A method of preparing a yeast usable in a fermentation test for evaluating malt on the laboratory scale whereby more reproducible test data can be obtained regardless of the operation conditions of a plant, etc.; and a medium to be used therein. A yeast for the fermentation test for evaluating malt is prepared by culturing a yeast in a liquid medium containing 0 to 2.5% by weight of glucose, 6.0 to 9.0% by weight of maltose, 0 to 2.5% by weight of sorbitol, 0 to 1.0% by weight of peptone and 0.3 to 1.0% by weight of yeast extract at 10 to 20° C. for 2 to 4 days under shaking (primary culture), then in the medium in an increased amount compared with the primary culture at 10 to 20° C. for 3 or 4 days under shaking (secondary culture), then in the medium in a further increased amount compared with the secondary culture at 8 to 9° C. for 7 to 9 days under stirring until the plats attains 3.0° P. or less (tertiary culture), allowing to stand in a cold room for 3 to 24 hours and then collecting the yeast.

Malt used for beer brewing is an ingredient which has strong influence over the determination of the taste or flavor of beer, and it is also said to be the most important thing of beer. Malt contains various components such as protein, starch, extract and the like, and the composition of said components sometimes determines the quality of malt. However, it is said that the quality of fermentation of wort made from said malt is the most important factor which determines the quality of malt. Beer is generally produced by grinding malt, mashing, filtration and boiling to prepare wort, followed by adding yeast to the cooled wort to proceed fermentation. Therefore, if the quality of malt is good, the fermentation of yeast will proceed actively, and beer wherein the flavor is also excellent can be produced. However, if the quality of malt is not good, the fermentation will proceed only very slowly, and it is possible that beer with little commercial value is produced.
Moreover, in beer brewing, fermentation is proceeded in a condition wherein the wort in which yeast is suspended, is left at rest in a fermentation tank. However, the following ability is required for the yeast: to ferment in a condition wherein the yeast is diffused into wort, to precipitate when the fermentation is completed, and to ensure the amount of yeast necessary for the next fermentation. As for lager type beer, bottom fermentation yeast is generally used, and most of these yeasts have the ability to flocculate between yeasts. The flocculation of the bottom fermentation yeast is an extremely valuable characteristic for the brewer. That is a characteristic wherein the bottom fermentation yeast is dispersed by sugar in the wort, to make a block by flocculating each other when sugar disappears after fermentation, then to precipitate and to separate from the liquid. However, malt also comprises materials that promote flocculation of yeast, and depending on the crop situation of barley of that year, there is malt comprising many materials that promote flocculation of yeast and it sometimes happens that yeast in the wort is precipitated at an early stage of the fermentation. Said materials that promote flocculation, are generally called premature yeast flocculation factors, and it is important to know how many premature yeast flocculation factors are comprised in the malt, when managing fermentation.
Therefore, it is very important to know the quality of malt, especially the characteristics of fermentation, before using malt in beer brewing. Recently, by chemical analysis, it became possible to know the content of protein, starch, extract and the like, and to estimate on some level when the the yeast is fermented. However, in order to know how much extract will be converted to alcohol when fermentation is actually proceed, or how much the premature yeast flocculation factor will precipitate yeast, it is necessary to actually prepare wort from malt, and to proceed fermentation. Therefore, the present inventors have reported a method of mashing malt or a method of fermentation test of a small scale to evaluate the quality of malt, especially the characteristics of fermentation, on a laboratory scale before the actual brewing, as a method of a fermentation test for evaluating malt (EUROPEAN BREWERY CONVENTION MONOGRAPH XXIII E.B.C.-SYMPOSIUM MALTING TECHNOLOGY ANDERNACH• GERMANY NOVEMBER 1994, 110-136). This method of fermentation test for evaluating malt has been established as a standard analysis, after many researchers have considered various aspects such as method of selecting malt used as control (called control malt), determination of control for mashing temperature, method of handling yeast and the like. By incorporating the results of chemical and physical analysis and the like to the results of this fermentation test for evaluating malt, a comprehensive decision is made, and the results are used as criterion when purchasing malt from a manufacturer.
The summary of the above-mentioned fermentation test for evaluating malt is explained in detail as follows: first, as for the process of grinding malt, the grinding scale of the disk mill is adjusted so that the intervals between disks are precisely 1.00 mm, 300 g of malt is ground with the disk mill, and the total amount is put in a 2 L mashing beaker (stainless-steel beaker). 1.8 L of tap water of 46 to 47° C. is added to the mashing beaker comprising the ground malt, the mixture is put into a large mash tun which the water temperature is adjusted to 45° C., and by continuing to stir, the mixture is mashed at a course of temperature according to the Congress method (45° C., 30 minutes→ raise temperature 1° C. every minute→70° C., 1 hour). When mashing is completed, the mash is filtered with a conical filtration cloth, and the filtration speed is determined. The amount of the wort which filtration is completed and the plato (° P.) are determined. 1.2 L of said wort is put in a 2 L conical flask, 2.6 g of fresh hop is added, the opening of the conical flask is covered with a funnel, and by boiling the mixture for 1 hour, the bubbling of the surface is examined. After boiling, the condition of Bruch and the clarity are examined. The boiled wort is cooled to around 50° C., filtered with Toyo filter paper No.2 (diameter 30 cm), then the filtrate is left overnight at around 8° C., filtered with Toyo filter paper No.2 to remove cold breaks, and then tap water is added to adjust the plato of wort to 11.0° P. The wort obtained which has been boiled is used in the fermentation test.
Approximately 500 ml of yeast in a form of mud collected from the fermentation tunk is put in a 1 L beaker, an equal amount of cold water is added, stirred well, and when the yeast is precipitated, the supernatant is thrown away. This operation is repeated for 4 times or more, and the liquid is filtered with a 100 mesh wire net. By using a Buechner funnel with a Toyo filter paper No.7 attached to it, yeast suspended solution is filtered by aspiration to obtain pressed yeast. 500 ml of said wort which has been boiled, and 1.75 g of pressed yeast are added to a 1 L flask for fermentation test, the mixture is shaken 30 times to disperse the yeast, and is left at rest for 2 hours at a constant temperature (20° C.±1° C.). Yeast-added wort thus obtained is moved to a KI fermentation tube (capacity of 500 ml, diameter 25 mm, height 1250 mm) and is left at rest at 8° C.±0.2° C. for 7 days. As control, control malt is used. OD 800, plato, AAL (apparent attenuation limit), and premature flocculating nature of yeast are determined for 1 to 8 days, compared with the control, and the fermentation characteristics of the test malt are evaluated.
The above-mentioned fermentation test for evaluating malt is an excellent method that has been established as a standard analysis to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of malt. However, during the process of considering the method in order to obtain more reproducible test results, it was found that the physiological condition of yeast to be used could possibly be a factor having influence over the test results. That is, the fermentation test for evaluating malt is a kind of bioassay by a yeast. Generally, yeast collected after actually being used in a beer plant (plant yeast) is used in the above fermentation test for evaluating malt, but in a beer plant, as there are busy season, off season or manufacture discontinuation due to maintenance and repairing, not only it is hard to collect yeast in the same physiological condition at all times, but also the fermentation activity of the yeast may change depending on the storage condition or transportation condition of the yeast. Moreover, in case a malt manufacturer conduct independently a fermentation test for evaluating malt or a beer manufacturer outsource a fermentation test for evaluating malt and the like, it is not always possible to use yeast collected from a beer plant in the same condition. Thus, it was estimated that there were problems for the reproducibility of the test results. The object of the present invention is to provide a method of preparing yeast usable in a fermentation test for evaluating malt on a laboratory scale, in order to obtain more reproducible test results, without being influenced by the operating conditions of the plant or the like, and a medium to be used therein.

Method of preparing yeast for fermentation test


An organic electro-luminescence display (OELD) includes first and second substrates facing each other and having a display region and a non-display region, a first stacking layer in the display region, the first stacking layer including an array layer disposed on the first substrate and having a thin film transistor, a connection pattern connected with the array layer, and an emitting diode disposed on the second substrate and connected with the connection pattern, and a second stacking layer between the first and second substrates and in the non-display region, the second stacking layer corresponding to the first stacking layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device, and more particularly, to an organic electro-luminescence display (OELD) and a fabricating method thereof.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Until recently, display devices generally have employed cathode-ray tubes (CRTs). Presently, much effort has seen made to study and develop various types of flat panel displays, such as liquid crystal display devices (LCDs), plasma display panels (PDPs), field emission displays, and organic electro-luminescence displays (OELDs), as substitutes for CRTs. Among these flat panel displays, the PDP has a large display size but low lightness and high power consumption. The LCD has thin profile and low power consumption, but a small display size. The OELD is a luminescent display that has fast response time, high lightness and wide viewing angle.
FIG. 1 is a view of an equivalent circuit for an OELD according to the related art. As shown in FIG. 1, the OELD includes a data line DL and a gate line GL crossing each other to define a pixel region P, and a power line VDDL. In the pixel region P, a switching transistor TS, a driving transistor TD, a storage capacitor CST and an organic emitting diode E are arranged. The switching transistor TS turns on or off by a gate signal applied through the gate line GL. When the switching transistor TS turns on, a data signal is applied to the driving transistor TD through the data line DL. The driving transistor TD turns on or off by the applied data signal. When the driving transistor TD turns on, a power signal is applied to the organic emitting diode E through the power line VDDL so that the organic emitting diode E emits light.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an OELD according to the related art. As shown in FIG. 2, the OELD includes a first substrate 70 as a lower substrate, and a second substrate 90 as an encapsulation substrate facing the first substrate 70. Also, on the first substrate 70, an array layer AL and an organic emitting diode E on the array layer AL are disposed. The array layer Al includes a transistor T. The organic emitting diode E includes a first electrode 72, an organic emitting layer 74, and a second electrode 76. Since the first electrode 72 is made of a transparent material, light emitted from the organic emitting layer 74 goes toward the first substrate 70. On the other hand, the second substrate 90 has a sunken portion 92 filled with a desiccant 94. The desiccant 94 blocks outer moisture so as to protect the organic emitting diode E.
The OELD of FIG. 2 is regarded as a bottom emission type OELD because of its light emission direction. In this bottom emission type OELD, since the array layer AL and the organic emitting diode E are both formed on the lower substrate 70 as light-emitting elements, if either one has a problem, the lower substrate 70 is considered as a defective substrate, thereby reducing the production efficiency of the OELD. Moreover, in the bottom emission type OELD, since elements such as the transistor and metal lines blocks light emission from the bottom, the aperture ratio of the OELD is small, thereby causing difficulty to achieve high resolution.

