A BIOS testing routine is initiated. Control is transferred to a diagnostic routine. The diagnostic routine performs a series of test in which a plurality of components are examined. In one embodiment, a random access/random data memory test is performed on a block of memory. Subsequently, control is transferred to the BIOS testing routine.

I. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to computers. Specifically, the invention relates to computer diagnostic tests.
II. Description of the Related Art
Computers are an integral part of nearly all organizations--from nonprofit charities and small businesses to multinational corporations. Nearly all of these organizations can operate more efficiently if provided an ability to share electronic data files and information among the many people within the organization. In order for an organization to share files, large computers, generally called servers, are used to provide general computing functions to a set of users. As the usage and dependency on such servers increases, the value of reliability in these servers also increases.
For an organization which has come to rely on computers, a computer "crash" may be very detrimental. For instance, a computer crash can cause the loss of productivity between the last back up and the crash. A crash may also cause the corruption of existing data.
A crash may occur when a portion of a computer which is malfunctioning is accessed by a user. For example, if a block of memory has become defective, the defect may not affect operation until data is written to or read back from the memory locations. Therefore, a memory malfunction may be undetected for some period of time if the damaged memory has not been accessed. Other malfunctions may cause a more immediate and pervasive failure. For example, if a fan which is used to maintain a proper temperature within the housing of a computer fails, as the temperature raises in the housing, several components within the computer may fail at nearly the same time, immediately affecting system operation. As the number of users whose time or data may be lost due to a crash increases, the ability to detect a malfunction before a crash occurs becomes even more beneficial.
A typical modern computer runs a series of self tests when power is initially applied to it. One such test is a basic input/output system (BIOS) test. The BIOS is a software interface to the computer hardware. Generally the BIOS is comprised of the system programs for the basic input and output operations such as access to floppy disks, hard drive disks, interfaces and graphical adapters. The tests performed on the BIOS do not extensively test the system components of the computer. Performing a BIOS test does not ensure that no malfunctioning components are present in the system. Therefore, the BIOS test is not a highly effective means of detecting a latent failure and, thereby, preventing a computer crash.
Therefore, it can be seen that there is a need in the industry for a means and method of providing an extensive diagnostic test of a computer.

Apparatus for performing an extensive diagnostic test in conjunction with a bios test routine


The present invention provides a process for the preparation of protein hydrolysate from soy flour, which comprises preparing an aqueous slurry of defatted soy flour having 6–12% w/v of solid content, hydrolyzing the slurry using fungal protease at pH 7–8 and temperature 43±5° C. to get 20–40% degree of hydrolysis (DH), further hydrolyzing using papain at a temperature of 53±5° C. under stirring till completion of hydrolysis to 30–45% DH, inactivating residual enzyme in a known manner, and separating the solids and drying the clarified supernatant thus obtained to get protein hydrolysate.

Presently about 6.8 M tons of soybean is produced in India and extracted for oil and the solvent extracted flour is exported for feed purposes. By providing additional facilities for the hygienic processing of soybean in the solvent extraction units, it is possible to obtain edible grade defatted flour having the desired functional characteristics. After the recovery of oil, 4.9 M tons of soy flour is available for utilization in India. As a by-product of edible oil production, oilseed proteins are a potentially important source of human dietary protein throughout the world. Following oil removal, the protein present in the defatted cakes is heat-denatured and therefore directly un-extractable. Hence, proteolysis is an attractive approach for recovering the protein from cake in soluble form and affords a high protein preparation suitable for protein fortification of a wide variety of foods. A small portion of total soybean produced also finds use for different edible grade flours, protein isolate and texturized products and popularity of these products are greatly picking up globally. Soybean is an excellent source of protein, which contains about 40% protein. New manufacturing techniques for high quality soybean foods have been developed by lowering or destroying of the anti-nutritional factors like trypsin inhibitors.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,597 sets forth a process for hydrolyzed vegetable protein with enhanced flavor, which contains no detectable level of monochlorodihydroxypropanol. In the above reference, wheat gluten is hydrolyzed using Prozyme 6 (a fungal protease) at a temperature of 40–50° C., pH 6.5–7.0, with an enzyme concentration of 0.1–2.0% of substrate for a time period of 4 h. The hydrolyzed protein is treated with gaseous HCl for deamidation before the addition of acid for inactivating the enzyme. The drawback in such hydrolysis is that it is likely to lead to racemisation of amino acids and the addition of acid increases the salt content in the product.
Reference may be made to Ernster, J. H. (1991), U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,062, Excelpro Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. USA, wherein a low sodium, low mono sodium glutamate soy hydrolysate that is prepared from soy material such as soy flour, soy meal or soy grits using fungal protease in water is described. The hydrolysis is conducted in the absence of acid or base at 90° C. for 2 h. After deactivating the enzyme and de-watering the mixture the resulting hydrolysate contains between 45 and 55 wt. % enzymatically hydrolyzed soy based protein with an average molecular weight of 670,000±50,000. The fungal protease used is different from the enzyme used in the present invention. Such single enzyme systems are likely to result in bitter peptides and the process is energy intensive due to the high temperature (90° C.) used.
Reference may be made to Satoh et al., (1988) U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,007, Nisshin Oil Mills, and Tokyo, Japan wherein the method describes preparation of two hydrolyzed products using a protease from soy protein. The soy protein is hydrolyzed with papain or pepsin after precipitating with alcohol. The drawback of the process is it involves the separation of the mixture of hydrolyzed products. Hydrolysis is carried out using papain or pepsin. Acidification is carried out to bring down the pH to 2.5–5.0 to separate the two kinds of hydrolysates, which could lead to increase in salt content.
Reference may be made to Cipollo, K. L. and Wagner, T. J., (1987) European Patent No. 0148600 B 1, Ralston Purina Co., wherein the described process relates to the preparation of hydrolyzed protein from protein isolate after jet cooking or dynamic heating at 104° C. for a few seconds and later cooled in a vacuum chamber before hydrolysis using bromelain. The protein was precipitated at its isoelectric point from an aqueous extract of the material before the hydrolysis. The drawback of the process is the starting material protein isolate which is expensive. The process is a multi-step process, energy intensive. The process further needs machines like the jet cooker and a vacuum chamber.
Reference may be made to Parker, D. M. and Pawlett, D. (1987) European Patent No. 0223560 A2, Imperial Biotechnology Ltd., wherein the method describes the separation of protein hydrolysates with meat and cheese flavor, from proteinaceous feed stocks (e.g. containing soybean, gluten, whey, casein, hemoglobin, yeast, cereal or microbial proteins) by stepwise hydrolysis using an endopeptidase followed by amino peptidase from Streptococcus lactus. The drawback of the process is it is a multi-step process.
Reference may be made to Lee, (1986) European Patent No. 0087246 B1, Staffer Chemical Co. wherein a process for the hydrolysis of soybeans, wheat gluten and cotton seeds using fungal protease from Aspergillus and pancreatin (trypsin, chymotrypsin A, B and C, elastase and carboxypeptidase A and B) is described. Activated charcoal is used to treat the hydrolysate, which is used for nutritional improvement. The draw back of the process is that it involves many more steps.
Reference may be made to a Boyce, C. O. L. et al. (1986) European Patent No. 0187048 A2, NOVO Industries A/S, wherein a process is described for the preparation of soy protein hydrolysate with 0.25 to 2.5% degree of hydrolysis (DH) using microbial rennet (Mucor miehei) and to be used as an egg white substitute. The enzyme used in this process is different and involves a low degree of hydrolysis of soy protein.
Reference may be made to Olsen, H. A. S. (1981), United Kingdom Patent No. 2053228A, wherein a process for the production of soy protein hydrolysate from partially defatted soy material by hydrolysis with proteolytic enzyme. The drawback of the process is that due to partial defatting soy flour, left over oil comes in contact with protein phase, which could lead to off-flavors.
Reference may be made to Olsen, H. S. (1981) U.S. Pat. No. 4,324,805, wherein method described for producing soy protein hydrolysate and oil from partially defatted soy material by hydrolysis with proteolytic enzyme. The soy flour is partially defatted by water washing at pH 3.5–4.5 and later hydrolyzed using water and a base to increase the pH. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) is in the range of 8–12%. Oil is recovered from the wash water. Alcalase is the enzyme used. The drawback of the process is that it is a multi-step process and, due to partial defatting of soy flour, left over oil comes in contact with protein phase which could lead to off-flavors. Enzyme inactivation is done by addition of acid, which is likely to lead to increased salt content in the product.
Reference may be made to Sherba and Steiger (1972), U.S. Pat. No. 3,640,725, wherein enzymatic hydrolysis process for production of soy protein hydrolysates is described. The soy seeds are comminuted and heated at 90–140° C. Protease (fungal and bacterial) is added at 25–75° C. The fiber is separated and slurry has two phases—oil and aqueous phase. Aqueous phase is brought to pH 4.5 to precipitate the protein, which is then concentrated. The starting material is not defatted and hence the residual oil could come in contact with the aqueous phase, which could lead to off-flavors.
Reference may be made to Gunther, R. C. (1972) Canadian Patent No. 905742, wherein soy protein hydrolysate is modified with pepsin to yield a product, which, in presence of water and sugar, whips at a rapid rate to produce aerated products of low density.
Reference may be made to Tsumura, K. et al, (1997) European Patent No. 0797928 A1, wherein a process for the manufacture of a soy protein hydrolysate with a protease used selectively to decompose glycinin at a pH of 1.5–2.5. The pH used in the process is very low and therefore differs from the pH used in the present invention. Further, the aim of the process is to achieve a low glycinin content, which is not the case in the present invention.
Reference may be made to a published paper entitled "Industrial Production and Application of Soluble Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Soy Protein", by Olsen, H. S., Adler Nissen, J. (1979), Process Biochemistry, 14(7), 6,8, 10–11, wherein a method for the preparation of soy protein hydrolysate from soy flakes washed at pH 4.5 followed by hydrolysis using alcalase is described. The solubility of the substrate is low at the acidic pH which is likely to result in low yields. The enzyme used is different from the enzyme used in the present invention.

