A display device includes: a video playback unit configured to play video media including multiple frames; a first memory unit configured to store a video signal of the video media that is being played; an acquisition unit configured to acquire a readout control signal representing a readout timing for playing each frame in the video media in a first display device different from an own display device in a multi-display system formed from multiple display devices; a readout control unit configured to cause frames of the video signal corresponding to the readout controls signal to be sequentially read out from the first memory unit in accordance with the acquired readout control signal; and a display control circuit configured to display, on a display unit, the frames of the video signal that have been read out.

There are multi-display systems in which multiple display devices such as projectors and monitors are used, and a single screen to be displayed is divided between and projected by the respective display devices, thereby constructing a single large screen (see, for example, Patent Document 1). Such display devices are, for example, connected in a daisy chain. Furthermore, a video signal is input to a master display device from a video signal supply device for supplying video content. The master display device supplies the video signal to a slave display device that is connected downstream. This video signal is transmitted sequentially to downstream display devices. Then, the multiple display devices each enlarge and display a target area displayed by own display device, in the video signal, thereby displaying a single video signal by means of multiple display devices.
Additionally, display devices include display devices that have a video playback function for playing video media in addition to the function for receiving and displaying video signals from external sources. In such display devices, it is possible to contemplate storing, as video media, the area of a video signal assigned to each own display device, and displaying the area at the original size. In this case, the video signals can be generated in the respective display devices without being sent through daisy chained signal lines. Thus, the video signals can be prevented from deteriorating. Additionally, there is the merit of not needing to perform an enlargement process.


A process for interleaving blocks of P packets each including L binary words, the interleaving being carried out by writing the data to an interleaving memory in a given order and by reading them back in an order corresponding to the interleaving. After having read, at a given address, a data item corresponding to a block b-1, a data item corresponding to the block b is written at the same address.

The present invention relates to a process for blockwise interleaving and deinterleaving of data, as well as to a device implementing this process. The invention applies in particular to the interleaving of digital data before their transmission and to the deinterleaving after reception.
It is known from the prior art to associate the techniques of error detection and correction and interleaving in order to make the transmission of digital data reliable.
For an error correcting code such as the Reed-Solomon code, the packet of binary words to be transmitted is supplemented with a number of extra words, making it possible to correct up to a given maximum number of transmission errors. When this maximum number of errors is exceeded, the correcting code is no longer adequate. This may be the case in particular if a burst of errors corrupts several contiguous words.
In order to increase the effectiveness of the correcting code, several data packets are interleaved. This technique consists in transmitting in succession words arising from different packets. By not transmitting each packet in one go, it is possible to spread the consequences of a burst of errors over several packets, and thus to remain within the limits of the correcting code.
The interleaving, at the sending module, is generally carried out by writing the data to a memory in a certain order, and by reading them back in a different order for transmission. The deinterleaving, at the receiver, is carried out in the inverse manner, by writing the data to the deinterleaving memory in accordance with the order for reading the interleaving memory, and by reading the data back in accordance with the order for writing to the interleaving memory.
Consider P packets to be interleaved, each comprising L bytes. These P packets constitute a block B. An interleaving of depth P is said to be carried out by rearranging the bytes of the P packets in such a way as to separate two successive bytes of a given packet by P-1 bytes arising from the P-1 other packets.
FIG. 1 shows a memory making it possible to carry out this interleaving. In order to simplify the account of the prior art, this memory includes P columns of bytes. The addresses increase from left to right and from top to bottom, as FIG. 1 shows.
This memory is written to by writing the first byte of the first packet at the address 0, the second byte at the address P, and so on until the last byte (byte L-1) at the address (L-1)P. These addresses correspond to the first column of the memory. In the same way, the second packet will be written at the addresses 1, P+1, . . . (L-1)P+1 of the second column. We continue thus up to the last packet and the last column. The order of writing is illustrated in FIG. 2.
By generalizing, it may be stated that byte 1 (with 1 .epsilon. [1,L]) of packet p (with p .epsilon. [1,P]) of block b (with b .epsilon. [1,B]) will be written at the address (b-1)LP+(p-1)+(l-1)P of the memory.
Reading will be performed in the order of the addresses, that is to say by reading row after row (see FIG. 3). Hence, the first bytes of all the packets are read initially, followed by the second bytes and so on. Interlacing is therefore achieved.
This write/read scheme implies that it is necessary to write a large part of the data of a block B before being able to read it. Specifically, E=(L-1) (P-1)+1 bytes will have to have been written before reading the first byte at the address 0. If this criterion is not complied with, reading will occur at some time or another at an address which has not yet been swept by the writing.
FIG. 4 illustrates the progress of the write address and read address in the case where P is taken equal to 3 and L is taken equal to 7. Time is represented as abscissae, whilst the addresses of the interleaving memory form the ordinates. T represents an elementary clock cycle. It will be assumed that for a given cycle, writing is performed before reading.

Block interleaving and deinterleaving method and device therefor


The present invention relates to a laser light source having a structure for narrowing a wavelength bandwidth of output light. The laser light source comprises, at least, a laser resonator, a pumping light source, an optical path switch device, a diffraction grating, and a total reflection mirror. The laser resonator has a light amplifying fiber for output of emission light arranged on a resonance optical path thereof. The optical path switch device has a first port and a second port on the resonance optical path of the laser resonator. The diffraction grating spectrally separates the emission light outputted from the second port. The total reflection mirror reflects a specific wavelength component out of wavelength components spectrally separated by the diffraction grating, so as to feed the specific wavelength component back to the second port. Particularly, the optical path switch device controls a light transmittable state of the emission light outputted from the light amplifying fiber, at the second port.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laser light source enabling pulsed oscillation of laser light.
2. Related Background of the Invention
A laser light source enabling pulsed oscillation of laser light comprises a Q-switch means for inducing oscillation in short periods of time and for achieving a very high output power per unit time, i.e., for performing a switching operation of the Q-value to a high value. Such a laser light source is, for example, described in Japanese Patent No. 3331726 (Patent Document).
The foregoing Patent Document discloses an optical fiber laser light source whose Q-switch means for modulating a loss of a laser resonator includes an acousto-optic element. In the optical fiber laser light source of the foregoing Patent Document, a reflecting film for selectively reflecting light of an oscillation wavelength is attached to one output end of the acousto-optic element. A diffraction grating is formed in the acousto-optic element only during periods hi which a high-frequency voltage is applied to the acousto-optic element, to generate diffracted light. For this reason, the diffracted light generated during the periods of application of the high-frequency voltage to the acousto-optic element ids reflected by the reflecting film to be amplified in the laser resonator. With this operation, the optical fiber laser light source enables pulsed oscillation because of the increase of the Q-value thereof.


A configurable lighting system including a lighting unit having an illumination module and a programmable control module; a light switch configured for electrical communication with the lighting unit via an electrical circuit and being operable in a first and a second operational position such that the illumination module, in response to operation of the light switch in the first and the second operational positions, is able to output a first set of illumination modes; and, a programming unit configured for wireless communication with the programmable control module of the lighting unit via a wireless communication link wherein the programming unit includes a programming interface via which the programmable control module of the lighting unit is able to be programmed such that, in response to different patterns of movement of the light switch between the first and second operational positions, the illumination module is controlled by the programmable control module to output a second set of illumination modes having a greater number of illumination modes than that of the first set of illumination modes.

