Provided is an epitaxial silicon wafer in which the warping is reduced by rendering a cross-sectional form of a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth into an adequate form as compared with the conventional one. An epitaxial silicon wafer comprising a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth and an epitaxial layer is characterized in that the epitaxial layer is formed on a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth having a cross-sectional form satisfying a relation of a given expression.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an epitaxial silicon wafer and a production method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Silicon wafers used in semiconductor devices are generally called bulk wafers or epitaxial wafers. A bulk wafer is a mirror-finished wafer formed by slicing an ingot-shaped silicon single crystal grown using, for example, a Czochralski method (CZ method) into a disc-shaped wafer and then polishing a surface thereof. On the other hand, an epitaxial wafer is formed using a mirror-finished wafer as a wafer for epitaxial growth and further growing a silicon single crystal silicon on the wafer for epitaxial growth using an epitaxial technique.
In principle, damage or strain due to polishing, as occurs in the mirror-finished wafer, is not existent for an epitaxial wafer. Therefore, it is known that epitaxial wafers show improved properties compared to mirror-finished wafers in the field of semiconductor devices requiring a higher quality, but epitaxial wafers are not widely put into practice because of high production cost.
However, a large-size wafer having a diameter of 450 mm has now been developed to increase cost per epitaxial wafer and also high-quality epitaxial wafers are increasingly associated with ultra-miniaturization of devices.
As previously mentioned, the epitaxial wafer is formed by growing an epitaxial layer on the wafer for epitaxial growth. In this case, the wafer for epitaxial growth has a low resistance and the epitaxial layer has a high resistance. A mismatch of lattice constant is caused therebetween, and warping may be caused to mitigate strain between atomic layers. Such a warping leads to chucking and transfer issues and increases with an increase in the diameter of the wafer.
Patent Document 1 proposes a method of producing an epitaxial silicon wafer in which an epitaxial layer is formed on a surface of a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth having a concaved surface by identifying an unevenness of a warped form in the silicon wafer for epitaxial growth and then estimating warping produced when the epitaxial layer is formed on the wafer surface.
[Patent Document 1] JP-A-H06-112120
In this production method, the warping produced in the epitaxial growth is offset by previously identifying the warping in the surface of the silicon wafer for epitaxial growth and rendering the direction of the warping into a direction opposite to a changing direction of warping produced in the epitaxial growth, whereby an absolute value of the warping in the epitaxial silicon wafer can be reduced. However, the warping in the surface of the silicon wafer for epitaxial growth is randomly formed in the slicing step and does not necessarily correspond to the change of the warping produced in the epitaxial growth.
Then, the inventors have proposed an epitaxial silicon wafer enabling reduction of warping amount by forming an epitaxial layer on a surface of a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth to which a bowl-shaped warping having a concaved central portion is given by subjecting a thin disc-shaped wafer to either grinding or polishing or both treatments in Patent Document 2.
[Patent Document 2] JP-A-2008-140856
This wafer is obtained by forming an epitaxial layer on a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth having a cross-sectional shape formed so as to satisfy the following expression (5), which is determined by the following expression (3) and (4) introduced by a conventional method, and can provide a flat epitaxial silicon wafer by offsetting the warping produced in the growth of epitaxial layer.
                              ɛ          1                =                              1            3                                          (                                          t                si                2                                            t                epi                                      )                                          (                          δ                              r                2                                      )                                              (        3        )                                          ɛ          2                =                                            Δ                                                                                a                                  si                  -                  B                                                                    a              si                                =                                                    -                2.69                            ×                              10                                  -                  23                                            ×                              [                B                ]                                      5.43                                              (        4        )                                δ        =                                                            -                2.69                            ×                              10                                  -                  23                                            ×                              [                B                ]                                      5.43                    ×          3          ×                      r            2                    ×                      (                                          t                epi                                            t                si                2                                      )                                              (        5        )
In the expression (3), ε1 is strain in an epitaxial layer, tsi is a thickness of a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth, tepi is a thickness of an epitaxial layer, δ is the warping of an epitaxial silicon wafer and r is a radius of a wafer. In the expression (4), ε2 is strain based on a difference in lattice constant between a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth and an epitaxial layer, [B] is a boron concentration, {acute over (α)}αsi-B is a difference in lattice constant between of a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth having [B] and a non-doped epitaxial layer and αsi is a lattice constant of an epitaxial layer. Also, it is assumed that strain ε1 in the epitaxial layer is equal to strain ε2 based on a difference in lattice constant between a silicon wafer for epitaxial growth and an epitaxial layer.
In the method described in Patent Document 2, an epitaxial silicon wafer with reduced warping can be provided by offsetting the warping produced in the growth of epitaxial layer as compared with the conventional method in which an epitaxial layer is grown using a wafer for epitaxial growth having no rationalization of cross-sectional form (that is, having a flat form without warping), but it is not sufficient. Particularly, the warping is not sufficiently reduced in an epitaxial silicon wafer having a large diameter of not less than 450 mm, and further improvement is required.

Epitaxial silicon wafer and production method thereof


An electromechanical switching device employs a first nanoscale pillar shuttling charge between opposed charged electrodes. Motion of the first pillar is coupled to a second set of pillars providing controlled charge transfer between a second isolated set of electrodes. Standard logic elements may be constructed using this switching device.

The present invention relates to nanoscale mechanical devices and in particular to a nanoscale electromechanical switching element permitting the construction of a nanoscale mechanical computer.
Conventional integrated circuits allow for the combination of large numbers of transistors into logical gates such as NAND gates or NOR gates. These gates in turn may be interconnected within the integrated circuit to create more complex logical devices such as gate arrays or computers.
Transistor integrated circuits can produce extremely complex and high-speed logical devices but they have some significant limitations. The transistors in an integrated circuit can be disrupted by radiation, a problem for circuits intended for spaceflight, for example. In space, energetic plasmas, particles, and other forms of radiation degrade conventional transistors over time and may generate charge carriers in the transistors causing unexpected transistor switching.
Conventional integrated circuits are also limited with respect to operating temperatures. This is a problem for circuits that must operate in hot environments, for example, in automotive applications. Operating temperature limitations can also constrain the design of such integrated circuits to the extent that power dissipation by the circuit itself becomes a significant source of heating.
Operation of conventional integrated circuits at extremely low voltages can also be a problem.


A shielded sensor system and method features an airflow housing including a downward facing inlet and a downward facing outlet. At least one sensor is disposed in the housing between the inlet and the outlet. A particulate screener is located between the inlet and the sensor.

Weather stations typically include one or more sensors in a housing protected by shielding. Met One Instruments (Grants Pass, Oreg.) sells radiation shields including an aspirated radiation shield for temperature and humidity sensors. U.S. Pat. No. 6,247,360, incorporated herein by this reference, discloses an aspirated radiation shield for weather sensors. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,907 incorporated herein by this reference.
The measurement of ambient air temperature can be erroneously effected by solar radiation impinging on a temperature measurement probe, contamination of the probe by dirt, frost and moisture, and by ambient wind modifying the airflow over the measurement probe. Present shields, even aspirated shields, may still produce erroneous results when fan motors fail; when dirt, frost, or moisture collects on the temperature probes; or when high winds create a Bernoulli Effect vacuum that substantially reduces the airflow into the shield and hence over the temperature measurement probe.


The present invention provides a method of diagnosing a cerebrovascular disease in a human comprising the steps of: (a) measuring a mutation of HTRA1 gene in a test sample from said human; and (b) determining if the mutation of HTRA1 gene in said test sample correlates with a cerebrovascular disease in said human.

Hypertension is a well-known risk factor for nonhereditary cerebral small-vessel disease.1 Genetic causes have been identified for hereditary cerebral small-vessel diseases: cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy;2 autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy;3 brain small-vessel disease with hemorrhage;4 and familial cerebral amyloid angiopathies.5 Although arteriopathy in these cerebral small-vessel diseases is well documented, little is known about its genetic basis.
A cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is characterized by nonhypertensive cerebral small-vessel arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts, alopecia, and spondylosis, with onset in early adulthood.6-8 On neuropathological examination, arteriosclerosis associated with intimal thickening and dense collagen fibers, loss of vascular smooth muscle cells, and hyaline degeneration of the media was observed in cerebral small arteries.7-9 These pathological findings resemble those observed in patients with nonhereditary ischemic cerebral small-vessel disease.7-11

Association of HTRA1 mutations and familial ischemic cerebral small-vessel disease


Methods and systems for annotating an object in a video frame. An annotation of an object in a video frame is obtained and a plurality of computerized object trackers are run on the annotated object to automatically label the annotated object in a plurality of subsequent video frames. A computerized user interface aggregating results of the automatic labeling by the plurality of computerized object trackers is presented and, based on the computerized user interface, an identification of a best one of the plurality of computerized object trackers is obtained. The selected computerized object tracker is used to annotate the object in the plurality of subsequent video frames.

