A control apparatus for a vehicle drive-force transmitting apparatus including a dog clutch that is operated by an actuator to selectively connect and disconnect a drive-force transmitting path. In process of switching of the dog clutch from released state to engaged state, the control apparatus determines whether a rotational speed difference of the dog clutch is equal to or larger than a given difference value when a sleeve of the dog clutch is positioned on an engaging side of a synchronizing position for placing the dog clutch into the engaged state, and stops the switching of the dog clutch to the engaged state and causes the actuator to place the dog clutch back into the released state, when determining that the rotational speed difference is equal to or larger than the given difference value with the sleeve being positioned on the engaging side of the synchronizing position.

There is known a control apparatus for a drive-force transmitting apparatus that is to be provided in a vehicle, wherein the drive-force transmitting apparatus includes a dog clutch which is provided with a synchromesh mechanism and which is to be operated by an actuator to selectively connect and disconnect a drive-force transmitting path between a drive force source and drive wheels of the vehicle. A control apparatus for a synchronous engagement device disclosed in JP-2014-9702A is an example of this type of control apparatus. The Japanese Patent Application Publication discloses the control apparatus for an automatic transmission which includes the synchronous engagement device in the form of a dog clutch with a synchromesh mechanism and which is capable of establishing a selected one of a plurality of gear positions that is selectable by switching of the dog clutch between its engaged state and released state, wherein the control apparatus is configured, upon switching of the dog clutch from the released state to the engaged state for executing a shifting action, to determine that a gear noise is likely to be generated if a rotational speed difference between an actual input-shaft rotational speed and a post-shifting input-shaft rotational speed (i.e., input-shaft rotational speed after execution of the shifting action) of the dog clutch is larger than a threshold value when a sleeve reaches a synchronization-completion position, namely, when it is to be determined that a synchronization of the input-side rotational speed and output-side rotational speed of the dog clutch is completed. The control apparatus calculates a damage determination index that is dependent on the rotational speed difference, and inhibits establishment of one or ones of the gear positions which require engagement of the dog clutch or recommends replacement of damaged component or components of the dog clutch or other devices, in a case where an integrated value of the damage determination index exceeds a threshold value. The control apparatus stores therein a control routine executed for making the above-described inhibition and recommendation, and data required for the execution of the control routine.

Control apparatus for vehicle drive-force transmitting apparatus


A method and system for improved phase tracking in communication systems is disclosed. In one embodiment, a method, comprises identifying a slow-time varying phase drift on a link by counting long term beats; calibrating an interpolator with the phase drift; predicting a future phase drift; and updating the interpolator periodically with the future phase drift prediction.

As electronic and computer technology continues to evolve, communication of information among different devices, either situated near by or at a distance becomes increasingly important. For example, it is now more desirable than ever to provide for high-speed communications among different chips on a circuit board, different circuit boards in a system, and different systems with each other. It is also increasingly desirable to provide such communications at very high speeds, especially in view of the large amount of data required for data communications in intensive data consuming systems using graphical or video information, multiple input-output channels, local area networks, and the like.
It is particularly desirable to enable individual personal computers, workstations, or other computing devices, within which data is normally internally transferred using parallel data buses, to communicate with each other over relatively simpler point-to-point links. Such links typically have high bandwidth, thereby reducing the 64-bit or wider data paths within computing systems now commonly available. relatively simple transmission lines. Such transmission lines typically include only one or two conductors, in contrast with the 64-bit and wider data paths within computing systems now commonly available.
Systems may need to communicate. These systems may have different clock sources (e.g. clock crystals) that are nominally at the same frequency, but due to manufacturing tolerances, are really within a specified frequency tolerance. This difference in frequency makes the transmitter and receiver drift with time, and therefore some method to track this drift is required at the receiver to correctly sample and align the incoming data.

Method and system for improved phase tracking


A bearing cap is bolted to the cylinder head by a cap bolt to fix relative position of the camshaft to the cylinder head. An oil escape bore that connects a cap bolt insert bore formed in the bearing cap through a chain casing to an oil pan is formed in the bearing cap, wherein the oil escape bore is positioned with a distance from a cylinder-head meeting surface of the bearing cap. As a result the oil escape bore is formed without damaging mounting performance of the bearing cap to the cylinder head.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a bearing apparatus for a camshaft in an engine and in particular, to positioning an oil escape bore formed in a bearing cap of the bearing apparatus.
2. Background Art
There is an earlier bearing apparatus for a camshaft in a cylinder head in an engine comprising a shaft bearing portion formed in a cylinder head and a bearing cap where the bearing cap holds the camshaft by being connected to the shaft bearing portion. A large-size bearing cap of such bearing apparatus is connected to a chain casing in front. This bearing cap is placed outside of a rocker cover mounted on the cylinder head.
Therefore, a head of a cap bolt fastening the bearing cap to the cylinder head is exposed to an engine room. Accordingly lubricant oil supplied to the camshaft permeates into a meeting clearance between the bearing cap and the cylinder head and then, leaks through an insert bore of the cap bolt formed in the bearing cap into the engine room.
Coping with the above oil leakage, a groove is formed on the cylinder-head meeting surface of the bearing cap and the lubricant oil reserved in the insert bore is discharged through the groove and is returned back to an oil pan.

Bearing apparatus for camshaft in engine


A low distortion amplifier. The novel amplifier includes a first transistor Q1 having first and second output terminals and an input terminal adapted to receive an input signal, and a second transistor Q2 having first and second output terminals and an input terminal adapted to receive a signal from the first output terminal of Q1, wherein the second output terminal of Q1 is connected to the second output terminal of Q2 in order to eliminate a nonlinear current component in Q2. In an illustrative embodiment, the amplifier also includes a cascode Darlington pair Q3, Q4 for holding the second output terminals of Q1 and Q2 at a desired voltage to further reduce distortion and to maintain a wide bandwidth.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electronics. More specifically, the present invention relates to amplifiers.
2. Description of the Related Art
High dynamic range, low distortion, wideband amplifiers (or gain blocks) are used in a myriad of applications such as communications, high quality audio and video, electronic warfare, and radar systems. Many of these applications require amplifiers having very high performance (low distortion), wide bandwidth, and low power dissipation.
Modem communications systems, with the advent of high speed, low distortion analog to digital converters, tend to sample at IF (intermediate frequency) or RF (radio frequency). This allows all subsequent processing (demodulation, filtering, etc.) to be performed in the digital domain. As the ratio of information bandwidth to carrier frequency increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain the linearity required. In particular, conventional amplifiers do not meet the linearity requirements for these types of applications.
The high power dissipation characteristics of conventional amplifiers require the circuit designer to increase system power or narrow the information bandwidth of each channel, thereby requiring more channels to be used, to meet systems linearity requirements.
Hence, there is a need in the art for an improved wideband amplifier offering lower distortion and lower power dissipation than prior art approaches.


Structure for deep MWD resistivity measurements suitable for both geo-steering and measurements ahead of the drill bit is disclosed. The structure is capable of extracting information about resistivity of formation in the presence of conductive drill. In one embodiment, ahead-of-bit sensing is achieved via transient electromagnetic measurements when current is switched off in the transmitter loop and the transient signal is measured in the receiver loops placed at some distances from the receiver. To reduce a parasitic effect of the currents in the drill three-coil bucking system with magnetic nonconductive shield in combination with a highly conductive copper shield are applied. Specifically, a short (less than 1 m) copper cover and short (less than 0.2 m) ferrite cover are placed in the vicinity of transmitting and receiving coils. A bucking operation followed by an inversion is performed on received signals to obtain data reflecting parameters of the surrounding subsurface formations.

