitation is applicable and the reaction mode of aqueous soluble silver salt and halide salt includes single jet addition, double jet addition and a combination thereof. Silver halide may be incorporated into the image forming layer by any means so that the silver halide is arranged so as to be close to reducible silver source. Silver halide may be mixed with a previously-prepared organic silver salt. Silver halide may be prepared by converting at least a part of the organic silver salt to silver halide through reaction of an organic acid with a halide ion silver halide, alternatively, silver halide which has been prepared may be added into a solution used for preparing an organic silver salt, and the latter is preferred. Silver halide is contained preferably in an amount of 0.75 to 30% by weight, based on an organic silver salt.
Silver halide preferably occludes ions of metals belonging to Groups 6 to 11 of the Periodic Table. Preferred as the metals are W; Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au. These metals may be introduced into silver halide in the form of a complex. Metal complex or metal complex ion usable in this invention, specifically, six-coordinate complexes represented by the general following formula are preferred:
Formula: (ML6)m:
wherein M represents a transition metal selected from elements in Groups 6 to 11 of the Periodic Table; L represents a coordinating ligand; and m represents 0, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-. Exemplary examples of the ligand represented by L include halides (fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide), cyanide, cyanato, thiocyanato, selenocyanato, tellurocyanato, azido and aquo, nitrosyl, thionitrosyl, etc., of which aquo, nitrosyl and thionitrosyl are preferred. When the aquo ligand is present, one or two ligands are preferably coordinated. L may be the same or different. Particularly preferred examples of M include rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), iridium (Ir) and osmium (Os).
Exemplary examples of transition metal ligand complexes are shown below, but are not limited to these.
1: [RhCl6]3xe2x88x92
2: [RUCl6]3xe2x88x92
3: [ReCl6]3xe2x88x92
4: [RuBr6]3xe2x88x92
5: [OsCl6]3xe2x88x92
6: [IrCl6]4xe2x88x92
7: [Ru(NO)Cl5]2xe2x88x92
8: [RuBr4(H2O)]2xe2x88x92
9: [Ru(NO)(H2O)Cl4]xe2x88x92
10: [RhCl5(H2O)]2xe2x88x92
11: [Re(NO)Cl5]2xe2x88x92
12: [Re(NO)(CN)5]2xe2x88x92
13: [Re(NO)Cl(CN)4]2xe2x88x92
14: [Rh(NO)2Cl4]xe2x88x92
15: [Rh(NO)(H2O)Cl4]xe2x88x92
16: [Ru(NO)(CN)5]2xe2x88x92
17: [Fe(CN)6]3xe2x88x92
18: [Rh(NS)Cl5]2xe2x88x92
19: [Os(NO)Cl5]2xe2x88x92
20: [Cr(NO)Cl5]2xe2x88x92
21: [Re(NO)Cl5]xe2x88x92
22: [Os(NS)Cl(TeCN)2xe2x88x92
23: [Ru(NS)Cl5]2xe2x88x92
24: [Re(NS)Cl4(SeCN)]2xe2x88x92
25: [Os(NS)Cl(SCN)]4]2xe2x88x92
26: [Ir(NO)Cl5]2xe2x88x92
27: [Ir(NS)Cl5]2xe2x88x92
One type of these metal ions or complex ions may be employed and the same type of metals or the different type of metals may be employed in combinations of two or more types. Generally, the content of these metal ions or complex ions is suitably between 1xc3x9710xe2x88x929 and 1xc3x9710xe2x88x922 mole per mole of silver halide, and is preferably between 1xc3x9710xe2x88x928 and 1xc3x9710xe2x88x924 mole. Compounds, which provide these metal ions or complex ions, are preferably incorporated into silver halide grains through addition during the silver halide grain formation. These may be added during any preparation stage of the silver halide grains, that is, before or after nuclei formation, growth, physical ripening, and chemical ripening. However, these are preferably added at the stage of nuclei formation, growth, and physical ripening; furthermore, are preferably added at the stage of nuclei formation and growth; and are most preferably added at the stage of nuclei formation. These compounds may be added several times by dividing the added amount. Uniform content in the interior of a silver halide grain can be carried out. As disclosed in JP-A No. 63-29603, 2-306236, 3-167545, 4-76534, 6-110146, 5-273683, the metal can be non-uniformly occluded in the interior of the grain.
