A wireless power transmission device includes a main body, a first transmitter coil and a second transmitter coil. The second transmitter coil is stacked over the first transmitter coil. If the wireless power transmission device is operated in a detecting mode, a magnetic flux is generated by the first transmitter coil and oriented in the direction toward the top surface of the main body. The magnetic flux is attenuated by the overlying second transmitter coil. Consequently, the electromagnetic wave is inhibited. If the wireless power transmission device is operated in a charging mode, both the first transmitter coil and the second transmitter coil are controlled to transmit magnetic fluxes. Since the intensity of the electric power is increased, the charging efficiency is enhanced.

Conventionally, most electronic devices should be connected with power sources to acquire electric power in order to be normally operated. Generally, all of these electronic devices may be plugged into corresponding power sources (for example power sockets) to acquire the electric power through power cables. With increasing development of science and technology, a variety of electronic devices are developed toward small size, light weightiness and easy portability in order to comply with the users' requirements. Although the electronic device can be easily carried, the electronic device cannot be connected with the power source to acquire the electric power through the power cable at any time. Generally, a built-in chargeable battery is usually installed in the electronic device for providing sufficient electric power to the electronic device.
For example, in case that the electricity quantity of the chargeable battery of the electronic device is insufficient, the chargeable battery of the electronic device may be charged by a charging device. In this context, the charging device is also referred as a power transmission device. Generally, the conventional power transmission device has a connecting wire. After the connecting wire is plugged into the electronic device and the conventional power transmission device is connected with the power source, the electric power may be transmitted from the power transmission device to the electronic device through the connecting wire. However, the applications of the power transmission device during the charging process are usually restricted by the connecting wire. For example, since the length of the connecting wire of the power transmission device is limited, the electronic device cannot be operated according to the usual practice or the electronic device cannot be arbitrarily moved. On the other hand, if the conventional power transmission device has been repeatedly used to charge the electronic device for a long term, the connector of the connecting wire of the power transmission device is readily damaged because the connector of the connecting wire is frequently plugged into and removed from the electronic device. Under this circumstance, the charging efficiency of the connecting wire of the power transmission device is deteriorated. If the connector is seriously damaged, the charging task fails to be done through the connecting wire.
With increasing development of a wireless charging technology, a wireless power transmission device for wirelessly charging the electronic device has been introduced into a market in order to solve the drawbacks of using the connecting wire by the wired charging technology. FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the relationship between a conventional wireless power transmission device and a conventional electronic device. As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 comprises a main body 10, a power cable 11, a driving circuit 12, and a transmitter coil 13. In addition, the conventional electronic device 2 comprises a casing 20, a receiver coil 21, and a chargeable battery (not shown).
In the conventional wireless power transmission device 1, the power cable 11 is exposed outside the main body 10 in order to be connected with a power source (not shown). Both of the driving circuit 12 and the transmitter coil 13 are disposed within the casing 10. Moreover, the driving circuit 12 is connected with the power cable 11 and the transmitter coil 13. When the driving circuit 12 is driven by the power source, a voltage is provided to the driving circuit 12 and thus an electric current is generated by the driving circuit 12. When the electric current flows through the transmitter coil 13, an electromagnetic effect is generated. According to the electromagnetic effect, a magnetic flux is generated by the transmitter coil 13. In the conventional electronic device 2, the receiver coil 21 is disposed within the casing 20 for receiving the magnetic flux from the transmitter coil 13, so that the magnetic flux is converted into an electric power. The chargeable battery is connected with the receiver coil 21 for storing and utilizing the electric power which is received by the receiver coil 21.
For achieving a power-saving purpose, the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 may be selectively operated in a charging mode or a detecting mode. When the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 is operated in the charging mode, the above charging process is performed and not redundantly described herein. When the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 is operated in the detecting mode, the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 is electrically conducted to periodically generate the electromagnetic effect at a predetermined time interval (e.g. 100 ms) according to predetermined settings. Moreover, in the detecting mode, the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 judges whether the conventional electronic device 2 to be charged is placed on the main body 10 by detecting whether a communication signal is transmitted from the receiver coil 21 of the conventional electronic device 2. If the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 judges that the conventional electronic device 2 to be charged is placed on the main body 10, the operating mode of the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 is switched from the detecting mode to the charging mode. Under this circumstance, the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 charges the conventional electronic device 2 without the need of saving the electric power.
However, if the conventional wireless power transmission device 1 is operated in the detecting mode and the conventional electronic device 2 is not placed on the main body 10, some drawbacks may occur. Since no object is placed on the main body 10 to absorb the magnetic flux which is generated by the electromagnetic effect and the generated energy in a short time period is very large, the electromagnetic wave is scatted everywhere by radiation. As known, the scattered electromagnetic wave not only influences the electronic device but also hurts the user's body.
Therefore, there is a need of providing a wireless power transmission device for avoiding the generation of the scattered electromagnetic wave.


Methods for processing print jobs in rendering devices include constructing display list objects for to-be-printed objects and determining if two or more sequential objects are combinable. If so, a masked indexed image replaces the objects and has dimensions matching the overall bounding box size of the combinable objects. Indexed image values of the masked indexed image correspond to look up table entries, in turn, corresponding to color values of pixels of the combined object. In this manner, memory space is made available. Determining combinability of objects occurs by examining whether the objects are opaque, have regions as stencils, have similar color intensities, have the same halftone screens, share comparably sized or proximate bounding boxes or for other reasons. Head and tail pointers delineate sequential objects on the display list. The masked indexed image can be uni- or multi-dimensional. Computer readable media and graphics engines in printers are preferred implementation structures.

The art of printing with rendering devices, such as laser or other printers, is relatively well known. In general, printing results by creating a bitmap of the print job and sending the bitmap to appropriate printing mechanisms to obtain a hard copy output. During processing, some rendering devices create display lists to intermediately represent the to-be-printed objects. Appreciating that thousands of memory locations or more are required for this intermediate representation, rendering devices can mismanage their available memory which sometimes leads to print overruns. Moreover, memory mismanagement can slow the print job processing time. Accordingly, a need exists in the printing arts for achieving optimization in memory usage and processing time.

Optimization techniques during processing of print jobs


A protective cap and mirror unit for a cosmetic pencil having a sharpened tip. The unit is molded of plastic to define a small rectangular frame whose rear face is integral with a tubular cap, the entry of which is at the lower end of the frame, a mirror being mounted on the front face of the frame. In the storage mode of the unit, the tip end of the cosmetic pencil is snugly telescoped in the cap. In an active mode, a user holding the pencil in one hand and grasping the unit with the other hand, withdraws the unit from the pencil and then defines with the cosmetic pencil her lips or eyes as she observes at close range her face in the mirror.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates generally to cosmetic pencils, and more particularly to a protective cap and mirror unit for a cosmetic pencil which makes it possible for a user to see her face at close range as she defines her lips or eyes with the pencil.
2. Status of Prior Art
A conventional pencil for writing or drawing consists of a cylinder of wood encasing a thin rod of graphite or colored wax. A cosmetic pencil, which is used by a woman to outline her lips or eyes, is similar to a conventional pencil except that its central rod is thicker and is formed of a soft cosmetic substance whose composition and color are appropriate to the intended use of the pencil.
Both a conventional pencil and a cosmetic pencil require sharpening to bring the conical tip of the pencil to a point, and to renew this point when blunted by use. A cosmetic pencil is normally provided with a removable protective cap covering the tip end of the pencil.
A woman away from home usually takes along one or more cosmetic pencils, a pencil sharpener and a small mirror, putting these items in her purse or in a vanity case. When the woman has occasion to use a cosmetic pencil, as for example in the restroom of a restaurant, she is then able to observe her face in the small mirror as she draws cosmetic lines outlining her eyes or lips.
The reason it is difficult for the women to use the large mirror normally found in a restaurant restroom is that she cannot in a large mirror installed behind a sink or counter observe her face at close range so as to be able to clearly see the lines being drawn by the cosmetic pencil. For this purpose a small hand-held mirror is more suitable, for a woman grasping this small mirror in one hand close to her face can with her other hand holding the cosmetic pencil accurately draw the cosmetic lines to define her eyes or lips.
The cosmetic rod of a cosmetic pencil is relatively soft and after to use to define the eyes or lips, the pencil must these be resharpened. For this purpose small cosmetic pencil sharpeners are available are similar to a writing pencil sharpener and include an angled blade to engage the tip of the pencil.
Of prior art interest is the 1998 patent to Conley Jr. U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,848 which discloses a cosmetic system provided with a small mirror integrated with a cylindrical housing which accommodates lip and eye cosmetic pencils as well as a lipstick. The housing also incorporates in its structure a pencil sharpener. But the Conley Jr. system does not provide a protective cap for cosmetic pencils, for these pencils are fully inserted within the cylindrical housing.
A conventional protective cap for a cosmetic pencil is often misplaced, for when a woman withdraws this cap from the pencil in order to put the pencil to use, the cap is then laid down on a table or other available surface. When the woman later wishes to recap the cosmetic pencil, she may not remember where she laid the cap down, and be unable to recover it.