The present invention relates to the electrical, electronic and computer arts, and more specifically, to video annotation.
Video labeling techniques are useful for a number of applications. In order to evaluate an annotation algorithm, such as an object recognition algorithm that tracks objects in a video stream, a dataset (ground truth) containing video files is used to assess the performance and accuracy of the annotation algorithm. A number of video frames of the video contain annotations (associated with square locations in the video image) along with a corresponding label. For example, a dataset may contain videos annotated with the locations of cats, text, logos, and the like in each frame of the video.
Annotating a video can be a tedious task since a video includes many consecutive frames. For example, a three-minute video with a frame rate of 30 frames per second contains 5,400 (3*60*30) images that are to be labeled; annotating each one of these images separately may be time consuming. There are a variety of tools for annotating images, both open source and commercial, but many are ineffective at reducing the effort and/or time required for an individual to annotate a video.

Creating sparsely labeled video annotations

International Business Machines Corporation


A medical device known as an implantable therapeutic substance delivery device is configured for implanting in humans to deliver a therapeutic substance such as pharmaceutical compositions, genetic materials, and biologics to treat a variety of medical conditions such as pain, spasticity, cancer, and many other conditions. The infusion device incorporates a stepper motor that controls the infusion flow rate during the service life of the device. The stepper motor is controlled by continuously varying electrical pulse parameters based on the continuously decreasing power source voltage during the service life of the substance delivery device. In particular the stepper motor electrical pulse parameters, especially duty cycle, are selected to efficiently compensate for decreasing battery voltage thereby optimizing the motor performance while maximizing the power source service life. The infusion device has a housing, a power source, a therapeutic substance reservoir, a therapeutic substance pump, and electronics. Many embodiments of the therapeutic substance delivery device with optimized pump motor drive and its methods of operation are possible.

The medical device industry produces a wide variety of electronic and mechanical devices for treating patient medical conditions. Depending upon medical condition, medical devices can be surgically implanted or connected externally to the patient receiving treatment. Clinicians use medical devices alone or in combination with therapeutic substance therapies and surgery to treat patient medical conditions. For some medical conditions, medical devices provide the best, and sometimes the only, therapy to restore an individual to a more healthful condition and a fuller life. One type of medical device is an implantable therapeutic substance infusion device.
An implantable therapeutic substance infusion device is implanted by a clinician into a patient at a location appropriate for the therapy. Typically, a therapeutic substance infusion catheter is connected to the device outlet and implanted to infuse the therapeutic substance such as a drug or infusate at a programmed infusion rate and predetermined location to treat a condition such as pain, spasticity, cancer, and other medical conditions. Many therapeutic substance infusion devices are configured so the device can be refilled with therapeutic substance through a septum while the device is implanted. Then the time the device can be implanted may not be limited by therapeutic substance stored capacity of the device. An example of an implantable therapeutic substance infusion is shown in Medtronic, Inc. product brochure entitled "SynchroMed® Infusion System" (1995).
Electrically powered implanted therapeutic substance infusion devices consume energy delivered typically by a battery, also called a power source, and can require replacement once implanted due to depletion of the battery. Typically the most significant power-consuming component in an implantable infusion device is the therapeutic substance metering motor such as a stepper motor.
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device whose rotor rotates a discrete angular amount when an electrical drive pulse is applied to the stator windings. The amplitude and the width of the electrical drive pulse must be tailored to the electromechanical properties of the motor in order to achieve rotation, stability, and optimal energy consumption. Examples of instability include the motor rotating backwards, stepping ahead then "flipping back" to its starting position, and not stepping at all. For a stepper motor to function normally and efficiently over a wide power source voltage range, the motor drive pulse needs to be adjusted proportional to the voltage change of the power source.
If all motor drive pulse parameters are held constant while the power source voltage decreases, a decrease due to normal consumption of power source energy, excess energy above that needed by the motor is delivered at the beginning of the service life of the device. This occurs because the pulse parameters needed for the end of service life, for example, pulse width, are greater than needed at the beginning.
Thus, unless the pulse parameters are appropriately varying as the power source voltage is varying, the excess energy drawn from the power source undesirably reduces the service life of the implantable pump. This may cause an early need to replace the pump which is undesirable.
Since replacement of the implanted device requires an invasive procedure of explanting the existing device and implanting a new device, it is desirable to extend battery life to the greatest extent practicable. Some previous implantable infusion devices have reduced power consumption by varying the pulse width of the motor drive signal, but stepper motors can become unstable or stall under some circumstance when the pulse width is varied from the optimal pulse width that the motor is typically designed to use. An example of a motor drive signal with a varying pulse width is shown in Japanese Patent 11,042,286 "Intracorporealy Embedded Type Liquid Medicine Supplying Apparatus" by Yamazaki (Feb. 16, 1999).
For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for an implantable therapeutic substance infusion device with optimized pump motor drive to increase the infusion device's effective service life. This increased service life reduces the overall cost of the medical therapy and the inconvenience to the patient and clinician for future device replacement surgeries.

Implantable infusion device with optimized peristaltic pump motor drive


A radar array linearly traverses an area of ground. Additional radar elements fore and aft of the array detect changes in elevation and orientation of the array. These elements act as a preview for the height changes due to ground variation. Any variation in height that is not detected by these fore and aft-mounted elements is thus due to variation in radar elevation and/or orientation and can be subtracted from the resulting data without introducing distortion. Correction factors are applied to the range data returned from each element in the array, which normalizes the data and makes it appear as if the array did not change orientation or elevation.

In the prior art, a linear ground penetrating radar array (GPR) is swept across an area of ground. The GPR gathers data from each element of the array periodically as it traverses the ground. The traversed motion is usually achieved by rigidly mounting the array to a vehicle or cart. The GPR is kept at some nominal height from the ground. Data collected from each element as it traverses the ground is used to create a 3-dimensional image of the ground surface and the anomalies beneath the ground surface. The delay time of each of the reflections occurring in each data element corresponds to a distance from the corresponding antenna element.
As the array is traversed over the ground, each radar antenna element is activated, yielding a one-dimensional A-scan. When all radar elements in the linear array are activated, a 2-dimensional image of the ground under the array can be recreated, yielding a radar B-scan. As the array is moved, B-scans are collected in some uniform manner, often based on the array moving some fixed distance. This yields a 3-dimensional data cube. It is desirable to move the array in a linear manner over the ground in order to avoid distorting the image of any sub-surface anomalies. However, the dynamics of the vehicle carrying the linear GPR array can preclude such a linear collection. Vehicle dynamics can introduce height variations and cause the absolute elevation of the array elements to vary from one B-scan to the next. In order to avoid distortion in the resulting image and to accurately map the contour of the ground, it is desirable to correct for these variations.
One possible correction is to detect the location of the ground and compensate for any elevation variation in the GPR array by aligning the ground reflections from one B-scan to the next. This method of compensation operates on the assumption that the ground is flat. Any variations in the ground surface elevation results in corresponding distortions in the image of any subsurface anomaly. Often over uneven ground it is desirable to obtain an accurate un-distorted image of the anomaly in order to identify and characterize it. If height changes due to radar elevation and height changes due to ground elevation variation can be differentiated, compensation can be applied to the resulting data cubes which will minimize distortion of the image. Accurate inertial navigation systems (INS) or differential GPS systems may accomplish similar objectives. However, INS and GPS systems can drastically increase the total cost of a system.
Needs exist for an improved method for detecting elevation changes of a radar array and for differentiating between height changes due to radar elevation and height changes due to ground elevation variation.

Leading and lagging aperture for linear ground penetrating radar array


Methods for identification of new dosing strategies which optimize positive treatment outcomes and patient safety. Specifically, new dosing strategies for fosfomycin and pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which have improved treatment outcomes in mammals. For example, a method of treating mammals having a bacterial infection with fosfomycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof using improved dosing regimens.