Process for the preparation of protein hydrolysate from legumes

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research


Disclosed embodiments include hollow composite utility pole, cross arm, and brace structures and methods of manufacture of the same using fire retardant materials. Poles, cross arm, and brace structures may be manufactured using a fire resistant resin impregnated, or resin wetted, filament roving that is wound onto a mandrel, pultruded or otherwise formed into a structural part. Various pole structures and manufacturing methods are described, including chemically bonded sleeve joint structures for poles of varying size.

In this specification where a document, act or item of knowledge is referred to or discussed, this reference or discussion is not an admission that the document, act or item of knowledge, or any combination thereof, was at the priority date, publicly available, known to the public, part of common general knowledge, or otherwise constitutes prior art under the applicable statutory provisions; or is known to be relevant to an attempt to solve any problem with which this specification is concerned.
By some estimates, the frequency of western U.S. wildfires has increased by 400 percent since 1970. Damage is the worst in California, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. These fires have burned six times the land area as before and last five times longer. Their fierce temperatures consume all nutrients and vegetation, leaving little to grow back. A 2016 study found that the number of acres burned since the mid-1980s had doubled.
The fire season itself is also two months longer than it was in the early 1970s. That allows more time for fires to erupt. In California, wildfire season is now year-round. Since 2012, there has not been a month without a wildfire burning.
As of Aug. 20, 2018, wildfires had burned 4.5 million acres. At least 110 wildfires were burning almost 2 million acres. They require 28,250 firemen to combat them. The 2018 Mendocino fire was at that time the largest in California history, burning 500 miles. As of Sep. 6, 2018, damage was $845 million in insurance claims. The Wine Country fires in 2017 cost $10.4 billion in claims.
The 2017 fire season broke numerous regional records for acreage burned and costs incurred. It burnt 9.1 million acres in the United States.
In 2017, the U.S. Forest Service spent almost $2.5 billion, much more than the $1.4 billion spent in 2016. Firefighting consumed 52 percent of its budget. At the peak of the season, more than 280,000 personnel and 1,900 fire engines were deployed. The Air National Guard had to help, dropping 530,000 gallons of fire retardant.
There are a number of instances where wildfires disrupted various utility services. For example, in August of 2015 fires in Oregon and California left thousands without power. In May of 2014, power was cut to several communities in California due to wildfire. Frequently roads are impacted such as in the 2013 Silver Fire in New Mexico. Reports from Burned Area Emergency Response teams frequently include information on road closures and some service interruptions; however, these reports tend to focus on individual fires and do not provide national annual estimates nor do they cover all of the service interruptions.
In November 2018, the Camp Fire became the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California history. The fire caused at least 85 civilian fatalities, with one person still missing, and injured 12 civilians, and five firefighters. It covered an area of 153,336 acres and destroyed 18,804 structures with most of the damage occurring within the first four hours. Total damage has been estimated at $16.5 to $30 billion. The electrical utility that was responsible for the transmission line suspected of sparking the wildfire, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), filed for bankruptcy after being found liable for the fire.
Typically, the overall service life of current technology wood utility poles is limited to 20-50 years, based on, among other things, the exposure to the outdoor environments where the poles are installed. Of course, wood utility poles are very susceptible to damage from fire as are untreated composite structures. Likewise, as fires become bigger and hotter, even metal utility poles are susceptible to damage from fire.
Other drawbacks, disadvantages, and inconveniences of existing systems and methods also exist.

Lightweight fire resistant composite utility pole, cross arm and brace structures


A stereoscopic system includes a stereoscopic camera for exposing color negative film and a printer for printing the color negative stereo images captured by the camera onto positive color transparency film. In one example, the stereoscopic camera is a fixed exposure single use camera. A stereoscopic printer for producing stereoscopic disks includes a rotating print head for exposing a plurality of stereo image pairs in a circular pattern. A stereoscopic disk of the type that is used in a View.RTM.-Master viewer is produced from the transparency film.

In a well known system of stereoscopic imaging, transparent stereo image pairs are arranged around the periphery of a disk. The stereo images are viewed by inserting the disk in a binocular viewer. Successive image pairs are viewed by rotating the disk in the viewer, for example, by actuating a lever that engages the disk and rotates the disk by two image widths. Such a stereoscopic imaging system is widely available and sold under the trademark View.RTM.-Master. FIGS. 7-11 illustrate the construction of the conventional View.RTM.-Master disk. As shown in FIG. 7, the conventional View.RTM.-Master disk includes 14 film chips generally designated 10 and as shown in FIG. 8 a disk formed from six layers of laminated paper and foil 12. The film chips 10 representing 7 stereo image pairs 14a, b-26a, b are made from images exposed and developed on 16 mm movie film, and then cut into chips. The paper and foil disk 12 includes four layers of paper 28, 30, 32, and 34, and two layers of foil 36, 38. The paper and foil is prelaminated into two units of paper-foil-paper prior to assembly of the disk. Windows 40 are cut in the paper and foil for mounting the stereo pairs. FIG. 9 shows how the film chips are mounted in the paper and foil laminated disk 12. FIG. 10 is an exploded cross sectional view of a completed View.RTM.-Master disk taken along line 7--7 in FIG. 9 showing how the film chips 14a, b are mounted in the windows 40 that are cut in the laminated disk. Referring back to FIG. 8, one of the weak points of the conventional View.RTM.-Master disk is the thin web of material 42 between the interior corners of the windows 40 in the laminated disk 12. Because this web of material 42 needs to be at least greater than some minimum dimension, the size of the stereo image for a given number of images, e.g. 14 images separated by a given stereo separation x, e.g. 65 mm is limited to some maximum dimension, e.g. 10.times.12 mm. Although a 65 mm separation between the images in a stereo pair is comfortable for the average adult, a separation of 55-58 mm is more appropriate for the average child. Unfortunately, if the separation is reduced from 65 mm to 55 mm, the webs 42 become so thin that the disk becomes too fragile for normal use. If the size of the images are reduced, resolution is sacrificed. FIG. 11 illustrates the three degrees of freedom X, Y and .theta. in which each of the film chips 14a and b must be precisely located. It will be appreciated from the foregoing description that the apparatus for assembling the stereo image disk must be quite complex with many moving parts. One object of the present invention is to provide an improved construction for a stereo image disk that avoids the problems noted above. It would be desirable to be able to produce huge quantities of the stereoscopic disks, for example for advertising purposes. Unfortunately, the cost of the assembly equipment is prohibitive for producing one time large batches of the elements.
Stereoscopic systems are also known in the prior art which employ special stereoscopic cameras to capture stereo image pairs on a film strip. Stereo image chips are punched from the developed film strip, using a special punch designed for use with the camera, and the resulting film chips are manually inserted into a special mounting disk with a tweezer like tool. The special mounting disk is made from a sheet of metal covered on both sides with sheets of paper. See the description of the Stereo Realist system discussed at pages 68-70 in the "The World of 3-D" by Jac G. Ferwerda published by 3-D Book Productions, The Netherlands. The Stereo Realist system used color reversal film, which has a very narrow exposure latitude and therefore requires precise exposure control. The cameras were generally expensive to manufacture and the related cutting and mounting hardware was expensive and complicated to use. It would therefore be desirable to provide amateurs with the ability to produce their own stereoscopic images, in particular, stereoscopic disks, that could be viewed in a View.RTM.-Master viewer, but it will be appreciated that cameras having sophisticated exposure control and the production of the View.RTM.-Master disks as noted above is prohibitively expensive and difficult for all but the most dedicated amateur. It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide an improved stereoscopic system and particularly an improved system for producing stereoscopic disks that overcome the shortcomings noted above.

Photographic printer for printing stereoscopic images


Multilayer interference pigment consisting of plateletlike titanium dioxide as carrier material, coated with alternating layers of metal oxides of low and high refractive index, the difference in the refractive indices being at least 0.1, which is obtainable by solidification and hydrolysis of an aqueous solution of a thermally hydrolyzable titanium compound on a continuous belt, detachment of the resulting coat, coating of the resulting titanium dioxide platelets, with or without drying in between, by a wet method with, alternately, a metal oxide hydrate of high refractive index and a metal oxide hydrate of low refractive index by hydrolysis of the corresponding, water-soluble metal compounds, separation, drying and, if desired, calcining of the material obtained.

