The present invention relates to a waterproof structure for computer key switch, especially a waterproof structure which comprising an upper protective cap and a lower protective cap, wherein the upper protective cap protecting the part of the computer key switch above the printed circuit board, the post of the computer key can be inserted into a fitting hole of the upper protective cap, the inner wall of the fitting hole contacting tightly with the post of the computer key, the lower protective cap covering the part of the computer key under the printed circuit board, therefore the whole computer key switch can be protected by the waterproof structure so as to prevent water or dust from penetrating into the computer key switch, when inserting the post into the fitting hole of the upper protective cap, the fitting hole can be supported with a leading mold so as to provide a quick inserting method.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to waterproof structures for waterproofing computer keyboard switches and protecting them from the surrounding environment. In particular, this invention relates to a waterproof structure which includes an upper protective cap having an arcuate face portion insertable within a key and surrounding a computer key post in watertight relation. Further, this invention pertains to a deformable portion of a protective cap to bear on an inner surface of a key member to increase the restorative forces after the computer key is pressed.
2. Prior Art
Referring to the structure of prior art computer key switches, such may be divided into four basic types. The first type is a mechanical system which is actuated by a generally metallic elastic member. The second type is capacitive in nature which can generate an on/off decision by changing the electrical capacity of a contact diode. The third type is a thin-film system which uses photographic technology to spread silverized glue on a halftone to generate a conductive circuit. The fourth type is a rubber system which is coated with a layer of carbonized conductor material with the rubber key connected to a printed circuit board. The characteristic of the above four computer key switch types are described as follows: The mechanical type applies the electric conductivity of metal to conduct which has an advantageous touching feel for the user. The capacitive type has a lower manufacturing cost, however, its quality is unstable. As to the rubber type, its size can be controlled easily, however, its use causes a serious pollution problem. The above four types all have a common fault, in that they fail to provide an effective waterproof structure for an associated keyboard switch. Thus, the design of the waterproof structure of a computer key switch is of major importance. At present, there are some kinds of computer key switches with waterproofing structures, however, they still have two major faults: (1) they only have a short-term and partial waterproof capability; and, (2) computer keys are enclosed with thick rubber plates which affect the appearance of the computer keys and causes inconvenient operation resulting in increased manufacturing costs.

Waterproof structure for computer key switch

12 Fl., No. 215, Chung Shan Road, Section 2


A front wheel of a golf cart includes a supporting component, a round rotating member, and a joining shaft coupling the rotating member to the supporting component; the supporting component includes a holding part, which has an outer stopping protrusion, a polygonal portion, and a round portion adjoining the polygonal portion; the shaft includes a shank partly held in the holding part; a spring biases the shaft to such a position that the shaft is prevented from rotating by the polygonal portion; a fixing component is secured around other end of the shank, and contains the stopping protrusion; the fixing component has a polygonal hollow portion to fit closely around the polygonal portion to prevent the shaft from rotating; the round rotating member can be turned together with the shaft to fold the front wheel after the polygonal hollow portion is relocated around the round portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a foldable front wheel structure of a golf cart, more particularly one, which includes a supporting component, a round rotating member, and a joining shaft coupling the round rotating member to the supporting component; after the joining shaft is disengaged from the supporting component, it can be turned in either of clockwise direction and counterclockwise one to move the front wheel between a stretched in-use position and a folded not-in-use one; therefore, the font wheel can be easily operated by not only those people who prefer using their right hands but also those people who prefer using their left hands.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Golf is getting more popular with heightening of living standard. Because many different types of golf clubs, which are relatively heavy in weight, will be used in a golf game, the golfers usually put their golf clubs in golf bags, and carry the golf bags with golf carts; thus, it won't take the golfers a lot of labor to move the golf clubs around a golf course.
Shown in FIG. 9 is a currently existing foldable front wheel structure of a golf cart, which includes a supporting component 3, a joining shaft 4, and a front round rotating member (not shown in the figures) fitted on the joining shaft 4. The supporting component 3 has a tubular part 31, which has opposite stopping protrusions 32 on an inner side; the angle between the stopping protrusions 32 is 90 degrees. The tubular part 31 further has hollow fixing portions 33 between the opposite stopping protrusions 32. The supporting component 3 further has detainment gaps 34 and through holes 35 thereon.
The joining shaft 4 has a step-shaped portion 41 at a front end thereof, and a shank part 411 adjoining the step-shaped portion 41. The step-shaped portion 41 has a stopping block 42 on a circumferential side thereof. An annular member 44 is positioned around the shank part 411, and an elastic element 43 is positioned between and propped against the step-shaped portion 41 and the annular member 44. The annular member 44 has fixing gaps 441 on a circumferential side thereof. And, a movable member 45 is positioned next to the annular member 44, and secured around the shank part 411; the movable member 45 has several embedded protrusions 451 on a circumferential side thereof. The shank part 411 is joined to the front round rotating member, i.e. the front wheel.
In assembly, referring to FIG. 10, the joining shaft 4 is joined to the tubular part 31 of the supporting component 3 with the stopping blocks 42 being received in a corresponding said hollow fixing portion 33, and with the embedded protrusions 451 of the movable member 45 being embedded in the detainment gaps 34. Next, fixing pins 36 are inserted in the through holes 35 of the supporting component 3, and received in the joining cavities 441 of the annular member 44 so as to fix the annular member 44 on the supporting component 3.
Shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 is the front wheel being under a folding action; first, the shank part 411 of the joining shaft 4 is pulled away from the tubular part 31 of the supporting component 3 so as to separate the stopping block 42 from a corresponding said hollow fixing portion 33; thus, the shank part 411 can be turned relative to the supporting component 3. Second, the shank part 411 is turned 90 degrees leftwards, and the stopping block 42 is stopped by one of the stopping protrusions 32 on the inner side of the tubular part 31; thus, the front wheel is in the folded not-in-use configuration. Next, the use stops pulling the shank part 411; thus, the elastic element 43 forces the joining shaft 4 to move further into the tubular part 31 of the supporting component 3, and the joining shaft 4 is firmly fixed on the supporting component 3 with the stopping block 42 being received in a corresponding said hollow fixing portion 33, and with the embedded protrusions 451 of the movable member 45 being embedded in the detainment gaps 34. Therefore, the front wheel is firmly fixed in the folded not-in-use configuration.
If the user wants to move the front wheel to the stretched in-use position, first he should pull the shank part 411 away from the tubular part 31 of the supporting component 3 so as to separate the stopping block 42 from a corresponding said hollow fixing portion 33. Second, the user turns the shank part 411 rightwards by 90 degrees so that the front wheel is in the stretched in-use configuration. Next, the user stops pulling the shank part 411 in order for the stopping block 42 to be received in a corresponding said hollow fixing portion 33; thus, the front wheel is firmly fixed in the stretched in-use configuration.
The above-mentioned foldable front wheel structure of a golf cart has a drawback: The user is only allowed to turn the joining shaft 4 rightwards by 90 degrees to change the front wheel from the folded not-in-use configuration into the stretched in-use one. Therefore, those people who prefer using their right hands can operate the joining shaft 4 to stretch the front wheel relatively easily, yet the joining shaft 4 can't be easily operated by those people who prefer using their left hands.
Therefore, it is a main object of the present invention to provide an improvement on a front wheel of a golf cart, which is structured in such a manner as to be easily moved between a stretched in-use position and a retreated not-in-use one by those people who prefer using their right hands as well as those people who prefer using their left hands, thus overcoming the above-mentioned problem.

Structure of a foldable front wheel of a golf cart


A system includes a user interface software module that presents a user interface having a plurality of graphical indicators that represents respective ranges of available options associated with a set of items available from an electronic commerce system. The user interface software module selects one of the items based on an adjustment to one of the graphical indicators by a user, and automatically adjusts at least one of the other graphical indicators based on the selected one of the items.

In a conventional electronic commerce ("e-commerce") system, a user inputs specific search criteria to identify a desired product or service. In response, the e-commerce system returns descriptions of the various products and services that are available through the system and that match the specified criteria. In other words, the e-commerce system allows the user to input only certain criteria or will search and sort only on specific criteria. For example, the user may input a destination city, a departure city and specific dates into a user interface provided by an airline flight reservation system. In return, the airline flight reservation system provides a list of all available flights that match the specified criteria. However, other criteria or options of the product or service may affect the user's selection, and may not be available to the user based on the limited number of search variables. As a result, the user may not be able to make a well-informed decision taking into account all of the available options.
In addition, in many situations the number of matching products or services may be extremely large, or have a large number of criteria/options that do not correspond with the criteria the e-commerce system allows the user to input forcing the user to browse through numerous product or service descriptions in hopes of finding the product or service that most closely suites his or her needs and desires. To reduce the returned list of products or services to a manageable number, or to try and locate one that has all the criteria as wished for, the user submits modified search criteria to retrieve a new set of matching products or services, a process made more arduous if the criteria or option that the user is looking for is not an input field. Often, this process is repeated until the desired product or service is found. This may result in numerous search iterations and frustration on behalf of the user.