Organic electro-luminescence display and fabricating method thereof


Process for conditioning a container including a granular material A enabling the adsorption of the nitrogen contained in a feed gas stream, including a step of injecting, into the container, a gas or a gas mixture G such that the adsorption capacity of the material A with respect to G is less than 10 Ncm3/g at 25° C. and 1 atm.

The present invention relates to a process for conditioning a container comprising a granular material A enabling the adsorption of nitrogen.
The present invention will be applied both to the barrels of adsorbents, for example suppliers' barrels of adsorbents, and to the adsorbers.
Regarding the application to adsorbers, even though the present invention will first and foremost be applied to adsorbers of VSA (Vacuum Swing Adsorption gas separation process) type, the present invention will also be able to be applied to all adsorbers of PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption gas separation processes) type:                VSA processes are pressure swing adsorption processes in which the adsorption is substantially carried out at atmospheric pressure, referred to as high pressure, i.e. between 1 bara and 1.5 bar, and the desorption is carried out at a pressure below atmospheric pressure, typically between 0.3 to 0.5 bar.        VPSA processes in which the adsorption is carried out at a high pressure substantially greater than atmospheric pressure, i.e. generally between 1.6 and 8 bara, preferentially between 2 and 6 bara, and the low pressure is below atmospheric pressure, typically between 30 and 800 mbara, preferably between 100 and 600 m bara.        PSA processes in which the adsorption is carried out at a high pressure significantly greater than atmospheric pressure, typically between 1.6 and 50 bara, preferentially between 2 and 35 bara, and the low pressure is above or substantially equal to atmospheric pressure, therefore between 1 and 9 bara, preferably between 1.2 and 2.5 bara.
Hereinafter, use will be made of the term (V)PSA which will encompass VSA, PSA, and VPSA.
(V)PSA cycles comprise at least the following steps: production, decompression, purge, recompression.
In the case of a V(P)SA O2 adsorber, the molecular sieve has the function of selectively retaining nitrogen with respect to oxygen and argon. This molecular sieve therefore has a very high affinity with respect to nitrogen, which changes very substantially with the temperature at which the material is exposed.
Conventionally, the material is activated at the adsorbent manufacturer's premises with preferentially dry air and then exposed to a flushing with dry air, with ultrapure nitrogen during phases during the filling of the adsorber in the factory in order to minimize contamination by atmospheric moisture. Thus, after filling, the adsorbent material is at equilibrium with nitrogen or air at atmospheric pressure and at the temperature of the factory.
Subsequently, the outside temperature will vary, during storage in the factory, transportation, or storage at the plant site with consequently an adsorption or a desorption of nitrogen (and of other constituents to a lesser extent) depending on whether the outside temperature is lower or higher than the filling temperature. This respiration of the adsorbent material leads to risks of pollution (in particular when the pressure in the container becomes lower than atmospheric pressure) and/or of exceeding the permissible adsorber pressure depending on the conditioning method conventionally selected.
On that basis, one problem that arises is that of providing an improved adsorber conditioning process.

Process for conditioning a container comprising a granular material

L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude


A shrouded enclosure is mounted to a vehicle roof, the shrouded enclosure comprising an air intake formed by controllable shrouds, a turbine, an electricity generating device, and a discharge outlet. The turbine is interposed between the air intake and the discharge outlet, operatively connected to the electricity generating device and adapted to operate by the air passing through the shrouded enclosure when the vehicle is in motion. The turbine rotates about a turbine shaft mounted on a pair of bearing towers. The rotational energy of the turbine shaft is transferred to the electricity generating device. A base plate is interposed between the shrouded enclosure and the mounting surface of the vehicle. An electrical circuit provides electrical continuity between the electricity generating device and the battery during predetermined periods thereby generating electrical energy to charge the battery with the generated electrical energy. The controllable shrouds are opened to a predetermined position during the predetermined periods of electrical continuity and are otherwise closed to form a predetermined aerodynamic shape to reduce drag during vehicle movement.

Increasing use of gasoline-powered vehicles significantly contributes to environmental pollution, noise and depletion of crude oil reserves. Electrically-powered vehicles are known to solve some of the problems associated with gasoline-powered vehicles, but such vehicles are not yet in widespread use. Electrically-powered vehicles have certain drawbacks as compared to vehicles powered by conventional gasoline engines and newer hybrid vehicles.
Significant drawbacks include limited travel range between battery recharging and excessive time required for recharging the batteries. The average travel distance between battery recharging for currently available electrically powered vehicles is considerably less than the travel distance achieved between gasoline refills of gasoline or hybrid powered vehicles. Also, it usually takes several hours to recharge the batteries during which time the vehicle remains inoperative.
Use of electrically-powered vehicles with the concomitant environmental advantages can be significantly increased by enlarging the travel range of electrically-powered vehicles between battery recharging downtimes. One way to increase the travel range of electrically-powered vehicles is to charge the batteries while the vehicle is in motion. Typically, this has been accomplished by using wind resistance to generate electrical power. Many variations on this theme have been described in the art, but all have inherent limitations. Accordingly, there is still a continuing need to develop more efficient ways to charge batteries while the vehicle is in motion. The present invention fulfills this need and further provides related advantages.

Wind driven generator for powered vehicles


A method and apparatus for determining the scope of a content domain for ensuring that a content stream is not re-routed to an unauthorized display device. The apparatus includes a content source device, which supports multiple display outputs coupled to one or more content sink devices. A content source application generates and provides a content stream to a hardware interface which securely transmits the content stream to a protected content sink device using a content protection protocol. The content source application utilizes certain status information to ensure that the content stream is not re-routed to an unprotected or unapproved content sink device. The source application requests the updated session identification code from the transmitter/codec unit using the content protection protocol which is compared against the expected session identification code to ensure that the content display stream has not been re-routed to an unprotected content sink device.

In general, entertainment, education, art and so forth (hereinafter collectively referred to as "content") packaged in digital form offer higher audio and video quality than their analog counterparts. However, content producers, especially those in the entertainment industry, are still reluctant in totally embracing the digital form; the primary reason being that digital contents are particularly vulnerable to pirating. Unlike the analog form, where some amount of quality degradation generally occurs with each copy, a pirated copy of digital content is virtually as good as the "gold master." As a result, much effort has been spent by the industry in developing and adopting techniques to provide protection for the distribution and rendering of digital contents.
Historically, the communication interface between a video source device (such as a personal computer) and a video-sink device (such as a monitor) is an analog interface. Thus, very little focus has been given to providing protection for the transmission between video sources and video sink devices. With advances in integrated circuits and other technologies, a new type of digital interface between video source and video sink devices is emerging. The availability of this type of new digital interface presents yet another new challenge to protecting digital video content. Similarly, production challenges exist for exchanges of status values between the video generating video source application and the video transmitting video hardware interface of the video source device.
In particular, protecting content displayed on systems capable of supporting multiple display outputs presents a serious problem. In such systems, it is necessary to ensure that premium content ends up on a desired output in which it can be protected. Moreover, some premium content may contain a restriction prohibiting it from being displayed on certain types of display devices (e.g., analog devices), which do not provide content protection. Although current methods for digital content protection can enable video hardware interfaces to securely transmit digital video to external video sink devices, these methods do not provide a simple mechanism for verifying that the content arrived at the protected display. Moreover, systems supporting multiple display outputs are subject to rewiring of input and output selection devices, such that rogue agents may (trivially) re-wire these input and output devices using software accessible chip registers in order to re-direct premium content streams to unprotected or undesired display devices.

Method and apparatus for determining scope of content domain


A composition is provided to control soil erosion and for conditioning soil to prevent fugitive dust and stabilizing roadway surfaces. the composition contains monomeric resins, enzymes, surfactants and water. The composition can be sprayed onto the soil or admixed and distributed with the soil and followed by compacting with a roller or pneumatic compactor.