These metal compounds can be dissolved in water or a suitable organic solvent (for example, alcohols, ethers, glycols, ketones, esters, amides, etc.) and then added. Furthermore, there are methods in which, for example, an aqueous metal compound powder solution or an aqueous solution in which a metal compound is dissolved along with NaCl and KCl is added to a water-soluble silver salt solution during grain formation or to a water-soluble halide solution; when a silver salt solution and a halide solution are simultaneously added, a metal compound is added as a third solution to form silver halide grains, while simultaneously mixing three solutions; during grain formation, an aqueous solution comprising the necessary amount of a metal compound is placed in a reaction vessel; or during silver halide preparation, dissolution is carried out by the addition of other silver halide grains previously doped with metal ions or complex ions. Specifically, the preferred method is one in which an aqueous metal compound powder solution or an aqueous solution in which a metal compound is dissolved along with NaCl and KCl is added to a water-soluble halide solution. When the addition is carried out onto grain surfaces, an aqueous solution comprising the necessary amount of a metal compound can be placed in a reaction vessel immediately after grain formation, or during physical ripening or at the completion thereof or during chemical ripening.
Silver halide grain emulsions used in the invention may be desalted after the grain formation, using the methods known in the art, such as the noodle washing method and flocculation process.
The photosensitive silver halide grains used in the invention is preferably subjected to a chemical sensitization. As preferable chemical sensitizations, well known chemical sensitizations in this art such as a sulfur sensitization, a selenium sensitization and a tellurium sensitization are usable. Furthermore, a noble metal sensitization using gold, platinum, palladium and iridium compounds and a reduction sensitization are available. As the compounds preferably used in the sulfur sensitization, the selenium sensitization and the tellurium sensitization, well known compounds can be used and the compounds described in JP-A 7-128768 is usable.
Examples of the compounds used in the noble metal sensitization include chloroauric acid, potassium chloroaurate, potassium aurothiocyanate, gold sulfide, gold selenide, compounds described U.S. Pat. No. 2,448,060 and British Patent No. 618,061. Examples of the compounds used in the reduction sensitization include ascorbic acid, thiourea dioxide, stannous chloride, aminoiminomethane-sulfinic acid, hydrazine derivatives, borane compounds, silane compounds and polyamine compounds. The reduction sensitization can be carried out by ripening an emulsion with keeping the pH and pAg at not less than 7 and not more than 8.3, respectively. Furthermore, the reduction sensitization can be carried out by introducing a silver ion alone at a time during the grain formation.
Organic silver salts used in the invention are reducible silver source, and silver salts of organic acids or organic heteroacids are preferred and silver salts of long chain fatty acid (preferably having 10 to 30 carbon atom and more preferably 15 to 25 carbon atoms) or nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds are more preferred. Specifically, organic or inorganic complexes, the ligand of which has a total stability constant to a silver ion of 4.0 to 10.0 are preferred. Exemplary preferred complex salts are described in RD17029 and RD29963, including organic acid salts (for example, salts of gallic acid, oxalic acid, behenic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, etc.); carboxyalkylthiourea salts (for example, 1-(3-carboxypropyl)thiourea, 1-(3-caroxypropyl)-3,3-dimethylthiourea, etc.); silver complexes of polymer reaction products of aldehyde with hydroxy-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid (for example, aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butylaldehyde, etc.), hydroxy-substituted acids (for example, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 5,5-thiodisalicylic acid, silver salts or complexes of thiones (for example, 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-hydroxymethyl-4-(thiazoline-2-thione and 3-carboxymethyl-4-thiazoline-2-thione), complexes of silver with nitrogen acid selected from imidazole, pyrazole, urazole, 1.2,4-thiazole, and 1H-tetrazole, 3-amino-5-benzylthio-1,2,4-triazole and benztriazole or salts thereof; silver salts of saccharin, 5-chlorosalicylaldoxime, etc.; and silver salts of mercaptides. Of these organic silver salts, silver salts of fatty acids are preferred, and silver salts of behenic acid, arachidinic acid and stearic acid are specifically preferred.
The organic silver salt compound can be obtained by mixing an aqueous-soluble silver compound with a compound capable of forming a complex. Normal precipitation, reverse precipitation, double jet precipitation and controlled double jet precipitation described in JP-A 9-127643 are preferably employed. For example, to an organic acid is added an alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.) to form an alkali metal salt soap of the organic acid (e.g., sodium behenate, sodium arachidinate, etc.), thereafter, the soap and silver nitrate are mixed by the controlled double jet method to form organic silver salt crystals. In this case, silver halide grains may be concurrently present.