System and method utilizing a user interface having graphical indicators with automatically adjusted set points


A disc recording/reproducing apparatus for selectively taking out a disc housed within a housing unit for recording or reproducing information signals on or from the disc is disclosed. The apparatus includes a housing unit for housing a plurality of sub-trays each configured for setting a disc on it in a direction normal to the disc surface direction so that the discs lie parallel to one another, a disc recording/reproducing unit provided within a main member of the apparatus, a main tray for holding a selected sub-tray and for being horizontally shifted between a first position of being protruded from the main member of the apparatus and a second position within the main member of the apparatus, transfer mechanism for selectively taking one of the sub-trays out of the housing unit and/or housing the sub-tray thus taken out in the housing unit, lift mechanism for shifting the transfer mechanism and the main tray shifted to the second position between the disc recording/reproducing unit and the housing unit, detection mechanism for detecting the position of the lift means and control mechanism for controlling the lift means based on an output signal of the detection means. The apparatus also includes disc presence/absence detection mechanism for detecting whether or not there is a disc on the sub-tray pulled out by the transfer means from the housing unit. The control means controls the operation of the lift means based on an output of the disc presence/absence detection means.

This invention relates to a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus having the disc exchange function. More particularly, it relates to a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus in which a plurality of discs housed by means of sub-trays in a housing unit within a main member of the apparatus are selectively taken out by a transfer mechanism along with the sub-trays and the disc set on the sub-tray thus taken out is loaded on the disc recording/reproducing unit for recording/reproducing information signals on or from the disc.
There has hitherto been proposed a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus with a disc exchange function, having a housing unit for housing sub-trays for setting the optical discs thereon in a plurality of tiers in the main member of the apparatus, a transfer mechanism for pulling out the sub-tray housed within the housing unit along with the optical disc, a main tray for setting the sub-tray pulled out by the transfer mechanism, and a lift mechanism for uplifting or lowering the main tray in a direction normal to the disc surface of the optical disc housed within the housing unit for loading the disc on a recording/reproducing unit mounted within the main member of the apparatus.
With such disc recording/reproducing apparatus, the transfer mechanism for pulling out the sub-trays having the optical discs set thereon from the housing section and the lift mechanism for lifting the main tray having the sub-tray set thereon, are adapted to be driven using respective separate driving means, thus complicating the structure and increasing the size of the mechanism.

Disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus having disc exchange function


A printed document managing method, a printed document managing program, an image forming apparatus, and a printed document managing system are provided. In the system of the present invention, a complex device reads a sheet ID recorded on a wireless IC chip attached to an original paper sheet, using a first reading unit. The complex device also reads a sheet ID recorded on a wireless IC chip attached to a paper sheet on which copying is to be performed. The complex device then records output history data having the sheet ID of the original paper sheet associated with the sheet ID of the paper sheet on which copying is to be performed, and transmits the output history data to a managing computer. The managing computer then records the output history data in an output history data storing unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a printed document managing method for managing printed information as to a document that is printed on a paper sheet. The present invention also relates to a printed document managing program, an image forming apparatus, and a printed document managing system.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, an increasing amount of electronic data has been used and stored as original documents. In this trend, devices for guaranteeing the originality of those electronic data have been developed (originality guaranteeing electronic storage devices; see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2001-5728, pp. 10-23, for example). When electronic data with its originality guaranteed is retrieved from an originality guaranteeing electronic storage device, the information as to the operations history such as "who did when and what . . . " is recorded.
As for the information printed on a paper sheet, a technique of using information recorded on an IC chip attached to the paper sheet and associating the paper sheet with the data of the original has been disclosed (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2003-208488, pp. 3-7, for example).
However, it is difficult to manage information once printed on a paper sheet, no matter how strictly the originality of electronic data is managed. More specifically, where a paper sheet having information printed thereon is copied with a copying machine, there is no way to manage the paper sheet on which the copying is performed. Therefore, tracing management cannot be performed on the information printed on the paper sheet.

Printed document managing method, printed document managing program, image forming apparatus, and printed document managing system


An image display device displays an image based on visible fluorescent radiation caused by electron beams emitted from a plurality of parallel spaced filamentary cathodes that extend over a substrate. A pair of support bars fixed to opposite sides of the substrate has a pair of spaced arrays of through holes defined therein, and supports a pair of spaced arrays of electrically conductive pins extending through through holes, with a plurality of electrically insulating bodies disposed around the electrically conductive pins and fitted in the through holes, respectively. Each of the filamentary cathodes has opposite ends secured to the support member and held against outer circumferential surfaces of one pair of electrically conductive pins of the spaced arrays.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image display device for displaying an image based on visible fluorescent radiation caused by electron beams emitted from filamentary cathodes, and more particularly to such an image display device having a structure by which the filamentary cathodes are stably supported.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Cathode-ray tubes are a typical example of image display device which displays an image based on visible fluorescent radiation developed by the bombardment of a fluorescent screen by an electron beam. However, the cathode-ray tubes are necessarily long in the direction perpendicular to the fluorescent screen, and do not lend themselves to a thin, flat image display device.
Various flat image display devices have been proposed in the art. One such flat image display device comprises an array of parallel filamentary cathodes serving as a quasi-planar electron source for bombarding a patterned anode fluorescent layer with emitted electrons. According to another flat image display device, electrons emitted from an array of parallel filamentary cathodes are divided by a control electrode into a matrix of electron beams that are modulated and deflected to display an image in a matrix pattern.
Both of the above proposed flat image display devices have filamentary cathodes for emitting electron beams to cause visible fluorescent radiation for displaying an image. The flat image display devices are much thinner than the cathode-ray tubes. The filamentary cathodes held in a planar parallel configuration are required to be positioned highly accurately with respect to each other and also to the anodes and the control electrode for achieving a desired degree of displayed image quality such as image uniformity. To meet such a requirement, efforts have been made to provide a structure for supporting filamentary cathodes with high positional accuracy.
The flat image display device, with the matrix control over the electron beams for the display of an image, is additionally required to insulate the filamentary cathodes from each other so that the filamentary cathodes can be driven independently of each other.
One flat fluorescent image display device is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Utility Model Publication No. 57(1982)-140060, for example. FIGS. 9 and 10 of the accompanying drawings fragmentarily show the disclosed flat fluorescent image display device with respect to an arrangement for supporting filamentary cathodes.
As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, the flat fluorescent image display device has parallel spaced filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b having ends attached to respective filament supports 14 as by welding. Lead terminals 15 have end portions shaped into a vertical wall 17 having two spaced V-shaped grooves 16 opening upwardly. The filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b have end portions received respectively in the V-shaped grooves 16 near the filament supports 14. The opposite ends (not shown) of the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b are similarly attached and supported in position, so that the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b are kept under tension over an array of cathodes 18. With the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b received in and extending through the V-shaped grooves 16, the distance between the anodes 18 and the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b and the distance between the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b are determined by the position and dimensional accuracy of the V-shaped grooves 16 irrespective of the position and dimensional accuracy of the filament supports 14.
However, when the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b are longitudinally elongated as they are heated in operation, the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b are frictionally displaced in the V-shaped grooves 16. Repeated energization and de-energization of the flat image display device gradually wedge the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b into the bottoms of the V-shaped grooves 16, frequently causing the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b to be broken under frictional forces.
Since the V-shaped grooves 16 are required to be highly accurate with respect to their position, dimensions, and distances or pitched therebetween, the V-shaped grooves 16 are usually cut one by one in the vertical wall 17. It is highly difficult to attain a desired degree of dimensional accuracy particularly with respect to the depth of the V-shaped grooves 16. The V-shaped grooves 16 cannot easily be machined to desired shape, particularly at their bottom corners, because the tip end of a cutting tool must be sharper than the diameter (which is of about 10 .mu.m) of the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b.
Another problem is that the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b cannot be insulated from each other. If the vertical wall 17 were made as a separate member of a ceramic material such as alumina for electric insulation, then the cutting tool used to cut the V-shaped grooves 16 would be worn quickly, aggravating the above machining difficulties.
The filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b are generally made of tungsten so that they can be heated red. When the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b of tungsten, as they are heated red, are held in contact with a metallic material containing nickel, the nickel is diffused into the grain boundaries of the tungsten crystal, resulting in a reduction in the mechanical strength of the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b. The lead terminals 15 are made of a 42-6 alloy (42% Ni - 6% Cr - Fe) or a 47-6 alloy (47% Ni - 6% Cr - Fe) for desired adhesion to frit and glass and also for desired sealing capability. Therefore, the vertical wall 17, which is part of the lead terminals 15, gives rise to diffusion of nickel from the V-shaped grooves 16 into the filamentary cathodes 13a, 13b, which tends to be broken due to their reduced mechanical strength.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2(1990)-121239 discloses a flat image display device in which electrons are divided into a matrix of electron beams by a control electrode. The disclosed flat image display device is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 of the accompanying drawings. FIGS. 11 and 12 primarily show an arrangement for supporting filamentary cathodes.
As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, each filamentary cathode 19 has opposite ends attached, as by welding, to fixed seats 20a, 20b, at least one of which is springy in nature. A back electrode 21 has a pair of electrically insulating supports 22a, 22b on its respective opposite ends, the insulating supports 22a, 22b having respective oblique grooves 23 defined therein. The filamentary cathode 19 has opposite ends portions held against surfaces of the respective grooves 23 near the fixed seats 20a, 20b. Insulating rods 24a, 24b of circular cross section are placed on the back electrode 21 near the respective ends thereof, with the filamentary cathode 19 extending over and being held against the insulating rods 24a, 24b. The insulating rods 24a, 24b are positioned outside of an image display area and inwardly of the insulating supports 22a, 22b. The filamentary cathode 19, which extends over and is held against the insulating rods 24a, 24b, is spaced from the back electrode 21 and also from a control electrode 25 positioned above the back electrode 21. The other filamentary cathodes (not shown) are also held against surfaces of other oblique grooves (not shown) defined at spaced intervals in the insulating supports 22a, 22b. Therefore, the distances between the filamentary cathodes are determined by the spaced intervals or pitches between the oblique grooves defined in the insulating supports 22a, 22b.
The insulating supports 22a, 22b by which the filamentary cathodes are insulated from each other are made of a ceramic material such as alumina since the ceramic material does not emit gases in vacuum and is capable of withstanding high temperatures. Therefore, a cutting tool used to cut the oblique grooves 23 in the insulating supports 22a, 22b is worn quickly. It is highly costly to cut the oblique grooves 23 that are required to be highly accurate in dimensions.
Since the accuracy of the spaced intervals or pitches between the filamentary cathodes 19 is governed by the surfaces of the oblique grooves 23 against which the filamentary cathodes 19 are held, the edges of the surfaces of the oblique grooves, 23 should not be beveled. When the filamentary cathodes 19 are energized and de-energized, they are longitudinally elongated and contracted, and tend to be abraded under frictional forces by the edges of the surfaces of the oblique grooves 23. Accordingly, the filamentary cathodes 19 are also apt to be broken by the abrasive action of the edges of the surfaces of the oblique grooves 23, though less frequently than by the abrasive action of the bottoms of the V-shaped grooves 16 shown in FIGS. 9 and 10.