A particular problem encountered, however, in using such film forming latices for soil erosion control is the limit on the useful life of the deposited film caused by the tendency of the film to deteriorate upon weathering and leaching of hydrophilic components which break the continuity of the film and destroy the ability of the film to hold the surface soil particles together. We have found that the useful life of such films and their ability to bond the surface soil particles can be increased, such that one application will last as long as four months without maintenance, by adding to a latex a resinate compound and enzymes in an aqueous composition.
As is well known in this art (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,961,799) the latex should form a water-insoluble rubbery film and, hence, almost any elastomer-forming polymer can be used. Thus, for example, natural rubber latex, reclaimed rubber latex, latices of synthetic materials such as polyisoprene, nitrile rubber, polysulphide, silicone rubber, polyester rubber and the like have been suggested. We have found, however, from the standpoint of the film produced, best results are obtained utilizing latices of butadience-styrene copolymer, butyl rubber and neoprene. Generally, in usage, the latex composition should be diluted with water to reduce the polymer solids content to about 10 to 30 parts per thousand for best results in application to the soil using conventional spraying equipment. Generally, the amount of polymer required for permeable films is on the order of 150 pounds per acre, while non-permeable films can be obtained on the order of 500 pounds of polymer per acre.
There are four primary categories of enzymes. 1. Protease 2. Lysase 3. Amylase and 4. Cellulase. Protease and Amylase enzymes work well together and are commonly formulated in detergent compositions for removal of soil. For enzymes to provide a zymalytic reaction, they must function at a pH of about 6.0 to 8.5 and in a composition containing less than 50% water.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,174,942 to Erikson discloses a soil erosion control composition which contains a diene latex in combination with bentonite. The compositions produce a rubbery, continuous and porous film which is bonded to the surface soil particles.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,931 to Cargle, which is herein incorporated by reference, discloses a method of treating soil to enhance its geotechnical properties with a composition containing homopolymers and copolymers of acrylic acid which can be used in the present invention.


A steerable antenna system for adjusting the elevation of an antenna for communication with a central facility via a satellite. The steerable antenna system includes a motor, a spindle drivingly engaged to the motor, and a chassis fixedly disposed on the spindle. The chassis has a stop disposed about its periphery. A first waveguide is fixedly disposed on the chassis and a second waveguide is disposed on an antenna. A ring cam is mounted on the chassis, and a grooved is formed in the ring cam. A first portion of a lever arm is pivotally mounted on the chassis and a second portion of the lever arm is disposed in the groove of the ring cam. An antenna is hingedly mounted on the chassis and to the lever arm. A solenoid, disposed on a base of the steerable antenna system, is configured to engage a portion of the ring cam. In use, when the solenoid is activated, power from the motor is used to adjust the elevation of the antenna. When the solenoid is deactivated, power from the motor is used to adjust the azimuth of the antenna to acquire a satellite.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a steerable antenna system to facilitate communication between a mobile transceiver and a central station via a satellite. In particular, the present invention relates to a small aperture antenna that adjusts in azimuth and elevation to more efficiently acquire a geosynchronous satellite for communication with a central transmission facility.
II. Description of the Related Art
Mobile communication systems are utilized by commercial trucking companies to locate, identify and ascertain the status of their vehicles. Mobile communications systems are also used to send information, and receive information and information requests from the operator of the vehicles.
Such mobile communication systems often operate by sending signals from a home base or hub, also referred to as a central or fixed station, to the truck via a satellite. The truck typically has an antenna mounted on an upper surface for receiving information from the hub via the satellite. In some systems, a transceiver located in the truck operates via the antenna to send information back to the hub via the satellite.
In order for the small aperture antenna to acquire a geosynchronous satellite and maintain contact with the hub via the satellite, the antenna must be configured to adjust its position. Typically, these antennas are configured to sweep through an arc of rotation to acquire the satellite. For example, during initial acquisition, such as when the vehicle first engages the system after an off period, the antenna has no way of knowing where the satellite is located. Also, during use, when a truck turns a corner, the relative position of the antenna to the satellite changes, and the antenna must be able to maintain contact with the hub and satellite. In both cases, the antenna is configured to adjust its azimuthal position to acquire and track the satellite during movement of the vehicle.
One problem with conventional small aperture antennas is that even though they are rotatable, they are often fixed in elevational position. As the vehicle moves a substantial distance away from the orbital track of the satellite, the satellite moves lower on the horizon relative to the antenna. In this case, a conventional antenna cannot adjust its elevational position to maintain contact with the satellite. To accommodate this problem, vehicles are often equipped with antennas having a fixed high or low elevation, called a "look angle", depending on where the vehicles are generally driven in relation to the satellite's orbital track. For example, if the satellite is in geosynchronous orbit, it is generally fixed over a certain position on the earth and orbits at the same speed as the Earth's rotation along a predetermined longitude. In this example, if the satellite is in geosynchronous orbit along a longitude in the center of the United States, vehicles that are typically driven in higher latitudes, e.g., Canada, would have an antenna with a lower look angle, vehicles typically driven at or near the center of the U.S. would have an antenna with a higher look angle, and vehicles driven in lower latitudes, e.g., Mexico, would have antennas with a very high look angle. It is apparent that, in conventional, azimuth-only tracking systems, a single small aperture antenna cannot be used globally.
Another problem with conventional antennas is that to change the elevation, an additional power source may be needed. For example, a conventional gimbal system exists that concurrently adjusts azimuth and elevation of an antenna. However, this system uses a separate motor for each degree of freedom. The second motor is disposed on the antenna so that it rotates with the antenna when the azimuth is adjusted. The additional weight of this second motor requires that a large motor be used to rotate the assembly in azimuth.
What is needed is an antenna that can automatically adjust both azimuth and elevation so that it can be used on a vehicle in many different locations in the world. Further, what is needed is a cost-efficient and lightweight system to automatically adjust azimuth and elevation of an antenna. Still further, what is needed is an antenna that uses the same motor to adjust both azimuth and elevation of the antenna.


A de-glitch circuit, a de-glitch method and a short circuit protection device are provided. In a period during which a first flag signal is in a first logic state, the de-glitch circuit increases a counting result with a rising rate. In a period during which the first flag signal is in a second logic state, the de-glitch circuit decreases the counting result with a falling rate, wherein the rising rate is greater than the falling rate. The de-glitch circuit sets a logic state of a second flag signal according to a relationship between the counting result and a threshold.

Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a de-glitch technology, and more particularly, relates to a de-glitch circuit, a de-glitch method and a short circuit protection device.
Description of Related Art
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternator 10 of the conventional art. The alternator 10 can be applied in cars, trains or other devices capable of providing a mechanical energy. The alternator 10 is commonly disposed with a power module 12, a rectification circuit 13 and a voltage regulator 14 inside. The power module 12 inside the alternator 10 can transform the mechanical energy into an Alternating Current (AC) power. The rectification circuit 13 is configured to convert the AC power into a Direct Current (DC) power, and the DC power can be provided to a load circuit (e.g., an indicator 20, a battery 30 and/or a load 40 as depicted in FIG. 1). The voltage regulator 14 is configured to regulate a voltage level of the DC power outputted by the rectification circuit 13. In general, alternator 10 adopts a three-phase or six-phase full wave rectification, wherein one phase AC power (also known as a phase signal) in a multi-phase AC power outputted by the power module 12 is connected to a P terminal of the voltage regulator 14. In some specific applications such as a diesel vehicle or a large-sized vehicle, the phase signal connected to the P terminal of the voltage regulator 14 is outputted to the load circuit (e.g., a load 50 depicted in FIG. 1) through a W terminal of the voltage regulator 14.
Generally, the voltage regulator 14 is also disposed with an indicator switch SW. The indicator switch SW has one terminal connected to a ground voltage and another terminal connected to one terminal of the indicator 20 through an indicator pin L of the voltage regulator 14. Another terminal of the indicator 20 can be connected to a system voltage B+. Generally, the system voltage B+ is a DC voltage. The voltage regulator 14 can control the indicator switch SW to thereby control an on/off state of indicator 20. Accordingly, the indicator 20 can present state information of the alternator 10.
In some unexpected scenarios, the indicator pin L may be short-circuited to an unexpected voltage source. When a short circuit event occurs on the indicator pin L (e.g., the indicator pin L is accidentally in direction connection with the system voltage B+) and sustains for over a confirmation time, the voltage regulator 14 of the alternator 10 can activate a protection mechanism to turn off the indicator switch SW, so as to prevent the indicator switch SW from burn-out. If the short circuit event does not sustain for the confirmation time, the voltage regulator 14 of the alternator 10 will not activate the protection mechanism. The confirmation time can prevent the protection mechanism from being mistakenly triggered by noise signals.
In an initializing period of the indicator 20 (approximately 20 milliseconds or longer), an initial resistance of the indicator 20 is very small due to low temperature. Only after the initializing period is ended, the resistance of the indicator 20 begins to rise from the initial resistance to a normal resistance due to increasing temperature. In the initializing period when the indicator 20 is activated, the protection mechanism of the indicator switch SW may be mistakenly triggered because the initial resistance of the indicator 20 is very small. Considering such characteristic of the indicator 20, the confirmation time must be greater than the initializing period during which the indicator 20 is activated, so as to prevent the protection mechanism of the indicator switch SW from being mistakenly triggered because of the small initial resistance of indicator 20. In general, the confirmation time can be set to 30 milliseconds or even longer.
Moreover, it is also possible that the indicator pin L may be unexpectedly short-circuited to an AC voltage source. For instance, the indicator pin L of the alternator 10 may be short-circuited to the W terminal. A voltage outputted by the W terminal is an AC voltage 11, and a pulse width of the AC voltage 11 may be less than the confirmation time (30 milliseconds) of the protection mechanism of the indicator switch SW. When the pulse width of the AC voltage 11 outputted by the W terminal is less than the confirmation time, the protection mechanism of the indicator switch SW will not be triggered/activated.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a temperature variation of the indicator switch SW when the indicator pin L is short-circuited to the W terminal in FIG. 1. A horizontal axis depicted in FIG. 2 represents time. A vertical axis of an upper-portion curve of FIG. 2 represents a voltage of the W terminal of the alternator 10. A vertical axis of a middle-portion curve of FIG. 2 represents a voltage of the indicator pin L of the alternator 10. A vertical axis of lower-portion curve of FIG. 2 represents a temperature of the indicator switch SW of the alternator 10. As described above, the confirmation time of the protection mechanism of the indicator switch SW must be greater than the initializing period of the indicator 20, so as to prevent the protection mechanism of the indicator switch SW from being mistakenly triggered because of the small initial resistance of indicator 20. However, when the short circuit event occurs (when the indicator pin L is short-circuited to the W terminal), because a pulse width 201 of the AC voltage 11 outputted by the W terminal is less than the confirmation time of the protection mechanism of the indicator switch SW, the protection mechanism of the indicator switch SW will not be triggered/activated. In the situation where the protection mechanism of the indicator switch SW is not triggered/activated, the short circuit event can cause a large amount of current to intermittently (periodically) flow through the indicator switch SW, resulting in a continuous rising of temperature at the indicator switch SW. Eventually, the indicator switch SW may be burn-out due to overly-high temperature.

