A vertically attachable golf cart canopy having a folding canopy which allows other accessories, such as coolers and sand bottles, to be mounted underneath. The golf cart canopy has three components: a securing frame (1), canopy support bars (2) and (3) and a canopy (4), (5) and (16). The securing frame (1) is shaped so as to have two vertical legs (21) and a horizontal top bar (23). Frame structure tabs (8) are located at the base of the legs (21) wherein the support bars (2) and (3) are pivotally attached to the securing frame (1). Each leg (21) has a leg extension (24) with at least one securing tab (6) to secure the securing frame (1) to the golf bag support bar (18). The horizontal top bar (23) has a canopy holder (11) which holds the removably attached canopy (4), (5) and (16), a canopy flap (13) and a canopy fastener (15) in order for the user to keep the vertically attachable golf cart canopy in an upright position.

This invention relates to golf cart canopies, more specifically, a vertically attached golf cart canopy having a folding canopy which allows other accessories, such as coolers and sand bottles, to be mounted underneath the device.
The use of golf carts has become commonplace in the game of golf. Golf carts have not only permitted golfers to get to the next hole quicker, but have also allowed golfers to bring along more items to the course to make the game more enjoyable, such as more clubs, tees, golfballs, beverages, sand bottles and the like. The golfers simply place the items in the back of the golf cart and drive the cart from hole to hole, enjoying the game of golf.
However, a perfect golfing day can quickly change into an imperfect day when inclement weather occurs. Although most golf carts have roofs which provide some shelter from rain for the players, all of the items in the back of the golf car are susceptible to being rained upon. The rain could not only damage the items in the back of the cart, but it could also ruin them altogether as well. This is especially unfortunate when the items ruined includes expensive golf clubs.
However, in order to protect these items, vertically attachable golf cart canopies have been created. Currently, there many vertically attachable golf cart canopies in use. However, major disadvantages to using the current canopies is that they either must be attached to the golf cart roof, are difficult to use or impede the amount of storage space beneath the cover. In addition, many of the currently used canopies require some sort of modification or alteration to the golf cart in order to secure the cover device to it. Not only is this difficult, but it could also affect the aesthetic appearance of the golf cart.
Thus, the need for a vertically attachable golf cart canopy which has an easy to use folding canopy which allows other accessories to be mounted underneath the cover and does not require modification to the golf cart is needed.
The relevant prior art includes the following patents:
Pat. No.(U.S. unless stated otherwise)InventorIssue Date6,663,161TyrerDec. 16, 20036,663,162TyrerDec. 16, 20036,416,109Tyrer et al.Jul. 09, 20026,601,904WinklerAug. 05, 20036,547,312WinklerApr. 15, 20036,481,780Dolan et al.Nov. 19, 20026,227,217PetaMay 08, 20014,830,037HeldMay 16, 19896,220,647WinklerApr. 24, 2001  208,564BowersOct. 01, 18785,069,481StrangeDec. 03, 19916,227,603BrockMay 08, 20016,076,206CelayaJun. 20, 20005,688,018SimpsonNov. 18, 19976,216,714TuckerApr. 17, 20012,689,579SartoriSep. 21, 19546,007,134WestonDec. 28, 1999
Although the above patents teach various types of vertically attachable golf cart canopies, none teach a vertically attachable golf cart canopy designed to have a folding canopy which allows other accessories, such as coolers and sand bottles, to be mounted underneath the cover.


A method identifies a first vehicle during vehicle-to-vehicle communication by the first vehicle emitting vehicle data. A second vehicle receives the emitted vehicle data. The first vehicle is detected by environment data detected with an environment sensor of the second vehicle, and identification of the first vehicle with the second vehicle by the vehicle data and the environment data. The vehicle data comprises at least one information item which relates to a visual property of the first vehicle which can be detected from the outside, and the visual property of the first vehicle which can be detected from the outside is checked by the second vehicle by the environment data for identifying the first vehicle.

The present invention relates to a method for identifying a first vehicle during vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Moreover, the present invention relates to a vehicle.
Vehicle-to-vehicle communication, which is also referred to as car-to-car communication, makes it possible to interchange information and data between at least two vehicles. Said information and data are interchanged here via radio, for example via WLAN or UMTS. In addition to interchanging data, vehicle-to-vehicle communication is intended to be used to report critical and dangerous situations to a vehicle driver in good time. During vehicle-to-vehicle communication, each vehicle cyclically emits information relating to itself, with the result that other vehicles in the environment can use this information and can accordingly adapt active safety systems, for example in the event of an impending accident.
In this case, the vehicle data emitted by the corresponding vehicles may comprise an item of information relating to their position and their speed determined using a GPS-based positioning system of the vehicle. In this case, the problem is the limited accuracy of the GPS-based positioning and therefore also the determination of the position of the transmitting vehicle relative to the receiving vehicle. A known method for improving this position determination provides for the information from vehicle-to-vehicle communication to be assigned to the objects of the environment sensor system of the vehicle. For this purpose, the position relative to the receiving vehicle is calculated from the emitted GPS position of the transmitting vehicle and, together with an item of speed and travel direction information, is associated with the environment data acquired by the environment sensor. The data transmitted using vehicle-to-vehicle communication are therefore assigned to the environment data in order to identify the transmitting vehicle. However, if the information from the GPS-based positioning is relatively inaccurate, for example on account of shading in the inner-city area, and a plurality of environment objects come into question for the assignment as a result, reliable assignment cannot be ensured.
DE 10 2010 015 686 A1 describes car-to-car communication which is used to transmit measurement data from environment sensors of one motor vehicle to another motor vehicle so that it can react to the obstacles detected by the environment sensors of the other motor vehicle.
EP 1 553 542 A2 describes the use of an information network to interchange data between vehicles, in which driver state information is interchanged between the vehicles. This driver state information may concern information relating to the driver's attentiveness or tiredness. The current position and the speed of the vehicle are likewise transmitted. In addition, provision is made for technical data relating to the vehicle to also be transmitted.
Furthermore, DE 10 2009 026 464 A1 describes a method for providing vehicle-to-vehicle communication between a first-party vehicle and at least one third-party vehicle, a unique vehicle identification address being assigned to each of the vehicles. The first-party vehicle can identify the third-party vehicles using this vehicle identification address and an object detection device of the first-party vehicle.
Finally, DE 10 2007 045 970 A1 describes a vehicle communication device which is intended to be used to avoid dangerous situations which arise, for example, if a vehicle driver selects a vehicle to which he wishes to send a message. In this case, provision is also made for the license plates of third-party vehicles to be recorded using a video camera of the first-party vehicle and for the third-party vehicles to be identified using the license plate. Provision is also made for corresponding information which transmits the current position, the speed and the type of the vehicle, that is to say whether it is a vehicle with large dimensions or a vehicle with standard dimensions, to be transmitted in addition to the messages.

Method for identifying a vehicle during vehicle-to-vehicle communication


A human body detecting device includes a door handle provided on an outer panel, a first sensor electrode provided on the obverse side of the door handle, and a second sensor electrode provided on the reverse side of the door handle. The human body is detected in response to variation of capacitance between the outer panel and two sensor electrodes.

With respect to a device for locking/unlocking a vehicle door without using a key, a device including a remote is known. For example, a sensor is provided in the vehicle door, the sensor recognizes human body approaching the vehicle. Further, communication between the remote and the vehicle is performed, the vehicle door is unlocked when an outside handle of the vehicle door is operated by human body equipped with a remote having an identification code corresponding to the vehicle. The vehicle door is locked by a switch provided on the vehicle door.
For example, a known human body detecting device is disclosed in a Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 10(1998)-308149. In the device, space is formed inside a resinous outside handle of a vehicle door, and parallel cables for detecting variation of capacitance are disposed in the space. Variation of capacitance between the parallel cables and variation of capacitance between one of the parallel cables and ground can be detected. Therefore, human body approaching the outside handle can be distinguished from human body contacting the outside handle by one sensor.
According to the above described known work, the human body approaching the outside handle can be distinguished from the human body contacting the outside handle. However, it is difficult to determine whether the human body intends to open the vehicle door or the human body intends to walk away from the vehicle door after closing the vehicle door.
Although multiple sensors or switches may be provided in order to detect whether the vehicle door is looked or unlocked, the cost increases and the vehicle doorway be accidentally unlocked.
The present invention therefore seeks to provide a human body detecting device and door locking device capable of distinguishing human body intending to open a vehicle door from the human body intending to close the vehicle door by one sensor and of locking/unlocking the vehicle door.