In the present invention, organic silver salts have an average grain diameter of 2 xcexcm or less and are monodispersed. The average diameter of the organic silver salt as described herein is, when the grain of the organic salt is, for example, a spherical, cylindrical, or tabular grain, a diameter of the sphere having the same volume as each of these grains. The average grain diameter is preferably between 0.05 and 1.5 xcexcm, and more preferably between 0.05 and 1.0 xcexcm. Furthermore, the monodisperse as described herein is the same as silver halide grains and preferred monodispersibility is between 1 and 30%.
It is also preferred that at least 60% of the total of the organic silver salt is accounted for by tabular grains. The tabular grains refer to grains having a ratio of an average grain diameter to grain thickness, i.e., aspect ratio (denoted as AR) of 3 or more:
AR=average diameter (xcexcm)/thickness (xcexcm)
To obtain such tabular organic silver salts, organic silver salt crystals are pulverized together with a binder or surfactant, using a ball mill. Thus, using these tabular grains, photosensitive materials exhibiting high density and superior image fastness are obtained.
To prevent hazing of the photosensitive material, the total amount of silver halide and organic silver salt is preferably 0.5 to 2.2 g in equivalent converted to silver per m2, leading to high contrast images. The amount of silver halide is preferably 50% by weight or less, more preferably 25% by weight or less, and still more preferably 0.1 to 15% by weight, based on the total silver amount.
Reducing agents are preferably incorporated into the thermally developable photosensitive material of the present invention. Examples of suitable reducing agents are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,770,448, 3,773,512, and 3,593,863, and Research Disclosure Items 17029 and 29963, and include the following: aminohydroxycycloalkenone compounds (for example, 2-hydroxypiperidino-2-cyclohexane); esters of amino reductones as the precursor of reducing agents (for example, piperidinohexose reducton monoacetate); N-hydroxyurea derivatives (for example, N-p-methylphenyl-N-hydroxyurea); hydrazones of aldehydes or ketones (for example, anthracenealdehyde phenylhydrazone; phosphamidophenols; phosphamidoanilines; polyhydroxybenzenes (for example, hydroquinone, t-butylhydroquinone, isopropylhydroquinone, and (2,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)methylsulfone); sulfydroxamic acids (for example, benzenesulfhydroxamic acid); sulfonamidoanilines (for example, 4-(N-methanesulfonamide)aniline); 2-tetrazolylthiohydroquinones (for example, 2-methyl-5-(1-phenyl-5-tetrazolylthio)hydroquinone); tetrahydroquionoxalines (for example, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline); amidoxines; azines (for example, combinations of aliphatic carboxylic acid arylhydrazides with ascorbic acid); combinations of polyhydroxybenzenes and hydroxylamines, reductones and/or hydrazine; hydroxamic acids; combinations of azines with sulfonamidophenols; xcex1-cyanophenylacetic acid derivatives; combinations of bis-xcex2-naphthol with 1,3-dihydroxybenzene derivatives; 5-pyrazolones, sulfonamidophenol reducing agents, 2-phenylindane-1,3-dione, etc.; chroman; 1,4-dihydropyridines (for example, 2,6-dimethoxy-3,5-dicarboethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine); bisphenols (for example, bis(2-hydroxy-3-t-butyl-5-methylphenyl)methane, bis(6-hydroxy-m-tri)mesitol, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane, 4,5-ethylidene-bis(2-t-butyl-6-methyl)phenol, UV-sensitive ascorbic acid derivatives and 3-pyrazolidones. Of these, particularly preferred reducing agents are hindered phenols. As hindered phenols, listed are compounds represented by the general formula (A) described below:
wherein R represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (for example, xe2x80x94C4H9, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl), and Rxe2x80x2 and Rxe2x80x3 each represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms (for example, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl).
Exemplary examples of the compounds represented by the formula (A) are shown below.
The used amount of reducing agents represented by the above-mentioned general formula (A) is preferably between 1xc3x9710xe2x88x922 and 10 moles, and is more preferably between 1xc3x9710xe2x88x922 and 1.5 moles per mole of silver.