Electromagnetic induction resistivity instruments can be used to determine the electrical conductivity of earth formations surrounding a wellbore. An electromagnetic induction well logging instrument is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,452,761 issued to Beard et al. The instrument described in the Beard '761 patent includes a transmitter coil and a plurality of receiver coils positioned at axially spaced apart locations along the instrument housing. An alternating current is passed through the transmitter coil. Voltages which are induced in the receiver coils as a result of alternating magnetic fields induced in the earth formations are then measured. The magnitude of certain phase components of the induced receiver voltages are related to the conductivity of the media surrounding the instrument.
The development of deep-looking electromagnetic tools has a long history. Such tools are used to achieve a variety of different objectives. Deep looking tools attempt to measure the reservoir properties between wells at distances ranging from tens to hundreds of meters (ultra-deep scale). There are single-well and cross-well approaches, most of which are rooted in the technologies of radar/seismic wave propagation physics. This group of tools is naturally limited by, among other things, their applicability to only high resistivity formations and the power available down-hole.
At the ultra-deep scale, technology may be employed based on transient field behavior. The transient electromagnetic field method is widely used in surface geophysics. Examples of transient technology are seen, for example, in Kaufman et al., 1983, "Frequency and transient soundings", Elsevier Science.; Sidorov et al., 1969, "Geophysical surveys with near zone transient EM." published by NVIGG, Saratov, Russia; and Rabinovich et al., 1981, "Formation of an immersed vertical magnetic dipole field": J. Geologiya I Geofizika, N 3. Typically, voltage or current pulses that are excited in a transmitter initiate the propagation of an electromagnetic signal in the earth formation. Electric currents diffuse outwards from the transmitter into the surrounding formation. At different times, information arrives at the measurement sensor from different investigation depths. Particularly, at a sufficiently late time, the transient electromagnetic field is sensitive only to remote formation zones and does not depend on the resistivity distribution in the vicinity of the transmitter (see Kaufman et al., 1983). This transient field is especially important for logging. Use of a symmetric logging tool using transient field measurements for formation detection is discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,359, issued to Habashy et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,884, issued to Payton et al. discusses methods for measuring transient electromagnetic fields in rock formations. Electromagnetic energy is applied to the formation at selected frequencies and waveforms that maximize the radial depth of penetration of the magnetic and electric energy. Payton comprises at least one electromagnetic transmitter and at least one electric transmitter for applying electric energy. The transmitter may be either a single-axis or multi-axis electromagnetic and/or electric transmitter. In one embodiment the TEM transmitters and TEM receivers are separate modules that are spaced apart and interconnected by lengths of cable, with the TEM transmitter and TEM receiver modules being separated by an interval of from one meter up to 200 meters, as selected. Radial depth of investigation is related to the skin depth, δ=√{square root over (2/σμω)}, which in turn is related to frequency. Lower frequency signals can increase the skin depth. Similarly, the conductivity of the surrounding material inversely affects the skin depth. As conductivity increases, the depth of investigation decreases. Finite conductivity casing of the apparatus therefore can reduce the depth of investigation.
State-of-the-art measurement-while-drilling (MWD) technology introduces a new, deep (3-10 meters) scale for an electromagnetic logging application related to well navigation in thick reservoirs. One problem associated with the MWD environment is the presence of the metal (imperfectly conductive) drill pipe close to the area being measured. This pipe produces a very strong response and significantly reduces the sensitivity of the measured EM field to the effects of formation resistivities and remote boundaries. Previous solutions for this problem typically comprise creating a large spacing (up to 20 meters) between transmitter and receiver (as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,222 B1, issued to Seydoux et al.). The sensitivity of such a tool to remote boundaries is low. Currently, Stolar Horizon, Inc. is developing drill string radar, DSR, for CBM (Coal Bed Methane) wells. DSR provides 3-D imaging within a close range of the wellbore.
Currently, induction tools operate to obtain measurements in the presence of a primary field. In measurement-while-drilling method, examples of such techniques are the Multiple Propagation Resistivity (MPR) device, and the High-Definition Induction Logging (HDIL) device for open hole. One or more transmitters disposed along a drill tool act as a primary source of induction and signals are received from the formation at receiver coils placed at an axial distance from the transmitters along the drill tool. A disadvantage of both MPR and HDIL methods is that the primary source of induction from the transmitter is always present during the time frame in which the receivers are obtaining measurements from the formation, thereby distorting the intended signal. This can be solved by using pulse excitations such as is done in a transient induction tool where signals are measured during time intervals between excitation pulses.
In a typical transient induction tool, current in the transmitter coil drops from its initial value I0 to 0 at the moment t=0. Subsequent measurements are taken while the rotating tool is moving along the borehole trajectory. The currents induced in the drilling pipe and in the formation (i.e. eddy currents) begin diffusing from the region close to the transmitter coil in all the directions surrounding the transmitter. These currents induce electromagnetic field components which can be measured by induction coils placed along the conductive pipe. Signal contributions due to the eddy currents in the pipe are considered to be parasitic since the signal due to these currents is much stronger than the signal from the formation. In order to receive a signal which is substantially unaffected by the eddy currents in the pipe, one can measure the signal at the very late stage, at a time in which the signals from the formation dominate parasitic signals due to the pipe. Although the formation signal dominates at the late stage, it is also very small, and reliable measurement can be difficult. In prior methods, increasing the distance between transmitter and receivers reduces the influence of the pipe and shifts dominant contribution of the formation to the earlier time range. Besides having limited resolution with respect to an oil/water boundary, such a system is very long (up to 10-15 m) which is not desirable and convenient for an MWD tool.
In conventional HDIL situations, a fixed "wound-counter-wound" turn ratio between two receiver electrodes R1 and R2 may be used. It is generally understood that such an arrangement advantageously achieves the objective of reporting a zero signal in the absence of anything but air proximate to the measurement tool. Typically, any residual signal that might be present due to particular implementation details may be calibrated out of the system by performing air-hang calibration.
It is also known to conduct logging-while-drilling (LWD) operations using multiple frequencies. Conventionally, a wound-counter-wound configuration preferably has a turn ratio (the number of loops in respective receiver coils) that is adjusted to achieve substantially zero signal during air-hang calibration. This calibration suffices for a single frequency, and any residual non-zero signals are characterized mathematically and subtracted out using digital processing techniques. All residual non-zero signals throughout a range of frequencies can be calibrated with an "air hang."
There are several factors that make it difficult to perform both geo-steering and ahead of the bit induction measurements while drilling. One factor is the conductive drill string (metal pipe) which has a finite, non-zero conductivity. The measured transient induction signal is severely affected by the eddy currents in the pipe, limiting resolution of the measurements to the formation parameters, specifically, to a water-oil boundary in case of geo-steering. By increasing a distance between transmitter and receiver it is possible to reduce the influence of the drill while increasing contribution into the signal from the formation. Besides having a limited resolution with respect to the parameters of interest such system might be too long (up to 10-15 m) for MWD applications.
In case of the measurements ahead of the bit positioning of the induction system with respect to the drill bit represents a second complicating factor. Indeed, the first 3-4 meters in the vicinity of the drill bit are not allowed for the transmitter/receiver coils' placement since this space is occupied by the equipment supporting the drilling process. In case of the system looking about 5 m ahead of the bit, the transmitter/receiver system would be separated from the region of interest by 8-9 m distance. Unfortunately, none of the existing resistivity tools have such depth of investigation.
The above mentioned circumstances emphasize an importance of deep-looking and relatively short EM (electromagnetic) system applicable for both geo-steering and ahead of the bit measurements while drilling.
Efforts to alleviate known problems with the presence of a conductive drillpipe in regions where transient EM sensing operations are taking place have been proposed in the prior art.
U.S. published patent application no 2007/0216416, filed on behalf of Gregory B. Itskovich on Mar. 6, 2007 and entitled "Combination of Electromagnetic and Magneto-static Shields to Perform Measurements Ahead of the Drill Bit" ("the Itskovich '416 application") discloses one approach for ahead-of-bit measurements. The Itskovich '416 application is commonly assigned to the assignee of the present invention and is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Transient MWD resistivity measurement systems are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,167,006; 7,150,316; 7,046,009 commonly assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The foregoing references describe different techniques allowing for performing transient electromagnetic measurements in the presence of conductive support (pipe). All the disclosed techniques require relatively long (several meters) segments of copper shielding and long (several meters) segments of ferrite shielding to be placed substantially between the transmitter and receiver coils. Indeed, experimental results suggest that such shielding approaches may not be entirely practical from a mechanical standpoint due to the requisite lengths of shielding.

Method and apparatus for while-drilling transient resistivity measurements


A device for displaying the text of an electronic document on a screen one word at a time. The display device includes a processor for storing the electronic document; a one-word display for sequentially displaying only one word of the document at a given time; and a user control for allowing the user to control, in real time, the legibility characteristics such as color, font size and display speed. The device allows display speeds in excess of 3,000 words per minute to be achieved while at the same time allowing the user to alter or modify the legibility characteristics of the displayed words without the need for interrupting the display of words.