Many lighting units such as lamps and luminaires are typically operated by control devices in the form of wall-mounted electrical switches or infrared remote controls. Whilst these types of control devices are suitable for operation of basic functionality such as switching the lighting units on or off, the basic design of these types of control devices means that they are limited in their ability to enable users to easily and conveniently access and control the full capabilities of more advanced lighting unit functions such as light dimming, white colour temperature tuning, and colour output adjustment.
In seeking to address the deficiencies in existing control devices such as electric switches and infrared remote controls, certain advanced lighting units are provided with integrated intelligence whereby a pre-defined advanced lighting function is output in response to detection of a specific operation of the electric switch or infrared remote control. For instance, the lighting unit may be preconfigured to emit a warm white light upon detection of the first time the electric switch is used to turn on the lighting unit, and then will emit a cool white light if the electric switch is turned on again within a predetermined period of time. However, whilst this integrated intelligence may be useful to certain users, it will not suit the preferences of all users and because this intelligent functionality is embedded in the lighting unit during manufacture, it is not possible for users to customise the intelligent functionality to respond in different ways.
Others attempts to improve user accessibility and control of the advanced lighting functions of lighting units have involved using radio frequency control devices such as mobile phones, tablets, laptop computers and wireless smart switches with touchscreen display interfaces via which users can enter control instructions with greater ease and flexibility. However, these radio frequency control devices tend to be expensive and complicated to install and configure for use as the primary control device. It is also not ideal for users to utilise these types of control devices as the primary control means as it is then inconvenient for the user to concurrently use the control device to perform other functions such as taking a telephone call, or when such a control device is being charged. Also, not all household members (for instance Children or visitors to a premises) may possess such a control device or have it available with them at all times so as to be able to operate the lighting unit. Moreover, if the radio frequency control device is used as the primary control device on a daily basis, it becomes more susceptible to wear and tear and is an expensive piece of equipment to have to repair if damaged.
Other solutions have sought to rely upon the use of overly-sophisticated and powerful wired smart controller devices such as smart switches, dimmers and RGB controllers that are based on the Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) international standard. However, this solution involves replacement of the existing lighting system switches and lighting units by DALI-standard compatible control devices and DALI-standard compatible lighting units which is expensive, complicated and time-consuming to install into the existing physical infrastructure. Whilst this may be suitable for certain enterprise-level users in a large-scale commercial environment, it may not be cost effective or practical for certain home users lacking a suitable budget and technical expertise to utilise. Furthermore, for many users, it is not desirable for them to have to replace the existing control devices and lighting units that are already installed as these may have been carefully selected to match the existing décor. Thus, if the user decides to replace the existing wired lighting infrastructure by installing new DALI-standard compatible control devices and lighting units, this is not only a relatively expensive and overly-sophisticated solution, but the user's choice of appearance of the new equipment is very limited and may not be aesthetically pleasing to the user's tastes and preferences.

Configurable lighting system and method comprising a programmable control module that controls a plurality of different patterns based on toggling a power supply


A color OLED display having at least three different colored microcavity pixels including a light-reflective structure and a semitransparent structure comprising an array of light-emitting microcavity pixels each having one or more common organic light-emitting layers, said light-emitting layer(s) having first, second, and third light-emitting materials that produce different light spectra. The first light-emitting material producing light has a first spectrum portion that is substantially contained within a first color of the array, the second light-emitting material producing light has a second spectrum portion that is substantially contained within a second color that is different from the first color, and the third light-emitting material producing light has a third spectrum portion that is substantially contained within a third color that is different from the first and second colors.

An organic light-emitting diode device, also called an OLED device, commonly includes a substrate, an anode, a hole-transporting layer made of an organic compound, an organic luminescent layer with suitable dopants, an organic electron-transporting layer, and a cathode. OLED devices are attractive because of their low driving voltage, high luminance, wide-angle viewing and capability for full color flat emission displays. Tang et al. described this multilayer OLED device in their U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,769,292 and 4,885,211.
Full color OLED devices are also known in the art. Typical full color OLED devices are constructed of three different color pixels that are red, green, and blue in color. Such an arrangement is known as an RGB design. An example of an RGB design is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,634. Full color organic electroluminescent (EL) devices have also recently been described that are constructed of four different color pixels that are red, green, blue, and white. Such an arrangement is known as an RGBW design. An example of an RGBW device is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication 2002/0186214 A1. In an RGBW device, high efficiency white-emitting pixels are used to display a portion of the digital image content. This results in improved power consumption relative to an RGB device constructed of similar OLED materials.
A white-emitting EL layer can be used to form a multicolor device. Each pixel is coupled with a color filter element as part of a color filter array (CFA) to achieve a pixilated multicolor display. The organic EL layer is common to all pixels and the final color as perceived by the viewer is dictated by that pixel's corresponding color filter element. Therefore a multicolor or RGB device can be produced without requiring any patterning of the organic EL layers. An example of a white CFA top-emitting device is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,392,340. Other examples of white light-emitting OLED devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,823, JP 07-142169, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,709.
Kido et al., in Science, Vol. 267, p. 1332 (1995) and in Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 64, p. 815 (1994), report a white light-producing OLED device. In this device, three emitter layers with different carrier transport properties, each emitting blue, green, or red light, are used to produce white light. Littman et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,709 disclose another white emitting device, which is capable of emitting white light in response to hole-electron recombination, and comprises a fluorescent material in a visible light range from bluish green to red. Recently, Deshpande et al., in Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 75, p. 888 (1999), published a white OLED device using red, blue, and green luminescent layers separated by a hole-blocking layer.
A problem in the application of white OLED devices, when used with color filters, is that the intensity of one or more of the red, green, and blue components of the emission spectrum is frequently lower than desired. Therefore, passing the white light from the OLED through the red, green, and blue color filters provides light with a lower efficiency than desired. Consequently, the power that is required to produce a white color in the display by mixing red, green, and blue light can also be higher than desired.
One way of improving the efficiency of an OLED device is the use of a microcavity structure. A reflector and a semitransparent reflector function, with the layers between them, to form a microcavity. The layers between the reflectors can be adjusted in thickness and refractive index so that the resulting optical microcavity resonates at a desired wavelength. Examples of microcavity structures are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,405,710; 5,554,911; 6,406,801; 5,780,174; and JP 11288786.
Microcavity devices, however, have a known problem in that color distortion can occur when viewed at varying angles from the normal viewing angle. This effect is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,174. Microcavity devices are characteristically directional; the emission intensity also varies with viewing angle. See, for example, N. Takada, T. Tsutsui, and S. Saito Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 63, p. 2032 (1993) "Control of emission characteristics in organic thin-film electroluminescent diodes using an optical-microcavity structure". Therefore, an OLED device using microcavity structures having reduced dependence of perceived color on the angle of view is desired.


Systems and methods are disclosed in which an external device such as a consumer mobile device (e.g., smart phone) is used as an external controller to bi-directionally communicate with an Implantable Medical Device (IMD) using a dedicated patient remote control (RC) as an intermediary device to translate communications between the two. The dedicated RC contains a graphical user interface allowing for control and monitoring of the IMD even if the mobile device is not present in the system, which is useful as a back-up should the mobile device experience problems. Use of the dedicated RC as an intermediary device broadens the utility of other computing devices to operate as an external controller for an IMD even if the computing device and IMD do not have compliant communication means.

