A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, a communication device having a controller to detect a selection of an image from a graphical user interface, identify an entry in a contact book responsive to the detected selection of the image, and retrieve one or more communication identifiers associated with the party from the entry of the contact book for initiating a communication session. Other embodiments are disclosed.

It is common today for communication devices such as cordless and mobile phones to identify calling parties by a caller identification (ID) retrieved from signaling information in the call, or by picture ID. A picture ID can be presented when the caller ID matches an entry in a contact book having an association with a picture recorded by the subscriber to assist in identifying a calling party during an incoming call.

Method and apparatus for managing communications


A temperature controlled drawer assembly incorporates a thermoelectric device and a control system to selectively heat or cool the contents of a drawer which is selectively movable into and out of a cabinet designed to be part of an end table, such as a nightstand, or other cabinet remote from a household kitchen. In a cooling mode of operation, a fan, disposed in the cabinet, draws air from inside the drawer and blows the air over a cold side of a heat sink to cool the air. The treated air is blown through plenums, back into the drawer. At the same time, heat is drawn away from the cold side and directed out of the cabinet. The current through the heat sink may be reversed to flip the cold and hot sides of the heat sink to enable the contents of the drawer to be heated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a thermoelectric temperature controlled device including a drawer moveable within a cabinet designed to resemble a standard household end table, such as a night stand.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Thermoelectric devices which can selectively maintain their contents at an elevated or reduced temperature are known in the art. Such a device traditionally contains a power supply which provides energy necessary to move electrons through energy states across a bimetallic heat sink. As the electrons move from a lower energy state to a higher energy state, a cold junction is produced. Heat absorbed at the cold side is pumped to a hot side in proportion to the current supplied. By reversing the direction of the current, and therefore the heat flow, it is possible to change from a cooling device to a heating device.
People normally keep their beverages and other food items in a refrigerator located in a kitchen because of the necessity, or simply the desire, to maintain the particular items at a reduced temperature. With such a typical arrangement, when a cooled beverage is desired, a person must travel through the house to the refrigerator in the kitchen. Under certain circumstances, it may not be convenient, or even possible, to obtain a beverage or the like from a kitchen refrigerator. It has also been known to place a mini-refrigerator in area of a household remote from a kitchen. However, such mini-refrigerator units are typically not aesthetically appealing, but rather stand out wherever they are placed.
Portable coolers could be used to store such items in potentially convenient locations, but this creates other problems. First, these passive coolers are typically only insulated boxes without any refrigeration systems and only function to maintain the difference between the internal and external temperatures. Therefore, in order to keep the contents at a reduced temperature, an additional cooling device must be used. The items could be placed in a refrigerator or freezer for a period before being placed in the cooler, or ice packs could be placed in the cooler to prolong the cooled state of the food items. Of course, non-refrigerated coolers only maintain the temperature of its contents. Because the cooler does not have any cooling device of its own, once the ice melts, or the items lose their initial cooled state, the entire cooler will cease to cool the items.
There have been developed systems for cooling using thermoelectric devices. These systems generally use a heat sink to dissipate heat from the device. In a typical heat sink arrangement, a heat generating device is provided with a number of electrically conductive fingers or fins which conduct excess heat away from the heat generating device. The excess heat is dissipated through the fingers. The amount of heat dissipated can be increased by forming the fingers with greater surface areas and/or creating an air flow across the fingers. Generally, in thermoelectric cooling devices, a fan draws air from inside a cooling chamber and blows the air across the cold side of a heat sink. Electric current flowing through the thermoelectric device causes heat to flow from the cold side to the hot side. As such, heat is extracted from the air inside the cooling chamber and drawn across the heat sink to the hot side, where the heat is dissipated.
Accordingly, small devices have been developed which actively cool their contents without bulky traditional refrigeration systems. The system described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,301,508 to Kahl et al. represents a portable container incorporating a cooling device. Essentially, the system represents a traditional passive cooler with a small removable refrigeration apparatus installed therein without any substantial air circulation apparatus. Although this system will actually cool the contents of the cooler, it is not very efficient. First, the location of the thermoelectric cooling element is on a wall adjacent to the opening. Therefore, when the cooler is opened, the fan inside the thermoelectric cooling element is drawing in ambient air. In addition, the thermoelectric unit does not efficiently distribute the cooled air throughout the chamber.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,733,836 to Corini discloses a cooling unit including an inner shell with a plurality of holes inside an associated cooling chamber. By positioning a thermoelectric device and fan between the inner shell and an outer shell, the fan distributes cooled air through the gap formed between the two shells. The cooled air then enters the cooling chamber through the holes. Although such a configuration works well for a device such as an ice cream cart, inserting a drawer into the cooling chamber would prevent adequate cooling of the chamber. Additionally, because air cannot flow across the hot side heat sink, the potential efficiency of the thermoelectric device is reduced.
Based on the above, there exists a need for an efficient thermoelectric device particularly adapted for conveniently storing and cooling food items. In addition, there exists a need for a compact thermoelectric cooling device which can be used in various environments, particularly in connection with conveniently storing food items in areas outside the kitchen.
The present invention is particularly directed to a cooling unit using a thermoelectric device with a fan to circulate cooled air throughout a cooling chamber. More specifically, a first fan is provided to draw air from the cooling chamber and blow the air across a cold side heat sink. The electric current supplied to the thermoelectric device causes the cold side heat sink to draw heat from the air and pass the absorbed heat to the hot side heat sink where it can be dissipated. The entire apparatus is preferably designed to resemble an end table, such as a nightstand, found in a typical household.
In a preferred form of the invention, a drawer is installed inside the thermoelectric cooling device. The fan blows cooled air from between an inner liner and an outer liner, and the drawer is designed to allow for the circulation of air through the drawer. In accordance with the invention, the same fan also draws air from inside the drawer, causes the air to flow over the cold side heat sink and then recycles the air back into the drawer. Specifically, the drawer is designed with various ports and openings to accommodate the desired circulation. In accordance with the most preferred form of the invention, the drawer is essentially constituted by a frame with many holes, rather than a traditional drawer having solid side walls.
The thermoelectric device is also provided with a second fan to increase system efficiency. As the first fan draws the air from inside the cooling chamber and blows the air across the cold side heat sink prior to returning the cooled air to the cooling chamber, the thermoelectric device causes absorbed heat to travel to a hot side heat sink. The second fan is located near the hot side heat sink such that the excess heat can be more quickly dissipated. With both the cold side heat sink fan and the hot side heat sink fan running, the temperature regulating efficiency of the thermoelectric device can be greatly increased.
Because the heat flow of a thermoelectric device depends upon the direction of current flow, the thermoelectric cooling drawer of the invention can also be used to heat the contents of the drawer. To change the thermoelectric device from a cooling mode to a heating mode, a switch is provided to reverse the polarity of the power supply. This causes the heat flow direction to be reversed and heat to build up on the drawer side of the thermoelectric device.
Additional objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment thereof, when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts in the several views.

Thermoelectric temperature controlled drawer assembly


A helmet has a rigid shell and an adjustable liner connected to the shell. The liner has a plurality of pads located in the shell cavity. The pads are movable with respect to the interior shell surface between a first position near the interior shell surface and a second position further away. In some embodiments, pads are biased towards their second position and the act of the wearer inserting his head into the helmet causes the pads to move towards their first position while remaining biased against the head of the wearer to assist in causing the liner to conform to the head of the wearer. In other embodiments, constriction of the pads moves pads from their second position to their first position, for this same purpose. In other embodiments, pads having both of the aforementioned characteristics are present.