The present invention relates to a device and method for displaying text on a screen. More particularly, the present invention relates to a device and method for displaying the text of an electronic document on a screen for reading by a user in real time.
Present-day computer monitors are generally configured to present textual information in a manner that replicates the central features of the more traditional form of communicating by way of the printed word on paper. For example, in many cases, when reading an electronic document on a computer screen, the information is generally presented in a fashion intended to resemble the reading of a page of a book, report or other printed document. Although there are some similarities between printed and electronically-displayed documents, there are many differences.
In traditional documents printed on paper, the storage media for the document is the text inscribed or written on the reflective surface of the paper. The storage media--the paper--also serves as the display media. In other words, writing the textual information onto the paper simultaneously imparts and fixes the display characteristics of the document to be presented to a subsequent reader. Accordingly, the legibility of the text is fixed by the author or printing process at the time the text is written onto the paper. In the case of paper documents, the author/printer of the document (and not the reader) has complete control over the display characteristics of the text (i.e., the legibility). In other words, the page layout, the font type, size and other legibility characteristics of the document cannot be altered by the ultimate reader of the text. In addition, each reader of the text is confronted with the same display which cannot be tailored or optimized to his or her personal preferences.
In contrast, in the case of electronic documents displayed on a computer screen, the legibility of the text is separated both logically and functionally from the storage media. In other words, the legibility is no longer controlled by the original author of the document, but by some outside source or other factors. Although the user of a computer or other electronic system generally has some degree of control over the display of the text, such systems can place several obstacles in front of the person who desires to read the text of an electronic document in a manner most convenient for that person.
In particular, a computer monitor itself can create problems in reading an electronic document. These problems can include poor edge and character contrast of the displayed text, a display surface which is not flat in the case of CRT screens, font types and sizes which are translations of fonts initially designed and optimized for reading from a reflected surface such as paper but not an irradiated one as in the case of computer monitors. Additional problems in reading text from computer monitors arise due to the height to width ratio of the monitor. For printed documents, the height of the document is generally the larger of the two dimensions. In the case of computer monitors, the inverse is usually true: the width (and not the height) of the monitor is generally the larger of the two dimensions. While these problems cannot normally be addressed unless the monitor is redesigned, their negative impact on legibility can be magnified by the software programs being used to control the monitor.
Methods of presenting text to computer monitors by software generally fall into two basic approaches: character-based and graphical user interface-based, the later of which is more widely used in present-day computer monitors. Graphical user interfaces present further obstacles to legibility in displaying electronic documents on a computer monitor. Such graphical user interfaces frequently will provide color and shading in an attempt to present the reader with the illusion of a multidimensional space as encountered when reading text on a printed page. However, that illusion is not perfect.
This multidimensional space is typically presented to the user as though the surface is that of one or more sheets of paper on a desktop. This presentation is generally intended to "trick" the user into believing the text is being displayed on a printed page. The actual surface is an electrically charged chemical applied to the opposite side of a sheet of glass. Though the use of shading and other techniques does present a credible version of a multiple dimensional reality, the fact that it is an illusion being projected on the far side of the screen is always readily apparent through the glare of ambient light on the actual glass surface. This duality of reflected versus projected light on the screen significantly impairs the legibility of the text displayed through this illusion. A demonstration of the significance of this problem is the size of the industry devoted to the manufacture of glare shields and guards for computer monitors. The primary impact of this problem on the user is most evident when attempting to read for comprehension of non-trivial information from a large body of text.
Further complicating and degrading the legibility of graphical user interface-based displays is relates to a fundamental assumption upon which such interfaces are built: that the final product of the electronic document will be a version printed to paper. This is a key factor affecting legibility as it clearly places the emphasis on a printed version of the material. In this sense, the computer industry has focused on the legibility factors affecting the memorialization of a document after it has been printed on paper and generally not on legibility factors affecting the presentation of the text on the computer monitor itself. The computer monitor in this sense has been considered merely a place to manipulate the text of an electronic document for final printout to paper.
Accordingly, computer monitors generally target their font type and size to the final document printed on paper. True font sizes and typeface reproduction are not created on the monitor but rather only after printing on the printed paper. The screen representations of the typeface are generally not "to scale" but are intended to mock-up the printed output within the framework of the computer monitor's height to width aspect ratio. This mock-up generally uses a translation algorithm which alters all aspects of the displayed text including perceived character height, the line spacing and the aspect ratio of the typeface ascendants and descendants. This is done to make the characters look as near as possible like the paper-printed copy. In fact, this philosophy of software design is widely touted as WYSIWYG ("What You See Is What You Get"). In fact, some manufacturers of graphical user interface displays even employ claims of "accurate" reproduction of paper and page displays as selling points for their respective products.
Further problems with reading text from computer monitors are presented by the software being used by the computer at the so-called "application" level. Programs such as word processors, spreadsheets, or database management software, or project management software, or electronic mail are focused on the creation of text, or its retrieval for editing rather than its presentation for display on the computer monitor. These programs have generally adopted a "page" format. This is to say that these programs present their displays as though they were printing the information on a sheet of paper pasted to the inside of the computer monitor. In using this page paradigm on today's computer monitors, software programs typically provide some form of scrolling to access the hidden parts of the text of a page that cannot be shown on the screen due to the size limitations forced on the display by the aspect ratio of the monitor. This scrolling (either in the horizontal or vertical directions) can place serious constraints on the reader's access to the text by imposing delays as the chosen part of the page is scrolled into view. Further reading speed and comprehension problems can be caused by the shift in focus to the control mechanisms of the software rather than reading the displayed text.
The overall effect of all of the above problems on the final legibility of displayed text is that the average reading speed of the user will be slower in reading an electronic document than reading a printed document. In addition, the comprehension level of the reader will be lower than when reading the corresponding material from paper. There will also be more physical energy expended by the reader in reading from the computer screen. Further effects include a rise in eye, neck and facial muscle tension as the reader attempts to compensate for the poor presentation and legibility of the electronic document.
The conventional display of electronic documents on a computer monitor also presents severe obstacles to readers with disabilities, either perceptual, cognitive or physical. In the case of a reader who is paralyzed, the energy required to manipulate the complex scrolling involved is often debilitating. Additionally, persons with visual impairments will have difficulty in customizing the display of traditional software programs to a level that is legible to that particular person. And as font size is increased in displaying electronic documents, the reading speed generally decreases due to the increased intrusion of complex scrolling.
In addition to the above, the display of text on computer monitors can present some obstacles to effective reading in areas such as manufacturing sites where the environment can be considered dirty for reading purposes. This would include any site with local pollution to the point that general atmospheric refraction of light is increased above an acceptable level to make it difficult to discern the text on a screen, or where particulate material accumulates on a screen to a level of obscuring too many pixels.
In order to address some of the above problems associated with the display of text from an electronic document on a screen, there has been a prior attempt to fundamentally alter the manner in which the text is displayed. In particular, a method has been proposed whereby the text of an electronic document is displayed on a computer monitor one word at a time. A microprocessor is used to automatically and sequentially update the one-word screen with the next word in the document so that the user would not be distracted with scrolling. This method would allow the user to pay full attention to the words being displayed on the one-word monitor.
A problem encountered with the above proposed method for displaying text is that with today's conventional desk- and lap-top computer systems, the interaction of the operating software with the computer hardware was such that real-time control of the display process could not achieved efficiently. In particular, since conventional software control of desk- and lap-top computers is achieved using sequential processing, the computer monitor could not be updated fast enough, without interruption at high display speeds, if it was desired to be able to allow the reader of the document to simultaneously control the legibility characteristics of the text (i.e., font type, size, color, display speed, etc.). As this inventor has now determined, as will be explained below, this deficiency of the prior art was due to the fact that in order for such a system to work, the microprocessor must perform three separate functions simultaneously: (1) it must continuously read into memory the relevant portions of the subject document from a storage device, (2) it must constantly update the one-word screen with the next word in the document, and (3) it must react to and keep track of a user's desired legibility characteristics entered through a keyboard.
Using conventional software control of today's desk- and lap-top computers, the prior art could not provide a display device that was capable of uninterrupted, one-word display of an electronic document while at the same time being able to allow the reader of the document to simultaneously control the legibility characteristics of the text in real time.
In light of the above, it would be desirable to be able to provide a device and method for the efficient and convenient display of the text of an electronic document on a screen one word at a time.
It would also be desirable to be able to provide a device and method for uninterrupted, one-word display of an electronic document being able to allow the reader of the document to simultaneously control the legibility characteristics of the text in real time.
It would further be desirable to be able to provide a device and method for displaying the text of an electronic document one word at a time using a low-cost processor for controlling the reading and displaying of the document.