The invention relates to multilayer interference pigments with plateletlike titanium dioxide as substrate.
Multilayer pigments of low transparency are known. The metal oxide layers are prepared either in a wet process, by precipitating the metal oxide hydrates from a metal salt solution onto a carrier material, or by vapour deposition or sputtering under reduced pressure. In general, the vapour deposition processes are too complex and costly for mass production of pigments. Thus U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,010 describes a multilayer interference pigment consisting of a central layer of a reflecting material (aluminium) and alternating layers of two transparent, dielectric materials of high and low refractive index, for example titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide, either side of the central aluminium layer. This pigment is employed for the printing of securities.
JP H7-759 (Kokoku) describes a multilayer interference pigment with a metallic lustre. It consists of a substrate coated with alternating layers of titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide. The substrate is formed from flakes of aluminium, gold or silver or from platelets of mica and glass which are coated with metals. Accordingly, it is a typical metal-effect pigment. This pigment is of high opacity. For applications where a high level of transparency of the pigmented material is required, for example for agricultural films, the pigment is unsuitable. Furthermore, it has the disadvantage that the depth effect typical of interference pigments is not produced since, owing to the total reflection of the light at the metal layer which forms the core, a number of pigment particles are unable to enter into interaction. The interference effect therefore remains limited to the coats located on the metal layer.
Mica is the substrate employed most frequently for the production of interference pigments.
Mica pigments are used widely in the printing and coating industries, in cosmetics and in polymer processing. They are distinguished by interference colours and a high lustre. For the formation of extremely thin coats, however, mica pigments are not suitable, since the mica itself, as a substrate for the metal oxide coats of the pigment, has a thickness of from 200 to 1200 nm. A further disadvantage is that the thickness of the mica platelets in some cases varies markedly about a mean value. Moreover, mica is a naturally occurring mineral which is contaminated by foreign ions. Furthermore, technically highly complex and time-consuming processing steps are required including, in particular, grinding and classifying.
Pearl lustre pigments based on thick mica platelets and coated with metal oxides have, owing to the thickness of the edge, a marked scatter fraction, especially in the case of relatively fine particle-size distributions below 20 xcexcm.
As a substitute for mica it has been proposed to use thin glass flakes which are obtained by rolling of a glass melt with subsequent grinding. Indeed, interference pigments based on such materials exhibit colour effects superior to those of conventional, mica-based pigments. Disadvantageous, however, is that the glass flakes have a very large mean thickness of about 10-15 xcexcm and a very broad thickness distribution (typically between 4 and 20 xcexcm), whereas the thickness of interference pigments is typically not more than 3 xcexcm.
EP 0,384,596 describes a process in which hydrated alkali metal silicate is subjected at temperatures of 480-500xc2x0 C. to the action of an air jet, forming bubbles with thin walls; the bubbles are subsequently comminuted to give plateletlike alkali metal silicate substrates with a thickness of less than 3 xcexcm. However, the process is complex and the thickness distribution of the resulting platelets is relatively broad.
DE 11 36 042 describes a continuous belt method of preparing plateletlike or glitterlike oxides or oxide hydrates of metals of groups IV and V and of the iron group of the Periodic Table. In this method, a release layer comprising, for example, a silicone coating is first of all applied, if desired, to a continuous belt in order to facilitate the subsequent detachment of the metal oxide layer. Then a liquid film is applied which comprises a solution of a hydrolysable compound of the metal which is to be converted into the desired oxide, and the film is dried and subsequently detached using a vibration device. The coat thickness of the platelets obtained is given as being from 0.2 to 2 xcexcm, although no concrete examples of this are cited.
EP 0 240 952 and EP 0 236 952 propose a continuous belt method of preparing different plateletlike materials, including silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide and titanium dioxide. In this method, a thin liquid film of defined thickness of a precursor of the plateletlike material is applied, via a roller system, to a smooth belt; the film is dried and detached from the belt, forming plateletlike particles. The particles are subsequently, if desired, calcined, ground and classified.
The thickness of the platelets obtained in accordance with the method described in EP 0 240 952 is relatively well defined, since the film is applied very uniformly, for example to the continuous belt via a roller system. The layer thickness of the platelets is given in the examples as being from 0.3 to 3.0 xcexcm. According to Example 1, a first roller is wetted with the precursor used by immersing this roller partially into a stock container which is filled with the precursor. The film is transferred from this roller to a second, co-rotating roller which is in very close contact with the first roller. Finally, the film is rolled off from the second roller onto the continuous belt.
Disadvantages, however, are the use of very expensive precursor materials and, in particular, the increased requirements in terms of workplace safety which must be applied when organometallic compounds are used. The complete chemical conversion of the precursor into the desired coating material requires, in general, high heating of the film and of the belt material. In addition to the considerable thermal stress which this places on the belt material, the high energy consumption and the restriction on the process speed are also highly disadvantageous for the economy of the method.
WO 93/08 237 describes plateletlike pigments consisting of a plateletlike matrix comprising silicon dioxide, which may contain soluble or insoluble colourants and which is coated with one or more reflecting layers of metal oxides or metals. The plateletlike matrix is prepared by solidification and hydrolysis of water glass in a continuous belt.
DE 12 73 098 describes the preparation of a mother-of-pearl pigment by vapour deposition of ZnS, MgF2, ZnO, CaF2 and TiO2 films on to a continuous belt. This process however, like the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,140 in which plateletlike pigments with Si and SiO2 coats are obtained by plasma deposition from SiH4 and SiCl4, is associated with very high expenditure on apparatus.
The object of the invention is to provide an essentially transparent interference pigment having strong interference colours and/or a strong angular dependency of the interference colours. Furthermore, the object of the invention is to provide a pigment which consists only of optically functional layers and is therefore extremely thin.
This object is achieved in accordance with the invention by a multilayer interference pigment consisting of plateletlike titanium dioxide as carrier material, coated with alternating layers of metal oxides of low and high refractive index, the difference in the refractive indices being at least 0.1, which is obtainable by solidification and hydrolysis of an aqueous solution of a thermally hydrolysable titanium compound on a continuous belt, detachment of the resulting coat, coating of the resulting titanium dioxide platelets, with or without drying in between, by a wet method with, alternately, a metal oxide hydrate of high refractive index and a metal oxide hydrate of low refractive index by hydrolysis of the corresponding, water-soluble metal compounds, separation, drying and, if desired, calcining of the material obtained.
This object is additionally achieved in accordance with the invention by a process for preparing the novel pigment, in which
an aqueous solution of a thermally hydrolysable titanium compound is applied as a thin film to a continuous belt,
the liquid film is solidified by drying, during the course of which the titanium dioxide is developed from the solution by means of a chemical reaction,
the resulting layer is subsequently detached from the belt and washed,
the titanium dioxide platelets obtained, with or without drying in between, are suspended in water and coated with, alternately, a metal oxide hydrate of high refractive index and a metal oxide hydrate of low refractive index, by addition and hydrolysis of the corresponding, water-soluble metal compounds, and
the coated titanium dioxide platelets are separated out from the aqueous suspension, dried and, if desired, calcined.
The invention additionally relates to the use of the novel pigments for pigmenting paints, printing inks, plastics, cosmetics and glazes for ceramics and glass and for producing agricultural films.
For this purpose they can be employed as mixtures with commercially available pigments, for example inorganic and organic absorption pigments, metal-effect pigments and LCP pigments.
The novel pigments are based on plateletlike titanium dioxide. These platelets have a thickness of between 10 nm and 500 nm, preferably between 40 and 150 nm. The extent in the two other dimensions is between 2 and 200 xcexcm and, in particular, between 5 and 50 xcexcm.
The metal oxide of high refractive index can be an oxide or mixture of oxides with or without absorbent properties, for example TiO2, ZrO2, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2O3 or ZnO, or a compound of high refractive index such as, for example, iron titanates, iron oxide hydrates and titanium suboxides, or mixtures and/or mixed phases of these compounds with one another or with other metal oxides.
The metal oxide of low refractive index is SiO2, Al2O3, ALOOH, B2O3 or a mixture thereof and can likewise have absorbent or nonabsorbent properties. If desired, the oxide layer of low refractive index may contain alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides as constituents.
The thickness of the layers of the metal oxides of high and low refractive index is critical for the optical properties of the pigment. Since a product with strong interference colours is desired, the thicknesses of the layers must be adjusted relative to one another. If n is the refractive index of a layer and d its thickness, the colour which appears in a thin layer is the product of n and d, i.e. the optical thickness. The colours of such a film, as produced with normal incidence of light in reflected light, result from an intensification of the light of wavelength xcex=(4/2Nxe2x88x921.nd and by attenuation of light of wavelength xcex=(2/N.nd, where N is a positive integer. The variation in colour which takes place as the thickness of the film increases results from the intensification or, respectively, attenuation of particular wavelengths of the light by interference. For example, a 115 nm thick film of titanium dioxide of refractive index 1.94 has an optical thickness of 115xc3x971.94=223 nm, and light of wavelength 2xc3x97223 nm=446 nm (blue) is attenuated in the course of reflection, with the result that the reflected light is yellow. In the case of multilayer pigments, the interference colour is determined by the intensification of specific wavelengths and, if two or more layers in a multilayer pigment possess the same optical thickness, the colour of the reflected light becomes more intense and full as the number of layers increases. Moreover, by a suitable choice of the layer thicknesses it is possible to achieve a particularly marked variation of colour in dependency on the viewing angle. A pronounced colour flop develops, which may be desirable for the pigments according to the invention. The thickness of the individual metal oxide layers, independently of their refractive index, is therefore from 20 to 500 nm, preferably from 50 to 300 nm.
The number and thickness of the layers is dependent on the desired effect. Normally, the desired effects are achieved if the 5-layer system TiO2/SiO2/TiO2/SiO2/TiO2 is built up and if the thicknesses of the individual layers are matched optically to one another. When using optically relatively thin TiO2 layers (layer thickness  less than 100 nm) it is possible, for example, to produce interference pigments with a blue colour which, with a substantially smaller TiO2 content, are stronger in colour and more transparent than pure TiO2-mica pigments. The saving in terms of TiO2 is up to 80% by weight. By means of the precipitation of thick SiO2 layers (layer thickness  greater than 100 nm), pigments having a strongly pronounced angular dependency of the interference colour are obtained.
By precipitating further SiO2 and TiO2 layers it is also possible to obtain higher systems, the number of layers then being limited by the economics of the pigment.
Since, in contrast to mica, plateletlike titanium dioxide as substrate is an optically functional layer, covering the substrate with, for example, two layers of the abovementioned structure gives an interference system comprising 5 thin layers of sharply defined thicknesses. The reflection or transmission spectrum of such a pigment exhibits finer and more precisely matchable structures than the spectrum of a corresponding pigment based on a substrate with a broad thickness distribution, such as mica.
Even with extremely thin TiO2 layers (layer thickness: 40 nm), these pigments exhibit strong interference colours. The angular dependency of the interference colour is also particularly pronounced. This extreme colour flop is not observed with conventional metal oxide-mica pigments.
The novel pigments are prepared in a two-stage process. In the first stage, plateletlike titanium dioxide particles are prepared with the aid of a continuous belt.