Helmets assist in protecting the heads of those engaged in physical activities during which their heads are exposed to an elevated risk of injury. Amongst such activities are various sports such as ice hockey, football, baseball, rock climbing, rafting, motorcycling, etc. During many of these activities, participants (be they players, and in some cases, referees) are at risk of receiving impacts to their heads from many sources, including other participants, equipment used in the sport (for example, pucks and ice hockey sticks in case of ice hockey), or with the environment (for example, the ice or boards of an ice hockey rink, again, in case of ice hockey). Depending on the sport, and the type and the severity of these impacts, such impacts could result in injury to a participant's head. Helmets are designed to lower the risk of such impacts causing such injuries by spreading the energy of the impact over a larger surface area and by diminishing the amount of the energy which would otherwise had have to have been absorbed by the wearer's head had the wearer not been wearing the helmet. Thus, when wearing a helmet the likelihood of injury to the head of the wearer is reduced.
Typical conventional protective helmets are often designed to protect the frontal, the left temporal, the right temporal, the parietal and the occipital portions of the wearer's head. Thus, a typical such helmet has a rigid shell that surrounds these various portions of the wearer's head. The shell has a cavity therein for receiving the head of the wearer. In many conventional helmet designs, such as many ice hockey helmet designs, the rigid shell of the helmet is assembled from two separately molded plastic parts. These two parts are often adjustable one with respect to the other to reduce or enlarge the cavity within the shell for receiving the head of the wearer. This adjustability helps to provide a general overall proper fit to the helmet such that when the helmet is being worn, the shell covers the majority of the above-noted head portions and remains in place during game play.
In addition to their protective aspects, helmets must also be comfortable enough to be worn by the player throughout a game and not to unduly distract or disturb his attention during that time. Helmets obviously only provide protection when they are worn, so a certain minimum level of comfort is required to help ensure that people wear them.
One conventional way of achieving this comfort is to have a liner (typically, although not always, with various pads) attached inside the cavity of the helmet such that when a person wears the helmet the liner is disposed between the shell and the wearer's head. (Depending on its design, the liner may also play a shock-absorbing role as well, such that when the shell of the helmet receives an impact for example, the energy from this impact is at least partially absorbed by the deformation of the liner.) However, while the addition of such liners has assisted in rendering conventional helmets more comfortable to the wearer than those without, the comfort level provided by such liners is not optimal.
One possible way of improving the comfort level provided by a liner is to have the liner be adjustable to have it better conform to the head of the wearer. Typical conventional ways of adjusting such liners include both allowing the liner itself to deform and/or disposing liner adjustment mechanisms on or within the shell. Such conventional liner adjustment mechanisms typically move the liner (or portions thereof) towards or away from a particular portion of the head of the wearer under the control of the wearer. Various such adjustment mechanisms are conventionally known, but they are not without their drawbacks. In particular, a helmet cannot have too many of such mechanisms as they can (depending on their type and construction) make the helmet bulky and heavy. Further, these mechanisms tend to increase the complexity, and consequently the cost, of the design and manufacture of the helmet. Finally, notwithstanding the presence of such mechanisms, many wearers still feel that helmets should be more comfortable.
Another important design characteristic that must be taken into account is that the liner should not unnecessarily impede heat transfer from the wearer's head to the environment or external air ventilation of the wearer's head. Having multiple such conventional liner adjustment mechanisms can tend to worsen (or at least not improve) the heat transfer and ventilation aspects of conventional helmets.
Thus, helmet manufacturers (and in particular hockey helmet manufacturers) have come up with many conventional helmet designs in an attempt to balance all of these design characteristics. While many of these helmets may have provided a required degree of protection, none have been optimal in the area of comfort. There remains room for improvement in the art of helmet design, particularly as helmet liners and helmet comfort are concerned.

Helmet with rigid shell and adjustable liner


A new and distinct cultivar of Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) named ‘BC7.3’ originated as a controlled cross between varieties. The cultivar ‘BC7.3’ can be blue or red depending on the acidity of the soil and the presence of aluminum. The variety ‘BC7.3’ has relatively compact, attractive inflorescences with relatively small sepalous florets, distinct sepal pigmentation and good commercial characteristics. When grown in the presence of aluminum, the upperside of the sepals is primarily R.H.S. 94 A (violet-blue group) and 86 B (violet group), the underside of the sepals is R.H.S. 93 D (violet-blue group) and 86 C violet group).

This invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of the Saxifragaceae family. The botanical name of the plant is Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) 'BC7.3'.
The new cultivar originated as a seedling from a controlled cross between a commercial variety known as 'Venedig' to the inventor which may be the subject of U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,928 and registered as 'Venice Raven'. 'Venedig' was the seed parent and the unpatented variety 'LK49' was the pollen parent. 'LK49' is relatively compact plant with wiry stems, relatively small leaves, relatively small sepalous florets, and inflorescences that are resistant to being damaged by conditions in commercial coolers.
The variety 'BC7.3' has compact, attractive inflorescences with relatively small sepalous florets, attractive sepal pigmentation and good commercial characteristics, including the characteristic that the sepals are highly resistant to osmotic pressure. The variety 'BC7.3' has pigmented sepals, and is preferably grown in soil conditions treated with aluminum to produce blue pigmentation. The color of the sepals changes as the plant ages. Below is a table comparing the new variety to similar varieties. Blooms approximately 1 month earlier than similar varieties grown under commercial conditions for sale as a decorative potted plant. The new variety is generally taller than its parents and the stems need to be staked. 'Venedig' and the new variety have similarly sized inflorescences.
TABLE 1New VarietyPatented Variety 'BC6.1''BC7.3'U.S. Plant Pat. No. 23,757Leaf size9 cm × 15 cm12 cm wide × 15 cm longPlant height16″ in 6″ pot.15″ in 6″ pot.Stem strengthStems are strong butStems are strong but benefit benefit from being staked.from being staked.SepalUpper side of sepals is Upper side of sepals is R.H.S.PigmentationR.H.S. 94 A (violet-blue86 A (violet group); Under side group) to 86 B (violetof sepals is R.H.S. 88 Dgroup); Under side of(violet group)sepals is R.H.S. 93 D(violet group)to 86 C (violet group).Sepalous 50 mm60 mm to 70 mmFloret SizeCommerical variety 'Venedig' U.S. Plant Pat. No. 18,593which may be U.S. Plant Pat. 'True Blue'No. 10,928 'Venice Raven'Leaf sizeUnknown9 cm wide × 15 cm long-observed controls grown alongside new varietyPlant heightUnknown12″ in 6″ pot-observed controls grown alongside new variety.Stem strengthStrongStrong-observed controlsgrown alongside new varietySepalBoth sides of sepalsa areUpper side of sepals is R.H.S.PigmentationR.H.S. 100 D (blue84 A (violet group).group).Under side of sepals is R.H.S.85 A (violet group) observed controls grown alongside new variety.Sepalous 50 mm to 60 mm70 mm - observed controls Floret Sizegrown alongside new variety
The new cultivar 'BC7.3' has been successfully asexually reproduced under controlled environmental conditions at a nursery in Half Moon Bay, Calif. under the direction of the inventor with its distinguishing characteristics remaining stable.
Asexual reproduction was first accomplished when vegetative stem cuttings were taken from the initially selected plant. Examination of asexually reproduced, successive generations grown in Half Moon Bay, Calif. show that the combination of characteristics as herein disclosed for 'BC7.3' remains firmly fixed through.


There is provided a method for updating an AR target of a terminal, the method comprises: receiving an AR target, a boundary distance for a coverage area of the AR target, and the at least one area ID list from a server; if precise positioning is possible, determining whether or not the location of the terminal satisfies a boundary condition on the basis of the boundary distance; if precise positioning is impossible, determining whether or not the serving cell ID of the terminal satisfies the boundary condition on the basis of said the at least one area ID list; and, if it is determined that the boundary condition is satisfied, transmitting an update request from the AR target to the server.

Augmented Reality (AR) service is service for reinforcing and providing pieces of additional information that are difficult to be obtained by only the real world by composing cyber things on the basis of the real world. In mobile AR service, additional information is added to real things seen by the camera of a terminal through information about the current location and direction of the terminal and shown.
Common mobile AR service is a method in which a terminal requests, from a server, an AR target (or AR content) including contents necessary for a user in the current location of the terminal and provides the requested AR target or uses an AR target previously stored in the terminal. This method is disadvantageous in that seamless mobile AR service is not provided to a user who uses consecutive mobile AR service.

Augmented reality (AR) target updating method, and terminal and server employing same


This invention relates to a process for preparing optionally reinforced rigid polyurethanes by the reaction, under resin transfer molding conditions at an isocyanate index of 90 to 130, of. (a) an organic polyisocyanate, with PA1 (b) 15 to 80 percent by weight, based on the total of components (b), (c), and (d), of certain polyester polyols having long-chain fatty acid or fatty alcohol groups, a number average molecular weight of 500 to 3000, and a metal ion content below 100 ppm; and PA1 (c) 20 to 85 percent by weight, based on the total of components (b), (c), (d) and (e), of one or more crosslinkers, other than component (b), containing 3 to 8 hydroxyl groups and having a molecular weight of 92 to 1000 and a metal ion content below 100 ppm, PA1 (d) 0 to 60 percent by weight, based on the total of components (b), (c), and (d), of an isocyanate-reactive compound, other than a polyester polyol of component (b), having a metal ion content below 100 ppm, selected from (i) an isocyanate-reactive polyol containing 3 to 6 hydroxyl groups and having a number average molecular weight of more than 1000 to 10,000, (ii) an isocyanate-reactive diol having a number average molecular weight of 62 to 10,000, and (iii) mixtures thereof, and PA1 (e) 0.05 to 3 parts by weight, based on the total amount of components (b), (c), (d) and (e), of a delayed action catalyst.

This invention relates to rigid polyurethanes having low water absorption prepared by the resin transfer molding method using polyols based on long-chain fatty acid or fatty alcohol groups.
Resin transfer molding is a form of liquid composite molding in which the reaction conditions typically involve longer reaction times and lower pressures than the commonly used reaction injection molding ("RIM") technique. Consequently, resin transfer molding is particularly suited to the production of fiber-reinforced plastic articles, for which wetting and impregnation of the reinforcement material is often difficult, and the production of very large articles, for which the high pressure molds used in the RIM technique are impractical or unavailable. See, for example, E. B. Stark and W. V. Breitigam, "Resin Transfer Molding Materials," and C. F. Johnson, "Resin Transfer Molding," in Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol. 1 ("Composites") (Metals Park, Ohio: ASM International, 1987), pages 168-171 and 565-568, respectively; G. R. Smoluk, Modern Plastics, 66, 57-65 (January, 1989); J. K. Rogers, Plastics Technology, 35, 50-58 (1989); and R. V. Wilder, Modern Plastics, 66, 48-50 (July, 1989). Although the resin transfer molding technique has most commonly been used for polymers other than polyurethanes, the technique can also be used with reactive urethane-based systems. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,695,509, 4,919,876, and 5,009,821 disclose the preparation of polyurethane composites and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,757,123 and 4,800,058 disclose the preparation of modified rigid polyisocyanurate polymer compositions by resin transfer molding, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,277,862 discloses the preparation of certain polyurethane elastomers.
Resin transfer molding, however, involves relatively long gel times and is thus often characterized by poor mold release and formation of bubbles. Therefore, an object of the present invention was to find a process for preparing rigid polyurethanes having improved physical properties. It has now been found that the use of certain isocyanate-reactive fatty acid polyester polyols in the resin transfer molding process produces high quality rigid polyurethanes having reduced water absorption.

