The present invention provides a method of providing an individual with a biological factor or intermediate thereof which comprises introducing into the individual Sertoli cells genetically altered to produce the biological factor or intermediate thereof. The genetically altered Sertoli cells are administered in an amount effective to produce the desired effect. Aside from producing the biological factor or intermediate thereof, the engineered Sertoli cells also create an immunologically privileged site. Vectors comprising a promoter which functions in Sertoli cells operably linked to coding sequence for a desired biological factor are also provided as are Sertoli cells comprising such vectors. A pharmaceutical composition comprising Sertoli cells genetically altered to produce a biological factor is also provided.

Certain chronic diseases destroy the functional cells in affected organs. Individuals with such diseases are often unable to produce proteins or other biological products necessary to maintain homeostasis and usually require numerous exogenous substances to survive. Transplanting healthy organs or cells into an individual suffering from such a disease may be necessary to save the individual's life. This type of therapy is generally regarded as a last alternative to curing an otherwise fatal condition. Such transplants, however, are often rejected by the body due to an immune response initiated in response to the foreign tissue or cells. Presently, the only recourse to combat this immune response is to administer chronic nonspecific immunosuppression agents. The use of nonspecific immunosuppression agents however, is fraught with unwanted side effects such as increased susceptibility to infection, hypertension, renal failure and tumor growth.
In the fields of cell and organ transplantation, Selawry et al., have demonstrated that Sertoli cells can be used to create an artificial privileged environment when isolated from the testes and then transplanted into heterologous sites. Privileged environments have been created using both allogeneic and xenogeneic Sertoli cells. Rajotte and Korbutt, 1997 Diabetes 46: 317-322. Similarly, both rat Sertoli cell allografts and porcine Sertoli cell xenografts have been shown to survive for at least two months in the rat brain without cyclosporin A immunosuppression. Saporta, S. et al., 1997 Exp. Neurology 146(2):299-304. Selawry, et al., have also demonstrated the immunoprotection of islet cells placed in the rat kidney capsule when cotransplanted with Sertoli cells. Long term islet survival and functional recovery in a diabetic rat model have been demonstrated. Selawry, H., et al., 1993 Cell Transplant 2:123-129. It has recently been suggested that Sertoli cells express an immunosuppressant factor, Fas ligand (Fas-L), responsible all or in part for providing the testis with its immunoprivileged status. Sandberg, P. R., et al., 1997 Cell Transplantation 6(2):191-193; Saporta, S., et al., supra.
Immune rejection of genetically altered cells during gene therapy also remains a problem. In order to overcome the problem, autologous cells, i.e., a patient's own cells, may be used. In fact, most of the currently approved human gene therapy protocols depend on genetic alteration of autologous cells. Such cells however, may be difficult to obtain due to the diseased state of the patient and are often destroyed during harvesting. Those cells that survive harvesting are often difficult to grow in vitro and require complicated culture conditions and purification methodologies.
There is a need, therefore, for compositions and methods for producing a biological factor in a subject wherein cells which are genetically altered to produce the biological factor are readily available and more easily manipulated in vitro. In addition, the need exists for compositions and methods for producing a biological factor in a subject who receives allogeneic or xenopeneic cells which do not trigger an immune response requiring chronic immunosuppression.

Production of a biological factor and creation of an immunologically privileged environment using genetically altered Sertoli cells


A method and system provides reversibility of an operation performed by a user of an application program and associated with a modification to an object model of the application program, such as a spreadsheet program or other office productivity application program. The top item of a first undo stack associated with the application program is determined, saved, and copied to a second stack functioning as a replicated undo stack. According to one aspect of the invention, such steps are performed prior to calling an object model method that clears the first undo stack. The top item of the second replicated undo stack is placed back onto the first undo stack.

Microsoft® Excel, part of the Microsoft® Office application suite, is one of the best-known examples of an office productivity application program. Excel is a menu-driven spreadsheet system that enables a user to create reports for manipulation and analysis of data. An Excel worksheet includes a grid of cells that specify particular constraints imposed on data. A cell may include a constant data value or a formula that evaluates to a data value. An important feature of certain office productivity applications, including Excel and other Microsoft® Office applications, is their capacity to be extended by macro commands and "add-ins". In Excel, a macro is a series of commands stored as a Microsoft® Visual Basic® module. Add-ins are supplemental programs that provide enhanced, optional or customized features.
Office productivity applications typically provide the user with some ability to undo commands or actions performed by the user by way of the application user interface, and to redo undone actions. For example, when an Excel user types a value into a worksheet cell, this input action ordinarily can be undone, either by clicking "Undo" on the Edit menu or by using an Undo tool on the standard toolbar. In such applications, the undo operation is typically implemented by way of a stack. The items on the undo stack represent tracked, reversible user interface operations. Ordinarily, at a given time the top item on the undo stack is available to be undone. Each other item on the undo stack cannot be undone until it becomes the top of the stack.
In Excel and similarly-designed programs, operations associated with macros and add-ins that interact with the object model exposed by the application are not automatically tracked in the undo stack. In the Excel object model, an item can be set as the next item available for Undo (that is, the item is pushed on the stack). By design, most modifications to the Excel object model clear the Excel undo stack as a side effect. Thus, pushing an item on the undo stack causes that item to become the sole item on the stack. This may be undesirable for the user because, in the course of ordinary user interaction with an add-in, object model modifications that occur typically do not change the state of the spreadsheet as experienced by the user. Undoable operations are thus not treated in a consistent manner.

Method and system for enabling undo across object model modifications


A sliding surface 4A of a shoe 4 undergoes laser radiation in a shape of a large number of parallel lines to form a large number of swollen portions 6 and concave portions 7 in adjacent positions thereof. The swollen portions 6 and the inner side thereof become direct-hardened portions 11 with a high hardness and the concave portions 7 and the inner side thereof become double-hardened portions 12, which are lower in hardness than the swollen portions 6.

Conventionally, a swash plate compressor comprising a swash plate and a hemispheric shoe sliding thereon is known (see Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2, for example).
The above-described hemispheric shoe is configured by a sliding surface that slides on the above-described swash plate and a hemispheric convex surface that is formed in a hemispheric shape. The above-described sliding surface is formed to present a center-tall shape so that the center portion gets slightly higher than the outer periphery by around several μm.
Thus, conventionally, by making the sliding surface of a shoe in a center-tall shape, a swash plate and a shoe are caused to create a slight gap into which lubrication oil is introduced to form an oil film. Thereby, friction between the swash plate and the shoe is reduced.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-153169
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-317757

Abstract: After the laser hardening, the sliding surface 4A undergoes lapping up to a position of an imaginary line 15 to delete the relief and form a flat and smooth plane. Thereafter the sliding surface 4A undergoes buffing so that portions with a low hardness are chipped off more than portions with a high hardness to form a large number of minute irregularities on the sliding surface 4A.


A method for welding tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger, including forming ring-shaped tube sheet grooves on the tube sheet at the shell side, inserting tube joint members into the tube insertion holes of the tube sheet, producing ring wires by cutting a welding wire into pieces and bending the pieces into a ring shape, affixing the ring wire to the outer circumference of one end of the tube, inserting the end of the tube into the tube sheet such that the end of the tube contacts one end of the tube joint member and is located within the recessed distance range of the tube sheet groove, and performing shell side welding by inserting a welding torch into the tube joint member and welding the end of the tube joint member, the end of the tube and the joint part to the tube sheet at the shell side using the ring wire as filler metal.