Human body detecting device and door locking device


The present invention relates a hinge assembly for an electronic appliance and a stand apparatus having the same. The present invention comprises a hinge assembly for an electronic appliance including a bracket connected to a main body of the electronic appliance, a hinge housing connected to the bracket such that a tilt angle of the electronic appliance can be adjusted, and a supporting plate connected to the hinge housing such that a swivel angle of the electronic appliance can be adjusted. The present invention further comprises a hinge cover which covers the hinge assembly and includes a detachable portion for allowing the main body to be folded in parallel with the base plate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic appliance, and more particularly, to a hinge assembly for an electronic appliance capable of adjusting a tilt angle and a swivel angle of the electronic appliance and a stand apparatus having the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, an electronic appliance such as a television or computer monitor is provided with a stand apparatus. The stand apparatus is connected to the electronic appliance to allow the electronic appliance to be supported on a ground or wall surface at various angles.
A hinge assembly capable of adjusting an angle of an electronic appliance is installed to the stand apparatus. The hinge assembly is connected to a main body of the electronic appliance, e.g., to a display unit of a monitor, to adjust a tilt angle of the display unit. At this time, the hinge assembly is provided with a bracket which in turn is connected to the main body of the electronic appliance. The hinge assembly is generally made of a synthetic resin material using a die casting process.
The hinge assembly is covered with a hinge cover. The hinge cover is fixed to a base plate supported on the ground surface or the like while covering the hinge assembly. The hinge cover shields a portion of the hinge assembly to beautify an external appearance of the electronic appliance.
However, there are the following problems in the aforementioned related art.
If the size of a liquid crystal display (LCD) is increased even though the LCD is small in size and light in weight as compared to a cathode-ray tube (CRT) display, e.g. if an LCD monitor or television has a size of at least 23 inches, the weight of the main body makes it difficult to implement a hinge assembly capable of adjusting both a tilt angle and a swivel angle of the LCD. In other words, the hinge assembly allows a user to relatively easily adjust the tilt angle of the main body. However, there is inconvenience in that the main body including the hinge assembly should be moved rightward or leftward as a whole in order to turn the LCD in a right and left direction.
Further, the die casting process used in manufacturing the hinge assembly has higher manufacturing costs and lower working efficiency as compared to a pressing process. In addition, the strength of the hinge assembly manufactured by the die casting process is lower than that of the hinge assembly manufactured by the pressing process.
In addition, the packaging volume should be generally minimized for transportation convenience of economic efficiency when the electronic appliance is packaged and transported. However, the hinge assembly cannot be folded by an angle no less than a predetermined angle due to the presence of the hinge cover. That is, if the main body is pushed backward by an angle no less than the predetermined angle, one side of the bracket comes into contact with an upper end of the hinge cover and thus the main body cannot be folded any more. Accordingly, there is a problem in that the packaging volume of the electronic appliance is also increased.

Hinge assembly for electronic appliance and stand apparatus having the same


A signal transmitting and receiving method in a wireless network use a reader creates a pulse width list relating to pulse widths of transmission signals; transmits signals in sequence according to the created pulse width list; and receives a reply signal with respect to the transmitted signals. The method includes creating a pulse width list relating to pulse widths of the transmitted signals; transmitting signals in sequence according to the created pulse width list; and creating an available pulse width list including a corresponding pulse width in response to receiving a reply signal from the transmitted signals; and transmitting signals in sequence according to the created available pulse width list.

1. Field of the Invention
Methods and apparatuses consistent with the present invention relate to a signal transmission and reception over a wireless network and a reader. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of transmitting and receiving a signal over a wireless network and a reader using a pulse width list of a transmission (Tx) signal to improve communication efficiency.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 depicts a simplified construction of a wireless network system according to the related art. The wireless network system of the related art includes a reader 10 and at least one sensing means 20. The sensing means 20 may be a tag or a sensor.
The reader 10 transmits a signal to the sensing means 20. In response to the transmitted signal, the sensing means 20 transmit a signal containing information collected from their environments to the reader 10. However, smooth communications between the reader and the sensing means 20 may be interrupted by the following factors:
A tag collision when the reader 10 receives signals from a plurality of sensing means 20 at the same time, a reader collision when a plurality of readers 10 generates or receives signals at the same time, a sensitivity problem of the reader 10, and an unrecognized signal command received from the reader 10 due to channel conditions of the sensing means 20.
The techniques described here analyze and resolve the degradation of the communication performance when the sensing means 20 cannot recognize the signal command received from the reader 10.
In the related art, when communicating without a channel filter, the reader 10 transmits a transmission (Tx) signal (signal command) to the sensing means 20 using amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation. The sensing means 20 receives the Tx signal from the reader 10 using envelope detection.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a spectral mask in a wireless network environment where a plurality of readers is present. To minimize the interference between the readers, the frequency channel and the spectral mask of the channel, as shown in FIG. 2, should be satisfied. Meanwhile, 27 channels are allocated within the domestic frequency range 908.5 MHz˜914 MHz and the channel width for each channel is 200 KHz.
However, if a link frequency is 40 KHz, a transmitter for the reader 10 requires a channel filter to satisfy the spectral mask shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 3A is a graph showing a signal received at an envelope detector of the sensing means when the reader is not equipped with the channel filter. As one can see in FIG. 3A, the sensing means 20 has almost uniform pulse widths 30 during the envelope detection.
FIG. 3B is a graph showing a signal received at the envelope detector of the sensing means when the reader is equipped with the channel filter. As one can see in FIG. 3B, the sensing means 20 has variable pulse widths 40 in some cases during the envelope detection.
In conclusion, the intensity of the signal received at the sensing means 20 varies according to the distance between the sensing means 20 and the reader 10, the output power of the reader 10, the direction, and the modulation degree of the reader 10. Additionally, the pulse width detected after the envelope detection varies according to the signal intensity of the sensing means 20. Thus, the sensing means 20 cannot recognize the signal command received from the reader 10 because of the above-mentioned factors when the reader 10 is equipped with the channel filter. As a result, the reader 10 does not receive a reply signal from the intended sensing means 20.

Signal transmitting and receiving method over wireless network and a reader


An actuator moves the hinged lid of a cooking grill or similar container between a closed position and an opened position when an electronic sensor detects the approach of a person. For example, the actuator can open the lid when a person approaches, and then close the lid at a later time, such as when the person activates a switch or leaves the area, or after a time interval.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of automated opening and closing mechanisms and, more particularly, to an automated opening/closing system for a cooking grill or similar container having a hinged lid.
2. Description of the Related Art
An outdoor cooking grill, also commonly referred to as a "barbecue grill," "barbecue," or simply "grill," may include a hinged lid that covers the cooking surface. A hinged lid is a particularly common feature of grills fueled by propane and natural gas, though other grills may have lids as well. Many persons who enjoy cooking on a grill find it awkward to open the grill lid while carrying a plate of food and cooking utensils. Thus, it can be seen that needs exist for a hands-free way of opening and closing a grill with a hinged lid. It is to such an apparatus and method that the present invention is directed.

Automated opening/closing apparatus and method for a container having a hinged lid


The present invention provides a liposome having excellent lung migration ability that had not existed hitherto, by including GALA or Chol-GALA in the liposome. Furthermore, by using the liposome, a pulmonary delivery carrier having a stronger knockdown effect of siRNA when compared to existing carriers is provided.

In recent years, development is actively conducted for a liposome having a functional molecule introduced on the outer surface of the liposomal membrane to be used as a vector for delivering, to a target site, an intended substance such as low-molecular-weight medicines, nucleic acid medicines, antibody drugs, peptides, proteins, sugars, etc. In the field of biomedicine, research on nucleic acid medicines is actively conducted as a next-generation biomedicine that follows the footsteps of antibody drugs and protein medicines. Examples of nucleic acid medicines include antisenses, ribozymes, aptamers, decoy oligos, and siRNAs. Although clinical application of nucleic acid medicines is still in its early stage, siRNA has gathered attention in particular, and clinical tests thereof have been conducted by pharmaceutical companies and ventures in western countries. However, most of such clinical tests are limited to local administration. Although clinical tests are conducted for systemic administration using a delivery system, those have been limited to some organs expected to exhibit passive accumulation, such as the liver. Therefore, in order to expand the application range of a nucleic acid medicine represented by siRNA, there is a demand to establish a delivery system capable of active-targeting.
Examples of such a delivery system that has been developed include a liposome having a hydrophilic polymer (e.g., polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol) introduced on the outer surface of liposomal membrane (cf. Patent Literature 1 and Patent Literature 2). With this liposome, tropism of the liposome against tumor cells can be improved as a result of improvement in-blood retentivity of the liposome. Furthermore, multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) (hereinafter, may be abbreviated as "MEND") has been proposed, and this device can be used as a drug delivery system for selectively delivering a gene or a peptide into specific cells.
In addition, a liposome obtained by introducing GALA on the outer surface of the liposomal membrane using cholesterol bound with GALA has been developed (cf. Non-Patent Literature 1). When a liposome undergoes endocytosis, the liposome becomes included within an endosome, and the liposome within the endosome is degraded when the endosome fuses with a lysosome. However, with the above described liposome, a substance encapsulated in the liposome can escape from the endosome and can be released in the cytoplasm.
GALA is an oligopeptide formed from 30 amino acid residues of basically a repetitive sequence of glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, and alanine (EALA). GALA was synthesized by a research group of Szoka et al. (cf. Non-Patent Literature 2), and various studies have been conducted thereon hitherto. It is known that although GALA takes a random coil structure due to electric repulsion by glutamic acid under a neutral pH condition, GALA takes an alpha helix structure having high affinity with lipid membrane through resolving of the electrical repulsion under an acidic condition (cf. Non-Patent Literature 2).
Furthermore, GALA has been used as a pH responsive endosome-escape promotion element for improving MEND activity, since, when the surface of MEND is modified with a cholesterol (Chol)-bound GALA (Chol-GALA), an endosomal membrane and a MEND lipid membrane undergo membrane fusion under an acidic condition within the endosome, resulting in a release of an encapsulated substance into the cytoplasm (cf. Patent Literature 3).
As described above, although GALA has been used as a functional element for the purpose of improving intracellular kinetics, it is not known as a lung migratory element.
Furthermore, although lung is mentioned as a target organ of a certain type of liposome modified with an endosome soluble peptide (cf. Patent Literature 4), the configuration of the peptide described therein is largely different from the configuration of the GALA peptide according to the present application formed basically from a repetitive sequence of glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, and alanine (EALA). In addition, there is no disclosure or suggestion regarding a liposome modified with the peptide migrating specifically to the lung.