Fosfomycin, a phosphonic acid derivative, acts by disrupting cell wall synthesis and exhibits bactericidal activity against anaerobic pathogens (including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria), as well as certain problematic, resistant bacterial strains for which there is an urgent medical need for safe and effective antimicrobial agents.
ZTI-01 (fosfomycin, FOS, for injection) demonstrates broad spectrum activity in vitro including multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms. FOS shows no cross-resistance to other antibiotic classes and FOS mechanism of action uniquely inhibits an earlier step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Other antibiotic agents in combination with FOS have been proposed to enhance bacterial killing of MDR organisms. It is crucial to understand the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antimicrobials to assess the PK/pharmacodynamic parameter associated with efficacy as well as the safety, tolerability, and PK of a single dose of ZTI-01 and oral (PO) fosfomycin tromethamine in healthy subjects.
Presently, specific dosage amounts of fosfomycin have been approved for use in specific cases. Monurol® (fosfomycin tromethamine) is currently approved for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women due to susceptible Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis isolates and is only available as a single 3 g dose (Monurol® package insert, Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2014). Monurol® is only available as a single dose sachet for oral administration once dissolved in water and is meant for women experiencing uncomplicated UTIs.
Another approved drug, Fomicyt® (disodium fosfomycin), is only available outside of the US for intravenous administration, with dosing regimens comprising 12-24 g (12-16 g dosing for cUTI, specifically) in 2-3 divided doses (Fomicyt® package insert, Nordic Pharma UK Ltd., 2015). However, such dosing paradigm fails to take into account the development of certain increased resistance in the bacteria meant to be impacted by the drug therapy. This leads to suboptimal therapy, resulting in therapeutic failures. Similarly, the complexity of the dosing calculations for patients with renal clearance complications lead to increases in errors that negatively impact both drug efficacy and patient safety. Furthermore, it is known to be a significant problem in the art that use of equations in order to determine optimal medication dosages leads to considerable patient risks (Lesar, TS, Errors in the use of medication dosage equations, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 152: 340-344 (1998)). While investigators have examined ways of resolving dosage errors through techniques ranging from analyses of electronic medical records (Hudali et al., Controlling antibiotics dosing errors in patients with impaired renal function using an EMR alert, UTMB Galveston (2013)) to the pairing of computerized provider order entries with clinical decision support systems (Patient Safety Network, https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primers/primer/23/medication-errors (accessed October 2017)), problems still exist within defined patient populations when it comes to developing accurate dosing regimens. Unfortunately, very recent studies have shown such problems are recognized and that an appropriate adjustment of drug doses would be highly desirable in patients with renal insufficiency, but that such dosing regimens are unavailable (Hoffmann et al., Renal insufficiency and medication in nursing home residents, Dtsch Arztebl Int, 113: 92-8 (2016)).
There still exists a problem in the clinical setting whereby bacterial resistance is correlated to the use of suboptimal dosing regimens. Thus there remains a need in the art to resolve problems associated with complications to disease treatment related to bacterial resistance to drug therapies by identifying proper or optimal dosing regimens commensurate with a particular disease. There also remains a need in the art to resolve problems associated with complications to disease treatment related to bacterial resistance to drug therapies by identifying proper or optimal dosing regimens commensurate with a particular patient populations and subpopulations.


A circuit panel chassis having a plurality of angled slots in a top surface thereof. The angled slots improving flame containment inside the circuit panel chassis while providing for cooling the circuit components of the circuit panel.

The present invention relates to a power distribution panel.
Electrical circuit panels such as power distribution panels typically include a number of different circuit elements such as fuse holders and fuses, circuit breakers, input and output connectors, and alarm signal LEDs. For safety and other reasons, the electrical circuits of power distribution panels are enclosed within a housing structure. Therefore, the circuit elements listed above have typically been inserted into holes which have been pre-cut or pre-punched into the housing structure, usually on a front or back panel of the housing structure. These prior circuit panels are fixed in that once the holes are formed in the housing, the type and arrangement of the components is limited.
In order to manufacture different fixed circuit panels of the prior systems, a circuit panel manufacturer would punch out different patterns of holes in the front or back panels of the housing structure in order to accommodate different arrangements of circuit elements. Significant retooling time and costs are involved for offering different fixed panels. Assembly of the circuit elements is also difficult when the elements are inserted through the holes. There is a need for further circuit panels which allow for more efficient manufacture and use.
In the event that the circuit elements or circuit board contained in a circuit panel catch on fire, it is important that the circuit panel seek to contain the flames within the panel to prevent further spread of the fire. The circuit elements and circuit board, however, must be cooled during normal use to prevent damage due to overheating. There is a need for circuit panels which allow for cooling of the circuit components and which also contain flames in the event of a fire.
The present invention relates to an improved circuit panel chassis for use with a circuit panel such as a power distribution panel. The chassis has a top, bottom, front and two side surfaces. The top surface defines a plurality of parallel slots. In a preferred embodiment the slots are angled relative to a line perpendicular to the front surface.
In one embodiment the angled slots defined by a first half of the top surface are angled in a first direction. The angled slots on a second half of the top surface are angled in the opposite direction from the line perpendicular to the front and back surfaces as are the angled slots in the first half of the top surface.
In one embodiment the angled slots in the top surface are located in a back half or quarter of the top surface. The back half or quarter of the top surface is the portion of the top surface furthest from the front surface. In an alternative embodiment the angled slots in the top surface are located in a front quarter of the top surface. The front quarter of the top surface is the quarter of the top surface closest to the front surface.
In a preferred embodiment the bottom surface also defines a plurality of angled slots. The angled slots in the bottom surface may be located in a front half or front quarter portion of the bottom surface. The front half or front quarter portion of the bottom surface is that half or quarter of the bottom surface closest the front surface. When configured with a top surface with angled slots in the back half or quarter portion of the top surface, the chassis allows cooling air to flow from beneath the front portion of the chassis through an interior of the chassis where it cools the circuit board or other circuit components and out the back top portion of the chassis. Alternatively the angled slots in the top surface may be located in the front half or quarter of the top surface, and the angled bottom slots may be located in the back half or quarter of the bottom surface.

Power distribution panel with flame containment slots


A screen fixing device of a projection type television system including a projection unit comprises a fixing frame for detachably fixing a screen, the fixing frame being provided with a plurality of through holes each extending laterally of a front opening frame surround a front opening section at which the screen is provided, and a fastening screw penetrating each through hole for fixing the fixing frame to the front opening section of the projection unit. The fixing frame has substantially an L-shaped cross section at least at a portion through which the through hole is formed. Instead of the fixing frame, a fixing block may be used. The fixing device may comprise a plurality of first fixing members for detachably fixing the screen with a space with each other and a plurality of second fixing members for fixing the first fixing members to the front opening section of the projection unit. The first fixing members are formed of a transparent material. Each of the first fixing members and each of the second fixing members are fixed integrally together or formed integrally.

This invention relates to a screen fixing device of a projection type television (TV) system, and more particularly, to a screen fixing device detachably mounted to a front opening section of a multi projection type TV system comprising a plurality of projection type TV units arranged in matrix in vertical and horizontal directions.
In known technology, a multi projection type TV system having a large screen has been constituted by arranging a plurality of projection type TV units (called merely TV unit hereinlater) each having the same structure, each piled in matrix in the vertical and horizontal directions and each incorporating three cathode ray tubes (CRT) for three colors, i.e. red (R), green (G) and blue (B), and images from the CRTs are projected on the screen.
In a multi projection type TV system having the configuration as described above, it is generally known that a screen arranged in an opening section of a multi projection TV unit in a quickly removable manner is convenient for maintenance and inspection of components in the TV units such as CRTS. Also, by using a fixing frame, it is possible to absorb machining accuracy of a screen consisting of a Fresnel lens and a lenticular sheet or, in other words, a gap between the Fresnel lens and the lenticular sheet and the opening of the TV unit.
Conventionally, as shown in FIG. 15, a screen 6 consisting of a Fresnel lens 4 and lenticular sheet 5 is connected to a stopper piece 3 made of rubber and held in a front opening section 2 of a TV unit 1, and a fixing frame 7 is set around a front edge section of the screen 6 and then fixing screws 9 are screwed through holes 8 into taps arranged in two adjacent front opening frames 2a, 2a.
Accordingly, it is required to locate the two fixing frames having a width which allows absorption of changes in screen size due to machining accuracy or thermal expansion of the screen 6 in a fixed state of the screen 6. In a case where several tens of TV units are piled in matrix in vertical and horizontal directions, each unit can not be separated for the purpose of inspecting or repairing the same, but when it is required to check or repair components of the TV unit I such as CRTs without changing the TV system configuration, the components of the unit 1 can be checked or repaired by loosening the fixing screws 9, removing the fixing frames 7 and then removing the screen 6 from the front opening frames 2a of the TV unit 1. When the screen 6 of a certain TV unit 1 is broken, the screen can be replaced with a new one with the TV system being set.
In the conventional type of screen fixing device of the character described above, however, the cross section of the fixing frames have an approximately rectangular form and cover the end face of the front opening frames 2a of the TV units 1. Therefore, when a multi projection type TV system is seen from a front position at an angle (for instance at 45 degrees), a width of the two adjacent fixing frames 7 becomes a width Wb which is larger than a width Wa of the two adjacent fixing frames 7 in comparison with a case when viewed from the front side. This makes it difficult to clearly observe images on the screen. It is conceivable to reduce an area of the cross section of the two adjacent fixing frames 7 in order to solve this problem, but due to fixing force of the fixing screws 9 and strength of the fixing frames, there is a limit in reducing the cross section of the fixing frames 7.

