An audio-integrated apparatus has a body casing attached in an instrument panel of a vehicle. The body casing contains a media reader, a circuit board having a CPU, a CPU fan for cooling the CPU, and an exhaust fan. A media loading slot is in a front face of the body casing for inserting a media. A movable display section is in front of the body casing to be movable in a back-and-forth direction. A display movement mechanism can move the movable display section in the back-and-forth direction to thereby change an inclination against the front face of the body casing. A gear motor can detect a position of the movable display section. According to the detected position of the movable display section, rotational frequencies of the CPU fan and the exhaust fan are controlled.

Patent document 1: JP-2003-224990 A        Patent document 1: JP-2006-114869 A        Patent document 1: JP-2006-347495 A
While an in-vehicle navigation apparatus is developed for achieving high performances, a CPU provided in a circuit board of the navigation apparatus continues significant enhancement in a processing performance. In connection, the power consumption of the CPU increases and a heat dissipation of the CPU also increases. Accordingly, also in the circuit board in the navigation apparatus, a cooling capability against the heat dissipation of the CPU has been needed in recent years.
Specifically, a fan cooling structure dedicated for the CPU becomes common as a method for improving the cooling capability. In order to anticipate such tendency further proceeding, the number of fans or rotational frequencies of fans may be increased further, or sizes of fans may be enlarged further for enhancing the cooling capability. Thus, the operating sound of the fans may increase to be thereby expected to increase aggravation of the marketability of the navigation apparatus.
Patent documents 1 to 3 describe technologies to solve such a problem. Such technologies provide a method to estimate a loudness level of sounds in a vehicle compartment by detecting an amount of audio sounds, an amount of air-conditioner air blasting, a travel speed, an engine speed value, window opening and closing, etc. The rotational frequency of the cooling fan is thereby increased such that the operating sound does not provide the problem to thereby securing or maintaining the cooling capability.
In contrast, a navigation apparatus is required to be downsized from the aspect of securing more room in a vehicle compartment in recent years. For example, it is desired to prepare an audio-integrated apparatus, in which a navigation apparatus is united or integrated with an audio apparatus. Such an audio-integrated apparatus should include all the functions of an audio apparatus, a navigation apparatus, and a display apparatus in a usual mount space or dimensions, which has a usual DIN size. Herein, DIN signifies Deutsche Industrie Normen, namely, German industrial standard. The size of 50 mm high and 178 mm wide is called "1 DIN" while the size of 100 mm high and 178 mm wide is called "2 DIN." Under such a circumstance, the audio-integrated apparatus is often provided with a display movement mechanism. Further, all those functions are required to be mounted in DIN size, thereby increasing a heat dissipation per cubic volume and operating sounds of the cooling fan(s) in the apparatus. This may involve a problem.
The above technologies described in Patent documents 1 to 3 do not indicate a control of the cooling fan with respect to the states of the display movement mechanism in the audio-integrated apparatus. In addition, although referring to a relation between the cooling fan control and the operation sounds, no consideration is made to a dew condensation inside the apparatus accompanying the cooling air capacity increase and dust entry.
Herein, the audio-integrated apparatus is provided with the display movement mechanism from the following reasons:
(1) easy loading and unloading of musical media by exposing a front face of an audio section;
(2) matching a sight line of a vehicle occupant by adjusting an angle or inclination of a display unit; and
(3) storing the display unit when the display function is unnecessary.


A lock-up device includes a clutch part and a damper mechanism. The clutch part includes a clutch input member, a clutch output member, a drive plate, a driven plate, a second flange and a piston. The second flange is mounted between a front cover and an inner peripheral part of a turbine to be axially immovable with respect to the front cover, and forms a lock-up oil chamber. The piston is mounted between the front cover and the second flange, forms a lock-up oil chamber together with the second flange therebetween, and is configured to be moved toward the front cover by an operating oil to be supplied to the lock-up oil chamber.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a lock-up device, particularly to a lock-up device for a torque converter, which is configured to transmit torque from a front cover to a transmission-side member through a turbine of the torque converter.
2. Background Information
In many cases, a torque converter is provided with a lock-up device for directly transmitting torque from a front cover to a turbine. The lock-up device includes a piston that can be frictionally coupled to the front cover, a drive plate fixed to the piston, a plurality of torsion springs supported by the drive plate, and a driven plate elastically coupled to the piston and the drive plate by the plural torsion springs in the rotational direction. The driven plate is fixed to the turbine.
Further, as described in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application Publication No. JP-A-2010-48291, a lock-up device of so-called a multi-plate type using a plurality of clutch plates has been also proposed for increasing the clutch capacity of the lock-up device.
The lock-up device described in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application Publication No. JP-A-2010-48291 includes a clutch part disposed between the front cover and the turbine, a power transmission plate connected to an output member of the clutch part, and a plurality of torsion springs configured to elastically couple the power transmission plate and the turbine. The clutch part includes a plurality of clutch plates and a piston disposed between the front cover and the plural clutch plates.
Here, when hydraulic pressure is supplied to the back of the piston, the piston is moved toward the plural clutch plates. The clutch plates are thereby pressed against each other. Accordingly, a lock-up state (power transmitted state) is produced. In this state, torque from the front cover is transmitted to the power transmission plate through the clutch part, and is further transmitted to the turbine through the plural torsion springs.


The present invention is directed to a system for direct injection of chemicals or other additives in a liquid solution into a spray nozzle. The injection system of the present invention may be mounted adjacent, or in close proximity, to the spray nozzles of a sprayer. The present invention comprises a variable speed/stroke diaphragm pump capable of providing a double pumping action such that a liquid solution may be continuously pumped at a controllable rate to one or more spray nozzles of a sprayer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a system for direct injection of chemicals or other additives in a liquid solution into a spray nozzle. The injection system of the present invention may be mounted adjacent, or in close proximity, to the spray nozzles of a sprayer. The present invention comprises a variable speed/stroke diaphragm pump capable of providing a double pumping action such that a liquid solution may be continuously pumped at a controllable rate to one or more spray nozzles of a sprayer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Traditional agricultural spray systems require the mixing of agrochemical formulation with a water carrier in a sprayer tank. Traditional sprayers pump the mixture of chemical and water to the boom and out through spray nozzles. Errors in chemical measurement, mixing, and calibration, result in increasingly burdensome problems regarding to the disposal of leftover tank mixes, which are frequently considered to be hazardous wastes. Additionally stringent worker protection standards regarding potential exposure to chemicals and accountability standards for disposal of chemicals provide drawbacks which discourage the use of traditional sprayers.
Another approach to agrochemical spraying is direct chemical injection. Direct chemical injection provides benefits of reduced worker exposure, accurate chemical dispensing, reduced waste disposal, and adaptability to variable rate applications. Presently available direct injection systems inject the chemical near the pump or into a spray line that is not located in close proximity to the spray nozzle. A time delay, results between the point of injection and the point of nozzle output. This delay is a problem when trying to match variable chemical rates with particular locations in an agricultural field from a moving sprayer. It is customary for agrochemical boom sprayers to move at velocities from 4-18 mph.
Another problem associated with prior art direct injection systems is their inability to accurately meter the low flow rates associated with agrochemical spraying. Typical application rates for new agrochemical chemistries are as low as 2 ounces per acre. The use of orifices to restrict flow rates for agrochemical mixtures is limited because orifices of diameters less than 0.03 inches inheritantly plug up with formulation debris. Additionally, the regulation of pressures below 10 psi is difficult due to regulator drift. Thus, traditional means of using pressure regulation across orifices to control flow rate have been less than satisfactory with the low flow rate requirements for agrochemical applications.
The present invention provides an apparatus capable of injecting chemicals or other additives in a liquid solution into a spray nozzle at a controllable variable rate for flow rates as low as 1 ml/min. This flow rate corresponds to an application rate of approximately 2 ounces per acre for a boom sprayer moving at 5 mph and comprising a 20 inch nozzle spacing. The design of the present invention permits the injection pump to be placed very close to the outlet spray device or spray nozzle, thereby avoiding time delay problems associated with prior art devices. This invention has many varied applications, including but not limited to, agricultural spraying, food processing and liquid fuel delivery.

The University of Tennessee Research Corporation


The present invention provides isolated bovine Neospora cultures. The cultures are used to develop diagnostic assays for the detection of Neospora infections in cattle and other animals. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment and prevention of Neospora infections.

This invention relates to the diagnosis and prevention of bovine diseases caused by the protozoan parasite, Neospora. The invention specifically relates to isolated cultures of the parasite and nucleic acids and proteins isolated from them.
A distinct pattern of inflammatory lesions, consisting of focal non-suppurative necrotizing encephalitis, non-suppurative myocarditis and myositis have been observed in many aborted bovine fetuses submitted for diagnosis. The pattern of lesions, particularly in the brain, is similar to those seen with Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep. However, cattle have been reported to be resistant to T. gondii infection Dubey, Vet. Parasit. 22:177-202 (1986). In 1988, a cyst-forming protozoal parasite was first identified by histopathological examination in fetuses (Barr et al., Vet. Parasit. 27:354-61 (1990)). This parasite was morphologically similar to Toxoplasma, except that some of the cysts had thick walls, which was more similar to the Neospora caninum-like protozoan observed by Thilsted & Dubey (J. Vet. Diagnos. Invest. 1:205-9 (1989)) in aborted fetuses from a dairy in New Mexico.
Further studies showed that the protozoal parasites associated with inflammatory lesions in aborted fetuses and neonatal calves in California had ultrastructural and antigenic features that were most similar to N. caninum parasites which were originally isolated from dogs (Dubey et al., JAVMA 193:1259-63 (1988)). However, differences in the antigenic reactivity of the bovine protozoan and N. caninum when tested with a panel of antisera indicated that they may not be the same species (Barr et al., Vet. Pathol. 28:110-16 (1991)).
A more complete understanding of the identity and biology of these bovine protozoa requires establishing continuous in vitro cultures of the parasites. Such cultures would also be valuable in the development of diagnostic assays and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment and prevention of Neospora infections. The present invention addresses these and other needs.