Vector for pulmonary delivery, inducing agent, and uses

National University Corporation Hokkaido University


A roller reamer includes a roller assembly deployed in a corresponding axial recess in a tool body. The roller assembly is retained in the axial recess via compound wedging action provided by at least one retention assembly. The retention assembly includes first and second wedges, the first of which converts a substantially radially directed force to an axially directed force and the second of which converts the axially directed force to a cross-axially directed retention force that retains the roller assembly in the axial recess.

Roller reamers have been used in downhole drilling operations for many decades to improve borehole quality. During drilling operations, the drill bit can be subject to wear causing the dimension of the drilled borehole to vary with time. Vibration of the bottom hole assembly (BHA) can also result in a borehole having many imperfections. Moreover, imperfections (such as ledges) and diameter changes can be introduced as the bore hole traverses a boundary between strata having differing mechanical properties. To improve borehole quality and consistency (e.g., to obtain a borehole having a consistent diameter), one or more roller reamers are commonly deployed in the BHA above the bit.
A conventional roller reamer includes a number of rotational cutting assemblies (e.g., three) deployed about the circumference of a tool body. Each cutting assembly includes a cutting or crushing roller deployed about a shaft (or pin) which is in turn coupled to the tool body. The rollers are configured to rotate about the shaft such that they rotate on the shaft and "roll" about the borehole wall during drilling. Such "rolling" reduces frictional forces between the BHA and the borehole wall which in turn reduces, torque, stick slip, and other vibrational modes. The rollers also include a number of cutting/crushing elements deployed on an outer surface thereof such that they cut (or crush) the local formation. Such cutting is intended to smooth the borehole wall and produce a borehole having a consistent diameter.
As is well known in the art, downhole tools are subject to extreme conditions, including mechanical shock and vibration (particularly radial compressive shock), high temperature and pressure, and exposure to corrosive fluids. These extreme conditions can result in numerous tool failure modes and generally require a robust tool design. For example, a robust sealing mechanism is required to prevent ingress of contaminants into the interior of the roller assembly and to prevent loss of lubricants. Seal failure can cause the roller to seize thereby significantly increasing the frictional forces between the BHA and the borehole wall. Such failures commonly require that the failed tool to be tripped out of the well. Moreover, in underguage holes, excessive radial forces on the roller assembly can cause numerous mechanical failures, for example, including fatigue cracking of the shaft and other internal assembly components. As a result of the aforementioned extreme conditions, it is sometimes desirable to service a roller reamer between drilling operations (or during a routine trip out of the wellbore). Such service may include, for example, replacement of the rotational cutting assemblies. A tool configuration that promotes such serviceability can be advantageous.


A keypad assembly including a substrate, a metal layer, a patterned light-shielding layer, a light-transparent material layer and a keypad circuit module is provided. Said substrate has a first surface and a second surface and the metal layer is disposed on the first surface of the substrate. In addition, the patterned light-shielding layer is disposed on the metal layer to define a light-transparent area and a light-shielding area, wherein the patterned light-shielding layer corresponds to the light-transparent area. In the meantime, the light-transparent material layer is disposed on the second surface of the substrate and corresponds to the light-transparent area. Further, the keypad circuit module is disposed on the patterned light-shielding layer.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a keypad assembly and a fabricating method thereof, particularly to a portable electronic device with slimmer keypad assembly, and fabricating method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Along with the advancement of technology and the rising demand for conveniently in consumer electronic market, the major design requirements for portable electronic devices currently focus on slim size, lightweight and enhanced functions. In general, portable electronic devices, especially referring to hand-held electronic devices, are categorized into cell phones, electronic dictionaries and translators, PDAs (personal digital assistants) and hand-held gaming machines.
Take the cell phone for example. A cell phone mainly includes a main body, a display unit and a keypad assembly wherein, the main body comprises a data processing module and the display unit usually is a liquid crystal display module (LCM) disposed inside the main body. The display area of the display unit is disposed outside the main body and used for displaying images, pictures and words. In addition, a keypad assembly is usually disposed on the main body and serves as user interface for the portable electronic device.
The conventional way of fabricating keypad assembly, generally involves the injection molding process of a blank keypad base with thermoplastic material, such as plastic or rubber. Additionally, the blank keypad base is in the jet coating and laser etching process for desired appearance. Lastly, the blank keypad base is assembled with the main body, so that the keypad assembly can function as controller of the portable electronic device. In the current market, many portable electronic devices with a surface focusing on metallic texture have become popular. In consideration of overall consistent structure, the surfaces of the most keypad assemblies are designed with metallic texture. Hence, the surfaces of conventional blank keypad bases are usually jet-coated with metal paint, or pressed with metal plates in thermal pressing technology.
In view of the foregoing, the injection molding process of making the blank keypad bases requires expensive equipment investment; however, the thickness of a portable electronic device as a whole cannot be effectively trimmed down because a metal plate is required to be fitting jointly in the keypad base. In addition, pressing the jointed metal plate onto the keypad assembly can easily destroy the integrity of the jointed metal plate. Therefore, the production cost is unable to be scaled down and the production yield of the product cannot be effectively increased


An image sensor has an array of pixels read by column circuits to provide reset and read samples on a pair of sample capacitors. To alleviate the effects of parasitic capacitance in the region of the sample capacitors, a modified timing arrangement is used. Both sample switches are operated simultaneously to pre-charge both sample capacitors with a pixel signal value. One sample switch is operated after reset to apply a reset value to one of the pre-charged sample capacitors.

As is well known, active-pixel image sensors have the advantage that they can be made as single chips by conventional CMOS technology, in contrast to CCD image sensors which require special fabrication facilities and are typically implemented as multiple chips due to the range of power supplies required. However, the quality of images produced by active pixel CMOS sensors is poorer than that of CCD devices. One reason for this is the presence of fixed pattern noise (FPN), which includes pixel-to-pixel FPN and vertical FPN. FPN is particularly present when double sampling (sometimes referred to as correlated double sampling) is used to reduce other sources of noise.


A leadframe for a contact module includes signal contacts arranged in pairs carrying differential signals. Each pair of signal contacts includes a first signal contact and a second signal contact. Each signal contact has a mating beam at an end thereof configured to be electrically connected to a corresponding header contact of a header assembly. Each mating beam includes a stem and a branch extending from the stem. A first paddle extends from the stem and a second paddle extends from the branch. In an initial, stamped orientation, the mating beams are stamped such that the mating beams of the first and second signal contacts within the same pair of signal contacts are angled non-parallel to one another.

The subject matter herein relates generally to a leadframe for a contact module and a method of manufacturing the same.
Some electrical connectors include individual contact modules or chicklets that are loaded into a connector housing. The contact modules typically have signal contacts arranged in pairs that carry differential signals. Some conventional contact modules are formed from an overmolded leadframe(s). For an improved electrical connection, the signal contacts of at least some known contact modules have mating ends with opposed beams or paddles that mate to both sides of a corresponding header signal contact for redundant or multiple points of contact. However, due to the excessive amount of material needed to form the double beam at the mating end, the signal contacts require a large pitch or spacing distance therebetween, which leads to a large overall profile or a reduction in the density of signal contacts within the electrical connector. To overcome such problems, at least some known contact modules include two overmolded leadframes that overlay or internest with each other to form the contact module. Such design is costly and difficult to manufacture. Additionally, because such design includes two overmolded leadframes, the time to manufacture such contact modules is doubled as compared to designs that use a single overmolded leadframe.
A need remains for an improved contact module and electrical connector design that has high density and low manufacturing costs.