Polyurethane resin transfer molding systems


A magnetic transport system (8) has at least one magnetic transport roller (20) mounted to a frame (10) for conveying a ferromagnetic web (12). The transport roller (20) has a magnetic core (22), a first bonding layer (24) at least partially surrounding and bonded to the core (22), a first layer (26) at least partially surrounding and bonded to the first bonding layer (24), a second bonding layer (28) for bonding second layer (30) to the core (20). Second layer (30) comprises a wear and abrasion resistant material. Further, a ferromagnetic web (12) is arranged for movement along the magnetic transport roller (20) for transporting materials thereon.

Material transport systems comprising a web and transport rollers are used extensively in manufacturing processes to transport components, more specifically, ferromagnetic components, from one station to the next. In numerous manufacturing processes, the transport system is exposed to abrasive or corrosive environments. For example, in the electroplating painting and encapsulation of magnets, pretreatment processes such as cleaning, and surface etching entail the exposure of the transport system and transported components to abrasive particles and corrosive chemicals. Conventional webs are transport rollers degrade when exposed to corrosive or abrasive environments. The premature degradation of the these transport system components in harsh environments causes damage to the transported materials and requires costly and time consuming maintenance for web and roller repair and replacement. Therefore, a need exists to design and manufacture a novel transport system which can effectively transport ferromagnetic components without damage either to the transport system or to the components being transported. The subject of this disclosure is a wear, abrasion and corrosion resistant magnetic transport rollers and ferromagnetic transport webs for use in a abrasive and corrosive manufacturing environment.


An aspect of the present invention provides an interchangeable lens camera having a camera body and a lens unit that is freely attachable and detachable to the camera body. In the interchangeable lens camera, a communications unit in the camera body sends via communications terminals (MT_MOSI and MT_MISO) an INTR_BUSY control instruction that instructs whether to make notification with a busy signal (INTR_BUSY signal) for any operation out of a plurality of types of operations that can be executed, and the lens unit or camera body communications unit sets the busy signal (INTR_BUSY) to an ON state (low level) only during the period of operation of the type indicated by the INTR_BUSY control instruction.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an interchangeable lens camera with an interchangeable lens unit having a taking lens, a camera body, the lens unit, and a busy signal control method.
Description of the Related Art
Interchangeable lens cameras including a camera body to and from which a lens unit with a taking lens is attachable and detachable have been widely available. General examples of an interchangeable lens camera are a single-lens reflex camera including a reflective mirror which reflects incident light of the lens unit for introduction to an optical view finder, and a mirrorless single-lens reflex camera from which the reflective mirror is omitted. Also, in addition to an interchangeable lens camera having an image pickup device provided to the camera body, an interchangeable lens camera having an image pickup device to the lens unit has been known.
PTL 1 discloses the structure of an interchangeable lens camera with a lens unit attachable to and detachable from a camera body, where a control signal is transmitted from the camera body to the lens unit.
PTL 2 discloses the structure of an interchangeable lens camera with a lens unit (accessory) attachable to and detachable from the camera body, where a clock signal line for the lens unit to synchronize with the camera body for communication is set at a Low level, thereby notifying the camera body of a busy state.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Interchangeable lens camera, camera body, lens unit, and busy signal control method


The disclosed invention provides a music-controlled graphic interface for closely binding musical and graphical information. The invention comprises a digital instrument interface, a computer device for translating digital musical sequences into graphical display information, and one or more displays for presenting the graphical information. Digital musical information is used to access graphical information. The accessing of the graphical information can be accomplished using the digital musical information as an index to a stored look-up table of video/graphic data. Alternatively, the musical information can serve as an input into an algorithm to calculate the video data in real time. The invention can also proceed in the backwards direction. Changing graphical data can be used to access musical or other sound information, to create musical sounds that match closely a changing displayed image. The invention allows accurate and rapid synchronization of sound and image, especially in computer animation.

The present invention relates to interactive connections between musical instruments and computers, and more particularly to generating and controlling computer graphic images using musical instruments.
Computer technology and software design have led to revolutions in the musical and visual arts. The musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) standard allows interoperability among a wide range of musical and computer devices. The MIDI standard, a public-domain protocol, defines how a generic MIDI transmitter controls a generic MIDI receiver. A MIDI transmitter can be an electronic keyboard or drum machine, a MIDI sequencer that stores and transmits sequences of digital musical information, or an acoustic instrument equipped with an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. A MIDI receiver can be any device that combines and translates received MIDI sequences into sound. MIDI technology allows the creation of personal programmable electronic orchestras.
The advent of multi-media computer programs has changed the visual arts, particularly those of video images. Multi-media programs allow control of computer-generated animated graphics as well as external video sources. Multimedia presentations blend these various graphical sources together into complex, coherent visual works.
Unfortunately, current multi-media authoring programs do not easily implement MIDI sequences within a graphical presentation. Current multi-media programs do not provide a complete and usable MIDI implementation. Furthermore, current multi-media programs do not have a constant time performance and cannot synchronize to the standard MIDI time codes. The resulting inability to accurately and easily combine sound and picture together into a cohesive work renders current multi-media programs rather useless for professional real-time applications.
Prevailing practice works around these problems by using complex and expensive time code-controlled video overdubbing to connect sound information with visual data. Often, such dubbing must be done on dedicated systems available only to the highest levels of the profession. Given the prevalence of low-cost MIDI equipment and software, and inexpensive multi-media authoring programs, there exists a clear need for simple methods of linking computer animated graphics and other visual information to computer-controlled music.
What is needed is an improved method and system for providing real-time interactivity between MIDI devices, digital audio production and broadcast-quality graphics. An improved music-controlled graphic interface should allow the same MIDI sequencer that plays back musical sequences to control all graphic programming as well. The method and system should provide the performer real-time control over any visual program material, including taped or projected video. In addition, the system and method should allow an open system that can be easily expanded with available components and software, and be easily understood.

Multi-media system including bi-directional music-to-graphic display interface


Apparatus and method for protecting hardware devices using a grounding panel. The grounding panel provides a low inductance path to ground. The grounding panel includes first and second telescoping tubes each having inner and outer ends and the first tube having an outer surface and the second tube having an inner surface. The inner end of the first tube is slidably housed within the inner end of the second tube. A portion of the inner end of the first tube is radially outwardly deflectable. A means for biasing the portion outwardly such that the outer surface of the first tube is biased against the inner surface of the second tube so to maintain electrical and mechanical contact between the first and second tubes over a range of relative telescopic positions of the first and second tubes.

The present invention relates to a grounding panel and more particularly to a grounding panel having a variable length connector assembly that grounds electrical charges that are received and transmitted through a cable to electrical components and communications equipment.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art system. In one prior art system, two separate copper plates 112, 114 would be fixed to a shelter wall 192, one plate 114 being attached to the inside of the shelter wall 192 and one plate 112 being attached to the outside of the shelter wall 192. A transmission line 130 is then positioned through the shelter wall 192. Each plate 112, 114 requires an independent set of wires, switches, and connections to ground 170. Transmission line 130 is connected to plates 112, 114 using wires 116. A surge suppressor 100 may be placed along the transmission line 130 and connected to wires 116. Wires 118 are used to connect plates 112, 114 to ground 170. The transmission line 130 utilizes one set of wires for the connections to plate 112 and another set of wires for the connections to plate 114. Also, the wire lengths must be customized for a range of wall thicknesses. In addition, each plate 112, 114 must be separately installed and aligned on the shelter wall 192. Separate installation and alignment of each plate requires additional time and resources resulting in inefficiencies. Also grounding wire 118 causes high impedance reducing effectiveness of the grounding plates 112, 114.
Additional costs and maintenance expenses are incurred when using additional wires, switches, and connections. Furthermore, reliability is reduced when the amount of wires, switches, and connections are increased.
Ideally, what is needed is a grounding panel having a variable length connector assembly that bonds inside and outside panels with a low impedance electrical connection.


A method for aligning a translation of original caption data with an audio portion of a video is provided. The method includes identifying, by a processing device, original caption data for a video that includes a plurality of caption character strings. The processing device identifies speech recognition data that includes a plurality of generated character strings and associated timing information for each generated character string. The processing device maps the plurality of caption character strings to the plurality of generated character strings using assigned values indicative of semantic similarities between character strings. The processing device assigns timing information to the individual caption character strings based on timing information of mapped individual generated character strings. The processing device aligns a translation of the original caption data with the audio portion of the video using assigned timing information of the individual caption character strings.