Recombinant neospora antigens and their uses

The Regents of the University of California


A reciprocating document handler for transporting documents comprising a belt transport supported for transporting sheets in a first and a second, opposite direction. The device further includes apparatus for allowing documents moving in the first and second directions, respectively, at an exchange area on the belt to slide over one another substantially freely. The device includes a pressure member to urge the belt into engaging with transported documents and a mechanism for reducing the bearing of a pressure member proximate the exchange area to promote the substantially free sliding engagement of the documents transported in opposite directions.

Sheet handling systems, including in particular document handling systems for transporting members bearing indicia to and from imaging stations, are well known. Generally, document handlers have a defined path into which documents held in a tray or input area are drawn and transported to an image processing station, for example, an image input terminal. Document handlers, also generally, provide a path through which the documents are withdrawn from the image processing station.
Reciprocating document handling systems of the type to which this invention relates are those in which, in at least some instances, documents are directed in the opposite direction from others of those transported in the document handling system. That is, for example, documents entering a processing station pass over or under, depending on the construction of the defined paths, the documents exiting the processing station.
In the past, devices of this type have been usually operated at sufficiently slow speed (e.g., approximately 30 documents per minute) so that little or no overlap of the documents entering and exiting the processing station occurred. However, as seemingly the case with all devices, there exists the need and desire to increase the speed of these document handlers. One approach is to simply increase the speed of operation by having a high throughput rate e.g., of 60 documents per minute. However, such an increase in speed would require document exchange times on the order of 400 milliseconds or less. Further, due to the reciprocation of the belt, the acceleration and deceleration of the belt are critical constraints. Thus, there exists a need to permit greater overlap of the documents in such reciprocating document handlers without the attendant problems of smearing, stubbing, improper registration, jamming, and the like so that the throughput rate of document increase is not only a function of increasing the speed of document travel.
The following patents may be of relevance to the present invention:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,709 PA0 Patentee: Kitajima et al. PA0 Issued: Dec. 9, 1986 PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,319 PA0 Patentee: Robb et al. PA0 Issued: Sep. 4, 1984 PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 4,884,794 PA0 Patentee: Dinatale et al. PA0 Issued: Dec. 5, 1989 PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,541 PA0 Patentee: Parzygnat PA0 Issued: Oct. 12, 1982
U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,709 discloses an automatic document handler for feeding documents to an image processing station to record the information on the document. The handler includes a belt, which is operable in two directions and which is urged into position by backup rollers. The belt is provided for transporting the documents onto and off of a platen. Apparatus is also provided for inverting the transported documents so that the information on both sides of the document may be recorded.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,319 discloses a document handler having rollers which engage a document to transport across a platen. The rollers are actuable to lift them so that the loading force on documents on the surface of the platen is reduced.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,884,794 discloses a reciprocating, recirculating document handler for feeding documents to an image processing station to record the information on the document. The handler includes a belt, which is operable in two directions and which is urged into position by backup rollers. The belt is provided for transporting the documents onto and off of a platen. Apparatus is also provided for inverting the transported documents so that the information on both sides of the document may be recorded and for permitting recirculation of the documents in a simplex and duplex manner.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,541 discloses a copier document handling apparatus for feeding documents to and from a registration position at an imaging station of a copier with reversible direction of the belt feed at the station. A pressure roller is disposed above a surface of the belt to urge the belt into closer engagement with the surface. The pressure roller is actuated by the action of the belt so that when feeding document the registered position at the imaging station the pressure of the roller on the belt is decreased relative to the higher pressure exerted on the belt as a document is urged from the station.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a document handling apparatus for transporting documents to and from a processing station, which comprises means for moving a first document to the processing station and a second document from the processing station with a portion of the first document being in sliding contact with a portion of the second document and the first document moving in a direction opposed to the direction of movement of the second document. The moving means of this apparatus can comprise a belt transport adapted to move in a first direction to move the first document to the processing station and in a second direction opposed to the first direction, to move the second document from the processing station. Further, the process station may comprise a platen, and the belt transport may comprise a belt positioned adjacent the platen and also comprise means for urging at least a portion of said belt toward the platen with the documents being adapted to be interposed between the belt and the platen.
The apparatus according to this aspect of the invention can further include comprises a movable pressure member adapted to move in a first direction to urge the belt toward the platen and in a second direction, opposed from the first direction, to reduce the force being applied on the belt. The urging means according to this aspect of the invention may comprise a stationary pressure member adapted to press the belt against the platen defining a nip therebetween with the document entering the processing station and exiting the processing station at a common marginal region of the nip. In further accordance with this aspect of the invention, the pressure member may also comprise a roller and means for moving the roller in the first direction to increase the force applied on the belt and in the second direction to decrease the force applied on the belt, or the pressure member may comprise a gravity biased roller and an actuating device for lifting the roller away from the belt to reduce the force being applied on the belt. According to this aspect of the invention, documents transported in the first direction engage the belt and documents transported in the second direction exit the belt, such that the documents slide substantially freely relative to one another. The invention may also include positioning the urging means proximate a marginal region of the belt with the documents being adapted to be moved toward the marginal region of the belt and away from the marginal region of the belt.
Pursuant to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for exchanging documents exiting and entering a transport belt at an exchange area in a first direction and a second opposite direction, respectively. This method comprises the steps of: rotating a transport belt in the first direction; urging the leading edge of a document exiting the transport belt to continue in the first direction; directing a second document to the belt in a second direction; reversing the direction of the transport belt to engage and transport the second document in the second direction; engaging sides of the first and the second documents at the exchange area; and relieving the bearing pressure of the transport belt proximate the exchange area to promote the free sliding of the engaged sides of the first and the second documents at the exchange area. The method may also include the step of: engaging the first document in a driving roll nip as part of the urging step; actuating a pressure roll for bearing on the belt transport from a position adjacent the belt transport to a position away from the belt transport as part of the relieving step; and returning the pressure member to its position adjacent the belt transport after said engaging step.
Pursuant to yet another aspect of the invention, a reciprocating document handler for transporting documents to and from a processing station comprises a belt transport for transporting documents entering the processing station in a first direction and exiting the processing station in a second direction, opposed to said first direction, means for reducing pressure exerted on documents entering and exiting the processing station, and means for directing one document onto the belt transport substantially concurrently with another document leaving the belt transport. The document handler of this aspect of the invention may further comprise means for driving the other document in the second direction as the one document is directed onto said belt transport, and the reducing means of the document handler may include an actuable pressure member supported proximate an area of the belt transport where the transported documents enter the process station and the transported documents exit the process station.

Variable pressure system for controlling pressure exerted on a transport belt


A structural section for use in frame construction where the section includes a horizontal segment and a pair of spaced apart legs. Each leg has a first end portion attached to the horizontal segment, a second end portion opposite the horizontal segment, and a flange that extends inward from the second end portion toward the center line of the structural section. Each leg further includes a longitudinal surface located between the first end portion and the second end portion. The longitudinal surface is positioned inboard of the flange so that the distance between opposed flanges that extend along each leg of the structural section is greater than the distance between opposed longitudinal surfaces that extend along each leg of the structural section.