Binders suitable for the thermally developable photosensitive material to which the present invention is applied are transparent or translucent, and generally colorless. Binders are natural polymers, synthetic resins, and polymers and copolymers, other film forming media; for example, gelatin, gum arabic, poly(vinyl alcohol), hydroxyethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetatebutylate, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), casein, starch, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methyl methacrylic acid), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methacrylic acid), copoly(styrene-maleic acid anhydride), copoly(styrene-acrylonitrile, copoly(styrene-butadiene, poly(vinyl acetal) series [e.g., poly(vinyl formal)and poly(vinyl butyral), polyester series, polyurethane series, phenoxy resins, poly(vinylidene chloride), polyepoxide series, polycarbonate series, poly(vinyl acetate) series, cellulose esters, poly(amide) series. Of these binders are preferred aqueous-insoluble polymers such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate-butylate and poly(vinyl butyral); and poly(vinyl formal) and poly(vinyl butyral) are specifically preferred as a polymer used in the thermally developable photosensitive layer; and cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate-butylate are preferably used in a protective layer and backing layer.
A non-photosensitive layer may be provided on the photosensitive layer to protect the surface or prevent abrasion marks. Binder used in the non-photosensitive layer may be the same as or different from the binder used in the photosensitive layer.
The amount of the binder in a photosensitive layer is preferably between 1.5 and 6 g/m2, and is more preferably between 1.7 and 5 g/m2. The binder content of less than 1.5 g/m2 tends to increase a density of unexposed area to levels unacceptable to practical use.
In the present invention, a matting agent is preferably incorporated into the image forming layer side. In order to minimize the image abrasion after thermal development, the matting agent is provided on the surface of a photosensitive material and the matting agent is preferably incorporated in an amount of 0.5 to 30 per cent in weight ratio with respect to the total binder in the emulsion layer side. In cases where a non photosensitive layer is provided on the opposite side of the support to the photosensitive layer, it is preferred to incorporate a matting agent into at least one of the non-photosensitive layer (and more preferably, into the surface layer) in an amount of 0.5 to 40% by weight, based on the total binder on the opposite side to the photosensitive layer.
Materials of the matting agents employed in the present invention may be either organic substances or inorganic substances. Examples of the inorganic substances include silica described in Swiss Patent No. 330,158, etc.; glass powder described in French Patent No. 1,296,995, etc.; and carbonates of alkali earth metals or cadmium, zinc, etc. described in U.K. Patent No. 1.173,181, etc. Examples of the organic substances include starch described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,322,037, etc.; starch derivatives described in Belgian Patent No. 625,451, U.K. Patent No. 981,198, etc.; polyvinyl alcohols described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 44-3643, etc.; polystyrenes or polymethacrylates described in Swiss Patent No. 330,158, etc.; polyacrylonitriles described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,079,257, etc.; and polycarbonates described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,022,169.
The shape of the matting agent may be crystalline or amorphous. However, a crystalline and spherical shape is preferably employed. The size of a matting agent is expressed in the diameter of a sphere having the same volume as the matting agent. The particle diameter of the matting agent in the present invention is referred to the diameter of a spherical converted volume. The matting agent employed in the present invention preferably has an average particle diameter of 0.5 to 10 xcexcm, and more preferably of 1.0 to 8.0 xcexcm. Furthermore, the variation coefficient of the size distribution is preferably not more than 50 percent, is more preferably not more than 40 percent, and is most preferably not more than 30 percent. The variation coefficient of the size distribution as described herein is a value represented by the formula described below:
(Standard deviation of particle diameter)/(average particle diameter)xc3x97100
The matting agent used in this present invention can be incorporated into any layer. In order to accomplish the object of the present invention, the matting agent is preferably incorporated into the layer other than the photosensitive layer, and is more preferably incorporated into the farthest layer from the support.
Addition methods of the matting agent include those in which a matting agent is previously dispersed into a coating composition and is then coated, and prior to the completion of drying, a matting agent is sprayed. When plural matting agents are added, both methods may be employed in combination.
The thermally developable photosensitive material according to the invention (hereinafter, also referred to as photothermographic material) comprises a support having thereon at least one photosensitive layer, and the photosensitive layer may only be formed on the support. Further, at least one non-photosensitive layer is preferably formed on the photosensitive layer. In order to control the amount or wavelength distribution of light transmitted through the photosensitive layer, a filter layer may be provided on the same side as the photosensitive layer, and/or an antihalation layer, that is, a backing layer on the opposite side. Dyes or pigments may also be incorporated into the photosensitive layer. As the usable dyes, those which can absorb aimed wavelength in desired wavelength region can be used, preferred are compounds described in JP-A Nos. 59-6481, 59-182436, U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,312, European Patent Publication Nos. 533,008, 652,473, JP-A Nos. 2-216140, 4-348339, 7-191432, 7-301890. Furthermore, these non-photosensitive layers may contain the above-mentioned binder, a matting agent and a lubricant such as a polysiloxane compound, a wax and liquid paraffin. The photosensitive layer may be composed of a plurality of layers. To adjust gradation, layers may be arranged in such a manner as a high-speed layer/low-speed layer or a low-speed layer/high-speed layer.