A shell and tube heat exchanger includes two tube sheets and a plurality of tubes connecting the tube sheets and is configured to be enclosed by a cylindrical body, i.e., a shell. The shell and tube heat exchanger is used in various types of heat exchange, such as heating, cooling, condensation, evaporation, etc.
In general, a shell and tube heat exchanger is configured such that different fluids are introduced into and discharged from a tube side and a shell side and the fluid at the tube side and the fluid at the shell side exchange heat, as exemplarily shown in FIG. 1. As a movement path of the fluid at the shell side, the fluid at the shell side is introduced into a shell side inlet (S-S-I), zigzags through a plurality of baffle plates 30 formed in the shell, and is discharged to the outside through a shell side outlet (S-S-O). The tubes 10 are welded to tube sheets 20 provided at both sides of the shell so as to prevent mixing of the fluid in the tube 10 and the fluid in the shell. As a movement path of the fluid at the tube side, the fluid at the tube side is introduced into a tube side inlet (T-S-I), introduced into the tubes 10 passing through the inside of the shell, exchanges heat with the fluid in the shell, and is then discharged to the outside through a tube side outlet (T-S-O).
Here, in order to prevent mixing of the different fluids at the shell side and at the tube side, the tubes 10 passing through the inside of the shell should be completely isolated from the inside of the shell and, thus, the tubes 10 are welded to two tube sheets 20 symmetrically formed at both sides of the shell to face each other.
As a prior art document (patent document 1), Korean Patent Registration No. 10-1298703 discloses a welding method of the tube sheets 20 and the tubes 20 of the shell and tube heat exchanger. That is, as exemplarily shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of tube insertion holes H is formed on the tube sheets 20, and the tubes 10 are expanded under the condition that the tubes 10 are respectively inserted into the tube insertion holes H of the tube sheets 20, and thus fixed to the tube sheets 20. Thereafter, tube side welding is carried out between the tubes 10 and the tube sheets 20, thereby combining the tubes 10 and the tube sheets 20. Here, tube side welding refers to welding to prevent a fluid introduced into and discharged from the tubes 10 from permeating into gaps between the tubes 10 and the tube sheets 20, and is performed at outer regions (i.e., regions contacting the fluid introduced into and discharged from the tube side) when the tubes 10 and the tube sheets 20 are combined.
Although the tubes 10 are expanded and then tube side welding is carried out, the tube sheets 20 and the tubes 10 at the shell side do not completely contact each other, fine gaps therebetween are generated, and cracks are formed in the tube 10 due to corrosion through the gaps. In order to overcome such a problem, tube grooves 12 and tube sheet grooves 22 are respectively formed on the tube sheets 20. The tube groove 12 receives a designated portion of the tube 10 when the tube 10 is expanded and thus serves to increase combining force, and the tube sheet groove 22 serves to facilitate shell side welding.
The tube groove 12 is formed on the inner surface of the tube insertion hole H of the tube sheet 20 and allows the tube 10 to be more closely combined with the tube sheet 20 when the tube 10 is inserted into the tube insertion hole H and then expanded. Thereafter, shell side welding is carried out. Shell side welding refers to welding to prevent a fluid introduced into the shell side from permeating into gaps between the tubes 10 and the tube sheets 20 so as to prevent generation of cracks in the tube 10 and corrosion of the tube 10 due to the fluid, and is performed at inner regions (i.e., regions contacting the fluid introduced into and discharged from the shell side) when the tubes 10 and the tube sheets 20 are combined. The tube sheet grooves 22 are formed on the inner surfaces of the tube sheets 20 and shell side welding is carried out using a welding torch T. The tube 10, i.e., a base material, is directly welded to a tube sheet lower end joint part 23 at the outside of the tube sheet 20 by the welding torch T.
Here, the reason why the tube sheet grooves 22 are formed on the side surface of the tube sheet 20 is that, during shell side welding, it is not necessary to heat the entirety of the tube sheet 20 but only the tube sheet lower end joint parts 23 formed at the tube sheet grooves 22 may be heated to achieve welding. Since the thickness of the tubes 10 is about 1.5 to 2 mm, if the tube sheet lower end joint parts 23 formed by the tube sheet grooves 22 have the same thickness as the tubes 10, although welding may be carried out by locally heating only the tube sheet lower end joint parts 23 not by heating the entirety of the tube sheet 20, thereby reducing consumption of heat required for welding and thus increasing welding efficiency. Further, the tube sheet groove 22 formed on the side surface of the tube sheet 20 is spaced from the tube insertion hole H, into which the tube 10 is inserted, by a predetermined distance and formed in an arc shape around the tube insertion hole H.
Welding between the tube sheets 20 and the inner sides of the tubes 10 and welding between the tube sheets 20 and outer sides of the tubes 10, i.e., tube side (outer side) welding and shell side (inner side) welding between the tube sheets 20 and the tubes 10, are respectively carried out and, here, any one of tube side (outer side) welding and shell side (inner side) welding may be carried out first.
However, in the prior art document (patent document 1), during shell side welding, the tubes 10 are directly welded to the tube sheet lower end joint parts 23, formed by the tube sheet grooves 22, at the outside of the tube sheet 20 by the welding torch T and, in this case, several tens to hundreds of tubes 10 are welded to the shell side of the tube sheet 20. Therefore, direct welding of the tubes 10 to the outer side of the tube sheet 20 is desirable but, in order to weld a plurality of tubes 10 to the tube sheet 20, it is difficult to assure a space for access of the welding torch T to the tube sheets 20 and thereby regions in which welding is not possible are generated. That is, in order to directly weld the outer sides of the tubes 10 to the shell side of the tube sheet 20 using the welding torch T, welding of tubes 10 located at the edge region of the tube sheet 20 is possible but, when other adjacent tubes 10 or other tubes 10 located at the central region of the tube sheet 20 are welded to the tube sheet 20, interference between the tube 10 and the tube 10 occurs and thus welding is difficult, welding efficiency is lowered and complete welding operation is difficult.
As another prior art document (patent document 2), Korean Patent Laid-open Publication No. 10-2013-0081440 is described. That is, as exemplarily shown in FIG. 2, in order to prevent generation cracks and corrosion in tubes 10 due to permeation of a fluid at a shell side into gaps between tubes 10 and tube sheets 20, welding W is carried out by inserting a welding torch T into a tube 10 during shell side welding. The welding torch T is inserted into the tube 10, welding heat is first applied to the tube 10, i.e., a base material, and indirectly transmitted to a tube sheet lower end joint part 23 formed by a sheet groove 22 via the tube 10, thereby performing welding between the tube 10 and the tube sheet lower end joint part 23 of the tube sheet 20.
Here, the reason why the welding torch T is inserted into the tube 10 to perform welding is that, if a plurality of tubes 10 inserted into the tube sheet 20 is welded directly using the welding torch T at the outside of the shell side, it is difficult for the welding torch T to access a narrow space between the tube 10 and the tube 10 and, even if welding is carried out using the welding torch T, a defect may be generated and thus the welding torch T is inserted into the tube 10 to perform welding.
Further, welding between the tube sheets 20 and the inner sides of the tubes 10 and welding between the tube sheets 20 and outer sides of the tubes 10, i.e., tube side (outer side) welding and shell side (inner side) welding between the tube sheets 20 and the tubes 10, are respectively carried out and, here, any one of tube side (outer side) welding and shell side (inner side) welding may be carried out first.
In the prior art document shown in FIG. 2 (patent document 2), during shell side welding, the welding touch T is inserted into the tube 10 to perform welding under the condition that the tubes 10 are inserted into the tube sheets 20. However, since welding heat of the welding touch T is not directly transmitted to the tube sheet lower end joint part 23 of the tube sheet 20 welded to the outer circumferential surface of the tube 10 but welding heat is indirectly transmitted to the tube sheet lower end joint part of the tube sheet 20 via the tube 10, cracks in the tube 10 and welding defects may be generated due to a difficulty in accurate transmission of welding heat to the tube sheet lower end joint part 23, thus lowering productivity.
Further, in the above-described conventional prior arts, since the tube grooves 12 are formed on the tube sheets 20 and, when the tubes 10 are expanded, designated portions of the tubes 10 are inserted into the tube grooves 12 to increase combining force, the tubes grooves 12 should be separately formed on the tube sheets 20, a process of expanding the tubes 10 is required and, thus, manufacturing costs are increased.
In order to solve such problems, as yet another prior art document (patent document 3) filed by the applicant, Korean Patent Registration No. 10-1359778 entitled "Welding method of shell and tubes" is given. However, in addition to the above-described prior art documents, patent document 3 still has problems, such as no use of a welding rod caused by possibility of only welding between base materials due to a narrow spatial limitation, impossibility of acquiring the best weld quality, oxidization or nitrification and corrosion due to extended use.


A new and distinct Lobularia cultivar named ‘DLOBUBPINK’ is disclosed, characterized by long lasting light lavender-pink flowers, semi-trailing and freely branching form, with good vigor and strong structure. The new variety is a Lobularia, normally produced as an outdoor garden or container plant.

The new Lobularia cultivar is a product of a planned breeding program conducted by the inventor, Gavriel Danziger, in Moshav Mishmar Hashiva, Israel. The objective of the breeding program was to produce new Lobularia varieties for ornamental commercial applications. The open pollination resulting in this new variety was made during March of 2012.
The seed parent is the, unpatented, proprietary variety referred to as Lobularia 'AY-12-414'. The pollen parent is unknown as it was an open pollination breeding program. The new variety was discovered in January of 2013 by the inventor in a group of seedlings resulting from the 2012 crossing, in a research greenhouse in Moshav Mishmar Hashiva, Israel.
Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar was performed by vegetative cuttings. This was first performed at a research greenhouse in Moshav Mishmar Hashiva, Israel in March of 2013 and has shown that the unique features of this cultivar are stable and reproduced true to type in more than 10 successive generations.


A sprinkler includes a housing having a water inlet and a water outlet. A plug is slidably secured in the housing and may be moved toward and away from the water outlet for adjusting outlet water quantity. A block is rotatably supported in the housing and has a helical groove for engaging with the plug and for moving the plug forward and rearward relative to the water outlet. The water outlet quantity may thus be adjusted for allowing much water to sprinkle the farther area and for allowing less water to sprinkle the closer area to the sprinkler.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sprinkler, and more particularly to a sprinkler having varying or changing water outlet.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Typical sprinklers comprise a water outlet which may be rotated for allowing the outlet water to sprinkle for a wider range. The distal area to the sprinkler normally covers a wider range or area and requires much more water for sprinkling the whole area, and the area closer to the sprinkler normally covers a less range or area and requires less water for sprinkling the closer area. However, the quantity of the outlet water may not be changed or adjusted, such that the distal area may not be supplied with much water and the closer area to the sprinkler may not be supplied with less water.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional sprinklers.