This invention relates to roof trusses used in the construction industry to frame residential and light commercial buildings. More particularly, this invention is directed to the chord sections that are used to assemble roof trusses used in lightweight steel frame construction.
Wood is the predominant framing material used in residential and light commercial construction in the United States, However, builders, plagued by volatile and rising wood prices and poor quality as timber supplies shrink, continue to seek alternatives. Recent studies have identified steel as a promising alternative framing material to wood.
Various attempts have been made in the past to introduce lightweight, non-wood framing materials into the marketplace. These attempts include advanced composite materials such as fiber-reinforced plastic, as well as lightweight steel components such as doors, windows, siding and framing. However, history shows that whenever a new material becomes available to the construction industry, it is adopted cautiously, initially in small scale applications. Therefore, many of the newer wood substitute materials are not yet in wide use within the building industry. For example, in the instance of residential steel framing, acceptance has been slow because many builders have attempted to assemble lightweight steel framing using traditional wood construction techniques. Such wood construction methods drive up labor costs when applied to steel frame construction and make steel framing non-competitive with conventional wood frame construction. As a result, steel frame construction has gained only a small share of the home building marketplace as compared to wood frame homes. Steel frame construction tends to be concentrated mainly in areas where homes need to meet stricter structural demands to withstand natural phenomena such as earthquakes, high hurricane force winds, and pest problems such as termites.
However, with the adoption of new building techniques that include, for example, prefabricated steel frame panels delivered assembled to the construction site, and with the availability of new screw guns and fasteners that facilitate and improve steel frame connections, residential steel framing is gaining in popularity within the building industry. In particular, residential roof framing is one area that currently offers improved opportunities for using wood substitute construction materials. Manufactures have introduced an array of different non-wood roof framing products that range from steel roof panels, rafters and purlins, to prefabricated lightweight steel frame roof trusses designed to carry heavy loads over long spans.
The state-of-the-art for non-wood roof truss designs, is dynamic. Numerous different steel truss design improvements have taken place over a relatively short period of time, with many of these improvements directed to the shape of the structural sections used for the top and bottom chord members of the truss. It has been discovered, however, that, past steel truss chord sections present a plethora of problems for roof truss fabricator as well as for home builders.
For example, in FIGS. 6 and 13 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,940 to Davenport, et al., FIGS. 2 and 5 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,545 to Stromback, and in FIGS. 3 and 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,986,051 to Meyer, roof truss chord sections are shown comprising outward extending flanges. Such outward extending flanges stiffen and improve the strength of truss chords. However, outward extending flanges prevent the chords from lying flat during shipping and handling, and make it awkward to manufacture the roof truss. Additionally, outward extending flanges expose sharp sheet metal edges, and workers handling such chord sections must exercise extreme caution to avoid serious cuts, lacerations and other injuries.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,837 to Dry, teaches forming an outside hemmed edge along both legs of a truss chord. This would tend to protect workers from injury. The radiused hem edge eliminates the sharp edges associated with the outward extending flanges taught in the above three earlier patents. However, tests show that such hemmed edges greatly reduce the roof truss chord section properties to undesirable levels when compared to the outward extending flanges cited above.
Other lightweight steel frame sections teach providing an inward extending flange that maintains good section properties. For example, FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 of Meyer's U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,883, shows inward extending flanges. The 883 Meyer patent is directed to vertical studs used in lightweight steel framing. Another example of inward extending flanges, in a roof truss, is shown in FIGS. 4 and 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,545 granted to Strombach. While such inward extending flange sections would tend to reduce worker injury, maintain good section properties, and allow the sections to lie flat during roof truss fabrication, they create a new set of problems for the truss manufacturer.
A typical roof truss comprise a plurality of web members that extend between the top and bottom chord members of the truss. Each web member is inserted between the legs of the top chord and between the legs of the bottom chord member, and each truss web member is fastened to the chord members using self-drilling sheet metal screws that extend through the chord legs and into the web members or struts. In instances where the truss chord sections include inward extending flanges, prior to the present invention, it has been impossible to use self drilling screws or other simple fasteners to make the necessary truss chord-to-web connections. As clearly shown in the Meyer patent, the inward extending flanges create a large gap or space between the chord legs and inserted web member. Special connection hardware must be used to fasten the truss web members to the top and bottom truss chord members, as illustrated in FIG. 9 of Meyer, and such hardware is expensive to produce and time consuming to use.
In an attempt to overcome the aforementioned problems, one truss builder is manufacturing and selling a truss chord section that has inside hems formed along the top edge of both chord legs. The hems are formed with a tight radius in order to be coplanar with a corresponding leg surface that engages the truss web members that are inserted between the legs of the chord section. This roof truss design allows the truss chords to lie flat during roof truss fabrication, eliminates sharp sheet metal edges along the chord legs, and enables fabricators to make truss chord-to-web connections using self-drilling sheet metal screws. However, as stated above for the outside hems, tests show that hemmed edges produce very undesirable section properties in the truss chords. Additionally, in cases where the inside hems become deformed, whether during forming operations or during shipping and handling, deformed hems interfere with inserting the truss web members into the chord sections during fabrication of the roof truss. The chord legs must be pried apart to provide clearance between deformed hems, and this produces a gap between the truss web member and the chord leg that causes the self-drilling screws to fail to seat properly when the truss chord-to-web connections are made. Such defective connections are rejected if discovered during product quality inspection, or may fail prematurely if used under actual loading conditions.

Structural shape for use in frame construction


A connector used for connecting the plastic metallic pipe includes a body, a cap, and three washers. The body has a section of thread in its outer wall for coupling with the cap which has a section thread in its inner wall. In operation, first insert the pipe into the cap, then insert the rubber washer, the metallic washer, and spring washer into the body, and then screw the cap into the body, such that the pipe is locked with the body.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of designing and manufacturing of metallic pipe for conveying drinking-water. More particularly the invention relates to a pipe with an outer metallic pipe and an inner plastic pipe suitable for conveying drinking-water and the connectors for the pipe.
2. Description of the Related Art
Zecchin, et al, in PCT/EP98/08182, disclosed a composite pipe made of metal-plastic for hydro-thermo-sanitary plants and method for the production thereof. The composite pipe consist of an internal metal pipe, an outer pipe made of a plastic suitable for conveying drinking-water, and an intermediate layer having a bi-adhesive function. The outer pipe and the intermediate layer are both extruded onto the inner metal pipe. The material for the outer pipe and the intermediate layer preferably contains an anti-oxidizer additive for the pipe metal. The primary purpose of Zecchin's invention is to prevent corrosions due to the action of local leakage currents and/or chemical corrosion caused by acid substances released from building materials like concrete of the floors in which the pipes are embedded.
David A. Shotts, et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,152,323, disclosed a plastic-lined metal pipe which includes an outer metallic pipe having a longitudinal weld and an inner plastic sleeve melt-bonded to the metallic pipe. The metallic pipe is of a size to be in mechanical engagement with the sleeve around the entire circumference of the sleeve. The pipe is manufactured using an extruder, for providing a plastic sleeve, in conjunction with a continuous roll-forming tubing mill production line, for forming and treating the metallic outer tube, so that the lined pipe is made using a continuous process. The plastic sleeve is caused to not collapse during the manufacturing process and the sleeve and pipe are firmly locked together. The pipe may be made by apparatus for continuously manufacturing plastic-lined metal pipe including an extruder for providing a plastic sleeve and a continuous roll-forming tubing mill production line. The production line operates to sequentially deform a substantially flat steel strip to a generally tubular configuration and includes an electric resistance welder or high frequency welder for continuously welding the lateral edges of the moving strip to complete the pipe. A plastic sleeve is fed into the about-to-be-formed metallic pipe upstream of the welder. This plastic sleeve has an outside diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the metallic pipe in the as-formed condition of the sleeve and the sleeve maintains its generally tubular configuration from the time it is inserted into the metal pipe until the manufacture is completed. The production line also includes a station for reducing the inside diameter of the metallic pipe to substantially the outside diameter of the plastic sleeve thereby locking the two components together.
Alexander Esser in U.S. Pat. No. 6,575,197 disclosed a double-layer pipe for fluidic transport of abrasive solids. The pipe includes a hardened inner pipe portion of steel; an outer pipe portion of weldable steel; terminal coupling collars made of weldable steel; and a heat-insulating layer disposed between the inner pipe portion and the outer pipe portion. The pipe includes a heat-insulating layer between the inner pipe portion and the outer pipe portion to form a barrier during heating of the inner pipe portion to thereby prevent heat from dissipating to a significant degree from the inner pipe portion to the outer pipe portion. The applied heat remains in the inner pipe portion so that the inner pipe portion, especially when thin pipe walls are involved, can be heated evenly within a very narrow temperature window. When the inner pipe portion is then quenched, a markedly even hardness is realized over the entire circumference as well as length of the inner pipe portion. The heat-insulating layer disposed between the inner pipe portion and the outer pipe portion may be formed by a coating made of a combustible non-metallic material and applied upon the outer surface of the inner pipe portion and/or the inner surface of the outer pipe portion.
John Werner in U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,842 disclosed an improved method for sealing and protecting a plastic lined pipe joint. The improved plastic collar seal is placed in the interior of a pipe joint formed between first and second externally threaded plastic lined pipe sections which are to be held together by an internally threaded pipe collar. The improved plastic collar seal is a hollow, open ended, cylindrical plastic collar seal presized to concentrically fit within the plastic liner of the sections of plastic lined pipe with minimum concentric tolerance. The open ends of the plastic collar seal are internally beveled and the plastic collar seal is equipped with external O-ring grooves and O-rings at each of the ends. The collar seal is further provided with an external ledge or ridge molded concentrically to the collar seal between the O-rings wherein the ledge is adapted to fit within the internally threaded collar and rest on the end of the lined pipe. This ledge is positioned such that the distance from at least one end of the collar seal to the ledge exceeds the length of the internally threaded collar. In operation, the collar is threaded on the first plastic lined pipe section and the improved plastic collar seal is inserted within the pipe section and collar with the ledge coming to rest on the end of the pipe section leaving the other end of the plastic collar seal extending beyond the collar. The second section of plastic lined pipe can then be easily threaded into the internally threaded collar, over the collar seal, thus forming a tight pipe joint with the collar seal within the joint.
John J. Hunter in U.S. Pat. No. 4,709,946 disclosed a pipe joint which secures two lined pipe sections together and seals the juncture of the pipe sections against the migration of fluids through the joint and methods for forming the pipe joint. The method includes the steps of axially aligning first and second pipe sections; securing the first pipe section to the second pipe section; overlapping the liners of the first and second pipe sections; and compressing the liners of the first and second pipe sections where overlapped to seal the joint against migration of pressurized fluids through the joint. The pipe joint provided by this method includes, in one embodiment, first pipe means having a fluid impervious first liner mounted on the interior thereof; second pipe means having a fluid impervious second liner mounted on the interior thereof; means for securing said first pipe means in axial alignment with said second pipe means wherein said first liner and said second liner are partially overlapped; and means for compressing said first and second liners were overlapped to seal the pipe joint formed at the juncture of said first and second pipe means for the transmission of fluids there through.
What is desired is a plastic-lined metallic pipe with a food-grade non-poisonous inner plastic lining pipe and an outer metallic pipe made of high strength, light-weight and corrosion resistant aluminum alloy.