Merck Patent Gesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung


The present invention is provided with: subword drivers SWD for driving subword lines SWL, a selection circuit for supplying either negative potential VKK1 or VKK2 to the subword drivers SWD, and memory cells MC that are selected in the case when the subword line SWL is set to an active potential VPP and are not selected in the case when the subword line SWL is either a negative potential VKK1 or VKK2.

Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device, in particular, to such a semiconductor device having subword drivers for driving subword lines.
Description of the Related Art
In a memory-type semiconductor device such as a DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory), memory cells are disposed on intersections between the subword lines and bit lines. The driving process of the subword lines is carried out by subword drivers, and when the subword line is driven to an active potential, the memory cell is connected to the corresponding bit line. On the other hand, during a period in which the subword line is driven to a non-active potential, the memory cell and the bit line are kept in a cut-off state.
The non-active potential of the subword line in the DRAM is normally set to a negative potential lower than the ground potential (see JP-A No. 2013-157044). This is because by setting the subword line to the negative potential, the off-leak current of cell transistors included in the memory cell is reduced, thereby making it to possible to prevent an information retaining characteristic from being deteriorated due to a disturbance phenomenon. The disturbance phenomenon refers to a phenomenon in which, when a certain subword line is repeatedly accessed, the information retaining characteristic of a memory cell connected to another subword line adjacent thereto is lowered.
In this case, however, when the negative potential to be given to the subword line is too low, a GIDL (Gate-Introduced Drain Leakage) current increases due to a voltage between the gate and drain.

Semiconductor device including subword driver circuit


A method and/or computer program product indicates a trustworthiness of data processed in accordance with a processing rule. A first trust weight is assigned to a data item to be processed to provide a weighted data item, the first trust weight representing a level of trust in the data item. A second trust weight is assigned to the processing rule to provide a weighted processing rule, the second trust weight representing a level of trust in the processing rule. The weighted data item is processed in accordance with the weighted processing rule to generate a data output and an indication of a level of trust in the data output.

The invention relates to the trustworthiness of processed data. More particularly, the invention relates to indicating the trustworthiness of data that has been processed in accordance with a processing rule.
Consumers (including humans or software agents) of information may be uncertain as to its trustworthiness. This is particularly problematic for situations where information is based on large amounts of data originating from different sources. Although attempts have been made to address the problem of indicating the trustworthiness of data, such attempts have relied on assumptions that compromise the accuracy and/or usefulness of the indication(s) provided.

International Business Machines Corporation


The invention relates to an infra-red reflecting layered structure comprising a transparent substrate layer; a first metal oxide layer; a first silver containing layer, a second metal oxide layer; a second silver containing layer and a third metal oxide layer. The first, second and third metal oxide layer have a refractive index of at least 2.40 at a wavelength of 500 nm. The layered structure according to the present invention laminated on glass has a visual light transmittance (VLT) higher than 70% and a solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) lower than 0.44. The invention further relates to the use of a layered structure as a transparent heat-mirror.

Heat-mirrors that reflect radiation in the infrared spectrum while transmitting radiation in the visible spectrum have important applications for example as windows in buildings or vehicles.
For transparent heat-mirrors, visual light transmittance must be high, and hence the reflectivity and absorptivity must be low.
In the United States of America for example, automotive windshields must have a transmittance of visible light of at least 70%.
In the infrared, however, the heat-mirror must have high reflectivity and so transmittance and absorptivity in the infra-red must be low.
Heat-mirrors comprising a stack of alternating dielectric and metal layers are known in the art.
To obtain a heat-mirror characterised by a low heat transmittance, generally at least three metal layers are necessary. However, the number and the thickness of the metal layers have a negative influence on the visual light transmittance and on the cost and complexity of the manufacturing process.
It is well known to use silver as metal layer. However, a silver layer has a low stability, low durability and poor moisture and weather resistance.


A magnetic tape cartridge incorporating a drive belt characterized by a smooth (e.g., average surface roughness less than 7 microinches, zero to peak, as measured by a Talysurf 10 surface analyzer set for a 0.003 cut off length) nontextured drive surface and a ratio of static to dynamic coefficients of friction between the drive surface and the magnetic tape surface, of less than 2. The drive belt is preferably integrally formed of a material which inherently yields the aforementioned drive surface characteristics without requiring that the naturally formed belt surface be specially treated.

In a bidirectional drive tape cartridge of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,255 in which the tape moves at high speeds between two reels and is subjected to high accelerations when the tape direction is reversed, it is important to minimize tape tension variations at the transducer head. Otherwise tape to head contact may be lost and data compromised.
U.S Pat. Nos. 4,581,189 and 4,466,564 disclose drive belts, typically made of polyurethane, for use in such tape cartridges particularly configured to minimize tape tension variations characterized as flutter. More particularly, the disclosed drive belts are described as having a microscopically rough surface between 0.2 and 40 micrometers (8 to 1600 microinches) peak to peak to promote the release of air from between the belt and the tape for the purpose of minimizing variations in tape tension and speed.
Applicant's parent application Ser. No. 07/662,755 filed Mar. 1, 1991 describes a magnetic tape cartridge including an improved drive belt for engaging a magnetic tape to transport the tape between first and second spaced reels. The drive belt improvement is based on the recognition that variations in tape tension and speed can be minimized by minimizing the difference between the static and dynamic friction between the engaged surfaces of the tape and drive belt. More specifically, Applicant's parent application describes a drive belt having a smooth nontextured drive surface having a frictional characteristic relative to the tape surface such that the ratio of static to dynamic coefficients of friction between the surfaces is less than 2.

Tape cartridge drive belt having a low ratio of static to dynamic friction


A fuel rail vent system for evacuating air from a fuel rail includes a first fuel reservoir and a first fuel line extending between the first fuel reservoir and the fuel rail. A fuel pump is configured in fluid communication with the first fuel reservoir to pump liquid fuel from the first fuel reservoir to the fuel rail through the first fuel line. A second fuel line separate from the first fuel line extends between the first fuel reservoir and the fuel rail. A primer system is configured for fluid communication with the first fuel reservoir to pump liquid fuel from the first fuel reservoir to the fuel rail through the second fuel line. A second fuel reservoir separate from the first fuel reservoir is configured for fluid communication with the fuel rail downstream of the fuel rail to receive any excess liquid fuel and/or fuel vapor upstream therefrom.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to fuel injected internal combustion engines, and more particularly to vent systems for fuel rails of fuel injected engines.
2. Related Art
Fuel injected internal combustion engines require liquid fuel to be injected through fuel injectors for the engine to be started, as well as during operation. It is particularly important that liquid fuel, and not air, be present in the fuel rail and in the injectors during a starting procedure. This becomes even more important for engines having pull start mechanisms, such as those used in marine applications, for example. If a user pulls a start cord while air is present in the fuel rail, the likelihood that the engine will start is greatly reduced. This can lead to a frustrated user, as well as making it even more difficult to start the engine. Accordingly, ensuring liquid fuel is present in the fuel rail prior to pulling on the start cord is critical in order to optimize the potential for the engine to start.


In a double clutch transmission in which an input shaft can be coupled by two load clutches selectively with a central intermediate shaft and a concentric intermediate shaft and each of the intermediate shafts can be operatively connected by gear stages selectively to a first or a second jackshaft arranged in the power output path to a driven vehicle axle, wherein the jackshafts are arranged parallel to the transmission input and intermediate shafts, the intermediate shafts each have at least one gear firmly mounted thereon which forms the input gear for more than one of the gear stages provided for different transmission gear ratios so as to form a compact transmission arrangement, particularly for transverse engine applications.