Protective cap and mirror unit for cosmetic pencil


An electronic substrate with heat dissipation structure includes a substrate plate and at least one heat pipe. The substrate plate includes a wiring layer, a grounding layer and an insulation layer from top to bottom. The wiring layer has at least one heat-producing element mounted thereon, and is formed with a receiving hole for the heat pipe to tightly fit therein. Heat produced by the heat-producing element and distributed over a high-temperature zone of the substrate plate surrounding the heat-producing element is absorbed by the heat pipe and then transferred to a low-temperature zone of the substrate plate distant from the heat-producing element, from where the heat is dissipated into ambient air to achieve cooling effect at upgraded heat dissipation efficiency.

As a result of the constant progress in the electronic technological fields and the demands of users on the compact design and high operating performance of hand-held electronic devices, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and so on, electronic elements in the hand-held electronic devices, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and integrated circuits (ICs), produce a large amount of heat during high-speed operation thereof. The produced heat tends to accumulate in the very limited internal space of the compact electronic devices, and must be timely removed to ensure good operating efficiency and extended service life of the electronic elements.
The currently available hand-held electronic devices usually include a case, a heat-producing element, and a metal-made heat-transfer plate serving as a heat dissipation structure. The case internally defines a chamber for accommodating the heat-producing elements, such as the CPU, various ICs or other electronic parts. The heat-transfer plate is directly attached to one side of each heat-producing element. Heat produced by the heat-producing element is transferred from the heat-producing element to the heat-transfer plate and is finally dissipated into ambient air from the heat-transfer plate. However, the conventional heat-transfer plate designed for the hand-held electronic devices has relatively poor heat dissipation effect. This is because, with the heat-transfer plate directly attached to the heat-producing element, the produced heat tends to accumulate on a high-temperature zone, i.e. areas of the heat-transfer plate that surround the heat-producing element, instead of being distributed over the whole heat-transfer plate. Therefore, the conventional hand-held electronic devices have poor heat dissipation efficiency.
It is therefore tried by the inventor to develop an electronic substrate with heat dissipation structure that has small thickness but upgraded heat dissipation efficiency.

Electronic substrate with heat dissipation structure


A vibratory particle separating apparatus for separating a supply of particulate material into two streams according to particle size. The apparatus includes an inclined particle separating screen secured in a mount frame and characterized by multiple steps disposed perpendicular to the path of material flow. The mount frame is suspended in a support frame by resilient float mounts and vibrated by a vibratory motor mounted on the mount frame. The particulate material is loaded on the top inclined end of the vibrating screen and as the material cascades down the steps of the screen, particles smaller than a selected size fall through one of multiple, adjacent openings provided in each step and are collected or discharged for further processing in a stream below the screen, whereas larger particles are collected or discharged in a separate stream at the foot of the screen. In another embodiment the float mounts can be adjusted to vary the vibratory motion of the screen and thereby optimize particle separation according to the characteristics of the material. In still another embodiment the openings are omitted from a step or steps in the top inclined end of the screen, such that elongated particles such as sticks being loaded on the screen must lie flat and slide down to the foot of the screen instead of sliding through the openings and mixing with the smaller particles being separated from the material.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to devices for separating particles of different sizes in a supply of particulate material and more particularly, to a vibratory particle separating apparatus for separating a supply of particulate material such as wood chips, shredded tire particles and the like, into two streams according to particle size. In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus is characterized by a particle separating screen including multiple steps shaped perpendicular to the path of material flow and mounted in sloped configuration in a mount frame. The mount frame is suspended in a support frame by resilient rubber or plastic float mounts and vibrated by a vibratory motor mounted on the mount frame. As the supply of material is loaded on the top inclined end of the vibrating screen, the material cascades down the steps of the screen and particles smaller than a selected size fall through one of multiple, adjacent openings provided in each step and are collected or discharged for further processing in a stream below the screen, whereas particles too large to fall through the opening are collected or discharged in a separate stream at the foot of the screen. In one embodiment the vibratory motion of the screen may be varied to optimize particle separation according to the characteristics of the material, by adjusting the angle of the float mounts with respect to the support frame. In another embodiment the openings in the upper step or steps on the top inclined end of the particle separating screen are omitted, or "blinded", such that elongated particles such as sticks being loaded on the screen must lie flat and slide down to the foot of the screen, instead of "diving" through one of the openings and mixing with the smaller particles being separated from the material.
Many devices are known for separating particles according to size in a stream of particulate material containing wood waste, shredded tires and the like. For example, in separation of particles in a wood waste stream, these devices are used to separate the "fines", or particles smaller than a desired size, from the "overs", or particles larger than the desired size. The "fines" are typically removed from the stream in order to reduce wear on downstream equipment which processes or sizes the larger particles, as well as to facilitate alternative processing of the material, such as drying, grit removal or by-pass of redundant sizing.
Most particle separating devices utilize a screen having an arrangement of openings, through which the "fines" may pass but the "overs" may not. After falling through the openings, the "fines" are collected or discharged for further processing in one stream, whereas the "overs" are collected or discharged from the end of the screen in a separate stream. In some instances, some of the openings have a tendency to "blind" or become plugged with particles having a size between that of the "fines" and that of the "overs". The new and improved design of this invention prevents "blinding" of the openings by the shape and orientation of the openings in the surface of the particle separating screen, such that particles having a tendency to plug the openings are either vibrated out of the openings or pushed out of the openings by the oncoming stream of material and continue sliding down to the foot of the screen.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Several devices are known in the art for separating particles in a mixture of particulate material according to particle size, weight or other characteristics. U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,370, dated Nov. 25, 1986, to Gary A. Danner, describes a "Vibratory Separation Apparatus" having upper and lower conveying surfaces separated by an opening. A mixture of particulate material is conveyed by a vibrating action beyond the upper conveying surface and through the opening. A stream of air is directed from below the upper conveying surface against the falling particles and propels particles having a predetermined density or dimension onto the lower conveying surface. U.S. Pat. No. 4,802,591, dated Feb. 7, 1989, to William E. Lower, et al, discloses a "Louvered Chip Screener" for separating chip-shaped particles according to thickness. The screener is characterized by a sloping deck having a series of spaced, flexible slats which extend parallel to the direction of chip flow. The deck is subjected to a horizontal gyratory motion such that particles smaller than a selected size fall between the slats and are collected or discharged in one stream, whereas larger particles slide down the slats and are collected or discharged at the foot of the deck. A "Vibratory Separation Apparatus" is detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,844,235, dated Jul. 4, 1989, to Raymond W. Sherman, in which apparatus a resilient liner is provided on the particle supporting surfaces of a vibratory conveyor system. The liner provides a surface which prevents the particles from adhering to each other and to the conveying surface and is particularly effective when used in particle separating systems. U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,589, dated Apr. 28, 1992, to Raymond W. Sherman, discloses a "Material Separating Apparatus" for separating particles of different sizes. The apparatus includes a trough having a material input end and a material discharge end, and a screen having multiple, longitudinally-spaced finger screen sections extends over the trough. As the trough is vibrated, particles smaller than a preselected size pass through the fingers, whereas larger particles move from the input end to the discharge end of the trough. A "Vibrating Conveyor Screening Method and Apparatus" for screening fine particles from a stream of particulate material, is detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,167, dated Nov. 29, 1994, to Glen E. Howes. The apparatus is characterized by first and second sets of transversely-spaced, longitudinally-extending members disposed parallel to each other. At least one of the sets is mounted to vibrate along a longitudinal axis to feed material therealong. Multiple, spaced, transversely-extending third members are located between the first and second members defining multiple screen openings between the first, second and third members. As the particulate material is passed over the apparatus, the fine particles fall through the screen openings, whereas larger particles are discharged from the end of the apparatus. A "Screen Assembly For Vibrating Screening Machine" is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,858, dated May 23, 1995, to William W. Derrick, et al. The screen assembly is characterized by a plate having spaced apertures and channels formed in the sides for attachment to a vibratory screening machine. Spaced frame members are provided on opposite sides of the plate and an undulating screen is mounted between the frame members above the plate. The screen includes substantially parallel ridges with downwardly-sloping sides and troughs formed between the sides for conducting the material.
An object of this invention is to provide a vibratory particle separating apparatus for separating particulate material according to particle size.
Another object of this invention is to provide a vibratory particle separating apparatus characterized by a sloped particle separating screen which vibrates responsive to operation of a vibratory motor and receives a supply of particulate material, wherein the material cascades down the vibrating screen and particles smaller than a selected size fall through openings provided in the screen and are collected or discharged below the screen and particles larger than the selected size are collected or discharged for further processing at the foot of the screen.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a vibratory particle separating apparatus for receiving and separating a supply of particulate material into two streams according to particle size, which apparatus is characterized by a vibrating particle separating screen mounted in a frame in sloped configuration and shaped in a series of steps from the top inclined end of the screen to the foot of the screen, wherein particles of a selected size fall through one of multiple openings in the steps and are collected or discharged in one stream and particles larger than the selected size cascade to the bottom end or foot of the screen and are collected or discharged in a separate stream.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a vibratory particle separating apparatus characterized by a sloped particle separating screen including multiple steps formed therein and multiple openings included in the steps wherein particles having a tendency to plug the openings are either vibrated out of the openings or pushed out of the openings by the oncoming stream of material.