Apparatus for connecting plastic-lined metallic pipes


Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. Some wireless communications systems may implement an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network architecture where relay nodes connect with other IAB nodes via wireless backhaul links. For improved node discovery, during or after an initial relay integration procedure with a parent node, a relay node may transmit a capability report to the parent node indicating a duplexing capability of the relay node (e.g., whether the relay node is half-duplex or full-duplex capable). Based on the duplexing capability, the parent node may determine discovery reference signal (DRS) transmission and measurement resources for the relay node and configure the relay node with these resources. The relay node may use these resources for transmitting DRSs and monitoring for DRSs from other IAB nodes. If the relay node discovers another IAB node in the network, the nodes may form a wireless backhaul link.

The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and to organization of inter-relay discovery reference signals (DRSs).
Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include a number of base stations or network access nodes, each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).
Some wireless communications systems may implement an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network architecture. An IAB network may include relay nodes and anchor nodes connected via wireless backhaul links. In some cases, relay nodes may perform discovery procedures to attempt to detect additional nodes within the network for wireless backhauling. During discovery procedures, relay nodes may transmit DRSs, and also monitor for DRSs from other relay nodes. However, in some cases, multiple relay nodes may transmit DRSs at the same time. As such, the DRSs may interfere with one another and result in failed detection for the nodes. Additionally, if a first node cannot transmit and receive DRSs simultaneously, transmitting a DRS at the same time as another node may preclude the first node from receiving the DRS from the other node. This may increase the latency and result in inefficiencies in the relay node discovery process.

Organization of inter-relay discovery reference signals


A glass-sealed type semiconductor device has Dumet electrodes, a glass sealing member, and a semiconductor element tightly sealed in a cavity constituted by the Dumet electrodes and the glass sealing member. The semiconductor element is constituted by a Schottky barrier diode. External leads serving as external terminals of the semiconductor device are connected to the Dumet electrodes, respectively. The Dumet electrodes have core portions comprised of a nickel-iron alloy, copper layer formed on the outer peripheries of the core portions, and copper oxide layers formed on the outer surfaces of the copper layers, respectively. The ratios of the copper layers are 20 wt % or more each.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-112386 describes a technique related to diode parts having the following structure. That is, two slug leads each of which is obtained by junction of a CP line used as an external lead to a Dumet wire used as an internal lead are prepared, and the Dumet wires of the two slug leads are inserted into the cylinders of cylindrical sealing members (glass sleeves) consisting of a glass material from both the ends of the cylinder, and a single diode is sealed in a cavity formed by the Dumet wires and the sealing material.


In a frequency synthesizer, a first, variable frequency divider and a second frequency divider are activated in response to a periodic power activation pulse. The first frequency divider is driven by a voltage-controlled oscillator and the second frequency divider is driven by a reference frequency oscillator. A timing difference between the outputs of the first and second frequency dividers is detected and converted to a frequency-domain control signal for coupling to the voltage-controlled oscillator. Since the timing difference is converted to a frequency domain signal, the VCO is stabilized once there is a substantial frequency match between the first and second frequency dividers. Since the VCO can be stabilized thereafter, the frequency dividers can be deactivated when the detected timing difference is reduced to an acceptable value and are allowed to remain inactive until the synthesizer is activated again by the next activation pulse.

The present invention relates to a frequency synthesizer for an apparatus, such as radio pagers, having a battery savings feature.
In a frequency synthesizer employed in conventional radio pagers in which battery saving is effected, two frequency dividers are provided, one for dividing the frequency of an output of a voltage-controlled oscillator and the other for dividing the frequency of a reference frequency pulse from a reference frequency oscillator. The phase difference between the two pulses is detected by a phase comparator and supplied via a loop filter to the control input of the VCO. When the output of the variable frequency divider is phase-advanced with respect to the output of the other frequency divider, the phase comparator supplies a ground potential to the VCO to decrease its frequency; otherwise, a high voltage is applied to the VCO to increase its frequency. The frequency control in this manner will be repeated several times until the phase comparator produces no output. If the frequency synthesizer of this type is used in applications where its power supply is interrupted for power savings purposes during idle periods, it would take long to phase-lock the synthesizer each time its power circuit is reactivated. While this problem could be solved with the use of a capacitor for holding a voltage developed across the loop filter during an idle period and using it as a frequency control voltage at the start of the next active period, a prolonged power cutoff would cause the VCO and the reference frequency oscillator to develop a small frequency difference therebetween which, in turn, results in a substantial amount of phase difference (of 180 degrees, at worst) between the outputs of the frequency dividers on starting the synthesizer during the next active period. Such a phase drift would result in a maximum frequency control voltage, causing the VCO to produce large frequency excursions.
In addition, it is advantageous from the power savings view point to employ frequency dividers of high dividing ratios and to deactivate them immediately following the stabilization of the VCO. However, the phase comparator of the prior art synthesizer is so sensitive that it produces an output even though a small frequency difference develops between the outputs of the frequency dividers. Therefore, the frequency dividers of the prior art synthesizer cannot be deactivated during the active state of the synthesizer for power savings purposes.

Power saving frequency synthesizer with fast pull-in feature


An assembled hanging tool and hanger seat of the invention mainly comprises a hanging tool and a hanger seat. One end of the hanging tool is a hanger portion and the other end of the hanging tool is a hook portion. The hanger seat is substantially of a C shape wherein one side is provided with a hollow element for the threading through of the hanger portion in order to be lifted to a high place, and one end is provided with a projection for being inserted into a C-shaped steel support at a high place, and another end is provided with a threaded hole and a hanging hole wherein the threaded hole is used for engaging with a locking member which can be engaged or disengaged with the C-shaped steel support. One end of the locking member has a turning hole for the threading through of the hook portion in order to rotate and lock, or release the locking member, and the hanging hole is used for hanging or locking the article to be hung.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hanging device, and in particular, to an assembled hanging tool and hanger seat for easily and quickly hanging the hanger seat with an article hung thereon on a high place and locking the same by means of the hanging tool.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It usually happens in our daily life to hang an article on a hanger seat and then to fix the hanger seat at a certain place in order to hang the article smoothly. For example, R.O.C. (Taiwan) Utility Model Publication No.298222 "An improved stricture of a hanger seat" and R.O.C. (Taiwan) Utility Model Publication No.303659 "Assembled hanger structure" disclose two kinds of hanger seats.
Such known hanger seats are convenient in hanging an article on a place of which the height can be easily reached by people, but if the article needs to be hung on a high place of which the height is, for example, of about 4 m or more, then people have to use a ladder and have to climb the ladder in order to hang the hanger seat (with an article hung thereon) on an appropriate place. The implementing manner of such a known hanger seat is not only time-consuming, but also dangerous, and it is also inconvenient, time-consuming and dangerous if wanting to discharge the hung article.
Therefore, how to hang an article on a high place effectively, quickly and conveniently is a problem difficult to be solved.

1F., No.2, 525 Lane, 16 Lin, Chong-Cheng Road, Si-Lin Tsuen


Isolated polynucleotides comprising a UGT8 mini-promoters are provided. The mini-promoter may be operably linked to an expressible sequence, e.g. reporter genes, genes encoding a polypeptide of interest, regulatory RNA sequences such as miRNA, siRNA, anti-sense RNA, etc., and the like. In some embodiments a cell comprising a stable integrant of an expression vector is provided, which may be integrated in the genome of the cell. The promoter may also be provided in a vector, for example in combination with an expressible sequence. The polynucleotides find use in a method of expressing a sequence of interest, e.g. for identifying or labeling cells, monitoring or tracking the expression of cells, gene therapy, etc.

The UGT8 gene encodes the UDP glycosyltransferase 8A, catalyzing the transfer of galactose to ceramide, a key enzymatic step in the biosynthesis of galactocerebrosides, which are abundant sphingolipids of the myelin membrane of the CNS and PNS. This biological function implicates UGT8 as an important gene in oligodendrocyte function. The expression pattern on the Allen Brain Atlas data indicates that this gene is expressed along axonal tracks—this in situ hybridization data is consistent with expression in oligodendrocytes. Schulte and Stoffel (1993) demonstrated that the expression is restricted to oligodendrocyte-containing layers of the cerebrum and cerebellum, showing the same expression distribution in brain as myelin basic protein.
There is a need for characterized human UGT8 promoters for gene expression, for instance in human gene therapy applications. It is in particular useful to identify small promoter elements that are sufficient to drive expression in certain cell types, for instance retinal cells. Such small promoter elements, or "mini-promoters" are particularly useful in certain applications, for instance they are more amenable to insertion into viral vectors used in gene therapy applications.