The invention relates to a double clutch transmission in which an input shaft can be coupled by two load clutches selectively with a central intermediate and a concentric intermediate shaft and each of the intermediate shafts can be operatively connected to a first or a second jackshaft for transferring power at different transmission ratios.
In such double clutch transmissions as disclosed for example in DE 198 21 164 A1, the transmission gear structure engaged for forming the reverse transmission gear setup is connected to the central intermediate shaft and, additionally, forms the transmission gear setup for the first forward gear (I. gear). The known double clutch transmission includes six forward gears of which the transmission structure for the even number gears IV and VI are formed by an engaged gear arrangement and the even number gear II is formed by a simple gear structure and both are connected to the concentric intermediate shaft. Consequently, the central intermediate shaft is associated with two additional simple gear structures for forming the transmission arrangements of the odd numbered gears III and IV, that is, altogether with three transmission gear structures. With this arrangement, it is difficult to accommodate additional gear stages if more than six forward gears are to be provided since then at least one additional odd numbered gear arrangement would have to be provided by an additional gear stage which would have to be connected to the central intermediate shaft that is already connected to three gear stages.
This known double clutch transmission with six forward gears and one reverse gear is to be shifted via a shift arrangement using a central shift rod as it is known from DE 101 08 881 A1.


A method of making a unitized tungsten electrode which exhibits superior mechanical and electrical properties which includes providing a length of cylindrical cut stock having a predetermined diameter and length. The stock is ground to form a rough unfinished electrode having an enlarged tip or nose portion at one end integrally connected to an elongated shank section. The unfinished electrode is treated by exposure to a chemical etchant for a time sufficient to form a finished electrode characterized by a smooth nose and shank surface and rounded undercut and ends. The invention includes the electrode formed by the described process.

The present invention relates in general to electrodes suitable for use in arc lamps and more specifically to a one piece or unitized electrode where the final dimensions are formed by chemical etching.
In the prior art, electrodes, i.e., anodes and cathodes which are used in lamps, such as arc lamps, are generally mechanically formed. In some cases the electrodes are mechanically ground to the required tolerances and dimensions, which is labor intensive and costly. Furthermore, these mechanical forming methods result in undesirable stresses created by the electrode geometry resulting from the manufacturing process and contribute to a short lamp life. Electrodes formed in this manner are also subject when sealed in a glass envelope to cracking and/or stresses to the glass at the distal end of the anode or cathode due to a relative large geometry and sharp edges which are inherent in the forming process.
In another prior art technique, the electrode nose or head portion can be welded onto the shank portion to avoid some of the grinding requirements described above. This manufacturing technique is characterized and is the cause of embrittlement of the electrode shank when welded to form a two piece electrode, thus introducing another failure mode. The electrodes of the type described above are characterized in that they often produce streamers in the arc coming off multiple points on the edge of the electrode tip due to the manufacturing technique and geometry irregularities resulting from these methods.
It therefore can be seen that there is a need in the field for an electrode which eliminates the sharp geometry at the distal end of the electrode shank and uneven performance of the tip portion to provide and improve overall lamp life.

Unitized chemically etched tungsten electrode


An insert having a central bottom panel with two end panels and two top flanges foldably connected by spaced-apart scores for forming a U-shape insert that is received by a conventional regular slotted container. A pair of elongate members attach to the bottom panel to provide increased bottom rigidity to the container. A pair of cleats attach to each of the side panels and a lower end of the cleat rests on an upper surface of one of the elongate members. A transverse member attaches to each top flange and is supported on an upper end of the cleats. The transverse member supports a top load on the container and the cleats communicate the top load to the elongate members. An enclosed container is disclosed for holding an article on the elongate members by wrapping the insert and the article thereon with a film.

Packaging of moderately heavy, bulky articles such as walk-behind mowers, televisions, engines, microwaves, air conditioners and the like presents many unique considerations. Because of the competitive nature of the marketplace for similar such articles, it has long been recognized that a container must be a relatively low cost component of the price of the article. Often such articles are packed and stored in conventional corrugated paperboard containers. Braces of various types are inserted into the container between the article and the interior walls to hold the article in the container. For example, foam braces are often used to hold such articles within the container. Foam braces and other foam packing products, however, are not as readily recyclable as is corrugated paperboard, and, in some instances, such foam packing material may be more expensive than other materials used with conventional corrugated paperboard containers. Corrugated paperboard wedges and braces have been accordingly been developed for holding the article in the container.
The conventional corrugated paperboard container consists of a sheet-like blank having a plurality of scores that define foldable wall panels for the container body. A narrow flange called a manufacturer's joint foldably attaches along a score at one longitudinal end of the corrugated paperboard blank. The flange is secured to the opposite longitudinal end when the blank is folded along the scores to form the container body. The manufacturer's joint is secured with an adhesive such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or the like. A series of top flaps foldably connect to the panels along a top and a bottom score. When the container is used, the bottom flaps are folded and secured together with adhesive, staples, or the like. The article to be contained is then placed in the container body with the various packing braces to hold the article in the container. The top flaps are then folded along their respective scores to close the open top of the container.
One known paperboard container is adapted for packaging a walk-behind self-propelled or manually-pushed mower. The container includes a bottom plate made from a sheet of corrugated paperboard. A pair of corrugated paperboard runners with foam pads are attached to the plate and disposed parallel to a longitudinal axis of the plate for receiving a lower edge of the cutter-deck of the walk-behind mower placed in the container. The paperboard runner is positioned so that the wheels of the container are between the runner and the wall of the container. A wedge-shape vertical member is formed from a sheet of corrugated paperboard. One such folded vertical member inserts into each corner of the container. A lower inside portion of the vertical members include a cut-out for the wheels, so that the vertical member extends between the bottom and the top of the container in an effort to provide vertical rigidity for strength to stack several of the containers one on top of another.
There are several problems with existing packs that contribute to unsatisfactory use for packing articles. To better utilize warehouse space for storage and trailer truck space for shipping articles in these containers, the containers often are stacked 8 or 10 high. The weight of the article contained therein may be as much as 150 pounds or more per container. This imposes a top load of up to 1,500 pounds on the bottom box. The plain corrugated paperboard container with die-cut verticals are affected by humidity and repeated handling of the containers in distribution centers. Increased humidity and handling weakens the paperboard in the container. Weakened paperboard lowers the stacking strength of the container and may result in the container collapsing while stored in a wavehouse stack or during stacked transit in trailers or rail cars.
Another problem arising from use of such containers is the handling strength of the container. While such containers often are grouped together on pallets for handling with a forklift, individual containers or stacks may be handled by either a forklift or clamp truck. Forklifts typically require that the container include an external skid board below the container base to provide clearance for the fork blades. In the absence of a skid board, the bottom flaps on the container and the bottom plate support the container on the forklift. The bottom of the paperboard container described above is not sufficiently strong to allow entry of the fork blade and lifting of several units at a time. The unsupported portions of the container would tend to bow inwardly under the load of a stack of containers, possibly damaging the article and collapsing the corners of the container. Yet another problem with forklifts is operator error. Even when acting with due care, the forklift operator may misdirect the fork blades and pierce the container, thereby causing damage not only to the container but to the product package therein.
For these and other reasons, clamp trucks are often preferred over forklift trucks for handling these containers. Clamp trucks are also known as squeeze trucks, and provide a pair of hydraulically activated arms having vertical platens that are placed against the side of the container to be handled. The platens apply a horizontal force against the container in order to lift and transport the container. The clamp pressure may range up to 1,500 pounds on the platens, and can result in collapse of the container and damage to the article. In the case where the article is a walk-behind mower, particular damage can occur to the wheels. Walk-behind mower wheels are relatively weak, and the wheels often are mounted with bolts attached to the mower blade housing for axles on which the wheels rotate. Excessive compression from a clamp truck, or collapse of a stack of containers, may cause the bolts to bend or "splay", resulting in damage to the wheels and to the mower. Even if the wheels or other parts of the mower are not damaged, the visual damage to the container itself is suggestive of damage to the article and consumers are less willing to purchase an article packed in a container with visible damage. Such container and article damage can also occur from rough handling of the container, such as drops or impacts with handling equipment during wavehouse handling and shipment of the containers. Such drops and impacts can also cause splaying of the wheels of a walk-behind mower.
Known corrugated paperboard containers for articles such as walk-behind mowers include a number of component parts that are assembled while packing an article. There are several problems associated with having a number of component parts. First, the component parts must be inventoried, which takes space for storage and time for monitoring the amount of each part in inventory and for re-ordering stock. Assembly of the container with a number of component parts, and packing of the article therein, is time consuming and labor intensive. The component parts must be delivered to the assembly line in a quantity sufficient to meet the production, and production scheduling must coordinate the correct component parts with the product being produced. The rate of production can be high which requires timely delivery of the component parts to the production line. For instance, the production line for some walk-behind power mowers could be 400 to 600 units per hour. Fewer component parts reduces the labor required for packing articles.
Thus, there is a need in the prior art for a corrugated paperboard container that addresses the problems of handling, storing and shipping articles packed therein.

Wood-cleated corrugated paperboard insert for lawnmower container


The invention relates to a tri-color lamp for generating white light comprising a phosphor composition comprising a phosphor of general formula (Ba1−x−y−z−SrxCay)2SiO4:Euz, wherein 0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1 and 0<z<1. The phosphor composition may also comprise a red phosphor. The two phosphors can absorb radiation emitted by a light emitting diode, particularly a blue LED. This arrangement provides a mixing of three light sources—light emitted from the two phosphors and unabsorbed light from the LED. The invention also relates to an alternative to a green LED comprising a single green phosphor of general formula (Ba1−x−y−z −SrxCay)2SiO4:Euz, wherein 0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1 and 0<z<1, that absorbs radiation from a blue LED. A resulting device provides green light of high absorption efficiency and high luminous equivalent values.