Wen Gin Tsuen, Fang Yuan Hsiang, Chang Hua Hsien


Provided is a method for generating MRI data including applying, by an MRI computing device, an RF excitation pulse, and completing, by the MRI computing device, a K-space by acquiring a plurality of phase encoding line groups, in a state in which any other RF excitation pulse is not applied after applying the RF excitation pulse, in which each of the plurality of phase encoding line groups includes a plurality of phase encoding lines, and an absolute value of an average phase encoding size of a phase encoding line group acquired earlier is not greater than an absolute value of an average phase encoding size of a phase encoding line group acquired later, among the plurality of phase encoding line groups.

The present disclosure relates to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to a single-shot centric-reordered EPI (1sh-CenEPI) technique capable of improving a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for magnetization-prepared imaging by significantly reducing echo time (TE).
Single-shot echo plane imaging (1sh-EPI) is a representative high-speed MR imaging technique in which rapidly oscillating readout gradients and phase encoding (PE) blips are integrated to obtain a whole two-dimensional K-space in a single radio frequency (RF) excitation. Therefore, the 1sh-EPI is widely used as a readout sequence for various MR imaging techniques that require high temporal resolution, such as diffusion, perfusion, and fMRI. However, the 1sh-EPI is inherently limited to linear phase encoding (PE) order due to the special zigzag K-space trajectory moving from one edge to another by using unipolar/unistep phase encoding blips. Since the echo time (TE) of 1sh-EPI is the period between the moment at which the center of the RF pulse is acquired and the moment at which the K-space center is acquired, the linearly ordered 1sh-EPI (1sh-LinEPI) has a relatively long echo time (>30 ms, without parallel imaging) as compared with other gradient echo sequences.
Since the echo time (TE) determines how much a signal is attenuated prior to image acquisition, centric phase encoding order is preferred over linear PE order in most magnetization-prepared imaging techniques (e.g., diffusion, perfusion, magnetization transfer, or inversion recovery imaging). In the common method for reducing the echo time in 1sh-EPI, only a part of the K-space (>50%) is acquired and a partial Fourier is utilized that reconstructs the whole K-space using Hermitian symmetry. The multi-shot segmented acquisition may also be an alternative method in which a segment of K-space is encoded with RF pulse excitation and multiple RF excitations are used to encode the whole K-space. In particular, a 2-shot center-output EPI (2sh-CenEPI) has been presented to increase the SNR of the perfusion signals by reducing the echo time. However, 2sh-CenEPI is generally not suitable for magnetization-prepared imaging, which requires repeated measurements to compensate for the low SNR, and thus requires a lot of preparation time for multi-shot imaging. The method described above in turn prolongs the whole scan time proportional to the number of shots.
In a previous study, phase encoding grouping has been presented to mitigate eddy-current artifacts in centric-reordered balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP). N Consecutive phase encoding lines obtained by combining the existing centric and linear phase encoding orders are linearly encoded as a group, and several phase encoding groups encode the K-space from center to edge in a pseudo-centric manner. Through this method, the number of sudden jumps along the phase encoding direction has been reduced to 1/N, and thus dephasing due to eddy currents has been reduced accordingly.
Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2017-0024243 discloses a method of acquiring MRI data according to a linear phase encoding order, centric phase encoding order, pairing phase encoding order, dAVE phase encoding order, and alternating linear phase encoding order method. The contents disclosed in Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2017-0024243 may be utilized as basic data to help the understanding of the present disclosure.

Single-shot pseudo-centric epi method for magnetization-prepared imaging

KOREA ADVANCED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


The packaging structure for a semiconductor device according to this invention is formed by mounting a semiconductor chip 1 on a wiring board 4 to connect it to the electrodes 5 of the wiring board 4, and filling a sealing resin 7, obtained by mixing a filler material 8 for lowering the coefficient of thermal expansion in a base resin, in the gap formed between the semiconductor device and the wiring board. The sealing resin 7 is separated to a first part 9 with small amount of the filler material and is composed mostly of the base resin, and a second part 10 with an amount of the filler material more than in the first part. With this constitution, the second part is consists of a material with smaller coefficient of thermal expansion than that of the first part. The first part and the second part are separated after completion of the filling of the sealing resin 7. The separation can be carried out with high efficiency by utilizing the centrifugal force produced in the rotation of the entirety of the semiconductor device and the wiring board.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a packaging structure for packaging a semiconductor device on a wiring board and its mounting method, and more particularly to a packaging structure for packaging a semiconductor device according to flip-chip method and its packaging method.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In recent years, the structure for packaging semiconductor devices on a wiring board with high density is being simplified accompanying the reduction in the size and cost of the electronic equipment. As a high density packaging structure for the semiconductor devices having such a simplified constitution, there is proposed a flip-chip method.
The packaging structure for the semiconductor device according to the conventional flip-chip method is disclosed in a paper entitled "Leadless Bare Chip Packaging Technology and Its Application to MCM-L", Mate "96, February, 1996, pp. 193-196 and in a paper entitled "General Electronic Components for Packaging", Nikkei Micro-devices, March issue, March, 1996, pp. 146-147.
In the conventional packaging structure for the semiconductor device as shown in FIG. 10, a semiconductor chip 1 is packaged on a wiring board 4 in flip-chip mode, and Au bumps 3 on chip electrodes 2 and solder bumps 6 on board electrodes 5 are connected with each other. Further, a sealing resin 15 is filled in the gap between the semiconductor chip 1 and the wiring board 4, where a filler material such as spherical silica (SiO.sub.2) is uniformly dispersed in the sealing resin.
In the conventional packaging structure for the semiconductor device, when a printed board having a glass epoxy as the base material is used as the wiring board, the coefficients of thermal expansion of the printed board and the semiconductor chip which is generally made of silicon, with values of about 3.times.10.sup.-6 m/.degree. C. and about 14.times.10.sup.-6 m/.degree. C., respectively, differ to a large extent. The large difference of the coefficient of thermal expansion gives rise to a stress in connection parts of the electrodes and the bumps of respective components. If a resin is used as the material for the wiring board, the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion is further increased and the stress is increased correspondingly. Accordingly, it becomes necessary to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of the sealing resin after curing in order to relax the stress in the connection parts. In order to suppress the coefficient of thermal expansion of the sealing resin to a smaller range, it is necessary to mix a filler, such as spherical silica, which is a material of low coefficient of thermal expansion, to a base resin of the sealing resin.
However, an increase in mixing ratio of the filler leads to problems such as those in the following. Namely, when the mixing ratio of the filler in the sealing resin is increased, the overall viscosity of the resin goes up. In filling the sealing resin into the gap between the semiconductor chip and the wiring board, the capillary phenomenon is generally utilized. So when the viscosity of the resin becomes high, there is required a longer time for filling the resin and the productivity is deteriorated. Moreover, in a structure of fine pad pitch smaller than 120 .mu.m, filling of the sealing resin may become impossible when the viscosity of the sealing resin is too high.
Furthermore, when the mixing ratio of the filler in the sealing resin is raised, the area, over which the base resin of the sealing resin is adhered to the circuit plane of the semiconductor chip, becomes small due to the presence of a large number of filler particles on the circuit plane of the semiconductor chip. Accordingly, the adhesive power to the semiconductor chip of the sealing resin becomes small, which results in such problems as defective connection parts and corrosion of aluminum in the chip pads.