A horizontal wall is formed with a notch groove. The notch groove is formed by cutting a tip end of the horizontal wall on the side of the vehicle body substantially along an approaching/separating direction between a vehicle body and a slide door. A connecting unit which turnably connects a plate and a roller holder of a connection assembly to each other is movably inserted into the notch groove. The plate and the horizontal wall of the bracket are fastened to each other in a state where they are superposed on each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a support structure for a vehicular slide door.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, as a door for opening and closing a side opening of an automobile, there is a slide door which slides in the longitudinal direction along a side of a vehicle body. In this case, the vehicle body is provided at its three locations (an upper portion, a central portion and a lower portion) with guide rails extending in the longitudinal direction. A roller base is attached to each of the guide rails. The roller base moves in the longitudinal direction along the guide rail. Base plates (brackets) are mounted on the slide door in correspondence with the upper, central and lower guide rails such that the base plates project toward the vehicle body. Because the base plates are fastened to the roller bases, the slide door can move in the longitudinal direction along the guide rails.
Each base plate is formed at its one end with a long hole extending in the widthwise direction of the vehicle, and each roller base is formed with a bolt mounting hole. The base plate and the roller base are fastened to each other by threadedly engaging a bolt which penetrates the long hole with the bolt mounting hole. When the base plate and the roller base are fastened to each other, the fastening position therebetween is adjusted along the longitudinal direction of the long hole within a range where the bolt which is temporarily inserted into the bolt mounting hole relatively moves along the long hole. With this configuration, the mounting position of the slide door with respect to the vehicle body is adjusted (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2006-2383).
In the support structure of a vehicular slide door of this kind, in the connected portion between the roller base and the bracket of the slide door, it is desired to secure higher rigidity. Further, it is desired to adjust the mounting position of the slide door with respect to the vehicle body more easily.

Support structure for vehicular slide door


A long handled chipper allows a golfer with the yips to chip better. In one embodiment, a plurality of club faces having different degrees of loft are provided so the club may be used for different purposes, e.g. as a chipper and as a putter.

Golfers abilities wane with age and those have reached a certain age almost always acquire an affliction known among golfers as the yips. The yips is an inability to swing a putter as smoothly as in younger days and is thought to be of neuromuscular origin, associated with a decreased ability to control small muscles. Although it is common among older golfers, the yips can be acquired at surprisingly early ages. Until it happens, golfers usually believe this is an ailment of someone else.
The yips come in degrees of seriousness. In moderate cases, there is an inability to swing the putter smoothly. In some moderate cases, instead of the putter head swinging back smoothly and then swinging smoothly toward the ball, the putter head jerks backwards, usually off its intended line, and the actual forward stroke is something quite different from what was intended. After the putter head jerks backwards, all is lost and, if the ball actually rolls into the hole, it is pure luck. In other moderate cases, the putter head swings back smoothly but then jerks forwardly, off its intended line. Again, all is lost. Because there are so many individual variations and permutations, the reactions of any particular player will normally be unlike that of the next.
In more aggravated cases, there is almost an inability to bring the putter back. Some people are so bothered by the yips that it affects other easy or soft shots.
There have been many approaches to minimize the yips in an attempt to swing the putter head more smoothly. Bernard Langer is known for a putting grip in which the left hand grips the club and the right hand clamps the left forearm to the putter shaft. Sam Snead attempted to putt croquet style, i.e. astride the intended path of ball movement, and found it was illegal. Long handled putters are widely used by those with the yips or by those willing to try something different in an attempt to putt better.
A typical or standard set of golf clubs has the specifications shown in Table I:
TABLE I ______________________________________ lie angle, loft angle, club shaft length degrees degrees ______________________________________ driver 41-45" 55 7-13 2 wood 56 11-17 3 wood 56 13-18 4 wood 56 16-20 5 wood 57 18-23 1 iron 56 15-16 2 iron 36-39" 57 17-18 3 iron 58 19-20 4 iron 59 23-24 5 iron 60 26-28 6 iron 61 30-32 7 iron 62 34-36 8 iron 63 38-40 9 iron 64 42-44 pitching wedge 64 46-48 sand wedge 65 53-55 putter 30-40" 72 2-4. ______________________________________
The lie angle is the angle between the shaft and the ground, or between the shaft and the sole of the club, at the ball address position. The loft angle is the angle between the club face and a vertical plane extending through the club face at the ball address position, usually at the front edge of the club face. The ball address position is the position of the club head immediately behind the ball when the player takes a normal stance in preparation to strike the ball.
Disclosures of interest relative to this invention are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. D137,283; D179,246; 1,618,638; 3,416,798; 4,163,554; 4,512,583; 5,320,346; 5,458,335; 5,538,245; 5,544,879 and 5,547,196.


An electric steam iron includes a housing, a water reservoir, a boiler in fluid flow communication with the water reservoir, a soleplate, a steam cover overlying the soleplate in spaced relation thereto for defining a steam boiler chamber. An electrically operated heater is associated with the soleplate. A fluid control device regulates the flow of fluid from the reservoir to the steam boiler chamber. The chamber has a first portion for receiving water from the reservoir and a second portion. An extraction channel is formed overlying the second portion of the steam chamber. The steam cover has a first opening communicating the steam chamber with the extraction channel. The soleplate has a steam distribution chamber spaced from the steam boiler chamber. The steam cover has a second opening for communicating the extraction channel with the steam distribution chamber.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an electric steam iron and in particular, to a steam generating and extracting system for high rates of steam generation.
2. Background Information
Generally, most electric steam irons in use today employ a "flash" steam system wherein water contained in a water reservoir is dropped directly on a hot soleplate to generate steam. The generated steam is usually super-heated and its temperature is proportional to the soleplate temperature. It has been found that relatively high temperature super-heated steam is not as effective for ironing garments as steam at or near saturated conditions (100.degree. C.). It has also been determined that saturated steam with some moisture content can relax the fabric of the garment being ironed and result in a more satisfactorily ironed garment. It has also been determined that the use of relatively high steam rates can significantly improve the ironing characteristics of many common fabrics.
Typically, in irons using the "flash" steam system, the steam is directed through a tortuous path to separate any entrained water from the steam. The typical tortuous path is reasonably effective for moderate steam rates, e.g. 10 grams of steam per minute. The effectiveness of a typical tortuous path however does not generally permit steam to be generated at all ironing temperatures or at relatively high steam rates. Generally, electric steam irons start to water spot at about 130.degree.-135.degree. C. at a steam rate of only 10 grams per minute. This shortcoming with conventional irons is particularly important since it has been found that superior ironing results for moisture sensitive fabrics such as cotton and cotton blends can be obtained by utilizing wet steam at lower than conventional temperatures, e.g. 110.degree.-150.degree. C. and at relatively high steam rates. These ironing conditions reduce the risk of scorching damage to the garment that can occur at the higher conventional ironing temperatures commonly used for cottons, e.g. 175.degree.-195.degree. C.
Additionally when using a higher steam rate such as 20 grams per minute at the higher temperatures conventionally used for cotton and cotton blends, e.g. 145.degree.-175.degree. C., water spotting can occur due to the limited effectiveness of typical tortuous paths and soleplate designs. These designs can typically only support high steam rates at the highest temperature settings of the iron e.g. 175.degree.-205.degree. C., without water spotting the garment.
There have been some attempts to overcome the foregoing problem by the use of very high steam chambers with tall vertical walls cast into the iron's soleplate. The very height of these walls under most circumstances prevents relatively large droplets of water from escaping the steam generating chamber. The foregoing, while being generally effective in reducing water spotting at high steam rates and low temperatures, adds significant expense to the cost of the iron, consumes much space, and adds a significant amount of weight which makes the iron less user friendly.
It is accordingly an object of this invention to generate relatively low temperature steam at relatively high steam rates without significantly increasing the height and/or weight of the iron.

Steam iron including boiler and overlying extraction channel


A method of processing audio signals during a communication session between a user device and a remote node, includes receiving a plurality of audio signals at audio input means at the user device including at least one primary audio signal and unwanted signals and receiving direction of arrival information of the audio signals at a noise suppression means. Known direction of arrival information representative of at least some of said unwanted signals is provided to the noise suppression means and the audio signals are processed at the noise suppression means to treat as noise, portions of the signal identified as unwanted dependent on a comparison between the direction of arrival information of the audio signals and the known direction of arrival information.