De-glitch circuit and de-glitch method and short circuit protection device


A DSP programming apparatus capable not only of reducing work load for software engineers at the time of doing DSP programming but also of modularizing commonly usable algorithms, as well as to provide a DSP device capable of storing programs prepared by the DSP programming apparatus. A module storage unit stores a plurality of modules on a function basis in advance, and modules are linked by combining on a display screen through a GUI (graphical user interface) function by an input section. The linked DSP programs are converted into a DSP microprogram in executable form by a microprogram preparing section, and the microprogram is then transferred to a DSP through a transfer section.

The invention relates to a DSP (digital signal processing) programming apparatus used for processing audio signals such as musical sound signals as well as to a DSP device for storing DSP microprograms in executable form prepared by the DSP programming apparatus.
A DSP device (hereinafter referred to as "the DSP" where applicable) is used for high-speed digital processing of audio and video signal data. Programming for such high-speed digital processing is usually done using an assembly language that is very close to the DSP hardware.
Because the DSP itself is a special logic operation device different from general-purpose CPUs, and the programming therefor can be done only by an assembly language that is very close to the hardware as described above, software engineers must familiarize themselves well with the DSP hardware for programming.
In addition, it is difficult to modularize algorithms, which has led to a problem that in the case of preparing a plurality of programs, each program, although using functionally common algorithms, must be coded throughout again.

DSP programming apparatus and DSP device


A melt processable wholly aromatic liquid crystalline polymer capable of forming an anisotropic melt phase at a temperature below approximately 400.degree. C. having enhanced adhesion properties containing from approximately 0.05 to approximately 2.0 mole percent of a recurring sulfonated, ionic moiety in the backbone of the polymer. The polymer is useful for the production of laminate structures.

Due to their availability and characteristics, wholly aromatic liquid crystalline polymers are desirably used in the formation of laminate articles. However, the use of these polymers therefor has been hindered by their poor adhesion properties to other laminate forming materials. The adhesion of glass, ceramic, polymeric and metallic layers to wholly aromatic liquid crystalline polymers has required the application of binders, heat and compression to the interfacial surfaces of the layers.

Laminates of wholly aromatic liquid crystalline polymers containing ionic monomer units


The present invention is a method and apparatus for the automatic loading and advancement of component feeder tape in a component feeder for use with a pick-and-place system. The feeder employs sensing technology to determine when a component tape leader is inserted into a tape guide, and subsequently auto-loads the feeder with the tape, including initiating the peeling of cover tape. Subsequently, the feeder operates to sense the presence of parts or components in the component tape pockets and to advance the component tape to a position where the first component is presented at the pick location. The feeder is also capable of detecting repeatable features in the component tape in order to automatically determine the component tape pitch.

The present invention is an automated or self-threading tape feeder device for presentation of parts to a pickup location for subsequent retrieval and soldering or similar attachment to a substrate using a pick and place assembly machine such as Panasonic MPA or a Fuji IP pick and place PCB assembly machine. Component tape used in tape and reel feeding equipment typically comprises a embossed plastic, paper, or similar strip having cavities at regular intervals (tape pitch) containing the part to be mounted on the substrate and a second, plastic cover tape or strip sealed with adhesive (PSA) or heat to the pocket tape in such a manner as to cover the cavity in order to retain the parts therein during transport and use. Such tapes are generally of a limited length that is determined by the size of the components and the diameter of the component reel that supplies the component tape to the feeder. However, this invention relates to a tape feeder device that can feed such component tapes in a variety of formats, wherein the feeder incorporates certain functions and features that enable uninterrupted feeding during the automated changeover of a depleted reel of components with a full reel on the feeding apparatus. Previously this was accomplished via a cumbersome and time consuming process whereby the operator was required to splice the lead edge of the new tape to the trail edge of the previous tape or more commonly remove the feeding mechanism and manually thread the cover tape in and throughout the cover tape peel and take-up mechanism.
Accordingly, the invention further enables one-hand loading of tape reels (or the automated loading of reels with a robotic gantry or similar automated device). Such features enable rapid part replenishment and a minimization or elimination of production down-time experienced in the use of conventional component tape feeders on a circuit board assembly line. The preferred method for automated construction of circuit boards requires the use of high speed pick and place machines that pick components from a pickup location on a feeder and place them at predefined locations on a printed circuit board for subsequent attachment. Normally, the cover tape is peeled back from the component tape at a point just prior to the pickup location as the tape is advanced. This is done for two reasons: (1) to minimize the risk that a component will be dislodged from its pocket or depression before it is retrieved at the pick station; and (2) to eliminate the possibility of contamination. Thus, prior feeder designs have focused on ways in which to combine cover tape peel back, tape advancement, and component presentation mechanisms, sensors and other devices in a relatively compact area immediately adjacent, or in close proximity, to the pickup location.
On the other hand, the present invention takes an entirely new approach to the presentation of component reels in order to provide an automatic loading or self-threading feeder. Furthermore, the feeder design described herein also reduces the complexity of part sensing and presentation, as well as avoiding the need to incorporate numerous functional elements of the feeder in direct proximity of the pickup point. For example, the present invention moves the cover tape peeling function and the component tape drive to locations that are well "upstream" from the pickup location so as to avoid disturbing the components at the pickup location.
Moreover, a feeder produced in accordance with the present invention overcomes erratic tape motion problems associated with sprocket or tooth driven tape feeders. The present feeder does not rely on the engagement and disengagement of a tooth within a component tape drive hole for advancement of the tape. Part stability within the open pocket is compromised when the drive tooth is withdrawn, under pressure, from the corresponding drive hole in the tape. A preferred method incorporates a constant drive to the tape via a friction or traction drive method which results in a more laminar component tape motion profile. Another important objective of the present invention is to incorporate logic that makes it possible to dismount an empty component reel well before the last part has been taken from the component tape currently in the feeder and automatically load up the full reel of parts without interruption to the assembly process.
Heretofore, of the following patent has disclosed automatic threading of film, the relevant portions of which may be briefly summarized as follows:
U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,404, "SELF-THREADING MOTION PICTURE PROJECTOR," issued to Kalart Victor Corp. on Nov. 23, 1976 teaches a means to place a film projecting apparatus in a mode to accommodate the insertion of the film into the transport.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided automatic and bi-modal operation whereby the tape advance function and tape load function are discrete but concurrent elements of the tape transport system within a feeder.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an auto-loading component tape feeding apparatus, for feeding a component tape having a plurality of pockets with components held therein by a cover tape, the component tape feeder comprising: a retractable cover tape peeling edge, station for removing and pulling a cover tape from an upper surface of the component tape; a cover tape collection station; and a component pickup location where said component tape is, upon inserting a lead edge of component tape into the auto-loading component tape feeding apparatus, automatically advanced by a drive means in contact with the component tape.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an auto-loading component tape feeding apparatus, for feeding a component tape having a plurality of pockets with components held therein by a cover tape, the component tape feeder comprising: means for supporting a reel of component tape having components disposed within pockets in the component tape, the components being held therein by a cover tape; a cover tape peeling station where the cover tape is peeled from a surface of the component tape; a cover tape collection means, suitable for the disposition of peeled cover tape; a guide for guiding said component tape from said component tape reel support to said cover tape peeling station; a component pickup station; at least one component tape drive mechanism for frictionally engaging a surface of the component tape and advancing the component tape from a location in proximity to the cover tape peeling station and toward said component pickup station; and an open pocket transport region, disposed between said cover tape peeling station and said pick station, where said component tape is advanced by a drive means in contact with a surface thereof over at least a portion of the region where the component tape pockets are uncovered.
In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a component tape feeder in an auto-loading mode, comprising the steps of: detecting the insertion of a component tape into a tape guide; in response to detecting the insertion of the component tape, automatically advancing, with a first component tape drive nip, the component tape to a cover tape peel position; automatically initiating the peeling of a cover tape from the surface of the component tape to expose components therein; automatically advancing the component tape to a second tape drive nip; detecting the spacing of pockets in the component tape and the presence of components in the pockets; and automatically advancing the component tape to a pickup location, where a first pocket having a component present therein is positioned at the pickup location for retrieval.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating an auto-loading component tape feeder to automatically calculate the component tape pitch of a component tape in the feeder, comprising the steps of: advancing the component tape under the control of a frictional drive, said drive being driven by a stepper motor where each step is known to correspond to a particular linear displacement of the component tape; while advancing the component tape, monitoring a sensor capable of detecting the presence of a repeatable feature of the component tape at a spacing equivalent to the pitch of the component tape; and in response to the detection of a first and subsequent repeatable feature by the sensor, determining the intervening linear displacement of the component tape by the frictional drive in order to automatically calculate the component tape pitch.
One aspect of the invention is based on the discovery of techniques for the detection and advancing of components in a pocket tape, as well as the transport of components in an opened pocket tape configuration, and a technique to automatically calculate the pitch or distance between pockets. The techniques allow for the reliable and continuous tape advancement, cover tape removal and precise positioning of component tape, and more particularly the automated threading and loading of such tape.
The techniques can be implemented with a machine that is designed to fit within the form and space constraints of traditional feeders. A machine implementing the invention can include an improved cover tape collection means (e.g., reservoir, reel, downward discharge), a surrogate component cover (stationary, movable or driven), control logic and one or more drive mechanisms to reliably position components within the tape at a pickup location, etc.
The techniques described herein are advantageous because they are both efficient and practical compared to other approaches. As a result of the various aspects of the present invention, component tape feeders may be made to be auto-loading, while assuring the continued and reliable presentation of component parts at a pickup location. As a further result of the improved tape drive aspects of the present invention, it is anticipated that the motion of the component tape will be improved over the somewhat discontinuous motion that is characteristic of conventional sprocket or tooth-driven tape feeders.
The present invention will be described in connection with a preferred embodiment, however, it will be understood that there is no intent to limit the invention to the embodiment described. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.