The photothermographic material used in this invention is a photographic material forming images upon thermal development. The photothermographic material comprises a reducible silver source (organic silver salt), photosensitive silver halide, a reducing agent, and optionally a toning agent modifying silver image tone, which are dispersed in an organic binder. The photothermographic materials are stable at ordinary temperatures but developable, after exposure, by heating at a high temperature (e.g., 80 to 140xc2x0 C.). Heating leads to formation of silver through oxidation-reduction reaction between organic silver salt (which functions as an oxidizing agent) and reducing. The oxidation-reduction is catalyzed by a silver latent image produced in silver halide upon exposure. Silver produced as a result of reaction of the silver salt in the exposed region provides black images, which are in contrast with the unexposed region, leading to image formation. This reaction process proceeds without externally supplying a processing solution such as water.
Suitable image tone modifiers usable in the invention include those used in the invention b). Tone modifiers are preferably incorporated into the thermally developable photosensitive material used in the present invention. Examples of preferred tone modifiers, which are disclosed in Research Disclosure Item 17029, include the following:
imides (for example, phthalimide), cyclic imides, pyrazoline-5-one, and quinazolinone (for example, succinimide, 3-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-on, 1-phenylurazole, quinazoline and 2,4-thiazolidione); naphthalimides (for example, N-hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide); cobalt complexes (for example, cobalt hexaminetrifluoroacetate), mercaptans (for example, 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole); N-(aminomethyl)aryldicarboxyimides (for example, N-(dimethylaminomethyl)phthalimide); blocked pyrazoles, isothiuronium derivatives and combinations of certain types of light-bleaching agents (for example, combination of N,Nxe2x80x2-hexamethylene(1-carbamoyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazole), 1,8-(3,6-dioxaoctane)bis-(isothiuroniumtrifluoroacetate), and 2-(tribromomethyl-sulfonyl)benzothiazole; merocyanine dyes (for example, 3-ethyl-5-((3-etyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene-(benzothiazolinylidene))-1-methylethylidene-2-thio-2,4-oxazolidinedione); phthalazinone, phthalazinone derivatives or metal salts thereof (for example, 4-(1-naphthyl)phthalazinone, 6-chlorophthalazinone, 5,7-dimethylphthalazinone, and 2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione); combinations of phthalazinone and sulfinic acid derivatives (for example, 6-chlorophthalazinone and benzenesulfinic acid sodium, or 8-methylphthalazinone and p-trisulfonic acid sodium); combinations of phthalazine and phthalic acid; combinations of phthalazine (including phthalazine addition products) with at least one compound selected from maleic acid anhydride, and phthalic acid, 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or o-phenylenic acid derivatives and anhydrides thereof (for example, phthalic acid, 4-methylphthalic acid, 4-nitrophthalic acid, and tetrachlorophthalic acid anhydride); quinazolinediones, benzoxazine, naphthoxazine derivatives, benzoxazine-2,4-diones (for example, 1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione); pyrimidines and asymmetry-triazines (for example, 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine), and tetraazapentalene derivatives (for example, 3,6-dimercapto-1,4-diphenyl-1H,4H-2,3a,5,6a-tatraazapentalene). Preferred tone modifiers include phthalazone or phthalazine.
The photothermographic materials used in this invention may contain a mercapto compound, disulfide compound or thione compound to inhibit or accelerate development, to enhance spectral sensitization efficiency, or to enhance storage stability of the unprocessed photographic material.