In a semiconductor wafer (1), an internal circuit such as a ROM formed at a product region or a chip (2) can be tested via a test pad (5) formed on a scribe line (3). Here, since the test pad (5) is formed on the scribe line (3), after the semiconductor wafer has been once cut off and separated away from each other as chips along the scribe lines (3), respectively, since the test pads (5) are all broken off, ROM test will not be executed again. In other words, since the test conditions of the product test of the separated chip (2) cannot be decoded or deciphered by another person, it is possible to provide a semiconductor device of high secrecy, which can be preferably used as an IC card.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor wafer, a method of-manufacturing a semiconductor device having a ROM (read only memory), and an IC card. More specifically, the present invention relates to a test terminal (referred to as a test pad, hereinafter) used to test the ROM of the semiconductor device formed on the semiconductor water.
2. Description of the Background Art
Conventionally, a semiconductor wafer (e.g., silicon wafer) is separated into a plurality of chips, after having been cut off along scribe lines (or scribe regions). Further, the obtained chips are manufactured as various semiconductor devices, after each chip has been processed (e.g., package process) appropriately. In this manufacturing process, it is usual to execute some tests (e.g., die sorting test, product test, etc.) for the semiconductor wafer, before the chips are processed as device products.
FIG. 9 is a partial plane view showing a conventional semiconductor wafer. On a semiconductor wafer 1, there are arranged a plurality of product regions 2 each separated into a chip in the last step. Further, a plurality of scribe regions 3 are formed between two of these product regions 2, respectively. Further, an internal circuit composed of integrated circuits such as ROM, transistors, etc. is formed at each product region 2. Further a plurality of aluminum pads 41 to 43 are formed so as to be connected to an external circuit electrically. On the other hand, these pads 4 are electrically connected to the internal circuit, and arranged at a peripheral portion, for instance at the product region 2, respectively. In addition, a test pad 40 is also arranged together with these input and output pads 41, 42 and 43, respectively.
In the IC test of the conventional semiconductor device, these test pads 40 to 43 as shown in FIG. 9 are used. Here, these pads 4 including the input and output pads 41 to 43 and the test pad 40 are all arranged on the inside of the scribe line 3, that is, at the product region 2, respectively. Further, when the die sorting test is executed during the manufacturing process, some needles (e.g., probes) are brought into contact with these pads 4. Further, when the product test is executed, some voltages and some signals are inputted through the bonded pads of the semiconductor device, and some signals are outputted through an appropriate pad. As described above, in the case of the semiconductor wafer, the tests (i.e., the die sorting test, the product test, etc.) must be executed at least once, respectively as a rule. In particular, the ROM test at the product region 2 is executed in the same process as the other tests. Therefore, in case the test conditions of the semiconductor products manufactured after the scribe step and then put on the market are decoded or deciphered by some method or other, since the ROM test conditions can be known and realized by another person, it is possible to read the contents of the ROM of the semiconductor device. In particular, when the semiconductor device is used for the electronic transactions, in case the contents of the ROM are read and decoded (deciphered), there exists such a danger that the read contents are used improperly or illegally.
With the advance of the recent development of the semiconductor devices, it has become possible to execute the electronic transactions by use of these semiconductor devices (e.g., IC cards). When the electronic transactions are put to practical use in the field of electronic commerce, there exists such a large advantage that the transactions can be executed momentarily through a network. In order that the electronic transactions can be accepted from a social point of view, although there exists a large problem of how to construct its social system, in particular the development related to security technology for the semiconductor devices is the most important problem to be solved. Here, the important problems related to security in the internet system are four of "look furtively", "alter documents", "impersonate another person", and "pretend not to know". Here, "look furtively" implies that the important information is known by a third person in the network. In the electronic transactions, the card number data is known by another person and used illegally. "alter documents" implies that the important information is rewritten in the networks. In the case of the electronic transactions, when the value of money is designated so as to be transferred between the two accounts, the transferred account is rewritten. Or else, when the electronic money is remitted, an amount of money to be remitted is rewritten. "impersonate a person" implies to transmit information by impersonating another person, because the person's face cannot be seen in the network. In the electronic transactions, a consumer is deceived by a retail shop pretending a socially fine reputation, requested to remit electronic money, and thereby defrauded of the remitted electronic money. "pretend not to know" is to deny that electronic money is not yet received, in spite of the fact that the electronic money has been already remitted. In the electronic transactions, in spite of the fact that a commodity sent by a retail shop has been already received, a consumer pretends not to receive the commodity.
However, since these problems can be soon solved with the advance of the technical development, the relative importance of the problems related to the electronic transactions and the electronic money will be shifted to the social system. In addition, in order to construct the society where the electronic transactions and the electronic money can be both accepted socially, it is necessary to change the paradigm from "security" to "comfort" (See NIKKEI ELECTRONICS 1996, 12, 16 pp171-181).
Therefore, in order to secure the security of the electronic transactions and electronic money, it Is important to prevent the contents of the semiconductor device such as an IC or LSI from being known by another person. When the test conditions of the semiconductor device products already put on the market are decoded by some way or other and thereby the test conditions of the ROM can be realized by another person, since the contents of the ROM can be read, in the case of the semiconductor device used for electronic transactions, it has been necessary to eliminate such a danger that the contents of the ROM are decoded and used illegally.

Semiconductor ROM wafer test structure, and IC card


A fitting for joining a corrugated conduit to a structure associated therewith is disclosed. The fitting comprises a hollow body having an inner chamber and at least two body resilient tabs extending from an end. The at least two body resilient tabs define at least two body gaps therebetween. Each of the at least two body resilient tabs defines an outwardly extending detent. The fitting also comprises a retaining ring including a flange and at least two ring resilient tabs extending from the flange and defining ring gaps therebetween. Each of the at least two ring resilient tabs defines an inwardly extending detent adapted to engage a corrugated conduit. Each of the at least two body resilient tabs is selectively inserted in a corresponding one of the at least two ring gaps, and the outwardly extending detents selectively engage an end of the flange of the retaining ring.

Corrugated and non-corrugated thermoplastic tubings are widely used as conduits for protecting wiring cables extending between various control boxes, switch boxes, and the like. Conventionally, to facilitate the installation and use of such tubing, push together or "snap together" type connectors have been used to allow tubing sections to be joined to each other or to system components quickly and without requiring special tools or adhesives.
Different connector designs have been proposed for this purpose. These prior connector designs have varied from simple one piece type connectors using resilient tabs or fingers to more complex multi-component designs using multiple rings or other internal connector elements.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,836,580 (the '580 patent) discloses one such design. The '580 patent discloses a connection device for use in securing an end of a corrugated pipe to a fitting such as a terminal box connector or to be used as a pipe-to-pipe coupling. The connection device of the '580 patent includes an annular ring having an array of fingers extending axially therefrom, for insertion into a fitting body. The fitting body has apertures therein. In practice, a user first inserts the corrugated pipe into the annular ring and then begins to introduce the fingers of the annular ring and the corrugated pipe into the fitting body. However, because of the configuration of both the fingers of the annular ring and the fitting body, the fingers are concealed to the user when the user begins to introduce the fingers of the annular ring into the fitting body, thereby preventing the user to accurately control the alignment of the fingers with the apertures of the fitting.
There is therefore a need in the art for a fitting for easily connecting a corrugated tubing to an associated structure.


An air compressor system having an air/oil separator for use with an air compressor, the air/oil separator including a separator tank having a side wall with an air exit port; a separator element hold down mechanism between the separator element and a lid mounted on the separator tank; and a separator element oil scavenge device which scavenges oil from the bottom of the separator element and passes the scavenged oil through the side wall of the separator tank. A method of replacing a separation element in a separation chamber of the air/oil separator including the steps of removing the separator element from the separation chamber without disconnecting the scavenge device attached thereto, and positioning a replacement separator element within the separation chamber, such that a scavenge device securely affixed thereto is caused to communicate with the side wall of the separator tank.