Screen fixing device of projection type television system


Existing encryption systems are designed to protect secret keys or other data under a “black box attack,” where the attacker may examine the algorithm, and various inputs and outputs, but has no visibility into the execution of the algotitm itself. However, it has been shown that the black box model is generally unrealistic, and that attack efficiency rises dramatically if the attacker can observe even minor aspects of the algorithm's execution. The invention protects software from a “white-box attack”, where the attacker has total visibility into software implementation and execution. In general, this is done by encoding the software and widely diffusing sites of information transfer and/or combination and/or loss. Other embodiments of the invention include: the introduction of lossy subcomponents, processing inputs and outputs with random cryptographic functions, and representing algorithmic steps or components as tables, which permits encoding to be represented with arbitrary nonlinear bijections.

The use of computers and computer software in all of their various forms is recognized to be very common and is growing everyday. In industrialized nations, hardly a business exists that does not rely on computers and software either directly or indirectly, in their daily operations. As well, with the expansion of powerful communication networks such as the Internet, the ease with which computer software programs and data files may be accessed, exchanged, copied and distributed is also growing daily.
In order to take advantage of these computer and communication systems and the efficiencies that they offer, there is a need for methods of storing and exchanging computer software and information securely. Information security issues can generally be categorized as one of the following:    A) confidentiality or privacy, where the goal is to prevent information from being obtained and understood by others;    B) data integrity, where the goal is either to prevent the alteration of data or to advise an authorized party that a set of data has been tampered with;    C) authentication, where the goal is to affirm the identity of a party; or    D) non-repudiation, where the goal is to prevent a party from denying that they made a certain communication. Non-repudiation is often used in electronic commerce transactions, particularly in bidding and negotiation environments.
One method of maintaining confidentiality or privacy that has demonstrated widespread use and acceptance is encryption of data using secret cryptographic keys. Such methods are generally accepted as secure, as an attacker must perform an impractically large number of mathematical tests to identify the cryptographic key required to decode a given encrypted data file. Cracking the Data Encryption Standard (DES) for example, would require an average of 255different keys to be tested, requiring more than 1 thousand years of testing at a rate of one million key tests per second. DES is just one of several block cipher methods which are very fast and are widely used—block ciphers are schemes in which data is divided up into blocks which are encrypted and decrypted separately from one another. If the cryptographic key is kept secure, it offers very good security.
There are many applications, however, in which the encryption key or other secret information (such as biometric data) must be hidden in application software itself. One such example is a Smart Card. Smart Cards are credit card-sized devices which have a small amount of electronic memory and a small microprocessor. They are often used in electronic commerce applications or to record personal information such as health records.
Existing encryption systems are designed to protect their secret keys or other secret data against a "black box attack". This is a situation where the attacker has knowledge of the algorithm and may examine various inputs to and outputs from the algorithm, but has no visibility into the execution of the algorithm itself. Typical black box attacks are categorized as follows:    A) ciphertext-only attacks, where the attacker attempts to deduce the secret key or plaintext by analysing only the ciphertext;    B) known-plaintext attacks, where the attacker has sets of plaintext and corresponding ciphertext which he can analyse;    C) chosen-plaintext attacks where the attacker can execute the targeted algorithm on plaintext he has chosen, and compare it to the corresponding ciphertext; and    D) adaptive chosen-plaintext attacks, where the attacker modifies the plaintexts he selects for encryption, based on the results of previous analyses.
While such attacks are powerful enough by themselves, it has been shown that the black box model does not reflect reality. Often, if the attacker has sufficient access to the targeted algorithm to mount an adaptive chosen-plaintext attack, he is also in a position to observe at least some aspect of the execution of the algorithm itself.
For example, in their paper on Differential Power Analysis (DPA) titled: Introduction to differential power analysis and related attacks, 1998 (available on the Internet at http://www.cryptography.com/dpa/technical), Paul Kocher, Joshua Jaffe and Benjamin Jun demonstrated that Smart Cards protected with DES could be cracked in a matter of minutes rather than the theoretical thousand years of testing. DPA merely monitors the power consumed by the Smart Card while it is executing the DES algorithm on a chosen input. The power-consumed by the Smart Card at any given point in time corresponds with the bias state of the transistors in the device. The DPA attack can thus deduce the number of bits that are correct in a proposed key by statistical analysis, converging to the correct key very quickly.
The DPA attack shows that having very limited access to the execution of an algorithm designed to defend against a black box attack, is sufficient to make that algorithm completely insecure. Therefore, encryption algorithms must be designed to be secure against a much more powerful attack model—the "white box attack". A white box attack is simply an attack on a software algorithm in which the attacker has full visibility into the execution of the algorithm (note that the DPA attack may be characterised as a "grey box attack" because the attacker is only able to observe a small part of the execution).
Unfortunately, existing encryption and decryption algorithms and related algorithms including those for digital signatures, password authentication, Smart Cards and the like, are not resistant to white box attacks. In fact, many believe it is impossible to achieve such protection.
Several approaches have been suggested, but offer very weak protection. For example:    A) existing general-purpose commercial software obfuscators use a variety of techniques including: removal of debugging information, changing variable names, introducing irreducible flow graphs, and particularly in the case of Java, modifying code structures to avoid stereotyped forms for source control structures. These methods produce superficial changes, but the information exposed by deeper analyses employed by optimizing compilers and similar sophisticated tools is changed very little. The data flow and control flow information exposed by such analyses is either not affected at all, or is only slightly affected, by the above methods of obfuscation;    B) attempts have also been made to hide the real code by introducing dummy code, for example, by making every other statement a dummy statement designed to look much like the real code. Along with the higher overhead created, this approach has two fatal weaknesses:            i) it is vulnerable to data flow analysis (DFA) to discover the dummy code; and        ii) even if DFA can be rendered ineffective, if x% of the code is dummy code, then 100-x% of the code is significant. For realistic values of x, a patient attacker can locate which statements matter and which do not, by trial and error; and            C) U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,899 titled "Tamper Resistant Methods and Apparatus", issuing to Aucsmith et al. makes two suggestions:            i) splitting the cryptographic key into pieces stored in different locations in the software code, and        ii) encoding a program in separate sections, decoding only those sections needed, when they are to be executed.        Neither of these approaches is effective as the software code always executes in an unprotected form. Careful tracing of the execution therefore allows the pieces to be reassembled, yielding the complete and unprotected program.
As well, in their patent application serial no. PCT/US98/12017, Christian Collberg, Clark Thomborsson and Douglas Crow present slightly more sophisticated variations on these themes. While these techniques might sufficiently obscure a key (for example) against a generic, automated attack, they are not resistant to a rigorous white box attack. In most cases, simply tracing execution of the software code will reveal the encryption key and any secure data completely.
Collberg et al, for example, suggest making some simple linear transformations to data values. A careful tracing of the program execution will identify how these transformations are done and undone. As well, since these transformations are linear, they can be reduced.
In addition, a variety of cryptographically weak approaches have been used for encryption and decryption, which avoid the use of any explicit key whatever. These methods are vulnerable either to a cryptographic black-box attack if plain-text can be recognized in an automated way, or to algorithmic analysis with the aid of debugging tools, since the would-be encryption is then a data transformation of quite limited algorithmic complexity.
In general, then, the state of the art has been that programs could not be made effectively secret-hiding and tamper-resistant. In particular, cryptographic keys for reasonably secure ciphers could not be securely hidden in software.
There is therefore a need for a method, apparatus and system for encryption that is tamper-resistant, allowing secret cryptographic keys, biometric data and encrypted data to have software operations executed upon it, without fear that security will be breached.

System and method for protecting computer software from a white box attack


A three-dimensional measuring device includes a light source unit, a light projecting optical unit, a light receiving optical unit, a light receiving element, a scanning unit, an angle detector, an illumination light source unit, an image pickup unit and a control arithmetic unit. The control arithmetic unit comprises a distance data processing unit for controlling the scanning unit, for calculating a distance to the object to be measured based on a received light signal, and for calculating a three-dimensional data of the object based on a calculated distance and a detection signal from the angle detector, and an image data processing unit for acquiring an illuminated image and an unilluminated image, for acquiring a difference image based on both images, for detecting a retroreflective target based on the difference image and a detected intensity of a reflected light from the difference image, and for calculating a position of the target.