Flat image display device with filamentary cathode support structure

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


The invention describes novel compositions comprising at least one apocynin compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one nitric oxide donor, and, optionally, at least one therapeutic agent. The invention also provides novel kits comprising at least one apocynin compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one nitric oxide donor compound, and, optionally, at least one therapeutic agent. The invention also provides methods for (a) treating cardiovascular diseases; (b) treating renovascular diseases; (c) treating diabetes; (d) treating diseases resulting from oxidative stress; (e) treating endothelial dysfunctions; (f) treating diseases caused by endothelial dysfunctions; (g) treating gastrointestinal disorders; (h) treating inflammatory disorders; and (j) treating respiratory disorders; and (k) treating peripheral vascular diseases. The apocynin compound may preferably be apocynin. The nitric oxide donor compound may preferably be isosorbide dinitrate and/or isosorbide mononitrate.

The decline in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the United States over the past three decades has been the result of significant advances in research on cardiovascular disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. The incidence and prevalence of myocardial infarction and death from myocardial infarction, as well as that from cerebrovascular accident, have decreased significantly over this period largely owing to advances in prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of these very common diseases.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a clinical syndrome involving cardiac and peripheral abnormalities that produce morbidity and shortened life span. This syndrome is now the leading cause of hospitalization in individuals older than age 65 and is a major contributor to the escalation of heath care costs.
There is a need in the art for new and more effective compositions and methods for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The invention is directed to these, as well as other, important ends.

Compositions and methods using apocynin compounds and nitric oxide donors


A device used for the bending of plate glass sections (3) includes an oven (1), a bending chamber (6), an upper bending mold installed in the bending chamber (6) in such a manner as to be able to be raised and lowered, a duct producing a flow of hot gas in order to raise the plate glass sections (3) against the upper bending mold, a lower bending mold in the form of a frame that works together with the upper bending mold to ensure bending by compression of the plate glass that is held by the flow of hot gas against the upper bending mold, as well as a movable transport frame (20) which is used to pick up the bent plate glass from the upper bending mold and to transport it to a cooling station located downstream. The lower bending mold in the shape of a frame is comprised of individual frame segments (9, 10, 11, 12) which can be moved between a closed position defining said lower bending frame and an open position in which the segments are separated from one another by such a distance that the upper bending mold can pass through the space defined within the separated segments.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to a device used for the bending of plate glass. More particularly, it relates to a bending chamber an upper bending mold and a lower bending frame which work together to bend a plate glass section.
2. Description of the Related Art
A bending device of this kind is known from the document EP-0,237,231 B1. There, the lower bending mold above the transport plane of the plate glass sections, which plane is a rolling conveyor, is able to move horizontally from an initial position alongside the upper bending mold toward a second position below the upper bending mold which holds the plate glass section. Following the bending operation by compression, during which the upper bending mold is lowered with the plate glass section onto the lower bending section and then is raised to its starting position, the lower bending mold is displaced laterally outside the bending chamber and remains, until the following operation of bending by compression, in a waiting position in a heated chamber. The lower compression bending mold is therefore not subjected to cooling after each bending operation, as is the case for other known bending devices in which the bending mold is used subsequently for transport of the bent plate glass section to the cooling station and is there cooled with the plate glass section. By using a molding frame exclusively as the bending mold and a transport frame exclusively for the transport of the bent plate glass sections, one can continuously maintain the molding frame at a relatively high temperature, which considerably facilitates the bending operation, in particular with complex-shaped plate glass section molds.
Since, in the case of the known device, it is necessary to provide a closed heated chamber alongside the bending station to receive the lower bending mold in its waiting position, the chamber which houses the bending station is only accessible on one side. This complicates monitoring of the bending process, as well as the possibilities of operation during a required tool change and during other interventions which are required in the bending process. In addition, the lower bending mold must be displaced horizontally over a relatively long distance before and after the compression bending operation, a requirement which lengthens the bending cycle overall.

Device used for the bending of plate glass into convex shapes


To provide an information processing device that is capable of restricting the use of an application or content in an unauthorized device to which the application or the content is copied. A storage situation information storing unit (32) stores, in a storage unit (30) where an application or content is stored, storage situation information which indicates a storage situation of the application or the content at predetermined reference timing, as one of components of the application or the content. An execution restricting unit (34) restricts execution of the application or the content in a case where the execution of the application or the content is instructed and a current storage situation of the application or the content differs from a storage situation that is indicated by the storage situation information.

Information processing devices that execute an application or content have been known. For information processing devices of this type, there has been proposed a technology for restricting the use of an application or content that is copied to other information processing devices (herein referred to as "unauthorized devices") than information processing devices (herein referred to as "authorized devices") authorized to use the application or the content.
Specifically, a technology has been proposed that restricts the use of an application or content in an unauthorized device by storing in a server the ID of an information processing device in association with the ID of the application or content that the information processing device is authorized to use and, when the application or content is in use in an information processing device, checking the combination of the ID of the information processing device and the ID of the application or the content.

Information processing device, control method therefor, program, and information storage medium


This disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for managing the memory of a mobile terminal. The mobile terminal includes a main system that operates with normal power, and a subsystem that operates with low power. The subsystem operates at least one feature of the mobile terminal while the main system is in a sleep mode. Binary data may be used to operate the at least one feature of the mobile terminal. When binary data is stored in memory operatively coupled to the main system, the binary data is retrieved and copied to memory operatively coupled to the subsystem, allowing the subsystem to operate the feature while the main system is in sleep mode.

Remarkable development of information communication technology and semiconductor technology increases the spread and use of a mobile terminal dramatically. A mobile terminal provides a variety of functions, such as a call function, a music playback function, a text message transmission/reception function, a digital broadcasting reception function, a local distance wireless communication function, and an Internet access function.
In general, a mobile terminal uses a battery for portability. Since the amount of current charged in the battery is limited, a scheme for reducing the current consumption of the mobile terminal becomes an important issue in the mobile terminal field. A scheme for reducing current consumption may include a scheme for additionally constructing a system for controlling sensors included in the mobile terminal 100 with low power irrespective of the state of an Application Processor (AP) mounted on the mobile terminal. A consumed current can be reduced because the sensor system performs a function while operating with low power in the state in which the AP has entered a sleep mode.
When the sensor system was initially introduced, the sensor system chiefly performed operations, such as the logging of sensor data and the wake-up of the mobile terminal that entered a sleep mode. Future sensor systems included in mobile terminals need to perform new operations, such as location-based service using Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) tag monitoring. However, there is a problem in that a new scenario that will occur in the future is not satisfied because the memory capacity of a sensor system is limited for various reasons, such as consumption current and a cost.

Apparatus and method for managing memory of mobile terminal


In a reaction chamber (20), a used alkaline permanganate etching solution (12) is accommodated and an alkaline earth hydroxide (14) such as calcium hydroxide is added in the reaction chamber, a liquid inside of the reaction chamber is agitated, the liquid is exhausted from a side portion or a top portion of the reaction chamber through a filter (28), a precipitate (26) adhered to the filter is scraped off, and a precipitate containing a hardly soluble or insoluble matter incapable of passing through the filter and accumulated on a bottom portion of the reaction chamber is exhausted from the reaction chamber.