The present invention relates generally to a compressor system. More particularly, the present invention relates to an air/oil separator tank for use with an air compressor.
In conventional air compressor systems air is compressed in a compression chamber or airend of a compressor, for example, by a set of rotary screws, and a lubricant, such as oil, is injected into the compression chamber and mixes with the compressed air. The oil is generally injected into the compression chamber for a number of reasons including cooling the air compressor system, lubricating bearings, balancing axial forces and sealing the rotary screws. Although using oil is essential for operating these types of air compressor systems, the oil must be removed from the stream of compressed air before the compressed air may be used downstream for pneumatic equipment and/or other tools.
In such conventional air compressor systems, the compressed air and oil mixture discharged from the airend of the compressor flows with a high velocity into a separator tank where the air and oil of the air/oil mixture are caused to separate. The separator tank is usually cylindrical and the air/oil mixture is directed around an inner wall of a separation chamber. The combination of the centrifugal forces acting on the air/oil mixture and contact between the air/oil mixture and the inner wall of the separation chamber causes much of the oil to separate from the air/oil mixture, thereby allowing gravity to draw most of the oil downwardly into a lower portion of the separation chamber and also allowing the air to separate from the oil and flow upwardly into an upper portion of the separation chamber to achieve primary separation.
In these conventional air compressor systems, the compressed air, along with some fine oil droplets or mist entrained therein, passes through a separator element placed within the upper portion of the separation chamber, thereby coalescing most of the remaining oil in the air stream to achieve secondary separation before the compressed air is transferred out of the separator tank. The coalesced oil pools in a bottom portion of the separator element and is returned to the airend of the compressor by a scavenging line.
Conventional air compressor systems as described above typically include a lid mounted on the separator tank to hold the separator element within the separation chamber of the separator tank. The separator element must be held in place because there is an upward force on the separator element due to the pressure differential between the wet side (outer) and dry side (inner) portions of the separator element. Conventional air compressor systems include an air exit port in the lid, and typically, a minimum pressure check valve (MPCV) assembly is operatively connected to the air exit port in the lid. After passing through the MPCV assembly, the compressed air is typically sent to an aftercooler, and then the cooled compressed air may be conveyed to pneumatic equipment and/or other tools. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, it is generally necessary to service or replace separator elements from time-to-time. In the conventional air compressor systems described above, before a separator element can be serviced or replaced, the air discharge hose and MPCV assembly, which usually includes associated fittings, must be disconnected from the lid. This increases the time required to service or replace the separator element. Thus, there is a need for an air compressor system which eliminates the necessity of disconnecting the air discharge hose and MPCV assembly from the separator tank prior to servicing or replacing a separator element.
The conventional way to remove oil from inside a separator element of the air compressor systems described above is to pass an independent scavenge tube through the lid mounted on the tank and down into an open area of the separator element. The scavenge tube extends to the bottom of the separator element and draws off the excess oil to prevent saturation of the separating media of the separator element. Positioning the scavenge tube through the lid and down into the open area of the separator element can be problematic. If the scavenge tube is too long, it may puncture the bottom of the separator element. If the scavenge tube is too short, it may not be sufficiently effective in removing the oil. In addition, before the separator element is replaced, the scavenge tube must be removed from the separator tank lid. Thus, there is a need for a scavenging device which is easy to install, which does not adversely affect the servicing or replacing of a separator element, and which also effectively removes oil from the bottom of the separator element.
The present invention provides in one aspect thereof, a separator tank having an air exit port in a side wall of the tank, rather than in the lid of the tank as is the case with many known designs. Air from an air/oil mixture flows into an upper portion of a separation chamber of the tank, through a separator element positioned within the upper portion of the separation chamber, and out the air exit port in the side wall of the tank. An MPCV assembly is operatively connected to the air exit port in the side wall of the tank. Because the MPCV assembly and air discharge hose are not attached to the lid of the separator tank, in order to service or replace the separator element, the lid mounted on the separator tank is simply removed or pivoted out of the way to allow access to the separator element, without having to first disconnect the discharge hose and MPCV assembly.
The present invention provides in another aspect thereof, a separator element hold down mechanism between the separator element and the lid to position the separator element within the separation chamber and in spaced relation from the lid. Air separated from the air/oil mixture will flow through the separator element, towards the lid, and out the air exit port in the side wall of the separator tank.
The present invention provides in another aspect thereof, a separator element oil scavenge device which draws oil up off of the bottom of the separator element, and which transports the scavenged oil through the side wall of a separator tank. In one embodiment of the present invention, the scavenge device includes a tube which is integrally formed with the separator element. Once the tube is securely attached to the separator element and an end of the tube is located at a predetermined position relative to the bottom of the separator element, there is no need for independent adjustment of the tube relative to the bottom of the separator element and, as a consequence, no risk of making the tube too long or too short.
Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following detailed description, claims and drawings in which like numerals are used to designate like features.

Compressor system including a separator tank with a separator element positioned therein


An apparatus and method are disclosed for detecting multiple hits in CAM arrays. A binary address value is stored for each entry of the CAM array and is output to identify the matching entry for a single hit. However, to facilitate multiple hit detection, both the true and complement components of this address are stored and output to determine whether or not a multiple hit occurred. If a multiple hit occurs (e.g., more than one address location has been matched), all the bits that make up the binary address and the complement will not be complements of each other and a multiple hit condition can be detected by XORing each bit of an address location value with the complement of that address location value. If the XORed bits are equal to “1”, then a single hit has occurred. Otherwise, a multiple hit has occurred.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to improved memory storage for data processing systems, and in particular, but not exclusively, to an apparatus and method for detecting multiple hits in a Content Addressable Memory (CAM) array.
2. Description of Related Art
CAM, or associative memory, is a special type of memory storage device typically used for high speed searching applications. Each CAM device includes comparison logic, so that the contents of the bit positions can be compared within the device. In standard computer memory devices (e.g., DRAMs, SRAMs, etc.), their bits are addressed by memory location, and the contents of their bits are conveyed to an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) outside of the memory device for comparison purposes.
A data word can be input to a CAM device, and the CAM device can search its entire memory for the input word. If the CAM device finds the word in its memory, the device returns a list with the storage address(es) of the memory location(s) where the word was found. As such, a CAM device can perform such a search of its entire memory in one operation. Consequently, a CAM device is significantly faster than a RAM device for most search applications.
All words that are input (e.g., entries) to a CAM device can be compared to the words stored in the device. However, at most, only one word stored in the device should match the entry. Nevertheless, a significant problem with existing CAM devices is that a circuit failure or software error external to the CAM device can cause the occurrence of so-called "multiple hits". If a multiple hit condition exists, multiple word-lines are enabled in the CAM device and erroneous outputs are returned. In such a case, it is important to be able to detect a multiple hit condition in a CAM device before such erroneous outputs can be returned. However, existing techniques for detecting multiple hit conditions in CAM devices incur substantial penalties in terms of space, because a relatively large number of gates are required to tap all of the word-lines in the device in order to determine if more than one word-line is enabled or turned on.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have an apparatus and method for detecting multiple hit conditions in CAM devices that, at a minimum, do not incur substantial penalties in terms of space.

Apparatus and method for detecting multiple hits in CAM arrays

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention relates to a sheet adhesive by pressure application including a substrate covered with an adhesive on a front surface, and non-adherent elements protruding with respect to the front surface and likely to yield by application of a pressure. The substrate includes a meshing of channels opening at least at one edge of the sheet, and the non-adherent elements are bands forming roofs above the channels.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sheet adhesive by pressure application, that is, a sheet which, when presented on a surface to which it is desired to be pasted, is effectively pasted only after application of a pressure. Such a structure has the advantage that an accurate positioning can be performed before definitive fixing.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
FIG. 1 shows in perspective and partial cross-sectional view a known sheet adhesive by pressure application, such as described in European patent application EP-A-0429269. This sheet includes a substrate 10 uniformly covered with an adhesive layer 12. Domes 14 are regularly distributed on adhesive layer 12. Domes 14 are formed of microballs 16 deposited on the surface of adhesive layer 12. Thus, domes 14 are not adherent.
Domes 14 are used to avoid that adhesive layer 12 contacts the surface on which the adhesive sheet is laid. The sheet can thus be displaced in contact with the surface to the desired position. A pressure is then applied on the sheet, which results in driving domes 14 into the adhesive layer and bringing the adhesive layer to contact with the surface.
A disadvantage of this adhesive sheet is that adhesive layer 12 must be relatively thick to accomodate domes 14 of sufficient height, which makes it of more difficult fabrication.
Further, any adhesive layer, especially that of the type of FIG. 1, has the disadvantage of trapping air bubbles upon pasting, which is prejudicial to aesthetics in the case where the sheet has a decorative function. This disadvantage is all the more difficult to avoid as the sheet surface area is significant, which makes the use of these adhesive sheets unpractical for wall paper, for example.