The present invention relates to a three-dimensional measuring device and a three-dimensional measuring system capable of acquiring many three-dimensional data.
In the past, as a measuring device for acquiring many three-dimensional data (3D data) (three-dimensional point cloud data) of an object to be measured in a short time, a three-dimensional laser scanner has been known.
In a case where a three-dimensional point cloud data is acquired by a three-dimensional laser scanner, a installation position of the three-dimensional laser scanner has to become known. The procedure for measuring the installation position of the three-dimensional laser scanner is as follows. A target is installed at a known position and measured by the three-dimensional laser scanner. Based on the installation position of the target and the measurement result of the target, the installation position of the three-dimensional laser scanner is made known.
In the past, as a method for measuring a target, a target with retroreflective ability (e.g., a reflective sheeting) is employed, and by detecting a reflected light from the target (detecting a light spot), a distance and an angle are measured, and the three-dimensional data of the target are acquired.
Further, in prior arts, in order to detect a target, a distance measuring light has to be scanned over an area in which the target exists. Further, in order to discriminate a retroreflective object from other objects to be measured, an adjustment of a received light quantity and a scanning operation of the distance measuring light have to be performed repeatedly. Therefore, it takes time to detect the target and the measurement of the installation position is inefficient.
JP-A-2010-237169 discloses a method comprising a light spot detection step of projecting a flashing light (pulsed light) toward a target and detecting a light reflected from the target as a light spot, a step of acquiring a moving image of the target and a support unit for the target, a step of detecting the target based on the light spot detection, a step of tracking an image based on the moving image in parallel with the target detection step, a step of comparing a target position obtained by the target detection with an image position obtained by the image tracking, wherein when the target position and the image position are in a predetermined range, the result of the target detection is recognized as the target position and a false recognition is avoided.
Meanwhile, the specification of the U.S. Pat. No. 6,804,380 discloses a method that, in order to measure an arbitrary point such as a tie-point or a subsequent starting point for connecting point cloud data acquired from a plurality of installation positions by a three-dimensional measuring device, a retroreflective region is detected by scanning a distance measuring light over a target sheet with a circular retroreflective region, and a center of the retroreflective region is obtained, and an optical axis of the distance measuring light is aligned with the center of the retroreflective region, and a distance and an angle of the arbitrary point are measured, so a target position is recognized.

Three-dimensional measuring device and three-dimensional measuring system


To provide a base station apparatus that can automatically update the parameters required for radio communication. A pair of identifier for identifying the self station and radio communication parameter is notified to another base station existing in the neighborhood of the self station, and the path loss value between another base station and a mobile station and the pair of identifier and radio communication parameter for another base station is acquired. The pair of identifier and radio communication parameter reported by the self station is set and updated, based on this acquired information. Since it is updated in consideration of the path loss value reported from the mobile station, the parameter can be updated at higher precision.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a base station apparatus, a mobile station apparatus, and a method for updating the radio communication parameters, and particularly to a base station apparatus of multiple access method in which a plurality of users make the communications at the same time by sharing a radio channel, a mobile station apparatus, and a method for updating the temporary radio communication parameters.
2. Description of the Related Art
As the multiple access methods in which a plurality of users make the communications by sharing a radio channel, a code division multiple access (CDMA), a time division multiple access (TDMA) and a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) are well known.
For example, in a communication system of code division multiple access method in which the same frequency band is shared among a plurality of communication waves, individual communication waves are distinguished by the spreading codes of random code series. As the spreading code is better in the detection characteristic (auto-correlation characteristic) and the identification characteristic (cross-correlation characteristic) between different spreading codes, the system efficiency is improved. Therefore, all the random combinations of codes determined by the series length are not employed, but the code series to attain the required characteristics are selectively employed. Accordingly, when the high system efficiency is required, the spreading code is limited and the assignable number of spreading codes is below the total number of simultaneous communication waves supposed for the system.
Particularly in the satellite downlink of a W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) cellular system, the spreading code used is demanded to have the code orthogonality capable of reducing mutual interference between different spreading codes, in addition to the high detection characteristic and identification characteristic, to implement high quality communications even at low transmission power. Therefore, the assignable number of spreading codes is smaller than in the satellite uplink. This small number of spreading codes is repeatedly employed for effective use, but a different code for each cell is employed and superimposed to prevent radio interference between cells.
In the W-CDMA cellular system, the spreading code for actually spreading the user data in the broadband is called a channelization code, and the code for preventing radio interference between cells superimposed for each cell is called a scrambling code.
Each base station apparatus (hereinafter simply referred to as a base station) forming each cell of the W-CDMA cellular system reports the down scrambling code employed by its peripheral base station on the control channel so that a mobile station apparatus (hereinafter simply referred to as a mobile station) may detect the cell at high speed, and the mobile station makes the reception of the satellite downlink for the scrambling code notified on the control channel. Accordingly, when the down scrambling code is assigned to a certain base station, in order to enable the mobile station to make the reception on the satellite downlink of the base station, and then make the reception on another satellite downlink around the satellite downlink, it is required that the down scrambling code of the peripheral base station located around the base station is set on the control channel of the base station and reported to the mobile station belonging to the cell formed by the base station.
A technique in which the mobile station acquires the information of the base station and reports it to the base station to which the self station is connected, and the bases station update the information was described in JP2001-54158A.

Base station apparatus, mobile station apparatus, and radio communication parameter updating method


A collaborative wireless micro-control system applied to a detached space comprises a main control unit, and a plurality of interior control unit. Wherein, the main control unit has a microprocessor, a transmitter, and a receiver. The receiver receives the outside wireless signal from the electronic apparatus. The microprocessor parses the outside wireless signal and sends out a wireless control signal inside the detached space by using the transmitter. Each of the interior control units has a microprocessor, a transmitter, and a receiver. The control unit is utilized as a user interface (human machine interface) for controlling a respective electronic apparatus. The receiver of the interior control unit receives the wireless control signal from the main control unit. The microprocessor of the interior control unit tells whether the wireless control signal can trigger the respective electronic apparatus or not. If so, the interior control unit adjusts the respective electronic apparatus according to the wireless control signal. If not, the transmitter of the interior control unit passes the wireless control signal to another interior control unit.

(1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a collaborative wireless control system, and more particularly to the collaborative wireless control system applied to a detached space which is wireless controlled by electronic apparatuses outside the detached space.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Commonly, remote controls for electronic devices, such as televisions, stereo systems, DVD players, remote switches for lights or power systems and so on, are used to issue commands from a distance. In fact, majority of modern devices assign all their functional controls to their remotes, while the devices themselves only have primary controls. Most of these remotes communicate with their respective mother devices via infrared (IR) signals and a few thereof via radio signals.
However, during practical operation, users must aim remote controls at the electronic equipments due to the limitation of the signal transmission in receiving and launching the infrared signals. Such a limitation disables the remote control as long as the remote control disposes outside the IR signal transmission region.
In recent years, the advancement in computer technology brings the computer into human daily activities as an essential part of modern life. The appearance of the embedded system, information appliances, and home control network has brought various kinds of computer applications into human life. The interaction between human and the computer exists not only in the tiny space in front of the computer, but also exists in almost every environment, especially the so-called intelligent environment.
The intelligent environment is a highly context-aware interface. It is a space equipped with many sensors to monitor the activities in the environment. After gathering the information from the environment, the system will make appropriate reactions for some of the events. The intelligent environment can be seen as an artificial organism connecting a variety of appliances to surround the user, and can provide intelligent assistance and services for the user inside it. The goal is to provide a quality life through a multi-sensing multimodal intelligent environment.
The user can control the air condition, the light system, or even a gas system in a smart house through a mobile phone or a major remote control. For instance, the user chooses the normal mode to send the command, or he/she may choose a predetermined mode by using the mobile phone or a remote control to distantly turn on/off the electronic devices, or to adjust the room temperature and moisture setting of an air conditioner.
While in decorating a house, the wiring for parallel integrating all functions of video equipments, home cinema, security system, lighting control, visual communication, etc., should be hided for a vision purpose.
However, if the user wants to further assemble the intelligent control system, it is almost impossible to hide the wiring without damaging the decoration. The user must remove part of the decoration so as to arrange the wiring along the corner of the wall, from which possible damage to disturb the integrality of the decoration may bother the user. Definitely, such an wiring is usually expensive and may even generate a cost higher than an ordinary electric device
Accordingly, since the traditional intelligent control system is too expensive and hard to maintain, a collaborative wireless micro-control system is provided in the present invention to use the signal transmitting circuit equipped in the control unit of the electric devices to transmit wireless signals so as to facilitate the user to remotely control the electric devices.