A lightweight, prefabricated, modular masonry fireplace. The firebox is pre-cast in modular sections of lightweight vermiculate concrete. A kiva-style version of the fireplace features a modular firebox disposed within an outer facade made from a tubular steel frame, covered with metal-mesh stuccoed and plastered to present the aesthetic configuration of a sculpted adobe fireplace. An alternative, but equally desirable Rumford-style version of the fireplace does not require an outer facade, but also is assembled from lightweight modular sections.

1. Field of the Invention (Technical Field)
The present invention relates to fireplaces, particularly to a lightweight prefabricated fireplace for residential or small business installation.
2. Background Art
Fireplaces are popular features for homes and small businesses. In some locations, a fireplace may serve as a significant or supplemental source of building heat in colder climates. A fireplace may also be a centerpiece of room decor, and when in use improve the ambiance and mood of the room. In the western United States, especially the southwestern United States, a particular style of fireplace sometimes called a "kiva" fireplace has become popular. Kiva-style fireplaces are patterned after the fireplaces used by ancient and modern Native Americans (particularly the Pueblo and Hopi peoples). A kiva fireplace features gentle, rounded exterior contours and a relatively small firebox with a rounded concave interior combustion chamber. A kiva-style fireplace typically has a generally cylindrical chimney of modest diameter that is visible within the interior of the room.
Currently, fireplaces, particularly kiva- and Rumford-style fireplaces, ordinarily are installed during the construction of the building. They usually are constructed from relatively heavyweight materials, e.g., adobe bricks, stones, masonry, mortar, and the like. While such "original installation" kiva fireplaces are durable and handsome, their character, particularly their weight, normally requires that the building be specially designed to accommodate them. A conventional kiva fireplace generally cannot be "retrofitted" into an existing structure, especially on an upper story or floor, at least not without extensive structure remodeling.
A variety of fireplace types are disclosed in the following patents, which offer background in the art: U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,257 to Hodge et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,422,438 to Scholtz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,862 to McGee; U.S. Pat. No. 5,052,3112 to Kincaid
A need remains for a lightweight masonry prefabricated fireplace, especially a kiva—or a contemporary Rumford-style fireplace that can be easily installed into existing structures, such as the room of a residence.

Prefabricated modular, lightweight fireplace

Abstract: The firebox of all embodiments is cast in modular sections. A central body section of the firebox is placed upon a base, and a smoke plenum section is placed upon the central body section. The central body section, and in some embodiments a portion of the smoke plenum section, define and mostly surround the combustion chamber. The central body section may be a single integral pre-cast component, possibly including an arcuate horizontal section, or may include a plurality of pre-cast planar sections interconnected to collectively constitute the central body portion. All modular components are fashioned from lightweight vermiculite concrete; the combustion chamber is lined with split refractory firebrick or suitable cast refractory alternative. The cast smoke chamber plenum section, which may be a single pre-cast component or a plurality of interconnected modular components, stacks upon the central body to provide a transition from the masonry firebox to a double-walled chimney system.

Abstract: The fireplace can be placed in a room corner or in a chase on a flat wall. It can also be installed over wood floors, or on upper floors, in old or new construction.


Method and apparatus for performing access censorship in a data processing system (10). In one embodiment, a digital data processing system (10) has a sub-system (34) that can be protected against intrusions, yet is still accessible and/or alterable under certain defined conditions. In a non-volatile storage portion (48) of the data processing system (10), censorship information is stored to enable an access control mechanism. Access control information (42) to selectively disable the access control mechanism is programmably generated. Additional access control information (44) can be employed to reprogram a data processing system (10) containing access protected data in a secure mode.

The present invention relates in general to a data processing system, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for performing access censorship in a data processing system.
In the data processing system art, it is often desirable to be able to protect an entire system or selected portions of a system from accesses which are defined as unauthorized. As an example, an unauthorized access may be either a read access, a write access, or both types of accesses to a memory storage device storing program or data information used by the data processing system. In some data processing systems an unauthorized access may be defined as an access to a particular resource, such as a port on a micro controller integrated circuit, that is used to access one or more external integrated circuit terminals. In yet other data processing systems, an unauthorized access may be defined as an access to a particular resource of the data processing system, such as debug circuitry or timing circuitry. Regardless of the resource to be protected, an improved approach to protecting against unauthorized accesses was desired.


The present invention is directed to a container with a removable handle. The container has spaced first and second knobs. The handle is configured as a split tubular member having a central portion and spaced internal first and second contoured portions proximate opposite ends thereof. Each of the contoured portions is configured to receive one of the knobs. The first and second contoured portions tensionably engage the first and second knobs when the central portion is grasped by a user. A method of securing the handle to the container is also disclosed.

Various designs for containers and handles, such as a plastic PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle having a handle, have been developed. However, it is technically difficult and relatively expensive to mold a handle integrally with a side portion of a bottle. Therefore, some designs provide for a separately molded handle that is then permanently attached to the side of the bottle. Some designs provide that the formed handle is embedded into the bottle body as the bottle is being formed. However, such designs are relatively expensive and require special molds for forming the bottle around the handle.
Other designs provide for a separately formed handle that is snapped into a corresponding groove in the bottle body. However, such designs are not removeable. In addition, they are relatively expensive to manufacture given they are typically formed using a relatively large amount of material.
Other designs provide for a strap which is adhesively bonded to the side of the bottle. Although such handles are cheaper to manufacture than others, there is the additional cost of the adhesive. In addition, they typically cannot support heavier bottles, such as larger PET bottles.
Therefore there is a need for a handle, and resulting container system, that is inexpensive to manufacture, durable, removable, and able to support relatively heavy containers.


The present invention provides Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP55 KCTC 11401BP, a composition for treating bowel disease containing the lactobacillus, and a composition for immunological enhancement containing the lactobacillus.