Implantable stimulation devices deliver electrical stimuli to nerves and tissues for the therapy of various biological disorders, such as pacemakers to treat cardiac arrhythmia, defibrillators to treat cardiac fibrillation, cochlear stimulators to treat deafness, retinal stimulators to treat blindness, muscle stimulators to produce coordinated limb movement, spinal cord stimulators to treat chronic pain, cortical and deep brain stimulators (DBS) to treat motor and psychological disorders, and other neural stimulators to treat urinary incontinence, sleep apnea, shoulder subluxation, etc. The description that follows will generally focus on the use of the invention within a Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) system, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,516,227. However, the present invention may find applicability with any Implantable Medical Device (IMD) or in any IMD system.
As shown in FIG. 1, a SCS system includes an Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) 10 (hereinafter, and more generically, IMD 10), which includes a biocompatible device case 12 formed of titanium for example. The case 12 typically holds the circuitry and battery 14 necessary for the IMD 10 to function. The IMD 10 is coupled to electrodes 16 via one or more electrode leads 18 (two of which are shown). The proximal ends of the leads 18 are coupled to the IMD 10 at one or more lead connectors 20 fixed in a header 22, which can comprise an epoxy for example. In the illustrated embodiment, there are sixteen electrodes, although the number of leads and electrodes is application specific and therefore can vary. In an SCS application, two electrode leads 18 are typically implanted on the right and left side of the dura within the patient's spinal column. The proximal ends of the leads 18 are then tunneled through the patient's flesh to a distant location, such as the buttocks, where the IMD case 12 is implanted, at which point they are coupled to the lead connectors 20.
Cross sections of two examples of IMD 10, 10a and 10b, are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Both contain a charging coil 24 for wirelessly charging the IMD's battery 14 using an external charging device (not shown). (If battery 14 is not rechargeable, charging coil 26 can be dispensed with). Both IMDs 10a and 10b also contain control circuitry such as a microcontroller 26, telemetry circuitry 28 (discussed further below), and various components 30 necessary for IMD operation, such as stimulation circuitry for forming therapeutic pulses at the electrodes 16. The charging coil 24, battery 14, microcontroller 26, telemetry circuitry 28, and other components 30 are electrically coupled to a printed circuit board (PCB) 32.
Different in the two IMDs 10a and 10b are the telemetry antennas 34a and 34b used to transcutaneously communicate data through the patient's tissue 36 with devices external to the patient (not shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B). In IMD 10a (FIG. 2A), the antenna comprises a coil 34a, which can bi-directionally communicate with an external device along a magnetic induction communication link 38a, which comprises a magnetic field of typically less than 10 MHz operable in its near-field to communicate at a distance of 12 inches or less for example. Telemetry circuitry 28a is electrically coupled to the coil antenna 34a to enable it to communicate via magnetic induction link 38a, and generally includes driver circuitry for energizing the coil antenna 34a to transmit data and amplifier/filter circuitry for resolving data received at the coil 34. Telemetry circuitry 28a generally also operates in accordance with a modulation scheme (defining how data to be transmitted is modulated on the link 38a and will be demodulated when received) and a communication protocol (defining the manner in which the data is formatted). Telemetry circuitry 28a receives the data to be transmitted in digital form from the microcontroller 26, and provides received digital data to the microcontroller 26 for interpretation. A typical modulation scheme used by telemetry circuitry 28a is Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), although other modulation schemes could also be used. In FIG. 2A, the external device would also contain communication means (e.g., a coil antenna; telemetry circuitry) compatible with the magnetic induction link 38a and the protocol used by the IMD 10a, as explained subsequently.
In IMD 10b (FIG. 2B), short-range Radio Frequency (RF) communication means—including short-range RF antenna 34b and compliant short-range RF telemetry circuitry 28b—are provided that operate in accordance with a short-range RF communication standard and its underlying protocols to bi-directionally communicate with an external device along a short-range RF communication link 38b. Short-range RF communication link 38b typically operates using far-field electromagnetic waves ranging from 10 MHz to 10 GHz or so, and allows communications between devices at distances of about 50 feet or less. Short-range RF standards supported by short-range RF telemetry circuitry 28b and antenna 34b include, for example, Bluetooth, BLE, NFC, Zigbee, WiFi (802.11x), and the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS). Short-range RF antenna 34b can take any number of well-known forms for an electromagnetic antenna, such as patches, slots, wires, etc., and can operate as a dipole or a monopole. The external device in FIG. 2B would also contain short-range RF communication means compatible with short-range RF link 38b and the standard/protocols used in IMD 10b, as explained subsequently.
Although both of antennas 34a and 34b in IMDs 10a and 10b are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B inside of case 12, they may also be placed within the IMD's header 22, or on the outside of the case 12. Although shown as exclusive in FIGS. 2A and 2B, an IMD 10 may have both of the different types of antennas 10a and 10b.
Different configurations for external devices used to communicate with IMDs such as 10a and 10b exist in the prior art. Such external devices are typically used to send or adjust the therapy settings the IMD 10a or 10b will provide to the patient (such as which electrodes 16 are active to issue pulses; whether such electrodes sink or source current (i.e., polarity); the duration, frequency, and amplitude of pulses, etc.), which settings together comprise a stimulation program for the patient. External devices can also act as receivers of data from the IMD 10a or 10b, such as various data reporting on the IMD's status and the level of the IMD's battery 14.
An external device having such functionality is shown in FIG. 3 in the form of a patient remote control 40. Remote control (RC) 40 is typically hand-held, portable, and powered by a battery (not shown) within the RC's housing 41, which battery may be a primary battery or rechargeable. The RC 40 includes a Graphical User Interface (GUI) 43 similar to that used for a cell phone, including buttons 42 and a screen 44, and may have other interface aspects as well, such as a speaker. The RC 40 also includes within its housing 41 communication means, including a coil antenna 49a and/or a short-range RF antenna 49b, compatible with the link(s) 38a and/or 38b and the communication means in the IMDs 10a and/or 10b. Processing in the RC 40 is controlled via a microcontroller 46. As described above with respect to the IMDs 10a and 10b, antennas 49a and 49b would be associated with telemetry circuitry, although this is not shown in FIG. 3. One or more orthogonal coil antennas 49a driven out of phase could be used in RC 40 as well to improve communication coupling with the IMD 10a along magnetic induction link 38a, as discussed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2009/0069869, with which the reader is assumed familiar.
Shown on the screen 44 in FIG. 3 are various options provided by the GUI 43 and selectable by a patient to control his IMD 10 (e.g. the stimulation program it is executing) or to monitor his IMD 10. Just a few typical options are depicted for simplicity that enable the patient to: start or stop stimulation; increase or decrease the amplitude of the stimulation pulses; check IMD monitoring information, such as the battery 14 level, operating status of the IMD, or other data telemetered from the IMD; etc.
Also shown in FIG. 3, and as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,498,716 and 8,588,925 which are incorporated herein by reference, an RC 40 can includes a port 45 on its housing 41, which may comprise a USB port for example. The '716 patent teaches that USB port 45 can be used to: recharge the RC 40's battery from a wall plug (assuming such battery is rechargeable); exchange data with another external device (such as an external computer; not shown); or couple to an external charging coil (not shown) to charge the IMD's battery 14 (assuming such battery 14 is rechargeable), in effect allowing RC 40 to operate as a combination RC/charger.
The '925 patent teaches that USB port 45 can be used to convey contraindication information—e.g., activities that might be counter-indicated for an IMD patient such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or some physical activity—to a person of interest, such as the patient or her clinician. In this regard, the '925 patent teaches that a cable can couple between port 45 on the RC 40 and a port on an external computer to allow contraindication information to be reviewed outside of the RC 40 itself. Alternatively, the '925 patent teaches that a memory stick (not shown) may be coupled to port 45 to allow contraindication information resident in the RC 40 to be written to the memory stick, which memory stick can then be removed from the RC 40 and coupled to the external computer where the contraindication information can be reviewed.
External devices such as the RC 40 of FIG. 3 were historically built by the manufacturer of the IMDs, and thus were generally dedicated to communicate only with such IMDs. As such, dedicated RC 40 is not freely programmable by a patient, but is instead limited to the IMD functionality provided by the manufacturer. (However, the microcode operating in the RC's microcontroller 46 may be upgraded from time to time in manners specified by the manufacturer). However, there are many user-programmable commercial mobile devices, such as cell phones, that can provide GUIs and have inherent communication means suitable for functioning as a wireless external controller for an IMD.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show an example of a mobile device 50 configured for use as an external controller for an IMD, as described in commonly-owned U.S. Patent Application Publication 2015/0073498; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/599,743, filed Jan. 19, 2015, which are incorporated herein by reference. The mobile device 50 may be a commercial, multipurpose, consumer device, such as a cell phone, tablet, personal data assistant, laptop or notebook computer, or like device—essentially any mobile, hand-holdable device capable of functioning as a wireless external controller for an IMD. Examples include the Apple iPhone or iPad, Microsoft Surface, Nokia Lumia devices, Samsung Galaxy devices, and Google Android devices for example.
As shown in FIG. 4A, the mobile device 50 includes a GUI 53 with a screen 54, which may also receive input if it is a touch screen. The mobile device 50 may also have buttons 52 (e.g., a keyboard) for receiving input from the patient, a speaker 56, and a microphone 58. Mobile device 50 further includes a battery within its housing 51, although not shown, which battery may be a primary battery or rechargeable. Mobile device 50 can also include ports 55 and 57, which are subsequently explained. Mobile device 50 further includes at least one short-range RF antenna 59, again as subsequently explained, and would include telemetry circuitry compliant with that antenna(s), although not shown. Processing in the mobile device 50 is controlled by a microcontroller 61.
Shown on the screen 54 is a typical home screen GUI 53 provided by the mobile device 50 when first booted or reset. A number of applications ("apps") 60 may be present and displayed as icons on the mobile device home screen GUI 53, which the patient can select and execute.
One of the applications (icons) displayed in FIG. 4A is a Medical Device Application (MDA) 70, which may reside as microcode in the mobile device 50's microcontroller 61. When MDA 70 is executed by the patient, the microcontroller 61 will configure the mobile device 50 for use as an external controller to communicate with an IMD. FIG. 4B shows the GUI 73 provided by the MDA 70 after it is executed, which includes options selectable by a patient to control his stimulation program or monitor his IMD, similar to what was described earlier with respect to the GUI 43 of the dedicated RC 40 of FIG. 3.
The MDA 70, like other applications 60 selectable in the mobile device 50, may have been downloaded using traditional techniques, such as from an Internet server or an "app store." Although not strictly necessary, MDA 70 is logically developed and provided by the manufacturer of the IMD, and may be made available in different versions to work with different mobile device operating systems (e.g., iOS, Android, Windows, etc.). One skilled in the art will understand that MDA 70 comprises instructions that can be stored in the mobile device 50 or on an Internet server for example on non-transistory machine-readable media, such as magnetic, optical, or solid-state discs, integrated circuits, memory sticks, tapes, etc.
When the MDA 70 on the mobile device 50 is first selected and executed, or when an appropriate selection is made in the MDA, wireless communications with the IMD can be established using a communication means in the mobile device 50 and enabled by the MDA 70. The above-incorporated '498 Publication discloses different examples in which such communication can occur, illustrated here in FIGS. 5A-5C.
In FIG. 5A, the MDA 70 establishes wireless communication directly with the IMD10b along short-range RF link 38b using short-range RF communication means supported by the mobile device 50 (e.g., WiFi or Bluetooth), including one of its short-range RF antennas 59 (FIG. 4A). In this instance, the IMD 10b would include short-range communication means compatible with short-range RF link 38b such as a short-range RF antenna 34b shown earlier with respect to FIG. 2B.
In FIG. 5B, a coil antenna 72 in a communication head 74 is coupled by a cable 76 to the port 55 on the mobile device 50, such as a USB port. In this example, the coil antenna 72 can be placed proximate to the IMD 10a to establish a magnetic induction link 38a, perhaps as modulated via FSK as mentioned earlier. The IMD 10a would include communication means compatible with magnetic induction link 38a such as a coil antenna 34a shown earlier with respect to FIG. 2A. The MDA 70 in this example would cause the mobile device 50 to issue and receive data at its USB port 55, which data may be modulated or digital depending whether the modulation/demodulation circuitry resides in the mobile device 50 or the communication head 74.
In FIG. 5C, the mobile device 50 communicates with the IMD 10a via an intermediary bridge 80. The bridge 80 contains first communication means including a short-range RF antenna 82b for wirelessly communicating with the mobile device 50 via short-range RF link 38b, and second communication means including a coil antenna 82a for wirelessly communicating with the IMD 10a via a magnetic induction link 38a. The bridge 80, which is preferably battery powered (battery not shown), essentially "translates" data on short-range RF link 38b into (FSK) data on magnetic induction link 38a, and vice versa. The MDA 70 can thus program the mobile device 50 to use its inherent short-range RF communication means (e.g., short-range antenna 59) to communicate with the IMD 10a, even if the IMD 10a is not compatible with such means, because the bridge 80 can translate and communicate with both. The communication system of FIG. 5C is further explained in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2013/0215285, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The '498 Publication further teaches that the MDA 70 can secure the mobile device 50 by controlling hardware and software that could affect, or worse corrupt, its use as an IMD external controller. Addressing such security issues is prudent because general-purpose commercial mobile devices by virtue of their broad connectivity are potentially subject to software viruses or tampering ("hacking"). For example, the '498 Publication discloses that the MDA 70 upon execution can temporarily configure the mobile device 50 to prevent operation inconsistent with external controller functionality, such as by disabling or reconfiguring hardware modules in the mobile device 50 that are either unnecessary or could potentially interfere with operation of the MDA 70. The MDA 70 can also terminate or temporarily suspend software tasks that might interfere with secure operation of the mobile device 50 as an external controller, such as other apps 60 displayable and executable from the mobile device home screen GUI 53 (FIG. 4A), or other software tasks that may run in the background of the mobile device in manners not immediately noticeable to the patient.
The above-incorporated '743 Application describes other techniques for using a mobile device 50 to communicate with an IMD 10a or 10b, which are illustrated here in FIGS. 6A-6C. In these techniques, an accessory 90 with a connector 92 is coupled to an audio port 57 on the mobile device. The connector 92 and audio port 57 are co-axial, and typically comprise a left and right audio output signal, an audio input signal (MIC), and a ground. Typically a pair of headphones and/or a microphone (not shown) can be coupled to the audio port 57 on the mobile device 50 as is well known. Such signaling allows the accessory 90 to communicate bi-directionally with the mobile device 50. Additionally, the accessory 90 can receive power from the mobile device 50 for its circuitry via connector 92/audio port 57, or can include its own battery, as explained in the '743 Application. Although not depicted here, the '743 Application teaches that the accessory 90 can be coupled to a different type of port on the mobile device 50, such as the USB port 55.
In the '743 Application, the accessory 90 is used to facilitate quick execution of the MDA 70 on the mobile device 50, essentially allowing a user instant access to GUI 73 to communicate with his IMD 10. In one example, the accessory 90 is used to immediately execute the MDA 70 on the mobile device, either upon pressing a switch 94 and/or when the accessory 90 is inserted into the audio port 57 and automatically validated by the mobile device 50. The accessory 90 can facilitate immediate execution of the MDA 70 by by-passing security measures inherent in the mobile device 50, such as screen locks or passwords, thus removing these encumbrances. The accessory 90 can further enable securing of the mobile device 50 for use as an IMD external controller, as explained above with respect to the '498 Publication. The use of the accessory 90 also provides a physical measure of IMD security, as the MDA 70 can be programmed to not execute if the patient's accessory 90 is not present and validated. Electronics in the accessory 90 are described in the '743 Application but are largely omitted here.
In the example of FIG. 6A, once the MDA 70 is executed, communication with the IMD occurs using short-range communication means provided in the mobile device 50 itself, including at least one of its short-range RF antennas 59. This assumes use with an IMD (e.g., 10b) having a short-range RF antenna (e.g., 34b) compliant with the communication standard used by antenna 59.
If the IMD is not so compliant, other examples in the '743 Application provide antennas in the accessories 90, as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C. In FIG. 6B, the accessory 90 includes a coil antenna 96a capable of communicating with an IMD compliant with such communication means, such as IMD 10a of FIG. 2A. In FIG. 6C, the accessory 90 includes a short-range RF antenna 96b compliant with the IMD, such as IMD 10b of FIG. 2B. In this example, the accessory 90's short-range RF antenna 96b can communicate using a standard supported by the IMD 10b (e.g., MICS) which may not be supported by the short-range RF antenna 59 in the mobile device 50 (e.g., WiFi or Bluetooth). In either of the examples of FIGS. 6B and 6C, communications with the IMD 10a or 10b as controlled by the MDA 70 on the mobile device 50 occurs bi-directionally using the accessory 90's antennas 96a or 96b and the data path provided by audio port 57/connector 92. As such, the mobile device 50 in this example is only used for its easy provision of a GUI, rather than for its inherent communication capabilities (such as its non-compliant short-range RF antenna 59). Otherwise, the accessories 90 of FIGS. 6B and 6C provide the same benefits to security and ease of use provided by the accessory 90 of FIG. 6A.