Collaborative wireless micro-control system


A head garment is provided that has a head band and at least one hair holding component. The head band is formed from an piece of material that is folded over on itself to provide inner and outer layers and a bottom edge. A top edge is formed by sewing the free edges of the layers together. Ends of the layers are also sewn together to provide a rear seam. The rear seam is provided with an opening through which the component can be extended when it is desired to be used, or which can be moved through the opening to be held between the layers when not desired to be used. The component being secured between the layers. An alternative head garment has a button attached to a rear of a head band for releasably securing a hair net thereto. Each head garment may include a visor if desired.

There is always a need for active people to keep sweat and hair from the face and eyes during physical activity. This is commonly done with the use of a plain old sweat band. Although sweat bands keep sweat and hair from the eyes and face, they do not have hair holding abilities to further hold hanging hair (i.e., hair placed in a pony tail or loose). The present invention will allow users with longer hair lengths to further secure their hair during physical activity. This creates a head garment that also allows the hair to be shown, not covered, and to be hung in a comfortable position without the possibility of "becoming loose," thereby falling into the eyes and face.
People with active life styles also need convenience relative to carrying objects before, during and after physical activity. The current invention not only provides a hair holding multi-purpose head band, but one that can hold objects and hair in multiple positions. The unique design of the present invention also provides users a useful and convenient maintenance garment relative to flattening the short hair at the rear of the head.
The current invention also allows users the ability to change the color and hair holding component to the plain old sweat band by providing a top opening that allows users to place a plain old sweat band inside interior. This covering is interchangeable simply by opening an enclosure and removing the band.
Another common issue for active women is being able to comfortably have sun protection while wearing a head band, whereby a visor is connected to the head band. The fabric used for the headband is not bulky (i.e., terry cloth) and, therefore, the head band can be worn anytime, not only during sport activities. However, the current invention teaches a method of combining terry cloth fabric and other thinner fabrics, whereby only a section of the head band comprises terry cloth fabric.
The same issue exists with sweat bands wherein the only options available are terry cloth fabric. The present invention also allows for the production of a wrist band that comprises terry cloth on the interior side and a different fabric on the exterior.
The current market in head accessories worn during physical activity has seen very little innovation. Some of the most commonly used head garments are perhaps the baseball cap, beanie and the sweat band. The basic design of the sweat band can be worn by women and men and is highly effective in keeping sweat and hair out of eyes and face during physical or sport activity or during general use. The current invention covers innovations to the head band and head coverings.


A pattern designing method according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: designing a first pattern for inspection formed by arraying a plurality of first mark rows, in which rectangular marks are arrayed at predetermined intervals in a first direction, in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction and designing a second pattern for inspection formed by arraying, in the second direction, a plurality of second mark rows in which rectangular marks are arranged among the marks arrayed in the first direction of the first mark row and a forming position in the second direction is arranged to overlap the first mark row by predetermined overlapping length.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a pattern forming method, a pattern designing method, and a mask set.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device in the past, to form a plurality of device patterns on a semiconductor wafer of silicon or the like, a large number of different mask patterns are sequentially laid one on top of another on the semiconductor wafer and exposed to light. In the exposure, an exposure device positions respective masks using an alignment mark. In a state in which the masks are positioned, the exposure device performs overlay shift inspection for inspecting whether a device pattern that should be formed next is formed to be correctly stacked on a device pattern on each chip already provided on the semiconductor wafer.
There is a scatterometry system as a system for the overlay shift inspection. In the scatterometry system, light is irradiated on marks including diffraction gratings respectively arranged and formed in a first layer in which a first device pattern is formed and a second layer formed on the first layer and including photoresist exposed and developed into a second device pattern. Subsequently, diffracted light in marks of the repeated patterns is detected, whereby a sectional profile corresponding to the marks of the repeated patterns is calculated and an amount of overlay shift is determined. A first mark formed in the first layer and a second mark formed in the second layer are formed to partially overlap (see, for example, US2008/0144036A1).
As the marks for the overlay shift inspection, first, in the first layer, the first mark including recesses having a predetermined period is formed on, for example, a dicing line between chips together with the first device pattern by using the photolithography technique and the etching technique. Thereafter, photoresist is applied on the first layer to form the second layer. The second mark including recesses having a predetermined period is formed, together with the second device pattern, on a dicing line to partially overlap the first mark. When the second mark is formed, a step is formed on an upper surface of the photoresist according to the first mark. Therefore, the second mark is affected by defocus during exposure in a lithography process. As a result, it is likely that facon of the marks is spoiled to cause deterioration in measuring accuracy.

Pattern forming method, pattern designing method, and mask set


A flexible solid electrolyte includes a first inorganic protective layer, an inorganic-organic composite electrolyte layer including an inorganic component and an organic component, and a second inorganic protective layer, where the inorganic-organic composite electrolyte layer is disposed between the first inorganic protective layer and the second inorganic protective layer, and the inorganic component and the organic component collectively form a continuous ion conducting path.

1. Field
Embodiments of the invention relate to a flexible solid electrolyte, an all-solid-state lithium battery including the flexible solid electrolyte, and a method of preparing the flexible solid electrolyte.
2. Description of the Related Art
Lithium batteries typically have high voltage and high energy densities, and thus are used in various applications. Devices such as electric vehicles, e.g., a hybrid electric vehicle ("HEV"), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle ("PHEV") and the like, are desired to be operable at high temperatures, to charge or discharge a large quantity of electricity, and to have long-term usability, such that such devices use lithium batteries having high-discharge capacities and better lifetime characteristics.
A lithium battery using liquid electrolyte including a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent may be chemically unstable when using an electrode operating at a high voltage of about 5 volts (V) or greater. In such a lithium battery, the liquid electrolyte may begin to decompose at a voltage of about 2.5 V or greater, and a leakage may occur such that a risk of fire or explosion may be high. Growth potential of dendrite from the liquid electrolyte may lead to self-discharge or overheating of the lithium battery.
All-solid-state liquid batteries using a solid electrolyte as a lithium ion conductor are considered relatively stable compared to lithium batteries using liquid electrolytes. Unlike lithium batteries using liquid electrolytes, all-solid-state lithium batteries have no leakage concerns, and thus may be very safe and have high stability. However, electrolyte materials for the all-solid-state lithium batteries are inherently brittle and not flexible such that the solid electrolyte may decompose when used along with a lithium anode or a high-voltage electrode, and ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte may be low due to a high grain boundary resistance.

Flexible solid electrolyte, all-solid-state lithium battery including the flexible solid electrolyte, and method of preparing the flexible solid electrolyte


Yarns and fabrics formed from such yarns incorporating an arrangement of discrete zones of variable heat treat history thereby imparting differential dye affinity and structural character at discrete zones along the yarn length are described. The differential dye affinity permits variable shading along the yarn length when the yarn is subjected to a dye bath. Processes and equipment for manufacturing such yarns are also provided.