There is an ongoing need to generate new phosphor compositions to improve efficiency and color quality in luminescent devices, particularly in the production of white light. Phosphors are luminescent materials that can absorb an excitation energy (usually radiation energy) and store this energy for a period of time. The stored energy is then emitted as radiation of a different energy than the initial excitation energy. For example, "down-conversion" refers to a situation where the emitted radiation has less quantum energy than the initial excitation radiation. Thus, the energy wavelength effectively increases, and this increase is termed a "Stokes shift". "Up-conversion" refers to a situation where the emitted radiation has greater quantum energy than the excitation radiation ("Anti-Stokes shift").
Improvements in efficiency and color quality in phosphor-based devices are constantly being developed. "Efficiency" relates to the fraction of photons emitted with respect to a number of photons initially provided as excitation energy. Inefficient conversion results when at least a portion of the energy is consumed by non-radiative processes. Color "quality" can be measured by a number of different rating systems. "Chromaticity" defines color by hue and saturation. "CIE" is a chromaticity coordinate system developed by Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (International commission on illumination). The CIE Chromaticity Coordinates are coordinates that define a color in "1931 CIE" color space. These coordinates are defined as x, y, z and are ratios of the three standard primary colors, X, Y, Z (tristimulus values), in relation to the sum of the three tristimulus values. A CIE chart contains a plot of the x, y and z ratios of the tristimulus values versus their sum. In the situation where the reduced coordinates x, y, z add to 1, typically, a two-dimensional CIE (x, y) plot is used.
White-like colors can be described by a "correlated color temperature" (CCT). For example, when a metal is heated, a resulting light is emitted which initially glows as a red color. As the metal is heated to increasingly higher temperatures, the emitted light shifts to higher quantum energies, beginning with reddish light and shifting to white light and ultimately to a bluish-white light. A system was developed to determine these color changes on a standard object known as a blackbody radiator. Depending on the temperature, the blackbody radiator will emit white-like radiation. The color of this white-like radiation can then be described in the CIE chromaticity chart. Thus, the correlated color temperature of a light source to be evaluated is the temperature at which the blackbody radiator produces the chromaticity most similar to that of the light source. Color temperature and CCT are expressed in degrees Kelvin.
A "color rendering index" (CRI) is established by a visual experiment. The correlated color temperature of a light source to be evaluated is determined. Then eight standard color samples are illuminated first by the light source and then by a light from a blackbody having the same color temperature. If a standard color sample does not change color, then the light source has a theoretically perfect special CRI value of 100. A general color rendering index is termed "Ra", which is an average of the CRIs of all eight standard color samples.
Older white lamps involved emission of light over a broad wavelength range. It was then discovered that a white-like color can be simulated by a mixture of two or three different light colors, where each emission comprised a relatively narrow wavelength range. These lamps afforded more control to manipulate the white color because emissive properties (emission energy and intensity) of the individual red, green and blue light sources can be individually tailored. This method thus provided the possibility of achieving improved color rendering properties.
An example of a two-color lamp comprises one phosphor and an excitation energy source. Light emitted by the phosphor combines with unabsorbed light from the excitation source to produce a white-like color. Further improvements in fluorescent lamps involved three different light colors (i.e. a tri-color lamp) resulting in white light at higher efficiencies. One example of a tri-color lamp involved blue, red and green light-emitting phosphors. Other previous tri-color lamps comprised a combination of light from two phosphors (a green and red phosphor) and unabsorbed light from a mercury plasma excitation source.
Previous tri-color lamps involving a mercury plasma excitation source, however, suffer many disadvantages including: (1) a need for high voltages which can result in gaseous discharge with energetic ions; (2) emission of high energy UV quanta; and (3) correspondingly low lifetimes. Thus, there is an ongoing need for devices that overcome these deficiencies.
WO 01/24229 discloses to a tri-color lamp for generating white light. In particular, WO 01/24229 relates to a phosphor mixture comprising two phosphors having host sulfide materials that can absorb radiation emitted by a light emitting diode, particularly a blue LED. This arrangement provides a mixing of three light sources—light emitted from the two rare earth ion, to allow matching of the phosphors in relation to the LED emitted radiation. Power fractions of each of the light sources can be varied to achieve good color rendering. WO 01/24229 also relates to an alternative to a green LED comprising a single green phosphor that absorbs radiation from a blue LED. A resulting device provides green light of high absorption efficiency and high luminous equivalent values.
There remains a continued challenge to uncover phosphor compositions and mixtures of these compositions to provide improved properties, including improved efficiency, color rendering (e.g. as measured by high color rendering indices) and luminance (intensity), particularly in a tri-color, white lamp.
It has been observed that photoluminescent phosphor compounds have characteristic ranges of luminescent quenching temperatures. That is, when the phosphor is excited into luminescence as for example by subjecting the same to radiation from a source of ultraviolet light, the intensity of the luminescence will gradually decrease as the temperature of the phosphor is raised through a specified range of temperatures. For example, the compound Zn.80 Cd.20 S:AgCl will gradually quench from bright green, to dull green, to green gray, to gray, to black, as the temperature is increased from 95° C. to 105° C. The temperature ranges of the compounds provided by the afore described basic phosphor system are found to be determined by the composition of their anionic component. Phosphor compounds may be therefore made to have different quenching temperature ranges as well as different color characteristics. The thermal quenching at higher temperatures reduces the LED efficiency, in particular at high chip temperatures. Therefore it is desirable to replace sulfide phosphors by non-sulfide phosphors with a higher thermal quenching temperature.


