An insulation displacement termination system is provided for an input-output electrical connector which includes a dielectric housing having a top face and a bottom face with a terminal-receiving passage therebetween. At least one terminal includes an insulation displacement section generally at the bottom face of the housing for termination to an insulated electrical conductor through a lower mouth of the passage in the bottom face of the housing. The terminal includes a contact section projecting through an open upper end of the passage generally in the top face of the housing for engaging a complementary mating electrical component. The terminal is configured for insertion into the terminal-receiving passage through the lower mouth thereof. Complementary interengaging abutment means are provided between the insulation displacement section of the terminal and the housing to define a stop-limit position of the terminal and to provide support for the insulation displacement section during termination to the insulated electrical conductor. Complementary interengaging latch means are provided between the contact section of the terminal and the housing within the passage for holding the terminal in the passage.

There are many applications in the electronic industry, such as in copying machines, computers and the like, wherein a plurality of conductors must be terminated to various electronic components to carry out various functions of a machine or apparatus. For instance, in a copying machine, control electronics are fed through data conductors or lines and power conductors or lines to various devices, such as motors, audible or visual indicators, or the like which perform the various functions of the machine, such as changing the reduction of the copying process, varying the numbers of copies, rendering audible or visual signals, and the like. Electronic components or devices, such as printed circuit boards, integrated circuit chips, headers or connectors must be coupled through electrical connectors to the power and data transmission conductors or lines.
An example of an electrical connector for use with electronic systems of the character described above is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,846, dated Jun. 30, 1992 and assigned to the assignee of this invention. When the input-output electrical connector shown in that patent is used to couple a printed circuit board to a plurality of discrete insulated wire conductors, terminals are mounted in the connector and each terminal has an insulation displacement section at one end for termination to one of the discrete insulated wire conductors and a contact section at a second end for surface-mount engaging the printed circuit board. The insulation displacement section or end of the terminal is located generally at the bottom surface of the connector, and the surface-mount engaging section or end projects upwardly through a top surface of the connector.
In the electrical connector system shown in the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,846, the terminals are top-loaded into the connector. In other words, the insulation displacement sections or ends of the terminals are inserted into respective receiving cavities from the top of the connector. The terminals are retained within the connector housing by locking lances projecting from the terminals. The locking lances are utilized to oppose the forces developed during termination of an insulated wire conductor into the insulation displacement section of the terminal. Although the electrical connector shown in that patent has proven quite effective for its intended purposes, there has arisen various applications wherein the insulation displacement termination forces are too great for the prior locking lances of the terminals to withstand. This invention is directed to solving such problems and providing a new design of an insulation displacement termination system for input-output electrical connectors of the character described.

Insulation displacement termination system for input-output electrical connector


A computing device is partitioned to include a host partition (HP) instantiated at least in part to provide storage capabilities, and also to include a client partition (CP) instantiated at least in part to consume such storage capabilities of the HP in the form of a virtual storage device at the CP. The HP implements the virtual storage device of the CP as an image file on a physical storage device. The image file at the HP is compacted while the CP is active and employing the corresponding virtual storage device.

As should be appreciated, a virtual machine is a software application operating on a computing device for the purpose of emulating a hardware system. Typically, although not necessarily, the virtual machine is employed on the computing device to host a user application or the like while at the same time isolating such user application from such computing device or from other applications on such computing device. It may be the case that a different variation of a virtual machine is written for each of a plurality of different computing devices so that any user application written for the virtual machine can be operated on any of the different computing devices. Thus, a different variation of the user application for each different computing device is not needed.
Among other things, a virtual machine may require access to a storage device to store and retrieve data, and generally for any purpose that a storage device would be employed. Accordingly, the virtual machine may in fact be provided with such a storage device. Notably, inasmuch as the virtual machine is in fact a software construct, so too may the provided storage device employed thereby be a part of the software construct that is the virtual machine or else another software construct. In either case, the storage device is in effect a virtual storage device.
New architectures for computing devices and new software now allow a single computing device to run a plurality of partitions, each of which can be employed to instantiate a virtual machine to in turn host an instance of an operating system. In such a computing device, a storage hardware device of the computing device such as a RAM memory or a hard disk drive memory may be dynamically assigned to a particular partition so that the particular partition can directly control such storage hardware device. Such particular partition, then, is in effect a host that provides storage capabilities as a 'storage host partition' ('SHP'). Similarly, such SHP provides storage services to another partition which is in effect a client that consumes such capabilities as a 'storage client partition' ('SCP'). Thus, the SCP and the SHP communicate to accomplish storage-related operations.
Typically, a virtual storage device of an SCP is provided by the SHP in the form of an actual storage image file maintained by the SHP in an actual storage hardware device. Thus, and as may be appreciated, changes made to the virtual storage device by the SCP are persisted by the SHP in the corresponding storage image file on the storage hardware device. Put another way, the actual storage image file is a representation of the virtual storage device of a virtual machine such as an SCP. Accordingly, whenever the virtual operating system of the SCP executes a read or write operation with regard to the virtual storage device thereof, the operation data is read from or written to the storage image file by the SHP.
Inasmuch as the virtual storage device of an SCP might be expected to have a relatively large storage capacity, perhaps on the order of 1-16 gigabytes or more, it follows that, absent other considerations, the corresponding storage image file as maintained by the SHP can also have the same relatively large storage capacity. However, and as should be appreciated, the storage capacity of the virtual storage device likely is not fully occupied by data, and instead may contain significant if not large amounts of empty space or space with null data therein. As should be appreciated, then, such null data in the virtual storage device need not be represented within the corresponding storage image file, at least on a byte-for-byte basis. By not storing null data from the virtual storage device in the corresponding storage image file, then, such storage image file may be stored on the storage hardware device as a smaller if not much smaller file.
Accordingly, a need exists for a method and mechanism by which the storage image file corresponding to a virtual storage device may be stored on a storage hardware device in a relatively compact form whereby null data from the virtual storage device is only minimally represented within the storage image file. In particular, a need exists for such a method and mechanism whereby maintenance may be performed on the storage image file, for example to compact same or to de-fragment same. In addition, a need exists for such a method and mechanism that can perform such maintenance while the virtual storage device is being employed by a virtual machine or the like, such that the virtual machine need not be halted to perform the maintenance.