Structure and method for packaging a semiconductor device


A titanium silicide (4) covers surfaces of P.sup.+ -type diffusion region (7) and N.sup.+ -type diffusion region (8) to electrically connect the diffusion regions (7, 8) through the titanium silicide (4), and a surface of the titanium silicide (4) is covered with an insulation film (10). A power supply potential applied to a metal wire (2) is thereby applied to an N.sup.+ -type diffusion region (6), an N well (12) and the N.sup.+ -type diffusion region (8) through a contact hole (3) and further supplied for the P.sup.+ -type diffusion region (7) serving as a source region of PMOS transistor through the titanium silicide (4). That eliminates the need for providing any contact for supplying the diffusion regions 7 and 8 with the power supply potential to attain reduction in layout size, while preventing a latch-up. Thus, the N well-source structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit device including an SRAM with Full CMOS structure eliminates the need for providing a contact on the surfaces of the P.sup.+ -type diffusion region and the N.sup.+ -type diffusion region, to attain reduction in layout size.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit device, and more particularly to an interconnection in a complementary static RAM and the like and a method of manufacturing a static memory cell.
2. Description of the Background Art
FIGS. 18 and 19 show an example of N-type well-source structure in a memory cell of a prior-art Full CMOS SRAM, for example, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication 1-44023. FIG. 18 is a schematic plan view illustrating a pattern wiring of a memory cell in such an SRAM, and FIG. 19 is a cross section of FIG. 18 along the line C-C'.
In FIGS. 18 and 19, a one-bit memory cell 1P of a static RAM, metal wires (1AL) 2P and 14P for making a contact, contact holes 3P, 15P, 22 and 23, a GND wiring layer 5P to which a ground potential is applied, N.sup.+ -type diffusion regions 6P and 8P, P.sup.+ -type diffusion regions 7P and 9P, a silicon oxide film 10P serving as an insulation film, an insulator 11P for electrically isolating the diffusion regions 6p and 7P and the like, an N-type well 12P to form a PMOS region and a P-type substrate 13P are shown.
Referring to FIG. 19, a path for supplying the static memory cell 1P with a power supply potential (V.sub.DD) will be described. When the power supply potential V.sub.DD is applied to the metal wire 2P by an external wire not shown to which the power supply potential is applied, the power supply potential V.sub.DD is applied to the N well 12P from the metal wire 2P through the contact hole 3P and the N.sup.+ -type diffusion region 6P, and further applied to the P.sup.+ -type diffusion region 7P serving as a source region of PMOS transistor from the N well 12P through the N.sup.+ -type diffusion region 8P, the contact hole 22, the metal wire 14P and the contact hole 15P.
The N-type well-source structure is effective for improvement in withstand latch-up voltage, as already recited in the Japanese Patent Publication 1-44023. Specifically discussing, an emitter potential of a PNP transistor consisting of the P-type substrate 13P, the N well 12P and the P.sup.+ -type diffusion region 7P, which is supplied through the N well 12P, the N.sup.+ -type diffusion region 8P, the contact hole 22 and the metal wire 14P, is necessarily lower than a base potential of the PNP transistor which is the same as the potential at the N well 12P. Therefore, no forward bias is applied between the emitter and base of PNP transistor, and accordingly a latch-up can be prevented.
The prior-art Full CMOS SRAM with the above structure can prevent a latch-up, but raises the following problem. Specifically, as shown in the prior art of FIGS. 18 and 19, the N.sup.+ -type diffusion region 8P and the P.sup.+ -type diffusion region 7P form a PN junction and are not electrically connected. To supply the source region of PMOS transistor in the N well 12P with a source potential, the two diffusion regions 7P and 8P need to be electrically connected by providing the contact hole 22, the metal wire 14P and the contact hole 15P on the way of the supply path. Provision of such interconnection region disadvantageously results in enlargement of the layout size.
For example, sizes L1 and L2 shown in FIG. 19 have to be set depending on diameters of the contact holes 22 and 15P, respectively. To arrange the contact holes 22 and 15P with relatively low accuracy for manufacturing simplicity, the sizes L1 and L2 need to be set sufficiently larger than the diameters of the contact holes 22 and 15P, respectively. As shown in FIG. 18, also in a direction of Y, the width W of the diffusion regions 7P and 8P need to be set sufficiently larger than the diameters of the contact holes 15P and 22, for manufacturing convenience. Therefore, the surface area of the N.sup.+ -type diffusion region 8P and the like must be inevitably larger.
The problem as above rises not only in a case of N well-source structure shown in FIGS. 18 and 19 but also in a case of ground interconnection of memory cells of Full CMOS SRAM with P-type well-source structure.
Accordingly, provision of well-source structure in SRAM memory cells with Full CMOS structure, generally, ensures improvement in withstand latch-up voltage, but on the other hand, disadvantageously increases the layout size of the diffusion regions to form a well-source structure.

Semiconductor integrated circuit device having static memory cell with CMOS structure


A polyester resin composition includes a polyester resin A containing 70 to 100% by mass of a polybutylene terephthalate resin and 0 to 30% by mass of a polyethylene terephthalate resin, and includes a metal organic acid salt B that is either one or both of an alkali metal organic acid salt and an alkaline earth metal organic acid salt and a predetermined amount of a polyfunctional glycidyl group-containing styrene-based polymer C, and the polyester resin composition contains either one or both of alkali metal atoms and alkaline earth metal atoms in a predetermined amount based on 100 parts by mass of the polyester resin A, and further, the content of linear oligomers of polybutylene terephthalate or the content of the linear oligomers of polybutylene terephthalate and the linear oligomers of polyethylene terephthalate is less than or equal to 1000 mg/kg.

A polybutylene terephthalate resin has excellent characteristics in injection moldability, mechanical properties, heat resistance, electrical properties, chemical resistance, and the like, and is widely used for an injection molded article in the fields of automobile components, machine components, electrical components, communication components, and the like. In addition, the polybutylene terephthalate resin is also excellent in mold transferability, therefore, is also used as a lamp member to be applied to an extension of an automobile that requires particularly favorable appearance.
However, it is known that when the polybutylene terephthalate resin is continuously molded, various kinds of gases (hereinafter, also referred to as "outgases") are generated during molding, and further, an oligomer of polybutylene terephthalate, and the like adhere to a mold, remain on the mold, and become residues on mold. The residues on mold may impair the appearance of the molded article. Therefore, in order to constitute a component constituting a lamp for an automobile, which is required to have high brightness appearance (smoothness) and uniform reflectivity, etc., other lighting fixtures, or the like, a light-reflector component provided with a light reflection layer on a surface, or the like, in a case where a conventional polybutylene terephthalate resin is used, it is required to frequently clean the mold during continuous molding. In order to clean the mold, the production has to be suspended temporarily, therefore, the productivity is adversely influenced. According to this, a polybutylene terephthalate resin capable of suppressing the residues on mold has been demanded.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Polyester resin composition, light-reflector component containing same, light reflector, and method for producing polyester resin composition


Disclosed is a method for a user equipment to transmit a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) to a base station in a wireless communication system. The user equipment may receive, from the base station, configuration information for PUSCH transmission and a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) for scheduling repeated transmission of the PUSCH. Thereafter, the user equipment may determine one or more invalid symbols for the repeated transmission of the PUSCH, and may repeatedly transmit the PUSCH on symbols other than the determined symbols.

3GPP LTE(-A) defines uplink/downlink physical channels to transmit physical layer signals. For example, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) that is a physical channel for transmitting data through an uplink, a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) for transmitting a control signal, a physical random access channel (PRACH), and the like are defined, and there are a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for transmitting data to a downlink as well as a physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) for transmitting L1/L2 control signals, a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), a physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel (PHICH), and the like.
The downlink control channels (PDCCH/EPDCCH) among the above channels are channels for a base station to transmit uplink/downlink scheduling allocation control information, uplink transmit power control information, and other control information to one or more user equipments. Since resources available for PDCCH that can be transmitted by a base station at one time are limited, different resources cannot be allocated to each user equipment, and control information should be transmitted to an arbitrary user equipment by sharing resources. For example, in 3GPP LTE(-A), four resource elements (REs) may be grouped to form a resource element group (REG), nine control channel elements (CCEs) may be generated, resources capable of combining and sending one or more CCEs may be notified to a user equipment, and multiple user equipments may share and use CCEs. Here, the number of combined CCEs is referred to as a CCE combination level, and a resource to which CCE is allocated according to a possible CCE combination level is referred to as a search space. The search space may include a common search space defined for each base station and a terminal-specific or UE-specific search space defined for each user equipment. A user equipment performs decoding for the number of cases of all possible CCE combinations in the search space, and may recognize whether the user equipment belongs to a PDCCH through a user equipment (UE) identifier included in the PDCCH. Therefore, such an operation of a user equipment requires a long time for decoding a PDCCH and unavoidably causes a large amount of energy consumption.
Efforts are being made to develop an improved 5G communication system or pre-5G communication system to satisfy wireless data traffic demand that is increasing after the commercialization of a 4G communication system. For this reason, a 5G communication system or pre-5G communication system is referred to as a beyond 4G network communication system or post-LTE system. It is considered to implement a 5G communication system in an ultrahigh frequency (mmWave) band (e.g., 60-GHz band) to achieve a high data transfer rate. To reduce a radio propagation path loss and increase a transfer distance of radio waves in an ultrahigh frequency band, beamforming, massive MIMO, full dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO), array antenna, analog beamforming, and large scale antenna technologies are discussed in the field of a 5G communication system. Furthermore, to improve a network of a system, technologies such as advanced small cell, cloud radio access network (cloud RAN), ultra-dense network, device-to-device communication (D2D), wireless backhaul, moving network, cooperative communication, Coordinated Multi-Points (CoMP), interference cancellation, and the like are developed in the field of a 5G communication system. In addition, hybrid FSK and QAM modulation (FQAM) and sliding window superposition coding (SWSC), which are advanced coding modulation (ACM) schemes, and filter bank multi carrier (FBMC), nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and sparse code multiple access (SCMA), which are advanced access technologies, are developed in the field of a 5G system.
Meanwhile, in a human-centric connection network where humans generate and consume information, the Internet has evolved into the Internet of Things (IoT) network, which exchanges information among distributed components such as objects. Internet of Everything (IoE) technology, which combines IoT technology with big data processing technology through connection with cloud servers, is also emerging. In order to implement IoT, technology elements such as sensing technology, wired/wireless communication and network infrastructure, service interface technology, and security technology are required, so that in recent years, technologies such as sensor network, machine to machine (M2M), and machine type communication (MTC) have been studied for connection between objects. In the IoT environment, an intelligent internet technology (IT) service that collects and analyzes data generated from connected objects to create new value in human life can be provided. Through the fusion and mixture of existing information technology (IT) and various industries, IoT can be applied to fields such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car or connected car, smart grid, healthcare, smart home appliance, and advanced medical service.
Here, various attempts are made to apply a 5G communication system to an IoT network. For example, technologies such as sensor network, machine to machine (M2M), and machine type communication (MTC) are implemented with 5G communication technologies, i.e., beamforming, MIMO, array antenna, and the like. Applying a cloud radio access network (cloud RAN) as the above-described big data processing technology may be an example of convergence of 5G technology and IoT technology.
In general, a mobile communication system has been developed to provide a voice service while securing activity of a user. However, the area of a mobile communication system is expanding to not only a voice service but also a data service, and has been so developed as to provide a high-speed data service at the present time. However, in a mobile communication system which is currently being used to provide a service, a resource shortage phenomenon occurs and users require higher-speed services. Thus, a more developed wireless communication system is required.
As described above, a future 5G technology requires lower latency of data transmission with the advent of new applications such as real-time control and tactile Internet, and a required latency of 5G data is expected to be decreased to 1 ms. 5G has an objective of providing a data latency that is reduced by about 10 times compared to the prior art. To resolve such problems, a 5G communication system is expected to be proposed, which uses a mini-slot having a shorter TTI interval (e.g., 0.2 ms) in addition to an existing slot (or subframe).
In the Rel-16 enhanced URLLC (eURLLC), various technologies for providing a lower latency time and higher reliability are discussed. To provide a lower latency time, transmission of an uplink control channel including two or more HARQ-ACKs in a single slot is supported. A user equipment is enabled to transmit HARQ-ACK as quickly as possible as a response for success of reception of a downlink shared channel, thereby securing a lower latency time.