Lactic acid bacteria are abundantly present in fermented foods such as Kimchi and usually dwell in the digestive tract with a function of degrading fibroid materials and composite proteins into useful metabolites. As such, live microorganisms of a benefit to the host by improving the microbial environment in the gut are collectively designated as probiotics. To function as probiotics, microorganisms must reach the intestine alive after oral uptake and must stay on intestinal surfaces adhered. Therefore, they are fundamentally required to have excellent acid- and bile acid-resistance and ability to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells.
Lactobacillus sp. microorganisms are representative probiotics microorganisms which are abundantly present in Korean conventional fermented foods such as Kimchi. Lactobacillus sp. microorganisms are homo- or hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacilli which can be readily found in gut of animals including a human being or in the fermentation process of diary products or vegetables. Lactobacillus sp. microorganisms are known to have the beneficial functions of vitamin synthesis, anticancer activity and blood cholesterol reduction in addition to maintaining a pH of intestines acidic, inhibiting the excessive growth of harmful bacteria such as E. coli or Clostridium and improving condition of diarrhea and constipation. It has been reported that Acidophilin which is produced by lactic acid bacilli can inhibit the growth of dysentery bacilli, salmonella, staphylococci, E. coli and so on. Further, it can stop diarrhea by suppressing the growth of diarrhea-causing bacteria and normalizing the intestinal microfloral environment (Michael and Philippe, Probiotics and prebiotics: Effects on diarrhea, The journal of nutrition, Volume 137, March 2007, pages 803S-811S; Roberfroid, Prebiotics and probiotics: Are they functional foods?, American journal of clinical nutrition, Volume 71, June 2000, pages 1682S-1687S).
Researches have been intensively made to develop the Lactobacillus sp. microorganisms as probiotic agents and animal feeds by taking advantage of the above properties of Lactobacillus sp. microorganisms. Bacterial diarrhea causes livestock to lose weight or even die. To increase productivity of livestock by preventing the onset of the disease, antibiotics have been generally added to the feedstock of livestock. However, use of antibiotics in animal feeds has been regulated and organic methods of raising livestock have been recommended because of problems such as advent of resistant bacteria and antibiotics residues within livestock products (Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 1998-78358) (McEwen and Fedorka-Cray, Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals, Clinical infectious Diseases, Volume 34, June 2002, pages S93-S106).
In addition, lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus sp. microorganisms are known as exhibiting immunopotentiating activity. Possibly because of worldwide environmental pollution and instant food-uptake increase, allergic and atopic diseases associated with abnormal immunomodulation have increased rapidly over the world including Korea. Recently, an attempt to treat or alleviate diseases by bacteriotherapy in which pathogenic microorganisms are displaced with beneficial bacteria by the oral administration of lactic acid bacteria has been made in Europe. It has been reported that incidence rate of atopic diseases in infants decreased to about half the level by administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (Kalliomaki et. al., Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, Volume 357, April 2001, pages 1076-1079) and that area and severity of progressive atopic eczema in children decreased by administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri (Rosenfeldt et. al., Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis, Dermatologic and ocular diseases, Volume 111, February 2003, pages 389-395).
The immunopotentiating mechanism of lactic acid bacteria has been steadily studied. Although the underlying mechanism has not been clearly identified, it is generally known that lactic acid affects gastrointestinal tract immune system through oral introduction and existence in the gastrointestinal tract. For example, it has been reported that the uptake of lactic acid bacteria with yogurt increases the antibacterial activity of Peyer's patch's lymphocytes. And, tests with animals and humans showed that lactic acid bacteria potentiate the response of IgA. Further, lactic acid bacteria have an influence on both innate immunity and adaptive immunity. It is known that in innate immunity of the intestinal immune system, lactic acid bacteria defend health against infection by recognizing and killing pathogens. Further, it is known that in adaptive immunity, lactic acid bacteria activate macrophages which functions in phagocytosis of pathogens and presentation of antigens to T lymphocyte, resulting in that production of various cytokines, inter alia, IL12 and IL-18 is increased. In this regard, it is known that some of the constituents of the cell wall of lactic acid bacteria activate the NF-κB and STAT signaling pathway in macrophages and thereby stimulate the production of cytokines. In addition, lactic acid bacteria increase the production of IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-α in dendritic cells, which are specialized antigen-presenting cells abundantly found in the lymph nodes and the mucosa of the digestive tract, as well as the expression of T-lymphocyte-activating surface molecules such as MHC class II and B7-2 (Cross et. al., Anti-allergy properties of fermented foods: an important immunoregulatory mechanism of lactic acid bacteria?, International Immunopharmacology, Volume 1, May 2001, pages 891-901).
T lymphocytes play a central role in adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity is categorized into a Th1 response leading to cell-mediated immunity and a Th2 response leading to humoral immunity. The cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells are different between the Th1 response and Th2 response. IL-12, IL-18 and interferon (EFN) are predominantly produced in the Th1 response whereas PGE2, IL-4, and IL-10 are predominantly produced in the Th2 response. For immune system homeostasis, the Th1 and Th2 responses should keep the balance. The disruption of Th1/Th2 balance gives rise to immune disorders. Generally, Th1 cells are more effective against infection, while Th2 cells are responsible mainly for allergic and inflammatory responses. When acting normally, Th2 cells protect the body from dust and other undesired substances. When excessively activated, Th2 cells induce the hyperproduction of IgE antibodies, giving rise to allergic reactions to proteins which are not normally antigenic (e.g., pollen, foods). Therefore, Th1 responses must be in balance with Th2 responses and a surplus or deficiency of either of them causes diseases. Chronic stress induces the continuous release of cortisol, which causes a decrease in Th2 response but an increase in Th1 response, resulting in the induction of cancer, atopy, allergy, and autoimmune diseases (lenkov and Chrousos, Stress hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and susceptibility to disease, Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Volume 10, November 1999, pages 359-368).
It is reported that, in vivo, lactic acid bacteria stimulate the production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, but suppress the release of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 in T lymphocytes (Matsuzaki et. al., The effect of oral feeding of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on immunoglobulin E production in mice, Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 81, January 1998, pages 48-53). According to another experiment, when ovalbumin-primed mice showing a Th2 bias were administered orally with lactic acid bacteria, the IFN-γ level of the splenocytes increased but the IL-4, IL-5 and IgE levels decreased. Further, the incubation of the splenocytes isolated from ovalbumin-primed mice with a Th2 bias, together with lactic acid bacteria, brought about a change in cytokine and IgE levels in agreement with the results of the oral administration experiment. However, because the incubation of only T lymphocytes together with lactic acid bacteria did not lead to a significant increase in IFN-γ level, it seems that antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are required for the IFN-γ production of T lymphocytes (Kato et. al., Lactic acid bacterium potently induces the production of interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma by mouse splenocytes, International Journal of Immunopharmacology, Volume 21, February 1999, pages 121-131). IL-12 and IL-18, both of which are cytokines playing an important role in differentiating Th0 lymphocytes into Th1 lymphocytes, are produced in macrophages or dendritic cells. When treated with lactic acid bacteria in incubation, splenocytes or microphages are known to increase the production of IL-12, IL-18 and IFN-α in dose-dependent manners. As such, lactic acid bacteria increases the production of IL-12, IL-18 and IFN-α in macrophages, thus promoting differentiation into Th1 cells with the concomitant induction of IFN-γ production, so that they can act to drive a Th2-predominant condition toward a Th1/Th2 balance (Cross et. al., Anti-allergy properties of fermented foods: an important immunoregulatory mechanism of lactic acid bacteria?, International Immunopharmacology, Volume 1, May 2001, pages 891-901). Therefore, it is reported that lactic acid bacteria are useful in the prevention or treatment of immune diseases such as cancers, atopy, allergy and autoimmune diseases, which are caused by the disruption of the Th1/Th2 balance triggered by an excessive Th2 response.


A dual pyroelectric-effect sensor having the sensing elements aligned in a motion plane permits direction determinations to be made for moving IR sources. Dual sensing-element PIR sensors provide different voltage outputs depending upon a relative direction of movement of an object and the sensing elements. By alternating the effective polarizations of the sensing elements in the PIR sensor, clear direction information is available from the PIR sensor. A direction detecting circuit working in cooperation with a switch controller employing a counter and a timer, permits independent tallying of entrances and exits. Upon the counter indicating that the number of objects that exited the area equals the number of objects that entered, the lights are immediately extinguished. The timer ensures that the lights turn off should incorrect values become recorded in the counter.