Leadframe for a contact module and method of manufacturing the same


A switching module includes a common terminal, individual terminals connected to respective corresponding signal paths, and a switch portion that selectively switches and connects the common terminal to one of the individual terminals. The switch portion includes first switches and at least one second switch, each first switch being connected to the common terminal at one end portion within the switch, the at least one second switch being connected to the common terminal at one end portion via a connection wiring electrode provided on a wiring board. This does not allow directional connection between the one end portion of the second switch and the common terminal within the switch. Thus, mutual interference between a communication signal transmitted through the first switch and a communication signal transmitted through the second switch is prevented.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a switching module configured to handle transmission and reception of multiband communication signals, and wireless communication equipment including this switching module.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recent cellular phones facilitate phone calls and achieve high-speed communications of large-volume data by being configured to enable communications in a plurality of communication standards such as Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: Registered Trademark) standard, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) standard, Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, and the like. In this case, a plurality of communication signals in different frequency bands is being transmitted through inside the cellular phone. Thus, in a conventional technology, as illustrated in FIG. 8, a switching module 100 capable of switching and connecting a common antenna 101 to one of a plurality of signal paths corresponding to the respective communication signals is proposed (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-33714).
The switching module 100 is a module that handles transmission and reception of a communication signal in a 2.4 GHz band and transmission and reception of a communication signal in a 5 GHz band. The switching module 100 includes a 2.4 GHz band front end circuit 102a, a 5 GHz band front end circuit 102b, a bandpass filter 103 shared by both the front end circuits, and a switch 104 that selectively connects one of both the front end circuits 102a and 102b to the common antenna 101 and the bandpass filter 103.
Further, the 2.4 GHz band front end circuit 102a is composed of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 105a for local oscillation, an up-converter mixer 106a1 for use at the time of transmission, a down-converter mixer 106a2 for use at the time of reception, a power amplifier 107a1 for transmission, a low noise amplifier 107a2 for reception, and a switch 108a for switching transmission and reception.
Similarly, the 5 GHz band front end circuit 102b is composed of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 105b for local oscillation, an up-converter mixer 106b1 for use at the time of transmission, a down-converter mixer 106b2 for use at the time of reception, a power amplifier 107b1 for transmission, a low noise amplifier 107b2 for reception, and a switch 108b for switching transmission and reception.
However, in this kind of switching module, there are cases where, when a communication signal is inputted to a switch or a splitter (duplexer), harmonic emissions (for example, second-order harmonics or third-order harmonics) of the communication signal are generated as spurious emissions. In the switching module 100 that handles a plurality of communication signals in different frequency bands, there is a possibility that the harmonic components generated at the time of inputting a communication signal to the switch may interfere with another communication signal and degrade communication characteristics of the another communication signal. In view of this, the foregoing switching module 100 is provided with the switch 104 as well as the switches 108a and 108b that are separately provided for the respective front end circuits 102a and 102b. This separates the signal path of the 2.4 GHz band communication signal and the signal path of the 5 GHz band communication signal, and prevents mutual interference of the communication signals in both the bands.
However, in the conventional switching module 100, the switches 108a and 108b are provided for each pair of the front end circuits 102a and 102b, through which the communication signals in different frequency bands are being transmitted, respectively. This makes it difficult to meet the need of simplification and downsizing of switching modules associated with recent downsizing of cellular phones. To simplify and downsize switching modules, it is possible to configure the switch portions 104, 108a, and 108b provided for the different bands using a single IC. However, in such a configuration, the switch portions 104, 108a, and 108b that switch and connect the communication signals in different frequency bands are arranged in close proximity to each other. Further, all the switch portions 104, 108a, and 108b are connected to a common antenna terminal within the IC. Thus, harmonic components generated at one of the switch portions are likely to leak to another switch portion or the signal path connected to that switch portion, and the interference may occur between different bands.
Further, some cellular phones in recent years are provided with an antenna for a different communication system such as, for example, a global positioning system (GPS), a GSM, and the like. In such a case, harmonics of an 850 MHz band signal in GSM may overlap the frequency of GPS signal in some cases, and the reception sensitivity of GPS may degrade if such harmonics are inputted via an antenna for GPS.
Further, in the case where a plurality of switches is included in a single switch IC, redesigning of the switch IC may be required every time the design of a switching module is changed. This increases the manufacturing cost.

Switching module and wireless communication equipment


The disclosure describes an external sensor attached to an undergarment worn by a patient that detects voiding information. The sensor stores the voiding information in a voiding log and transmits the voiding log to an external device. The external device includes a user interface that displays the voiding log to the patient for review. The patient may correct any incorrect voiding information that was logged in error or due to a non-voiding event. A user, such as a clinician or the patient, may use the voiding information to diagnose a condition of the patient. In addition, the voiding information of the voiding log may be used by the user to adjust a stimulation therapy or the external device to automatically adjust stimulation therapy. The undergarment may be disposable or washable after patient use.

Urinary incontinence, or an inability to control urinary function, is a common problem afflicting people of all ages, genders, and races. Various muscles, nerves, organs and conduits within the urinary tract cooperate to collect, store and release urine. A variety of disorders may compromise urinary tract performance and contribute to incontinence. Many of the disorders may be associated with aging, injury or illness.
In some cases, urinary incontinence can be attributed to improper sphincter function, either in the internal urinary sphincter or external urinary sphincter. For example, aging can often result in weakened sphincter muscles, which causes incontinence. Some patients also may suffer from nerve disorders that prevent proper triggering and operation of the bladder or sphincter muscles. Nerves running though the pelvic floor stimulate contractility in the sphincter. A breakdown in communication between the nervous system and the urinary sphincter can result in urinary incontinence.
Monitoring urinary incontinence aids a clinician in diagnosing the precise condition of the patient. Monitoring may include a diary maintained by the patient in which the patient logs voluntary voiding events, involuntary voiding events, i.e., leakage, or other related problems. The patient may keep the diary on paper or in an electronic device. The clinician may review the diary to view the frequency and number of voiding events experienced by the patient. In some cases, the clinician may tailor a stimulation therapy according to the diary.
Electrical stimulation of nerves in the pelvic floor may provide an effective therapy for a variety of disorders, including urinary incontinence. For example, an implantable electrical stimulator may be provided. The electrical stimulator may be a neurostimulator that delivers electrical stimulation to the sacral nerve to induce sphincter constriction and thereby close or maintain closure of the urethra at the bladder neck. In addition, electrical stimulation of the bladder wall may enhance pelvic floor muscle tone and assist fluid retention in the bladder or voiding fluid from the bladder. An appropriate course of neurostimulation therapy may be aided by the diary that monitors voiding events and tracks the therapy.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Integrated circuit field effect transistors include an integrated circuit substrate and a fin that projects away from the integrated circuit substrate, extends along the integrated circuit substrate, and includes a top that is remote from the integrated circuit substrate. A channel region is provided in the fin that is doped a conductivity type and has a higher doping concentration of the conductivity type adjacent the top than remote from the top. A source region and a drain region are provided in the fin on opposite sides of the channel region, and an insulated gate electrode extends across the fin adjacent the channel region. Related fabrication methods also are described.

Integrated circuit field effect transistors are widely used in integrated circuit devices, such as logic, memory and/or processor devices. For example, integrated circuit field effect transistors are widely used in Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) devices. As is well known, a conventional integrated circuit field effect transistor includes spaced apart source and drain regions in an integrated circuit substrate, with an insulated gate electrode therebetween. In operation, a channel is formed in the substrate between the source and drain regions and beneath the insulated gate electrode.
As the integration density of integrated circuit field effect devices continues to increase, the channel length may decrease to submicron dimensions. These short channel devices may create various undesirable short channel effects, such as punch-through. Semiconductor-on-insulator devices have been developed to potentially reduce short channel effects. In contrast with a bulk field effect transistor that is formed in bulk semiconductor, in a semiconductor-on-insulator device the field effect transistor is formed in a semiconductor layer on an insulator layer on a base substrate.
In other attempts to reduce short channel and/or other effects, double-gated field effect transistors have been developed. In a double-gated field effect transistor, a bottom gate and a top gate may be formed on opposite sides of the channel region.
Field effect transistors having projecting regions also have been developed in attempts to reduce short channel and/or other effects. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,278 to Mizuno et al. describes a "Semiconductor Device Having a Projecting Element Region", as noted in the Mizuno et al. Title. As noted in the Mizuno et al. Abstract, a semiconductor device includes a substrate having a projection-shaped semiconductor element region, a gate electrode formed through a gate insulating film on the upper face and side face of the element region, and a first conductivity type source region and drain region provided in a manner to form a channel region on the upper face of the element region across the gate electrode, and which has a high concentration impurity region containing a second conductivity type impurity at a concentration higher than that on the surface of the channel region in the central part of the projection-shaped semiconductor element region.

Integrated circuit field effect transistors including channel-containing fin having regions of high and low doping concentrations


A semiconductor device and a fabricating method thereof are provided. The semiconductor device can include a first chip having transistors of only the NMOS type, a second chip having transistors of only the PMOS type, and an interconnection electrically connecting the first and second chips to each other. By forming NMOS and PMOS transistors on separate chips, the total number of implant photo processes can be decreased, thereby reducing the fabrication cost.