The invention relates to a regeneration and life-prolonging process of an etching solution that uses an alkaline permanganate etching solution or a waste liquid thereof and a unit therefor, in particular, a process of applying a batch process to an alkaline permanganate solution or a waste liquid thereof to regenerate and prolong a lifetime and a unit therefor. Furthermore, the invention relates to a regeneration process of an alkaline permanganate etching solution that uses an alkaline earth hydroxide such as calcium hydroxide and simultaneously relates to a process that generates and uses an alkaline metal compound such as sodium hydroxide necessary for an alkaline permanganate solution.
So far, an alkaline permanganate etching solution has been applied to an etching process of a resin such as a desmear process or a roughening process of a wiring board. In general, when a throughhole disposed on a wiring board is plated to establish electrical continuity, a cutting debris such as a resin that disturbs the electrical continuity after a throughhole is formed remains. The desmear process is a process by which decomposes a resin component in an alkaline permanganate etching solution. Furthermore, the roughening process is a process by which a surface of a resinous insulating layer is roughened with an alkaline permanganate etching solution.
Recently, an additive process where a resin is coated on a surface of an inner layer board, the resin is directly plated, and a pattern etching is applied thereto to prepare a wiring board is being adopted. In the additive process, in order to improve the adhesiveness between the resinous insulating layer and the plating, before applying a plating process, a surface of an insulating layer is roughened. In an etching process of a resin, which uses an alkaline permanganate etching solution, in the alkaline permanganate etching solution, carbon (C) of a resin component and a hydroxyl group (OH−) in the alkaline solution react with permanganic acid as shown by an equation (1) below to decompose the resin component.
[Formula 1]4MnO4−+4OH−+C (organic resin component and the like)→4MnO42−+CO2+2H2O  (1)
However, in the existing technology mentioned above, when the alkaline permanganate etching solution is kept on using, carbon dioxide (CO2) generated from carbon (C) in the resin and carbon dioxide present in air are taken in the liquid to react as shown by an equation (2) to increase carbonate ions in the liquid.
[Formula 2]CO2+2OH−→CO32−+H2O  (2)
As the result, carbonate ions are accumulated in the etching solution. On the other hand, a concentration of hydroxyl groups (OH−) necessary for etching is lowered. When the carbonate ions are accumulated in the etching solution, the lifetime of the etching solution becomes shorter. Furthermore, when the hydroxyl group ions in the etching solution are lowered, the etching capability is lowered. Still furthermore, the alkalinity of the etching solution is managed by the neutralization titration. However, since, in the neutralization titration, not only the hydroxyl group ions but also carbonate ions (CO32−) are neutralized, accurate alkalinity cannot be analyzed to deteriorate the accuracy in the liquid analysis. Thus, when a carbonate ion concentration in the alkaline permanganate etching solution increases, there is caused a problem in that the etching efficiency is deteriorated and an accurate hydroxyl group concentration can be analyzed with difficulty.
In the etching process that uses an alkaline permanganate etching solution, as the background arts relating to regeneration of the etching solution, what follows can be cited.
In patent literature 1 (JP-A No. 06-6033), a process where the stability of an etching bath can be maintained, etching defects are inhibited from occurring and a constant etching speed can be maintained is proposed. According to the proposal, a predetermined amount of an etching solution is sampled at a predetermined time interval from the etching bath, concentrations of permanganate, sodium hydroxide and manganate are analyzed by use of an automatic analyzer, the analysis values are calculated by a controller, and a replenishment amount for controlling the sodium hydroxide concentration to a predetermined concentration is transferred to a quantitative pump of sodium hydroxide. Furthermore, a predetermined amount of the etching solution is sampled at a constant time interval in an etching rate measuring cell, an organic solvent in the same system as that of a processed matter is kept on dripping by a circulating pump until the solution color of a calorimeter changes from red purple to green, and thereby the etching rate in the etching bath is managed while sustaining the concentration of the permanganate in the etching solution within a constant range.
Patent literature 2 (JP-A No. 2000-13000) relates to an etching process of a resin indispensable for a high-density print circuit board. In the etching process, when, in order to precipitate with a particular treatment solution carbonate ions accumulated as a reaction product in a solution and remove to stabilize the etching solution and prolong a lifetime thereof, when an alkaline permanganate solution in an etching bath is circulated by a pump, a specific solution is injected in the middle of a piping, carbonate that is a reaction product is precipitated and filtrated with a filter to remove, the alkalinity is measured with an automatic analyzer to adjust to a predetermined normality, and with the solution the resin is etched.
In patent literature 3 (JP-A No. 2001-156428), in an etching process that uses an alkaline permanganate etching solution, a method of improving the etching efficiency is proposed. According to this, in an etching bath, an alkaline permanganate etching solution is accommodated and in the etching bath an etching agent to be etched is etched. In a reaction chamber, barium chloride is added from an additive tank to react with carbonate ions to form barium carbonate that is a hardly soluble salt. Barium carbonate can be separated from an ion component by use of an ultrafilter.
[Patent literature 1] JP-A No. 06-6033
[Patent literature 2] JP-A No. 2000-13000
[Patent literature 3] JP-A No. 2001-156428
In the regeneration methods of an etching solution due To the background art literatures, patent literature 1 relates to an etching process that uses an alkaline permanganate etching solution. In the regeneration method, continuous steps such as concentration analysis, calculation with a controller and a measurement of the etching rate are necessary, that is, a complicated process is necessary to manage and process the etching solution.
Patent literature 2 is same as the patent literature 1 in a point that an alkaline permanganate etching solution is used to etch. However, the process is continuously carried out and a barium compound such as barium chloride is fundamentally used.
In patent literature 3, similarly to the above, an alkaline permanganate etching solution is used to etch. The processing is continuously carried out, an ultrafilter is used, and fundamentally barium carbonate is used.
In this connection, the invention intends to provide a regeneration process of an alkaline permanganate etching solution, which, in an etching step that uses an alkaline permanganate etching solution, in order to inhibit the etching efficiency from deteriorating, can simply and efficiently regenerate an etching solution to prolong a lifetime thereof and a unit therefor and to reduce a harmful waste solution.

Regeneration process of alkaline permanganate etching solution and unit therefor


An amusement ride for humans which utilizes at least one vehicle which is to be operatively moved on a track. The vehicle is to be tied to the track so as to prevent separation of the vehicle from the track with this tying to the track being accomplished by a guide blade that is attached to and protrudes from the vehicle which rides within a slot arrangement formed in the track. The track includes a braking area, and within that braking area there are a plurality of braking units located in an in-line sequence. Prior to each braking area, there is a centering rail section which is included within the track. The guide blade has to pass through a centering rail section prior to the entering of each braking unit. The centering rail section includes a through centering slot. The through centering slot narrows in width with the narrowness occurring in the direction of travel. In other words, the through centering slot is tapered so that the guide blade leaves the centering section at the precise center of the centering section rather than being to one side or the other side of the centering slot. This results in the guide blade being conducted into each braking unit precisely along the longitudinal center axis of the braking unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The field of this invention relates to amusement rides for humans and more particularly to an amusement ride which is designed to be located in a permanent establishment within an amusement park.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Amusement parks are common form of entertainment for humans. Included within these amusement parks are a plurality of different types of amusement rides. Amusement rides using automobiles of various types have long been known. Reference is to be had to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,551,347, entitled HUMAN AMUSEMENT RIDE and 5,575,218, entitled TRACK BRAKE APPARATUS WITH SLIDING SHOES AND WEAR PLATES FOR PREVENTING EXCESSIVE MOVEMENT OF THE SHOES IN THE DIRECTION OF VEHICLE MOVEMENT, both by Leroy H. Gutknecht. Both of these prior patents are directed to human amusement rides which are to be mounted in conjunction within an amusement park. Both of these prior patents are assigned to the corporate entity that is the owner of the subject matter of the present invention.
The dragster type of vehicle of the amusement rides of the aforementioned patent is restrained within a slot formed within a track. Normally, this slot is at least two to three times the width of a guide blade that protrudes from the vehicle. This means that there is a limited amount of lateral permitted of the vehicle as it moves along the track. The track includes a braking area. It has been discovered, as was described within the aforementioned patents, that it is desirable to have stages of brakes. In other words, a plurality of separate, identical braking units located in a spaced apart arrangement. It has been found to be preferable to have a braking force to be applied, and then released, reapplied and then released, reapplied and so forth to achieve the ultimate slowing of the vehicle in the shortest distance. It is most economical to use the least amount of real estate to stop the vehicle.
It has been discover that this "sloppy" lateral movement of the guide blade as it is conducted within a braking unit will result in an inferior braking force. The braking unit forcibly applies a brake pad against the guide blade on each side of the guide blade producing a squeezing action on the guide blade. If the guide blade is not centered within the braking unit, the force is unevenly applied. For a very short period of time, there is an inadequate braking force that is being applied because the guide blade is not being compressed on each side. Although this is a very short period of time, the vehicle may be moving through the braking unit at around sixty to seventy miles per hour which means the guide blade is located in conjunction with a braking unit for only a small part of a second. Also, the braking unit is of a limited length, generally about five to ten feet in length. In order to achieve the maximum braking force, it is necessary to apply the braking unit precisely upon the guide blade entering the braking unit and have that force be applied until the guide blade leaves the braking unit. If there is an inadequate force being applied within the first one foot of the braking unit, twenty percent of the overall braking force is lost if the brake unit is five feet in length.