Use of a dedicated remote control as an intermediary device to communicate with an implantable medical device

Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation


In a preferred embodiment, a single-sheet applique for use in a multi-level display, including: a first portion formed in a single planar sheet of applique material; a second portion formed in the single planar sheet of applique material; at least a first segment formed in the single planar sheet of applique material and joining the first portion and the second portion; and the at least a first segment being arranged so as to permit the first portion and the second portion to be folded away from each other such that the first portion will lie in a plane different from a plane in which the second portion lies.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to appliques generally and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a novel single-sheet, multi-level applique that is particularly useful in vehicle dashboards and a novel method of manufacturing the same.
2. Background Art
While the present invention is described with reference to application in vehicle dashboards, it will be understood that it is applicable as well to any application in which multi-level appliques are employed.
Conventionally, multi-level appliques are employed in vehicle dashboards to provide graphics surrounding gauges and other information displays. For example, an analog speedometer includes a pointer that extends through a portion of the dashboard. An applique on which is printed a scale of speeds is attached to that portion of the dashboard surrounding the pointer such that the pointer will point to the speed at which the vehicle is traveling. Similarly, appliques may be used in conjunction with indicators of engine temperature, oil pressure, fuel tank level, engine speed, alternator voltage output, and whatever other operating indicators may be employed. An applique surrounding the instrument display may also be employed. Additionally, symbols visible through one or more of the appliques may be employed, such as a symbol indicating that a seat belt is not fastened, for example.
The appliques may be adhesively attached to portions of the dashboard or they may be held in place by means of one or more retainers that hold the appliques in place without the use of an adhesive.
According to one manufacturing technique, such appliques are individually cut and silk screen-printed. For example, a dashboard display may include one applique for the fuel gauge, another applique for the speedometer, a third applique for the engine temperature gauge, and a fourth applique for surrounding the entire instrument display. One reason for producing the appliques separately is that the appliques for the fuel gauge, the speedometer, and the engine temperature gauge are applied at a level that is set farther into the dashboard than the surrounding applique. This creates a three-dimensional visual effect in the vehicle instrumentation which not only is attractive, but which also facilitates differentiating one display from another, as opposed to having all displays presented on the same plane.
While there are aesthetic reasons for using separate appliques, such a technique creates manufacturing problems and additional cost. These come about by virtue of the fact that the separate silk-screening printing operations employed to apply the graphics to the appliques lead to inconsistent variations in colors between the various appliques, due to differences in chemistry and temperature and/or humidity conditions when the appliques are produced.
According to another technique, a flat applique is produced and then the applique is pressed with a bladder to dish the applique or to form other surfaces. This technique is relatively expensive because of lower production yields due to breakage. There are also more quality problems, since, when an applique is cut, burrs are formed which are easier to remove from flat appliques in a deburring operation than are burrs on formed appliques. Since economics dictate that quality control inspection take place only after the applique is finished, the burr problem is not discovered until after forming has taken place and the burrs must, consequently, be removed from the formed appliques.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a multi-level applique and method of manufacture that avoid problems inherent in conventional multi-level applique displays.
It is further object of the invention to provide a method of manufacturing such an applique that is economical.
It is another object of the invention to provide such an applique that provides for a multi-level display with a single-sheet.
It is an additional object of the invention to provide such an applique that may have only planar surfaces.
Other objects of the present invention, as well as particular features, elements, and advantages thereof, will be elucidated in, or be apparent from, the following description and the accompanying drawing figures.
The present invention achieves the above objects, among others, by providing, in a preferred embodiment, a single-sheet applique for use in a multi-level display, comprising: a first portion formed in a single planar sheet of applique material; a second portion formed in said single planar sheet of applique material; at least a first segment formed in said single planar sheet of applique material and joining said first portion and said second portion; and said at least a first segment being arranged so as to permit said first portion and said second portion to be folded away from each other such that said first portion will lie in a plane different from a plane in which said second portion lies.