In a needle-less injector combining an actuator and a medicament cartridge, the actuator includes a housing with a forward portion to which the cartridge is connected. An impact member is mounted within the housing inward of the forward portion so as to be movable toward the forward portion, where it may strike components of the cartridge to effect expulsion of a dose of medicament. A chamber is provided within the housing and is pre-filled with a pressurized gas which is in communication with and exerts a constant force on the impact member, tending to urge it towards the forward portion. Movement of the impact member is prevented by a latch which normally engages the impact member and prevents its forward movement, but is actuable to be moved out of such engagement, permitting movement of the impact member, the cartridge includes a piston which is mounted in the body of the cartridge with an interference fit and is made of a material which is substantially non-resilient when subjected to a slowly applied force, but is highly resilient when subjected to a rapidly applied force.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a needle-less injector, wherein a dose of liquid medicament is discharged in a thin jet at sufficient velocity to penetrate the epidermis of the human, plant or animal to be treated, thus to introduce the medicament into the tissues of the subject.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Needle-less injectors are uses as an alternative to hypodermic needle type injectors for delivery drugs, vaccines, local anaesthetics and other fluids into the tissues. The medicament is discharged in a jet at high velocity to first puncture the epidermis, and thereafter be deposited in the tissues of the subject. A variation is to press the discharge nozzle onto the epidermis and force the medicament at very high pressure through the epidermis.
Such injectors offer many potential benefits: because the hole made by the jet is smaller than that made by a needle, less pain is experienced by the patient when compared with hypodermic needle injection; the availability of the medicament to the capillaries is often enhanced because the spread of the medicament within the tissues is much greater than achieved with a needle injection, which deposits the medicament as a bolus at the needle tip; there is less chance of cross-contamination; animals, which are frequently uncooperative, are more easily injected, because there is no risk of a needle breaking or bending, and the injection is accomplished much faster than needle injection; there is no needle disposal problem; the risk of so-called needle-stick injury is eliminated.
Prior art devices typically use a spring-loaded piston pump to generate the injection pressure, in which the piston is retracted against a spring to withdraw fluid from a reservoir. At the end of the piston stroke (which may be adjustable) the piston is disengaged from the retracting mechanism and is urged suddenly by the spring to pressurise and discharge the fluid from the delivery nozzle. The retracting mechanism may be manual or motorised. In some devices, the piston is driven on the discharge stroke by gas or an electric motor instead of a spring.
Manually operated injectors generate a pressure in the medicament of about 100 bars. In operation, the discharge orifice is placed a small distance (about 10 mm) from the epidermis, and the high velocity jet strikes then penetrates the epidermis (free jet mode). The principle appears to be that the jet sacrifices some of its kinetic energy to puncture the epidermis, because if the nozzle is pressed firmly on the skin (contact mode), and the injector operated, the liquid is pressurised but has no kinetic energy, and is unable to pierce the skin. In the jet free mode, medicament is wasted, since some of the liquid is deflected sideways before puncture is completed, whilst in the contact mode, the epidermis deforms under the pressure of the liquid, which allows all of the medicament to escape without achieving penetration.
Powered injectors generate higher pressure--typically 600 bars or more, which is sufficient to penetrate the epidermis even when the discharge orifice is placed firmly on the skin (the contact mode). However, even in the contact mode a variable quantity of liquid is lost on each injection because the epidermis initially deforms before puncturing, and allows some liquid to escape. A further reason that the contact mode injectors leak is that often the orifice fitted to the injector is an artificial jewel of the type used for bearings in chronometers (because they are inexpensive, accurate, and efficient), but the method of mounting the jewel is such that the face of the orifice is always a small distance from the skin, and the consequent broadening of the jet results in lower force per unit area, and poor penetration.
The basic aim of all these devices is to apply the medicament with sufficient force to pierce the epidermis, but it is the rate of increase in force which is important rather than the nominal pressure used, and few prior art injectors can achieve a sufficiently high rate of pressure rise to ensure reliable and repeatable injections.
Laboratory tests on both manual and powered injectors often give encouraging results, but in practical situations, such as the vaccination of animals, very variable amounts are injected--frequently over 50% of the vaccine may be wasted, because of hairs and dirt on the skin, and movement of the animal. The difficulty in achieving successful injections is exacerbated if the subject does not co-operate, as in the case of animals, young children or elderly patients. Premature operation of the injector is common, as is relative movement between the injector orifice and epidermis which can cause tearing of the epidermis during injection. The amount of contact pressure applied varies between operators, and the action of releasing the trigger mechanism frequently results in a jerk of the injector just as it operates, again causing poor injections and poor reproducibility.
Various methods have been proposed to overcome these problems, although in the case of the free jet types, little can be achieved. Powered injectors frequently employ a vacuum device to suck the epidermis firmly onto the discharge orifice (see WO 82/02835--Cohen, and EP-A-347190--Finger) and thereby improve the seal between the orifice and the epidermis, and prevent relative movement. Alternatively, a pressure sensitive sleeve on the injector (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,859,996--Mizzy) is placed on the subject, whereby operation of the injector is prevented until the correct contact pressure between the orifice and skin is achieved.
Powered injectors have available a variety of sensing and control devices to enhance their performance, which are denied to manually powered injectors. However, they are frequently more complex and not easily adapted for portable use. The fact that they develop higher pressures than manual injectors means that their power consumption is high; gas powered injectors require a heavy cylinder of compressed gas, and electrically powered injectors are often mains powered; battery powered injectors require a heavy battery pack, and the limited availability or inconvenience of the power sources has meant that the use of powered injectors has been mainly confined to mass vaccination programs. In the case of batteries and gas cylinders, it is usually difficult to judge the number of operations available from power stored. Furthermore, the sensing methods used to enable optimum operation are invariably secondary or indirect. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,859,996--(Mizzy) discloses a controlled leak method to ensure the injector orifice is correctly placed at the required pressure on the subject's skin. When the placement conditions are met, the controlled leak is sealed off by contact with the subject's skin, and the pressure within the injector control circuitry rises until a pressure sensitive pilot valve opens high pressure gas to the drive piston. However, the actual pressure of the orifice on the skin is not being measured; a hair of dirt of other irregularity on the skin or sealing face of the orifice will prevent or retard the pressure rise in the control circuit, and the operator will unconsciously press the injector harder onto the skin. Also the timing characteristics may vary because of the said ineffective sealing, hysteresis of the pressure switch, and variations in the supply pressure. In other words, the parameters being measured are the effectiveness of the seal of the controlled leak sensor on the skin and the pilot valve response, not the actual pressure of the orifice on the epidermis. Still other devices us a sliding sleeve in contact with the subject's skin, whereby displacement of the sleeve is used to initiate the injection, but this method measures the load on the sleeve, not on the orifice as required.
It may be seen therefore that whilst needle-less injection potentially is more efficient than hypodermic needle injections for certain applications, the technique is very dependent on the ability of the operator and the compliance of the subject. Those injectors that have features designed to reduce these problems tend to be more complex and costly, and less portable. Furthermore, the simpler injectors designed for use by the patient are invariably complicated to load, clean, adjust and operate, and have not been particularly well designed to be "user friendly". For example, self injection of insulin by the diabetic patient has been an area of intense development, because such patients often have to inject themselves four time daily, and needle-less injectors offer the possibility of less pain and tissue damage. Nevertheless, the aforesaid variability in performance has prevented the widespread adoption of the technique, and the recommended cleaning and sterilization procedures are extremely inconvenient.
WO 93/03779 describes a needle-less injector of the present inventor, which aims to overcome, or at least mitigate, the problems described above. In summary, it provides a needle-less injector which comprises a chamber for containing liquid to be injected, the chamber being provided with a liquid outlet; a dispensing member movable in a first direction to reduce the volume of the chamber to cause liquid contained therein to be expelled through the said liquid outlet; and an impacting member arranged to strike the said dispensing member to cause movement thereof in the said first direction; the injector comprising a front portion which carries means defining said liquid outlet, a rear portion having means defining a handle for the injector, means for urging the rear portion away from the front portion, and means for actuating the injector, or permitting actuation thereof, in response to the movement of the rear portion towards the front portion against the force of the means urging them away from one another.
The injector described in WO 93/03779 has been found to give excellent results. The design described in detail therein is, however, essentially one intended for dispensing a large number of doses, say 1500, and uses a built-in electric motor and battery to provide power. There remains a need, which has not been adequately met by the prior art, for a needle-less injector which is suitable for dispensing a single dose, or a small number of doses, and which is sufficiently inexpensive that it can be disposed of thereafter.


An apparatus includes a sensor configured to be coupled to a throttle interface. The sensor is configured to output a sensor signal associated with a condition of the throttle interface. A first brake element has a first friction surface and a second brake element has a second friction surface. The second brake element is configured to be coupled to the throttle interface. The friction surface associated with the first brake element is positioned opposite the friction surface associated with the second brake element. The first brake element is configured to move relative to the second brake element. An actuator is coupled to the first brake element and is configured to output haptic feedback to the throttle interface via the first brake element based on the sensor signal.

The invention relates generally to haptic feedback systems, and more particularly, to a haptic feedback system associated with an automotive throttle actuator.
Control of a vehicle through the use of electronically-controlled mechanisms rather than mechanically-controlled mechanisms has been implemented in different forms. Typically called "steer-by-wire," "drive-by-wire," or "control-by-wire," electronically-controlled mechanisms direct electric motors and/or hydraulic or pneumatic control systems, to perform mechanical operations rather than a user directly performing the mechanical operations using a mechanical interface. For example, in a standard mechanical steering system in an automobile, the user moves a steering wheel, which mechanically rotates rods, gears, and other mechanical elements to turn the front wheels based on the motion of the steering wheel. In a drive-by-wire system, the user rotates the steering wheel (or moves some other type of manipulandum) to generate control signals to control one or more electric motors, hydraulic actuators, etc., which turn the front wheels. No mechanical linkage between steering wheel motion and wheel motion exists (unlike power assisted steering). A processor (microprocessor, etc.) can be used to sense motion of the steering wheel and correlate it with motor control to achieve the corresponding steering of the wheels.
Another vehicle control system that is typically now electronically-controlled rather than mechanically-controlled is the vehicle throttle control. Automotive throttle pedals historically provided a characteristic force against a driver's foot as a function of pedal displacement. In the past, this force was associated with mechanical linkages and a cable connecting the throttle pedal to the throttle valve in the engine. Rather than direct pedal control of throttle position, newer Electronic Throttle Control (ETC) systems use servo-valves.
In ETC systems, the throttle pedal provides only a sensor input to the ETC and, in the absence of the inherent friction associated with traditional mechanical throttle valve linkages, the characteristic force feedback to the driver must be recreated by other means. The force profile associated with known throttle control generally includes an increasing reaction force against the driver's foot the farther the pedal is depressed. This increased physical effort applied by the driver is consistent with the increased effort associated with the vehicle to achieve the desired acceleration.
Known mechanical systems that reproduce and/or simulate the necessary friction, however, are not ideal due to variation in the friction output associated with various parameters including system component inconsistencies, mechanical wear of system components, and variation in operating environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, etc.).
A need exists for improvements in feedback to throttle controls using throttle-by-wire systems to produce desired haptic effects.