Translating speech in a video from an originally recorded language to another language may involve labor-intensive efforts of voice dubbing translated audio portions onto the original video. Generally, voice dubbing refers to combining additional or supplementary recordings (dubbed speech) with originally recorded speech to create the finished soundtrack for the video. However, the dubbed speech may differ from the originally recorded speech and may not align with start and end times of the originally recorded speech. As a result, the translated audio may appear out of sync and may not be appealing to viewers.

Automated voice translation dubbing for prerecorded video


The embodiments described herein include a system, non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium including executable code, and a method. In one embodiment, a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium including executable code is provided. The executable code includes instructions for providing a batch commissioning system configured to operatively couple at least two field devices to a control system, and for providing a batch decommissioning system configured to operatively uncouple the at least two field devices from the control system. The executable code further includes instructions for providing a graphical user interface (GUI) configured to use the batch commissioning system, the batch decommissioning system, or a combination thereof, to select, on a display, the at least two field devices, and to communicatively interface with the control system to operatively couple, uncouple, or a combination thereof, the at least two field device from the control system.

The subject matter disclosed herein relates to the commissioning and decommissioning of devices, and more specifically, to the batch commissioning and decommissioning of field devices.
Certain systems, such as industrial control systems, may provide for control capabilities that enable the execution of computer instructions in various types of field devices, such as sensors, pumps, valves, and the like. For example, a field device may be incorporated into a control system operationally coupled to the control system by a commissioning process. Likewise, the field device may be operationally decoupled from the control system by a decommissioning process. However, the field devices may include devices made by different manufacturers, and may have different operational capabilities and programming. Accordingly, commissioning and/or decommissioning the multiple devices may be complex and time consuming.

Systems and methods for batch device commissioning and decommissioning


The present invention relates to the use of organic salts of zinc in topical formulations. Such organic salts tend to be less water soluble and therefore less likely to result in systemic toxicity, even with chronic use. In preferred embodiments, the composition of the invention comprise zinc salicylate, which provides the antiinflammatory effect of salicylate, but wherein the zinc moiety counteracts toxic effects associated with salicylate.

Local skin reactions such as itching, redness and welts may occur when certain individuals who are allergic come in contact with irritants such as perfumes, cosmetics, sunscreens, aerosols, plant products (e.g. poison ivy and poison oak), and latex medical gloves. Topical formulations containing antihistamines and/or corticosteroids are routinely used to treat such allergic reactions, but are not recommended for chronic use and may, themselves, lead to sensitivity reactions.
Several zinc compounds have been used in topical skin formulations, but the results have not, hitherto, been satisfactory. For example, creams containing zinc oxide at high concentrations (20-40 percent by weight) have been used as skin protectants, but tend to create a thick coating which is not readily washable and which is, therefore, uncomfortable to the skin.
Further, compositions containing readily soluble zinc acetate (at 1-2 percent by weight), combined with antihistamine, have been used to prevent local itching when used topically (e.g. "Benadryl Itch Stopping Cream", Warner Wellcome). However, chronic use of such soluble zinc compounds may potentially result in systemic toxicity. Zinc salts have also been used to block adhesion of anti-irritant compounds to the skin, as set forth in PCT/US95/03744, and zinc gluconate gels have been found to exert a soothing effect.

The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York


A wheel bearing apparatus has a wheel speed detecting apparatus which can prevent ingress of foreign matter into the wheel speed detecting portion of the wheel bearing apparatus. The wheel bearing apparatus has an encoder (19) mounted on the outer circumferential surface of an inner ring (6). A sensor holder (15) is arranged on the end of the outer member (4) opposite to the encoder (19). The sensor holder (15) includes an annular fitting member (16) and a holding portion (17). The holding portion (17) is formed by synthetic resin molded integrally with the annular fitting member (16). A wheel speed detecting sensor (20) is embedded in the resin and is positioned opposite to the encoder (19), via a predetermined gap between the two. A seal (11) is arranged at the inboard side of the encoder (19). The seal (11) includes a first sealing plate (21) and a second sealing plate (22) fit, respectively, on the sensor holder (15) and the inner ring (6). The tip end (26) of the annular fitting member (16) is enveloped by plastic resin that forms the holding portion (17).

Wheel bearing apparatus is generally known which supports a vehicle wheel relative to a suspension apparatus and which incorporates a wheel speed detecting apparatus to detect rotational speed of the vehicle wheel. The detecting apparatus detects the wheel speed to control the anti-lock braking system (ABS). Such a bearing apparatus generally includes a wheel speed detecting apparatus with a magnetic encoder. The encoder has magnetic poles alternately arranged along its circumferential direction. The magnets are integrated in a sealing apparatus arranged between inner and outer members to contain rolling elements (balls or rollers). A wheel speed detecting sensor detects the variation in the magnetic poles of the magnetic encoder according to the rotation of the wheel.
The wheel speed sensor is usually mounted on a knuckle after the wheel bearing apparatus has been mounted on the knuckle to form a suspension apparatus. Wheel bearing apparatus with a wheel speed detecting apparatus have recently been proposed where a wheel speed detecting sensor is self-contained within the wheel bearing. This reduces the size of the wheel bearing apparatus as well as eliminates troublesome in air gap adjustment between the wheel speed sensor and the magnetic encoder.
An example of a wheel bearing apparatus with a wheel speed detecting apparatus known in the prior art (e.g. Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2003-254985) is shown in FIG. 5. This wheel bearing apparatus with a wheel speed detecting apparatus includes an outer member 51 which forms a stationary member secured on a suspension apparatus (not shown). An inner member 52, which includes a wheel hub 55 and an inner ring 56, is inserted into the outer member 51 via double row rolling elements (balls) 53 and 53 therebetween. The outer member 51 has an integrally formed wheel mounting flange at one end and double row outer raceway surfaces 51a and 51a formed on its inner circumferential surface. The inner member 52 has double row inner raceway surfaces 55a and 56a opposite to the double row outer raceway surfaces 51a and 51a. One (55a) of the double row inner raceway surfaces is formed on the outer circumferential surface of the wheel hub 55. The other (56a) is formed on the outer circumferential surface of the inner ring 6. The inner ring is press-fit on the hub cylindrical portion 55b extending axially away from the inner raceway surface 55a of the wheel hub 55. Double row rolling elements 53 and 53, held by cages 57, 57, are arranged between the outer and inner raceway surfaces 51a and 51a; 55a and 56a, respectively.
The wheel hub 55 has an integrally formed wheel mounting flange 54 to mount a wheel (not shown). Hub bolts 54a, to secure the wheel, are rigidly secured on the wheel mount flange 54 at an equidistant along its periphery. A serration 55c is formed on the inner circumferential surface of the wheel hub 55. A stem portion 61 of an outer joint member 60, which forms a part of a constant velocity universal joint (not shown), is inserted into the wheel hub serration 55. Seals 58 and 59 are arranged at both ends of the outer member 51 to prevent leakage of grease contained within the bearing as well as ingress of rain water or dust into the bearing.
The seal 59 on the inboard side, as shown in an enlarged view of FIG. 6, is fit into the inner circumference at the end of the outer member 51. The seal 59 includes a first sealing plate 62 and a second sealing plate 63 having a "L"-shaped cross-section. The second sealing plate 63 has a cylindrical portion 63a fit onto the outer circumference of the inner ring 56. A standing portion 63b extends radially outward from the cylindrical portion 63a. A magnetic encoder 64 is adhered, via vulcanized adhesion, on the outer surface of the standing portion 63b. The magnetic encoder 64 is formed from a rubber magnet in which magnetic N and S poles are alternately arranged along the circumferential direction.
The first sealing plate 62 includes a metal core 65 having a substantially "L"-shaped cross-section. A sealing member 66, including a side lip 66a, is in sliding contact with the inner side surface of the standing portion 63b of the second sealing plate 63. A pair of radial lips 66b and 66c is in sliding contact with the cylindrical portion 63a of the second sealing plate 63.
An annular sensor holder 69 is mounted on one end of the outer member 51. The annular sensor holder 69 includes a fitting cylinder 67 and a holding portion 68 connected to the fitting cylinder 67. The fitting cylinder 67 has an annular configuration with an "L"-shaped cross-section. The fitting cylinder 67 includes a cylindrical portion 67a and a flange portion 67b, which extends radially inward from the cylindrical portion 67a.
The holding portion 68 is made from synthetic resin molded into an annular body. A wheel speed sensor 70 is embedded into the resin. The wheel speed sensor 70 is arranged opposite to a magnetic encoder 64 with a predetermined air gap between the two. The wheel speed sensor 70 includes a magnetic detecting element, such as a Hall element, a magnetic resistance element (MR element) etc., which changes characteristics in accordance with the flowing direction of the magnetic flux. Also included is an IC with a waveform shaping circuit to shape the output waveform of the magnetic detecting element.
A labyrinth seal is formed by a small gap 71 arranged between the flange portion 67b of the fitting cylinder 67 and the opposed end surface of the inner ring 56. The seal prevents ingress of foreign matter, such as magnetic powder, into a space between the magnetic encoder 64 and the detecting portion of the wheel speed sensor 70 from outside of the bearing apparatus and before the stem portion 61 of the outer joint member 60 is inserted into the wheel hub 55, which includes a course where the bearing apparatus is transferred to an assemble line of an automobile manufacturer. Accordingly, this improves the detecting reliability of the rotational speed of the wheel.
Although the wheel bearing apparatus incorporated with a wheel speed detecting apparatus of the prior art has superior effects mentioned above, it is impossible to prevent ingress of foreign matter, such as magnetic powder, into a space between the magnetic encoder 64 and the detecting portion of the wheel speed sensor 70 from outside of the bearing apparatus and under severe circumstances during real running of the vehicle.