Compaction, de-fragmentation, and merging of virtual storage device of virtual machine


A security device for securing a peripheral link between a computing device and a peripheral comprising is interposed on the peripheral link, between said computing device and said peripheral. The security device queries an identifier of a peripheral, and imitating said peripheral to said computing device by way of a host port of said security device. Once interposed the security device intercepts data transferred between the computing device and the peripheral device; and obfuscates selected portions of said data intercepted by the security device. Obfuscation may be performed by transferring the data to a tokenizing server, and replacing the data with a corresponding token received from the tokenizing server. The data may be securely stored at the tokenizing server, for later retrieval using the token.

Data security has become critical in modern computing and data transmission. Two known way of securing data are data encryption and tokenization.
Encryption aims to secure data in its place, and tokenization removes the data from the system and replaces it with an alternate (token) value.
Off-the-shelf encryption and tokenization solutions are often not sufficient for use by many organizations.
Peripheral devices such as card readers and flash storage devices are commonly used as inputs and outputs for data, and can be connected using a variety of interfaces such as RS232, USB, FireWire or Thunderbolt.
Existing solutions for providing security for data sent and received to peripheral devices requires installation of software on the client device.
Implementing custom encryption or tokenization, however, often requires significant changes to existing computer systems and software. These changes require development, testing, planning and implementation, which can be expensive and can introduce software bugs. As a result of this risk and cost, many organizations choose not to implement.
Accordingly, methods, software and devices for securing computer data transmitted to and from peripheral devices are desirable.

Peripheral bus security interface and method


An ultrasonic wave detection apparatus includes a transmission unit which transmits ultrasonic waves at a first frequency and a second frequency, a reception unit which receives ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transmission unit, and a control unit which causes the transmission unit to transmit ultrasonic waves at the first frequency and causes the reception unit to receive the first frequency ultrasonic waves to obtain a detection timing of a peak value of a n-th wave of the received first frequency ultrasonic waves, causes the transmission unit to transmit ultrasonic waves at the second frequency and causes the reception unit to receive the second frequency ultrasonic waves to obtain a detection timing of a peak value of a n-th wave of the received second frequency ultrasonic waves, and specifies “n” of the n-th wave from which the peak value is detected based on a difference in the detection timings.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for detecting a characteristic of a recording material using an ultrasonic wave.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional image forming apparatus enables a user to set a type of a recording material (which may be referred to as "paper type") via an operation panel provided on as an external apparatus, such as a computer, or on the body of the image forming apparatus. The image forming apparatus can be controlled in such a way as to optimize image transfer conditions (e.g., bias, an image forming speed) and image fixing conditions (e.g., a quantity of heat, a recording material conveyance speed) according to the settings.
However, if a user forgets or fails in setting a type of a recording material, it is unable to optimize image forming conditions. A defective image may be generated. Therefore, to reduce a burden on a user or to appropriately control the image forming conditions according to a type or a state of a recording material, it is conventionally known that a recording material detection sensor can be provided in an image forming apparatus to automatically determine the type of the recording material.
More specifically, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-24837 discusses a method in which a grammage of a recording material can be determined based on a transmittance value of an ultrasonic wave that penetrates through the recording material. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-18433 discusses a method in which a rising waveform of an ultrasonic wave reception unit is used in grammage detection. When the method discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-18433 is employed, the grammage of a recording material can be accurately detected based on ultrasonic waves, while the positional variation of the recording material can be suppressed and reflections from members surrounding the sensor or environmental variations can be reduced.
According to the above-described detection method using ultrasonic waves discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-24837 or Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-18433, it is necessary to correct a change in the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves in an environment in which an ultrasonic wave detection apparatus is installed to accurately detect the grammage of a recording material. For example, to obtain the grammage of a recording material, a reception signal (P0) in a state where no recording material is present between an ultrasonic wave transmission unit and an ultrasonic wave reception unit and a reception signal (P1) in a state where a recording material is present between the ultrasonic wave transmission unit and the ultrasonic wave reception unit are obtained, and the grammage is detected based on a ratio of the reception signal P0 to the reception signal P1 (i.e., ratio P1/P0). The propagation speed of ultrasonic waves is variable depending on environmental factors. Therefore, to accurately obtain the detection timing of each of the reception signals P0 and P1, a correcting operation needs to be performed according to the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves considering the environmental factors.

Ultrasonic wave detection apparatus, recording material determination apparatus, and image forming apparatus


A measuring apparatus having a probe that faces a surface of a target and is configured to supply AC current to the surface, measuring a voltage drop through a space between the probe and the surface, and obtaining a distance between the probe and the surface in accordance with the measured voltage drop. The apparatus includes a ground member facing, and apart from, the surface and configured to ground the surface by capacitive coupling, and a stage configured to hold either of the target and the probe and to move to define a measurement area on the surface. The ground member is configured so that the ground member faces all areas of the surface with respect to each of a plurality of measurement areas on the surface defined by a position of the stage.