Device and method for displaying text of an electronic document on a screen in real time


In a throttle device for a multipurpose internal combustion engine having a throttle valve, a throttle shaft connected to the throttle valve and an electric motor housed in a housing to move the throttle valve, both ends of a motor output shaft is configured to protrude from the housing in such a manner that the one end is connected to a power transmission mechanism, whilst the other end is inserted in a hollow boss formed in a fixing component of the motor, thereby ensuring no fluctuation to occur in the positional relation of the output shaft to the throttle shaft, while enabling to prevent friction from being generated in the power transmitting mechanism. In addition, a manual operating lever is provided to allow the engine to be easily started again even when the throttle valve is held nearly closed when the engine is stopped.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a throttle device for a multipurpose engine, and more particularly relates to a throttle device for a multipurpose engine that is configured such that a throttle valve opens and closes with the aid of an electric motor.
2. Description of the Related Art
In multipurpose engines (spark ignition internal combustion engines) used as drive sources for electrical generators, farming machinery, and various other applications, the opening of the throttle valve is usually adjusted by a mechanical governor made up of a weight and spring, and the rotational speed of the engine is thus controlled.
A technique has recently been proposed for precision control of the rotational speed of an engine using an electronically controlled throttle device (electronic governor) for opening and closing the throttle valve in this type of multipurpose engine with the aid of a stepping motor or other electric motor.
The electric motor for opening and closing the throttle valve is secured with a screw or the like to a fixing component provided near the throttle body. Positioning the electric motor with respect to the fixing component has generally been performed by inserting an extension formed in the electric motor housing into a member such as a hollow boss formed in the fixing component, or by forming a hollow portion in the fixing component that corresponds to the external shape (shape of the housing) of the electric motor and fitting the electric motor into the hollow portion, as taught in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2001-263098, for example.


Fusion proteins and a process for their purification by means of metal chelate affinity chromatography on NTA resins are provided by this invention.

The possibility of preparing hybrid genes by gene technology has opened up new routes for the workup of recombinant proteins. By linking the coding gene sequence of a desired protein to the coding gene sequence of a protein fragment having a high affinity for a ligand (affinity peptide), it is possible to purify desired recombinant proteins in the form of fusion proteins in one step using the affinity peptide.
By site-directed mutagenesis it is also possible to introduce specific chemical or enzymatic cleavage sites at the point of linkage of the affinity peptide and the desired recombinant protein, so that after the purification of the fusion protein by means of a suitable affinity resin, the desired recombinant protein can be recovered by chemical or enzymatic cleavage. Such purification methods have been described, for example, in Science 198, 1056-1063 (1977) (Itakura et al.); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 6848-6852 (1983) (Germino et al.); Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 1151-1162 (1985) (Nilsson et al.): Gene 32, 321-327 (1984) (Smith et al.). and European Patent Applications publication Nos. 150 126 and 184 355.


A data processing system operable in a powered-up mode to accept user input from a first set of user input devices and in a powered-down mode to accept user input from only a second set of user input devices, the data processing system being configured when not in the powered-down mode to detect a user input from one of the second set of user input devices, and in response to such detection to initiate a connection procedure to enable communication in the powered-up mode between the data processing system and a remote user input devices.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to initiating connection procedures to enable communication between devices, and in particular but not exclusively the invention relates to connecting devices so as to enable secure wireless communication between them.
2. Discussion of Background Art
Devices in a Bluetooth communication system can communicate with each other by radio in accordance with the Bluetooth radio protocols. Each Bluetooth-enabled device has an individual device identity (a Bluetooth device address), which allows devices to identify one another. Using Bluetooth, devices can communicate in ad hoc networks, for example to enable convenient data transfer during a conference. Devices can also be paired, by the exchange of security information between the devices so as to allow the devices to authenticate themselves to each other. Whether or not the devices are paired in a secure way, it can be advantageous for two devices to be configured to communicate specifically with each other. For example, a specific mobile phone may be configured to operate with a specific radio headset with the effect that when the phone is in operation it communicates with that particular headset to provide audio to a user via the headset. Similarly, a specific keyboard or mouse may be configured to operate with a specific personal computer (PC) to enable a user to provide commands or data to the PC wirelessly through the keyboard. This can be achieved by means of the unique identities of each device in the system, with the devices that are to communicate together storing each others' identities and using them to communicate with the other devices when required.
Devices may interoperate for providing various functions to each other. For example, a notebook computer may be configured to interoperate with a specific mobile phone for communication functions and with a mouse for user input functions. This is achieved by a device storing the identities of the devices with which it is to interoperate in association with the functions for which they are paired. Then, when the device requires a particular function it can attempt to contact the appropriate counterpart device.
One objective of configuring devices in this way is to ensure that when there are several devices nearby, a device chooses to communicate with the right one. For example, in a crowded space several people might have mobile phones and headsets. Enabling each person to configure their own devices to operate only with each other prevents one person's phone providing audio to another person's headset, for example.
By pairing the devices security can be enhanced since the chance of a rogue device successfully impersonating another device is reduced. Another objective of pairing is to simplify security. Devices can store security data that allows them to satisfy the security requirements of the devices with which they are paired.
In order to configure two devices to interoperate each one must be set so as to store the other's identity. The identity of one device could be entered into the other device by a user. However, the identity is typically a long string (usually 48 bits), which the user could easily mis-type. Therefore, it is more common for one device to be triggered by the user to perform a scan for other devices in the vicinity. In the case of Bluetooth this scanning operation uses an INQUIRY message.
In one configuration, when the scanning device has compiled a list of nearby devices it displays that list to a user, who can select from the list the one with which the device is to operate. Normally the user also selects a function for which the other device will be used. The device that the user is operating then stores the identity of the selected device for interoperation purposes. It may subsequently communicate with the selected device by means of a PAGE message, to establish a communication connection with the selected device. From the PAGE message the selected device can obtain and store the identity of the device that the user is operating, for use when communication is required in the future.
This procedure requires the user to be able to interact with at least one of the Bluetooth-enabled devices. That device must have some user input means, and preferably a display or other user output device, so that the user can interact with at least one of the devices to initiate and/or carry out the steps described above.
A disadvantage of current mechanisms for initiating the pairing of a PC with a user input device is that the user input device cannot provide input before it is itself connected, thus causing a difficulty in enabling a user to trigger pairing. For example, if a new keyboard is being introduced to a PC, that keyboard cannot be used to control the operation of the PC until it can be recognised by the PC, thus making it impossible for the keyboard to be used for the initiation of a pairing sequence. It may be possible for a mouse to be used to initiate the pairing sequence in this case, but a mouse only enables restricted types of inputs by a user, and a new PC might not be paired with a mouse or a keyboard. This is not only inconvenient for a user, it also inhibits the supply of wireless keyboard and mouse devices with new PCs.
One way of avoiding the above problem could be to temporarily connect a wired keyboard to the PC to instruct the PC to search for the new Bluetooth keyboard, but this is a relatively clumsy solution since it requires the presence of an otherwise superfluous keyboard.
Another solution could be to configure a PC to connect automatically to nearby Bluetooth devices each time it starts up, but this could cause unwanted nearby devices to become paired to the PC, which could lead to security problems.

Method and system for connecting remote devices for communication with each other


A multichannel monolithic chip that has a number of photo-couplers provided on a single silicon substrate is mounted on an insulating substrate, a first cut groove is formed by dicing between a light-emitting element and a light-receiving element that constitute a photo-coupler, a transparent insulating resin is filled into the first cut groove and then a second cut groove is formed by dicing between the adjacent photo-couplers, each of the light-emitting element and the light-receiving element is electrically connected to an external terminal using a bonding wire, and the entirety of the insulating substrate is molded with a light-blocking resin.

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) on Patent Application No. 2005-176567 filed in Japan on Jun. 16, 2005, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a multichannel optocoupler having a plurality of photo-couplers including a pair of a light-emitting element and a light-receiving element.
Typically, examples of the main applications of photo-couplers include their use as a "switching power supply" and a "communication interface of a factory automation (hereinafter referred to as "FA") device".
In the case of switching power supply circuits, the photo-coupler used as an electrical insulation between the primary and the secondary side is the third largest component next to the transformer and the capacitor, so that its mounting area and height tend to be large.
Because of the advent of high-frequency insulated gate bipolar transistor (hereinafter referred to as "IGBT") elements and others in recent years, the component size of capacitor and transformer has been continuously reduced, and it is expected that there will be a demand for the size reduction of switching power supply circuits.
Also, in high-speed communication photo-couplers that are used for the communication interface of an FA device, the number of nodes per mounting substrate is large, so that there is a demand for the accommodation for a large number of channels within a limited mounting area.
In addition, in order to stabilize high-speed communication, accuracy in response delay time as well as in PWD (pulse width distortion) must be improved. To achieve this, the mounting process requires highly accurate and reliable relative positioning of the light-emitting element and the light-receiving element, which are insulated and separated in a photo-coupler.
Furthermore, in achieving this, it is desirable that mounting of a highly populated package be as simple and easy as possible.
Known photo-couplers include photo-couplers in which GaAs and Si are integrated on a single chip (for example, see S48-46278A) and photo-couplers in which an insulating portion is formed by photo-lithography method and etching using a GaAlAs substrate (for example, see H6-5906A).
A device with a multichannel version of this photo-coupler has also been contemplated (for example, see H7-312443A). The semiconductor device that is described in the above-mentioned H7-312443A uses an insulating optical waveguide that is based on TiO2, and has a very complicated structure in terms of processing.
In the conventional example that is described in the above-mentioned H7-312443A, a structure for preventing crosstalk between adjacent photo-couplers (channels) is formed through a complicated and troublesome semiconductor process, and this contributes to a steep rise in production cost.
On one hand, the higher the accuracy of the relative positional relationship between the light-emitting element and the light-receiving element, which constitute the photo-coupler, is, the more stable electrical properties are achieved. On the other hand, if crosstalk between adjacent channels can be adequately limited, such high accuracy in the relative positional relationship of the pair of light-emitting element and light-receiving element as described above is not necessary. For this reason, the inventor of the present invention considered the use of such a semiconductor process as described in the above-mentioned conventional example unnecessary, and arrived at the present invention.