Semiconductor devices are being developed to be small in size, multi-functional, and have low power consumption. Accordingly, small and lightweight semiconductor packages are necessary to sufficiently implement desired characteristics into semiconductor devices.
It is often difficult to apply semiconductor device micro-circuit fabrication technology to each product of a fabrication process. Complicated circuits can cause extension of the development period, enormous equipment investment, and an increase in process cost.
A unit cell of static random access memory (SRAM) generally includes six transistors (6T). Specifically, a unit cell of SRAM often includes four n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistors and two p-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistors.
The implant processes typically required in fabricating SRAM include an implant for forming a well and a channel, an implant for forming a pocket and an lightly-doped drain (LDD), and an implant for forming a source and a drain. Since these processes must be performed for both NMOS and PMOS transistors, six implant processes are required.
Each implant process generally includes a photo process for opening an area in which an implant is to be performed, an ion implantation process for implanting dopants, an ashing process for removing a photoresist, and a cleaning process for removing a polymer that might remain after the ashing process with a cleaning liquid.
Accordingly, to fabricate the SRAM including six transistors, the total number of implant processes required can be 18 or more.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a related art unit cell of SRAM, and FIG. 2 is a layout of the related art unit cell of SRAM.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the related art unit cell of SRAM 10 includes four NMOS transistors (T1, T3, T5, T6) and two PMOS transistors (T2, T4) to give six total transistors.
The related art unit cell of SRAM 10 includes: first and sixth transistors T1 and T6, each having a gate connected to a word line WL and a drain connected to a bit line BL and sub-bit line/BL, respectively; second and fourth transistors T2 and T4 having sources to which a power source voltage Vdd is applied; and driving transistors T3 and T5 having a complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) structure in which the third transistor T3 is connected in series with the second transistor T2 and have their gates connected to each other, and the fifth transistor T5 is connected in series to the fourth transistor T4 and have their gates connected to each other.
Referring to FIG. 2, an NMOS active area 101b having NMOS transistors is formed on a semiconductor substrate. Also, a PMOS active area 101a having PMOS transistors is formed on the semiconductor substrate. The NMOS and PMOS active areas 101b and 101a are isolated from each other by an isolation layer.
In the NMOS active area 101b, p-type impurities are implanted to form p-wells for the NMOS transistors T1, T3, T5, and T6. In the PMOS active area 101a, n-type impurities are implanted to form n-wells for the PMOS transistors T2 and T4.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are views illustrating an implant process for forming an active area of the related art SRAM.
The related art unit cell of the 6T SRAM undergoes several implant processes to form NMOS and PMOS transistors. The PMOS implant must be performed by covering the NMOS transistors with a photoresist 123 to expose only a PMOS area, and the NMOS implant must be performed by covering the PMOS transistors with a photoresist 121 and to expose only an NMOS area.
In each of the implant processes for the PMOS and NMOS transistors, a well implant, a pocket implant, an LDD implant, and a source/drain implant must be performed, as well as possibly other implant processes. An NMOS area must be covered with a photoresist in the PMOS implant, and a PMOS area must be covered with a photoresist in the NMOS implant. Accordingly, many photo processes must be performed, thereby increasing fabrication time and reducing yield rate.
Thus, there exists a need in the art for an improved semiconductor device and fabrication method thereof.

Semiconductor device and method of fabricating the same


Method of separating the surface layer from the core of a piece of wood is escribed. In it, the surface of the piece of wood is initially pre-damaged or roughened and the piece of wood thus treated is thereafter soaked in water or an aqueous solution until the moisture of the wood in the surface layer is at least 30%. Thereafter, the piece of wood thus pre-treated is subjected to a steam process with steam at a temperature of 120 .degree. to 160 .degree. C. by which the surface layer to be removed is solubilized to an extent sufficient for removal from the piece of wood in a following step.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method of reconditioning used wood in which contaminated surface portions are removed by mechanical and chemical operations.
2. The Prior Art
Utilization of used wood as a working material is often particularly problematic because of various contaminations. Most often, the wood is contaminated by organic and inorganic wood preservatives which as a rule are applied to the surface of the wood by drenching or immersion processes, or after construction. Because of the manner in which the wood preservatives have been applied and because of the structure of the wood these wood preservatives are directly fixed only to the surface of the wood, i.e. penetrating not more than few millimeters thereof. Moreover, used wood may be contaminated by inorganic or mineral contaminations from building materials such as, for example, cement, gypsum, concrete or tar paper. These contaminations, because of the nature of utilization of the wood, e.g. to form support or ceiling beams, are also restricted to the surface. In the case of building wood, demolition wood or pallets, nails, screws and staples of iron or ferrous materials are often present. In most cases, they are separated from the chips after cleaning of the wood by magnetic separators and air separators. Together with the types of contamination referred to above, one often encounters weather-induced wear occurring even in protected wood made perceptible by embrittlement and graying of the surface of the wood. In all of the cases described, removal of only a certain surface layer of a piece of wooden building material is necessary, and the remaining core may be used again as good untreated and undamaged wood material. Mechanical reprocessing of used wood by shaving off its surface has been recognized as possible. because of the different and irregular shapes of used wood and its varying sizes, such a process is, however, very complex and expensive. Moreover, machines used for such purposes are subjected to damage from attached minerals or metal parts. For that reason, an economic reconditioning of used wood has hitherto not been possible in cases where surfaces have had to be removed.

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.


An implantable cardioverter including two electrodes for sensing depolarizations of a chamber of a patient's heart, one electrode providing a near field signal, one electrode providing a far field signal. The device defines a desired cardioversion pulse delivery time as a first time interval following the onset of the far field signal. The device measures a second time interval between the onset of the far field signal and the detection of the near field signal, and delivers the cardioversion pulse synchronized to the detection of the near field signal, using the first and second time intervals to define a synchronization interval following detection of the near field electrogram.

This invention relates to implantable stimulators generally and more particularly to implantable cardioverters and defibrillators.
Cardioversion and defibrillation pulses have traditionally been synchronized to detected cardiac depolarizations. In the context of both external and implantable cardioverters and/or defibrillators, synchronization has been accomplished by means of an R-wave detector, which triggers delivery of a cardioversion or defibrillation pulse a short interval thereafter.
The interval between R-wave detection and delivery of a cardioversion or defibrillation pulse has varied somewhat in different prior art implementations. Most cases the delay appears to be an inherent function of the circuitry of the device, rather than a result of any attempt to produce ideal timing of the defibrillation pulse with respect to the detected R-wave. However, U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,006 issued to Haluska et al. suggests that the delay between R-wave detection from the intracardiac EGM to the delivery of the cardioversion shock should be adjustable by the physician to achieve optimal synchronization.
Traditional R-wave detectors have comprised a bandpass filter and a threshold detector and have generally been used for synchronization purposes. However, synchronization to other features of the electrogram has been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,946 issued to Mower suggests synchronization to the point of peak slope of the intracardiac EGM.
As a practical matter, intracardiac or surface R-wave detection circuitry typically detects the occurrence of an R-wave at a point in time which typically occurs somewhat after the onset of the R-wave, and which varies depending upon the morphology of the particular R-wave being sensed. As a result, the synchronization of the cardioversion pulse to the R-wave is somewhat variable. In the context of implantable devices, the R-wave detectors used for synchronization has been coupled to an electrode pair on or in the heart or to an electrode pair comprising a first electrode in or on the heart and a second, remote electrode.
An earlier attempt to provide improved control of the relationship between the depolarization of the heart and the delivery of a cardioversion pulse is set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/630,698, for a Paced Cardioversion, filed Dec. 20, 1990, by Mehra, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In this application, the inventor proposed overdrive pacing in response to detection of the tachyarrhythmia, and synchronization of the delivered cardioversion pulse to the overdrive pacing pulse. While it is believed that this approach is workable, it does require additional expenditure of energy in the form of overdrive pacing pulses.

Method and apparatus for terminating tachycardia


A mobile phone alert system sets one or more alert conditions of a mobile phone, and sets a response message corresponding to each of the alert conditions. The system further monitors communication status of the mobile phone when the mobile phone is communicating with a contact mobile phone, determines if an alert condition occurs by determining if the communication status meets the one or more alert conditions, retrieves and sending a corresponding response message to the contact mobile phone number via a first network, in response to a determination that the alert condition occurs to the mobile phone. Additionally, the system may further search a second available network, sends the response message and a request of sending the response message to the contact mobile phone number to a service center via the second network, in response to the response message has not been sent successfully via the first network.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments of the present disclosure are related to communication management, and particularly to a mobile phone alert system and method.
2. Description of Related Art
Mobile phone failures often occur unexpectedly. For example, the battery may run out before a phone conversation with a person has ended, or a phone conversation may abruptly end due to bad reception. In these instances, the receiver of the phone conversation may not know the reasoning behind why the conversation has ended, causing confusion.