The present invention relates generally to pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors, and more specifically to PIR sensors used to detect direction and speed.
PIR sensors are well known in the art. These sensors are commonly used in security systems for measuring motion in a monitored area. PIR sensors use materials having a pyroelectric effect. One common material is LiTaO.sub.3, which in its crystalline form is spontaneously polarized (i.e. electrical dipoles in the crystal structure develop). Heating the LiTaO.sub.3 crystal to a temperature just below its Curie temperature in an electrical field causes these dipoles to line up in a direction of the electrical field.
Bringing opposing electrodes into contact with the polarized crystal causes the surface to be electrically charged. Ions in the air neutralize this surface charge. Thereafter, the crystal absorbs incident infrared radiation (IR). The absorption of the IR causes the temperature of the crystal to change, altering the spontaneous polarization and thus the number of dipoles. The change in the number of dipoles unbalances surface charges on the crystal's surface. It is possible to measure this surface charge imbalance as a voltage change. Thus, voltage changes on the surface of the crystal are indications of incident IR. The voltage change and the subsequent detection of IR required a temperature change in the crystal. To include a temperature change in the crystal requires either a moving IR source, or a chopper disposed between the crystal and the IR source.
FIG. 7 is a schematic presentation of the pyroelectric effect. At the top of FIG. 7 a source of IR is shown modulated by a chopper. The chopper first is closed, then opened to illuminate a pyroelectric crystal with the infrared radiation, and then subsequently closed. Below the status graph of the chopper is seen the charge distribution of the crystal surface corresponding to the chopper status. Position A, with the chopper closed prior to illumination, shows a balanced surface charge aligned with an electric field (not shown). Position B, opening the chopper, disturbs the balance of the dipoles, producing a net positive charge distribution. Position C occurs sometime later with the chopper open, after excess surface charge is neutralized and charge becomes rebalanced at the new dipole generation rate. Thereafter, at position D (closing the chopper), induces an equal but opposite charge distribution in the crystal. Ions become associated with the unbalanced crystal charge at position E, sometime later. The graph below the representations of the crystal charge distribution illustrates output from a sensor employing such a crystal.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a prior art PIR detector 100 consisting of dual pyroelectric elements (LiTaO.sub.3) 102a,b a high-ohmic resistor 104, and a low-noise field effect transistor (FET) 106 built into a TO-5 package. The TO-5 package includes a window 110 made up of a silicon filter which limits incident rediation to wavelengths in a prespecified range.
The prior art employed dual element sensors to reduce noise signals from the sensor. FIG. 9 is a top view of a PIR sensor 100 having two sensing elements 102a and 102b. Typically, the sensing elements are one millimeter by two millimeters and separated by a one millimeter space. The polarities of the sensing elements are reversed as shown., with the sensing elements oriented at about a forty-five degree angle to improve the noise reduction feature of the sensing element.
It is common in the prior art to employ these PIR sensors in switches to control room lighting, for example. In one common application, a switch with a PIR sensor is mounted to monitor an entrance to a room. When a person enters the room, the PIR sensor detects the entrance and begins operation of a timer. Subsequent detections of persons entering or leaving the room will reset the timer. When the timer expires, the switch automatically turns the lights off. This is a desirable energy-saving feature. These switches do not have an ability to detect relative motion of the person entering or leaving the room, so that a person leaving the room will reset the timer. If the switch were able to discriminate between a person entering or leaving, the switch could immediately turn the lights off rather than waiting for the timer to expire.

Method and apparatus for detecting direction and speed using PIR sensor


A method for generating dummy frequencies to make frequency hard handover smooth in provision of a digital CDMA mobile communication service when base stations are different in frequency configuration. The coverage of each of the dummy frequencies becomes the same as that of a service frequency using basic signals of the service frequency. According to the present invention, a pilot channel signal, a sync channel signal, a paging channel signal and traffic channel signals of the service frequency are placed directly on each of the dummy frequencies. Therefore, the coverage of the dummy frequency can always become the same as that of the service frequency which is varied according to a traffic amount of the base station, so that a mobile station can perfectly perform the frequency hard handover. Further, one power combiner, one power amplifier and one power divider are provided to process all of the dummy frequencies. Therefore, a dummy frequency generation circuit can become simple in construction and be reduced in cost. Also, the system reliability is enhanced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to a method for generating dummy frequencies to enable a smooth frequency hard handover in a digital code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication service when base stations are configured for different frequencies, and more particularly to a dummy frequency generation method for making the coverage of a dummy frequency the same as that of a service frequency using basic signals of the service frequency.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system, a service frequency includes a plurality of channels which are identified according to codes. A forward link from a base station to a mobile station is composed of pilot, sync, paging and traffic channels. The pilot channel transmits information allowing the mobile station to acquire the system and identify the base station. The coverage of the base station is determined according to a ratio of chip energy of the pilot channel to interference density.
The interference density is determined based on the sum of power of the sync, paging and traffic channels and ambient noise power of the mobile station. For this reason, the coverage of a base station varies according to a power ratio of the channels in the service frequency and a traffic load.
In mobile communication systems such as cellular, personal communications service satellite mobile communications and future public land mobile telecommunications systems, handover must be performed to maintain a call when a mobile station passes through the boundary between base stations. Particularly, in a CDMA mobile communication system, when service frequencies of two base stations are the same in number and value, a call can be continuously maintained by soft handover with no frequency conversion. However, when the service frequencies of the two base stations are not the same in number, a frequency conversion may be required to maintain the call, with an engaged mobile station which is called "frequency hard handover".
When the service frequencies of the handover target base station are smaller in number than those of the adjacent base station, the handover target base station adds dummy frequencies or pilot beacons to service frequencies to make the number of the frequencies the same as that of the adjacent base station. In this manner, a mobile station using a frequency other than the service frequency of the handover target base station obtains information of the handover target base station to perform frequency hard handover. At this time, each dummy frequency is composed of a part or all of a pilot channel signal, a sync channel signal and paging channel signals. Here, the term "dummy frequency" represents all of pilot beacons or dummy pilots, each of which transmits only the pilot channel signal and dummy frequencies, each of which is composed of a part or all of the pilot channel signal, sync channel signal and paging channel signals.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the construction of a system for performing a conventional dummy frequency generation method. The base station is provided with a service frequency with traffic channels and dummy frequencies with no traffic channel. The service frequency includes a pilot channel signal A.sub.1, a sync channel signal B.sub.1, a paging channel signal C.sub.1 and traffic channel signals D.sub.1 -D.sub.N. Channel elements 1-5 perform digital signal processes including frequency spreading, respectively, with respect to the pilot channel signal A.sub.1, sync channel signal B.sub.1, paging channel signal C.sub.1 and traffic channel signals D.sub.1 -D.sub.N. The processed signals are combined by a power combiner 6 and converted into a radio frequency signal F.sub.1 by a transmitter/receiver unit 7. Then, the radio frequency signal F.sub.1 is amplified by a linear amplifier 8 and supplied to an antenna (not shown). Here, the pilot channel signal A.sub.1, sync channel signal B.sub.1, paging channel signal C.sub.1 and traffic channel signals D.sub.1 -D.sub.N are adjusted in gain by the channel elements 1-5. The pilot channel signal A.sub.1, sync channel signal B.sub.1 and paging channel signal C.sub.1 are typically maintained at gains set upon initialization of the base station. However, the traffic channel signals D.sub.1 -D.sub.N are dynamically varied in gain to maintain a call quality depending on a variation in traffic amount. As a result, the base station coverage, or a ratio of chip energy of the service frequency pilot channel to noise density, is varied.
For the smooth frequency hard handover, a handover target base station must have N-1 dummy frequencies in addition to one service frequency when the adjacent base station has N service frequencies. Each dummy frequency is the same in construction as the service frequency, with the exception that it has no traffic channel signal. Pilot, sync and paging channel signals of the first dummy frequency are processed respectively by channel elements 9-11. Similarly to those in the service frequency, the processed signals are combined by a power combiner 12 and converted into a radio frequency signal F.sub.2 by a transmitter/receiver unit 13. Then, the radio frequency signal F.sub.2 is amplified by the linear amplifier 8 together with the radio frequency signal F.sub.1 of the service frequency and supplied to the antenna. Channel elements 14-16 correspond to the N-1th dummy frequency. Similarly, pilot, sync and paging channel signals of the N-1th dummy frequency are processed respectively by the channel elements 14-16. The processed signals are combined with a power combiner 17 and converted into a radio frequency signal F.sub.N by a transmitter/receiver unit 18. Then, the radio frequency signal F.sub.N is amplified by the linear amplifier 8 together with the radio frequency signal F.sub.1 of the service frequency and the radio frequency signal F.sub.2 of the first dummy frequency and supplied to the antenna.
In the above-mentioned conventional system, the coverage of the service frequency F.sub.1 is determined according to a pilot chip energy-to-noise density ratio at the output of the power combiner 6. The noise density is determined based on the sum of power of the sync B1 and paging C1 channel signals from the channel elements 2 and 3 and power of the traffic channel signals from the channel elements 4, . . . , 5. For this reason, the coverage of the service frequency F.sub.1 is varied depending on a load amount on the traffic channels. However, the coverage of each of the dummy frequencies F.sub.2, . . . , F.sub.N is determined according to a pilot chip energy-to-interference density ratio at the output of a corresponding one of the power combiner 12, . . . , 17. The interference density is determined based on power of the sync and paging channel signals from corresponding ones of the channel elements 10 and 11, . . . , 15 and 16. As a result, the coverage of the dummy frequency is always constant, an necessarily different from the varying coverage of the service frequency.
In other words, the coverage of each of the dummy frequencies must be the same as that of the service frequency to make frequency hard handover smooth. However, when the coverage of a dummy frequency of a handover target base station is larger than that of a service frequency thereof, a handover executing mobile station receives the signal of the dummy frequency of the handover target base station at the boundary of the dummy frequency coverage of the handover target base station and changes it communication frequency to the service frequency of the target base station. In this case, a call is dropped because the service frequency coverage of the handover target base station is small. Also, because the dummy frequency coverage of the handover target base station is extremely large, the interference to the adjacent base stations is increased, resulting in a reduction in the coverage of a service frequency of the adjacent base stations. On the other hand, when the coverage of the dummy frequency of the handover target base station is smaller than that of the service frequency thereof, the handover executing mobile station cannot obtain information of the handover target base station at the boundary of the service frequency coverage of the adjacent base station. As a result, the frequency hard handover cannot be performed.