Communication systems allow users to communicate with each other over a network. The network may be, for example, the interne or the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Audio signals can be transmitted between nodes of the network, to thereby allow users to transmit and receive audio data (such as speech data) to each other in a communication session over the communication system.
A user device may have audio input means such as a microphone that can be used to receive audio signals, such as speech from a user. The user may enter into a communication session with another user, such as a private call (with just two users in the call) or a conference call (with more than two users in the call). The user's speech is received at the microphone, processed and is then transmitted over a network to the other user(s) in the call.
As well as the audio signals from the user, the microphone may also receive other audio signals, such as background noise, which may disturb the audio signals received from the user.
The user device may also have audio output means such as speakers for outputting audio signals to the user that are received over the network from the user(s) during the call. However, the speakers may also be used to output audio signals from other applications which are executed at the user device. For example, the user device may be a TV, which executes an application such as a communication client for communicating over the network. When the user device is engaging in a call, a microphone connected to the user device is intended to receive speech or other audio signals provided by the user intended for transmission to the other user(s) in the call. However, the microphone may pick up unwanted audio signals which are output from the speakers of the user device. The unwanted audio signals output from the user device may contribute to disturbance to the audio signal received at the microphone from the user for transmission in the call.
In order to improve the quality of the signal, such as for use in the call, it is desirable to suppress unwanted audio signals (the background noise and the unwanted audio signals output from the user device) that are received at the audio input means of the user device.
The use of stereo microphones and microphone arrays in which a plurality of microphones operate as a single device are becoming more common. These enable use of extracted spatial information in addition to what can be achieved in a single microphone. When using such devices one approach to suppress unwanted audio signals is to apply a beamformer. Beamforming is the process of trying to focus the signals received by the microphone array by applying signal processing to enhance sounds coming from one or more desired directions. For simplicity we will describe the case with only a single desired direction in the following, but the same method will apply when there are more directions of interest. The beamforming is achieved by first estimating the angle from which wanted signals are received at the microphone, so-called Direction of Arrival ("DOA") information. Adaptive beamformers use the DOA information to filter the signals from the microphones in an array to form a beam that has a high gain in the direction from which wanted signals are received at the microphone array and a low gain in any other direction.
While the beamformer will attempt to suppress the unwanted audio signals coming from unwanted directions, the number of microphones as well as the shape and the size of the microphone array will limit the effect of the beamformer, and as a result the unwanted audio signals suppressed, but remain audible.
For subsequent single channel processing, the output of the beamformer is commonly supplied to single channel noise reduction stage as an input signal. Various methods of implementing single channel noise reduction have previously been proposed. A large majority of the single channel noise reduction methods in use are variants of spectral subtraction methods.
The spectral subtraction method attempts to separate noise from a speech plus noise signal. Spectral subtraction involves computing the power spectrum of a speech-plus-noise signal and obtaining an estimate of the noise spectrum. The power spectrum of the speech-plus-noise signal is compared with the estimated noise spectrum. The noise reduction can for example be implemented by subtracting the magnitude of the noise spectrum from the magnitude of the speech plus noise spectrum. If the speech-plus-noise signal has a high Signal-plus-Noise to Noise Ratio (SNNR) only very little noise reduction is applied. However if the speech-plus-noise signal has a low SNNR the noise reduction will significantly reduce the noise energy.

Processing audio signals during a communication event


Aspects of the present invention relates to a copper containing Levyne molecular sieve having a silica to alumina mole ratio less than 30 and a Cu:Al atomic ratio less than 0.45, wherein the Levyne molecular sieve retains at least 60% of its surface area after exposure to a temperature of from about 750° C. to about 950° C. in the present of up to 10 volume percent water vapor for a time ranging from about 1 to about 48 hours.

Both synthetic and natural zeolites and their use in promoting certain reactions, including the selective reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia in the presence of oxygen, are well known in the art. Zeolites are aluminosilicate crystalline materials having rather uniform pore sizes which, depending upon the type of zeolite and the type and amount of cations included in the zeolite lattice, range from about 3 to 10 Angstroms in diameter. Levyne (LEV) is a small pore zeolite with 8 member-ring pore openings (˜4.8×3.6 Angstroms) accessible through its 2-dimensional porosity (as defined by the International Zeolite Association). A cage like structure results from the connection of double six-ring building units by 4 rings.
Levyne can be synthesized using various template agents and OH-sources. These various synthesis routes result in Levyne-type materials with different names such as Levyne, LZ-132, LZ-133, Nu-3, ZSM-45, ZK20, SSZ-17. U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,676 first disclosed the synthesis of ZK-20 having a silica to alumina ratio from 4 to 11 using 1-methyl-1-azonia-4-azabicyclo[2,2,2]octane. EP 91,048 and EP 91,049 describe the synthesis of LZ-132 and LZ-133 using methylquinuclidine. EP 40,016 describes the synthesis of Nu-3 (10 to 300 SiO2:Al2O3) with 1-aminoadamantane or methylquiniclidine. EP 107,370, U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,303, U.S. Pat. No. 4,086,186 U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,367, describes the synthesis of ZSM-45 (10 to 80 SiO2:Al2O3) with salts of dimethyldiethylammonium, choline or cobaltinium. Caullett et al. described the synthesis of Levyne with quinuclidine and methylamine in Zeolites, 1995, 15, 139-147. Touto et al., describe the synthesis of Levyne with methylquinucline in Materials Engineering, 1994, 175-182 and Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 1998, 247-257. Inoue et al. describe the hydrothermal conversion of FAU to Levyne with choline hydroxide in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2009, 149-154.
The reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia to form nitrogen and H2O can be catalyzed by metal-promoted zeolites to take place preferentially to the oxidation of ammonia by the oxygen or to the formation of undesirable side products such as N2O, hence the process is often referred to as the "selective" catalytic reduction ("SCR") of nitrogen oxides, and is sometimes referred to herein simply as the "SCR" process.
The catalysts employed in the SCR process ideally should be able to retain good catalytic activity over the wide range of temperature conditions of use, for example, 200° C. to 600° C. or higher, under hydrothermal conditions and in the presence of sulfur compounds. High temperature and hydrothermal conditions are often encountered in practice, such as during the regeneration of the catalyzed soot filter, a component necessary for the removal of soot particles in the exhaust gas treatment system.
Metal-promoted zeolite catalysts including, among others, iron-promoted and copper-promoted zeolite catalysts, for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia are known. Iron-promoted zeolite beta (U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,917) has been an effective commercial catalyst for the selective reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia. Unfortunately, it has been found that under harsh hydrothermal conditions, for example exhibited during the regeneration of a catalyzed soot filter with temperatures locally exceeding 700° C., the activity of many metal-promoted zeolites begins to decline. This decline is often attributed to dealumination of the zeolite and the consequent loss of metal-containing active centers within the zeolite.
WO 2008/106519 discloses a catalyst comprising: a zeolite having the CHA crystal structure and a mole ratio of silica to alumina greater than 15 and an atomic ratio of copper to aluminum exceeding 0.25. The catalyst is prepared via copper exchanging NH4+-form CHA with copper sulfate or copper acetate. The catalyst resulting from copper sulfate ion-exchange exhibits NOx conversion from 45 to 59% at 200° C. and ˜82% at 450° C. Copper acetate exchange results in a material with NOx conversion after aging of 70 and 88% at 200 and 450° C., respectively. These materials offer improvement in low temperature performance and hydrothermal stability in comparison to FeBeta. However, Chabazite remains an expensive material due to the cost of the trimethyladamantyl ammonium hydroxide necessary for its synthesis.
WO 2008/132452 discloses a number of zeolite materials that can be loaded with iron and/or copper with improvements in NOx conversion compared to Fe/Beta, Cu/Beta and Cu/ZSM-5. Example 2 indicates Cu/Nu-3 (a Levyne-type material) as such a material. This example states that an ammonium exchange was carried out before an aqueous copper exchange using copper nitrate. It is stated that multiple aqueous ion-exchanges were carried out to target 3 wt % Cu (3.76 wt % CuO). No details of the ion-exchange experiments are disclosed. Additionally, no details of critical composition parameters for the zeolite are given such as SiO2:Al2O3 or alkali metal content. As indicated above Nu-3 can be synthesized with a wide range of SiO2:Al2O3 (10 to 300). Example 6 indicates that the material is aged at 750° C. in 5% steam for 24 hours. FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 indicate the SCR performance of Cu/Nu-3 fresh and aged with comparison to other materials such as Cu/SAPO-34. FIG. 6 indicates that following hydrothermal aging the NOx conversion at 200 and 450° C. are significantly inferior to the Chabazite-type SAPO-34 technology after aging, with ˜60% versus ˜75% NOx conversion at 200° C. and ˜60% versus ˜80% at 450° C. However, no clear mention of test conditions for Cu/Nu-3 can be found.
Briend at al. report that SAPO-34 was unstable to a humid environment at temperatures below about 100° C. as reflected in a loss of structure (J. Phys. Chem., 1995, Vol. 99, p 8270-8276). However, at temperatures above 100° C. stability was not an issue.
Poshusta et al. observe an instability to humidity at low temperature with SAPO-34 membranes (J. Membrane Science, 2001, Vol. 186, p 25-40).
WO 2008/118434 indicates that a Levyne material that can retain at least 80% of its surface area and micropore volume after hydrothermal aging at 900° C. in 10% steam for 1 to 16 hours would be suitable for application in SCR. However, no synthesis or catalytic data are disclosed.
WO 2010/043891 indicates small pore zeolites (having a maximum ring size of eight tetrahedral atoms), including Levyne (LEV), as improved catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia. Levynite, Nu-3, LZ-132 and ZK-20 are reported. It is indicated that large crystal size results in improved catalyst stability with catalytic data provided for only Cu/Chabazite. NOx conversion is reported at 200° C. and 400° C. Crystals larger than 0.5 micrometers are claimed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,220,632 discloses NH3—SCR process using zeolites in the Na- or H-form with pore sizes of 3-10 Angstroms. Zeolite X, Mordenite and a natural zeolite are disclosed in the examples.