The invention relates to a method of identifying and registering entities, in particular for internet applications, comprising the processing steps of: a) defining a URL/domain name system in accordance with a system of identification codes, b) formulating URL/domain name notation rules in accordance with the defined system of identification codes, and c) designating codes and the associated URLs/domain names on the basis of the defined system of identification codes and in accordance with the formulated URL/domain name notation rules. The invention also relates to an assembly of hardware and software for applying this method.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method of identifying and registering persons, in particular for internet applications, and to an assembly of hardware and software for applying such a method.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
The internet is a fast-growing medium, which, from a communication viewpoint, consists of Top Level Domains (TLDs), internet addresses (Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)), internet sites with information, search engines, users and access providers. Top Level Domains such as "com", "net", "org", "edu", "gov", "mil" etc. are defined on the basis of a worldwide open organization structure. The structure of naming is based on internationally standardized character sets. There are also Sub-Level Domains (SLDs) which are country-specific: "us", "uk", "nl" etc. The general search engines available are focussed particularly on searching sites by content. The worldwide character and the infinite possibilities in respect of the publication of information and message traffic make it essentially a medium with particularly attractive use potential. It is thought that internet at this moment is at its initial stage. Characteristic of the present situation is that heretofore internet has been designed mainly by engineers and that at the moment the providers and users are located for the most part in industrialized countries. It is expected that the number of users and providers will only increase in the future. Through wider application the internet will also undergo further changes so as to make it more of a user medium with unrivalled possibilities and with a broad, worldwide degree of participation.
Seen from a worldwide viewpoint, there is at the moment quite a low internet participation and a mediocre spread of providers and users. The main causes for this lack of spread, in addition of course to the relatively short existence of internet, are to be found in aspects such as technical possibilities, cost, the anticipated utilization, retrievability, position in respect of for instance competitors and so on. The internet has an essentially worldwide orientation. Powerful options aimed specially at (inter)local and (inter)regional oriented use (other than on SLDs) are lacking. In the present situation on the internet, searching for a URL/domain name is practically only possible via the internet. Within the internet unclear or confusing naming is possible for URLs/domain names, for instance due to more or less unobstructed use of names of general importance and/or significance. It is generally difficult to be directly retrievable as provider on internet on the basis of URL/domain name. Particularly in the case of frequently occurring names it is in fact impossible to register for each applicant a suitable, distinctive and retrievable URL/domain name. The first registration of a URL/domain name by a user/provider can thus result in a great advantage. An additional drawback of a first registration is that third parties often register URLs/domain names on a large scale having as content the name of for instance a well-known personality or company, whereby the obvious URL/domain name in question is taken, and alleged improper use of a name is thereby made in respect of the alleged entitled person. With the current practice surrounding naming of URLs/domains there is a language and character problem. That is, the problem that in written form each language or group of languages employs its own set of letters and characters. Search engines therefore have the limitation in respect of the following: as search result for a search term in a particular language all that is generally obtained is the information found which is available in the same language. National languages hereby acquire a significant influence in all information queries, this while language could be an insignificant aspect of countless queries or need not represent a barrier. The use of URLs/domain names is often difficult because the URLs/domain names are often too long and complicated. The URL notation moreover contains little functional logic. Search engines often have a worldwide orientation in terms of technical possibilities but, due to the manner of searching by information content in a site and the language barrier which thereby becomes manifest, they are often language-dependent in use and not very regionally oriented. In many of the present search engines on the internet there is an inadequately defined relation between query and result. The present search engines for general purposes search by content in a site on the basis of search terms entered by the user. Searching usually proceeds with difficulty and the search results are in many cases mediocre or poor. Through the manner of searching (for details concerning content), the present information provision and the growth of internet (applications) which can be expected in the future, results of queries based on search terms which are not very specific will to an increasing extent produce unusable results. The use of search engines is generally not intuitive. Specific reduction of the search field in a usual, intuitive manner (this may be essential for determined queries) prior to a detailed query is scarcely possible with the existing search engines suitable for general use. At the moment TLDs are defined on the basis of a worldwide, open organizational structure with few restrictions in URLs/domain names and they therefore provide few specific options for use.
The publication by S. Zatti: "Naming in OSI: "Distinguished Names or Object Identifiers?", Proceedings of the Annual European Computer Conference (Compeuro), US, Los Alamitos, IEEE, Computer Society Press, part-conference 5, 1991, pages 258-262" describes two identification schemes, i.e. Distinguished Names (DN) and Object Identifiers (OI), which are used on a large scale in an OSI environment. The DN scheme is sufficiently flexible and powerful to provide the worldwide need for names. The OI scheme has the possibility of incorporating special criteria imposed by individual requirements. The problem of these schemes is that in the present form they cannot be integrated into each other, thus creating a need to design a system which, within the possibilities of OSI and worldwide networks, provides a uniform naming scheme to identify all types of objects. The publication proposes a uniform solution, wherein both schemes can exist side by side in one environment, solely through a minimal modification in said schemes.
The present invention has for its object to provide an improved device for registering, addressing, structuring and finding persons and data, particularly for internet applications, while retaining the advantages of the prior art but without the limitations of the prior art. Persons should in this context be understood as natural persons, legal persons, organisations or objects. The invention is intended to improve the capabilities of searching and finding these persons on the Internet and for instance to list the results of a conducted search.

Method of identifying and registering entities and an assembly of hardware and software for applying such a method


A method for fragmentation of analyte ions for mass spectroscopy and a system for mass spectroscopy. The method produces gas-phase analyte ions, produces gas-phase radical species separately from the analyte ions, and mixes the gas-phase analyte ions and the radical species at substantially atmospheric pressure conditions to produce fragment ions prior to introduction into a mass spectrometer. The system includes a gas-phase analyte ion source, a gas-phase radical species source separate from the gas-phase analyte ion source, a mixing region where the gas-phase analyte ions and the radical species are mixed at substantially atmospheric pressure to produce fragment ions of the analyte ions, a mass spectrometer having an entrance where at least a portion of the fragment ions are introduced into a vacuum of the mass spectrometer, and a detector in the mass spectrometer which determines a mass to charge ratio analysis of the fragment ions.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is related to methods and systems for gas phase sample preparation and introduction into a mass analysis unit.
2. Description of the Related Art
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) currently plays a central role in the identification and characterization of proteins. Successful mass spectrometric analysis of peptides and proteins relies on the ability to systematically dissect peptide backbone bonds (MS/MS). Conventional MS/MS methods, using collision-activated dissociation (CAD) where ion fragmentation is activated by collisions with buffer gas, fail in this regard if the peptide is too long (approximately >20) residues or contains either labile post-translational modifications or multiple basic residues. Moreover, while intact proteins can be dissociated with CAD, this process routinely produces only a few backbone cleavages making sequence identification challenging.
A different method (compared to CAD) for peptide ion dissociation referred to as electron capture dissociation (ECD) has been developed. In that work, low energy electrons are reacted with peptide cations in the magnetic field of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS (FT-ICR-MS). The reaction results in the attachment of electrons to the protonated peptides producing peptide cations containing an additional electron. The odd electron peptide then undergoes very rapid (i.e., femtoseconds) rearrangement with subsequent dissociation. Unlike the collision-activated process, ECD does not cleave chemical modifications from the peptide, but rather induces random breakage of the peptide backbone cleavage that is indifferent to either peptide sequence or length. ECD fragmentation is not limited by the size of the peptide being analyzed. Up to now, fragmentation by ECD could only be performed in expensive (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer.
A further method of fragmentation, known as electron-transfer dissociation (ETD), has been recently introduced. In this method, ECD-like reactions are obtained using negatively charged ions (anions) as vehicles for electron delivery. Given the appropriate anion, the reaction should proceed to donate an electron to the peptide. Subsequently, the peptide would contain an extra electron, and that inclusion of an extra electron is expected to induce peptide backbone fragmentation, just as in ECD. Gas phase peptide cations and small organic anions react rapidly with easily controlled duration and timing. As in ECD, labile post-translational modifications remain intact, while peptide backbone bonds are cleaved with relatively little concern to peptide sequence, charge, or size. Unlike ECD, electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) can be performed with lower-cost bench-top mass spectrometers on a time scale that permits coupling with online chromatographic separations. ETD, however, has two analytical disadvantages compared to ECD: (1) ETD efficiency for doubly charged precursors is lower than with ECD; (2) ETD, which is less energetic, does not induce secondary fragmentation, thus rending the possibility to distinguish the isomeric Leu and Ile residues.
One alternative method for peptide ion dissociation with fragmentation patterns similar to ECD/ETD techniques has been developed. In this method, the peptide cations and anions are stored in radiofrequency (RF) ion traps and irradiated by a beam of metastable species (Ar or He) generated by glow discharged source Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) gun. These metastable (neutral) species can donate an electron to the peptide cation inducing peptide backbone cleavage the same way as in ECD. An interaction of metastable species with negative peptide ions results in a transfer of electronic excitation and subsequent detachment of an electron from the anion inducing peptide fragmentation. Similar to ECD and ETD, the metastable-induced dissociation does not cleave chemical modifications from the peptide, but rather induces random breakage of the peptide backbone. The major advantage of metastable-induced dissociation is its simplicity. The neutral metastable species can be easily introduced through RF field to the areas where peptide ions are located. However, this method (at least in the current configurations) also encounters problems related to the fragmentation efficiency that is significantly lower than in the conventional ETD.
Background references to these techniques and others related to ion/ion and ion/molecule reactions at high pressure and atmospheric pressure photoionization are listed below, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Kaiser, R. E. et al Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 1990, 4, 30);
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5. Pitteri, S. J. et al. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 5662-5669;
6. Chrisman, P. A. et al J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 16, 1020-1030;
7. Zubarev, R. A., Principles of mass spectrometry applied to biomolecules, ed. J. Laskin and C. Lifshitz. 2007: Wiley;
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9. Berkout, V. D., Anal. Chem. 2006, 78(9), 3055-3061;
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11. Ogorzalek Loo, R. R. et al J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1992, 3, 695-705;
12. Pui, D. Y. H. et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,244;
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Method and apparatus for ion fragmentation in mass spectrometry