Method, apparatus and system for transmitting and receiving a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) in a wireless communication system

WILUS INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY INC.


The present invention is directed to a plant breeding and testing method that utilizes a pollen mixture derived from many male parents in conjunction with field trials and molecular pedigree analysis to evaluate breeding values and make progeny selections for the next generation of breeding. More specifically the plant breeding method involves mixing pollen obtained from a breeding group composed of a plurality of parental plants to obtain a pollen polymix. The polymix is used to pollinate female reproductive structures from parental plants in the breeding group to obtain a plurality of progeny seed lots. Each progeny seed lot has seeds obtained from a different cross between the pollen polymix and a different parental plant. Resultant progeny plants from each seed lot are evaluated using objective criteria to obtain a phenotype score. The pedigree of at least some of the progeny plants, usually those with a desirable phenotype score, is determined using molecular parental analysis. Lastly, the pedigree and phenotype score are used to identify elite plants for use in a next generation of plant breeding.

For decades, tree breeders have faced the dilemma of how to mate a select group of individuals (parents) for the next generation of genetic improvement (see step 3 of Table 1). Initially, plant breeders have no problem making selections of individual trees that have desired phenotypic traits from progeny tests or commercial tree stands. The difficulty faced by tree breeders is how to design a plant breeding program using the select individuals to accomplish tree improvement through future generations. The chosen mating design is usually a compromise as no single plant breeding design has been found that best meets all of the objectives of a long-term tree breeding program (Namkoong, U.S.D.A. Forest Service Technical Bulletin No. 1588:342 (1979)).
TABLE 1Process flow for a typical genetic improvement program for forest trees.
In general, plant breeding designs share the following common objectives:                1. Accurately estimate the breeding value of the parents being bred for purposes of recommending which to include in a production seed orchard or for purposes of determining which crosses to make new selections in for the next generation of breeding, i.e., those crosses between high breeding value parents. This selection of parents based on progeny performance is also called "backward" selection. See step 9, Table 1.        2. Produce a set of crosses that will allow high genetic gain potential from selection of the best individuals within the best crosses for the next generation of breeding, often called "forward" selection. See step 8, Table 1.        3. Allow full pedigree control where both male and female parents are known for new selections in order to control the level of inbreeding.        4. Generate sound estimates of genetic parameters in field trials such as heritability, general and specific combining ability, genetic correlations among traits and genotype-environment interaction.        5. Do all of the above efficiently in order to keep breeding and testing costs at an acceptable level.
The most obvious breeding scheme to achieve all of the above objectives would be to cross every parent with every other parent (full diallel cross) but that alternative is almost always rejected in operational breeding improvement programs due to the fact that it is impractical to make and test so many crosses. The number of total selections may be on the order of a few hundred trees and the number of possible crosses is in the thousands, a number that may be prohibitively expensive to breed and test. The latter is especially true for tree species which, due to their large size, require special equipment to do breeding and a large area for testing individual plants. Consequently, forest geneticists have sought other mating and testing designs that achieve their primary objectives as efficiently as possible.
Mating designs that have been commonly compared in the literature are open pollination versus controlled pollination and, for the latter, full-sib crossing versus polymix (a mixture of pollen from several males) crossing (Bridgwater, In: Fins et al. (eds.) Handbook of Quantitative Forest Genetics, Kluwer Academic, Dordrect, The Netherlands, pp. 140-194 (1992)). The most common method of quantitative comparisons of these mating designs in the literature is to hold the number of parents bred and number of progeny tested from crosses among them as constants in each generation of breeding and then determine how well each design estimates genetic parameters and their genetic gain potential. A synopsis of these comparisons of breeding methods follows.
Open Pollination
Open pollination (OP) in forestry is usually assumed to take place in a progeny test where only a hand full of new selections are found among several hundred or a few thousand other individuals. OP breeding gives good estimation of parental breeding values and heritability estimates (Bridgwater, In: Fins et al. (eds.) Handbook of Quantitative Forest Genetics, Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrect, The Netherlands. pp. 140-194 (1992); Cotterill, Proc. IUFRO Conference on Breeding Theory, Progeny Testing and Seed Orchards, Williamsburg, Va., USA., pp. 144-149 (1986); Cotterill, Silv. Genet. 35(5-6):212-223 (1986b); White, In: Proc QFRI-IUFRO Conf, Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry, Caloundra, Australia, pp. 110-117 (1996)).
The genetic gain potential from using the OP families for the next generation of progeny testing is weak since the select parents are mated with a nonselect population from the previous generation (Cotterill, Proc. IUFRO Conference on Breeding Theory, Progeny Testing and Seed Orchards, Williamsburg, Va., USA., pp. 144-149 (1986a); Cotterill, Silv. Genet. 35(5-6):212-223 (1986); van Buijtenen et al., In: Proc IUFRO Joint Meeting of Genetic Working Parties on Advanced Generation Breeding, Bordeaux, France, pp. 11-29 (1976)). This and other disadvantages such as lack of full pedigree control and the inability to estimate specific combining ability have resulted in limited use of OP breeding in forestry except in programs where limited resources dictate a simple and low cost approach.
Full-Sib Crossing
There are many mating patterns that have been discussed and analyzed in the literature including full-diallel, cousin mating, single-pair, nested, factorial, disconnected half-diallels and circular systems (Bridgwater, In: Fins et al. (eds.). Handbook of Quantitative Forest Genetics, Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrect, The Netherlands. pp. 140-194 (1992); Burdon and van Buijtenen, Can. J. For. Res. 20:1664-1671 (1990); Cotterill, Proc. IUFRO Conference on Breeding Theory, Progeny Testing and Seed Orchards, Williamsburg, Va., USA., pp. 144-149 (1986); Cotterill, Silv. Genet. 35(5-6):212-223 (1986); Huber et al., For. Sci. 38(4):757-776 (1992); Pederson, Theor. Appl. Genet. 42:371-377 (1972); van Buijtenen and Burdon, Can. J. For. Res. 20:1648-1663 (1990)). Of these, the last three have been commonly used in forest tree improvement because they provide several strengths including reasonably good parameter estimation (general and specific combining ability, heritability, breeding value of parents), provide a foundation for reasonably good genetic gain and provide full pedigree control. In these designs each parent is usually mated to four to six of the other parents in the breeding group.
The weaknesses of the full-sib systems are the amount of work involved in breeding and testing and the fact that they are not the best designs for estimating breeding value nor do they provide the best foundation for selection for the next generation of breeding. These limitations stem from the relatively few crosses for each parent. For a given population size for the progeny test of the crosses it is generally better to have many crosses per parent for precise parameter estimation and high genetic gain potential from forward selection (Pederson, Theor. Appl. Genet. 42:371-377 (1972); White, In: Proc QFRI-IUFRO Conf, Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry, Caloundra, Australia, pp. 110-117 (1996)) especially when selection emphasis is heavily on family versus individual within family under low heritability situations. Performance of a small number of crosses can result in inaccurate breeding value estimation, especially if there is significant specific combining ability (SCA) in the breeding population (Burdon and van Buijtenen, Can. J. For. Res. 20:1664-1671 (1990); van Buijtenen and Burdon, Can. J. For. Res. 20:1648-1663 (1990)). Genetic gain for the next generation is limited due to the fact that the best parents, among those being bred, may not have been frequently mated to the other best parents due to chance. Nonetheless, few crosses and many individuals per cross are usually opted due to the high cost of making and testing the crosses. Although full pedigree is known, the limited number of crosses usually means that there is a tendency to select from within a few good crosses. However, there are limitations in so doing because there can often be common parentage among those crosses such that inbreeding concerns force selection from mediocre families, thus limiting genetic gain.
Polymix Crossing
Polymix crossing is done by mixing pollen from several males and applying the pollen to isolated females. One of the advantages to polymix crossing is the simplicity of crossing and subsequent testing of relatively few crosses. Polymix crossing is sometimes considered for parental breeding value (BV) estimation only (Burdon and van Buijtenen, Can. J. For. Res. 20:1664-1671 (1990); White, In: Proc QFRI-IUFRO Conf, Tree Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry, Caloundra, Australia, pp. 110-117 (1996)), in which case the source of pollen may or may not be made up of the parents in the breeding group, or as a complete breeding system for BV estimation and as a foundation for selection of individuals for advanced generation breeding. In the latter case it is preferable to use pollen from the select group in order to keep genetic gain potential high (Cotterill, Proc. IUFRO Conference on Breeding Theory, Progeny Testing and Seed Orchards, Williamsburg, Va., USA., pp. 144-149 (1986); Cotterill, Silv. Genet. 35(5-6):212-223 (1986); Burdon and Shelbourne, NZ J. For. Sci. 1(2):174-193 (1971); Kerr, Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:484-493 (1998); Shelbourne, Tech Pap. No. 55, New Zealand Forest Service, 44 pp. (1969)). PMX crossing provides excellent estimation of breeding value and general combining ability (GCA), but not usually specific combining ability (SCA) (Bridgwater, In: Fins et al. (eds.). Handbook of Quantitative Forest Genetics, Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrect, The Netherlands. pp. 140-194 (1992); Huber et al., For. Sci. 38(4):757-776 (1992)). However, Janssens (Silv. Gen. 29(3-4):138-140 (1980)) devised a nested PMX design that allows for estimation of SCA variance at the population level but obviously does not estimate SCA effects for a specific cross. Genetic gain potential for forward selection is good but not as high as that offered by the commonly used full-sib systems mentioned above. The gain potential from PMX crossing is 70% to over 90% of the potential for full-sib systems (Cotterill, Proc. IUFRO Conference on Breeding Theory, Progeny Testing and Seed Orchards, Williamsburg, Va., USA., pp. 144-149 (1986); Cotterill, Silv. Genet. 35(5-6):212-223 (1986); Kerr, Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:484-493 (1998); Shelbourne, Tech Pap. No. 55, New Zealand Forest Service, 44 pp. (1969); van Buijtenen and Burdon, Can. J. For. Res. 20:1648-1663 (1990)), depending on the magnitude of genetic parameters, with increasing heritability and SCA favoring PMX crossing (van Buijtenen and Burdon, Can. J. For. Res. 20:1648-1663 (1990)).
The primary reason that PMX systems result in less genetic gain from advanced generation selections versus full-sib systems is due to the fact that the paternal parent's GCA is unknown. When individual selections are made within the best full-sib crosses for the next generation of breeding they are commonly chosen on the basis of an index that includes the following information:Individual Breeding Value=female GCA+male GCA+h2w(individual deviation within the full-sib cross)  (1)
Where: h2w=within cross heritability.
For the PMX cross individual value is estimated as follows:Individual Breeding Value=female GCA+h2w(individual deviation within the PMX cross)  (2)
Selection within PMX crosses does not have the benefit of knowing the male GCA, but the heritability for and variation within a PMX crossing scheme is greater than that for full-sib crosses due to the fact that a PMX cross is actually made up of the variation among many full-sib crosses as well as the variation within those crosses. In balance, lack of information on male GCA results in the somewhat reduced gain efficiency of PMX breeding and testing systems mentioned above. Lack of full pedigree control and the possibility that a few males may be represented among selections for the next generation breeding resulting in possible inbreeding depression is another drawback that has limited use of PMX crossing as a stand alone system (Bridgwater, In: Fins et al. (eds.). Handbook of Quantitative Forest Genetics, Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrect, The Netherlands. pp. 140-194 (1992)).
Combined Systems
Many plant breeders have gone to a combination of mating designs in order to take advantages of the strengths of each and to offset, to some degree, the limitations of any one design (van Buijtenen and Burdon, Can. J. For. Res. 20:1648-1663 (1990)). The major tree improvement cooperatives for pine species in the southeastern U.S. have gone to a complementary system consisting of PMX crossing for parental breeding values and full-sib crossing from which selections are made for the next generation of breeding (Lowe and van Buijtenen, In: Proc IUFRO Conf on Breeding and Testing Theory, Progeny Testing and Seed Orchards, Williamsburg, Va., pp. 98-106 (1986); McKeand and Bridgwater, In: Proc IUFRO Resolving Tropical Forest Resource Concerns Through Tree Improvement, Gene Conservation, and Domestication of New Species, Cali, Colombia, pp. 234-240 (1992); White et al., Silv. Genet. 42:359-371 (1993)). Full-sib crossing is typically a circular or disconnected half diallels design. While offering many advantages, these systems are costly of time and resources. Furthermore, they do not overcome the limitation of few crosses per parent and the fact that the best parents may not often be mated with the other best parents, thus limiting gain from selection with crosses and/or creating relatedness limitations among advanced generation selections.
In summary, the type of plant breeding strategy selected for use in a plant breeding program depends upon a number of different factors. However, a common goal of a plant breeding program is to generally use a breeding method that will result in the largest possible genetic gain using the smallest number of breeding crosses and the least amount of time and money. What is needed in the art of plant breeding is a breeding method that will reduce the number of generations that are required in a plant breeding program to achieve an improved plant variety yet at the same time be cost and time effective.
The present invention provides a new plant breeding method that utilizes cost and time effective parental pedigree determination using molecular analysis in conjunction with phenotypic scores to efficiently select elite progeny plants for use in the next generation of plant breeding. The molecular pedigree methods used in the present invention overcome the heretofore primary limitations of PMX breeding and testing which are lack of male pedigree control and lack of male GCA information for advanced generation selection. More specifically, the present invention provides a plant breeding design which utilizes PMX crosses in conjunction with molecular marker technology to determine pedigree. Given a sufficient number of reliable, polymorphic molecular markers, and modest care in creation of pollen polymixes, paternity of all PMX progeny can be unambiguously determined through molecular analysis. Therefore, the present invention provides a plant breeding method that allows for pedigree control and estimation of breeding values of the parental plants and their progeny.