One of the methods of precisely measuring the position or shape of a sample (target) uses an electrostatic capacitance sensor. In this method, the magnitude of an electrostatic capacitance generated between a sensor probe and a target is detected to measure the distance between the sensor probe and the target. The electrostatic capacitance is detected as an AC impedance.
More specifically, in many cases, weak AC currents from a sensor amplifier are supplied from a sensor probe to a target, and a voltage drop by the impedance is measured. Currents flowing from the sensor probe to the target generally flow back to the other terminal of the sensor amplifier via a conductor, which is set to be almost the same potential as that of the housing ground of the system. In general, an electrostatic capacitance to be measured is a small value, on the pF order, and is readily influenced by the stray capacitance. The potential is usually set so as to reduce the influence of the stray capacitance on mounting from a sensor amplifier to a sensor probe and mounting from a target to a ground line.
The electrostatic capacitance sensor is ideally used by coupling a target sufficiently low in impedance to ground at a low impedance. For this reason, it often uses an arrangement in which a table to mount the target is made of a conductor and is connected to ground.
FIG. 27 is a view of the arrangement of a conventional measuring apparatus using an electrostatic sensor. A chuck 106 of a target 105 is made of a metal to reduce the impedance between the target and ground. In FIG. 27, reference numeral 101 denotes a sensor probe; 111, a sensor amplifier; 104, a sensor cable; 107, an insulating surface plate; and 114, a controller. The surface plate 107 and chuck 106 constitute a table.
In some tables, however, there may be cases wherein it is difficult to join a target to ground at low impedance. These cases include, for example, a case wherein the shape of the target, the shape of the table, or the material for the table, is limited. In this case, conventional methods cannot couple the target to ground at a low impedance. As a result, the stability or precision of measurement may degrade or decrease, or the target may cause an offset.
A further problem occurs in measuring the surface position of the target. To measure the surface position of the target while the table is connected to ground, the internal impedance of the target needs to be sufficiently low or the individual difference needs to be small. This is because high internal impedance or a large individual difference causes a voltage drop inside the target, producing an error in a measurement value.

Capacitance sensor type measuring apparatus


A computer assembly comprised of a plurality of modular units which are readily connectable by pluggable terminals to permit quick interchangeability and/or replacement of certain units by untrained and unskilled personnel. The computer assembly includes a docking bay module provided with a number of external connectors for connection to equipment such as a keyboard, printer, cash register, etc., and a power supply plug. A CPU module containing the logic circuitry is slidably mounted in and out of the docking bay module and is readily connected by mating pluggable terminals to the various equipment linked to the external connectors on the docking bay module. A peripheral bay module may be added to the docking bay and CPU modules to function as a file server station in a local area network environment. The CPU module is quickly and conveniently replaced by unskilled personnel for maintenance and repair purposes. The CPU module is constructed in such a way that cooling of the circuit components is accomplished without the presence of a cooling fan. Because the CPU module is quickly and easily replaced in the docking module by unskilled personnel, the customer need not maintain an inventory of spare parts but may rely on overnight delivery service from a maintenance contractor for a replacement CPU module.

This invention relates generally to computer systems and, more particularly, to a novel computer system including a plurality of modular units which are readily connectable by pluggable terminals to permit quick interchangeability and/or replacement of certain units by untrained and unskilled personnel.
Conventional computer systems used in a local area network (LAN) environment, such as fast food restaurants, retail stores, airline desks, etc., often include a number of points of sale (POS) terminals or stations and a file server station serving those POS stations. To service and repair these systems, often the user is required to maintain an internal staff of skilled technicians together with an inventory of spare parts, both of which add up to a very substantial operating expense for the user. Alternatively, smaller users often rely upon independent contractors for on-site maintenance which is not only very expensive but quite often not very dependable and the systems encounter substantial downtime.
The prior art has addressed modularity in the personal computer area primarily in the direction of expansion, i.e., adding capability features or functions to a single machine. Typical proposals are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,734,874, 4,530,066, 4,918,572, and 4,527,285. Other proposals such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,036,313 and 4,388,671 address somewhat the repair and assembly of computer components. However, they do not focus primarily on maintenance and repair of computers in a LAN environment by unskilled personnel.

Computer with modules readily replaceable by unskilled personnel


Optoelectronic devices (16) are formed on a first surface (12) of a gallium arsenide substrate (10) using selective ion implantation. Signal processing devices may be formed on a second, opposite surface (14) of the substrate (10) using selective ion implantation (38) and/or selective epitaxy (22,24),(40). Vertical interconnects (34,46) are formed between the first and second surfaces (12,14). Alternatively, a gallium arsenide buffer layer (54) may be grown on the first surface (12) of the substrate (10), and the signal processing devices formed on the buffer layer (54) using selective ion implantation (58,60,62) and/or selective epitaxy (76,78,80,82). Dielectric (50) and/or conductive metal (52) layers may be formed on selected areas of the first surface (12), and the buffer layer (54) grown from exposed areas (56) of the first surface (12) over the dielectric (50) and/or metal (52) layers using lateral epitaxial overgrowth organometallic chemical vapor deposition. The signal processing devices may be formed in areas of the buffer layer (54) which overlie the exposed areas (56) of the substrate (12), and/or over the dielectric (50) and/or metal (52) layers. The present method enables metal-semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFET), high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) and heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) to be monolithically integrated in a vertical fashion for close packing density.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the fabrication of a vertically stacked microelectronic device layer structure on a gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate which enables the fabrication of three dimensional microelectronic devices therein.
2. Description of the Related Art
The development of microelectronic device fabrication technology on GaAs substrates, especially in the area of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC), is progressing to the point at which the two dimensional packing density of components such as single chip mixers, local oscillators and amplifiers is approaching a saturation value. Increasing the component density on a chip requires that the device structure be expanded from two to three dimensions.
Three dimensional epitaxial device structures have been proposed on silicon substrates, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,771,013, entitled "PROCESS OF MAKING A DOUBLE HETEROJUNCTION 3-D I.sup.2 L BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR WITH A SI/GE SUPERLATTICE", issued Sep. 13, 1988, to P. Curran. However, the epitaxial deposition technologies used for silicon typically require processing at temperatures in excess of 1,000.degree. C., which is far above the dissociation temperature (550.degree. C.) of GaAs, and the typical annealing temperatures for GaAs in the range of 800.degree.-900.degree. C.
Vertically stacked epitaxial structures may be formed on GaAs substrates using vapor phase epitaxy or organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD) at lower temperatures. However, epitaxy is an expensive and one at-a-time process. Epitaxial layers grown by these processes are highly non-uniform in thickness, and doping is not very reproducible. In addition, epitaxial structures are non-planar, and have to be combined with other components in a hybrid manner due to the inherent incompatibility of the profiles.
High density integrated circuits are conventionally fabricated on GaAs substrate wafers which must be thinned down to approximately 100 micrometers to provide sufficient power dissipation. Electrically conductive vertical interconnects (vias) must be formed through the wafers to dissipate power from the devices on the frontside to a ground plane or heat sink on the backside. The thinning process results in a high damage rate during manufacture of the integrated circuits. The vias make the wafers even more fragile.