Method of forming a single-sheet applique


A sheet-handling apparatus includes a base, a second motor and a sheet-fetching assembly driven by the second motor. The sheet-fetching assembly has a passive gear and a floating gear. When the passive gear rotates, the floating gear revolves around the passive gear. A plurality of driving rollers are driven by a first motor. A plurality of driven rollers are driven by driving rollers, respectively. A prop assembly includes a brace arranged in the base, a prop axel engaged in the brace, a twist arm fixed at the prop axel and having a plurality of teeth for contacting with the floating gear, a swimming arm sleeved and firmly engaged with the swimming arm and a spring component installed on a support board of the swimming arm. The passive gear drives the floating gear descending and ascending. There are two motors provided in the sheet-handling apparatus in order to simplify the structure of the sheet-handling apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sheet-handling apparatus used for an image reading machine such as a copying machine and arranged to feed a document or a paper sheet on which an image is to be transferred, and more specifically to a sheet handling apparatus for two-side scanning and copying.
2. The Related Art
In an image reading machine or an image forming machine, such as a copying machine, a printer, an image reader, a facsimile or the like, the machine is provided with a sheet-handling apparatus for automatically feeding a sheet into the machine.
Generally, a sheet-handling apparatus comprising a sheet-fetching apparatus, a transporting assembly and sheet channels. The sheet-fetching apparatus fetches a sheet and sends the sheet into the sheet channels. The transporting assembly delivers the sheet to an image-processing area. After an image processed, the paper is sent out of the machine.
In order to effectively utilize the sheet, this image reading machine deals with the sheet on both sides of the sheet. A sheet-handling apparatus is provided for delivering a sheet into the machine for scanning or printing an image on one side of the sheet, then delivering the sheet into the machine again for scanning or printing an image on the other side of the sheet.
The sheet-handling apparatus comprises a sheet-fetching assembly, a transporting assembly and sheet channels. The sheet-fetching assembly fetches a sheet and sends the sheet to the sheet channels. The sheet channels comprise a first channel and a second channel. An image-processing area is arranged in the first channel. The second channel sends the one-side processed sheet to the image-processing area. The transporting assembly comprising a plurality of rolling wheels, a plurality of inert wheels, an exit-rolling wheel and an exit idle wheel. The exit rolling wheel and the exit idle wheel are located at a sheet exit. In general, a special motor drives the sheet-fetching assembly. When the motor running clockwise, the sheet-fetching assembly fetches a sheet. When the motor running counterclockwise, the sheet-fetching assembly rises. The exit-rolling wheel and the rolling wheels are driven by a sheet-feeding motor. The sheet-feeding motor runs reversely, so that the sheet is sent to the second channel.
While the sheet-handling apparatus works, the sheet-fetching assembly fetches the sheet into the first channel, then the paper is delivered to the image-processing area. After the sheet is sent to the exit-rolling wheel, the sheet is sent to the sheet exit. While the end of the sheet passes through the exit rolling wheel and the exit idle wheel, the exit-rolling wheel drives reversely, the sheet is sent to the second channel, and then the paper is delivered to the first channel. So that, the other side of the sheet is processed.
However, the structure of the conventional sheet-handling apparatus is very complex. Especially, the sheet-handling apparatus has many motors. For the motors, the sheet-handling apparatus has to arrange a lot of additional parts, such as speed-reducing gears, control means, linking elements, etc. Therefore, the structure of the sheet-handling apparatus is complex. Of course, it is not convenient for assembling, repairing and maintaining the sheet-handling apparatus.


A method and device of over training a connection is provided. Noise is intentionally supplied and added to a signal that is subjected to a link training operation. The link training operation is used to obtain a link between a source device and a receiving device. The device includes a noise source from which noise is obtained and added to a signal to aid in link over-training.

The DisplayPort architecture, promulgated by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA), utilizes a link layer that implements a link service. It is one of many types of communications protocols that implement link services. The link service in DisplayPort and within a source device is used to discover, configure and maintain a link with a device which it connects to. The link service configures the link through what is known as link training. Link training is a process where different control settings are adjusted at a source and destination until the quality of the signal in training is optimized and matched between the source and receiver. These settings affect the electrical properties (the strength and shape) of a transmitted signal and how the signal is read at the receiver. The training process is controlled through handshaking between the DisplayPort transmitter (graphics output) and receiver (repeater, hub, or display) over an auxiliary channel. Link Training is an iterative process. Combinations of number of signal lanes and signal speeds may be tried as part of the training sequence. A satisfactory result delivers a transmitter and receiver tuned to each other for accurate signal transmission. It is possible that the training results deliver a tuned result that is not optimized but instead is set near the edge of acceptable levels. In such cases, the receiver may occasionally miss signals due to noise on the lines or other factors that negatively impact the signal quality. As a result, the receiver is more likely to lose synchronization with the source which can result in screen flicker and loss of signal which results in a loss of the display image.
The specification for DisplayPort indicates that once a signal is successfully received during the training sequence, an additional adjustment should be done either at the source or destination to add additional fidelity. It has been found that, in practice, such a final adjustment is not always performed. Accordingly, the signal quality may be potentially on the edge of the optimal settings for best margin which results in potential signal loss periodically.
Furthermore, the operation of the final training adjustment(s) is controlled by the firmware within the receiver (display). Such firmware is often set at the factory and is not readily updatable post production.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a device and method for improving signal link quality between devices which utilize link training such as, for example, in DisplayPort signals.

Method and device for link over-training


A semiconductor package is provided. The semiconductor package includes a package substrate. The semiconductor package further includes a first chip and a second chip mounted on the package substrate. The thickness of the first chip is different from that of the second chip. In addition, the semiconductor package includes a heat spreader attached on top of the first chip and top of the second chip. A first portion of the heat spreader over the first chip and a second portion of the heat spreader over the second chip have the same thickness.

Today's consumer electronics market frequently demands complex functions requiring very intricate circuitry. Scaling to smaller and smaller fundamental building blocks, e.g. transistors, has enabled the incorporation of even more intricate circuitry on a single die with each progressive generation. Semiconductor packages are used for protecting an integrated circuit (IC) chip or die, and also to provide the die with an electrical interface to external circuitry. With the increasing demand for smaller electronic devices, semiconductor packages are designed to be even more compact and must support higher circuit density. Furthermore, the demand for higher performance and reliability in devices results in the need for an improved semiconductor package having better thermal and mechanical performance.
Although existing semiconductor packages and methods for forming the same have been generally adequate for their intended purposes, they have not been entirely satisfactory in all respects.

Semiconductor package and method for forming the same

TAIWAN SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.