A substrate processing system includes a substrate transfer unit having a plural-wafer conveyer that transfers plural wafers collectively and a single wafer conveyer that transfers a single wafer at a time. The single-wafer conveyer is accessible to the plural-wafer conveyer to deliver and remove a wafer to and from the plural-wafer conveyer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and a method for processing (e.g., cleaning) substrates such as semiconductor wafers and LCD glass substrates.
2. Description of the Related Art
Semiconductor device manufacturing processes include a cleaning process by which semiconductor wafers are cleaned by supplying a chemical solution to the wafers. A batch-type processing system which processes a plurality of wafers collectively is generally used for performing the aforementioned cleaning process. A carrier containing a plurality of wafers, arranged parallel with each other and spaced at regular intervals, is delivered to the processing system. A wafer conveyer arranged in the processing system removes the wafers collectively from the carrier, and delivers them to the processing unit, where the wafers are subjected to a predetermined process by using a chemical solution. The wafer conveyer removes the processed wafers from the processing unit, and returns them into the carrier. Such a substrate processing system is disclosed in US2002/0000240A1, for example.
For the purpose of inspecting the processing condition, some of the product wafers removed from a carrier are replaced with monitor wafers (i.e., dummy wafers), and the product wafers and the monitor wafers are processed collectively. Upon inspecting the processed monitor wafers, interactions between the wafers during the process (e.g., re-adhesion of a polymer removed from one wafer to another wafer) can be found.
In the past, the replacement of the product wafers with the monitor wafers was carried out manually by the operator. In this case, careful handling of the wafers was necessary, and it was possible that particles adhered to the wafers.
JP11-354604A discloses a substrate processing system provided with a wafer conveyer. The wafer conveyer has a robot arm, to which a plural-wafer carrying hand or a single-wafer carrying hand is selectively attached. The processing system is provided with means for automatically changing the plural- and single-wafer carrying hands attached to the robot arm. In usual operation of the processing system, the plural-wafer carrying hand is attached to the robot arm. The plural-wafer carrying hand transfers product wafers collectively from a carrier to a posture changer, which changes the posture of the wafers before they are loaded into a processing unit and after they are unloaded from the processing unit. If it is necessary to rearrange the wafers held in the carrier or the posture changer, the single-wafer carrying hand attached to the robot arm handles the wafers one by one. JP11-354604A teaches that the single-wafer carrying hand is attached to the robot arm, and loads monitor wafers and product wafers to the posture changer. This prevents the adhesion of particles to the wafers which could occur due to manual handling by the operator. However, the wafer-carrying-hand changing operation requires a certain amount of time. Moreover, if the product and monitor wafers are loaded to the posture changer one by one, a considerably long time is necessary. These result in deterioration in throughput of the processing system.
JP11-354604A also discloses another substrate processing system provided with a plural-wafer conveyer and a single-wafer conveyer, both of which are capable of accessing a carrier and a posture changer in order to transfer wafers therebetween. The plural-wafer conveyer is arranged at the lower region of a wafer transfer area and the single-wafer conveyer is arranged at the upper region of the wafer transfer area. When one of the plural- and single-wafer conveyers accesses the posture changer, the other conveyer rises or descends to a suitable vertical position where the two conveyers do not interfere with each other. However, in order to achieve the aforementioned arrangement and operation of the two wafer conveyers, the transfer area must be large-sized, and each of the conveyers must have a large range of movement. In addition, if it is required that monitor wafers are loaded to a posture changer together with product wafers, the product wafers must be first loaded to the attitude changer by the plural-wafer conveyer, and then some of the product wafers must be replaced with the monitor wafers by the single-wafer conveyer one by one. This operation requires a considerably long time, resulting in deterioration in throughput of the processing system.

Substrate processing system and substrate processing method


An air bag coating composition predominantly comprising an organopolysiloxane having a degree of polymerization of 1,000 to 10,000 and a molecular weight distribution index (Mw/Mn) of less than 5 is provided. The composition is applied and cured to an air bag base fabric without strike-through.

For safety, advanced automobiles are now loaded with air bags which are normally folded and received in the steering wheel, but upon detection of shocks by collision, can be instantaneously inflated between the wheel and the driver to protect the driver from damages. The air bags are generally formed from nylon fabric by coating it with chloroprene rubber. These air bags undesirably have a short life since chloroprene rubber is less resistant against heat and weathering. The air bags are required to be flame retardant so that they are resistant against a fire and explosion which can break out upon collision of the car. Since chloroprene rubber is less flame retardant, prior art air bags formed from chloroprene rubber-coated fabric are further coated with a flame retardant silicone where they might be exposed to a blast.
Air bags formed from silicone rubber-coated fabric have the advantage of eliminated need for a flame retardant coating because well-known flame retardants can be blended in the silicone rubber to render the rubber itself flame retardant. Now air bag manufacturers are more interested in silicone rubber coating compositions for this reason and for their heat resistance and weather resistance.
A variety of silicone coating compositions have been developed for air bags. Various internal additives are incorporated in these compositions for imparting adhesion, flame retardancy, weather resistance, and heat resistance. As a result of concentrated efforts, currently available silicone rubber-base air bag coating compositions have superior characteristics to chloroprene rubber-base compositions.
However, conventional silicone coating compositions have a strike-through problem when applied to air bag base fabric of nylon or the like. In general, nylon base fabric on one surface is coated with a silicone coating composition using a knife coater, comma coater, gravure coater, offset roll coater or the like, often a knife coater and comma coater. On application, the silicone coating composition can penetrate or strike through the interstices of the nylon fabric. The struck-through composition on the fabric rear surface not only adversely affects the outer appearance of the fabric or air bag, but also reduces operating efficiency because the struck-through composition will adhere to backup rolls of the coating machine and if so, the coating machine must be stopped to remove the deposits. Since the struck-through portion is cured on the fabric rear surface at the same time as curing of the composition, if the coated fabric after curing is wound up and stored in roll form without special care, blocking would occur between the coating and the rear surface. The strike-through phenomenon occurs regardless of whether the silicone coating composition is applied with or without diluting it with solvent.
According to our investigations, the strike-through phenomenon takes place for the following reason associated with both the coating machine and the coating composition. When the coating composition is applied to air bag fabric by means of a coating machine, the composition must be adjusted to an adequate viscosity of 10,000 to 50,000 centistokes (cs) in order to form a thin coating with an optimum thickness of about 30 to 100 .mu.m, especially about 40 to 70 .mu.m in the case of silicone coatings. One typical prior art method to comply with this viscosity is to dilute a ultra-high molecular weight base polymer with a solvent to an adequate viscosity. Since the high molecular weight polymer generally has a wide distribution of molecular weight as synthesized, relatively low molecular weight polymer components contained therein tend to strike through the fabric when diluted with the solvent. Some polymers are designed to reduce the degree of dilution or to eliminate dilution prior to coating. However, polymers of such special design cure into coatings which are so weak that they will crack upon inflation of the air bag. Also, due to their reduced molecular weight, low-molecular weight components tend to penetrate through the fabric interstices, resulting in a strike-through phenomenon.
It is evident from above that the strike-through phenomenon occurs due to the low viscosity of the silicone coating composition upon coating and the relatively high content of low-molecular weight components in the silicone coating composition as a result of a wide molecular weight dispersion of the base polymer therein.

Air bag coating composition, air bag and preparation thereof


A disposable combination toothbrush and dental floss dispenser is provided. The toothbrush includes a hollow cavity at one end for receiving a dental floss dispenser therein which includes a supply of dental floss. The toothbrush includes a removable end cap which covers and protects the dental floss dispenser when it is not in use. After the supply of dental floss is depleted, the toothbrush may be disposed of.

The present invention relates to a disposable toothbrush including a dental floss holder, and more particularly, to a combination disposable toothbrush and dental floss holder which includes a supply of dental floss therein.
Disposable toothbrushes are well known in the art for use by consumers during travel or other events. Such toothbrushes are provided in many different designs and sizes for convenience.
In recent years, the benefits of using dental floss have been widely recognized and it is therefore desirable when traveling to use dental floss in addition to a toothbrush; however, it is cumbersome and inconvenient to pack both a toothbrush and a separate supply of dental floss.
Toothbrushes have been developed which include a dental floss holder within the body of the toothbrush. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,429 teaches a toothbrush comprising a detachable toothbrush and including a supply of dental floss disposed within the interior cavity of the toothbrush handle. U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,621 teaches a combination toothbrush and dental floss holder where the toothbrush includes a hollow handle including a cavity for storing a spool of dental floss.
However, there is still a need in the art for an improved combination toothbrush and dental floss holder which is easy to make and use and which is disposable for travel use.

Disposable combination toothbrush and dental floss holder


An absorbent article having a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet. The topsheet has a first side and a second side, the first side being a body-facing side. The topsheet defines a CD-MD plane and includes a fibrous nonwoven web and tufts, the tufts having fibers of the fibrous nonwoven web. The topsheet further includes first, second and third zones, each zone being characterized in a Z-direction by the zone fiber orientation, wherein the first and third zones are displaced relative to each other and each include fibers having portions orientated substantially parallel to said CD-MD plane of the topsheet. The second zone is intermediate and adjacent to the first and third zones, the second zone including substantially reoriented fibers that are substantially vertically oriented with respect to the CD-MD plane of said topsheet.