Vehicle human amusement ride track with centering arrangement

Thrilltime Entertainment International, Inc.


A fuel reservoir for a fuel cell detachably connected with a fuel cell main body is constituted from a fuel storing vessel of a tube type for storing a liquid fuel, a fuel discharge part and a follower which seals the liquid fuel and moves as the liquid fuel is consumed at the rear end of the liquid fuel. The inside of the fuel storing vessel includes a fuel storing chamber at least hermetically sealed with the follower and a pressurizing chamber filled with a means for pressing the follower staying in a state in which it is completely separated from the ambient air and hermetically sealed. The fuel reservoir for a fuel cell makes it possible to prevent boiling, bubbling and spouting of the liquid fuel and to stably supply the liquid fuel directly to a fuel cell main body.

In general, a fuel cell comprises a cell on which an air electrode layer, an electrolyte layer and a fuel electrode layer are laminated, a fuel supplying part for supplying a fuel as a reducing agent to the fuel electrode layer and an air supplying part for supplying air as an oxidizing agent to the air electrode layer, and it is an electric cell in which electrochemical reaction take place in the cell between the fuel and oxygen in the air to provide electric power to the outside. Fuel cells of various types are developed.
In recent years, because of a rise in consciousness to environmental problems and energy saving, it is studied to use a fuel cell as a clean energy source for various applications. In particular, attentions have been paid to fuel cells which can generate electric power by only supplying directly a liquid fuel comprising methanol and water (refer to, for example, patent documents 1 and 2).
Among them, liquid fuel type fuel cells making use of capillary force for supplying a liquid fuel are known (refer to, for example, patent documents 3 to 7).
Liquid fuel type fuel cells described in the above respective patent documents supply a liquid fuel from a fuel tank to a fuel electrode by virtue of capillary force, and therefore they do not require a pump for sending a liquid fuel with pressure, so that they have merits in reducing a size.
Such liquid fuel type fuel cells as merely making use of capillary force of a porous body and/or a fiber bundle disposed in a fuel reservoir are suited to reduction in a size in terms of constitution, but because a fuel is supplied directly to a fuel electrode in the form of liquid, the fuel follows imperfectly during use over a long period of time under use environment in which it is mounted in a small-sized portable equipment and in which the direction of a cell part are changed constantly in every direction, and the trouble that the fuel is cut off from being supplied is brought about, so that the fuel is interrupted from being supplied constantly to a fuel electrode layer.
On the other hand, known as one of countermeasures for solving the defects is, for example, a fuel cell system in which a liquid fuel is introduced into a cell by virtue of capillary force and in which the liquid fuel is then vaporized in a fuel vaporizing layer and used (refer to, for example, a patent document 8). However, it has the problem that poor followability of the fuel which is a fundamental problem is not improved, and involved therein is the problem that it is difficult to reduce a size of the fuel cell having the above structure because of a system in which a liquid is vaporized and then used as fuel.
As described above, in conventional fuel reservoirs for a fuel cell, the existing situation is that a liquid fuel is instably supplied in supplying the fuel directly to a fuel electrode to cause fluctuation in an output value during operation and that it is difficult to reduce a size thereof to such an extent that they can be mounted in portable appliances while maintaining stable characteristics.
Then, the present applicants filed a patent application of a direct methanol fuel cell in which jointed are plural unit cells each of which is formed by constructing an electrolyte layer on the outer surface of a fuel electrode body comprising a fine porous carbonaceous body and constructing an air electrode layer on the outer surface of the electrolyte layer, wherein a fuel supplying member which is connected with a fuel reservoir for storing a liquid fuel comprising a cartridge structure and which has a penetrating structure is connected with the respective unit cells to supply the liquid fuel (refer to, for example, a patent document 9).
This fuel cell has an excellent function which has never been observed, but involved therein is the problem that when a cartridge type fuel reservoir is heated to be in a high temperature state, boiling, bubbling and spouting of a liquid fuel are brought about a little.
Patent document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 258760/1993 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 307970/1993 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 3: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 66066/1984 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 4: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 188008/1994 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 5: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 229158/2003 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 6: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 299946/2003 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 7: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 340273/2003 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 8: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 102069/2001 (claims, examples and others)
Patent document 9: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63200/2004 (claims, examples and others)


A self-tied garbage bag includes a pair of walls united along their lower ends and sides to form a container which has a top with an opening, a bottom and pair of lateral edges. A bond strip extends at one or both lateral edges of the container between a lower point which is spaced from the bottom of the container and an upper point which is spaced from the top of the container. The lower point of the bond strip is in the form of a sharp tip. A tear line extends along the bond strip from the lower point to a division portion which is disposal in proximity to the upper point of the bond strip. This tear line, being ruptured, separates a tie strip from the bond strip, however, integrally joining the tie-strip to the container at a division portion. The container has a wider upper part extending above the bondstrip, a wider bottom part extending below the bond strip, and a narrower middle part extending between the upper and bottom parts of the container. A bond line or tear line may be formed and extending parallel to the low line between a lower point which is spaced from the bottom of the tear line and an upper point which is spaced from the top of the tear line to reinforce the tie-strip, or to extend the bond line in a transverse direction at one end of the tear lie to double the length of the tie-strip.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is a CIP of a U.S. Patent Application No. 09/004,026, filed Jan. 7, 1998, now abandoned, and which relates to a self-tied garbage bag, and more particularly to a garbage bag having tear line and bond line on the side portion forming a reinforced tie-strip or a doubled length of a tie-strip arranged on the main body of the bag for closing the top of the bag.
2. Prior Art
Conventional plastic packing bags can be classified into two types: flat mouth bag and vest-style bar. In general, the flat mouth bags are used for inside packing, the vest-style bags used for outside packing. Typically, oversized mouth flat bags are used for containing garbage, even though over-consuming the plastic bags pollutes the environment. The mouth of a bag is closed to seal the garbage in the bag by tying a knot for preventing the odor of the garbage form emitting out. Two opposite rim sides of the mouth are gripped to the two strips, which are tied together into a knot, to seal the bag. This way, the utilization ratio of the bag is limited to 65%-80%. If the garbage bag is over-filled, tying the knot becomes difficult, and even if the knot has been tied, it will be unlocked easily.
For overcoming the above-mentioned shortcomings, several modified garbage bags were manufactured as shown in FIG. 6 to FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the bag is the flat mouth bag 10 with a flat mouth 12 and a tie-wire 11 pre-set on the outside of the bag near the mouth 12. By means of the tie-wire 11 the mouth 12 of the bag 10 can be tightened up. The bag shown in FIG. 8, pre-hides a tie-wire 16 into a folded wire channel 14 at the rim of the mouth 17 of the bag 13. A user just pulls out the endless tie-wire 16 from the opening 15 of the wire channel 14 to tie the mouth 12. But attaching an extra tie-wire 11 or 16 on the bag 10 or 13 will increase the production cost, and impedes continuous manufacturing process.


A connector includes an electrically conductive plug provided with a retaining hole, and an insulating housing that has a retaining member shaped in a cantilever beam. The retaining member has a retaining claw portion. The retaining claw portion has a projecting portion formed at a proximal end side of the retaining member. The projecting portion is crashed by an edge portion of the retaining hole when the retaining claw portion is engaged with the retaining hole.