An archery target incicia comprising an enlarged, color-distinguished cross-hair representation utilizing orthogonal line systems for use in conjunction with an archery targeting sight. The enlarged cross-hair indicia can be used in conjunction with a conventional bulls-eye representation or without such a center designation while facilitating an accuracy indication for arrows fired into the target. The enlarged cross-hair indicia effectively simulates a cross-hair sight from an archery bow which affords the user the opportunity to make a cross-hair alignment with the arrow loaded into the archery bow to facilitate archery training and shooting accuracy.

1. Field of the Invention
The present venture relates to targets and targeting systems and, more particularly, to an archery targeting system and method incorporating an archery bow and related target indicia facilitating training and improved accuracy in the use thereof.
2. History of the Prior Art
The use of upstanding padded targets in conjunction with archery bows dates back into technological antiquity. Bales of straw, cotton and other fibers have, in the past, served as such target structures. These target assemblies may be covered with a burlap, paper or other fabric to both contain the fibers as well as provide an aesthetically pleasing surface upon which a target indicia may be applied. Typically, the target indicia for an archery system includes a concentric circle array commonly referred to as a "bulls-eye."
The use of "bulls-eye" indicia has become wide spread in conventional times. Such indicia of this type is found on printed paper which may be placed on walls, boxes, bales and other target areas for use with a variety of weapons. When the weapons include firearms, the use of a targeting scope is a possibility. Scopes often incorporate optical lenses and cross-hairs in the construction thereof. The cross-hair affords the user the opportunity to determine vertical and horizontal alignment in the targeting process. The cross-hair design has, in fact, been used for decades in establishing target alignment for weapons of many varieties. It is obviously a more difficult task to provide such a cross-hair design for archery systems, although attempts have been made.
Archery targets of today may be formed of new, light-weight materials. One such target sold by the assignee of the present invention includes high-density polyethylene foam with pivotal leg braces to facilitate use. The target face generally comprises the conventional concentric bulls-eye design referenced above. While effective in establishing the degree of accuracy of the user relative to deviation from intended "dead center," the bulls-eye design is not particularly effective in establishing a direct deviation correlation between vertical and horizontal axes. Archery bows are today constructed with targeting systems such as alignment sights. Sights may include adjustable devices allowing some degree of alignment of the arrow being fired. In this manner, archery bows can be utilized with a much higher degree of fun and accuracy. It is also useful in archery targeting to align the archery sight with the target area and know the exact deviation from the original sighting for purposes of training and subsequent targeting. Since cross-hair designs of substantial size are not available for archery bow sights, or when manually sighting from the arrow tip when no sight is available, it would be an advantage to incorporate an inexpensive, large cross-hair indicia in the archery targeting system and/or process for enhancing the accuracy thereof.
The present invention addresses the problems of the prior art by providing an enlarged, cross-hair indicia for effectively simulating a cross-hair sight from an archery bow for archery targeting by utilizing a full target surface having a color emphasized cross-hair indicia displayed directly thereon. The colored cross-hair indicia may also include a conventional bulls-eye displayed in a central region thereof while cross-hairs extend outwardly therefrom for direct utilization in conjunction with the archery bow sight. A textured face may also be used to reduce glare.


Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. The methods include determining a sidelink message to transmit to a second user equipment (UE) over a time resource of a sidelink connection between a first UE and the second UE, encoding at least a subset of time periods of the time resource according to a configuration that is based on a switching time for the second UE for switching from a receiving mode to a transmitting mode during reception of the sidelink message during at least the subset of time periods of the time resource, and transmitting the sidelink message to the second UE using a set of time periods of the time resource that includes the subset of time periods.

Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes, each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).
In some cases, sidelink communication may include a gap between slots that allows a UE to switch from transmitting mode to receiving mode, or from receiving mode to transmitting mode. However, in some cases the gap may result in inefficient resource utilization and higher system latency.

Transmit and receive switching for sidelink communications


A wireless communication system is provided that detects a frequency burst (FB) through analysis of the autocorrelation function of received signals. The system can accommodate the relatively large frequency offsets that are associated with less expensive reference frequency crystals. The system employs a multi-mode filter including an FB filter and a channelization filter. In one embodiment, the FB filter is employed until an FB is located and then, once the FB is located, the channelization filter is employed to receive signals.

Mobile wireless communications systems, such as GSM/GPRS (Global System Mobile/General Packet Radio Service) systems, include base stations that can communicate with large numbers of mobile stations. The base stations periodically transmit a reference signal known as a frequency burst (FB) on a broadcast control channel (BCCH) to enable the mobile stations to synchronize with the base stations. The purposes of the frequency burst are twofold, namely frequency synchronization and coarse timing. First, with respect to frequency synchronization of the mobile station, the frequency burst enables correction of the frequency offset or error between the local carrier frequency of the mobile station and the carrier frequency of the base station. Second, with respect to coarse timing, approximate time alignment with the beginning of the frequency burst is performed so that a fine tuning can be conducted in the later acquisition of a sync burst (SB) from the base station.
As the radio frequency bands employed for wireless communication become more crowded, the possibility of interference from other radio frequency sources has increased substantially. For example, it is possible that a GSM wireless network may need to co-exist with legacy analog cellular networks and other digital cellular networks in the same frequency band. For this reason, a frequency burst acquisition technique should be able to distinguish between a frequency burst and a continuous wave (CW) signal or a very narrowband signal of other potential interfering systems.
A key factor in frequency burst acquisition by the mobile station is its ability to tolerate a wide range of frequency offset. Frequency offset in the mobile station is typically caused by temperature variation of the crystal that is used as a time base reference for the mobile station. Even when crystal accuracy is enhanced in a digital compensated crystal oscillator (DCXO), the undesired offset may still be substantial due to factors such as crystal aging, factory calibration inaccuracy and temperature variation. Expensive crystals tend to be more accurate but less desirable from the price perspective. Inexpensive crystals are more susceptible to offset problems but are more desirable from the price perspective.
What is needed is an apparatus and methodology which achieves accurate frequency burst acquisition with large frequency offset tolerance. Moreover, it is desirable that this be achieved while using relatively inexpensive crystals or other references as time bases.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Wireless communication system and method with frequency burst acquisition feature using autocorrelation