In the present invention, to restrain or accelerate development for the purpose of controlling the development, to enhance the spectral sensitive efficiency, or to enhance the reservation stability before and after the development, a mercapto compound, a disulfide compound and a thione compound can be incorporated in the photosensitive material. In cases where the mercapto compound is used in the present invention, any compound having a mercapto group can be used, but preferred compounds are represented by the following formulas, Arxe2x80x94SM and Arxe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94Ar, wherein M represents a hydrogen atom or an alkaline metal atom, Ar represents an aromatic ring compound or a condensed aromatic ring compound having at least a nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, selenium or tellurium. Preferable aromatic heterocyclic ring compounds include benzimidazole, naphthoimidazole, benzothiazole, naphthothiazole, benzoxazole, naphthooxazole, benzoselenazole, benzotellurazole, imidazole, oxazole, pyrazole, triazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole, triazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, pyridine, purine, quinoline or quinazoline. These aromatic heterocyclic ring compounds may contain a substituent selected from a halogen atom (e.g., Br and Cl), a hydroxy group, an amino group, a carboxy group, an alkyl group (e.g., alkyl group having at least a carbon atom, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms) and an alkoxy group (e.g., alkoxy group having at least a carbon atom, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms). Examples of mercapto-substituted aromatic heterocyclic ring compounds include 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 2-mercaptobenzoxazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzothiazole, 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, 2-mercaptoquinoline, 8-mercaptopurine, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-pyridinethiol, 4-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine and 2-mercapto-4-phenyloxazole, but the exemplified compounds according to the present invention are not limited thereto.
Antifoggants may be incorporated into the thermally developable photothermographic material to which the present invention is applied. The substance which is known as the most effective antifoggant is a mercury ion. The incorporation of mercury compounds as the antifoggant into photosensitive materials is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,589,903. However, mercury compounds are not environmentally preferred. As mercury-free antifoggants, preferred are those antifoggants as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,546,075 and 4,452,885, and JP-A 59-57234. Particularly preferred mercury-free antifoggants are heterocyclic compounds having at least one substituent, represented byxe2x80x94C(X1)(X2)(X3) (wherein X1 and X2 each represent halogen, and X3 represents hydrogen or halogen), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,874,946 and 4,756,999; As examples of suitable antifoggants, employed preferably are compounds described in paragraph numbers [0030] through [0036] of JP-A 9-288328. Further, as another examples of suitable antifoggants, employed preferably are compounds described in paragraph numbers [0062] and [0063] of JP-A 9-90550. Furthermore, other suitable antifoggants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,523, and European Patent 600,587; 605,981 and 631,176.
In the photothermographic material, can be employed sensitizing dyes described, for example, in JP-A Nos. 63-159841, 60-140335, 63-231437, 63-259651, 63-304242, and 63-15245; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,639,414, 4,740,455, 4,741,966, 4,751,175, and 4,835,096. Useful sensitizing dyes employed in the present invention are described, for example, in publications described in or cited in Research Disclosure Items 17643, Section IV-A (page 23, December 1978). Particularly, selected can advantageously be sensitizing dyes having the spectral sensitivity suitable for spectral characteristics of light sources of various types of scanners. For example, compounds described in JP-A Nos. 9-34078, 9-54409 and 9-80679 are preferably employed.
Various kinds of additives can be incorporated into a photosensitive layer, a non-photosensitive layer or other construction layers. Except for the compounds mentioned above, surface active agents, antioxidants, stabilizers, plasticizers, UV (ultra violet rays) absorbers, covering aids, etc. may be employed in the thermally developable photosensitive material according to the present invention. These additives along with the above-mentioned additives are described in Research Disclosure Item 17029 (on page 9 to 15, June, 1978) and can be employed.
Supports employed in the present invention are preferably, in order to minimize the deformation of images after development processing, plastic films (for example, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, nylon, cellulose triacetate, polyethylene naphthalate). The thickness of the support is between about 50 and about 300 xcexcm, and is preferably between 70 and 180 xcexcm. Furthermore, thermally processed plastic supports may be employed. As acceptable plastics, those described above are listed. The thermal processing of the support, as described herein, is that after film casting and prior to the photosensitive layer coating, these supports are heated to a temperature at least 30xc2x0 C. higher than the glass transition point, preferably by not less than 35xc2x0 C. and more preferably by at least 40xc2x0 C. However, when the supports are heated at a temperature higher than the melting point, no advantages of the present invention are obtained. Commonly known casting methods and subbing methods are applicable to the support used in the invention, as described in JP-A 9-50094, items [0030]-[0070].
To improve an electrification property, a conducting compound such as a metal oxide and/or a conducting polymer can be incorporated into a construction layer. These compounds can be incorporated into any layer, preferably into a sublayer, a backing layer and an intermediate layer between a photosensitive layer and a sublayer, etc. In the present invention, the conducting compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,773, column 14 through 20, are preferably used.

Silver halide emulsion and silver halide light sensitive photographic material