Pollen polymix plant breeding method utilizing molecular pedigree analysis


A standalone portable solar power system includes a trailer, solar panels mounted on rotating beams, a battery, a battery management system, an inverter and a power outlet. The trailer can be towed and the first and second groups of solar panels are locked in a vertically orientation for transportation. At the use site, the trailer can be positioned with the rotating beams parallel with the equator and the solar panels rotated to captures the maximum amount of sunlight.

A solar power system uses one or more solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity. Solar power systems consist of multiple components, including the photovoltaic modules, mechanical and electrical connections and mountings and means of regulating or modifying the electrical output. Solar power supplies have been supplying power to many fixed structures such as homes, buildings and other structures. The solar panels can be placed on the roofs of these structures or at areas of land adjacent to the structures. This configuration works well with fixed buildings because the panels can be mounted and left indefinitely. However, in some applications, temporary or emergency electrical power may be needed. In order to solve this problem, what is needed is a standalone portable solar power system.

Portable solar power trailer with rotatable panels


In an anti-virus scanning system for computer files being transferred between computers, the number of files requiring detailed scanning is first reduced by identifying files which are instances of programs which are known and deemed to be safe. This is done by reference to a database of known executables which records characteristics which can be used as the basis for identifying a file as an unchanged instance of a known executable. Secondly, these characteristics can then also be used to identify files which are changed instances of known executables. These are extremely suspicious, since the most likely cause of change is infection by a file infecting virus, so these files are classed as likely to be malware.

The present invention relates to a method of, and system for, heuristically detecting viruses in executable code by detecting that an executable file is likely to be a previous known executable file, and that the file has been changed. This technique is especially applicable to situations where files enter a system, are checked, then leave, such as email gateways or web proxies. However, it is not intended to be limited to those situations.
The expression "virus" as used in this specification and claims is to be understood in a broad, inclusive sense encompassing any form of malware in executable code.
Increasing use of the Internet, personal computers and local- and wide-area networks has made the problem of computer viruses ever more acute.
Some internet service providers (ISP) offer anti-virus scanning, of attachments to e-mails, and file-downloads and transfers, as a value-added service to their clients. A conventional method of anti-virus scanning is to scan the file looking for patterns or sequences of bytes which have been established as being a characteristic "signature" of a known virus. However, signature-based scanning is not ideal in the rapidly changing internet environment particularly if it is used as the sole virus detection method. When an outbreak of a previously-unknown virus occurs, anti-virus specialists have first to identify a suitable signature to characterize the virus and this then has to be disseminated to anti-virus scanners in the field, all of which takes time. Another disadvantage is that file-scanning can be very resource-intensive, particularly where file traffic volumes are high. The system needs to have enough processing power and file-buffering capacity to keep delays to a minimum and to cope with peak demands.
According to the present invention, there is provided an anti-virus file scanning system for computer files comprising:
a computer database containing records of known executable programs which are deemed to be uninfected and criteria by which a file being processed can be determined to be an instance of one of those programs;
means for processing a file being transferred between computers to determine whether the file matches the criteria characterising a file as an unchanged instance of a program in the database; and
means for signalling the file as known or not depending on the determination made by the processing means.
The invention also provides a method of anti-virus scanning system computer files comprising:
maintaining a computer database containing records of known executable programs which are deemed to be uninfected and criteria by which a file being processed can be determined to be an instance of one of those programs;
processing a file being transferred between computers to determine whether the file matches the criteria characterising a file as an unchanged instance of a program in the database; and
signalling the file as known or not depending on the determination made by the processing means.
The invention is based upon the fact that a significant proportion of network traffic of executable files is made up of uninfected copies of common applications and utilities such as WinZip and the like. If these can be reliably identified as such, the system need not scan them further, so reducing the processing and storage load on the system.