Method of fabricating three dimensional gallium arsenide microelectronic device


An improvement is provided to a pressurized close-cycle machine that has a cold-end pressure vessel and is of the type having a piston undergoing reciprocating linear motion within a cylinder containing a working fluid heated by conduction through a heater head by heat from an external thermal source. The improvement includes a heat exchanger for cooling the working fluid, where the heat exchanger is disposed within the cold-end pressure vessel. The heater head may be directly coupled to the cold-end pressure vessel by welding or other methods. A coolant tube is used to convey coolant through the heat exchanger.

Stirling cycle machines, including engines and refrigerators, have a long technological heritage, described in detail in Walker, Stirling Engines, Oxford University Press (1980), incorporated herein by reference. The principle underlying the Stirling cycle engine is the mechanical realization of the Stirling thermodynamic cycle: isovolumetric heating of a gas within a cylinder, isothermal expansion of the gas (during which work is performed by driving a piston), isovolumetric cooling, and isothermal compression.
In the prior art, the heat transfer structure between the working gas and the cooling fluid also contains the high pressure working gas of the Stirling cycle engine. The two functions of heat transfer and pressure containment produce competing demands on the design. Heat transfer is maximized by as thin a wall as possible made of the highest thermal conductivity material. However, thin walls of weak materials limit the maximum allowed working pressure and therefore the power of the engine. In addition, codes and product standards require designs that can be proof tested to several times the nominal working pressure.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Coolant penetrating cold-end pressure vessel


A collapsible enclosure for restraining a patient to an area about a bed comprises a frame having a horizontal eave portion, a horizontal base portion opposing the horizontal eave portion, and at least two vertical members upstanding from the horizontal base portion for supporting the horizontal eave portion. The frame collapses as an integral unit for storage and transfer. A canopy secured to the frame defines an area about a bed such that a patient is allowed to move freely within the area. The canopy includes see-through portions defined by dark colored mesh to enhance visibility therethrough and prevent glare. In one embodiment, the canopy includes a hermetically sealable chamber defining the patient area for quarantining the patient therein.

1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention relates to systems for providing a restraining enclosure for patients for whom it is desirable to restrain or isolate to a bed area.
2. Background of the Related Art
Various illnesses and conditions such as brain trauma, dementia and Alzheimer's disease often leave people in such a condition that constant management of the patient is necessary to prevent further injury and mishap. Traditional systems and methods for monitoring and controlling patients with such needs have included bed straps or restraints, straight jackets, sedation, a monitoring device, a dedicated individual at hand, isolation rooms and the like both alone and in combination. Many of these prior art methods and systems are burdensome to all concerned and prohibitively expensive. For example, bed straps immobilize a patient on a bed. When the patient desires to move or change position, the restraints prevent such shifting. As a result, a restrained patient can become very uncomfortable and/or agitated in addition to suffering medical complications. For another example, a dedicated person to attend to the restrained person's needs on an all day, every day basis is cost prohibitive.
Recently, several techniques for addressing confining a patient to a bed area while allowing free movement have been developed to address the needs of the patient and caregiver. Some examples are illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,291 to Eads et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,529 to Chadwick et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference. However, there are problems associated with the prior art enclosure bed apparatus. Often, the condition which requires restraint may be temporary and as a result transportation, assembly and disassembly of the enclosure may be common. The prior art systems require extensive manpower for assembly and disassembly. When disassembled, loose parts can be lost and transport and storage is cumbersome and difficult. To assemble, tools and excessive know-how and manpower are needed. When assembled, excessive bulk prevents easy transport and storage.
There is a need, therefore, for an improved system which permits easy assembly, disassembly, storage and transport and aids in assuring adequate restraint and monitoring of patients.

Restraining enclosure for a bed and related method


A method and apparatus for detecting and compensating for wheel brake irregularities includes a unit for detecting a control signal that controls a brake actuator, a unit for detecting changes of the control signal generated by the actuator, and a unit for evaluating control signal changes. The frequency and amplitude of such changes are analyzed to detect the existence of a brake irregularity.

This application claims the priority of German patent document 100 26 125.6, filed May 26, 2000, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
The invention concerns a method and apparatus for detecting wheel brake irregularities and for compensating for wheel brake irregularities.
In vehicles, particularly motor vehicles, brake systems are used which preferably feature one wheel brake at each individual wheel. Such a wheel brake can show irregularities, due for example to deformation of the disk of a disk brake in manufacturing or as a result of uneven wear. When operating a wheel brake, such irregularities can lead to brake rubbing which, in turn, can cause not only torsional vibration of the steering wheel and vibration of the car body, but also vibration in the seats and pedal pulsation. Thus, driving comfort is impaired.
One object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for early detection of brake rubbing, preferably before it becomes noticeable to the driver, and to provide a method and apparatus, preferably to be used in combination therewith, that is capable of compensating for irregularities of a wheel brake.
This and other objects and advantages are achieved by the method and apparatus according to the invention, which includes a unit for detecting a control signal which controls a brake actuator, a unit for detecting changes of the control signal generated by the actuator, and a unit for evaluating control signal changes. The invention provides a cost-effective solution for early identification of brake rubbing, particularly in cases where such rubbing evolves into a problem that impairs driving comfort. Furthermore, the invention has the advantage that an identified irregularity can automatically be used to eliminate the irregularity.
The invention provides a cost-effective solution for early identification of brake rubbing, particularly in cases where such rubbing evolves into a problem that impairs driving comfort. Moreover, the invention has the advantage that an identified irregularity is automatically used to eliminate the irregularity.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Process and apparatus for detecting and compensating for wheel brake irregularities

Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft


An apparatus for tracing position and direction of a target object through an RF signal includes two loop antennas and a position and direction determination part. The two loop antennas receive the RF signal transmitted from the target object and are perpendicularly coupled to each other. The position and direction determination part calculates two RF signal intensities received through the respective two loop antennas for comparison, and then determines that the target object transmitting an RF signal is placed in a center direction between the two loop antennas if the two RF signal intensities are the same, and otherwise determines that the target object is placed in a front direction of the loop antenna having a relatively higher RF signal intensity.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for tracing position and direction of a target object, and more particularly, to an apparatus and a method for tracing position and direction of a target object through a radio frequency (RF) signal.
This work was supported by the IT R&D program of MIC/IITA [2005-S-092-02, USN-based Ubiquitous Robotic Space Technology Development]
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, an apparatus for tracing position and direction of a target object has been studied in various fields to provide more services to human life, and its technical development is being already in great progress.
One of its examples is the global positioning system (GPS). Developed by the United States Department of Defense, the GPS utilizes a constellation of earth orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, and thus enables a GPS receiver to determine its location, speed/direction and time.
However, the GPS basically includes various operative errors, and the operative errors increase due to a variety of factors such as arrangements of satellites, weather conditions, buildings, and forests, which may affect a GPS signal reception. Most importantly, The GPS may not be feasible indoors because there are limitations in receiving a GPS signal.
Another example is a position tracking system utilizing a camera image. This stores an image of an already-known object in advance, and compares and matches the stored object image with an image that is obtained through a camera in order to search for a corresponding object, such that its existence and direction can be achieved.
However, this position tracking system is extremely sensitive to a lighting change. As a result, this may have a limitation in searching for a target object, because it is difficult to recognize direction, position, and a size change of the target object in a dark environment.
Furthermore, as circumstances require, the position tracking system may utilize a moving speed of a sound source, and also may place sound source sensors in a circular disposition by using a center axis as a reference line. Then, the position tracking system determines that the target object is disposed close to the one sound source sensor that first detects the sound source of the target object among the sound source sensors. However, this position tracking system is especially sensitive to surrounding noise because of its operating property that utilizes a sound source, and thus may not be appropriately functioned in general environments.
Reliability and performance of the position tracking system may vary according to surrounding environments.

Apparatus and method for tracing position and direction of target object through RF signal

Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute


A method embodiment for patterning a semiconductor device includes patterning a dummy layer over a hard mask to form one or more dummy lines. A sidewall aligned spacer is conformably formed over the one or more dummy lines and the hard mask. A first reverse material layer is formed over the sidewall aligned spacer. A first photoresist is formed and patterned over the first reverse material layer. The first reverse material layer using the first photoresist as a mask, wherein the sidewall aligned spacer is not etched. The one or more dummy lines are removed, and the hard mask is patterned using the sidewall aligned spacer and the first reverse material layer as a mask. A material used for forming the sidewall aligned spacer has a higher selectivity than a material used for forming the first reverse material layer.

With the increasing down-scaling of semiconductor devices, various processing techniques, such as, photolithography are adapted to allow for the manufacture of devices with increasingly smaller dimensions. However, as semiconductor processes require smaller process windows, the manufacture of these devices have approached and even surpassed the theoretical limits of photolithography equipment. As semiconductor devices continue to shrink, the spacing desired between elements (i.e., the pitch) of a device is less than the pitch that can be manufactured using traditional optical masks and photolithography equipment.
One approach used to achieve the higher resolutions to manufacture, for example, 40 nm or smaller devices, is to use multiple pattern lithography. For example, a "half pitch" (half of the minimum photolithographic pitch achievable in a traditional photolithography system) can be achieved by forming dummy lines (e.g., at a minimum available pitch), forming sidewall aligned spacers on the dummy lines, removing the dummy lines while leaving the spacers, and then using the spacers as patterning masks to transfer the desired pattern to underlying layers. In this manner, line spacing at approximately half the minimum pitch can be achieved.
The disposition of additional materials (e.g., reverse material layers) for additional lithography patterning and cutting may be performed on the spacers prior to the removal of the dummy lines. This additional patterning/cutting allows for greater variation and/or more complex patterns to be formed in semiconductors for back end of line (BEOL) processes with small pitches. However, traditional techniques for additional patterning/cutting rely on multiple planarization steps, which increase the achievable process window and increase manufacturing cost.

Lithography using high selectivity spacers for pitch reduction

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.


Method of fabricating polysilicon film includes forming insulating layer, first amorphous silicon layer, and cap layer over a substrate. An annealing is performed to transform the first amorphous silicon layer into first polysilicon layer with at least a hole. The cap layer is removed. A portion of the insulating layer within the hole is removed to form first opening within the insulating layer. The hole and the first opening constitute a second opening. A dielectric layer is formed over the first polysilicon layer. The dielectric layer also fills the second opening, causing a recess on the dielectric layer above the second opening. A second amorphous silicon layer is formed over the dielectric layer. A second annealing is performed to transform the second amorphous silicon layer into a second polysilicon layer. The second opening induces a thermal difference so as to cause a crystallizing direction for the second amorphous silicon layer.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method of fabricating Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD), and more particularly, relates to a method of fabricating a polysilicon film of TFT array in a TFT-LCD thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
An ordinary active TFT LCD array is generally categorized into polysilicon TFT and amorphous silicon TFT based materials used for making the TFT LCD, where a polysilicon (poly-Si) TFT being capable of integrating driving circuit thus provides a higher opening rate and lower fabrication cost than a corresponding amorphous silicon (a-Si) TFT. Another reason that polysilicon TFT technology is greatly promoted is that poly-Si TFT significantly reduces device feature size so that high image resolution can be achieved. In order to mass-produce polysilicon TFT-LCD, three primary conditions are low temperature (about 450 to 550° C.) process, low-temperature filming technology for high quality gate-insulator layer, and broad ion-implantation.
In view of the cost of a glass substrate, low temperature thin film process is adopted where Solid Phase Crystallization (SPC) is introduced thereby, yet the active temperature not only tends to be relatively higher than expected, which is around 600° C., but also causes degraded crystallization. Thus Excimer Laser Crystallization (ELC) or Excimer Laser Annealing (ELA) process that is applied to the foregoing low-temperature TFT process is developed, wherein an a-Si thin film is fused by laser scanning and is crystallized to poly-Si thin film.
Providing process temperature lower than 450° C. in ELC and providing higher electron mobility and lower current leakage than SPC in forming an amorphous silicon thin film, a less expensive glass substrate is introduced so as to reduce fabrication cost whereas better TFT device characteristic is obtained thereby.
Referring to FIG. 1A, a substrate 100 is provided. A first insulating layer 102 is formed on the substrate 100. Next, a photolithography etching is performed to form a first opening 104 in the first insulating layer 102. In the sub-micron technology, the photolithography technology is not applicable to the present micro TFT field, because the threshold feature of the first opening 104 using photolithography technique is about 1 micrometer, which is relatively large compared to the threshold crystal feature size for TFT thin film.
Attempts to resolve the issue is illustrated with reference to FIG. 1B. A second insulating layer 106 is further formed over the first insulating layer 102 and the first opening 104. The deposition of the second insulating layer 106 further shrinks the first opening 104 to a second opening 108 to satisfy the feature size requirement for polysilicon TFT crystallization.
Referring to FIG. 1C, an a-Si layer 110 is formed over the second insulating layer 106. Next, fuse and liquefy the a-Si layer 110 by an Excimer Laser 112.
Finally, referring to FIG. 1D, the fused liquefied silicon undergoes crystallization from the second opening 108 to transform the a-Si layer 110 into a poly-Si layer 114, which is suitable for forming source/drain and channel of a TFT therein.
However, problems in the foregoing process do exist, as described below. The forming of the first opening 104 in the foregoing process requires a mask process and an additional deposition step of forming the second insulating layer 106 adjusting to the size of the first opening 104, and therefore not only complication but also lowers throughput results.
Moreover, the scheme of depositing the second insulating layer 106 for adjusting to the size of the second opening 108 requires precise control of the process conditions, thus narrowing the processing tolerance window.