Copper containing levyne molecular sieve for selective reduction of NOx


An image forming apparatus includes a switch, a receiving section, an acquisition section, a determination section, and a transition section. The receiving section receives an operation on the switch. The acquisition section acquires operation state information indicating a first operation state. The determination section determines a second operation state based on the operation state information. The second operation state differs from the first operation state. The transition section causes the image forming apparatus to transition from the first operation state to the second operation state in response to the operation on the switch. The first operation state is a state in which the image forming apparatus is operating. The second operation state is a state in which the image forming apparatus is to operate.

The present disclosure relates to an image forming apparatus.
A printer system includes a printer and a personal computer. The printer performs a printing operation based on print data transmitted from the personal computer. The printer includes a power key, a central processing unit (CPU), and an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The ASIC has a buffer region and an error information storage region. When the power key of the printer is operated during printing operation, the CPU stops the printing operation while a power source remains in an on state. Further, the CPU deletes print data stored in the buffer region of the ASIC and writes cancel information in the error information storage region of the ASIC. The personal computer includes buffer memory. When the personal computer confirms the cancel information in the error information storage region of the printer, the personal computer deletes the print data stored in the buffer memory of the personal computer.


An instrument and method for teaching and training individuals to achieve accuracy and efficiency in playing the game of golf. The instrument permits electronic reading and recording of atmospheric pressure, optical reading and manual recording of both the distance from the current ball position to the pin and the vertical distance of the current ball position above or below the pin, optical estimating and recording of the forward slope and the sideways slope as well as the manual estimating of turf conditions at the ball positions. The instrument also permits the user to manually estimate and record the most critical result of wind direction and velocity through a device which processes this information with a standardized methodology in conjunction with predetermined and recorded club trajectory information for the particular user to determine and display the pre-shot alignment of the particular user, and the post-shot position of the ball in relation to the pin.

The present invention relates to a portable golf shot analyzer and club selector. This invention relates to the game of golf, and more particularly to a method and apparatus useful in determining the correct shot to play.
The game of golf is played by using one of a number of clubs to drive a ball as close as possible to the pin. Along with the skill to correctly hit the ball, it is necessary for the player to know the distance which the ball is to travel and the effects of existing conditions for which he or she must compensate to acquire the desired shot.
In the past the most common procedure in determining the shot to play was to visually and mentally estimate the remaining distance, then to observe other effects like wind, lies, and rough and to then guess their effects on the shot and adjust accordingly. Because all of these judgments are made from past experiences, there is often doubt as to which shot to play. It is rare that a player is confronted with a shot for which identical past experience exists. This leads to confusion in the player's mind. The result is often incorrect choices of shots, and increase of tension, with diminished results.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide the method for correct shot selection which will in turn remove physiological and psychological barriers with the result of removing unnecessary tension and therefore restoring the player's natural ability. It will also teach and train the user of the invention the effects of optical illusions, the importance and awareness of the other conditions (factors), with the objective of speeding up the play while at the same time lowering the player's score.
The following prior art is known to Applicant:
U.S. Pat. No. 3,671,724 to Sanders discloses a golf game computer including means for approximating the effects of backspin on range. The computing system of Sanders includes means for calculating the free flight trajectory of a golf ball struck from a tee having backspin imparted thereon and includes a backspin corrector for modifying the calculated distance of the golf ball to simulate the effects of backspin. The present invention differs from the teachings of Sanders as contemplating inputting all of the various actual conditions with regard to the location of a golf ball, analyzing them in light of the capabilities of the user, and choosing the appropriate club while indicating where a ball hit with that club will land.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,394 to Jones et al. discloses a golf yardage indicator system which relies upon a remote unit which may transmit a radial pulse to a base unit located at the flag stick of the golf hole. The remote unit measures the time interval between transmission of the radial pulse and reception of an ultrasonic signal in response thereto to calculate distance. The remote unit also receives input of wind conditions. The present invention differs from the teachings of Jones et al. as including a yardage indicator which does not require interaction with the flag stick. In the present invention, an optical range-finding device is incorporated therein to allow determination of distance to pin manually.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,220,992 to Blood et al. discloses a portable event analysis device which includes means for allowing inputting of the various parameters of shots which have already been made in a game of golf so that the game may be later analyzed. The present invention differs from the teachings of Blood et al. as being intended to be used to allow the user to input the various conditions and to be assisted in choosing the appropriate club for each shot.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,815,020 to Cormier discloses a method and apparatus for computing golf game parameters. The device utilizes a wheel rolling along with the golfer from the tee to the ball location to determine the yardage already travelled and uses triangulation to determine the actual distance to pin. The present invention avoids the need for such a wheel by utilizing a built-in range-finding mechanism to determine distance to pin.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,864,854 to vanLeemput discloses a device designed to aid a golfer in selecting a club including the use of a wind velocity and direction indicator. The present invention differs from the teachings of vanLeemput as permitting inputting of all potential parameters, manual determination of range, and consideration of the particular actual results of the user with the various clubs.

Portable golf shot analyzer and club selector


A low-pressure discharge lamp (1) is provided that includes a glass tube (2) having an inner diameter in a range of 1 to 5 mm and a pair of electrodes (3) disposed at end portions in the glass tube (2). The pair of electrodes (3) contain at least one transition metal selected from transition metals of Groups IV to VI. Mercury and a rare gas containing argon and neon are sealed in an inner portion of the glass tube (2). A relationship between a cathode glow discharge density J and a composition index α of the sealed rare gas of the low-pressure discharge lamp (1) satisfies the following expressionα≦J=I/(S·P2)≦1.5α(where S represents an effective discharge surface area (mm2) of an electrode, I represents a RMS lamp current (mA), P represents a pressure (kPa) of a sealed rare gas, and α represents a composition index of a sealed rare gas that is a constant expressed by α=(90.5A+3.4N)×10−3 when a total of a composition ratio A of argon and a composition ratio N of neon is expressed by A+N=1).

Conventionally, with the diversification of liquid crystal displays, various studies have been carried out on a low-pressure discharge lamp for a back light device in order to achieve a thin tube structure, a high luminance, a long life and the like. As one of the methods for achieving these, a method is known in which an electrode made from a material having a low work function such as nickel is formed in any of various shapes including the shapes of a bar, a cylinder, a bottomed cylinder, a cap and the like so as be decreased in size as much as possible. This method suppresses electrode consumption due to sputtering that takes place during lighting of a low-pressure discharge lamp.
For example, in the case of the cylindrical electrode described in JP 4 (1992)-137429 A, cathode glow discharge comes into the inner portion of the cylindrical electrode. Therefore, this suppresses a phenomenon in which a waste of an electrode material scattered by sputtering reaches portions of the inner wall of a low-pressure discharge lamp to cause blackening. Moreover, an electrode substance that has been sputtered is turned back into the electrode in the cylindrical electrode and reused. Therefore, mercury consumption resulting from electrode substance consumption also is suppressed. Thus, from the aspect of the performance of a low-pressure discharge lamp, it is effective to adopt a small-sized cylindrical electrode or the like.
However, in the case where the low-pressure discharge lamp is required to attain a higher luminance and thus is used in a large current region, and in the case where it is required that the low-pressure discharge lamp be of a thin tube structure and a smaller electrode be used in order to meet a demand for a size reduction of a liquid crystal display frame, the following further should be addressed.
That is, in the case where a smaller electrode is used and a lamp current is increased, a cathode glow discharge density (value obtained by dividing a current density per a unit effective discharge surface area of the electrode by a square of a sealing pressure of a rare gas) and a cathode fall voltage are increased so that a shortage of an effective discharge surface area of the electrode is compensated. This results in a phenomenon in which a glow discharge transition from normal glow to abnormal glow is caused. By the abnormal glow, the consumption of a rare gas sealed in a low-pressure discharge lamp is accelerated as a result of a rapid increase in the sputtering amount of an electrode material, thereby causing a problem of a short lamp life.
Furthermore, the use of a thin tube structure and a large current density, and a reduction in space for a low-pressure discharge lamp unit cause an atmospheric temperature during lighting of a low-pressure discharge lamp to be increased excessively to a temperature not lower than a temperature at which an optimum level of an emitted luminous flux is maintained, thereby also causing a problem of a decrease in an emitted luminous flux.

Low-pressure discharge lamp and back light device using the same


A plate, e.g., a license plate for motor vehicles, includes a base body which is made of an electrically conductive material, or has an electrically conductive layer applied either directly or via a further layer. Thus, the electrically conductive base body or its electrically conductive coating forms a first electrode of a flat capacitor. A layer having an electroluminescent pigmentation is applied on the base body or the electrically conductive layer. The electroluminescent coating may be applied by various methods, e.g., spray painting, brushing, special screen-printing methods, etc. To create the electrical field, it may be necessary to apply to the electroluminescent layer an electrically conductive layer for forming the second electrode.