It is well known to utilize colored yarns within textile materials to impart desired aesthetic characteristics to the textile material. Color is generally imparted to yarns by use of bulk dyeing practices in which a single color is applied to bundles of yarn immersed within a dye bath. Typical dyes as are known to those of skill in the art include disperse dyes, acid dyes and basic dyes. It is also known to heat set yarns by applying a tensioning force to the yarn under elevated temperature conditions. Such heat setting is typically used to impart an enhanced degree of uniformity to the yarn. As will be appreciated, when a yarn treated in accordance with prior practices is subjected to a bulk dyeing operation, the dyed yarn is typically of a substantially uniform solid color. Moreover, such yarns tend to behave in a substantially uniform manner when subjected to post-dyeing heat treatment.
In order to provide variation in color along the length of a yarn it is known to utilize so-called "space-dyed" yarns within pile-forming textile materials such as carpeting to provide a random or pseudo-random pattern within the material. One such carpeting material is illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,413,832 to Willey the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Several methods are known for space dyeing of yarns so as to impart segments of various colors along the length of such yarns. One such known method is the so-called "knit-deknit" method in which yarns are knit into a construction across which bands of color are introduced. The knit construction is thereafter unraveled so as to yield the lengths of yarn with substantially random coloration patterns disposed along their length. While useful, the "knit-deknit" process may be difficult to control and may be unduly time consuming and complex to enable efficient and cost effective manufacture of large quantities of material.
In order to address the deficiencies of the "knit-deknit" process, several batch-type and continuous processes have been advocated. Among the batch-type processes (in which a predetermined quantity of yarn is treated at one time), it is known to inject yarn packages with a number of different colored dyes to yield a space-dyed product. However, such batch process may be relatively costly and require more product handling than is desired.
As an alternative to the batch-type processes, several types of continuous space-dyeing processes (in which moving yarns are individually or collectively treated) are also known. One such continuous process is illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,968 to Haselwander et al. the teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein. In this process yarns are intermittently pressed against dye applicator rolls to impart segments of dye to the yarns in a predetermined order. The yarn is held against the dye applicator rolls by a pattern roll supporting deflecting rods or paddles arranged in spaced relation at the surface of the pattern roll up stream of the dye applicator roll so as to provide a defined period of contact between the yarn and the dye applicator roll as the deflecting elements are pressed against the yarn at locations adjacent to the dye applicator rolls.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,491,858 and 5,557,953 to Massotte et al. (incorporated by reference) disclose equipment and procedures for applying dye segments to yarns using spinning disk elements having spaced openings which permit passage of dye droplets towards the yarns when the disk openings and yarns are in opposing relation to one another.
Another continuous process is illustrated and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,799 to Brown et al. the teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein. The process disclosed therein utilizes a substantially direct application of a spray pattern of dye liquor droplets towards a yarn sheet. The dye stream is cycled on and off to apply a desired patterning effect.
In view of the above, the prior art has addressed the desire for color variability along the yarn length by selective dye application at discrete yarn segments. While such practices may provide desirable aesthetic results, they also require a relatively high degree of complexity related to the controlled selective dye application. In particular, multiple dye delivery systems are required in combination with precision application equipment.

Yarn and fabric with zones of variable heat set character


A magnetically inductive flow meter unit for determining a flow rate of a fluid flowing through a measuring tube, having a measuring tube having a measuring channel and a measuring sensor, which is disposed in the measuring channel and is oriented in alignment with the wall of the measuring tube, the measuring sensor including an electrode head, which is made of an electrically conductive material and has a fluid contact section, the electrode head being in direct contact with the fluid flowing through the measuring tube by means of the fluid contact section, the electrode head having an indentation on the side facing the fluid, which forms at least part of the fluid contact section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnetically inductive flow meter unit for determining a flow rate of a fluid flowing through a measuring tube.
2. Description of the Background Art
Magnetically inductive flow meters are known and are based on the principle of separating charged, moving particles in a magnetic field. A magnetically inductive flow meter thus has a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of flow of the fluid to be measured. The charged particles contained in the fluid are deflected and separated by the applied magnetic field perpendicularly to the magnetic field. A voltage induced by the separated, charged particles may be tapped with the aid of two measuring sensors disposed perpendicularly to the magnetic field. The tapped voltage is a measure of the flow rate.
A distinction is made between a galvanic and a capacitive signal tap. In measuring sensors for a galvanic signal tap, the electrode of the measuring sensor is in direct contact with the fluid. As a result thereof, the electrode is exposed to contamination and damage. For example, sand or rust particles contained in a fluid such as water may contaminate or damage the surface of the electrode.
For this reason, it is proposed in WO 85/04954 A1 to dispose a cap made of a porous, ceramic material, glass or a porous plastic on the surface of the measuring electrode, so that, while the fluid to be measured is able to penetrate all the way to the electrode, the particles contained in the fluid are held back by the cap.
Such measuring sensors having a cap on the surface of the electrode deliver imprecise, namely excessively low, measured values in a magnetically inductive flow meter, in particular at low flow rates to be measured. Thus, magnetically inductive flow meters having the aforementioned type of measuring sensors frequently do not display a flow rate of a fluid such as water, even though a low flow rate of the fluid is present. It has been furthermore established that the particles contained in the fluid produce a lot of noise on the electrode upon striking the electrode. The measuring signal at the electrode is thus significantly reduced by the upstream cap, which, in turn, results in a lower, i.e., poorer, signal-to-noise ratio.

Magnetically inductive flowmeter for determining the flow rate of a fluid flowing through a measuring tube


Disclosed herein are various mechanisms for the adaptive cancellation of radio frequency interference (RFI) in Discrete Multitone (DMT)-based signal transmissions systems. various mechanisms for the adaptive cancellation of radio frequency interference (RFI) in Discrete Multitone (DMT) modulated signal transmissions systems. In at least one embodiment of the present invention, RFI introduced by one or more RFI disturbers (e.g., ham radios) into a DMT modulated signal may be detected by calculating an RFI canceller coefficient for some or all of the DMT bins of the signal, where the RFI canceller coefficient represents the correlation between the noise at the corrupted bin and the reference RFI noise. The RFI canceller coefficients for the corrupted bins may be calculated using an LMS adaptation process. Those bins where the magnitude of the corresponding RFI canceller coefficient is greater than a certain threshold may be marked as corrupted by RFI. Further, one or more bins having RFI canceller coefficients with the largest magnitudes may be marked as reference disturber bins. The noise (e.g., error) present in the identified reference disturber bins may be determined using, for example, the slicer error. The RFI disturbance at some or all of the corrupted bins then may be estimated based at least in part on the error of the reference disturber bin proximal to the corrupted bin and the RFI canceller coefficient for the corrupted bin. The received signal then may be adjusted based on the RFI estimations for some or all of the corrupted bins to reduce or eliminate the RFI disturbance in the signal.

Various techniques have been developed for the bi-directional transmission of data over twisted pair wire and similar physical medium. Two standards in particular, Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and Very High Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL), have demonstrated their beneficial use in such bi-directional transmission systems. ADSL is defined by American National Standard Institute (ANSI) T1.413 and International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) G.992.1 (G.DMT) and VDSL is defined by ITU-T G.993.1 and ANSI T1.424. These two standards, as well as other similar standards, are commonly referred to collectively as "xDSL."
ADSL, VDSL and other similar DSL standards operate in a frequency range above the band reserved for plain old telephone system (POTS) transmission. For example, ADSL typically operates at frequencies between 25 kilohertz (kHz) and 1.1 megahertz (mHz). In transmitting data within the prescribed frequency band, these standards implement a Discrete Multitone (DMT) modulation mechanism that transmits data as a plurality of tones in a corresponding plurality of bins (also referred to as channels, sub-bands or carriers), each bin representing a certain portion of the prescribed frequency range. In ADSL, for example, 256 bins, each having a bandwidth of 4.3125 kHz, are used to transmit a 256-tone DMT symbol. The multitone symbol then is demodulated at the receiving end and converted back to digital data.
While providing for relatively high data transfer rates, the use of DMT over physical mediums such as twisted pair wire can be problematic in the presence of noise. Due to their relatively long length in typical xDSL applications (typically hundreds or thousands of meters), twisted pair wire loops may act as antennae by absorbing energy from radio transmissions. This undesirable absorbed radio energy commonly is referred to radio frequency interference (RFI). RFI is particularly problematic in ADSL and VDSL as a number of common radio transmitters, such as amplitude modulation (AM) radio transmitters and amateur radio transmitters (i.e., "ham" radios), operate at frequencies that fall within the frequency bands of ADSL and/or VDSL. Additionally, in DMT-based systems, such as ADSL and VDSL, RFI introduces noise into bins outside the RFI disturber's band due to sidelobe leakage.
Due to undesirable effects of RFI in xDSL systems, a number of techniques have been developed to minimize RFI and/or its effects. One common method is to utilize shielding around the twisted pair wire loop. While reducing RFI to some degree, shielding typically is costly and often does not attenuate RFI to a sufficient degree. In recognition of the shortcomings of using only shielding to eliminate RFI, digital signal processing-based processes have been developed to remove the effects of RFI at the receiver. The following references are representative of conventional digital signal processing-based processes: Brian Wise et al., "Digital Radio Frequency Cancellation for VDSL, T1E.4, December 1997 (commonly referred as the "Weise method"); Frank Sjoberg et al., "Digital RFI Suppression in DMT-based VDSL Systems," Proceedings of the International Conference on Telecommunications, June 1998 (commonly referred to as the "Sjoberg method); and J. Cioffi et al., "Analog RF Cancellation with SDMT," T1E1.4, April 1996 (a modification to the Sjoberg method). Generally, these conventional processes are based on approximating the RFI and adjusting the received signal by the RFI approximation. An RFI estimation is made for every DMT symbol using measurements at a number of bins where the xDSL signal is not transmitted and this RFI estimation may then be used to adjust the corresponding DMT symbol. While the above-referenced methods may provide sufficient RFI reduction in certain instances, they have a number of limitations. For one, they are relatively complex computationally and therefore often require extensive storage and computational capacities. These conventional methods also often require more than one tone to approximate the RFI. Further, in instances where the RFI disturber has a bandwidth greater than the bandwidth of the DMT bin (e.g., a 6 kHz disturber bandwidth in an ADSL system using 4.3125 kHz DMT bins), the performance of these conventional methods may be severely limited.
Accordingly, an improved process for RFI reduction in DMT-based data transmission systems would be advantageous.