This invention relates to a connector (for example, an antenna plug for an automobile) including an electrically-conductive plug pin functioning as a center contact, an insulating housing of an insulative nature fixed to an outer side of the plug pin, and an electrically-conductive outer contact fixed to an outer side of the insulating housing.
A related connector is disclosed in JP-A-2004-200019. In FIGS. 8 and 9, the connector 101, used for example as an automotive antenna plug, comprises an electrically-conductive plug pin 102 functioning as a center contact, an insulating housing 103 of an insulative nature fixed to an outer side of the plug pin 102, and an electrically-conductive outer contact 104 fixed to an outer side of the insulating housing 103. The connector 101 is designed to be electrically connected to an end portion of a coaxial cable 105.
The coaxial cable 105 comprises a center conductor 106 serving as a core wire, an insulator (not shown) serving as a dielectric, a braided conductor 107 serving as an outer conductor, and an insulating sheath 108 serving as an outer covering.
Here, the structure of the connector 101 will be briefly described with reference to its assembling procedure. In FIG. 10, the plug pin 102 is press-fitted into a pin insertion hole 109 of the insulating housing 103 from a front end side thereof as indicated by arrow P. At this time, this press-fitting operation is carried out while an engagement notch 110 of the plug pin 102 is disposed in registry with an engagement rib 111 of the insulating housing 103. In FIG. 11, when a front end portion of the engagement rib 111 is brought into abutting engagement with a front end surface of the engagement notch 110, thereby positioning the plug pin 102 relative to the insulative housing 103, retaining projections 112 bite into the engagement rib 111. As a result, the plug pin 102 is fixed to the inner side of the insulating housing 103.
The insulating housing 103, having the plug pin 102 fixedly mounted therein, is inserted into the outer contact 104 from a front end side thereof as indicated by arrow Q. At this time, this inserting operation is carried out while engagement projecting tabs 113 of the outer contact 104 are disposed in registry with guide grooves of the insulating housing 103, respectively. When distal ends of the engagement projecting tabs 113 slide past engagement step portions 115 of the insulating housing 103, respectively, the engagement projecting tabs 113 are engaged respectively with the engagement step portions 115 as shown in FIG. 9. Also, a front end edge of a contact body 116 abuts against projections 117 of the insulating housing 103 as shown in FIG. 9. As a result, the outer contact 104 is fixed to the outer side of the insulating housing 103.
When the insulating housing 103, having the plug pin 102 fixedly mounted therein, is thus inserted into the outer contact 104, an inner surface of the contact body 116 of the outer contact 104 presses retaining beams 118 of the insulating housing 103, so that retaining claws 119 of the retaining beams 118 are moved inwardly as indicated by arrows R in FIG. 11. As a result, the retaining claws 119 are engaged respectively in retaining holes 120 of the plug pin 102, thereby fixing the plug pin 102 to the inner side of the insulating housing 103, as shown in FIG. 9.
As will be appreciated from the foregoing description, the fixing of the plug pin 102 to the insulating housing 103 is effected by the fixing structure (in which the retaining projections 112 are brought into biting engagement with the engagement rib 111 as a result of press-fitting of the plug pin 102 into the insulating housing 103) and the fixing structure in which the retaining claws 119 are brought into retaining engagement with the respective retaining holes 120 as a result of inserting of the insulating housing 103 into the outer contact 104.
Next, the connection of the connector 101 to the coaxial cable 105 will be described. In FIGS. 8 and 9, a connecting portion 121 of the connector 101 includes a first engaging contact piece portion 122 and second engaging contact piece portions 123. Each of the first and second engaging contact piece portion 122 and 123 is in the form of a strip-like piece portion, and these piece portions 122 and 123 are bent inwardly such that their distal end portions are fitted or engaged together as shown in FIG. 12. More specifically, the second engaging contact piece portions 123 jointly assume a bifurcated shape. The first engaging contact piece portion 122 is inserted between the second engaging contact piece portions 123. That portion of each of the second engaging contact piece portions 123, disposed adjacent to its distal end, is bent to form a recessed portion 124 for positioning the center conductor 106 of the coaxial cable 105.
In FIG. 9, the axial cable 105, having the exposed center conductor 106 and braided conductor 107, is inserted into the outer contact 104 from a proximal end side thereof, and the center conductor 106 is placed on the first engaging contact piece portion 122 and the second engaging contact piece portions 123.
After the center conductor 106 is thus placed on the first and second engaging contact piece portions 122 and 123, the braided conductor 107 is positioned between pressing projections 127 of a jig 126 inserted through a connection notch 125 in the insulating housing 103, as shown in FIG. 13. Then, in this condition, the jig 126 is pressed down. As a result of pressing-down of the jig 126, the first engaging contact piece portion 122 and each second engaging contact piece portion 123 are moved away from each other, and at the same time the center conductor 106 is pressed down to be guided into the recessed portions 124 of the second engaging contact piece portions 123.
When the jig 126 is removed upwardly, the first engaging contact piece portion 122 and the second engaging contact piece portions 123 tend to be restored into their respective original shapes because of their own resilient forces, so that the center conductor 106, received in the recessed portions 124, is held between the first engaging contact piece portion 122 and the second engaging contact piece portions 123 as shown in FIG. 13. Thus, the electrical connection between the center conductor 106 and the plug pin 102 is completed.
In this condition in which the electrical connection between the center conductor 106 and the plug pin 102 is completed, inner press-clamping piece portions 128 of the outer contact 104 are inserted between the insulator (not shown) and braided conductor 107 of the coaxial cable 105, and in this condition, when outer press-clamping piece portions 129 are press-fastened, the braided conductor 107 of the coaxial cable 105 is fixed to the outer contact 104, and therefore is electrically connected thereto. Then, when sheath press-clamping piece portions 130 of the outer contact 104 are press-fastened onto the insulating sheath 108 of the coaxial cable 105, the whole of the connecting-side end portion of the axial cable 105 is fixed to the outer contact 104.
Finally, a covering piece portion 131 of the outer contact 104 is bent inwardly to cover the upper side of the connecting portion 121 of the connector 101, thereby isolating the plug pin 102 from the exterior, thus completing the series of assembling operations of the connector 101.
Thereafter, when the connector 101, connected to the coaxial cable 105, is fitted into a mating connector (for example, an automotive antenna socket) (not shown), the plug pin 102 contacts a signal terminal of the mating connector, and also a plurality of resilient contact piece portions 132 of the outer contact 104 contact a grounding terminal of the mating connector. As a result, the electrical connection between the connector 101 and the mating connector is completed.
The connector 101 is of such a structure that the first engaging contact piece portion 122 and the second engaging contact piece portions 123 directly grip or hold the center conductor 106 of the coaxial cable 105 therebetween, and the electrical connection is effected by this gripping condition. The following structures other than this structure have been proposed. For example, in the case of connecting a coaxial cable having an electronic part provided at its center conductor, techniques, disclosed for example in JP-A-2004-55426, can be used.
JP-A-2004-55426 discloses the coaxial cable having the electronic part provided at its center conductor. This publication also discloses a structure of connecting the coaxial cable, having the electronic part at its center conductor, to a connector. JP-A-2004-55426 will be described in a little more detail. The electric part has a pair of leads, and one of the leads is connected by soldering to the center conductor. The other lead is connected by soldering to a plug pin of the connector.
Further, a structure, not employing soldering, is disclosed in JP-A-2004-55426. Namely, an electronic part has a pair of leads, and one of the leads is connected by press-clamping to a center conductor. The other lead is also connected by press-clamping to a plug pin of a connector.
According to the technique disclosed in JP-A-2004-200019, there is provided the structure in which the retaining claws 119 of the insulating housing 103 are retainingly engaged in the respective retaining holes 120 of the plug pin 102, thereby fixing the plug pin 102 to the insulating housing 103. Generally, in the retaining structure using the retaining claws 119 and the retaining holes 120, each retaining hole 120 is set to a size slightly larger than the size of the retaining claw 119, so that fitting play or backlash is provided therebetween. The fitting play is necessary for smoothly bringing each retaining claw 119 into retaining engagement with the retaining hole 120.
In this structure having the fitting play, the plug pin 102 is allowed to move. Therefore, there is encountered a problem that the pressure of contact of the plug pin with the center conductor 106 of the coaxial cable 105 can not be sufficiently increased. When the contact pressure can not be sufficiently increased, a contact resistance increases.
And besides, according to the technique disclosed in JP-A-2004-200019, there is provided the structure in which the center conductor 106 of the coaxial cable 105 is gripped by the first engaging contact piece portion 122 and the second engaging contact piece portions 123 of the connector 101, thereby effecting the connection. Therefore, when the center conductor 106 can not be gripped by a sufficient gripping force, there is encountered a problem that the connecting reliability is lowered. Furthermore, the structure, having the first engaging contact piece portion 122 and the second engaging contact piece portions 123, is complicated as can be seen from FIGS. 12 and 13, and therefore this structure invites a problem that the productivity of the connector 101 is low.
On the other hand, in the technique disclosed in JP-A-2004-55426, the lead of the electronic part is connected to the plug pin by the connecting structure employing the soldering or the press-clamping. Therefore, in the case of the soldering, there is encountered a problem that the efficiency of the operation is very low. In the case of the press-clamping, there is encountered a problem that the reliability of connection of the lead to the plug pin is low (In the case where a single wire such as a lead is connected by press-clamping, it is difficult to obtain a proper press-clamped shape. Incidentally, in the case where a material of which the lead is made is harder than the plug pin, there are encountered problems such as a increased contact resistance value and a reduced adhering force.).