Wheel bearing apparatus incorporated with a wheel speed detecting apparatus


The present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating statin-induced adverse effects or a pharmaceutical composition for co-administration with statin, the pharmaceutical composition containing, as an active ingredient, at least one selected from the group consisting of an isoprenoid-based compound, zaragozic acid, terbinafine, and ketoconazole. The pharmaceutical composition according to the present disclosure may prevent and/or treat adverse statin effects that can be induced by statin, that is, can be induced at any time by oxisterols present at abnormal levels in the body. The pharmaceutical composition can not only treat but also prevent the adverse effects of various statin therapeutics whose use has recently increased rapidly, and thus it is expected that the pharmaceutical composition can be widely used for various diseases and the utilization thereof can further be increased.

Statin, a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, is a generic term for hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) which is a rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, and a variety of statins have the same basic structure. These compounds have a molecular structure similar to that of HMG-CoA which is a substrate for HMG-CoA reductase, and they may inhibit the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid by competitive inhibition, thereby lowering total cholesterol levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. For this reason, these compounds have been widely used as therapeutic agents for hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, angina pectoris, and the like. In addition, they are used as primary drugs of choice in the prevention and treatment of heart diseases caused by coronary sclerosis such as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Currently, these statins are generalized drugs that are taken by more than 30 million people a day in the world.
A variety of adverse drug reactions (adverse effects) have recently been reported in connection with these statins, and typically include erectile dysfunction, interstitial lung disease, muscle cell damage, insomnia, hypomnesis, gastrointestinal disorders, muscle pain, rhabdomyolysis, etc. (Korean Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 10-2011-0136687). According to the experiment published in Journal of the American College of Cardiology on January 2010, it was reported that a follow-up of about 300 adults diagnosed with heart failure, which was conducted for an average of 3.7 years, indicated that people, who did take statin drugs and had low levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL), had the highest morality rate. In addition, in clinical trials conducted in Korea, adverse reactions were observed in 197 (22.2%) of 886 cases administered with Pitarotin Tab (Pitavastatin calcium) (see "Druginfo").
As such, there is an urgent need for a method for lowering the adverse effects of statin drugs effective for treating cholesterol-related diseases and/or cardiovascular diseases, or a drug capable of preventing or treating the adverse effects. Accordingly, the present inventors have conducted studies not only on the causes of statin-induced adverse drug reactions, but also on a method capable of preventing and/or treating the statin-induced adverse drug reactions, thereby completing the present disclosure.

Pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating adverse drug reactions by statin

Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Yonsei University


A rack-mount storage system comprises an equipment cabinet that defines at least one device opening therein. A first device sized to be received by the first device opening defines a first mounting pathway therein. The first device has a chassis that is sized to receive at least one component of the first device and that also defines at least a portion of the first mounting pathway. A support spar sized to be received by the first mounting pathway and being sized to engage said equipment cabinet and extend substantially between first and second sides of the equipment cabinet engages the first mounting pathway and the equipment cabinet to support said first device in the equipment cabinet.

Different types of rack-mount storage systems exist and are being used to mount single or multiple devices in equipment cabinets. For example, such systems are commonly used in research/laboratory settings to hold various types of test equipment such as signal generators, oscilloscopes, computers, etc.
A typical rack-mount storage system may include an equipment cabinet having a device opening therein and a support structure for supporting devices in that equipment cabinet. Commonly used support structures include shelves or platforms for holding the devices or rail systems for slidably receiving the devices.
On some occasions, the devices may be mounted in the equipment cabinet prior to shipment. Therefore, the support structure must be designed to handle those situations in which a fully configured equipment cabinet is shipped. Stated differently, the support structure and cabinet must provide the structural strength and rigidity required to support the weight of the devices mounted in the equipment cabinet both at rest and during shipment.
Conserving and minimizing vertical height space is an important design criterion for rack-mount storage systems. Often, if not always, the more vertical height that is required to mount a device in an equipment cabinet, the more costly the rack-mount storage system is to the end-user. According to EIA (Electronic Industries Association), the applicable rack-mount standard for measuring vertical height space is ANSI/EIA RS-310-C. Under this standard, vertical height space is allocated in increments of 1.75″ for the industry standard 19″ rack-mount cabinet for electrical products. Obviously, vertical height space can quickly add up when using this incremental approach.
Partly in an effort to provide for the above-mentioned conditions, a rack-mount storage system has been developed in which a full-width shelf is used to support the weight of the devices. Since the shelf needs to have sufficient thickness to support the weight of the devices both at rest and during shipment, the shelf is usually provided with a substantial thickness which occupies valuable vertical height space. Thus, although rack-mount storage systems of this type do work and are currently being used, the continuing need to conserve valuable vertical height space places significant limitations on such rack-mount storage systems.
In another effort in part to meet the above-mentioned conditions while conserving vertical height space, another rack-mount storage system has been developed. In this second rack-mount storage system, a first, usually half-width device is secured to a secondary component. The secondary component may comprise either a second device or a frame approximating the size of the second device. The secondary component bridges the gap between the mounted first (e.g., half-width) device and the opposite side of the equipment cabinet. The first device and secondary component are fastened to one another and are designed such that together they provide the necessary structural integrity to support the weight of the devices both at rest and during shipment. Although the foregoing arrangement may conserve vertical height space, rack-mount storage systems utilizing this secondary component method are not the most convenient and cost conscious approach. Indeed, this type of rack-mount storage system has numerous drawbacks. For example, by requiring the secondary component when only one device is to be installed, this system is impractical. Second, this rack-mount storage system requires the device chassis and the secondary component to possess sufficient strength to support the weight of the devices both at rest and during shipment. Third, this design requires the fastening method to possess significant structural strength. Fourth, this rack-mount storage system requires the first device to be unfastened from the secondary component, a rather cumbersome process, whenever a device is to be removed or installed. All of these drawbacks lead to increased costs and decreased convenience.
Consequently, a need exists for a rack-mount storage system having sufficient strength and rigidity to support the weight of a device or devices both at rest and during shipment. Ideally, the rack-mount storage system would support the device or devices mounted in the equipment cabinet yet require no additional vertical height space for structural support. If achieved, a shorter equipment cabinet might be selected which could not otherwise be used if additional vertical height space were necessary to mount the devices in that equipment cabinet. Alternatively, additional space might be available for mounting other devices in the equipment cabinet.

Low profile support system for device rack-mounting

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A dynamoelectric machine 30 includes a rotor 32 and a stator 34 surrounding the rotor. The dynamoelectric machine 30 further includes a generator housing 36 surrounding both the rotor 32 and the stator 34. Additionally, the dynamoelectric machine 30 includes at least one blower 39a, 39b for generating a cooling gas flow 38 within the generator housing 36 to cool the stator 34 and the rotor 32. The dynamoelectric machine 30 includes at least one arcuate heat exchanger 40a, 40b, 80a, 80b within the generator housing 36 for extracting heat from the cooling gas flow 38.

A dynamoelectric machine, such as an electric power generator, includes a rotor, a stator surrounding the rotor, and a generator housing surrounding the rotor and stator. The generator produces electrical current as the rotor turns within the stator. The electrical current flows through respective windings mounted on the rotor and stator, and generates heat that may be dissipated away from the rotor and stator for greater generator efficiency and/or reliability.
One technique for cooling the rotor and stator is to circulate a cooling gas within the generator housing. The circulating gas removes heat from the rotor and stator windings. A gas-to-liquid cooler within the generator housing may be used to transfer the heat from the gas to a liquid coolant flowing through the cooler.
Some gas-cooled generators use coolers that extend horizontally in parallel with the axis of the rotor and stator. Although horizontal coolers are still used, later-designed gas-cooled generators typically incorporate one or more coolers positioned vertically within a generator housing. U.S. Pat. No. 2,707,243 to Baudry et al., for example, discloses a pair of vertical coolers positioned between a stator-winding duct and a housing bracket at the end of an electrical generator.
Both types of coolers—horizontal and vertical—are typically rectangularly shaped. U.S. Pat. No. 5,785,114 to Armstrong et al., for example, discloses a cooler that can be positioned either horizontally or vertically, but like other conventional coolers, it is rectangular. Specifically, the cooler comprises a rectangular cooler frame and a plurality of straight, elongate cooling tubes within the rectangular cooler frame.
Horizontal and vertical rectangular coolers pose a number of distinct disadvantages in cooling a dynamoelectric machine, such as an electrical power generator. For example, because a generator typically is positioned on a frame within the generator housing, the frame normally is irregularly shaped and has an enlarged diameter to accommodate the horizontal or vertical rectangular cooler. The result is an increase in the costs of manufacturing and transporting such a dynamoelectric machine.
In cooling such a machine, moreover, the gas is directed away from the generator and toward the cooler, after heat has been transferred from the generator to the circulating gas. Similarly, after the gas has been cooled by the transfer of heat to the coolant within the cooler, the gas is directed to an inlet of a blower to redirect the gas toward the generator to maintain circulation of the cooling gas. With rectangular horizontal or vertical coolers, internal baffles are used to direct heated gas away from the generator and to direct cooled gas to the blower inlet.
Although needed to properly direct the circulating gas, the internal baffles result in greater gas pressure losses. The loss of gas pressure caused by the internal baffles lowers the efficiency of the dynamoelectric machine and typically requires the use of larger blowers to overcome the loss. Not only is the operating efficiency of the dynamoelectric machine reduced as a result, but so, too, the cost of manufacturing is increased owing to the need to install the internal baffles and larger blowers.