A processor is provided that includes inputs to receive headers and payloads of messages in block form, a cipher key, a counter block, and an indication that a data block is ready to be received at the processor's first input, and that outputs a data block processes according to a CCM protocol and a signal requesting the provision of a data block at the processor input. The processor also includes first and second cipher circuits generating ciphered results that are a function of a input data block and an input cipher key. Furthermore, the processor includes a controller that processes a first sequence of data blocks through the first cipher circuit to generate a message integrity code and a second sequence of data blocks through the second cipher circuit to generate a set of ciphered data blocks.

Counter with cipher block chaining messaging authentication code (CCM) is a known protocol for encrypting data and enabling the encrypted data to be authenticated. The CCM algorithm uses a symmetric key block cipher algorithm as a component building block; the CCM algorithm can therefore be viewed as a mode of operation of the symmetric key block cipher. Examples of symmetric key block ciphers include the advanced encryption standard (AES) and the data encryption standard (DES).
More and more data traffic over the Internet is being encrypted by a number of cipher algorithms, with some data transmission standards, such as the IEEE 802.16 wireless standard, specifying the use of the CCM algorithm. As part of making their inventions, the inventors recognize that the CCM algorithm and the underlying block cipher would dramatically increase the computational demands on the central processing units of network servers, particularly the central processing units that implement the network protocol layer and the media-access control layer.

Apparatuses for encoding, decoding, and authenticating data in cipher block chaining messaging authentication code


Disclosed in the present invention are a method, network apparatus, terminal apparatus, and computer storage medium for indicating a position of a synchronization signal block. The method comprises: determining a transmission position of a synchronization signal block of at least one cell of a first type; and sending to a terminal apparatus, by means of signaling, the transmission position of the synchronization signal block of the at least one cell of the first type, wherein the terminal apparatus is covered by a cell of a second type managed by the network apparatus.

The synchronous channels in the LTE system are PSS and SSS signals, and the reference signal for a terminal to measure RRM is a CRS or CSI-RS signal. In a 5G NR system design, 3GPP has reached a conclusion that a network apparatus sends an SS burst set containing a plurality of SS blocks to the terminal, and each SS block includes PSS, SSS, and PBCH. Based on the implementation of the base station, each SS block may correspond to one downlink beam. The terminal searches for the SS block in the system bandwidth to acquire time-frequency synchronization and PBCH information, and performs RRM measurement based on the SSS and the DMRS of the PBCH.
At present, 3GPP has also reached a conclusion that a SS block position for actual transmission in one SS burst set may be notified to the terminal via a broadcast signaling RMSI by a serving cell of the terminal in a manner of bitmap.
However, the processing method of the existing technology mentioned above is only for the current cell to obtain the synchronous signal, and it cannot further guarantee to reduce the terminal measurement time and power consumption of the terminal apparatus.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method, network apparatus, and terminal apparatus for indicating position of synchronization signal block

GUANGDONG OPPO MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS CORP., LTD.


A multilayer film structure for increasing transmittance includes a transparent substrate and a multifunctional film module. The multifunctional film module is formed on a front surface of the transparent substrate and composed of a plurality of dielectric layers and a plurality of metal layers. The dielectric layers and the metal layers are alternately stacked onto each other, and each metal layer is formed by mixing at least two metals. Each dielectric layer is a silicon carbide compound layer that is SiC, and each metal layer is formed by mixing Ag and Cu.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a structure and a method for manufacture the same, and particularly relates to a multilayer film structure for increasing transmittance and a method for manufacturing the same.
2. Description of Related Art
In the prior art, the method for manufacturing a plasma display panel (PDP) filter comprises two steps. The first step is a sputtering process that includes forming a multifunctional film module on a transparent glass in order to generate functions such as anti-EMI, anti-reflection and near infrared ray absorption. The second step is: manufacturing a film with a coated dye to control color in order to conform to the required spectrogram, and then attaching the film with the coated dye onto the multifunctional film module of the transparent glass. The manufacturing of the PDP filter is accomplished by said two steps.
However, the spectrogram plot of the multifunctional film module has a curved shape because the metal used for the sputtering has different light-absorbing capabilities at different wavelengths.
For example, FIG. 1A shows a decreasing light absorption with increasing wavelength (between 400 nm and 700 nm) when Ag is used as the sputtered metal according to the prior art. In other words, the transmittance of light passing through Ag is least in the range of blue (about 400 nm˜500 nm), the transmittance of light passing through Ag is medium in green light area (about 500 nm˜600 nm), and the transmittance of light passing through Ag is highest in the red light area (about 600 nm˜700 nm). Hence, when lights pass through the glass with Ag, the shades of color is non-average.
FIG. 1B shows a property diagram showing the relationship between the transmittance of light passing through a processed glass and the light wavelength according to the prior art. When light passes through a processed glass that has an anti-EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) layer such as Ag formed on its surface, the transmittance is different at different wavelengths. In particular, the transmittance of blue light approaches 90% (right-most area) and the transmittance of the wavelength close to red (left-most area) is reduced to nearly 10.
FIG. 1C shows the relationship between the transmittance of light passing through a PDP filter with the processed glass of FIG. 1B and the light wavelength according to the prior art. The anti-reflection wavelength area is not wide enough as shown in FIG. 1C, so that the difference in transmittance of three original color light cannot be complemented in the second part of controlling color. Hence, it is difficult to conform to the required spectrogram, and the chromatic characteristics of the PDP filter are bad.

Multilayer film structure for increasing transmittance and method for manufacturing the same


A semiconductor device comprises a semiconductor layer including a plurality of paralleled linear straight sections extending in a first direction. The layer also includes a plurality of connecting sections each having a width in the first direction sufficient to form a wire-connectable contact therein and arranged to connect between adjacent ones of the straight sections in a second direction. The connecting sections have respective ends formed aligned with a first straight line parallel to the second direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same. In particular, it relates to a semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same using the so-called sidewall transfer process to etch an etching target member.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a semiconductor manufacturing process to form a wiring pattern (line-and-space), generally, a photolithography mask is used to develop a resist to transfer the pattern to the resist, which is then used as a mask to etch an etching target member.
As semiconductor devices have been fine-patterned in recent years, EEPROMs with a reduced number of bit lines and drain contacts have been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1: JP 2-74069A). Associated with the reduced number of bit lines and drain contacts, there are technologies for solving the problem about injection of electrons (failed write) due to occurrences of electron-hole pairs in a Si substrate (see, for example, Patent Document 2: JP 6-275800A).
The technologies as in the above Patent Documents 1, 2 require a semiconductor device that allows a common contact to be formed in a set of two source/drain diffusion layer portions (semiconductor layer portions). Such the common contact-formable semiconductor device is structured to have H-shaped source/drain diffusion layer portions partly connected seen from above.
Formation of the above H-shaped source/drain diffusion layer portions leaves a problem associated with the lithography resolution limit caused in accordance with downsizing of semiconductor devices. Specifically, if a contact fringe is formed in a portion of source/drain diffusion layer portions aligned at a smallest pitch, the interval between contact fringes in adjacent source/drain diffusion layer portions can not be formed by the lithography at a sufficient resolution. In this case, the interval becomes narrow, which may establish a short circuit possibly. An etching also can not form the interval. In a word, the above problem lowers the yield as well.
In the method of forming a contact at the center of two diffusion layer portions as disclosed in the Patent Document 2, the contact area between the source/drain diffusion layer portion and the contact is small. Therefore, it causes an increase in contact resistance as a problem. If the contact is shifted to one side by misalignment or the like, an open failure may arise.
On the other hand, there is a technology for forming a pattern below the lithography resolution limit using the so-called sidewall transfer process. The use of this technology to form source/drain diffusion layer portions and form a contact fringe spanning two source-drain diffusion layer portions, however, additionally requires a lithography step and an etching step. Further, as for lithography, the problem about the narrow space associated with an adjacent pattern and the problem about the misalignment with the source/drain diffusion layer portions may occur similarly as can be predicted.

Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same