A mobile character control system includes a platform, a character assembly, a control system, and a transportation assembly. The platform is configured to support an operator. The character assembly is engaged with the platform and includes actuatable features configured to simulate movement of a creature. The control system is configured to control activation of the actuatable features of the character assembly in response to signals received from control features controlled by the operator. The transportation assembly is configured to direct movement of the platform and to support the character assembly.

The present disclosure relates generally to control systems and, more specifically, to a mobile character control system.
This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present disclosure, which are described below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
Generally, puppets, characters, marionettes, and/or other creatures may appear to move via actions of a performer, such as a puppeteer, and/or through mechanical actuators. In some cases, movement of the puppeteer may generate corresponding movement of the puppet, character, marionette, and/or creature, which may generate an illusion or impression that the puppet, character, marionette, and/or creature is alive. Similarly, actuators, motors, and/or other drives may be utilized to cause movement of the puppet, character, marionette, and/or creature in addition to, or in lieu of, movement of the performer. In some cases, movement of the puppet, character, marionette, and/or creature may be limited by the ability of the performer. Additionally or alternatively, an audience viewing the puppet, character, marionette, and/or creature may notice a performer controlling the actuators, motors, and/or drives, thereby reducing a sense of realness of the puppet, character, marionette, and/or creature.


A jump starting device having USB. For example, a handheld jump starting device having USB for boosting or charging a depleted or discharged battery. The handheld jump starting device, for example, can include a rechargeable lithium ion battery pack and a microcontroller. The lithium ion battery can be coupled to a power output port of the device through a power switch circuit actuated by the microcontroller.