Conventional license plates for motor vehicles are produced from a sheet-metal blank that is provided with a reflective coating and is embossed to permit individual creation of the suitable letter and/or number combinations. After being embossed, the sheet-metal blanks are subjected to a hot-roll dying process for dying the embossed letter and/or number combinations. If desired, a transparent protective layer is applied on the finished plates.
A disadvantage is that, for good recognition of the letter and number combinations in the dark, a light source which illuminates the plate must be situated in the immediate vicinity of the license plate on the vehicle, so that the incident light beams can be reflected.
German Published Patent Application No. 198 27 477 describes a license plate for a motor vehicle, which, as active illumination, provides an electrically activatable reflecting film arrangement, situated at least in the region of the marking, which backs the marking and/or the plate surface. The license plate described in German Published Patent Application No. 200 22 563 includes the electroluminescent film arrangement. However, such an electroluminescent film arrangement does not allow the embossing of symbols, particularly letter and/or number combinations.
It is an aspect of the present invention to provide a plate, e.g., a license plate for motor vehicles, that has an electroluminescent construction and that is deformable and able to be embossed.

Sign, especially a number plate for a motor vehicle


An example diffusion bonding machine includes a support structure configured to receive first and second die sets. A heat transfer device is arranged near the support structure and is configured to transfer heat relative to the die sets. A mechanism is configured to separate the die sets from one another during heat transfer. In one example method of diffusion bonding, heat is transferred relative to a space between die sets. The die sets are supported on the support structure, and a load is applied to the die sets to diffusion bond a component within each of the die sets.

This disclosure relates to a diffusion bonding machine and method, for example, for manufacturing hollow blades.
Some hollow fan blades are manufactured by diffusion bonding two halves to one another. The blades are constructed from a titanium alloy, for example. The blade halves typically include features, such as ribs, that must precisely mate with one another to ensure desired bonding between the ribs. Uniform heating is essential to avoid introducing misalignment of the ribs due to temperature distortion. Similarly, after bonding, the dies must be uniformly cooled to avoid temperature induced distortion. Typically, two die sets are stacked vertically onto one another to increase the number of blades processed.
The halves are bonded together by radiantly preheating the blade within an enclosed set of dies before applying pressure sufficient to bond the halves to one another. The die sets are also heated during pressing. The configuration of the stacked dies requires conduction of heat from the outer sides of the die sets to the interior of the die sets where the blades are located. As a result, a very lengthy heating time is required.
One type of diffusion bonding machine includes three stations. The stack of die sets is loaded into the first station and preheated. Pressure is applied to the die stack at a second station and the die sets continue to be exposed to heat at the second station. Once bonding is complete, the die stack is transferred to a third station where the dies are cooled and then unloaded from the third station. Throughout the manufacturing process at the various stations, the die sets remain closed and stacked relative to one another.


A technique is provided for session aggregation in a distributed architecture having a server connected to blades. A master session is generated for collaboration by user clients, and the master session corresponds to one or more terminal sessions on the distributed architecture of the server connected to the blades. The one or more terminal sessions on the distributed architecture are aggregated in the master session. A determination is made that the user clients agree for one user client of the user clients to be authorized as a current command line user name, in response to requests that are sent to the user clients. The one user client is granted authorization to the current command line user name in the master session based on an agreement by the user clients.

The present invention relates to communications, and more specifically, to the collaboration and interaction of computer systems with remote computers.
Users typically connect to mainframe computers (e.g., System Z®) using a 3270 terminal emulator such as IBM® Personal Communications (PCOMM). PCOMM is a host communication and terminal emulation package that features 3270, 5250, virtualization (VT) emulation, etc.
Terminal emulators typically connect to the mainframe using transmission control protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). A session is identified by IP addresses, which specify the computers that participate in it, and port numbers, which identify the programs on those computers. The telnet port may be utilized on the mainframe to listen for terminal emulators.

Collaboration and interaction with system terminals

International Business Machines Corporation


A substrate having rod-like molecules on a surface thereof including: a substrate in which a pattern including a convex portion with a flat upper surface is formed on at least a portion thereof; and a plurality of rod-like molecules, which are formed into rod-like shape, are aligned in line in a direction crossing a molecular length direction of each of the rod-like molecules an the upper surface of the convex portion, and have liquid crystalline states, wherein the molecular length LR of the rod-like molecule is 2.0 or less times LN, which is a length of the rod-like molecule in the molecular length direction within the convex portion; and a method for producing a substrate having rod-like molecules on a surface thereof.

It is known that rod-like molecules having certain axial ratios (molecular length/diameter) show liquid crystalline states depending on densities. This phenomenon itself is a universal physical phenomenon controlled by thermodynamics, and it does not depend on materials and compositions of rod-like molecules. Generally, rod-like molecules self-assembled by a thermodynamic driving force have a domain structure. Examples of such rod-like molecules include inorganic semiconductor lots (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1), carbon nanotubes (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 2 and 3), virus molecules such as bacteriophages (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 4), and the like.
In recent years, as large-scale integrated circuits (LSI) have become finer, a technique for processing of even finer structures has been required. To meet such a requirement, a domain structure formed by self-assembled rod-like molecules can be utilized to easily process fine structures in nano-sizes.
For example, zinc oxide is a useful semiconductor material for chemical sensors, solar cells, transistors, nanodevices such as carbon nanotube composite field emission devices and the like, and it is disclosed that a domain formation by self-assembled tobacco mosaic viruses (TMV), which are rod-like nanomolecules, can be used for forming a one-dimensional nanostracture, such as a nanowire of zinc oxide and the like (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 5).
When forming a domain structure by self-assembled rod-like molecules, it is difficult to control molecular directions between domains. To direct rod-like molecules to a certain direction, for example, a method for self-organizing TMV to a uniaxial direction by controlling an evaporation speed of a solvent of a TMV-dispersed solution (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 6), and a method for increasing a uniaxial orientation with a capillary force that is generated by drying a solvent of a TMV-dispersed solution in a capillary tube (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 7) have been disclosed.

Substrate having rod-like molecules on surface thereof and method for producing the same

National University Corporation Nara Institute of Science and Technology


In a main conductor for a capacitively controlled high-voltage winding composed of pancake coils for transformers, in which the main conductor for the load current is realized as a twisted conductor, and in which a control conductor is provided which is spatially arranged inside the twisted conductor and is electrically separated from the twisted conductor, the main conductor consists of two twisted conductors (1, 2) that are electrically separated from each other. The control conductor consists of several flat copper conductors (7) covered by an insulating sheath (7a), and the copper conductors (7) are fastened to one of the twisted conductors (1, 2).

DE 199 26 540 C1 describes a high-voltage winding in which the coil windings are produced from so-called twisted conductors. The supplementary losses caused by the stray field are reduced by the use of twisted conductors. Furthermore, the available winding space can be better utilized by a higher space factor.
The production of interwound coils always requires soldered connections, which can be realized only with great difficulty or not all when twisted conductors are used. Therefore, when twisted conductors are used, to avoid soldered connections, a continuously windable double-coil connection is to be strived for, in which the capacitive control can also be achieved by a special control conductor, whose soldered connections can be produced simply and economically.
In DE 199 26 540, the control conductor is spatially arranged inside the main conductor and is electrically separated from the main conductor. The control conductor is arranged between two stacks of individual conductors; the individual conductors lie flat one above the other and together form the main conductor. To achieve electrical separation of the control conductor from the main conductor, either the control conductor has insulation, or the space between the control conductor and the main conductor is filled by a filler or by an intermediate layer of insulation material.
Due to the arrangement of the control conductor between the two stacks of individual conductors, there is the danger that the control conductor will be displaced during the further processing of the twisted conductor, e.g., during the production of a transformer winding, and that this can destroy the insulation of the control conductor or of the individual conductors of the twisted conductor. Furthermore, during the production of the winding, there is the danger that the necessary geometrically correct arrangement of the individual layers of a winding is no longer guaranteed.

Main conductor for a capacitively controlled high-voltage winding


An object of the present invention is to provide a satellite communication device which receives instructions from a remote place and automatically carries out a predetermined process. The satellite communication device includes an acquiring section, a storing section, and a control section. The acquiring section acquires instruction information through an artificial satellite by line switching type communication. The storing section stores the instruction information and a registered process by established correspondence. The control section reads out a process corresponding to the instruction information acquired by the acquiring section based on storage contents of the storing section, and carries out the process that has been read out.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention mainly relates to a satellite communication device for performing communication through an artificial satellite.
2. Background Information
Conventionally, a technology for performing communication such as a telephone, a facsimile, the Internet, or the like through an artificial satellite has been known. Communication through an artificial satellite (hereinafter, referred to as satellite communication) is utilized in a region which does not have wired or wireless communication equipment (at sea or on an isolated island), for example. U.S. Pat. No. 7,664,815 (Patent Document 1) discloses this kind of technology.
According to Patent Document 1, a crew member of a marine vessel can receive support for a marine instrument from a person in a remote place using satellite communication by selecting the marine instrument in accordance with instructions of the system.

Satellite communication device, and remote control method


The invention includes an anaerobic solids digestion apparatus comprising a digester, at least one draft tube; at least one nozzle and a biogas source; a method for digesting a waste stream in an anaerobic solids digestion apparatus comprises feeding a waste stream to a digester; reacting the anaerobically biodegradable material in the waste stream with anaerobic bacteria in the digester; introducing a mixed liquor into the digester and mixing the mixed liquor; and a method for minimizing the use of inhibitory polymers by concurrently digesting and concentrating the mixed liquor in the digester.