Method of, and system for, heuristically detecting viruses in executable code


A thread-tapping screw (11) has a thread (21) extending, starting from the screw shaft free end (15), at least along a portion of the shaft length and a height of which constantly decreasing toward the free end (15) of the shaft (12), and a plurality of cutting bodies (26, 36, 46, 56, 66) formed of a material having a greater hardness than hardness of the thread (21), located in recesses (24) formed in the thread (21) and opening radially outwardly and having, respectively, a radial outer profile (27, 37, 47, 57, 67) projecting, at least partially, beyond the thread and a height (A, B, C, D, E) of which decreases toward the free end (15) of the shaft (12) stepwise.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to thread-tapping screw having a shaft having a free end region, a thread extending starting from the screw shaft free end, at least along a portion of the shaft length, and a plurality of cutting bodies formed of a material having a greater hardness than hardness of the thread, located in recesses formed in the thread and opening radially outwardly and having, respectively, a radial outer profile projecting, at least partially, beyond the thread.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Screws which are described above, are screwed directly in a borehole that was preliminary formed in a constructional component, with the thread of the screw forming or tapping a counter-thread or an undercut in the constructional component.
For outside applications, the screw, such as concrete screws, advantageously, are formed of a corrosion-resistant steel. However, steel materials often have a hardness that is not sufficient for tapping a counter-thread in a mineral constructional component, and the thread of the screw wears off during the screw being screwed in. Toughening of the screw or, e.g., of the thread, which is formed integrally with the shaft, is possible only to a limited extent when a corrosion-resistant material is used for forming the screw.
German Publication DE 198 52 338 A1 discloses a screw which is formed of a stainless steel and the shaft and thread of which are provided with a plurality of receiving bores which open radially outwardly and in which cutting bodies in form of cylindrical cutting pin inserts of a hardened steel are received. The cutting pin inserts facilitate cutting-in in hard mineral constructional components such as, e.g. concrete or brickwork. The cutting pin inserts are retained in the receiving recesses in the shaft formlockingly in the screw-in direction and frictionally in the radial direction.
The drawback of the self-tapping screw of DE 198 52 338 A1 consists in that all of the cutting pin inserts project beyond the cross-sectional projection surface of the thread by the same amount. Because the first cutting pin insert, adjacent to the thread pilot, already produces the entire undercut volume for the screw thread, high forces act on this cutting pin insert, this cutting pin insert has a tendency to break off the thread. Further, a high input torque is required for setting such thread-tapping screws, in particular, when the screws have a small diameter.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a thread-tapping screw that facilitates setting of the screw in hard constructional component such as, e.g., concrete.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a thread-tapping screw for hard constructional components that can easily be manufactured.


A handwriting recognition system in which a user, on-line can reduce similarity between different prototypes. The user interactively can delete a prototype or add a new prototype, while at the same time is not allowed to delete a prototype when it is the only prototype for a given character.

Many on-line, handwriting recognition systems use curve matching methods to match an unknown character against prototype (template) characters. The accuracy of these recognizers depends on the quality of the prototypes and the speed of recognition depends on the number of prototypes. The problem is to design prototype establishment procedures that optimize recognition accuracy and speed.
In order to provide recognition accuracy, desired properties of prototypes are:
(1) The prototypes should have sufficient coverage, that is, there should be at least one prototype for each distinct way of writing a character (or recognition strategies that handle variation). With on-line handwriting, this includes variations in the number, order, direction, and shape of the strokes of a character. A stroke is the writing from pen-down to pen-up.
(2) A prototype should be a good representation of a way of writing a character.
(3) Prototypes should have reasonable separation in prototype space.
The following patents are cited as of general interest to the state of the art of handwriting recognition.
A first group of patents is directed to handwriting recognition per se, but not on-line handwriting recognition. This first group includes:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,523,331 to Asija discloses a computer algorithm and apparatus for automated image input (including recognition), storage and output (including image generation). Each image is transformed into a unique binary number and then stored as such. This unique binary number is obtained by adding unique binary value of each pixel present in that image. Means for processing handwriting and colored images are also disclosed. Image recognition and matching takes place by comparing the binary value of the new image received against all images stored in the descending order of difference in binary values. Thus the computer is able to recognize bad handwriting even when the difference between the ideal or stored samples on the one hand and the new image is substantial without consistency. The computer also stores data about its errors as well as corrections received from the user. For this and other reasons each user has a unique number.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,873 to Fujisawa et al discloses a pattern segmentation and recognition system in which handwritten characters are transformed electrically into 2-dimensional image patterns, wherein if ambiguity exists in segmenting a unit pattern including a character from the image patterns, character recognition is not made compulsively, but a plurality of possible unit patterns are first established. Then, the various unit patterns are segmented, and each unit pattern is identified to be a partial pattern, linked patterns, etc., so that each character is recognized on a basis of total judgement, whereby ambiguity of segmentation is resolved.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,972,499 to Kurosawa discloses a pattern recognition apparatus which has a contour segmentation unit for dividing an input pattern into segments, a characteristic extraction unit for extracting characteristics of the input segments, and a reference unit for storing characteristic data of reference patterns. The reference unit includes a main reference and a detailed matching reference. The main reference stores partial pattern characteristic data representing the characteristics of segments of each reference pattern. The detailed matching reference stores detailed characteristic data of each reference pattern together with a program for specifying an operation procedures thereof. A matching processor sequentially compares and collates the input pattern with the reference patterns to find out that standard pattern with which the input pattern is matched with the highest similarity. When the input pattern is matched with several reference patterns, a detailed recognition unit performs a detailed recognition process using the detailed characteristic data of these reference patterns to finally select the correct one from among the reference patterns. The main reference additionally stores identification marks to identify specific reference segments necessary to acquire the above detailed characteristic data.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,716 to Casey et al discloses an improved method for transmitting facsimiles of scanned symbols. Prototype facsimiles of each symbol in a library are enhanced by averaging the representations of each scanned symbol with a respective previously created prototype facsimile for that symbol. The amount of white space at opposite sides of each symbol prototype is determined. The enhanced prototype facsimile for each scanned symbol is associated with positional parameters denoting the average white space at said opposite sides of each symbol.
A second group of patents is directed to on-line handwriting recognition using a set of prototypes. However, none of theses patents teach how to modify these prototypes. This second group includes:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,718,103 to Shojima et al discloses a system in which a handwritten pattern approximated to series of polygonal lines consisting of segments is compared with a candidate pattern selected from dictionary patterns stored in the memory, basing on the angular variation between adjacent segments of both patterns. If the difference between angular variations of adjoining segments of both patterns is outside of a certain range, it is tested whether the difference between an angular variation across three or more consecutive segments and the above reference angular variation is within the range.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,653,107 to Shojima et al discloses a system in which coordinates of a handwritten pattern drawn on a tablet are sequentially sampled by a pattern recognition unit to prepare pattern coordinate data. Based on an area encircled by segments created by the sampled pattern coordinate data of one stroke and a line connecting a start point and an end point of the one-stroke coordinate data, the sampled pattern coordinate data of the one stroke is converted to a straight line and/or curved line segments. The converted segments are quantized and normalized. The segments of the normalized input pattern are rearranged so that the input pattern is drawn in a predetermined sequence. Differences between direction angles for the rearranged segments are calculated. Those differences are compared with differences of the direction angles of the dictionary patterns read from a memory to calculate a difference therebetween. The matching of the input pattern and the dictionary pattern is determined in accordance with the difference. If the matching fails, the first or last inputted segment of the input pattern is deleted or the sampled pattern coordinate data of the next stroke is added, to continue the recognition process.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,975 to Odaka discloses a pattern recognition system operating on an on-line basis for hand-written characters, in particular for hand-written Chinese characters comprising a character input unit for providing the coordinates of a plurality of points on the strokes of a written input character, a classification unit for classifying the input characters to the first group having equal to or less than three strokes, and the second group having equal to or more than four strokes, an approximate unit for providing a plurality of feature points to each of strokes, the number of strokes being six for each stroke in the first group of characters and three for each stroke in the second group of characters, a pattern difference calculator for providing the sum of the length between the feature points of the input character and those of the reference characters which are stored in the reference pattern storage, and a minimum difference detector for determining the minimum length among the pattern differences thus calculated. The input character is recognized to be the same as the reference character which provides said minimum length.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,972,496 to Sklarew discloses a keyboardless entry computer system which includes a transparent input screen that generates positional information when contacted by a stylus, and a display screen mounted physically below the input screen such that a character that is displayed can be seen below the input screen. The system includes a computer that has been programmed to compile the positional information into Strokes, to calculate Stroke characteristics, and then compare the Stroke characteristics with those stored in a database in order to recognize the symbol drawn by the stylus. Key features of the system are: (1) transparent position sensing subsystem; (2) underlying display on which to mimic drawing of sensed positions and to show characters or symbols; (3) means to convert sensed positions first into plotted Points and then into recognized characters or symbols; and (4) means to "learn" to associate sensed input positions with a character or symbol.
According to the present invention, an on-line handwriting recognition system safely reduces similarity between different prototypes by allowing a user to interactively delete confusingly similar prototypes, while at the same time not being allowed to delete prototypes that are needed for recognition accuracy.