A laser diode device capable of detecting laser light with a simple structure is provided. A laser diode device, includes a semiconductor layer formed through laminating a first conductive type layer, an active layer and a second conductive type layer in this order, the second conductive type layer including a striped current confinement structure in a top portion thereof, and a plurality of electrodes being formed on the second conductive type layer side of the semiconductor layer and being electrically connected to the second conductive type layer at predetermined intervals, wherein the semiconductor layer has a photoreceptor region in a region corresponding to an electrode (a first electrode) of the plurality of electrodes except for at least one, the photoreceptor region absorbing a part of the light emitted in the semiconductor layer to convert the part of the light into a current signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laser diode device having a photodetector which detects laser light, more specifically to a laser diode device which can be suitably used for optical disks.
2. Description of the Related Art
A laser diode device for optical disks in a related art includes a photodetector which detects laser light from a laser diode included in the laser diode device. Typically, the photodetector is arranged in a region where the output of light from the laser does not decay, for example, on a rear end surface side of the laser diode (a side opposite to a light emission side) separate from the laser diode, and the photodetector detects laser light by absorbing light leaked through the rear end surface to convert the light into a current signal.
However, in general, the rear end surface of the laser diode is covered with a high-reflectivity film, so the output of light leaked through the rear end surface is extremely small. Therefore, it is necessary for the photodetector to have a high sensitivity to the leaked light. At present, as the laser diode for optical disks, a multiwavelength laser capable of outputting laser light of 780 nm wavelength used for replaying a CD (Compact Disk) or recording on or replaying a recordable optical disk, such as a CD-RW (CD Rewritable) or an MD (Mini Disk), or laser light of 650 nm wavelength used for recording on or replaying a DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) is the mainstream. Therefore, for example, as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-55744, a photodiode (PD) made of a silicon (Si)-based compound semiconductor which can obtain high sensitivity to such long-wavelength light is used as a photodetector.


The invention relates to a method for producing an optical arrangement (10, 300), in which an optical component (355, 20) is optically connected to at least one waveguide (90, 320, 330) provided on or in a carrier substrate (100, 310). In order to enable an optical component to be connected to an optical waveguide of a carrier substrate in a particularly simple and thus cost-effective manner, the invention provides for there to be arranged between the optical component (20, 355) and the waveguide (90, 320, 330) an adjustment device (40, 350) with at least one auxiliary waveguide (60, 410, 440), the waveguide ends (50, 70, 400, 420, 430, 450) of which are in each case movable and an optical adjustment between the optical component (20, 355) and the waveguide (90, 320, 330) of the carrier substrate (100, 310) is effected by a mechanical adjustment of the movable waveguide ends (50, 70, 400, 420, 430, 450).

In optical telecommunications technology increasingly complex devices are being created which combine a plurality of optical and optoelectrical functions in a common optical arrangement, in particular on a common platform or a common substrate. Examples of such functions or functional elements are optical filters, switches, attenuators, transmitters, amplifiers or receivers. Carriers having combined mechanical, optical, electrical and also thermal functionalities are increasingly being used as the platform. Examples thereof are "electrical optical circuit boards" (EOCB), which are usually used for multimode application, or so-called "planar lightwave circuits" (PLC), that is to say so-called planar optical circuits which are used for multi- or single-mode applications.
By way of example, the lightwave circuit in accordance with the published European patent application EP 1 085 354 A1 lies in this field of optical telecommunications technology. Thus, in this previously known method, a photodetector as optical component is placed onto a carrier substrate, to be precise in such a way that the photodetector is optically connected to a waveguide provided in or on the carrier substrate.
The invention is based on the object of specifying a method by which an optical component can be connected to an optical waveguide of a carrier substrate in a particularly simple and thus cost-effective manner.

Method for producing an optical arrangement


A hetero-integrated structure includes a substrate, a die, a passivation layer, a first redistribution layer, a second redistribution layer, and connecting portions. The die is attached on the substrate. The die has an active surface and a non-active surface. The active surface has pads. The passivation layer covers sidewalls and a surface of the die to expose a surface of the pads. The first redistribution layer is located on the passivation layer and electrically connected to the pads. The second redistribution layer is located on the substrate and adjacent to the die. The connecting portions are connected to the first redistribution layer and the second redistribution layer.

With the thinning of electronic devices, the current trend is to directly connect hetero-semiconductor components to reduce the use of intermediate substrates, so that the size of semiconductor packages may be reduced while shortening electrical path, thus improving the operating speed in the semiconductor packages. The traditional hetero-assembly method is to solder at high temperatures, but high temperatures affect the performance of the chips. In response to more advanced requirements and to prevent the high temperature of conventional solder connections from affecting chip performance, novel assembly methods are always needed.

Industrial Technology Research Institute


Exemplary embodiments of universal mounting brackets and dispensers with mounting brackets are disclosed herein. An exemplary universal dispenser mounting bracket includes a base. The base has a first surface for connecting to a dispenser. A first spring arm extends from the base in a first direction and has a first arm clamp. A second spring arm extends from the base in a second direction and has a second arm clamp. The first and second spring arms have a rest position and a biased position. Moving the first and second spring arms away from their rest position generates a clamp force in the spring arms that urges the first and second spring arms toward their rest position. When the mounting bracket is mounted to a surface, the base is on a first side of the surface and the first and second clamp arms are on a second side of the surface and the clamp force generated by the spring arms secures the mounting bracket to the surface.

Liquid dispenser systems, such as liquid soap and sanitizer dispensers, provide a user with an amount of liquid upon actuation of the dispenser. The dispensers may be table top dispensers having a bottle and a pump secured to the bottle, in addition some are suitable for wall mounting and some have wall mounting brackets that are affixed to a wall. However, often times it would be convenient to be able to be able to releasably mount dispensers in other areas.


A tensioner for drawing a point on a flexible wing's surface toward its leading edge. The wing's camber is thereby increased and maintained even at high airflow velocities and low angles of attack. The provision of a tensioner length adjustment system allows the wing's camber to be optimized for a particular set of conditions. The fitment of a plurality of such tensioners along the wing's chordlines and along its span allows the wing's shape to be fine-tuned both in terms of camber as well as twist.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to flexible wings used on various craft for lift or propulsion and more particularly pertains to devices for modifying and controlling the shape of such wings in order to increase power and enhance stability and control.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The efficiency and controllability of an aerodynamic surface is extremely sensitive to relatively minor changes in its shape. Moreover, shape requirements change as a function of airflow velocity and angle of attack. The problem of achieving an optimized shape is compounded in flexible wing designs wherein both surfaces are called upon to interchangeably fulfill windward as well as leeward functions.
Flexible wings are commonly utilized on sailing craft and a large variety of equipment and techniques has been developed to either directly or indirectly control the shape of the sail. The cut of the sail along with the type of materials utilized in its construction have a fundamental effect on the sail's ultimate shape while additional devices such as booms, sprits, spars, gaffs, outhauls, downhauls, boomvangs, etc. are utilized to modify the shape of the sail in order to accommodate various conditions. Relatively recent advances exploit the flexibility of specially constructed mast systems to further help shape the sail.
Two parameters that relate directly to a sail's shape and hence performance, are camber and twist. Camber refers to the convexity, arching or curving of the sail's surface relative the chord. The sail's camber, both in terms of shape and thickness, affects the range of angle of attack in which the sail can generate lift. The magnitude of the greatest deviation of the sail surface from the chord is a critical factor as is the point along the chord at which the greatest such deviation occurs. These two aspects of camber along with the profile of the "entry curve" of the sail's leading edge and the taper of the sail's trailing edge all affect the amount of power a sail is capable of extracting from air flowing thereover and the angles of attack at which such power can be extracted. Additionally, the sail's camber shape influences the boom center of pressure (bcp). The specific location of the bcp affects the control of the craft powered by the sail, while a shifting bcp causes instability. Due to the flexible nature of a conventional sail, varying magnitudes of airspeed and angle of attack typically alter the camber shape with a commensurate shift in the bcp.
The term "twist" is used to describe any variation in the angle with which the sail's chordlines emanate from along its leading edge. A chordline's orientation determines the angle of attack and while a substantial angle of attack may be necessary in order to extract power from an impinging air flow, too large an attack angle near a sail's head generates a disruptive and drag inducing vortex. It is therefore desirable to induce twist in the sail such that the angle of attack is greatest in the sail's "working section" (the bottom third to one half) while tapering off to near zero at its head. Twist additionally affects the spanwise center of pressure (scp). In a fashion similar to the bcp, the scp affects the control and stability of the craft powered by the sail.
Applicant has previously developed various "camber inducing devices" (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,686,921; 4,708,079; and 4,856,447) that serve to modify the shape of the sail by directly coupling a sail's battens with the mast. The couplings prevent undesired forward movement of the battens around the sides of the mast with the easing off of the outhaul in an effort to increase camber and thereby prevent the leading ends of the battens from distorting the airfoil shape and disrupting airflow. While those disclosed systems afford certain control of the sail's shape, their capabilities fall far short of maintaining an optimal airfoil shape, particularly at high airspeed and low angles of attack. Additionally, the amount of camber induced by such systems is inextricably tied to the adjustment of the outhaul and downhaul. Furthermore, these prior art devices are unable to provide the capability of independently varying the camber along the sail's span and similarly are incapable of altering the sail's twist. Finally, the prior art devices are unable to prevent decambering of the sail at low angles of attack and high wind velocities.