The invention relates to anaerobic biological treatment of waste streams with high solids content. Anaerobic biological treatment has traditionally been applied to the digestion of primary and secondary sludge at municipal sewage treatment facilities, but is also applicable to municipal solid waste, agricultural manures and crop residues, or industrial solid wastes and slurries where a significant portion of the solids material is potentially biodegradable.
Anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge has been performed for decades to reduce volume, stabilize highly-putrescible material and destroy pathogens. Conventional digestion is a once-through process where the sludge resides in the digester for 20 to 40 days to achieve optimal digestion. This is expressed as solids retention time (SRT) which in a once-through system is equal to the hydraulic retention time (HRT). SRT represents the average time that solids reside in the digester, and HRT represents the average time that liquids reside in the digester. In order to optimize the digestion process and to reduce the size of the digester vessel, there is a need for an improved digestion method that can operate effectively at a reduced SRT.
One problem associated with municipal sludge digestion is the large volume required for the anaerobic digester. Concentrating the solids in municipal sludge upstream of the digester has been used for reducing the digester volume. Even though municipal sludge is relatively high in suspended solids compared to many industrial wastewaters, typically approximately 99% of the municipal sludge may be water. To achieve the conventional SRT, the digester must accommodate the volume of water in the sludge. By concentrating these sludge solids by a factor of two, the digester volume required for digestion could be halved. Traditionally, a thickening process has been applied upstream of the digester to increase the percentage of solids in the feed to the digester. Traditional methods involve mechanical thickeners, dissolved air flotation or similar equipment to concentrate the solids.
Additives, such as polymers, have been mixed with the sludge stream to enhance the thickening process. These polymers are known in the art and include, for example, cationic polyacrylamides in a water-in-oil emulsion, solution mannich polymers—nonionic polyacrylamide polymers made cationic by reacting the amide groups along the polyacrylamide backbone with both a dialkylamine and a formaldehyde source, and cationic water-soluble polymers in emulsions, for example polyamine or poly (diallyldialkylammonium halides). The applicants have discovered that such polymers can inhibit anaerobic biological digestion. This effect might not be noticeable in conventional systems with long SRT and relatively low biological activity. However, as the digestion process is optimized and the SRT is reduced, this impact becomes more noticeable and prevents achievement of optimal digestion performance.
Less conventional methods for thickening the sludge such as membrane separation have also been used upstream of the digester. However, the hydrophilic nature of the solids in the waste stream makes it difficult to extract water efficiently using a membrane separator and promotes fouling of membranes, a build up of colloidal hydrophilic compounds which is difficult to penetrate and disturb. Traditionally, this made membrane separation an unattractive method for thickening the waste stream. Thus, in order to optimize anaerobic sludge digestion, there is a need for an improved method of concentrating the feed stock delivered to the digester and eliminating the need for the above noted polymers in optimized digesters.
Digesters for the anaerobic digestion of municipal publicly-owned treatment works (POTW) sludge are generally large tanks of relatively low height providing for 20-40 days of HRT. Proper treatment of municipal POTW sludge requires a sufficient inventory of active digesting bacteria and contact of those bacteria with the biodegradable fraction of the sludge. Contact is achieved by mixing digester contents. Optimally, the digester contents are mixed thoroughly. Conventional mixing methods include mixing by mechanical methods and mixing by using gas. However, the large and low design of conventional digesters typically results in "dead zones" which are not mixed and which could reach or exceed approximately 15% of the digester.
An "egg-shaped" digester has been developed to address these problems. This shape has improved the overall performance by effectively approaching a 100% mixed digester volume. This digester also requires a smaller widest cross-sectional area because it is taller relative to the traditionally-shaped tanks noted above. However, construction of egg-shaped digesters must overcome complex geometry. Although they are smaller than conventional digesters, they are still relatively large and expensive to construct. These structures improve mixing efficiency, but remain limited by the solids retention time (SRT) dictated by their design parameters and the typical biological activity of a continuously stirred system.
Accordingly, there also remains a need for improved digester performance by exposing more surface area of the degradable organics and available digesting bacteria to increase the opportunity for reactions between them. One way to achieve this is to fragment the sludge particles so as to expose degradable organics and digesting bacteria on the interior of the particles. These components may then be brought into contact in a high-energy environment. This requires turbulent mixing in the digester.
One method of mixing in an anaerobic sludge digester is the loop digester. Loop digesters have a continuous circulating flow which may be around a draft tube configuration. A mixing method used in the field of aerobic digestion is the concept of an eductor nozzle immersed in a liquid filled vessel. The pressure on the pumped side of the nozzle can be used to accelerate the flow of liquid at the nozzle outlet thus releasing energy into the liquid filled vessel and disturbing the vessel contents to effect mixing. Additionally, this acceleration creates a suction effect (similar to a Venturi) which can be used to draw a secondary fluid or gas into the flow stream.
Eductor nozzles to fragment biological solids have been used in the treatment of wastewaters using high rate aerobic digesters that apply a shearing force to the mixed liquor in the digester. With the supplemental addition of oxygen in the form of air injection, these digesters rely on contact between wastewater and biomass particles in an oxygen-rich environment to promote aerobic bacterial digestion of soluble components contained in the wastewater.
Another problem associated with municipal sludge is its disposal. Regulatory restrictions on the disposal of sludge make it desirable that the sludge be treated to "Class A" standards prior to disposal. 40 CFR § 503.32 proscribes EPA standards regarding the use and disposal of sewage sludge and is incorporated herein by reference. Accordingly there is a need for an improved digester design that can provide for operational or process modifications that achieve sludge which is treated to Class A standards.

Anaerobic digestion apparatus, methods for anaerobic digestion and for minimizing the use of inhibitory polymers in digestion


An image sensor is disclosed, which relates to technology for detecting the distance to a target object. The image sensor includes a first tap configured to capture and accumulate signal carriers, and a second tap spaced apart a set distance from the first tap. The first tap and the second tap are disposed in a diagonal direction at opposite vertex regions of a unit pixel.

An image sensor captures image(s) using semiconductor characteristics that react to light. In recent times, with the increasing development of computer and communication technologies, demand for high-quality and high-performance image sensors is rapidly increasing in various devices and applications, for example, smartphones, digital cameras, game consoles, Internet of Things (IoT), robots, surveillance cameras, medical micro-cameras, etc.
Image sensors may be broadly classified into two types: a CCD (Charge Coupled Device)-based image sensor and a CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)-based image sensor. The CCD image sensor may be superior to the CMOS image sensor in terms of noise and image quality. However, the CMOS image sensor may be driven more easily than the CCD image sensor, and may be implemented using many more scanning schemes than the CCD image sensor. In addition, the CMOS image sensor allows a signal processing circuit to be integrated into a single chip, such that the CMOS image sensor can be easily fabricated as a small-sized product, has very lower power consumption, and is compatible with CMOS fabrication technology, resulting in reduction in production costs. In recent times, the CMOS image sensor has been designed to be more compatible with mobile devices, such that CMOS image sensing devices have been intensively researched and have rapidly come into widespread use.

Image sensor for detecting a distance from a target object


A grease filter assembly is provided for absorbing airborne grease discharged from a grease discharge vent extending from a roof. A support is mountable to the duct of the grease discharge vent and grease absorbing pads are supportable upon the support frame in stationary position surrounding the discharge vent and in spaced relation from the roof. A fireproof barrier is disposed between the grease absorbing pads and the roof. Additionally, one or more hinges may be provided to allow the grease discharge vent to be easily opened for cleaning and maintenance.

Many facilities, such as restaurants, have production processes which require the discharge of significant volumes of grease through roof-mounted discharge vents. The discharged grease may accumulate on the roof and cause deterioration of the roofing materials surrounding the grease discharge vent, including the flashing and gaskets associated with the vent installation. These roofing materials are typically organic materials which may deteriorate rapidly when exposed to grease. Certain grease filter assemblies are successful in absorbing or trapping the grease discharged from roof-mounted discharge vents.
Examples of such successful grease filter assemblies are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,512,073 and 5,567,216, issued to one of the same inventors as the present invention. These prior grease filter assemblies advantageously provided grease absorbing materials near the discharge vents using a support frame clamped to the duct in a manner that did not compromise the integrity of the duct, a requirement of many municipalities or governing bodies. By attaching to the duct, as opposed to the roof, the grease filter assembly is placed as close to the grease discharge vent as necessary to adequately absorb, trap, and filter the grease discharged from the vent. This prior grease filter assembly employs a universal frame structure for attachment and support so that it does not depend on a particular roof design or roof-duct configuration. This prior grease filter assembly also uses composite grease absorbing pads that are supported around the duct. This eliminates the need to cut the pad specifically to fit the duct.
There is now a desire to further address fire prevention measures for grease discharge assemblies. More specifically, the National Fire Protection Association publishes standards entitled "Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations," which are also referred to as "NFPA 96." NFPA 96 includes fire prevention standards for roof-mounted grease discharge vents. One of these standards requires a fire resistant barrier between the roof and any grease collecting device. Another standard requires that grease discharge vents be accessible and operable for cleaning. Therefore, there is a need for a grease filter assembly that further addresses additional fire preventative measures and standards.