Dynamoelectric machine with arcuate heat exchanger and related methods


Disclosed are X-ray masks exhibiting improved stability and reliability of the X-ray masks, and methods of making these masks. The X-ray masks include a membrane, an X-ray absorber pattern on the membrane, which is formed on a top side of a substrate, or an oxide layer between the membrane and the X-ray absorber pattern.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mask and, more particularly, to an X-ray mask and its fabrication method thereof.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Optical lithography exposure techniques have reached their technical and economical limitations as current leading techniques in the semiconductor industry. As a substitute for the exposure techniques, an X-ray lithography technique is suggested. In the X-ray lithography technique, the most important factor is the development of an X-ray mask.
FIGS. 1A to 1D are cross-sectional views illustrating a process for fabricating an X-ray mask according to a conventional subtractive method. In the conventional subtractive method, the X-ray mask is fabricated by forming an X-ray absorber pattern first and then forming a resist. The resist is treated using an e-beam, i.e., electron beam, lithographic technique to form a resist pattern.
Referring to FIG. 1A, a thin membrane 11 is formed on a silicon substrate 10. The thin membrane 11 is formed from a material such as silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (SiN), or diamond. An etching mask film is then deposited on a bottom surface of the silicon substrate 10 and patterned to form an etching mask 12. The etching mask 12 is used to expose a designated portion of the silicon substrate 10. The exposed designated portion of the silicon substrate 10 is anisotropically etched using a silicon etching solution such as KOH. By using the etching mask film 12, a trench area 18 is formed. The trench area 18 allows for an X-ray to pass through the X-ray mask in that area without passing through the silicon substrate.
Next, an X-ray absorber 13 is deposited on the membrane 11 using a thin layer deposition technique such as a sputtering technique. The X-ray absorber 13 is formed from one material of tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta) and tungsten titanium (W-Ti). Such materials have a high absorbtivity characteristic for an X-ray.
As shown in FIG. 1B, a hard mask 14 is deposited on the X-ray absorber 13. A resist is formed on the hard mask 14 and patterned using e-beam lithography technique to form a resist pattern 15 that has a designated shape. After forming the resist pattern 15, the hard mask 14 is then exposed.
Referring to FIG. 1C, the hard mask 14 is selectively removed using a dry etching technique that uses the resist pattern 15 as a mask. Thus, a hard mask pattern 14' is formed that allows for the X-ray absorber 13 to be exposed.
As shown in FIG. 1D, the exposed portions of the X-ray absorber 13 are etched using the hard mask pattern 14' as a mask. Thus, portions of the X-ray absorber 13 underneath the hard mask pattern 14' remain along with the hard mask pattern 14'. As a result, an X-ray absorber patter 13' is formed thereby completing the X-ray mask.
FIGS. 2A-2D are cross-sectional views illustrating the process for fabricating an X-ray mask according to a conventional additive method.
In the conventional additive method, the X-ray mask is fabricated by selectively plating an X-ray absorber on a resist pattern which is previously formed.
Referring to FIG. 2A, a thin membrane 21 is formed on a silicon substrate 20. The thin membrane 21 is formed from a material such as silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (SiN), or diamond. An etching mask film is then deposited on the bottom surface of the silicon substrate 20 and patterned to form an etching mask pattern 22 that exposes a designated portion of the silicon substrate 20. The exposed designated portion of the silicon substrate 20 is anisotropically etched using the etching mask pattern 22 to form a trench area 28. Like in the conventional subtractive method, the conventional additive method forms the trench area 28 that allows an X-ray to pass through the X-ray mask in that area without passing through the silicon substrate. Then, a seed metal layer 23 is formed on the membrane 21. The seed metal layer 23 is formed from Au/Cr.
As shown in FIG. 2B, a resist is then coated on the seed metal layer 23 and using e-beam lithography technique, a resist pattern 24 is formed having a designated shape. As shown in FIG. 2C, the resist pattern 24 is plated with a gold X-ray absorber 25, thus completing an X-ray mask.
The conventional methods for fabricating an X-ray mask have the following problems.
In the conventional subtractive method, when the resist is patterned with an electron beam, it is difficult to obtain an accurate pattern of the resist because of back scattering of the electron beam caused by the X-ray absorber that is previously formed. Also, another process is required for forming a hard mask between the absorber and resist to prevent the absorber from being removed by dry etching during the patterning of the resist since the etching rate of the resist is higher than that of the absorber. That is, without the hard mask, the absorber would also be etched as the resist is being etched.
In the conventional additive method, the electroplating process has difficulty controlling line widths below 0.18 microns. Also, the gold absorber has no minute structure due to its low density, thus deforming the mask by the incident X-ray into the absorber. The gold plated absorber of the conventional method has imperfections in the form of impurities, pores and grain boundaries. These imperfections lower the density of the gold plated absorber. The impurities and pores have thermal expansion characteristics that are different than intrinsic gold. When the gold plated absorber absorbs X-rays, the imperfections cause it to exhibit non-uniform thermal expansion. As a result, stress is generated in the gold plated absorber which deforms the pattern into which it is shaped.
The conventional method also requires the use of another process to remove the seed metal on the portion having no absorber thereon after the absorber is formed because the seed metal layer deteriorates the transparency to visible light, e.g., 633 nm wavelength of an He-Ne laser, of the X-ray mask.


A technique for handling errors in a memory system. Specifically, a new dual mode ECC algorithm is provided to detect errors in memory devices. Further, an XOR memory engine is provided to correct the errors detected in the dual mode ECC algorithm. Depending on the mode of operation of the dual mode ECC algorithm and the error type (single-bit or multi-bit), errors may be corrected using ECC techniques. If X16 or X32 memory devices are implemented, a technique for striping the data from each memory device is implemented to detect errors in the X16 and X32 devices.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to computer systems and, more particularly, to error handling in a memory system.
2. Background of the Related Art
This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art which may be related to various aspects of the present invention which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
Computer systems, such as the personal computers and servers, rely on microprocessors, associated chip sets, and memory chips to perform most of their processing functions. In contrast to the dramatic improvements of the processing portions of a computer system, the mass storage portion of a computer system has experienced only modest growth in speed and reliability. As a result, computer systems fail to capitalize fully on the increased speed of the improving processing systems due to the dramatically inferior capabilities of the mass data storage devices coupled to the systems.
While the speed of these mass storage devices, such as magnetic disk drives, has not improved much in recent years, the size of such disk drives has become smaller while maintaining the same or greater storage capacity. Furthermore, such disk drives have become less expensive. To capitalize on these benefits, it was recognized that a high capacity data storage system could be realized by organizing multiple small disk drives into an array of drives. However, it was further recognized that large numbers of smaller disk drives dramatically increased the chance of a disk drive failure which, in turn, increases the risk of data loss. Accordingly, this problem has been addressed by including redundancy in the disk drive arrays so that data lost on any failed disk drive can be reconstructed through the redundant information stored on the other disk drives. This technology has been commonly referred to as "redundant arrays of inexpensive disks" (RAID).
To date, at least five different levels of RAID have been introduced. The first RAID level ("RAID Level 1") utilizes mirrored devices. In other words, data is written identically to at least two disks. Thus, if one disk fails, the data can be retrieved from one of the other disks. Of course, a RAID Level 1 system requires the cost of an additional disk without increasing overall memory capacity in exchange for decreased likelihood of data loss. The second level of RAID ("RAID Level 2") implements an error code correction or "ECC" (also called "error check and correct") scheme where additional check disks are provided to detect single errors, identify the failed disk, and correct the disk with the error. The third level RAID system ("RAID Level 3") stripes data at a byte-level across several drives and stores parity data in one drive. RAID Level 3 systems generally use hardware support to efficiently facilitate the byte-level striping. The fourth level of RAID ("RAID Level 4") stripes data at a block-level across several drives, with parity stored on one drive. The parity information allows recovery from the failure of any single drive. The performance of a RAID Level 4 array is good for read requests. Writes, however, may require that parity data be updated each time. This slows small random writes, in particular, though large writes or sequential writes may be comparably faster. Because only one drive in the array stores redundant data, the cost per megabyte of a RAID Level 4 system may be fairly low. Finally, a level 5 RAID system ("RAID Level 5") provides block-level memory striping where data and parity information are distributed in some form throughout the disk drives in the array. Advantageously, RAID Level 5 systems may increase the processing speed of small write requests in a multi-processor system since the parity disk does not become a system bottleneck.
The implementation of data redundancy, such as in the RAID schemes discussed above, provides fault tolerant computer systems wherein the system may still operate without data loss, even if one drive fails. This is contrasted to a disk drive array in a non-fault tolerant system where the entire system is considered to have failed if any one of the drives fails. Of course, it should be appreciated that each RAID scheme necessarily trades some overall storage capacity and additional expense in favor of fault tolerant capability. Thus, RAID systems are primarily found in computers performing mission critical functions where failures are not easily tolerated. Such functions may include, for example, a network server, a web server, a communication server, etc. One of the primary advantages of a fault tolerant mass data storage system is that it permits the system to operate even in the presence of errors that would otherwise cause the system to malfunction. As discussed previously, this is particularly important in critical systems where downtime may cause relatively major economic repercussions.
As with disk arrays, memory devices may be arranged to form memory arrays. For instance, a number of Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) devices may be configured to form a single memory module, such as a Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM). The memory chips on each DIMM are typically selected from one or more DRAM technologies, such as synchronous DRAM, double data rate SDRAM, direct-RAM bus, and synclink DRAM, for example. Typically, DIMMs are organized into an X4 (4-bit wide), an X8 (8-bit wide), or larger fashion. In other words, the memory chips on the DIMM are either 4-bits wide, 8-bits wide, 16-bits wide or 32-bits wide. To produce a 72-bit data word using an X4 memory organization, an exemplary DIMM may include nine 4-bit wide memory chips located on one side of the DIMM and nine 4-bit wide memory chips located on the opposite side of the DIMM. Conversely, to produce a 72-bit data word using an X8 memory organization, an exemplary DIMM may include nine 8-bit wide memory chips located on a single side of the DIMM. The memory modules may be arranged to form memory segments and the memory segments may be combined to form memory arrays. Controlling the access to and from the memory devices as quickly as possible while adhering to layout limitations and maintaining as much fault tolerance as possible is a challenge to system designers.
One mechanism for improving fault tolerance is to provide a mechanism such as an Error Checking and Correcting (ECC) algorithm. ECC is a data encoding and decoding scheme that uses additional data bits to provide error checking and correcting capabilities. Today's standard ECC algorithms, such as the Intel P6 algorithm, can detect single-bit or multi-bit errors within an X4 memory device. Further, typical ECC algorithms provide for single-bit error correction (SEC). However, typical ECC algorithms alone may not be able to correct multi-bit errors. Further, while typical ECC algorithms may be able to detect single bit errors in X8 devices, they cannot reliably detect multi-bit errors in X8 devices, much less correct those errors. In fact, approximately 25% of all possible multi-bit errors within an X8 memory device are either undetected or wrongly detected as single-bit errors or "misaliased." Misaliasing refers to multi-bit error conditions in an X8 (or larger) memory device that defeat standard ECC algorithms such that the multi-bit errors appear to the ECC logic to be either correct data or data with a single-bit correctable error.