Sheet adhesive by application of a pressure


Novel compounds of the general formula (I), the use of these compounds as pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and methods of treatment employing these compounds and compositions. The present compounds may be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of conditions mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR), in particular the PPARδ subtype.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death in Type 2 diabetic and metabolic syndrome patients (i.e. patients that fall within the 'deadly quartet' category of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridaemia and/or obesity).
The hypolipidaemic fibrates and antidiabetic thiazolidinediones separately display moderately effective triglyceride-lowering activities although they are neither potent nor efficacious enough to be a single therapy of choice for the dyslipidaemia often observed in Type 2 diabetic or metabolic syndrome patients. The thiazolidinediones also potently lower circulating glucose levels of Type 2 diabetic animal models and humans. Studies on the molecular actions of these compounds indicate that thiazolidinediones and fibrates exert their action by activating distinct transcription factors of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) family, resulting in increased and decreased expression of specific enzymes and apolipoproteins respectively, both key-players in regulation of plasma triglyceride content. Fibrates, on the one hand, are PPARα activators, acting primarily in the liver. Thiazolidinediones, on the other hand, are high affinity ligands for PPARγ acting primarily on adipose tissue.
Adipose tissue plays a central role in lipid homeostasis and the maintenance of energy balance in vertebrates. Adipocytes store energy in the form of triglycerides during periods of nutritional affluence and release it in the form of free fatty acids at times of nutritional deprivation. The development of white adipose tissue is the result of a continuous differentiation process throughout life. Much evidence points to the central role of PPARγ activation in initiating and regulating this cell differentiation. Several highly specialised proteins are induced during adipocyte differentiation, most of them being involved in lipid storage and metabolism. The exact link from activation of PPARγ to changes in glucose metabolism, most notably a decrease in insulin resistance in muscle, has not yet been clarified. A possible link is via free fatty acids such that activation of PPARγ induces Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL), Fatty Acid Transport Protein (FATP) and Acyl-CoA Synthetase (ACS) in adipose tissue but not in muscle tissue. This, in turn, reduces the concentration of free fatty acids in plasma dramatically, and due to substrate competition at the cellular level, skeletal muscle and other tissues with high metabolic rates eventually switch from fatty acid oxidation to glucose oxidation with decreased insulin resistance as a consequence.
PPARα is involved in stimulating β-oxidation of fatty acids. In rodents, a PPARα-mediated change in the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism lies at the basis of the phenomenon of peroxisome proliferation, a pleiotropic cellular response, mainly limited to liver and kidney and which can lead to hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents. The phenomenon of peroxisome proliferation is not seen in man. In addition to its role in peroxisome proliferation in rodents, PPARα is also involved in the control of HDL cholesterol levels in rodents and humans. This effect is, at least partially, based on a PPARα-mediated transcriptional regulation of the major HDL apolipoproteins, apo A-I and apo A-II. The hypotriglyceridemic action of fibrates and fatty acids also involves PPARα and can be summarised as follows: (I) an increased lipolysis and clearance of remnant particles, due to changes in lipoprotein lipase and apo C-III levels, (II) a stimulation of cellular fatty acid uptake and their subsequent conversion to acyl-CoA derivatives by the induction of fatty acid binding protein and acyl-CoA synthase, (III) an induction of fatty add β-oxidation pathways, (IV) a reduction in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, and finally (V) a decrease in VLDL production. Hence, both enhanced catabolism of triglyceride-rich particles as well as reduced secretion of VLDL particles constitutes mechanisms that contribute to the hypolipidemic effect of fibrates.
PPARδ activation was initially reported not to be involved in modulation of glucose or triglyceride levels. (Berger et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, Vol 274, pp. 6718-6725). Later it has been shown that PPARδ activation leads to increased levels of HDL cholesterol in db/db mice (Leibowitz et al. FEBS letters 2000, 473, 333-336). Further, a PPARδ agonist when dosed to insulin-resistant middle-aged obese rhesus monkeys caused a dramatic dose-dependent rise in serum HDL cholesterol while lowering the levels of small dense LDL, fasting triglycerides and fasting insulin (Oliver et al. PNAS 2001, 98, 5306-5311). The same paper also showed that PPARδ activation increased the reverse cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette A1 and induced apolipoprotein A1-specific cholesterol efflux. The involvement of PPARδ in fatty acid oxidation in muscles was further substantiated in PPARα knockout mice. Muoio et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 26089-26097) showed that the high levels of PPARδ in skeletal muscle can compensate for deficiency in PPARα.
Recently, two different transgenic mouse models over-expressing PPARδ in either adipose tissue (Cell 2003, 113, 159-170) or in muscle tissue (FASEB J 2003, 17, 209-226) have both shown up-regulation of genes (LPL, FABP, FAT, CD36, CPT1b, and ACS) and proteins (UCP-2) responsible for lipid uptake and metabolism and energy uncoupling. Both types of mice had reduced adipose tissue and were protected against high fat diet induced body weight gain. Further, pharmacological treatment of both high fat diet induced insulin resistant mice and diabetic ob/ob with the potent PPARδ agonist GW501516 showed lowering of plasma glucose and insulin and improved insulin sensitivity (PNAS 2003, 100, 15924-15929). In vivo increased oxygen consumption suggesting fuel-switch from glucose to FFA, as well as FFA oxidation In skeletal muscle was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. Supportive for the hypothesis of skeletal muscle being the major target organ were two publications on In vitro treatment of C2C12 muscle cells with GW501516 showing regulation of genes involved with TG hydrolysis and FFA oxidation (LPL↑, ACS4↑, CTP1↑), preferential lipid utilization (PDK4↑), energy expenditure (UCP1↑, -2↑, -3↑) and lipid efflux (ABCA1/G1↑) (BioChem. Biophys. Acta 2003, 1633, 43-50; Mol. Endocrin. 2003, 17, 2477-2493). Direct and an indirect mechanisms recently demonstrated prompted the authors to suggest that "PPARδ and its ligands may serve as therapeutic targets to attenuate inflammation and slow the progression of atherosclerosis" (Science 2003, 302, 453-457).
Taken together these observations suggest that PPARδ activation is useful in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases and conditions including atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and mixed dyslipidaemia as well as type 2 diabetes.
A number of PPARδ compounds have been reported to be useful in the treatment of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia (WO 01/00603, WO 02/59098, WO 03/084916, WO 03/074050, WO 03/074051, WO 03/074052, WO 03/035603, WO 03/97607, WO 04/005253, WO 03/33493, WO 03/16291, WO 02/76957, 02/46154, WO 03/16265, WO 02/100812, WO 02/98840, WO 02/80899, WO 02/79162, WO 03/072100, WO 01/25181, WO 02/14291, WO 01/79197, WO 99/4815, WO 97/28149, WO 98/27974, WO 97/28115, WO 97/27857, WO 97/28137, WO 97/27847).
Glucose lowering as a single approach does not overcome the macrovascular complications associated with Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Novel treatments of Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome must therefore aim at lowering both the overt hypertriglyceridaemia associated with these syndromes as well as alleviation of hyperglycaemia.
This indicate that research for compounds displaying various degree of PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ activation should lead to the discovery of efficacious triglyceride and/or cholesterol and/or glucose lowering drugs that have great potential in the treatment of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, syndrome X (including the metabolic syndrome, i.e. impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, hypertrigyceridaemia and/or obesity), cardiovascular diseases (including atherosclerosis) and hypercholesteremia.
Definitions
In the structural formulas given herein and throughout the present specification the following terms have the indicated meaning:
The term "C1-6-alkyl" as used herein, alone or in combination, represent a linear or branched, saturated hydrocarbon chain having the indicated number of carbon atoms. Representative examples include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl and the like.
The term "C1-6-alkylcarbonyl "as used herein, represents a "C1-6-alkyl" group as defined above having the indicated number of carbon atoms linked through a carbonyl group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylcarbonyl, ethylcarbonyl, n-propylcarbonyl, isopropylcarbonyl, butylcarbonyl, isobutylcarbonyl, sec-butylcarbonyl, tert-butylcarbonyl, n-pentylcarbonyl, isopentylcarbonyl, neopentylcarbonyl, tert-pentylcarbonyl, n-hexylcarbonyl, isohexylcarbonyl and the like.
The term "C1-6-alkylsulfonyl" as used herein refers to a monovalent substituent comprising a "C1-6-alkyl" group as defined above linked through a sulfonyl group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, n-propylsulfonyl, isopropylsulfonyl, n-butylsulfonyl, isobutylsulfonyl, sec-butylsulfonyl, tert-butylsulfonyl, n-pentylsulfonyl, isopentylsulfonyl, neopentylsulfonyl, tert-pentylsulfonyl, n-hexylsulfonyl, isohexylsulfonyl and the like.
The term "C1-6-alkylamido" as used herein, refers to an acyl group linked through an amino group; Representative examples include, but are not limited to acetylamino, propionylamino, butyrylamino, isobutyrylamino, pivaloylamino, valerylamino and the like.
The term "C3-6-cycloalkyl" as used herein, alone or in combination, represent a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon group having the indicated number of carbon atoms. Representative examples include, but are not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.
The term "C2-6-alkenyl" as used herein, represent an olefinically unsaturated branched or straight hydrocarbon group having from 2 to the specified number of carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, allyl, iso-propenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, 1-butenyl, hexenyl, pentenyl and the like.
The term "C2-6-alkynyl" as used herein, represent an unsaturated branched or straight hydrocarbon group having from 2 to the specified number of carbon atoms and at least one triple bond. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl and the like.
The term "C4-6-alkenynyl" as used herein, represent an unsaturated branched or straight hydrocarbon group having from 4 to the specified number of carbon atoms and both at least one double bond and at least one triple bond. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, 1-penten-4-ynyl, 3-penten-1-ynyl, 1,3-hexadiene-5-ynyl and the like.