Disposable absorbent articles such as disposable diapers, incontinence products, catamenial products and the like are widely used, and much effort has been made to improve the effectiveness and functionality of these articles. In general such articles have a fluid permeable body-facing layer, often referred to as a topsheet, a fluid impermeable garment-facing layer, often referred to as a backsheet, and an absorbent core sandwiched between the topsheet and the backsheet. Other components, such as acquisition layers, secondary topsheets, and adhesive fasteners are also well known in the art.
Conventional body-facing layers, i.e., topsheets, used in disposable absorbent typically exhibit a tradeoff between improved acquisition of gushes of fluid and improved dryness. For example, topsheets can be made relatively hydrophilic to quickly wet out and acquire gushes of fluid, but this same relative hydrophilicity causes the topsheet to feel wet next to the wearer's skin, i.e., dryness is compromised. Various material and component structures have been proposed in the past to provide for either improved gush acquisition or improved rewet, but the properties have remained linked, one being inversely proportional to the other.
It is known that providing for a certain amount of compression-resistant thickness, or caliper, in a topsheet aids in reducing rewet. For example, three-dimensional formed film topsheets such as those known as DRI-WEAVE® topsheets on ALWAYS® sanitary napkins marketed by The Procter & Gamble Co. are known to provide for low rewet, i.e., better dryness, compared to typical nonwoven topsheets. However, some consumers express a dislike for polymer film topsheets and prefer topsheets made of nonwoven materials.
Furthermore, known topsheets typically are not designed specifically for absorption of high viscosity fluids such as runny bowel movements, wound exudates, blood, and menses. As a result, typical topsheets can leak, stain, and contribute to poor skin health due to prolonged contact with the wearer's skin.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved topsheet for a disposable absorbent article capable of providing for high gush acquisition rates and yet also providing for improved dryness.
Additionally, there is a need an improved topsheet for a disposable absorbent article capable of providing for high gush acquisition rates and yet also providing for improved dryness that is comfortable to the wearer.
Finally, there is a need for a method of relatively inexpensively making a topsheet for a disposable absorbent article capable of providing for high gush acquisition rates and yet also providing for improved dryness.


The disclosed device can contain a pair of switchable capacitors, one of which has the larger capacitance of the pair. Each of the switchable capacitors can include a capacitor in series with a switch. Both switchable capacitors can be connected in a parallel circuit that has a tunable capacitance. The ratio of the capacitances of the pair can approximately equal a ratio of mutually prime integers. In a particular case, the ratio of capacitances can approximately equal a ratio of two consecutive integers. The capacitance ratio can be called a weight or weight ratio. A switch controller can drive the pair of switchable capacitors with a pair of (M+1)-ary pulse width modulated signals, each of which has the same modulation period.

Tunable capacitors have numerous applications, including tunable oscillators, tunable filters, adjustable impedance matching circuits, capacitive sensors, variable delay circuits, data conversion circuits, radio frequency (RF) transmitters, and RF receivers. Tunable capacitors are frequently used in voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). Most applications that use a tunable capacitor adjust the capacitance by mechanical, electro-mechanical, or analog electronic techniques.


An array substrate for a liquid crystal display device includes a substrate having a display area and a driving circuit area, a first semiconductor layer formed on the substrate in the display area, the first semiconductor layer having an active region and source and drain regions at opposing sides of the active region, a gate insulating layer formed on the first semiconductor layer, a gate electrode formed on the gate insulating layer and over the active region, the gate electrode being wider than the gate insulating layer, and an interlayer insulating layer formed over the substrate including the gate electrode, wherein the interlayer insulating layer, the gate electrode, the gate insulating layer, and the active region define a first cavity.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, and more particularly to an array substrate for an LCD device having a reduced leakage current and a method of fabricating the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In general, a polycrystalline silicon thin film transistor (p-Si TFT) has higher field effect mobility and lower photocurrent than an amorphous silicon thin film transistor (a-Si TFT). Accordingly, a p-Si TFT is advantageous for use as a switching element in high resolution liquid crystal display (LCD) devices and projection systems. In addition, because the p-Si TFT has a self-aligning structure, the p-Si TFT has a lower level shift voltage than the a-Si TFT. Further, because the p-Si TFT may be a negative (N) type and a positive (P) type, a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuit can be formed using the p-Si TFT.
Polycrystalline silicon may be deposited directly on a substrate, or may be formed by crystallizing amorphous silicon deposited through a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method or by a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) method. Methods of crystallizing amorphous silicon may be classified into a solid phase crystallization (SPC) method, a metal induced crystallization (MIC) method, an excimer laser annealing (ELA) method, and a sequential lateral solidification (SLS) method. Among these various different methods of crystallizing amorphous silicon, the ELA method using ultraviolet (UV) light produced by an excimer laser is commonly used. In the ELA method, a layer of amorphous silicon is annealed for a short time period. Thus, deterioration of the substrate does not occur even under a melting temperature of silicon. Accordingly, a substrate of low cost, such as a glass substrate, may be used to fabricate an LCD device using polycrystalline silicon.
When a TFT is used as a switching element in a pixel region of an LCD device, a relatively low off-current is required for the TFT (i.e., a current flowing through a drain electrode when a turn-off voltage is applied to a gate electrode of a TFT). Since a p-Si TFT has a higher field effect mobility than an a-Si TFT, the p-Si TFT has a higher on-current (i.e., a current flowing through a drain electrode when a turn on voltage is applied to a gate electrode of a TFT) than the a-Si TFT. However, since a p-Si TFT has a higher leakage current at a junction between an intrinsic active region and a high doped drain region than an a-Si TFT, the p-Si TFT has a higher off-current than the a-Si TFT. Accordingly, the higher off-current is a disadvantage of using the p-Si TFT as a switching element in a pixel region of an LCD device. To reduce the off-current of a p-Si TFT, a lightly doped drain (LDD) region that is doped with impurities of lower concentration than a drain region is formed between an active region and a drain region.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display area of an array substrate for an LCD device according to the related art. In FIG. 1, a semiconductor layer 13 of polycrystalline silicon is formed on a substrate 10 in a switching area "TrA" of each pixel region "P." The semiconductor layer 13 includes an active region 13a, LDD regions 13b and 13c at both sides of the active region 13a, and source and drain regions 13d and 13e at outer sides of the LDD regions 13b and 13c. The active region 13a is not doped with impurities to remain as an intrinsic silicon layer. In addition, the LDD regions 13b and 13c are doped with low concentration impurities, and the source and drain regions 13d and 13e are doped with high concentration impurities.
A gate insulating layer 16 is formed on the semiconductor layer 13, and a gate electrode 21 is formed on the gate insulating layer 16. An interlayer insulating layer 25 having first and second semiconductor contact holes 28a and 28b is formed on the gate electrode 21. The first and second semiconductor contact holes 28a and 28b expose the source and drain regions 13d and 13e, respectively. The source and drain electrodes 30 and 32 are formed on the interlayer insulating layer 25. The source electrode 30 is connected to the source region 13d through the first semiconductor contact hole 28a, and the drain electrode 32 is connected to the drain region 13e through the second semiconductor contact hole 28b.
A passivation layer 35 is formed on the source and drain electrodes 30 and 32. The passivation layer 35 has a drain contact hole 38 exposing the drain electrode 32. A pixel electrode 40 connected to the drain electrode 32 through the drain contact hole 38 is formed on the passivation layer 35.
The semiconductor layer 13 is classified into three regions: an intrinsic region (active region 13a), a low doped region (LDD regions 13b and 13c), and a high doped region (source and drain regions 13d and 13e). Even though a leakage current of the p-Si TFT is reduced due to the LDD regions 13b and 13c, an additional mask process is required to form the LDD regions 13b and 13c. Accordingly, fabrication cost is increased, and production yield is reduced.
In an LCD device using polycrystalline silicon, a driving circuit including a CMOS circuit is integrated in a substrate having a display area. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a driving circuit area of an array substrate for an LCD device according to the related art. In FIG. 2, a CMOS inverter having an N-type TFT (nTr) and a P-type TFT (pTr) is formed in a driving circuit area (DCA). The N-type TFT (nTr) and the P-type TFT (pTr) include an N semiconductor layer 53 and a P semiconductor layer 54, respectively. The N-type semiconductor layer 53 in an N-type area (nA) includes an N-type active region 53a, N-type LDD regions 53b and 53c at both sides of the N-type active region 53a, and N-type source and drain regions 53d and 53e at outer sides of the N-type LDD regions 53b and 53c. In addition, the P-type semiconductor layer 54 in a P-type area "pA" includes a P-type active region 54a, and P-type source and drain regions 54b and 54c at both sides of the P-type active region 54a. Since three doping steps for high concentration N-type impurities (n+), high concentration P-type impuritiees (p+) and low concentration N-type impurities (n−) are required for a fabrication process of the CMOS inverter, the fabrication process of the related art CMOS inverter includes at least three mask steps. Increase in a mask step causes increase in fabrication cost and reduction in production yield.

Array substrate for liquid crystal display device and method of fabricating the same