Connector having an improved locking structure


Provided are a throttle control device for an internal combustion engine and a throttle control method for an internal combustion engine, which are capable of avoiding occurrence of overshoot of a supercharging pressure at the time of deceleration to improve durability of components in an engine equipped with a supercharger. The engine equipped with the supercharger includes a bypass passage which bypasses a turbine of the supercharger. In the bypass passage, a wastegate valve for adjusting a flow-path area of the bypass passage by a wastegate actuator is provided. An ECU (50) increases the flow-path area of the wastegate valve for deceleration to be started during a high-load operation and closes a throttle valve after confirming that a throttle-valve upstream pressure becomes lower than a predetermined value. As a result, the overshoot of the throttle-valve upstream pressure can be avoided reliably.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a throttle control device for an internal combustion engine, which is to be mounted in, for example, a supercharged-engine vehicle and a throttle control method for an internal combustion engine, paying attention, in particular, to capability of improving durability of components by devising a control method when a throttle valve is to be closed for deceleration during a high-load operation.
2. Description of the Related Art
The following turbocharger is hitherto known. Specifically, for the purpose of improving an output of an internal combustion engine (hereinafter referred to simply as "engine"), the turbocharger includes a supercharger for toting and moving a turbine by an exhaust gas, which is mounted in an intake path of the engine. In the case where the turbocharger is used, there is a fear in that a supercharging pressure disadvantageously increases more than needed when the engine is rotating at a high speed under a high load, resulting in damage to the engine.
Therefore, generally, the pressure (supercharging pressure) in the intake path of the engine is controlled at a proper level by using an exhaust bypass passage provided upstream of the turbine. Specifically, by controlling opening/closure of a wastegate valve (hereinafter referred to as "WGV") provided in the exhaust bypass passage, the exhaust gas flowing through an exhaust path is split so that a part of the exhaust gas flows into the bypass passage to adjust an inflow amount of the exhaust gas into the turbine. In this manner, the supercharging pressure is controlled at the proper level.
In general, the WGV is driven by using a positive-pressure type actuator. The WGV has a mechanism as follows. The intake path (in particular, a portion located upstream of a throttle valve, in which the pressure increases) of the engine and a wastegate actuator (hereinafter referred to as "WGA") are connected to each other. When the pressure in the intake path of the engine becomes larger than an atmospheric pressure, an operation of the WGA is enabled.
However, if the pressure in the intake path of the engine is not equal to or larger than a predetermined value, an opening degree of the WGV cannot be controlled. Therefore, in recent years, there has been proposed a system in which the WGA is motorized to enable the operation of the WGV as needed regardless of the pressure in the intake path.
As one of the related-art technologies described above, the following method has been proposed. Specifically, when a throttle valve is to be closed for deceleration during a high-load operation, an opening degree of the WGV is increased in accordance with the amount of closure of the throttle valve so that an increase in pressure in the intake path of the engine (hereinafter referred to as "throttle-valve upstream pressure") is quickly reduced (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2012-246800).
According to the related-art method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2012-246800, when the throttle valve is fully closed or nearly fully closed during the high-load operation in which the throttle-valve opening degree is large, the WGV is nearly fully opened. In a state in which the throttle valve is fully closed, however, there still remains a problem in that the throttle-valve upstream pressure increases excessively under the effects of a pressure of a compressor which rotates integrally with the turbine rotating through inertia.
As another related-art technology to cope with the above-mentioned problem, there has been proposed a method of controlling the throttle-valve opening degree as well as the opening degree of the WGV to control an intake air amount (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2008-297929).
However, the related-art technology described above has the following problem.
According to the related-art method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2008-297929, in the case where the throttle-valve opening degree is controlled so that a delay is generated in an actual intake air amount when the throttle valve is closed after a deceleration command is issued, the throttle valve is not closed abruptly. Therefore, the effects of suppressing the problem of the excessively increased throttle-valve upstream pressure can be expected to be obtained. However, the throttle valve is sometimes closed abruptly depending on an operating state (see the alternate long and short dash line *5 in FIG. 5 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2008-297929). As a result, there may still arise a problem of the excessive throttle-valve upstream pressure rise. Moreover, the throttle-valve upstream pressure is not monitored, and hence there is a problem in that the throttle-valve upstream pressure rise cannot be avoided reliably.

Throttle control device for internal combustion engine and throttle control method for internal combustion engine


Network level Moving Target Defense techniques are provided with substantially continuous access to protected applications. An exemplary method comprises identifying a first application listening to a first port or a first network address; notifying the first application to listen to a second port or a second network address; notifying at least one additional application that the first application is listening to the second port or the second network address; and notifying the first application to unlisten to the first port or the first network address, wherein the first application operates in a substantially continuous manner during a change from listening to one or more of the first port and the first network address and listening to one or more of the second port and the second network address. The first application can be a stateful application having persistent storage.

The static nature of many existing computing systems strengthens the susceptibility of the computing systems to malicious attacks and/or unauthorized access. The United States Department of Homeland Security defines Moving Target Defense (MTD) as "the concept of controlling change across multiple system dimensions in order to increase uncertainty and apparent complexity for attackers, reduce their window of opportunity and increase the costs of their probing and attack efforts."
A need remains for MTD techniques that provide substantially continuous access to protected applications.

Moving target defense with network level changes providing substantially continuous access to applications


A puncturing instrument includes a cylindrical main body case having a puncture aperture on a lower end side; a needle holder provided on a puncture aperture side inside the cylindrical main body case; a first elastic object for moving the needle holder to the puncture aperture side; and a second elastic object for pulling the needle holder back to an upper end side inside the cylindrical main body case, from a state in which the needle holder is moved to the puncture aperture side by the first elastic object. A rotator rotates around a rotation shaft fixed to the cylindrical main body case, and is coupled with a coupling portion of the needle holder on a first one of two sides of the rotator with the rotation shaft interposed therebetween and is coupled with the second elastic object on a second one of the two sides of the rotator.

The configuration of such a puncture instrument would conventionally be as follows.
That is, it would comprise: a cylindrical main body case having a puncture aperture on the lower end side; a needle holder provided on the puncture aperture side inside the main body case; a first elastic object for moving the needle holder to the puncture aperture side; and a second elastic object for pulling the needle holder, moved to the puncture aperture side by the first elastic object, back to the upper end side inside the main body case (e.g. Patent document 1).    [Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 2002-085384


An organic luminescent material includes a host luminescent material and a guest luminescent material. The host luminescent material includes a compound represented by formula (1),

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent apparatus, and more particularly to an organic luminescent material of the organic electroluminescent apparatus.
2. Description of Related Art
An electroluminescent device is a semiconductor device capable of converting electric energy into photonic energy with high conversion efficiency. Common applications of the electroluminescent device are an indicator light, a display panel, a luminescent device of an optical read/write head, and the like. The electroluminescent device has characteristics such as getting rid of a viewing angle problem, an easy process, low cost, a high response speed, a wide application temperature range and being full-color, therefore meeting requirements of display characteristics in a multimedia time and having a prospect of becoming a mainstream of a next-generation flat-panel display.
Generally, an organic electroluminescent apparatus includes an anode, an organic luminescent layer and a cathode. The organic luminescent layer includes a host luminescent material and a guest luminescent material. Holes and electrons in the organic electroluminescent device are mainly delivered into the host luminescent material for recombination, thereby producing energy, and the energy is transferred into the guest luminescent material to produce light. Therefore, the host luminescent material needs to have a desirable electron and hole transport property, and a triplet energy level of the host luminescent material should be greater than or equal to that of the guest luminescent material, to avoid energy loss caused by energy return.
Therefore, if the triplet energy level of the host luminescent material needs to be improved, a length of a conjugated chain in a molecule of the host luminescent material should be shortened. However, if the length of the conjugated chain in the molecule of the host luminescent material is shortened, a molecular weight of the molecule is reduced, and the reduced molecular weight of the host luminescent material decreases thermal stability (a glass transition temperature is used as a pointer in the following) of the host luminescent material.

Organic luminescent material and organic electroluminescent apparatus

Abstract: where n is 0˜8; R2 and R3 respectively represent H, CF3, CN, CH3 or C5H11; R1 is CH3 or one of substituents shown as follows:


A method and composition for dispersing oil. Distiller's dried grain is applied to an oil spill or to an animal or object contacted with oil. The distiller's dried grain sorbs and disperses the oil, allowing dispersal of the oil in open water or removal of the oil from the animal or object.

When an oil spill occurs, the most desirable remedy is recovery of the spilled oil. However, rarely is more than 10% of the oil released in a major spill ultimately recovered. Oil that cannot be recovered may be dispersed, thus protecting shorelines, preventing the oiling of marine birds and mammals, and speeding oil biodegradation. Oil dispersal has not been universally satisfactory, however, mainly due to the high toxicity of currently available dispersants.
Many dispersants are surfactant-based. However, there is reason to believe that the efficacy of such dispersants is directly correlated with their toxicity. A surfactant at a concentration sufficient to emulsify petroleum may also be expected to have deleterious effects on marine organisms. Such effects include tissue irritation, changes in gill membrane permeability that promote asphyxiation and an increase in the uptake of chemical pollutants.
Commercially available oil dispersants are all liquids and possess relatively low LD.sub.50 s (high toxicity). These include COREXIT.RTM. 9527 (Exxon), a surfactant-solvent product for oil dispersal; NAXCHEM.RTM. Dispersant K (formerly known as Conco Dispersant K and now sold by Ruetgers-Nease), a product consisting primarily of surfactants and alcohols; ATLANT'OL.RTM. AT-7 (Aspra, Inc.), a water-based product; OMNI-CLEAN.RTM. OSD (Delta Omega Technologies), a water-based product containing synthetic surfactants and fatty acid soaps and marketed as a safe, low-toxicity product; COREXIT.RTM. 9550 (Exxon); and COREXIT.RTM. 7664 (Exxon), a product formerly marketed as an open-sea dispersant but now sold mostly as a beach cleaner.
Surfactants added to oil slicks on water tend to be immediately diluted by the water. Only when sufficient surfactant concentration is in contact with both water and oil will dispersal occur. Once the surfactant has solubilized the oil, the dispersed droplets mix with greater and greater quantities of water. While this is the desired effect of dispersal, it also tends to further dilute the surfactant concentration, so that resurfacing of oil slicks may occur.
Related U.S. application Ser. No. 08/027,861, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,350, discloses the use of a substantially intact proteinaceous particulate material derived from grains as an oil emulsifier and high efficiency dispersant. Exemplified materials typically have been milled, solvent extracted, and separated from other components of grains. While this material has excellent dispersal properties, it is somewhat expensive for widespread use. Moreover, it is produced by an exacting process that requires careful process control and dedicated production equipment. As a result, the worldwide production capacity is currently insufficient to permit large scale use on major oil spills.
Thus, there is a need for a lower cost, readily available, natural non-toxic material useful as an oil dispersant that is available in large quantities. The present invention provides such a material and a method for using it in remediation of environmental spills.