Prior art devices are known for jump-starting a vehicle, which provide either a pair of electrical connector cables that connect a fully-charged battery of another vehicle to the engine start circuit of the dead battery vehicle, or portable booster devices which include a fully-charged battery which can be connected in circuit with the vehicle's engine starter through a pair of cables.
Problems with the prior art arose when either the jumper terminals or clamps of the cables were inadvertently brought into contact with each other while the other ends were connected to a charged battery, or when the positive and negative terminals were connected to the opposite polarity terminals in the vehicle to be jumped, thereby causing a short circuit resulting in sparking and potential damage to batteries and/or bodily injury.
Various attempts to eliminate these problems have been made in the prior art. U.S. Pat. No. 6,212,054 issued Apr. 3, 2001, discloses a battery booster pack that is polarity sensitive and can detect proper and improper connections before providing a path for electric current flow. The device uses a set of LEDs connected to optical couplers oriented by a control circuit. The control circuit controls a solenoid assembly controlling the path of power current. The control circuit causes power current to flow through the solenoid assembly only if the points of contact of booster cable clamp connections have been properly made.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,103 issued Oct. 14, 2003, discloses an adaptive booster cable connected with two pairs of clips, wherein the two pairs of clips are respectively attached to two batteries to transmit power from one battery to the other battery. The adaptive booster cable includes a polarity detecting unit connected to each clip, a switching unit and a current detecting unit both provided between the two pairs of clips. After the polarity of each clip is sensed by the polarity detecting unit, the switching unit generates a proper connection between the two batteries. Therefore, the positive and negative terminals of the two batteries are correctly connected based on the detected result of the polarity detecting unit.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,493,021 issued Jul. 23, 2013, discloses apparatus that monitors the voltage of the battery of a vehicle to be jump started and the current delivered by the jump starter batteries to determine if a proper connection has been established and to provide fault monitoring. Only if the proper polarity is detected can the system operate. The voltage is monitored to determine open circuit, disconnected conductive clamps, shunt cable fault, and solenoid fault conditions. The current through the shunt cable is monitored to determine if there is a battery explosion risk, and for excessive current conditions presenting an overheating condition, which may result in fire. The system includes an internal battery to provide the power to the battery of the vehicle to be jump started. Once the vehicle is started, the unit automatically electrically disconnects from the vehicle's battery.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,189,359 issued Feb. 23, 1993, discloses a jumper cable device having two bridge rectifiers for developing a reference voltage, a four-input decoder for determining which terminals are to be connected based on a comparison of the voltage at each of the four terminals to the reference voltage, and a pair of relays for effecting the correct connection depending on the determination of the decoder. No connection will be made unless only one terminal of each battery has a higher voltage than the reference voltage, indicating "positive" terminals, and one has a lower voltage than the reference voltage, indicating "negative" terminals, and that, therefore, the two high voltage terminals may be connected and the two lower voltage terminals may be connected. Current flows once the appropriate relay device is closed. The relay device is preferably a MOSFET combined with a series array of photodiodes that develop MOSFET gate-closing potential when the decoder output causes an LED to light.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,182 issued Aug. 18, 1998, discloses a polarity independent set of battery jumper cables for jumping a first battery to a second battery. The apparatus includes a relative polarity detector for detecting whether two batteries are configured cross or parallel. A three-position high current capacity crossbar pivot switch is responsive to the relative polarity detector for automatically connecting the plus terminals of the two batteries together and the minus terminals of the two batteries together regardless of whether the configuration detected is cross or parallel, and an undercurrent detector and a delay circuit for returning the device to its ready and unconnected state after the device has been disconnected from one of the batteries. The crossbar pivot switch includes two pairs of contacts, and a pivot arm that pivots about two separate points to ensure full electrical contact between the pairs of contacts. The invention can also be used to produce a battery charger that may be connected to a battery without regard to the polarity of the battery.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,492 issued Jul. 17, 2001, discloses a car battery jumper cable for accurately coupling an effective power source to a failed or not charged battery, which includes a relay switching circuit connected to the power source and the battery by two current conductor pairs. First and second voltage polarity recognition circuits are respectively connected to the power source and the battery by a respective voltage conductor pair to recognize the polarity of the power source and the battery. A logic recognition circuit produces a control signal subject to the polarity of the power source and the battery, and a driving circuit controlled by the control signal from the logic recognition circuit drives the relay switching circuit, enabling the two poles of the power source to be accurately coupled to the two poles of the battery.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,817 issued Jun. 3, 1997, discloses a vehicle battery charging device that includes a control housing having cables including a current limiting device to prevent exceeding of a predetermined maximum charging current of about 40 to 60 amps. The control housing includes a polarity detecting device to verify the correct polarity of the connection of the terminals of the two batteries and to electrically disconnect the two batteries if there is an incorrect polarity.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,199,024 issued Jun. 12, 2012, discloses a safety circuit in a low-voltage connecting system that leaves the two low-voltage systems disconnected until it determines that it is safe to make a connection. When the safety circuit determines that no unsafe conditions exist and that it is safe to connect the two low-voltage systems, the safety circuit may connect the two systems by way of a "soft start" that provides a connection between the two systems over a period of time that reduces or prevents inductive voltage spikes on one or more of the low-voltage systems. When one of the low-voltage systems has a completely-discharged battery incorporated into it, a method is used for detection of proper polarity of the connections between the low-voltage systems. The polarity of the discharged battery is determined by passing one or more test currents through it and determining whether a corresponding voltage rise is observed.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,793,185 issued Aug. 11, 1998, discloses a handheld jump starter having control components and circuits to prevent overcharging and incorrect connection to batteries.
While the prior art attempted solutions to the abovementioned problems as discussed above, each of the prior art solutions suffers from other shortcomings, either in complexity, cost or potential for malfunction. Accordingly, there exists a need in the art for further improvements to vehicle jump start devices.


Implantable medical devices, such as pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), are vulnerable to the powerful magnetic fields associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In particular, pulsed gradient components, if strong enough, can induce parasitic currents that may damage the device or cause parasitic pacing that may trigger an arrhythmia in the patient. The static magnetic field components of the MRI typically do not induce parasitic currents, even though they may be as strong as the pulsed gradient components. Accordingly, techniques are described herein for specifically addressing the pulsed gradient components of the MRI fields so as to reduce the risk of parasitic currents. In one example, a pacemaker switches to tri-state pacing outputs in the presence of strong pulsed gradient magnetic fields. The device continues with normal bi-state pacing outputs so long as the pulsed gradient fields are not strong, even in the presence of a strong static magnetic field. As an added safety feature, the pacemaker switches to fixed-rate ventricular pacing whenever strong static MRI fields are detected.