In an asynchronous CDMA mobile communication system supporting HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), in order to assign power to a high speed physical downlink shared channel (HS-PDSCH), a power offset is determined and then provided to a Node B and a user equipment (UE). For this, an HS-PDSCH power offset is determined by a controlling radio network controller (CRNC) and a Node B, and then transmitted to the UE or the Node B.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a downlink packet communication method in a code division multiple access (hereinafter referred to as "CDMA") mobile communication system employing high speed downlink packet access (hereinafter referred to as "HSDPA"), and in particular, to a method for assigning power of a high speed physical downlink shared channel (hereinafter referred to as "HS-PDSCH").
2. Description of the Related Art
The mobile communication system has evolved from an early circuit-based mobile communication system, chiefly supporting a voice service, into a high-speed, high-quality packet-based mobile communication system supporting a data service and a multimedia service. A 3rd generation mobile communication system is divided into an asynchronous 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) system and a synchronous 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2) system, and standardization for the 3rd generation mobile communication system is currently being conducted for a high-speed, high-quality radio packet data service. For example, standardization for HSDPA is being conducted in 3GPP, while standardization for 1×EV-DV (Evolution-Data and Voice) is being carried out in 3GPP2. The standardization is being performed to find a solution for providing a high-speed, high-quality radio packet data service of 2 Mbps or higher in a 3rd generation mobile communication system. A 4th generation mobile communication system is attempting to provide a high-speed, high-quality multimedia service of a much higher data rate.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a cell provided in an asynchronous CDMA mobile communication system. Referring to FIG. 1, a Node B 101 communicates with user equipments (UEs) 104, 106, and 108 over downlink and uplink channels set up therebetween. Downlink physical channels used in HSDPA are divided into a dedicated physical channel, which is exclusively used by one UE and common channels, such as a common pilot channel (CPICH), a primary common control channel (P-CCCH), a secondary common control channel (S-CCCH), a high speed physical downlink shared channel (HS-PDSCH), and a high speed shared control channel (HS-SCCH).
The Node B 101 transmits the above-stated downlink physical channels. In FIG. 1, reference numerals 103, 105, 107, and 109 represent the downlink physical channels with arrows according to their types. Of the reference numerals, reference numeral 103 represents common channels, such as a common pilot channel, a primary common control channel, a secondary common control channel, and other indication channels. The Node B 101 assigns power so that signals on the common channels can arrive at up to a boundary of the cell, and then transmits the common channel signals to the UEs 104, 106, and 108 at the assigned power. This is because all UEs exiting in the cell should be able to receive the common channels. The common channels to which power was assigned the by the Node B is scarcely changed with the passage of time.
Reference numerals 105 and 107 represent dedicated physical channels among the downlink physical channels. An arrow shown by the reference numeral 105 represents a dedicated physical channel for communication with the UE 104, while an arrow shown by reference numeral 107 represents a dedicated physical channel for communication with the UE 106. The dedicated physical channel is assigned optimum power so that only the UE in communication can receive the dedicated physical channel. Therefore, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the UE 106 located at a relatively farther distance from the Node B 101 as compared with the UE 104 should be assigned higher power for its dedicated physical channel. The dedicated physical channels continuously undergo power control. As the dedicated physical channels are simply created or released, transmission power assigned to the dedicated physical channels are changed with the passage of time.
The UE 108 represents a UE receiving an HSDPA service. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 109 denotes a high speed physical downlink shared channel or a high speed shared control channel. The UE 108 receives the high speed physical downlink shared channel or high speed shared control channel 109. Even in the high speed physical downlink shared channel, as the number of UEs or a required service may undergo a change with the passage of time, transmission power assigned thereto is changed.
For these reasons, Node B 101 assigns the total power for a dedicated physical channel and HSDPA within the range of remaining power minus the power assigned to the common channel from the total available transmission power. The assigned total HSDPA power is determined by a controlling RNC (Radio Network Controller, hereinafter referred to as "CRNC") according to circumstances. The CRNC changes the total HSDPA power according to a change in conditions. The CRNC can inform a Node B of the time-varying total HSDPA power through a Physical Shared Channel Reconfiguration Request message, i.e., an NBAP (Node B Application Part) message. The NBAP message represents the total HSDPA power with an information element (hereinafter referred to as "IE") called "HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH Total Power."
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a time-varying ratio of a total transmission power used by the Node B 101. In FIG. 2, a horizontal axis shown by reference numeral 201 indicates a change in time, and a vertical axis shown by reference numeral 202 indicates power assigned to channels in a Node B. A value shown by reference numeral 207 indicates the total transmission power available for the Node B. Reference numeral 203 indicates power assigned to a common pilot channel, and reference numeral 204 indicates power assigned to other common channels such as a primary common control channel and a secondary common control channel. Commonly, the power 203 and the power 204 are scarcely changed with the passage of time. However, a power assignment ratio for the common channels shown by the reference numerals 203 and 204 can undergo a change according to a characteristic of a cell. That is, a ratio of power 203 and 204 assigned to the common channel to the total Node B power 207 can be changed according to a radius of the cell or a geographical environment.
However, Node B power minus the power assigned to the common channel must be assigned for a dedicated physical channel and an HSDPA service. In FIG. 2, reference numeral 205 denotes power assigned to a dedicated physical channel, while reference numeral 206 indicates power assigned for an HSDPA service. The power 205 assigned to the dedicated physical channel is non-periodically changed according to a condition of the Node B, as shown by reference numerals 210, 211, and 212.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate structures of an uplink channel and a downlink channel used for an HSDPA service, respectively. Specifically, FIG. 3 illustrates a structure of a high speed dedicated physical control channel (hereinafter referred to as "HS-DPCCH"), i.e., an uplink channel used for an HSDPA service.
Referring to FIG. 3, an HS-DPCCH includes a plurality of subframes 301. Assuming that one radio frame 302 with a length of 10 ms is comprised of 5 subframes, each subframe has a length of 2 ms. One subframe is comprised of 3 time slots. Of the 3 time slots, a first time slot 303 is assigned for transmission of an ACK/NAK signal for HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest), and the other 2 time slots 304 are assigned for a channel quality indicator (hereinafter referred to as "CQI").
The CQI is determined by a UE, and used to indicate quality of the HS-PDSCH. The UE measures a signal-to-interference ratio (hereinafter referred to as "SIR") of a CPICH, and determines the CQI by estimating an SIR of the HS-PDSCH depending on a ratio of reception power of the CPICH to reception power of the HS-PDSCH. Therefore, the UE must previously have information on the SIR of the CPICH and a ratio of reception power of the CPICH to reception power of the HS-PDSCH, in order to determine the CQI. The SIR of the CPICH can be measured in the UE. The ratio of reception power of the CPICH to reception power of the HS-PDSCH is identical to a ratio of transmission power of the CPICH to transmission power of the HS-PDSCH. Herein, the ratio of reception power of the CPICH to reception power of the HS-PDSCH or the ratio of transmission power of the CPICH to transmission power of the HS-PDSCH will be referred to as an "HS-PDSCH power offset." For convenience, the term "CPICH power" used herein indicates either transmission power of CPICH or reception power of CPICH, and the term "HS-PDSCH power" indicates either transmission power of HS-PDSCH or reception power of HS-PDSCH. However, it should be noted that when the CPICH power is construed as transmission power of the CPICH, the HS-PDSCH power should also be interpreted as transmission power of HS-PDSCH. The CPICH power has a different value according to a characteristic of a cell. In addition, as shown by reference numeral 206 of FIG. 2, power assigned for HSDPA is also changed with the passage of time. Therefore, the HS-PDSCH power offset is also not a fixed value, but a value changeable according to the type of a cell, timing condition, and power of a common channel.
FIG. 4 illustrates a structure of a downlink channel used for an HSDPA service. In FIG. 4, reference numeral 410 represents a structure of HS-SCCH, and reference numeral 420 represents a structure of HS-PDSCH. In the HS-SCCH 410 and the HS-PDSCH 420, a subframe has a length of 2 ms, and is comprised of 3 time slots. In the HS-PDSCH, transmission of a subframe is started at a time when transmission of a third time slot in the HS-SCCH is started.
As described in conjunction with FIGS. 3 and 4, a UE transmits CQI measured by a CPICH to a Node B over an HS-PDSCH. At this moment, as the CQI is determined by the CPICH, CQI and HS-PDSCH power offset to be applied to HS-PDSCH may be generated. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to newly define a correct CQI by reflecting an HS-PDSCH power offset in the CQI determined by the CPICH. In addition, the Node B and the UE must previously have information on the HS-PDSCH power offset.
Therefore, it is necessary to newly define a scheme for determining the HS-PDSCH power offset and signal processing procedures for sharing the HS-PDSCH power offset in a mobile communication system.