A network system has a firewall that connects an external network and an internal network. A terminal device is provided on the external network. An application server is provided on the internal network and provides data to the terminal device based on a request from the terminal device. An external server is provided on a DMZ of the firewall or on the external network, and relays communication between the terminal device and the application server based on the request from the terminal device through an internal server. The internal server is provided on the internal network, and relays communication between the external server and the application server. The internal server has an encrypting unit that encrypts the packet in such a manner that an encrypted packet is able to be decrypted only by the terminal device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a network system where a terminal device on an external network and an application server on an internal network communicate with each other via a firewall connected between the external network and the internal network.
2. Description of the Related Art
In accompaniment with the spread of the Internet environment, the number of companies is increasing whose internal network is connected to an external network such as the Internet so that data can be transmitted to and received from the company via e-mail or the Web (HTTP).
Environments in which external networks like the Internet can be remotely accessed using a wireless LAN or PHS are also rapidly becoming more widespread.
In the midst of such environments, the demand has arisen for company employees to want to access the internal network of their own company from places outside the company. Conventionally, as means for responding to this demand, a dial-up facility has been prepared in the company. However, because the speed of dial-up connections is slow and costs are incurred, recently networks called VPN (Virtual Private Network) and SSL-VPN (Secure Socket Layer-Virtual Private Network) have come to be used to enable a user to connect to the internal network of the user's company from the Internet. In this case, for example, a server called a reverse proxy, which is disposed at the node between the internal network, such as a corporate LAN, and the Internet, and which relays access from the external network to a device in the network such as a Web server, is also sometimes used.
A VPN is a network where a private network is constructed on a shared network (e.g., the Internet). In a VPN, an encrypted channel is secured between a point A and a point B connected over the Internet to create a condition as if the two points were connected through a dedicated line. Thus, when a personal client PC connects to the Internet and accesses a VPN device disposed in the DMZ (demilitarized zone) of the company firewall, the personal client PC and the VPN device communicate with each other using an encrypted protocol, so that the user can safely use the internal network as if the client PC were connected to the network inside the company. However, in this case, it is necessary to dispose a VPN device (server) in the company and to dispose client software in the client PC.
An SSL-VPN is a network which attempts to provide functions similar to a VPN without installing special client software in the client PC in order to more easily access the resources in the company. In order to access the data within the company, ordinarily a Web browser pre-installed in the client PC is used. The method of accessing the data is limited to the range accessible with the Web browser, but because various corporate applications have recently come to be realized with a Web base, this often does not become that much of a problem from a practical standpoint. Thus, SSL-VPNs have been gaining attention particularly recently. Also, in contrast to a VPN which, when a client PC is connected in the VPN, can create a condition as if the client PC were connected directly to the corporate network, an SSL-VPN can be set so that only a predetermined Web server can be accessed even if connected. Thus, this is preferable from the standpoint of security.
It is common for a corporate network to be connected to an external network via a firewall in order for the corporate network to be protected from unauthorized access from the Internet or the like. With a firewall, the kinds of packets passed between the Internet and the corporate network can be set in detail. It is common for the firewall to be set so that common protocols such as HTTP and HTTPS are allowed to pass from the corporate network to the Internet and so that other protocols do not pass from the Internet to the corporate network.
However, because both VPNs and SSL-VPNs are networks for accessing the corporate network from the Internet, it is necessary to change the firewall settings to allow access to the corporate network from the Internet. There are also numerous cases where a company decides that changing the firewall settings is not permissible because doing so would pose a security threat.
In this regard, the SWANStor® access method of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication (JP-A) No. 2002-140239 has been devised. This invention is configured by two servers: an internal server within a corporate network, and the Internet or an external server disposed in the DMZ of a firewall. Connection requests are invariably sent from the internal server to the external server. Specifically, connection requests continue to be periodically sent from the internal server to the external server, to create a state where the servers are pseudo-continuously connected. Thus, the corporate network can be accessed from the Internet ordinarily without having to change the firewall settings.
Thus, when a client PC on the Internet connects to the external server and sends a request to connect to the corporate server, the external server transmits the request from the outside user to the internal server as a response to the connection request from the internal server.
Because the internal server is disposed on the corporate network, the internal server can normally access the corporate server. The internal server connects to the corporate server and sends the returned result to the external server. As a result, the external server sends internal data to the outside client PC, whereby the outside client PC can access the corporate server.
Moreover, a method has been proposed where data can be safely transmitted on a communication path between a client PC of a user and an external server, and between an external server and an internal server, using an encryption protocol called SSL (Secure Socket Layer), because the data is encrypted. Thus, an outside company employee can safely access the corporate server using a client PC, without the need for the firewall settings to be changed.
With this method, the problem arises that "absolute address information for identifying a specific server" is included in the data returned from the corporate server.
Namely, when address information identifying a specific corporate server, such as "http://intra.foo.var.co.jp/index.htm", is included in the data returned from the internal server, and when the user selects that address information, the corporate server naturally cannot be directly accessed from the Internet. Thus, the problem arises that the error message "Server cannot be located" is displayed in the Web browser.
In this regard, processing to change the absolute address has already been proposed. Namely, when absolute address information is included in data to be transferred to the outside, the absolute address information is changed to address information passing through the external server. For example, assuming that the address of the external server is "https://outside.abc.net", the address is changed to "https://outside.abc.net/intra.php?="http://intra.foo.var.co. jp/index.htm". When the address is changed in this manner, the external server receives that request, interprets the address designated by the argument to be the address to the corporate server, and sends a connection request to the corporate server.
However, even with this method, the following problems arise.
Namely, in the above method, the external server and the internal server, and the external server and the client PC, are connected using SSL, but the data sent from the internal server to the external server is temporarily decrypted by the external server, and is then again encrypted by the external server and sent to the client. Thus, unencrypted data is momentarily present on the external server.
When unencrypted data is present on the external server, for example, when the external server is operated on a service site that an independent service provider operates and that external server is shared by internal servers of several companies, confidential data of those companies that has not been encrypted remains on the service site, even if momentarily. From the standpoint of security, this leads to an undesirable situation because safety with respect to leakage of the data is entrusted to the management of the operating company.

Network system, internal server, terminal device, storage medium and packet relay method


An overtone crystal oscillator automatic calibration system including an overtone crystal oscillator with multiple programmable resistors and multiple amplifiers with supply voltage inputs and a calibration system. The calibration system adjusts the programmable resistors and the supply voltage inputs and detects oscillation of the overtone crystal oscillator. The calibration system adjusts the programmable resistors and the supply voltage input for each of multiple sequential steps to adjust the frequency bandwidth, such as from a higher bandwidth and lower gain to a lower bandwidth at higher gain. For example, each resistance level is tested for each of multiple supply voltage levels. The range of resistances and voltages is designed to ensure oscillation at a selected overtone frequency while avoiding oscillation at a fundamental frequency of the oscillator crystal. Oscillation may be detected by a counter which counts to a predetermined count value indicating successful oscillation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to oscillators, and more specifically to an automatic calibration system for an overtone crystal oscillator.
2. Description of the Related Art
A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a basic building block in many electronic circuits, including communication systems and the like, for providing requisite operating frequencies. A timing reference, such as a crystal oscillator, provides a reference frequency FREF which is multiplied by a PLL circuit to achieve a higher output frequency FOUT. Crystal oscillators are highly accurate and thus are often used for providing the reference frequency. It is desired to provide a crystal oscillator having its reference frequency (FREF) as high as possible. Higher crystal oscillator reference frequencies allow for lower synthesizer close-in phase noise, lower loop divider ratios, and wider PLL bandwidths. The wider PLL bandwidths allow for lower cost and complexity when supporting wider modulation bandwidths in communications systems. Inverted-mesa crystals may be used to achieve higher frequencies, but tend to be delicate and expensive. An overtone crystal oscillator is often used to provide the timing reference at a relatively high frequency, such as 100 megahertz (MHz) or more, while avoiding the cost of an expensive inverted-mesa crystal.
An overtone crystal oscillator is an oscillator using a crystal having a fundamental mode of oscillation which is suppressed by additional circuitry, where the additional circuitry is further designed to ensure oscillation at a higher harmonic frequency, otherwise called the overtone. The oscillator is designed to cause the overtone crystal to oscillate at odd harmonic frequencies or overtones, such as the third overtone (3OT). In many conventional configurations a resonant inductor-capacitor (LC) circuit is employed to suppress oscillation at the fundamental frequency of the overtone crystal. A coil-less solution is known using differential bipolar transistor circuit topologies. In the ideal case, the components of the overtone crystal oscillator are manufactured within ideal tolerances to provide desired loop gain and frequency response to ensure oscillation upon startup at a specific overtone frequency of the overtone crystal. The ideally manufactured overtone crystal oscillator exhibits minimal operating current drain. As understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, significant process induced variations can and do occur during manufacturing. Such process induced variations alter loop gain and frequency response and may render the overtone crystal oscillator inoperative without some type of startup circuitry.
Conventional crystal oscillator startup circuits usually increase oscillator loop gain to ensure startup, but do not intentionally and significantly alter both the loop gain and frequency response to guarantee oscillator startup on a specific overtone frequency of the crystal. Substantial negative impact may result from process variance on startup behavior. Current drain goals for the overtone oscillator are difficult to obtain with sufficient startup margin over the process variation window. It is desired to substantially improve manufacturability and to reduce current drain of overtone reference oscillators in the presence of variance in semiconductor process and crystal loss. It is desired to provide an overtone crystal oscillator startup circuit which enables minimum current drain despite process and crystal loss variance.