The present invention relates to a breakwater, particularly, to a prefabricated breakwater which is assembled in a stepped manner, having the improvements in the construction workability and prevention of the marine pollution due to the permeability of ocean currents together with the original wave dissipation function for the protection of ships or all kinds of the establishments in the harbor. The prefabricated breakwater according to the present invention comprises a plurality of unit blocks, each of which has engaging grooves at the constant distance at the top and bottom thereof, the unit blocks being assembled to form a current passage; a dissipating blocks in a plate shape having a plurality of engaging grooves at the tap and bottom or sides thereof at the constant distance; the unit blocks and dissipating blocks being assembled in a crosswise and longitudinal directions to form an hexagonal block assembly; the dissipating blocks being assembled in a stepped manner so as to be higher in an open sea direction; and the hexagonal block assemblies being connected to form a breakwater.

Generally, a breakwater is a structure to dissipate the waves from the open sea to the inland sea, thereby protecting the facilities at a harbor or the shores.
The conventional breakwaters were constructed merely to block the seawater currents from the open sea to the harbor side or shore for the primary purpose for protection of the waves surged to harbor, which were built in an upright structure using a caisson or a rubble mound.
However, the currents between the inside and outside seawaters of the harbor were blocked by the breakwater, which led to the serious problems of the marine pollutions caused by the deposition of garbage to the seabed and the deterioration of beaches.
In order to solve theses problems, the permeable breakwaters were proposed.
The typical examples of the permeable breakwaters in an upright type are disclosed in the Korean Utility Model Registration No. 303,600 and Korean Patent Registration No. 374,181.
The Korean Utility Model Registration No. 303,600 discloses a permeable upright breakwater having a base part with a plurality of conduits, through which a tide may flow.
However, although the tide may pass the upright breakwater, but there are problems of the complicated method of construction, the insufficient wave dissipation function and the needs of the separate tetrapods.
The Korean Patent Registration No. 374,181 discloses a tide permeable breakwater which comprises a base placed at the sea bottom, a plurality of culverts provided on the top of the base along the total length of the breakwater so that the seawater passages in a width direction may be arranged, a plurality of breakwater modules arranged on the upper surface of the culverts toward the open sea so as to form the slope, on which tetrapods are mounted, and a plurality of the hollow blocks vertically arranged on the harbor side surface of the culverts, of which the top portions are covered with a cap concrete.
However, there are problems that the construction method of the permeable upright breakwater is complicated and the permeablity of the tide is very limited.
Also, since the both conventional breakwater were constructed by using an upright structure or a bubble mound type, such structures have a common problem that a destruction of a portion of the breakwater is led to the consecutive destruction of the total breakwater.


An antenna apparatus is disclosed that includes an element member made of sheet metal, a ground member made of sheet metal, and a connection part that is integrally formed with the element member and the ground member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an antenna apparatus that includes an element member made of punched sheet metal.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years and continuing, much attention is being focused on UWB as a wireless communications technology enabling radar positioning and broadband communications, for example. In 2002, the U.S. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) approved usage of the UWB within a frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz.
The UWB is a wireless communications technology that involves transmitting pulse signals across a very wide frequency band. Therefore, an antenna used for UWB communication has to be capable of transmitting and receiving signals within a very wide frequency band.
It is noted that in "An Omnidirectional and Low-VSWR Antenna for the FCC-Approved UWB Frequency Band" by Takuya Taniguchi and Takehiko Kobayashi (The 2003 IECIE General Conference, B-1-133), an antenna adapted for use at least in the FCC-approved frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz is disclosed that comprises a ground plane and a feed element.
However, a conventional broadband antenna apparatus is constructed by arranging a cone-shaped or tear-shaped feed element on a flat ground plane. The antenna apparatus constructed in such a manner is rather large so that techniques for miniaturizing and flattening the antenna apparatus are in demand.
Also, with respect to technology related to a loop antenna adapted for low frequency band communication, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2000-196327 discloses an antenna apparatus that has a flexible substrate on which an element is formed by a conductive pattern.
However, the above-disclosed antenna apparatus uses a flexible substrate and also requires a connector for establishing connection with the exterior. Such an antenna apparatus has a relatively large number of components and the process for fabricating the antenna apparatus includes a large number of process steps so that low productivity and high manufacturing costs have been a problem.

Antenna apparatus and method for fabricating the same


Materials and methods for identifying agents which modulate KSR mediated signal transduction are provided.

Several publications and patent documents are cited in this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. The disclosure of each of these citations is incorporated herein by reference.
The worldwide epidemic in obesity has brought with it dramatic increases in the prevalence of co-morbid, chronic conditions including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. The rapid rise in these major public health problems underscores a growing need to understand the physiological and pathological bases of feeding and obesity, and the pathophysiological links between obesity and these associated morbidities.
Kinase Suppressor of Ras (KSR) is a conserved protein that positively regulates Ras signaling and functions as a scaffold for Raf, MEK, and ERK. However, the precise role of KSR is not well understood, and some observations have suggested that KSR might act in a parallel pathway. In C. elegans, ksr-1 is only required for a specific Ras-mediated process (sex myoblast migration) and is a nonessential positive regulator of other Ras-mediated developmental events. A second C. elegans ksr gene, ksr-2 has also been identified, which is required for Ras-mediated signaling during germline meiotic progression and functions redundantly with ksr-1 during development. Thus, while the ksr-1 and ksr-2 genes are individually required only for specific Ras-dependent processes, together these two genes appear necessary for most aspects of Ras-mediated signaling. The finding that ksr-2; ksr-1 double mutants have strong ras-like phenotypes and severely reduced or absent levels of diphosphorylated MPK-1 ERK strongly supports models where KSR acts to promote the activation or maintenance of the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade.
It is an object of the invention to provide a whole animal model for studying these interactions, thereby identifying agents which modulate aberrant processes associated with abnormal KSR2 function. Also provided are cell based systems for the elucidation of the regulatory components in KSR1-KSR2 signaling and the use of such systems to identify small molecules which impact this pathway.

Compositions and methods for modulation of KSR1 and KSR2 interactions

Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska


The invention provides an electrooptic device that can include a first substrate on which pixel electrodes, first thin film transistors electrically connected to the pixel electrodes, and scanning lines and data lines electrically connected to the first thin film transistors are formed, a second substrate opposing the first substrate and having a common electrode, and an electrooptic substance held between the first substrate and the second substrate. The electrooptical device can further include a switching element for discharging in capacitors constituted by the pixel electrodes on the first substrate, the electrooptic substance, and the common electrode on the second substrate. The invention makes it possible to remove charges from inside the electrooptic device.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to technical fields of electrooptic devices and electronic devices. More particularly, the invention relates to technical fields of an electrooptic device having various capacitors in which charges are accumulated, a driving method therefor, an electronic device, and a projection display device.
2. Description of Related Art
Currently, electrooptic devices are known which can be driven by a so-called active matrix driving method by having pixel electrodes arranged in a matrix, thin film transistors (TFT) connected to the pixel electrodes, scanning lines and data lines provided in parallel in rows and columns, and the like. Such electrooptic devices can further include a TFT array substrate on which the TFTs, the pixel electrodes, and the like described above are formed, a counter substrate opposing the TFT array substrate and having a common electrode, and an electrooptic substance, such as liquid crystal, sandwiched between the TFT array substrate and the counter substrate (liquid crystal). By supplying a driving voltage, a driving signal, an image signal, and the like to a scanning-line driving circuit and a data-line driving circuit that are connected to the scanning lines and the data lines, a predetermined electric field is applied to the liquid crystal through the pixel electrodes, and the light transmittance ratio is changed in each pixel by the resulting state change of the liquid crystal, so that an image can be displayed.
However, conventional electrooptic devices have the following problem. While a driving voltage, a driving signal, an image signal, and the like are necessary to drive an electrooptic device, as described above, no special consideration is given to a way to turn off these various signals when the device is powered off. Therefore, irregular charges inevitably remain everywhere inside the electrooptic device during operation of the electrooptic device.
In a state in which such charges remain inside the electrooptic device, when the device is powered on again, an image resulting from the charges sometimes appears on an image. For example, in a case in which letters "ABC" are displayed on an image immediately before the device is powered off, when the device is powered on next, the letters "ABC" in the preceding use appear like afterimages.
Incidentally, it was first considered that charges remained in capacitors (so-called "liquid crystal capacitors") formed by the TFT array substrate, the liquid crystal, and the counter substrate described above. In a case in which the electrooptic device has storage capacitors, the above-described problem tends to be more pronounced. The storage capacitors are capacitors that improve the potential holding characteristics of pixel electrode and enhance image quality by holding a voltage applied to the pixel electrodes for a predetermined period until the next image signal is applied to the pixel electrodes. However, such provision of storage capacitors is equal to the addition of new places in which charges are accumulated inside the electrooptic device, and the above problem appears more pronouncedly.
In addition, in recent electrooptic devices, the cell gap between the TFT array substrate and the counter substrate is further reduced, and the structure of the storage capacitors is complicated in order to achieve size reduction and high definition. Consequently, it is more difficult to remove accumulated charges, and there is a greater fear that the above problem will arise.

Electrooptic device, driving method therefor, electronic device, and projection display device