Method for generating dummy frequencies for frequency hard handover in code division multiple access mobile communication system


Handsfree fieldglasses providing increased clarity and magnification of a visual target in an outdoor application are disclosed. The handsfree fieldglasses can include eyeglasses, binoculars, and a customized connector coupling the eyeglasses and binoculars. The eyeglasses may include prescription lenses and/or polarized lenses. The lenses can have antireflective coatings, hydro-phobic coatings and/or a reduced or substantially flat base curve. The binoculars include adjustable separate lens arrangements having lengthy or infinite focal lengths to be placed against each eyeglass lens. The connector includes multiple fixed attachments and adjustable components such that the binoculars can be custom adjusted to rest against the eyeglasses and also to flip away from the eyeglasses while remaining coupled thereto. While resting against the eyeglasses, a user simultaneously perceives a full field of view having a magnified central portion and non-magnified outer portion. Perforated sideshields are used to reduce side glare while also permitting air passage.

Binoculars, fieldglasses, spotting scopes and other optical devices are generally well known and frequently used by many outdoor enthusiasts, such as hunters, fisherman, birdwatchers, and the like. For many, such optical devices aid in providing for increased enjoyment of various outdoor activities that might involve sighting or viewing details of a distant object. Of course, such devices are also known to have numerous other applications both indoors and outdoors, such as, for example, military activities, security and surveillance, neighborhood monitoring, and watching a concert, theater production or ballgame from the relatively cheaper seats, among others. Although binoculars, fieldglasses and other similar optical devices are generally available in a wide variety of types, shapes and sizes for a huge assortment of different applications and demands, it is generally true that most such devices need to be held or otherwise manipulated manually by a user during ordinary use.
Such a simple requirement can be very inconvenient in many instances, particularly where one or more target viewing objects are moving; where multiple target objects are to be viewed at once or in rapid succession; where the focus of the optical device needs to be adjusted during a viewing; or any combination of such factors. In addition, it may simply be tiring for a user to have to hold the optical device for extended periods of time during continuous activity. Various ways of overcoming the troubles associated with an optical device that typically needs to be held manually include stationary stands or holders, such as those used for telescopes.
Apparatuses and methods for coupling optical loupes to eyeglasses and other personal optical equipment are also well known, such as those items that are traditionally used by surgeons, dentists, jewelers and other professionals who often have a need to view close up items in particular detail. Particulars for other devices that can be used to couple optical loupes with eyeglass frames can also be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 558,899; 5,923,396; and 6,614,603, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. As generally used though, surgical and jeweler loupes tend to focus on a particular object that is located within a substantially short distance from the user. As such, the focal length of the added loupes tends to be quite short, such that visibility beyond a distance of about ten feet or so is typically not possible.
In addition, much of the various loupes and other prior art optical devices that are adapted to permit a user to wear the device in some manner typically result in a field of view through the device that is severely constrained or limited. Further, such a focused view through a set of loupes or other enhancing optical devices tends to be provided at the expense of any other possible viewing of any other object. In general, the human eyes and mind are typically not able to view and process images at different distances and focuses that are substantially different from each other. Thus, when one looks through a telescope to view an item, it is typically not possible for that person to focus on a distant object at, for example, a ten times magnification with one eye, while also focusing on and viewing that same object with zero magnification with the other naked eye. As such, the field of view that is seen by a typical person when looking through a telescope, binoculars, fieldglasses, spotting scopes, or other similar optical devices is usually limited to the field of view that is provided by the optical device that is being used. For some magnifying optical devices, the field of view provided is substantially limited, such that a user can experience some degree of tunnel vision while using the device.
Although the various devices and methods used for providing enhanced views through binoculars, fieldglasses, and other similar optical devices have been adequate in the past, improvements are generally encouraged. Based on the foregoing considerations, there thus exists a need for improved apparatuses and methods for allowing a user to view distant objects through a handsfree optical device having increased clarity and magnification, and for such a device to be able to provide a full field of view to the user while also providing such clarity and magnification.

Handsfree fieldglasses having full field of view


An RFID system, which operates at different frequencies, for information interchange is provided. The system includes a user RFID module and a proprietor RFID module. The two RFID modules include a tag and a tag reader which operate at different frequencies, respectively. The frequency of the tag of the proprietor RFID module is the same as that of the tag reader of the user RFID module. According to the frequency, the data in the proprietor RFID module is able to be read by the tag reader of the user RFID module. The frequency of the tag reader of the proprietor RFID module is the same as that of the tag of the user RFID module. According to the frequency, the data in the user RFID module is able to be read by the tag reader of the proprietor RFID module.

In order to help visitors understand the relevant information of an amusement park, a museum or an exhibition hall, a guide service is usually a good choice for the people working in these places to adopt. The common guide services and their drawbacks are as follows:
(1) Arrangement of a Guide Announcer
Usually a guide announcer leads a group of visitors and introduces the relevant information for them. In this way, the number of visitors per announcer is limited and the efficiency of the procedure is low. Hence, this way is difficult to satisfy everyone in this group.
(2) Arrangement of Guide Software
In this way, the visitors operate the guide software to obtain the relevant information. However, the content of the guide software is arranged according to the original sequence that the designers choose. Therefore, this inflexible sequence makes the guide software inconvenient for the visitors.
(3) Arrangement of a Broadcast
The visitors have to wait until the next broadcast begins in order to get the complete information or guide if they miss the beginning of the broadcast. Hence, this way is not efficient in practice.
Besides the inconvenience of the guide function, for ride ticket purchase and various consumer retail transactions after the visitors enter the amusement park, it is necessary to pay cash or use credit cards. It is not only an extra burden but also risky having to carry cash or credit card around for possible purchases or spending. Budgeting spending for children is especially challenging when they are out touring attractions or participating in events.

Guest-service-type convenience system for implementation at ticketing activity, touring activity and retail transaction

Industrial Technology Research Institute


An apparatus for holding and restraining long handled tools is described. The tool box is comprised of a plurality of longitudinally extending cylinders, the cylinders being reconfigurable for multiple different sizes or widths. The entire assembly of a plurality of cylinders is combined together such that each cylinder is securely affixed to any adjacent cylinder. This assures that the tool holder is rigidly pieced together as a single unit and may also be unconnected to resize each individual tool receiving cylinder. The assembled holder rests upon pedistals and may also be constructed with outwardly extending handles and sleeves to retain the cylinders together and provide the ability to raise and move the tool holder as a single unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for holding and retaining tools which have a long handle and more importantly to separate such tools while also keeping them firmly in place in a relatively small area.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
In general, long handle tools such as shovels, rakes and the like have been difficult to retain in their proper place and also separate due to the extended length of the tool handle. Without separation of the tools, the handles may become entangled in various other items or may be scratched or marked or even possibly broken due to the lack of retention of the tools in a specified location. Additionally, as these tools are often placed in the bed of a truck, the likelihood of movement of said tools while the vehicle in motion is high due to the accelerating, turning and stopping of the vehicle.
No prior art devices adequately separates such long handle tools to prevent such movement and possible damage to the tools themselves or to the carrier or vehicle within which they are found. U.S. Pat. No. 4,531,774 teaches a truck toolbox anchor assembly wherein a toolbox is fastened directly to the bed wall of the truck, said toolbox fastened perpendicular to the truck bed walls. However, due to the short length of such toolbox, long handle tools commonly found will not fit in such a toolbox. As a result, such a toolbox which retains these long handle tools is desired to prevent the movement of the tools within a truck bed or similar carrying area.


Provided is a system and method for managing images album-by-album. A communication terminal includes a storage device, a management unit configured to manage images stored on the storage device, album-by-album, and a loading unit configured to load images contained in an album into a server corresponding to a host system on a per album basis in response to a user's setting of sharing attribute of the album as shared with another person. An access permission to the album is granted to the another person so that the another person shares the album with the user.

1. Field
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a system and method for managing an album that allow a user to manage an image such as a photo, a video, and the like, in a communication terminal album-by-album, and share the image with a friend.
2. Discussion of the Background
A mobile terminal such as a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), and the like is capable of performing an application program which is typically operable in a computer that employs an operating system (OS), and carrying out a data communication function such as Internet access, and the like. The mobile terminal may provide, in addition to a function of phone calling, various additional functions such as a function of taking photos, storing, and reproducing image photos, and the like.
Reference is made herein to Korean Laid-open Patent Publication No. 10-2005-0055441 published on Jun. 13, 2005, which discloses a method of managing photos by moving and storing photos to a computer from a mobile terminal, or by utilizing a server that manages photos so as to resolve an issue of failing to store photos at a desired amount due to a limited storage space when the photos are locally stored.
Most application programs for managing photos taken by a mobile terminal may apply only a scheme of locally storing and managing the saved photos of the mobile terminal, or only a scheme of depositing all photos taken by the mobile terminal on a host system. Local-based programs may allow sharing of photos stored in the mobile terminal with a friend using an e-mail, a messenger service, or by other means. Local-based programs, however, have their limits as a scheme of sharing photos in the mobile terminal with a friend in real time since the photos may be shared only instantly. Server-based programs also have their limits due to a communication state of a mobile terminal since the server-based programs may allow access to the server only through an Internet connection in order to view photos. For example, while a user travels via subway, an Internet connection may be unavailable or unstable, and thus, the user may be unable to view the photo due to the impossibility to access the server.
The present application discloses a system and method that allow a service scheme of locally adding and managing an image on a communication terminal, and loading images in a communication terminal into a server.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention, and therefore, it may contain information that does not form any part of the prior art nor what the prior art may suggest to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

System and method for managing and sharing images on per album basis