Overtone crystal oscillator automatic calibration system


A delay circuit includes a plurality of delay units DI to DN. An input signal IS is input to the delay circuit, and the delay circuit outputs a delay signal. A comparison circuit stores, to a comparison result register, comparison result data of a pulse width time of a pulse of a test input signal IS input to the delay circuit and delay times of delay signals DSM to DSN output from taps PM to PN of the delay circuit. An adjustment circuit adjusts the delay time of the delay signal in the delay circuit. Adjustment data ADT of the delay time is set based on the comparison result data read from the comparison result register. The delay time after adjustment is confirmed by again inputting the test input signal after the delay time has been adjusted, and again reading the comparison result data from the comparison result register.

The present invention relates to a delay adjustment circuit, an integrated circuit device, and a delay adjustment method.
A delay circuit may be used in an integrated circuit device (IC) in order to adjust the signal AC characteristics such as holding time within the allowable range specified in the specification. However, the delay time of the signal in the delay circuit varies depending on changes in the manufacturing lot, operating voltage, and temperature condition of the IC which includes the delay circuit. Therefore, when setting the signal AC characteristics using such a delay circuit, a value taking the variation into consideration must be provided in the item of the AC characteristics in the IC specification.

Delay adjustment circuit, integrated circuit device, and delay adjustment method


An internal combustion engine operates in a homogeneous-charge compression-ignition combustion mode. A method for controlling the internal combustion engine in response to a fast transient event from a low-load state to a high-load state includes operating the engine with a negative valve overlap between an intake valve and an exhaust valve, and determining a preferred combustion phasing responsive to the high-load state. A preferred EGR mass and a preferred intake valve timing corresponding to the preferred combustion phasing are determined. A first intake valve timing is determined in response to a difference between the preferred EGR mass and an actual EGR mass. The intake valve timing is controlled in response to a difference between the preferred intake valve timing and the first intake valve timing.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure. Accordingly, such statements are not intended to constitute an admission of prior art.
Spark-ignition (SI) engines introduce an air/fuel mixture into each cylinder that is compressed in a compression stroke and ignited by a spark plug. Compression-ignition (CI) engines inject pressurized fuel into a combustion cylinder near top-dead-center (TDC) of the compression stroke that ignites upon injection. Combustion for both SI engines and CI engines involves premixed or diffusion flames controlled by fluid mechanics.
SI engines may operate in a variety of different combustion modes, including a homogeneous SI combustion mode and a stratified-charge SI combustion mode. SI engines may be configured to operate in a homogeneous-charge compression-ignition (HCCI) combustion mode, also referred to as controlled auto-ignition combustion, under predetermined speed/load operating conditions. The HCCI combustion mode includes a distributed, flameless, auto-ignition combustion process that is controlled by oxidation chemistry. An engine operating in the HCCI combustion mode has a cylinder charge that is preferably homogeneous in composition, temperature, and residual exhaust gases at intake valve closing time. HCCI combustion is a distributed kinetically-controlled combustion process with the engine operating at a dilute air/fuel mixture, i.e., lean of a stoichiometric air/fuel point, with relatively low peak combustion temperatures, resulting in low NOx emissions. The homogeneous air/fuel mixture minimizes occurrences of rich in-cylinder combustion zones that form smoke and particulate emissions.
Engine airflow may be controlled by selectively adjusting position of the throttle valve and openings and closings of intake and exhaust valves. On engine systems so equipped, openings and closings of the intake and exhaust valves may be adjusted using a variable valve actuation system that includes variable cam phasing and a selectable multi-step valve lift, e.g., multiple-step cam lobes that provide two or more valve lift positions. In contrast to the throttle position change, the change in valve position of the multi-step valve lift mechanism is a discrete step change.
When an engine operates in a HCCI combustion mode, the engine operates at a lean or stoichiometric air/fuel ratio with the throttle wide open to minimize engine pumping losses. When the engine operates in the SI combustion mode, the engine operates in stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, with the throttle valve controlled over a range of positions from 0% to 100% of the wide-open position to control intake airflow to achieve the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio.
Engines operating in auto-ignition combustion modes account for operating conditions using calibration tables as part of an overall engine control scheme executed in an engine control module. Known HCCI engine control schemes include calibrations for controlling engine parameters based on a limited number of input parameters including, e.g., engine load, engine speed and engine coolant temperature. Measured output parameters are used to control the amount of hot residuals (via variable cam phasing) and the amount of cold residuals (via exhaust gas recirculation rate) and therefore control in-cylinder gas temperature.
Combustion phasing is an engine operating parameter that describes timing of an in-cylinder combustion parameter relative to piston position and is preferably measured with reference to crank angle. In-cylinder combustion parameters include a location of peak cylinder pressure (LPP) and a mass-burn fraction. A mass-burn fraction indicates a piston crank angle position at which a portion of the mass fraction of a cylinder charge is burned. A mass-burn fraction of interest includes a CA50 point (in crank angle degrees relative to TDC) at which an accumulated heat release of a cylinder charge reaches 50% of a total heat release. Combustion phasing is affected by temperature and composition of a cylinder charge during operation in an HCCI combustion mode.
HCCI control schemes achieve and maintain preferred combustion phasings by controlling temperature and composition of a cylinder charge using engine valve phasing and EGR flowrate controls. During a fast transient event from a low-load condition to a high-load condition, actual cylinder charge temperatures and compositions may deviate from preferred cylinder charge temperatures and compositions due to slow dynamic responses of an EGR valve and engine valve phasing control devices and associated fill-times. Such slow dynamic responses may result in over-advanced combustion phasing and objectionable audible combustion noise.
Systems for managing an increase in combustion noise during a low-to-high load transient include restricting a fuel ramping rate to avoid sudden and rapid deviation in the cylinder charge temperature and composition. Restricting a fuel ramping rate restricts a rate of increase in engine load, negatively affecting vehicle driveability.

Method and apparatus for controlling combustion noise in an internal combustion engine


The embodiments described herein provide a method and system for improve link adoption performance in wireless networks. The method for modifying the MCS index for transmission using a computed offset is provided. The offset is calculated based on HARQ feedback of transmissions. A transition probability matrix with plurality of MCS indices is used for selecting the MCS index for transmission based on the highest probability of transition. A pattern sequence of MCS indices is formed and the presence of the pattern is determined in the history of the HARQ transmissions. The frequency of the pattern presence is also determined and the MCS index is selected for the HARQ transmissions. A frequency database of MCS indices is built using source encoding techniques. The transition probabilities that are estimated from the frequency database along with a cost function associated with each MCS index will be used to compute next MCS index.