The term "C1-6-alkoxy" as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a straight or branched configuration linked through an ether oxygen having its free valence bond from the ether oxygen. Examples of linear alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy and the like. Examples of branched alkoxy are isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, isopentyloxy, isohexyloxy and the like.
The term "C3-6-cycloalkoxy" as used herein, alone or in combination, represent a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon group having the indicated number of carbon atoms linked through an ether oxygen having its free valence bond from the ether oxygen. Examples of cycloalkoxy groups are cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like.
The term "C1-6-alkylthio" as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a straight or branched monovalent substituent comprising a "C1-6-alkyl" group as defined above linked through a divalent sulfur atom having its free valence bond from the sulfur atom and having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, pentylthio and the like.
The term "C3-6-cycloalkylthio" as used herein, alone or in combination, represent a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon group having the indicated number of carbon atoms linked through a divalent sulfur atom having its free valence bond from the sulfur atom. Examples of cycloalkoxy groups are cyclopropylthio, cyclobutylthio, cyclopentylthio, cyclohexylthio and the like.
The term "C1-6-alkylamino" as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a straight or branched monovalent substituent comprising a "C1-6-alkyl" group as defined above linked through amino having a free valence bond from the nitrogen atom. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, pentylamino and the like.
The term "C1-6-alkylaminocarbonyl" as used herein refers to a monovalent substituent comprising a C1-6-monoalkylamino group linked through a carbonyl group such as e.g. methylaminocarbonyl, ethylaminocarbonyl, n-propylaminocarbonyl, isopropylaminocarbonyl, n-butylaminocarbonyl, sec-butylaminocarbonyl, isobutylaminocarbonyl, tert-butylaminocarbonyl, n-pentylaminocarbonyl, 2-methylbutylaminocarbonyl, 3-methylbutylaminocarbonyl, n-hexylamino-carbonyl, 4-methylpentylaminocarbonyl, neopentylaminocarbonyl, n-hexylaminocarbonyl and 2-2-dimethylpropylaminocarbonyl and the like.
The term "C3-6-cycloalkylamino" as used herein, alone or in combination, represent a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon group having the indicated number of carbon atoms linked through amino having a free valence bond from the nitrogen atom. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylamino, cyclobutylamino, cyclopentylamino, cyclohexylamino and the like.
The term "C1-6-alkoxyC1-6-alkyl" as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a "C1-6-alkyl" group as defined above whereto is attached a "C1-6-alkoxy" group as defined above. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl and the like.
The term "aryl" as used herein refers to an aromatic monocyclic or an aromatic fused bi- or tricyclic hydrocarbon group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, pentalenyl and the like.
The term "arylene" as used herein refers to divalent aromatic monocyclic or a divalent aromatic fused bi- or tricyclic hydrocarbon group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, phenylene, naphthylene and the like.
The term "arylcarbonyl" as used herein represents an "aryl" group as defined above linked through a carbonyl group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, phenylcarbonyl, naphthylcarbonyl, anthracenylcarbonyl, phenanthrenylcarbonyl, azulenylcarbonyl and the like
The term "arylsulfonyl" as used herein refers to an "aryl" group as defined above linked through a sulfonyl group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, phenylsulfonyl, naphthylsulfonyl, anthracenylsulfonyl, phenanthrenylsulfonyl, azulenylsulfonyl, and the like.
The term "arylsulfonyloxy" as used herein refers to a as used herein refers to an arylsulfonyl group as defined herein linked to an oxygen atom having its free valence bond from the oxygen atom. Representative examples include, but are not limited to phenylsulfonyloxy, naphthylsulfonyloxy, anthracenylsulfonyloxy, phenanthrenylsulfonyloxy, azulenylsulfonyloxy and the like.
The term "C1-6-alkylsulfonyloxy" as used herein refers to a C1-6-alkylsulfonyl group as defined herein linked to an oxygen atom having its free valence bond from the oxygen atom. Representative examples include, but are not limited to methylsulfonyloxy, ethylsulfonyloxy, n-propylsulfonyloxy, isopropylsulfonyloxy, n-butylsulfonyloxy, isobutylsulfonyloxy, sec-butylsulfonyloxy, tert-butylsulfonyloxy, n-pentylsulfonyloxy, isopentylsulfonyloxy, neopentylsulfonyloxy, tert-pentylsulfonyloxy, n-hexylsulfonyloxy, isohexylsulfonyloxy and the like.
The term "arylamido" as used herein refers to an arylcarbonyl group linked through an amino group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to phenylcarbonylamino, naphthylcarbonylamino, anthracenylcarbonylamino, phenanthrenylcarbonylamino, azulenylcarbonylamino and the like.
The term "arylC2-6-alkynyl" as used herein refers to an "aryl" group as defined above attached to a "C2-6-alkynyl" group as defined above. Representative examples include, but are not limited to phenylpropynyl, naphthylbutynyl, anthracenylpentynyl, phenanthrenylhexynyl, azulenylpropynyl, fluorenylallyl, indenylbutynyl, pentalenylhexynyl and the like.
The term "halogen" means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
The term "perhalomethyl" means trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, tribromomethyl or triiodomethyl.
The term "perhalomethoxy" means trifluoromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, tribromomethoxy or triiodomethoxy.
The term "C1-6-dialkylamino" as used herein refers to an amino group wherein the two hydrogen atoms independently are substituted with a straight or branched, saturated hydrocarbon chain having the indicated number of carbon atoms. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino, N-(n-butyl)-N-methylamino, di(n-pentyl)amino and the like.
The term "acyl" as used herein refers to a monovalent substituent comprising a "C1-6-alkyl" group as defined above linked through a carbonyl group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, pivaloyl, valeryl and the like.
The term "heteroaryl" as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a monovalent substituent comprising a 5-7 membered monocyclic aromatic system or a 8-10 membered bicyclic aromatic system containing one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, e.g. furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinnyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, tetrazolyl, carbazolyl, benzothienyl, pteridinyl and purinyl and the like.
The term "heteroarylene" as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to divalent 5-7 membered monocyclic aromatic system or a 8-10 membered bicyclic aromatic system containing one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, e.g. furylene, thienylene, pyrrolylene, imidazolylene, pyrazolylene, triazolylene, pyrazinylene, pyrimidin-ylene, pyridazinylene, isothiazolylene, isoxazolylene, oxazolylene, oxadiazolylene, thiadiazolylene, quinolylene, isoquinolylene, quinazolinylene, quinoxalinnylene, indolylene, benzimidazolylene, benzofuranylene, benzothienylene, pteridinylene and purinylene and the like.
The term "heteroaryloxy" as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl as defined herein linked to an oxygen atom having its free valence bond from the oxygen atom e.g. pyrrolyloxy, imidazolyloxy, pyrazolyloxy, triazolyloxy, pyrazinyloxy, pyrimidinyloxy, pyridazinyloxy, isothiazolyloxy, isoxazolyloxy, oxazolyloxy, oxadiazolyloxy, thiadiazolyloxy, quinolinyloxy, isoquinolinyloxy, quinazolinyloxy, quinoxalinyloxy, indoltloxy, benzimidazolyloxy, benzofuranyloxy, pteridinyloxy and purinyloxy and the like.
The term "aralkyl" as used herein refers to a straight or branched saturated carbon chain containing from 1 to 6 carbons substituted with an aromatic carbohydride. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 1-naphthylmethyl, 2-(1-naphthyl)ethyl and the like.
The term "aryloxy" as used herein refers to phenoxy, 1-naphthyloxy, 2-naphthyloxy and the like.
The term "aralkoxy" as used herein refers to a C1-6-alkoxy group substituted with an aromatic carbohydride, such as benzyloxy, phenethoxy, 3-phenylpropoxy, 1-naphthylmethoxy, 2-(1-naphtyl)ethoxy and the like.
The term "heteroaralkyl" as used herein refers to a straight or branched saturated carbon chain containing from 1 to 6 carbons substituted with a heteroaryl group; such as (2-furyl)methyl, (3-furyl)methyl, (2-thienyl)methyl, (3-thienyl)methyl, (2-pyridyl)methyl, 1-methyl-1-(2-pyrimidyl)ethyl and the like.
The term "heteroaralkoxy" as used herein refers to a heteroarylalkyl as defined herein linked to an oxygen atom having its free valence bond from the oxygen atom. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, (2-furyl)methyl, (3-furyl)methyl, (2-thienyl)methyl, (3-thienyl)methyl, (2-pyridyl)methyl, 1-methyl-1-(2-pyrimidyl)ethyl linked to oxygen, and the like.
The term "heteroarylC2-6-alkynyl" as used herein refers to a "heteroaryl" as defined herein attached to a "C2-6-alkynyl" group as defined above. Representative examples include, but are not limited to furylpropynyl, thienylbutynyl, pyrrolylpentynyl, imidazolylpropynyl, pyrazolylbutynyl, triazolylpentynyl, pyridylhexynyl, pyrazinylhexynyl, pyrimidinylpropynyl, pyridazinylbutynyl, isothiazolylpentynyl, isoxazolylhexynyl, oxazolylpropynyl, oxadiazolylbutynyl, thiadiazolylpentynyl, quinolylhexynyl, isoquinolylpropynyl, quinazolinylbutynyl, quinoxalinnylpentynyl, isoindolylhexynyl, indolylpropynyl, benzimidazolylbutynyl, benzoxazolylpentynyl, benzothiazolylallyl, benzofuranylhexynyl, tetrazolylpropynyl, carbazolylbutynyl, benzothienylpentynyl, pteridinylallyl, purinylhexynyl and the like.
The term "arylthio" as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group linked through a divalent sulfur atom having its free valence bond from the sulfur atom, the aryl group optionally being mono- or polysubstituted with C1-6-alkyl, halogen, hydroxy or C1-6-alkoxy. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, phenylthio, (4-methylphenyl)-thio, (2-chlorophenyl)thio and the like.
The term "live to eight member ring" as used herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain or hydrocarbon-heteroatom chain having from 3 to 6 atoms together with the carbon atom in Ar, to which they are attached, and the adjacent carbon atom form a five to eight member ring.
Certain of the above defined terms may occur more than once in the structural formulae, and upon such occurrence each term shall be defined independently of the other.
The term "optionally substituted" as used herein means that the groups in question are either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the substituents specified. When the groups in question are substituted with more than one substituent the substituents may be the same or different.
The term "treatment" is defined as the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating or alleviating the disease, condition or disorder, and the term includes the administration of the active compound to prevent the onset of the symptoms or complications, or alleviating the symptoms or complications, or eliminating the disease, condition, or disorder.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" is defined as being suitable for administration to humans without adverse events.