A mechanical skillet lift and conveyor system including a workstation having a lift element securely positioned at a first location and a skillet including a lift device and a vertically translatable table drivenly coupled to the device, wherein the skillet device is configured to automatically cause a predetermined change in table elevation, when the skillet is translated through the workstation such that the device engages the element.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to workstation skillet lift systems and methods of mechanically lifting a skillet borne object, and more particularly, to a mechanical workstation skillet lift operable to autonomously convert the translation of the skillet into the controlled lifting of the object, and a conveyor system comprising the same.
2. Discussion of Prior Art
Skillet conveyor systems have long been developed to increase the efficiency of manufacture and construction in industry. Generally, these systems comprise pluralities of stationary workstations and mobile skillets (or carriers) that sequentially enter each workstation. For example, a conveyor system may require 80 to 100 active workstations in 4 to 6 lanes, and 100 to 120 skillets. The work in progress (or object) is transported together with the skillet to each station where an operator awaits to perform a task. The need to lift the object, based on the task being performed and/or the height of the operator, often necessitates the inclusion of skillet borne lifting mechanisms. A main drive system, such as a conventional side-pusher drive, is provided to propel the skillets along the conveyor path. A communication system typically including an encoded rail and a PLC configured control module on each skillet is provided, so that each workstation is able to discern the entry of a skillet into the workstation. As such, sensory technology, such as a photo-eye and reflector, is also communicatively coupled to the control module. Finally, power is distributed to each skillet through a buss rail; and collector shoes on each skillet are fed into and out of the buss rail for each production run.
With respect to the lifting mechanism, a separate drive is typically dedicated to the lift. For example, in one conventional scissor lift configuration, a skillet borne electric motor causes a longitudinal shaft to rotate. The shaft is connected to a lateral axle and configured to wind at least one belt around the axle. The belt is configured and inter-aligned with the scissor apparatus, so as to cause a linearly translatable pair of scissor legs to migrate when the belt is wound. The migration of the legs causes the apparatus and a table attached thereto to rise or descend. The motor is precisely actuated and de-activated to effect the proper lift, and as such is communicatively coupled to the control module and power buss.
It is appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the inclusion of communication and sensory technology, however, adds implementation and operational costs to the overall conveyor system; and when multiplied by the number of skillets and workstations, these costs are magnified. More concernedly, when carriers are in transit or in buffer positions, they invariably carry these investments without utility. It is also appreciated that the necessary inclusion of communication and sensory requirements results in a more complex system to install and operate, and a less flexible system to modify.
Purely mechanical skillet lifts that do not rely upon an electric motor, computer actuation, or communication with the station have recently been developed to address these concerns; however, they too present operational limitations. For example, a recent type of mechanical skillet lift includes ramp and wheel engagement to effect a minimal lift. In this configuration, however, the result of moving up a ramp puts back pressure on the line of skillets through a production area, causing them to try and separate. Similarly, the translation force when on the down ramp causes the skillets to separate. As a result, the skillets are typically locked together while moving through an assembly area, which reduces process flexibility and decreases operational efficiency, and the carriers have to be unlocked for transport between lanes. Finally, the minimal lifting ranges afforded by conventional mechanical lifts are insufficient for many applications and processes.


A semiconductor device includes a support substrate, a buried insulation film, provided on the support substrate, having a thickness of 5 to 10 nm, a silicon layer provided on the buried insulation film, a MOSFET provided in the silicon layer, and a triple-well region provided in the support substrate under the MOSFET.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a semiconductor device, and more particularly to a device structure that achieves a high performance by fine patterning of a device region in a semiconductor integrated circuit using an SOI substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, as regards an LSI that is formed on a silicon substrate, a remarkable increase in performance is achieved by fine patterning of devices that are employed. This is because an improvement in performance of logic circuits or MOSFETs used in a memory device such as an SRAM is achieved by shrinkage in gate length or reduction in thickness of a gate insulation film according to so-called scaling rules. A further important point is that a short channel effect is suppressed by decreasing the junction depth in the source/drain regions.
To meet these requirements, there is an attempt to form a MOSFET on an SOI, thereby constituting an LSI. MOSFETs to be formed on the SOI fall into two kinds of devices: a partially depleted (PD) MOSFET and a fully depleted (FD) MOSFET. It is thought that in a future generation in which shallow junctions are required, the FD MOSFET that includes a thinner silicon layer will be more advantageous.
However, it is known that the FD-SOIMOSFET has the following drawbacks:
(1) The FD-SOIMOSFET is susceptible to a short channel effect, and reduction in thickness of the silicon layer is required in order to prevent such a short channel effect.
(2) The threshold cannot be freely controlled since the concentration in the substrate is such a low level that the channel is fully depleted.
(3) A parasitic resistance tends to increase.
As regards these drawbacks, a conventional FD-SOIMOSFET, in principle, is able to control the threshold only by two factors: a work function of a gate electrode, and the thickness of a silicon layer (i.e. at which voltage a depletion layer completely extends and a fully depleted channel is formed).
There are proposed some methods for controlling the threshold, which include adoption of a double-gate structure wherein a thin channel region is vertically sandwiched between gate electrodes and equal potentials are applied to the channel region at a time to control the potential of the channel, and adoption of a back-gate structure wherein one-side voltage is fixed and used to adjust the threshold.
However, the above-mentioned structures, which have been reported so far, are very complicated and difficult to fabricate. There is a demand for a device architecture that is simple and easy to fabricate. In particular, in an LSI, it is not possible to provide a MOSFET that simply has a single threshold (Vt). It is necessary to realize multi-Vt (plural threshold voltages) within the circuit, but it is not easy to realize multi-Vt in a conventional structure if an LSI is to be constituted using an FD-SOI. A structure, where a support substrate is uniformly doped and a potential is applied, is disclosed in T. Ohtou et al.: Extended Abstract of International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM 2003), pp. 272-273 (2003). This structure, however, is unable to control the threshold of an arbitrary device, and is susceptible to latch-up.
It is also proposed in T. Yamada et al.: Symp. On VLSI Tech 2002, pp. 112-113 that after an SOI portion and a BOX film is partly removed and a silicon region is epitaxially grown on a support substrate, a MOSFET is formed on the silicon region to provide a device including an SOIMOSFET and a bulk MOSFET.
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken in a direction perpendicular to the channel direction of a prior-art FD-SOIMOSFET 90. For simple depiction, contacts and subsequently formed metal wiring layers are not shown. The MOSFET 90 comprises a support substrate 91, a silicon region 92 of a very thin film (˜10 nm), a relatively thick buried insulation film (BOX film, ˜150 nm) 93, and a gate electrode 94.
If a back-gate structure is to be realized, a substrate bias voltage is applied to the support substrate 91. However, since the BOX film 93 has a large thickness of 150 nm, a voltage of 10V or more needs to be applied in order to cause a sufficient voltage variation. Furthermore, since an equal voltage is applied to the entire support substrate, it is not possible to locally control the threshold.
In any case, as mentioned above, it is not easy to control the threshold in the conventional FD-SOI device, and it is difficult to provide a multi-Vt structure.

Semiconductor device using SOI structure having a triple-well region


There is provided a system for detecting a location of a mobile station (MS) by using a pilot strength measurement message (PSMM) in a mobile communication system providing a location-based service in a mobile communication network, comprising: a position determination entity (PDE) for detecting the location of the mobile station, collecting PSMM information from the mobile station, the location detection of which is required, and obtaining the location of the mobile station by using collected PSMM information.

With the rapid development of computers, electronics and communication technologies, various wireless communication services using a wireless network have been provided. Accordingly, services provided by a mobile communication system using a wireless network are being developed into a multimedia communication service capable of transmitting data, such as circuit data and packet data, as well as voice.
With the recent development of information communication, International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT-2000) has been commercialized, which corresponds to the 3rd mobile communication system and has been established as a standard by the International Telecommunication Union Recommendation (ITU-R). The IMT-2000 includes a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 2000 1X, 3X and Evolution Data Only (EV-DO), a wideband CDMA (wideband CDMA), etc., which can provide a wireless communication service by means of an IS-95C network evolved from the existing IS-95A network and IS-95B network.
In particular, the IMT-2000 is a mobile communication system which has been developed to implement worldwide direct roaming including personal mobility and service mobility, communication quality having the same level as that of a landline telephone, a high-speed packet data service, and various application services through the combination of a wired/wireless network. Such an IMT-2000 can provide various multimedia services, e.g., Audio On Demand (AOD), Video On Demand (VOD), etc., at higher speeds, as well as improving the quality of an existing voice and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) service.
With the establishment of the Internet based on a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), systems enabling the user to search for various kinds of information and to transmit various data including characters, voice, images and moving pictures, in real time by means of the Internet are rapidly developed. Further, with such development, ultra-high-speed communication networks and so on are increasingly being introduced so as to enable users to use various communication services using the Internet in better environments.
Also, in order to provide a communication service without any spatial restriction, a wireless Internet service providing mobile communication subscribers with an Internet communication service through a wireless communication network has recently been proposed, and a large number of enterprises are progressing to develop a technique called wireless Internet. A wireless Internet service is an advanced personalization service based on the use of a terminal by an individual, and is characterized in that it is a service capable of providing specific information based on the user mobility. Mobile communication service subscribers may receive various kinds of information, such as news, weather, sports, stock, monetary circulation, exchange rates and traffic reports, through characters, voice, still images, moving images, etc.
Among various wireless Internet services using mobile stations, Location-Based Services (LBS) is in the spotlight due to its wide availability and convenience. The LBS represents a communication service for determining the location of a mobile station, such as a cellular phone or a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), and providing supplementary information relating to the determined location. The LBS may be applied to various fields and situations, such as a rescue request, countermeasure for reporting of a crime, a Geographical Information System (GIS) for providing adjacent region information, traffic information, vehicle navigation and material flow control, and a location-based Customer Relationship Management (CRM).
In order to determine the location of a mobile station, the LBS has used either a method of understanding the location of a mobile station based on a Global Positioning System (GPS) and then detecting the location of the mobile station by means of navigation data which are measurement values of the GPS, or a method of understanding the location of a mobile station based on a base station or network. Meanwhile, a server for providing the LBS receives location information, which has been measured by a mobile station, via a mobile communication network including a Mobile Switching Center, and provides services based on the location of the corresponding user.
Meanwhile, only about 25% of mobile communication subscribers use a GPS-based location detecting method through mobile stations equipped with a GPS function, while the other mobile communication subscribers receive an LBS by using a Cell ID scheme based on a base station, which has a low accuracy in location detection. The Cell ID scheme causes an error up to a maximum of several kilometers, which acts as an obstacle in activation of the LBS.
Therefore, there is a need for providing a method of improving the accuracy of location detection for a mobile station not equipped with a GPS function, and a location-based service using such a method.

Method and system for detecting position of mobile communication terminal by using pilot strength measurement message