MRI is an effective, non-invasive technique for generating sharp images of the internal anatomy of the human body, which provides an efficient means for diagnosing disorders such as neurological and cardiac abnormalities and for spotting tumors and the like. Briefly, the patient is placed within the center of a large superconducting magnetic that generates a powerful static magnetic field. The static magnetic field causes protons within tissues of the body to align with an axis of the static field. A pulsed radio-frequency (RF) magnetic field is then applied causing the protons to begin to process around the axis of the static field. Pulsed gradient magnetic fields are then applied to cause the protons within selected locations of the body to emit RF signals, which are detected by sensors of the MRI system. Based on the RF signals emitted by the protons, the MRI system then generates a precise image of the selected locations of the body, typically image slices of organs of interest.
A significant problem with MRI is that its strong magnetic fields can interfere with the operation of any medical devices, particularly pacemakers or ICDs, implanted within the patient. Typically, pacemakers and ICDs include pulse generators for generating electrical pacing pulses and shocking circuits for generating stronger defibrillation shocks. A set of conductive leads connect the pulse generators and shocking circuits to electrodes implanted within the heart. An individual pacing pulse is applied by using the pulse generators to generate a voltage difference between a pair of the electrodes, typically between a tip electrode implanted within the right ventricle and the pacemaker housing or "can." A defibrillation shock is applied by using the shocking circuits to generate a much larger voltage difference between a pair of the electrodes, typically between a coil electrode implanted within the right ventricle and the pacemaker housing. The pulse generators, shocking circuits, leads and electrodes, as well as the tissue and fluids between the electrodes, collectively provide a conduction loop. During normal pacing operation of the device, current is permitted to flow around the conduction loop. The precise normal loop is from the pacing output circuitry through the pacing lead conductor to the lead tip, then into the right ventricular muscle, and then into the chest skeletal muscles and then back to the can and thence to the inner circuitry again. Care must be taken to ensure that defibrillation shocks do not induce currents within the pacing conduction loops, which might damage the pacing circuitry. This includes internal as well as external defibrillation shocks. Diodes and the like are used to prevent such damage.
State of the art pacemakers and ICDs exploit lead systems having numerous electrodes, thus presenting numerous possible conduction paths. Accordingly, diodes are provided along all vulnerable current pathways. Under normal operating conditions, these safeguards are helpful. However, the powerful magnetic fields of an MRI system can abuse these protection components and induce currents to flow around the pacing current paths by generating unwanted voltage differentials between various electrode pairs. The resulting currents and voltages can have severe consequences to the patient. In particular, the pulsed gradient components of the MRI can include currents among the conduction paths sufficient to trigger unwanted pulses or shocks. These are referred to as parasitic currents. The resulting rapid pulses could, in certain cases, induce life-threatening fibrillation of the heart. The RF fields are not a problem as such fields do not stimulate cardiac cells and are blocked by bypass capacitors in the pacemaker or ICD and hence do not enter the device.
Another significant concern is that the induced voltages are sensed by the pacemaker as heartbeats. In most pacing modes, such as VVI or DDI, the pacemaker then assumes that the heart needs no help and will then block its pacing output (i.e. delivery of a pacing pulse is inhibited.) This could cause a "pacing dependent" patient to pass out or die. VVI and DDI are standard device codes that identify the mode of operation of the device. Others standard modes include DDD, VDD and VOO. Briefly, DDD indicates a device that senses and paces in both the atria and the ventricles and is capable of both triggering and inhibiting functions based upon events sensed in the atria and the ventricles. VDD indicates a device that sensed in both chambers but only paces in the ventricle. A sensed event on the atrial channel triggers a ventricular output after a programmable delay. VVI indicates that the device is capable of pacing and sensing only in the ventricles and is only capable of inhibiting the functions based upon events sensed in the ventricles. DDI is identical to DDD except that the device is only capable of inhibiting functions based upon sensed events, rather than triggering functions. As such, the DDI mode is a non-tracking mode precluding its triggering ventricular outputs in response to sensed atrial events. VOO identifies fixed-rate ventricular pacing, which ignores any potentially sensed cardiac signals. This mode is quite different from the aforementioned "demand" modes, which only pace when the pacemaker determines that the heart is "demanding" pacing. Numerous other device modes of operation are possible, each represented by standard abbreviations of this type.
Various methods have been proposed to address the effects of interference by MRI systems on implantable medical devices. Typically, such safeguard techniques operate to detect the strong fields associated with an MRI and then switch sensing modes or pacing modes in response thereto. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application 2003/0083570 to Cho et al.; U.S. Patent Application 2003/0144704 to Terry et al.; U.S. Patent Application 2003/0144705 to Funke; U.S. Patent Application 2003/0144706 also to Funke and U.S. Pat. No. 6,795,730 to Connelly, et al., entitled "MRI-Resistant Implantable Device."
Heretofore, however, it does not appear that the typical techniques for safeguarding implantable medical devices from MRI fields properly distinguish among the different types of magnetic fields generated during MRI. Typical techniques merely monitor for a strong magnetic field and, if one is detected, safeguard procedures are then initiated by the implanted device. However, the effects on the patient and on the implanted device can vary depending upon the particular field being applied. One technique that at least addresses the distinction among the different types of MRI fields is set forth in U.S. Patent Application 2004/0088012 of Kroll et al., entitled "Implantable Stimulation Device With Isolating System For Minimizing Magnetic Induction," which is incorporated by reference herein. Techniques are described therein that employ separate magnetic field sensors and RF signal sensors. In one example, safeguard procedures are activated only if both sensors detect strong fields, thus reducing risks of false MRI detection. In other examples, safeguard procedures are activated if either a strong magnetic field or a strong RF signal is detected. However, room for improvement remains. In particular, the aforementioned technique of Kroll et al. does not distinguish between static magnetic fields and pulsating gradient magnetic fields. The static magnetic field of an MRI system typically does not induce parasitic currents, whereas the pulsating gradient components can induce such currents. Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to provide improved MRI safeguarding techniques that distinguish between static magnetic fields and pulsating gradient magnetic fields and it is to this end that the invention is generally directed.

System and method for responding to pulsed gradient magnetic fields using an implantable medical device


A system and method for estimating a motion vector for transcoding digital video is presented. The method includes selecting a direction of an adjustment vector for estimation of a motion vector within a search region, and selecting the adjustment vector having a minimum SAD (sum absolute distance) within the search region.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to digital video and, more particularly, to a method for estimating a motion vector for transcoding digital video.
2. Description of the Related Art
Video standards and display resolution of terminals receiving video and networks for transmitting video vary, need for transcoding digital video is gradually increasing.
Transcoding is a technique of converting, for example, the format or the size of a video stream for reproduction at different terminals. A first type of transcoding converts a bit stream coded in one video standard into a different video standard. A second type of transcoding converts resolution of video to be compatiable with a display of a receiving terminal. A third type of transcoding converts transmission bit rate of video so as to be suitable for a bandwidth of a network for transmitting the video.
Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional video transcoder includes a decoder 10 for decoding an input bit stream, a signal processor 20 for processing a signal to transcode a signal outputted from the decoder 10, and a coder 30 for estimating and encoding a motion vector of a signal outputted from the signal processor 20. An optimum motion vector is set through motion estimation. Estimation of a motion vector in the video coding is a very complex process as well as in transcoding.
According to conventional video decoding, a transcoder receives from an inputted bit stream that is a compressed video stream. The transcoder selects a base motion vector (BMV) from motion vectors obtained from the inputted bit stream. For estimation of motion vectors, a search region is set around the base motion vector. The search region has a window width approximately two pixels surrounding the base motion vector.
A search is performed within the search region to obtain a sum-and-difference (SAD) between the base motion vector and each pixel of the search region. The motion vector is estimated by using the full search method. A motion vector of a pixel is selected that has the smallest SAD among the calculated SADs. The base motion vector and the motion vector of a pixel with the smallest SAD are summed to create an estimated motion vector. The calculation complexity is increased depending on the number of pixels calculated in the search region. In this example, 25 calculations are required to calculate the SADs associated with 25 pixels.
Therefore, there is a need for improved system and method for estimating motional vectors that overcomes the above problems and provides advantages over conventional coding systems.

System and method for estimating motion vector for transcoding digital video