On-line handwriting recognition using a prototype confusability dialog

International Business Machines Corporation


A computer device with at least one heat-dissipation channel includes a master unit and a peripheral unit. A case of the master unit includes a first connection surface including a first hole. The first hole communicates to an external space through a first heat-dissipation channel inside the master unit. A case of the peripheral unit includes a second connection surface including a second hole. The second hole communicates to the external space through a second heat-dissipation channel. A fan is located inside the second peripheral unit channel. When the first connection surface and the second connection surface are aligned to connect with each other, the first heat-dissipation channel, the first hole, the second hole and the second heat-dissipation channel are sequentially communicated in space to form an integrated heat-dissipation channel for guiding a cooling airflow driven by the fan to pass therethrough.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a computer device with heat-dissipation channels, and more particularly to the computer device with heat-dissipation channels that incorporates the master unit and the peripheral unit so as to achieve an assembly having plural channels for dissipating heat in between.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As the modern technology progresses, the trend in miniaturizing the products has incentivized the appearance of the computer device capable of joining plural peripheral units according to practical needs. Generally, the computer device with peripheral units includes a single master unit and a plurality of required peripheral units for function-extending purposes, such as the hard discs, the video graphics arrays (VGA) and so on. In an expanded computer device, the heat dissipation is one of crucial topics to be overcome. In the art, the master unit without fans is the mainstream design for the computer device. The accompanying heat-dissipation resort for such a master unit is the heat convection. However, after the master unit is expanded by a number of the peripheral units in a piling or stacking manner, the heat convection might not be enough for dissipating the heat generated by the master unit without fans and the peripheral units. Definitely, the resulted feat-dissipation problem forms an important issue for the popular master unit without fans.

Computer device with heat-dissipation channels

INVENTEC (PUDONG) TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION


A fiber optic termination and method for the fabrication thereof are provided. The fiber optic termination (325) is configured to provide coupling of light between the fiber core (326) and an external optical element from a direction other than the direction of the longitudinal axis. In particular, the fiber optic termination permits coupling of light to a fiber at an angle that is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fiber.

The increasing demand for high-speed voice and data communications has led to an increased reliance on optical communications, particularly optical fiber communications. The use of optical signals as a vehicle to carry channeled information at high speeds is preferred in many instances to carrying channeled information at other electromagnetic wavelengths/frequencies in media such as microwave transmission lines, co-axial cable lines and twisted pair transmission lines. Advantages of optical media are, among others, high-channel capacity (bandwidth), greater immunity to electromagnetic interference, and lower propagation loss. In fact, it is common for high-speed optical communication systems to have signal rates in the range of approximately several Giga bits per second (Gbit/sec) to approximately several tens of Gbit/sec.
One way of carrying information in an optical communication system, for example an optical network, is via an array of optical fibers. Ultimately, the optical fibers need to be terminated in a manner that permits connection of the fibers to other optical components such as optical sources or receivers. Typically, the optical components to which connection is made are located on rack-mounted boards. As rack space in fiber optic networking equipment becomes denser, board-to-board spacing in the racks becomes smaller, and connectivity to the closely spaced boards becomes increasingly difficult. No longer can connectors be placed facing the board surface so that the optical axis of the fiber is perpendicular to the board surface, because the fiber must be bent with too tight of a bend radius in order to fit in between closely spaced boards. The tight bend radius can be avoided by making connections at the edge of the board. However, edge connectivity can be limiting in several ways. Connecting to the edges of the boards not only limits the number of optical channels possible, but also forces the connectivity in an opposite direction most natural to the majority of the preferred datacom light sources and receivers, e.g., vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) or PIN photodiode array. These preferred sources and receivers are surface plane devices, which are more prevalently used in networking applications today than older edge-emitting technologies. The surface plane devices need connectivity that leverages their vertical light input/output orientation. The vertical orientation introduces problems with connectivity, as explained above, because top-facing connectivity is not possible in racks where the board-to-board density is great. While additional components may be introduced to effect bending of the light from the vertical to horizontal direction, adding even one light bending component increases assembly complexity due to the requirement of optically aligning two interfaces instead of one. Moreover, the addition of a light bending component also increases yield loss and cost.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a relatively simple, inexpensive, fiber termination that leverages the electrical connection benefits of surface plane devices while not introducing extra components into the on-board package.


A powered lift apparatus for lifting and transporting a human body above a ground surface is disclosed, and comprises a base, a mast extending upwardly from the base, and a crane member pivotally mounted on the mast and movable with respect to the base. The apparatus further comprises a hydraulic drive mechanism configured to move the base over the surface and a hydraulic lifting mechanism configured to move the crane member with respect to the base. The apparatus also comprises a single hydraulic power source assembly connected to and powering both the hydraulic drive mechanism and the hydraulic lifting mechanism. The hydraulic power source assembly includes a control assembly configured to direct hydraulic power from the hydraulic power source assembly to the hydraulic drive mechanism and hydraulic lifting mechanism under user control.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates to a person lifting and transporting apparatus and more particularly pertains to a new powered person lift and transport apparatus utilizing a unified hydraulic power source for both moving the apparatus across a ground surface and for lifting and lowering a human body.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Lifting apparatus, such as those directed to lift and transport invalids or individuals otherwise unable to change their physical location under their own strength, typically include some type of lifting element mounted on a mobile base. Some lifting apparatus operate entirely under manual control, whereby lifting of a human is actuated with a manually-actuated mechanism, and movement of the lifted human is executed by physically pushing the lifting apparatus on free-spinning wheels.
However, known systems for lifting and transporting human bodies tend to be bulky and complicated, rely upon motors which are highly sensitive to weight and lack means for propelling the body to a desired location. The significant weight and bulk of these apparatus make it difficult to move the apparatus from one point to another and maneuver the apparatus around obstacles such as furniture, and through doors and other confined areas.
It is therefore believed that there is a need for a new powered person lift and transport apparatus which is simple and less complicated, uses motors which are not sensitive to weight and includes a means for propelling a lifted body to a desired location.

Powered person lift and transport apparatus


Local communication system in wireless communication system includes a main wireless terminal negotiating with each of the peripheral wireless terminals during a time period for which a frame will be transmitted, generating a schedule map including negotiated time information and a transmission sequence of each of the peripheral wireless terminals, and transmitting the generated schedule map to all peripheral wireless terminals; and the peripheral wireless terminals storing the schedule map received from the main wireless terminal, and performing communication with the main wireless terminal according to the sequence determined in the schedule map for the negotiated time period.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a local communication system and a method in a wireless communication system, and more particularly to a local communication system and a method for allowing a plurality of terminals to perform wireless communication.
2. Description of the Related Art
Typically, a local area network (LAN) is a network developed from a wire-based communication network. The local area network is a small or medium scale of a wire network constructed by means of a coaxial cable, so that terminals in the local area network can share or exchange data with each other. Since the local area network as described above is a wire-based network, it is by its nature limited in mobility.
Wireless communication technology may be classified into various methods according to a classification standard into a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) method using a frequency division, and a code division multiplexing (CDM) method using a code division. From among the methods described above, a CDMA mobile communication system using the CDM method is currently in use and classified into a synchronous CDMA and an asynchronous CDMA. In the synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication system technology, a 1x EV-DO system capable of transmitting high speed data has currently reached its commercialization stage
as Additionally, a 1x EV-DO system capable of providing both a voice and high-rate data has been developed.
With the convenience of the wireless communication system and development of technologies as described above, there is an increased in the demand for various networks for performing communication in wireless manner, including systems to be constructed in a home. The services currently being provided provide a method of connecting one wireless terminal to a wire-based network through one wireless connection node. However, since there is an increase in demand for systems where two or more wireless terminals are provided even in a home, a method is required that allows more than one terminal to be connected to one wireless connection node.
Data provided in various fields is gradually being transmitted in large quantities. For instance, in a public wireless broadcasting system provided in a broadcasting station, high definition (HD) televisions are now available and require high definition services to be provided. In addition to the various quality being required in an audio service, high quality of image data transmission is also being required together with the appearance of digital radio data (DVD). When integrally considering these requirements, data transmission at more than 100 Mbps must be performed even in a home.
In order to meet the aforementioned requirements, research has been pursued to apply high speed data wireless network technology in a network such as a local area network. A method having been proposed for a local wireless communication system, which has being researched and developed, may include a wireless local area network (WLAN) and an ad-hoc network. Hereinafter, the wireless local area network and the ad-hoc network will be described.
First, in the wireless local area network, wire-based connections such as a coaxial cable are no longer required, and communication is performed by means of a radio frequency (RF) transmission. In such a wireless local area network, a specific node accesses another node on a competition basis. However, the mechanism for the connection is very complicated. Accordingly, when a specific terminal requires a high quality data transmission as described above, there exist many limitations in the wireless local area network. This is because the processing time required for the data transmission increases as the control mechanism increases in complication, or an expensive apparatus capable of quickly performing a complicated process is required.
In the ad-hoc network, a specific terminal transmits information to adjacent terminals, and the adjacent terminals retransmit the information to a further destination. In such a network, position change and path change of the adjacent terminals may frequently occur. Accordingly, a time delay or a transmission failure for a transmitted service may occur. That is, when a large quantity of data must be transmitted at a high speed as described above, a desired quality of service (QoS) cannot be satisfied.

Local communication system and method in wireless communication system