Based on channel information available at a transmitter, the transmission capacity of the channel can be increased by adapting link parameters like transmission power, modulation level, and channel coding. This is called link adaptation (LA) in general. If the transmission power is held constant while modulation and coding scheme is varied accordingly with the channel realization, then it is called as Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC). In the following, various combinations of the modulation and coding is called as Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS). Each of the MCS is identified by an index and that is called MCS index. Similarly, a standard form of the information about the channel state is called Channel State Information (CSI). The entire system bandwidth is divided into smaller units for two different purposes: resource allocation and channel information feedback. With respect to resource allocation the system bandwidth is divided into smaller units called Resource Allocation Units (RAU). Similarly, for channel information reporting the same system bandwidth is divided in different granularity (finer or coarser) and it's called as Channel Information Reporting Unit (CIRU). The receiver reports a single CQI index for each of the CIRU. The granularity of CIRU may be greater or lesser than the granularity of RAU. If granularity of RAU is greater, then more than one RAU may constitute a CIRU. In which case, all the RAUs corresponding to that CIRU assume the MCS index value mapped from the corresponding channel quality index (CQI index). If the granularity of the RAU is smaller, then more than one CIRU may constitute a RAU. In this case, the RAU assumes the average value of MCS indices mapped from each of the CQI index corresponding to the constituent CIRUs. Eventually, each of the RAU has a MCS index associated to it which can be used by scheduler and eventually by the transmitter when transmitting on it.
Consider a system with N UEs. Let there be S number of CIRU and R number of RAU in the system. Then, let qn,s(m), m=1, 2 . . . ∞ up denote the CQI reported on the sth CIRU by nth receiver during mthsub-frame and qn,sεQ, where Q is the set of all possible CQI indices. Similarly, let ψn,s(m), m=1, 2 . . . . ∞ denote the MCS Index chosen for the transmission of the rth RAU to nth receiver during mth sub-frame and ψn,rεΨ. Ψ is the set of all possible MCS indices and L is the cardinality of Ψ which is actually the total number MCS indices available. Then, the mapping function f:Q→Ψ depends on the wireless technology that is used. While each CIRU is associated with qn,s, each RAU is associated with ψn,r. Thus, qn,s forms the input of the AMC scheme and ψn,r serve as the input to the scheduling technique.
At any point in time qn,s(m) can be at least h sub-frames old, where h is the CQI reporting delay. Let φ, φ=0, . . . , h−1 denotes the sub frames elapsed since the last CQI feedback. Then (m−φ) is the sub frame when the last feedback happened and qn,s(m−φ) is the most recent CQI Index available for the sth CIRU in nth receiver. Thus, for the sub-frames from m−φ to m−φ+h, ψn,r can be mapped from qn,s(m−φ). The following steps are involved in the normal link adaptation system. The FIG. 1 described the steps involved in the normal link adaptation system.
At step 102: [Sub-frame m, Transmitter]: Perform HARQ transmission. After forming a transmission unit whose size is determined by a MCS index used and a number resource allocation unit allocated. Based on the number of RAUs allocated during scheduling and the MCS Index chosen, an eNodeB can decide the amount of application data that can be transmitted in this transmission opportunity. The eNodeB combines all the allocated RAUs, adds Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding information and transmits it as Transport Blocks (TB). This FEC coding information used by the UE to do error detection and error correction in case of erroneous transmission. Either if there is no error or if the FEC coding is sufficient to do error correction the UE sends a HARQ ACK, else sends a HARQ NACK. When a NACK is received, the eNodeB increases the coding level and transmits the same TB, when the corresponding UE gets scheduling opportunity. This process is repeated either until the UEs receives the TB without error or if the process has been repeated a predetermined maximum number of times. There is an unavoidable delay between the instance at which the eNodeB transmits the TB and the instance at which it receives ACK/NACK from the UE. But the eNodeB can schedule the same UE using another instance HARQ. Each instance of HARQ is called HARQ process.
At step 104: [Sub-frame m, Receiver]: Perform HARQ reception to determine if a current transmission is HARQ success or failure.
At step 106: [Sub-frame m+b, Receiver]: Transmit ACK/NACK feedback to the transmitter.
At step 108: Determine whether the current subframe is a CQI feedback sub frame,
At step 110: If the current feedback CQI feedback then the CQI information is reported to the transmitter. This step does not happen every sub frame.
At step 112: [Sub-frame m+b+1, Transmitter]: The transmitter maps qn,s to ψn,s.
At step 114: [Sub-frame m+b+1, Transmitter]: The transmitter performs bandwidth scheduling which allocates each RA unit to a receiver n based on a scheduling criteria.

Adaptive link adaptation system and method

CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY


A liquefiable gas pressure cylinder and method for making the same with the cylinder including a cylindrical shell, and heads fusion welded at opposites ends of the shell. The side ends where the heads are joined to the shell are crimped radially inward to each end to form chimes. The welds are 100% radiographed and heat treated. The heads are dished to have a domed center portion which has a profile and thickness so that the domed center portions will reverse before any other part of the cylinder is stressed beyond a yield limit for such part.

The present invention relates to pressure vessels, and more particularly, to pressure vessels for the safe transportation of low pressure liquefiable gases up to 1000 Kgs. capacity.
Cylindrical vessels having circumferential welded joints have been known for the transport of liquefiable gases. These joints were prepared by a forged welding process. Further, no radiography on those joints was carried out. Without radiography of each joint, the extent of bonding in the circumferential weld joints was not known. Consequently, the safety of the cylinders was suspect.
Conventionally in the drum art, a chime is an integral part of the drum which can extend radially outwardly from its lateral surface. Often used for rolling the drum, chimes can also be provided at the ends of the drum for xe2x80x9chandlingxe2x80x9d by cranes. Additionally, a chime can be considered to extend axially of a drum or pressure vessel. When used in conjunction with a lifting bar, such a pressure vessel or drum can be moved by a crane.
The present invention is particularly suitable for the transport of low pressure liquefiable gases, such as chlorine, sulphur dioxide, ammonia etc.
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of liquefiable gas pressure cylinder now present in the prior art, the present invention provides a Liquefiable gas pressure cylinder wherein the same is arranged to have overpressure protection built-in for assured safety. This is enabled by the design of the heads and by the particular method and manner of construction of the cylinder.
As such, the general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new and improved liquefiable gas pressure cylinder which has all the advantages of the prior art liquefiable gas pressure cylinder and none of the disadvantages.
To attain this, the present invention provides a liquefiable gas pressure cylinder comprising: a shell; and heads fusion welded at opposites ends of the shell; wherein side ends where the heads are joined to the shell are crimped radially inward to each end to form chimes.
The liquefiable gas pressure cylinder as above can have the shell be a straight cylinder having a single longitudinal welded seam defining the cylinder body and opposite axial end portions; the heads be circular each having a domed center portion and a flanged periphery, the flanged periphery having a cylinder portion surrounding the domed center portion and a radially extending edge portion, an outer diameter of the cylinder portion being equal to an internal diameter of the shell so that when the heads are mounted into the shell with the domed center portion extending axially inwardly, the cylinder portion being press-fitted into the end portions of the shell.
The liquefiable gas pressure cylinder as above can have a gap defined between each the end axial edge of the end portions of the shell and a side face of the radially extending edge portion of the head; the end axial edge of the shell be beveled at a first angle to a radius of the shell; the side face of the radially extending edge portion of the head be machined to have a sharper radius and a corresponding face bevel of at a second angle; and an overlap of the shell with the cylinder portion of the head form a lap joint configuration with the gap, the shell and the heads being joined by fusion welding in the gap.
The liquefiable gas pressure cylinder as above can have the heads be provided with at least one tapped hole at a radius distance from a center of the domed portion; and the cylinder further comprise a fusible plug screwed into each the tapped hole.
The liquefiable gas pressure cylinder as above can have the heads be provided with two additional holes which are also tapped; and the cylinder further comprise valves with siphon pipes attached installed in the additional holes.
The liquefiable gas pressure cylinder as above can have the heads have a profile and thickness so that the domed center portions will reverse before any other part of the cylinder is stressed beyond a yield limit for such part.
Another aspect of the invention resides in a method of making a liquefiable gas pressure cylinder comprising the steps of: forming a cylindrical shell including a cylinder body and end portions; forming two heads, each head having a domed center portion and a flanged periphery, the flanged periphery having a cylinder portion surrounding the domed center portion and a radially extending edge portion, an outer diameter of the cylinder portion being equal to an internal diameter of the shell; press-fitting the two heads at opposite ends of the shell with the domed center portion extending axially inwardly, and the cylinder portion being fitted into the end portions of the shell; cold forming the end portions and the flanged periphery radially inwardly; and fusion welding the end portions and the flanged periphery together.
The method as above can further comprise radiographing all welds.
The method as above can further comprise heat treating the welded the end portions and the flanged periphery.
The method as above can further include wherein the cold forming results in a radially inwardly directed bend to the extent of at least 1 inch from straight cylindrical diameters as measured before bending.
The method as above can further comprise prior to forming the heads, determining a profile and thickness so that the domed center portions will reverse before any other part of the cylinder is stressed beyond a yield limit for such part.
The welded, radiographed and chimed ends of the present invention are unique because this design ensures that the stresses in the circumferential weld joints are very low. In the event of accidental over pressure or fall from a truck, if pressure exceeds eight times the working pressure, the container will not burst. One of the dished end will reverse outwardly and internal pressure of the container will come down, which ensures built in safety.
The fusion welding construction of the circumferential joints ensures complete fusion welding between shell and dished end which is verified through radiography. By prototype test followed by finite element analysis and strain gauge testing it has been proved (in case of ISGEC Container) that stress concentration on circumferential joint is lowest. This type of cylinder or drum can withstand 8 times the working pressure without any failure. This is an improvement over the old forging process, where lack of bonding during forging can go unnoticed.
The invention resides not in any one of these features per se, but rather in the particular combination of all of them herein disclosed and claimed and it is distinguished from the prior art in this particular combination of all of its structures for the functions specified.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Further, the purpose of the following Abstract of the Disclosure is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms of phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved liquefiable gas pressure cylinder which has all the advantages of the prior art liquefiable gas pressure cylinder and none of the disadvantages.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved liquefiable gas pressure cylinder which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new and improved liquefiable gas pressure cylinder which is of a durable and reliable construction.
An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved liquefiable gas pressure cylinder which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to industry, thereby making such liquefiable gas pressure cylinder economically available to the businesses that need it.
Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved liquefiable gas pressure cylinder which provides in the apparatuses and methods of the prior art some of the advantages thereof, while simultaneously overcoming some of the disadvantages normally associated therewith.
These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.

Fusion welded liquefiable gas cylinder with overpressure protection heads and method for making the same

Indian Sugar and General Engineering Corp.