Technique for implementing chipkill in a memory system


Computing systems, database systems, and related methods are provided for suggesting logical relationships between database objects. One exemplary method involves a server identifying a database action with respect to a contact object associated with an event object, and in response to the action, identifying a second contact object in the database likely to be related to the event object based on one or more attributes of the event object. The server provides an indication of the second contact object in association with the event object on a client device and updates the database to maintain an association between the event object and the second contact object in response to an input at the client device.

Modern software development is evolving away from the client-server model toward network-based processing systems that provide access to data and services via the Internet or other networks. In contrast to traditional systems that host networked applications on dedicated server hardware, a "cloud" computing model allows applications to be provided over the network "as a service" or "on-demand" by an infrastructure provider. The infrastructure provider typically abstracts the underlying hardware and other resources used to deliver a customer-developed application so that the customer no longer needs to operate and support dedicated server hardware. The cloud computing model can often provide substantial cost savings to the customer over the life of the application because the customer no longer needs to provide dedicated network infrastructure, electrical and temperature controls, physical security and other logistics in support of dedicated server hardware.
Multi-tenant cloud-based architectures have been developed to improve collaboration, integration, and community-based cooperation between customer tenants without sacrificing data security. Generally speaking, multi-tenancy refers to a system where a single hardware and software platform simultaneously supports multiple user groups (also referred to as "organizations" or "tenants") from a common data storage element (also referred to as a "multi-tenant database"). The multi-tenant design provides a number of advantages over conventional server virtualization systems. First, the multi-tenant platform operator can often make improvements to the platform based upon collective information from the entire tenant community. Additionally, because all users in the multi-tenant environment execute applications within a common processing space, it is relatively easy to grant or deny access to specific sets of data for any user within the multi-tenant platform, thereby improving collaboration and integration between applications and the data managed by the various applications. The multi-tenant architecture therefore allows convenient and cost effective sharing of similar application features between multiple sets of users. For example, a multi-tenant system may support an on-demand customer relationship management (CRM) application that manages the data for a particular organization's sales staff that is maintained by the multi-tenant system and facilitates collaboration among members of that organization's sales staff (e.g., account executives, sales representatives, and the like).
One situation that arises in a CRM context occurs when an individual changes positions, employers, or the like, which, in turn, may influence that individual's database information and interrelationships. Additionally, new information may be continually added to the database, which may be relevant to existing information in the database but lack logical relationships for utilization by other users. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide systems and methods for dynamically providing recommendations or suggestions to users in response to database changes.

Dynamic recommendation methods and systems for database changes


Systems and methods for optimizing performance in a computing environment are provided. The system comprises means for monitoring execution of annotated logic code associated with a software component to determine whether a condition has been satisfied, wherein annotations in the logic code provide one or more details about the software component, the details being useful to a healing agent to correct a problem associated with said condition during the execution of the logic code.

Self-healing software systems are designed to overcome problems occurring during testing and run time, and to improve overall system behavior. Generally, a self-healing system monitors system performance and provides a solution to a detected problem or prevents a predicted problem from occurring.
In current self-healing systems, the problems are vertically detected when certain events occur at various system layers (e.g., hardware and software). Specific events may be associated with healing agents that provide a specific solution to a predictable problem. Thus, when a certain event is detected, a corresponding healing agent is activated to address the respective problems. In summary, in the current self-healing systems, certain events are monitored and analyzed to detect and solve predictable problems in a specific manner.
Unfortunately, however, current methods for implementing self-healing software code are cumbersome, because these methods require detailed analysis of the detected events at runtime and involvement of a highly skilled staff that can understand the internal design of the software and complex programming languages or standards (e.g., Aspects™, Java Beans™, Enterprise Java Bean (EJB)™, etc.). Further, a very high level of overhead can be associated with some self-healing implementations (e.g., Aspects).
Therefore, self-healing methods and systems are needed that can overcome the aforementioned shortcomings by providing less complicated and less burdensome means to understand the nature of the detected events and the context in which the events are detected.

Self-healing system and method for code optimization in a computing environment

International Business Machines Corporation


A method of intelligently sorting packets/datagrams for sending through appropriate branches of a N-way split VPN tunnel according to embodiments of the present invention allow for efficient movement of network traffic to and from a remote network location. Intelligent sorting may be based on a wide range of criteria in order to implement different policies. For example, datagrams may be sorted for sending through the branches of a 3-way split tunnel so that all traffic from a remote network location ultimately destined to servers at a central location may be sent via a secure VPN tunnel, all traffic that matches a “white-list” of trusted external sites may be sent directly to and from these sites to the remote network location, and all other traffic may be redirected through a Web service that scrubs and filters the traffic to/from questionable sites. Furthermore, the VPN tunnel may be chosen to minimize latency, to detour around network failures, or to conserve energy by minimizing the number of routers a datagram passes through.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to computer network traffic management and more specifically to intelligent sorting of datagrams for sending through appropriate branches of an N-way split virtual private network (VPN) tunnels.
2. Description of the Related Art
Networking devices at remote locations often create secure virtual private network (VPN) tunnels to a central location, a headquarters (HQ) location, for example. Note that a VPN is a computer network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open or unsecured connections or virtual circuits in some larger network, such as the Internet, instead of running across a single private network. The link-layer protocols of a VPN are said to be "tunneled" through the larger network. These "tunnels" can carry all network traffic to and from the remote location through the central location—this is known as a "non-split" tunnel. Alternatively, these tunnels can carry only the traffic actually destined to servers at the central location—known as a "split" tunnel since the traffic for the broader Internet is "split" from the traffic destined specifically to the central location. Split tunnels have the advantage of offloading the central location from conveying traffic that has nothing to do with servers at that central location, but they have a big disadvantage in that client computers serviced by the remote networking device may be exposed to viruses, malware and other threats as the traffic is not "filtered" or "scrubbed" by the central location. Filtering may also include enforcement of company policies regarding which Internet sites are "off-limits", such as sites focused on violence or other objectionable material.
Companies typically either use non-split tunnels, causing a heavy load on the central location, or deploy split tunnels with relatively expensive networking devices at the remote location to perform the scrubbing and filtering.
There is a need for better solutions for handling network traffic to and from remote network locations.

Intelligent sorting for N-way secure split tunnel


A cash drawer insert is disclosed which includes a paper currency receiving and storage area and a coin receiving and storage area, each of which can be selectively reconfigured to accommodate paper currencies and coins of a wide variety of sizes, shapes, dimension and denominations. Each of these areas is provided with opposed ribbed walls that are adapted to removably receive the ends of divider partitions having locking tabs and locking toggles that secure to such dividers at any desired transverse location. Bill weights having mounting flanges with locking tabs for selective placement along a rearwall of the till as well as a pivotable auxiliary paper currency tray that permits storage of two different paper currencies in a single paper currency compartment are also disclosed.