Distiller's dried grain as oil dispersant


A fuel-feeding device may preferably include a reservoir cup disposed in a fuel tank that contains liquid fuel therein, a fuel pump capable of feeding the liquid fuel contained in the reservoir cup to an engine, a pressure regulator capable of controlling a fuel pressure of the liquid fuel fed to the engine from the fuel pump, a jet pump arranged and constructed to receive a part of the pressurized liquid fuel pumped from the fuel pump via a fuel jet path, so as to introduce liquid fuel outside the reservoir cup into to the reservoir cup with the aid of flow of the pressurized liquid fuel, and a flow rate control valve disposed in the fuel jet path. The flow rate control valve is arranged and constructed to control a flow rate of the pressurized liquid fuel fed to the jet pump depending upon a pumping rate of the pressurized liquid fuel pumped from the fuel pump.

The present invention relates to a fuel-feeding device for feeding liquid fuel contained in a fuel tank of an automobile to an automobile engine (an internal-combustion engine).
A fuel-feeding device is taught by, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-69171. This fuel-feeding device includes a reservoir cup disposed in a fuel tank, a fuel pump capable of feeding (pumping) liquid fuel contained in the fuel tank to an engine via a feeding port, a pressure regulator capable of controlling a pressure of the liquid fuel fed to the engine (i.e., a fuel pressure), and a jet pump. The jet pump is arranged and constructed to inject the pressurized liquid fuel pumped from a relief port of the fuel pump into the reservoir cup, thereby introducing (drawing) the liquid fuel outside of the reservoir cup into the reservoir cup with the injected liquid fuel.
However, according to the known fuel-feeding device, it is not possible to control a flow rate of the liquid fuel pumped from the relief port of the fuel pump. Therefore, when the liquid fuel is pumped from the feeding port of the fuel pump to the engine in a reduced flow rate, a flow rate of the liquid fuel from the relief port of the fuel pump toward the jet pump can be relatively higher than the flow rate of the liquid fuel from the feeding port of the fuel pump toward the engine. That is, when a reduced volume of liquid fuel is pumped from the fuel pump, a substantial portion of the pumped liquid fuel is fed to the jet pump and not to the engine. Therefore, even if the reduced volume of liquid fuel should be fed to the engine, the fuel pump must be actuated to pump a relatively large volume of liquid fuel. That is, the fuel pump must be actuated at a relatively high speed (large load) in order to feed the reduced volume of liquid fuel to the engine. This means that when the reduced volume of liquid fuel should be fed to the engine, the fuel pump must be wastefully actuated.
Thus, there is a need in the art for an improved fuel-feeding device for feeding liquid fuel of an engine.


This disclosure describes systems, methods, and computer-readable media related to employing rate adaptation in full-duplex communication. A first computing device may establish with a second computing device a full-duplex communication channel having a forward data transmission direction and a reverse data transmission direction. The first computing device may transmit to the second computing device a first data portion in the forward data transmission direction of the full-duplex communication channel at a default data transmission rate. The first computing device may receive a second data portion in the reverse direction of the full-duplex communication channel containing a forward channel quality information (CQI) associated with the forward data transmission direction. The first computing device may transmit a third data portion at a first data transmission rate, wherein the first data transmission rate is based at least in part on the forward CQI contained in the second data portion.

Advances in wireless communications permitted users to connect in environments that typical wired systems could not work. However, wireless channel conditions may be susceptible to interference. Objects in the path of wireless signals may cause such interference. Wireless techniques, such as transmission rate adaptation have been imposed to improve the user experience. Transmitters and receivers may use rate adaptation techniques to send and receive wireless signals at variable rates. The typical approach to rate adaptation is to track channel conditions based on packet losses and to adapt the rates accordingly. However, tracking channel conditions based on packet losses can result in many unsuccessful transmissions when users are mobile, which may degrade performance and lower the user experience.

Systems and methods for rate adaptation in full-duplex wireless communication


Disclosed herein are techniques for improving the radiation efficiency and coverage range of antennas in wireless devices. According to some embodiments, an antenna includes an antenna feed and a radiator, where signals to be transmitted by the antenna are coupled from the antenna feed to the radiator through distributed and coherent coupling, such that the radiations by the antenna feed and the radiator constructively interfere in a far field to achieve a higher radiation efficiency and an increased coverage range, without increasing the power consumption of the antenna.

A wireless transmitter, such as a radio frequency transmitter, generally uses an antenna to radiate radio frequency or microwave signals. One characteristic of an antenna is its coverage range. An antenna with a sufficiently large coverage is generally desired. The coverage range of an antenna may be a function of multiple parameters, including the electromagnetic wave frequency, transmission power, antenna type, location, and ambient environment of the antenna. For example, an antenna for a higher frequency band may have smaller physical dimensions, but the electromagnetic waves radiated by the antenna may have higher loss during propagation and may have low penetration capability, and thus may be significantly attenuated during propagation, resulting in a lower coverage range.


A forming system includes first and second tools, moving assemblies, and a control unit. The moving assemblies move the first tool and the second tool relative to the sheet. The control unit is configured to control movement of the first tool and the second tool by the one or more moving assemblies by moving at least one of the first tool or the second tool in a first deformation direction to deform the sheet, then moving the first and second tools laterally relative to the sheet to a subsequent location while engaging the sheet, then moving at least one of the first tool or the second tool in the first deformation direction or an opposite second deformation direction to deform the sheet, and then continue moving the first and second tools to deform the sheet in order to create a three-dimensional component from the sheet.

Incremental Forming (IF) is a flexible sheet metal forming technique that uses tooling to locally deform sheet metal along a predefined toolpath to impart the sheet with a desired or designated shape, such as a three-dimensional shape. Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) uses one tool on one side of the sheet to cause the deformation. One drawback with SPIF is an inherent geometric inaccuracy of creating the designated shape due to unintended non-local deformation and subsequent springback of the sheet in the single point setup.
One potential solution to the unintended non-local deformation in SPIF is to use partially cut out blanks along a periphery of a forming area in the sheet. While the obtained geometric accuracy of the sheet may be improved over SPIF described above, this technique of using the partially cut out blanks may not useful in improving geometric accuracy in IF relative to the significantly better geometric accuracy provided by use of a partial support of the sheet, in spite of the resultant loss in process flexibility associated with using such a support. A closed-loop feedback control has been used in some known SPIF processes to improve the geometric accuracy in SPIF by forming the component in a second iteration. Although the result obtained from the second iteration was better than the initial iteration, such a process may be time consuming and difficult to be implemented for freeform objects, such as asymmetrical objects, objects whose shape is not defined by a single mathematical relationship (e.g., equation or function between two or more geometric axes), amorphous objects, and the like.
Other variations of IF include die-based IF (DBIF), which uses a die below the sheet, and double-sided IF (DSIF), which uses one tool above the sheet and another tool below the sheet. One drawback to DBIF is that the process can be limited to forming components on one side of the sheet only and can require process planning that is specific to the part geometry being formed. For example, the die that lies below the sheet may need to be separately formed in advance of the forming of the sheet. This additional processing step and equipment adds to the cost and complexity of the forming of the sheet.
In DSIF, two tools can be located on either side of a sheet, with each tool mounted on a robot that controls movement of the tool. The tools may be moved toward each other to squeeze the sheet between the tools and to form desired shapes. For example, the gap between tools may be smaller than the thickness of the sheet to form a "squeezing toolpath" of the tools. This technique, however, may require an accurate thickness prediction of the sheet because, if the thickness prediction is inaccurate, one or more of the tools may lose contact with the sheet and DSIF will degenerate to SPIF. To maintain contacts of both tools with the sheet, a forming tool that is displacement controlled (e.g., the tool is controlled to move designated distances independent of the force imparted by the tool on the sheet) and a supporting tool that uses both displacement control (as previously described) and force control (e.g., the tool is controlled to exert a designated force on the sheet, independent of the distance that the tool is displaced to impart the force) may be used. While this technique could provide contact between the supporting tool and the sheet, the amount of force to be applied to the sheet and a preset angular offset for the supporting tool may need to be determined through time-consuming, repetitive trials or experiments each time the shape of the completed component (to which the sheet is formed) changes. Furthermore, depending on the global shape of the component, the force required to form the shape may change.
In the known DSIF techniques described above, conventional "out-to-in" toolpaths were used for the forming tool. In such a toolpath, the forming begins with the tool disposed at or near the outermost periphery of the sheet or component to be formed (e.g., where the component is formed from less than all of the sheet, a location at or near the outer edge of the final, completed component) and travels all the way down to the actual component depth, while moving in the X-Y plane of the sheet. For example, the tool may move from the outer edge of the component toward the center of the component. Such a toolpath may require the controls (e.g., displacement control for the top tool and both displacement and force control for the bottom tool) described above.

System and method for accumulative double sided incremental forming