The present disclosure relates to inserts for cash drawers or tills and, more particularly, to cash drawer inserts or tills which can be selectively configured and reconfigured to accommodate paper currency and bank notes as well as coins and other media having a variety of denominations, sizes, shapes and dimensions.
Countries throughout the world use paper currency and coins that vary in size and shape with respect to each other and, depending upon the country involved, upon the denomination of such paper currency and coins. While the United States and Canada currently utilize a standard length and width for their respective denominations of paper currency, elsewhere dimensional differences are used to distinguish the various denominations. For example, Euro notes can range from 120 to 153 mm in length and 62 to 82 mm in width, Japanese Yen notes vary from 150 to 160 mm in length while maintaining a standard width of 76 mm and British Pound notes range from 135 to 156 mm in length and 75 to 85 mm in width. Correspondingly, all of these countries have coins which vary in thickness and diameter for each denomination.
These differences between world paper currencies and coins require that cash drawers or inserts and tills used at points of sale and elsewhere have specialized configurations uniquely associated with the country or location in which they are used.
Heretofore, cash box inserts or tills often have had fixed paper currency and coin receiving compartments or a limited ability to reconfigure the same to accommodate the different world-wide requirements for efficient handling of paper currency, coins and other media which are to be stored therein and dispensed therefrom.


A method and apparatus for reproducing speech signals at a controlled speed and for synthesizing speech includes a dividing unit that divides the input speech into time segments and an encoding unit that discriminates whether each of the speech segments is voiced or unvoiced. Based on the results of the discrimination, the encoding unit performs sinusoidal synthesis and encoding for voiced segments and vector quantization by closed-loop search for an optimum vector using an analysis-by-synthesis method for unvoiced segments in order to find encoded parameters. A period modification unit modifies the length of time associated with each signal segment and calculates a set of modified encoded parameters. In the speech synthesizing unit, encoded speech signal data is output from the encoding unit and pitch data and amplitude data specifying the spectral envelope are sent via a data conversion unit to a waveform synthesis unit, where the number of amplitude data points of the spectral envelope is changed without changing the shape of the spectral envelope, so that the pitch of the signal may be varied without changing its phoneme. A waveform synthesis unit synthesizes the speech waveform based on the converted spectral envelope data and pitch data.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for reproducing speech signals at a controlled speed, and to a method and apparatus for decoding the speech and method and apparatus for synthesizing the speech whereby pitch conversion can be realized by a simplified structure. The present invention also relates to a portable radio terminal device for transmitting and receiving pitch-converted speech signals.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are a variety of encoding methods for encoding an audio signal (including speech and other acoustic signals) for compression by exploiting statistical properties of the signals in the time domain and in the frequency domain, as well as the psychoacoustic characteristics of the human ear. The encoding methods may roughly be classified into time-domain encoding, frequency domain encoding, and analysis/synthesis encoding.
Examples of the high-efficiency encoding of speech signals include sinusoidal analysis encoding, such as harmonic encoding, multi-band excitation (MBE) encoding, sub-band coding (SBC), linear predictive coding (LPC), discrete cosine transform (DCT), modified DCT (MDCT), and fast Fourier transform (FFT).
High-efficiency speech encoding by time-axis processing using, for example, by code excited linear prediction (CELP) encoding, however, involves difficulties in real-time conversation. Voluminous processing operations must be performed to decode the signal for output. Moreover, since speed control is performed in the time domain subsequent to decoding, that method cannot be used for bit rate conversion.
Also, many applications require that decoded speech signals be varied only in pitch, while the phoneme of the signal remains unchanged. With the usual speech decoding methods, the decoded speech has to be pitch-converted using pitch control, thus complicating the design of the encoding/decoding means and raising their cost.

Method and apparatus for decoding and changing the pitch of an encoded speech signal


A relay device and the like are provided which are capable of easily transmitting/receiving information among information processors connected on buses whose information transmission standards are different from each other.

In recent years, a number of standards are proposed such as the USB (Universal Serial Bus) standard and the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 1394 standard for transmitting/receiving information such as image information among a plurality of information processors (for example, a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) player and a liquid crystal television set) via a bus. A standard for bus connection for transmitting/receiving information by connecting buses conformed with different standards is also proposed.
One of the conventional techniques of the bus connection is described, for example, in the following patent document 1.
Patent document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H11-55297 (claim 7 and the like)

Relay device, relay method, and information recording medium

Abstract: A bridge B1 for connecting buses BS1 and BS2 whose information transmission standards are different from each other includes: an operation unit (11) for performing an operation of instructing an operation of an apparatus connected to any of the buses BS; a message generator 5 for generating a control message corresponding to the instructed operation; and a packet transmitter/receiver (7, 8) for transmitting the generated control message to a target apparatus via the bus BS to which the target apparatus is connected.


A heat sink that is disposed on a heating element and absorbs the heat generated by the heating element includes: a contact surface to which recessed grooves are formed and the region of which excluding the recessed grooves is in contact with the heating element; insertion members having a thickness, which permits them to fill the recessed grooves, and come into contact with the heating element by being inserted into the recessed grooves; and a turning mechanism that separates the contact surface from the heating element by turning the insertion members in response to a manipulation while abutting the extreme ends of the insertion members against the heating element. With such arrangement, there can be provided the heat sink that can reduce time and effort for removing the heat sink from the heating element while suppressing deterioration of heat absorption capability and an information processing device including the heat sink.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a heat sink disposed on a heating element and absorbing the heat generated by the heating element and to an information processing device including the heat sink.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, a heat absorption member, which is called a heat sink, is disposed on an LSI package, which is attached to an electric substrate, through grease and the like for improving thermal conductivity to absorb the heat generated by the LSI package.
The LSI package attached to the electric substrate may be replaced in its entirety, and, in this case, the heat sink is removed once from the LSI package.
However, time and effort may be required to remove the heat sink from the LSI package because the greases and the like are solidified, and the like.
To cope with this problem, there is a proposal for simply removing a heat sink from an LSI package (refer to Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 11-347855).
The publication proposes to form a recessed section to a part of the bottom surface of the heat sink in contact with the LSI package and to remove the heat sink from the LSI package by inserting a minus driver into the recessed section.
However, the proposal is disadvantageous in that the heat absorption capability of the heat sink is deteriorated due to the recessed section formed on the bottom surface acting as a contact surface.
An object of the present invention, which was made in consideration of the above circumstances, is to provide a heat sink arranged to reduce time and effort required to remove the heat sink from a heating element while suppressing deterioration of heat absorption capability and an information processing device including the heat sink.

Heat sink and information processing device


Apparatus for cooling a metal extrusion, such as an aluminum extrusion, may include a carriage which houses the cooling liquid delivery system and is relatively movable with respect to the extrusion press in order to provide the desired amount of air cooling prior to quenching. The quenching apparatus may have a plurality of generally parallel cooling liquid delivery tubes, each having a plurality of nozzles which are preferably independently adjustable as to volume and spray pattern. The cooling liquid delivery tubes may be axially rotated and flow of the cooling liquid within each tube may be independently adjusted. The housing of the quenching unit may have an upper portion which is rotatable generally upwardly and is provided with a transparent window to facilitate viewing of the spraying action. A method of quenching an aluminum extrusion employing such apparatus is provided.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for cooling a metal extrusion, such as an aluminum extrusion and, more specifically, it relates to such a system wherein precise control of the spray pattern and amount of cooling liquid delivered is provided.
2. Description of the Prior Art.
It has long been known to cool a metal workpiece by quenching, as by the use of air or water. See, generally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,996,075, 4,106,956 and Canadian Patents 1,058,109 and 1,206,354.
It has also been known to deliver cooling air or water by means of a spray or to quench such a metal workpiece by immersion of the workpiece in cooling water. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,850,763 and 3,874,213.
The use of a fixed array ring of water spray nozzles which direct water onto the periphery of a steel pipe having an elevated temperature is disclosed in The Making, Shaping and Heat Treating of Steel, page 1043, 10th Ed., 1985.
Despite the foregoing known systems, there remains a very real and substantial need for a quenching system for use with extrusions which will be adapted to provide highly efficient quenching even when products have irregular configurations and varying wall thicknesses.

Extrusion quenching apparatus and related method


A mechanism for modifying a language of a user interface in a computing device. A method includes receiving, by a computing device, a request to modify a first language of a user interface of the computing device to a second language. The user interface comprises text displayed in the first language. The method also includes converting, by the computing device, the first language of the user interface to the second language during runtime of the computing device without losing a session of a user of the computing device.

Language localization is the process of translating a product into different languages or adapting a language for a specific country or region. In the global market existing today, language localization is one of the most important features for any computing application. Many such language localizations occur at application level on a computing device or at a user interface of a website.
Currently, in order for a user to view the user interface of a computing device with a language of the user's choice, the user explicitly selects the preferred language before logging into the computing device. Also, after logging into the computing device, if the user wishes to switch the user interface to another language, he/she should log out of the computing device, select the a different language, and then log back into the computing device. This approach forces the user to end the existing session and restart the session, which consumes a great deal of time and places a burden on the user.

Modifying language of a user interface on a computing device