Method for determining power offset of HS-PDSCH in an asynchronous CDMA mobile communication system and signaling method therefor


A copyproof document includes a paper document substrate, a disc having a primarily holographic first face facing away from the substrate and a second face with permanent pressure sensitive adhesive engaging the substrate, and mechanical intertwining between the substrate and disc so that they are substantially inseparable. The mechanical intertwining enables the materials thereof become substantially inseparably intertwined, the permanent adhesive also acting to insure inseparability. Typically the parameter of the disc will be a mechanically intertwined with the substrate while at the center there is little or no mechanical intertwining so that the holographic activity of the first face is not significantly occluded. Unique identifying indicia (e.g. consecutive numbers or bar coding) may also be provided on the disc, and application of the discs to a document may not be practiced without security authorization and access (by key, computer, or the like). Also, the number of discs (and typically their unique identification indicia) may be recorded once applied to documents. The positioning of the discs in place with respect to the substrate and the mechanical intertwining step may be accomplished manually or automatically, the mechanical intertwining typically being accomplished by moving first and second cooperating dies to sandwich a disc and substrate between them. The discs may be fed on a web of release material to the document at an area between the dies, the web passing around a release roller which facilitates release of the discs from the web.

There is an increasing need for effective methods and mechanisms for making documents (such as gift certificates, titles, checks, transcripts, bonds, etc.) copyproof. One technique which is effective in that regard is the application of holographic material to a document. The holographic material deters duplication utilizing conventional copiers and/or scanners because the multi-dimensional images associated with the holographic material are lost during copying and/or scanning, thus providing a quick check for authenticity. However, clever forgerers are often capable of removing the holographic material from the document to which it is attached. Even when permanent adhesives, which adhere to the underlying substrate so aggressively that tearing of the underlying document and/or hologram is necessary to effective removal, are used they are not completely effective because sometimes they can be removed by acting on the adhesive chemically, or obscured by effectively covering up the holographic material with a masking material.
According to the present invention a method of making a copyproof document, a copyproof document, and a device for making a copyproof document, are provided which have improvements over conventional documents with holograms, such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,212. According to the present invention the holographic material is mechanically intertwined when applied to a document substrate so that the materials of the hologram and the substrate become substantially inseparably intertwined. A permanent adhesive is also preferably utilized to even more securely bond the components together. This mechanical intertwining provides a three-dimensional effect, like that of a notarial seal, while at the same time providing the security of a hologram, so that it is much more difficult to copy in a manner that does not clearly indicate a fraudulent secure document (such as checks, bonds, titles, transcripts, certificates, etc.).
According to one aspect of the present invention a method of making a document copyproof is provided. The method comprises the following steps: (a) applying a piece of material, with a primarily holographic face, to a document with the holographic face facing away from the document; and (b) mechanically intertwined the piece of material with primarily holographic face and document so that the materials thereof become substantially inseparably intertwined.
The piece of material with a primarily (preferably completely) holographic face may comprise a disc having a perimeter and a center. Step (b) is typically practiced so as to mechanically intertwine the perimeter of the disc but leave the center primarily or substantially completely unmacerated so as not to occlude the holographic activity thereof. While it is preferred that the disc first face be substantially completely holographic, it may include a perimeter of non-holographic material so that step (b) is practiced to primarily mechanically intertwine the non-holographic perimeter.
As indicated above, the disc preferably includes pressure sensitive permanent adhesive on a bottom face thereof (it is the face opposite the primarily holographic face), step (a) being practiced to apply the adhesive to the document and the adhesive combining with the maceration provided by step (b) to insure that the piece of material with a primarily holographic face and document become substantially inseparable.
Step (b) may be practiced by sandwiching the document and disc between male and female dies, and applying pressure to deform the document and disc to conform to the dies. Step (a) may be further practiced by providing the piece of material on a carrier web and moving the carrier web around a sharp angled turn adjacent the document so that the piece of material releases from the carrier web. There are also preferably the further steps of precluding the practice of step (b) without security authorization and access (e.g. by using a key, combination, or computer control password), and recording the number of pieces of material with a holographic face applied to documents. The pieces of material with holographic faces are preferably uniquely identified (e.g. with serial numbers) and the recording step is further practiced to record the unique identification of each of the pieces of material applied to a document. The moving step may be practiced manually, and step (b) also practiced manually, or the steps can both be practiced automatically.
According to another aspect of the present invention a copyproof document is provided which comprises the following elements: A document substrate (preferably paper). A piece of material having a primarily holographic first face facing away from the document substrate, and a second face engaging the document substrate. And mechanical intertwining between the document substrate and piece of material so that they are substantially inseparable.
The copyproof document according to the invention also preferably further comprises pressure sensitive permanent adhesive between the piece of material second face and the document substrate to further affix them together so that they are substantially inseparable. The piece of material may comprise a disc having a perimeter and a center, and the mechanical intertwining between the disc and the document substrate may be primarily at the disc perimeter so that the holographic activity of the first face is not significantly occluded by the mechanical intertwining. The first face may be substantially completely holographic, and the piece of material may have a unique identifying indicia such as a serial number.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention a mechanical intertivining device is provided comprising the following components: First and second cooperating dies. Means for moving the first die with respect to the second die from a first position in which the dies are spaced from each other a distance greater than the thickness of a piece of material with a primarily holographic first face and a document, to a second position in which they connect by mechanical intertwining a piece of material and document therebetween. A secure access lock for preventing movement of the dies between the first and second positions thereof without secure access. And means for feeding discs of material with a primarily holographic face on a web from a roll to a position between the dies, including a release roller facilitating release of the discs from the web thereat.
The dies that are utilized are preferably of the same type that are used for notarial or corporate seals, being made of metal or other hard material having a complex design and not having interengaging male and female components over the entire surface thereof but rather there being blank portions. The device also may further comprise a counter for counting the number of movements of the dies between the first and second positions thereof, and the moving and feeding means may comprise manual actuators or automatic mechanisms. A common computer control may be provided for controlling the automatic mechanisms, and the computer control may also comprise the secure access lock. For the manual device, a secure access lock may be provided by a key or combination lock. A separate key or combination lock may be provided for gaining access to the supply of holographic discs associated with the dies.
It is the primary object of the present invention to produce and provide an improved copyproof document including holographic material. This and other objects of the invention will become clear from an inspection of the detailed description of the invention and from the appended claims.

Method and apparatus for creating secure documents

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During the processing of workpieces using a water jet, standstill times or even operating interruptions arise on the machine tools when the processed workpieces are removed and the workpieces to be processed are positioned on the machine. This is made more difficult above all in water-abrasive jet cutting, which is known to be performed on immersed workpieces. Through a water basin, which may be flooded in a simple way and has a foldable side wall having lift-pivot cylinders on its front side, supports may be pushed into and out of the water basin. A loading station, having lifting devices, positioned behind the machine tool allows the preparation of workpieces while the machine tool executes a jet processing. The loading station having a linear drive allows the stacking of prepared supports. According to the method, the flooding of the water basin and the control of the foldable side wall are tailored to the loading station, through which a performance increase of the machine tool arises.

CNC machines using high-pressure water jet processing, particularly water jet cutting systems having one or more nozzles, are generally known. Thus, for example, a brochure (BYJET, undated) of the firm Bystronic Laser AG, CH-3362 Niederönz shows a universal cutting facility, suitable for pure water jet cutting and for abrasive jet cutting. A CNC-controlled cutting carriage movable over a water basin carries one or more cutting heads which are fed by high-pressure pumps having up to 4000 bar nominal output. Depending on the cutting agent (pure water jet or abrasive-water jet) the cutting is performed over the water surface or under the water surface. For this purpose, equalizing containers are provided which allow level regulation of the water bed and particularly function during loading and unloading of the cutting grate or grid.
This known machine has the disadvantage above all that during the loading and unloading, significant standstill times arise, which massively impair the overall output of the system.
Water jet processing is also increasingly used in mass production, and it has advantages in relation to laser processing, but in contrast thereto, no changes in the microstructure arise at the processing point. In addition, diverse materials, such as plastics and natural materials, foods, etc., can bear no or only a slight thermal stress, so that some advantages, such as performance and precision in laser processing, often do not come into consideration.

Machine tool and method for processing workpieces using a water jet


Provided are a method of producing a culturable cell with no nucleus, showing mitochondrial activity, comprising: performing cell fusion between a nucleus-less cell having mitochondrial DNA and a mitochondrial DNA-less cultured cell derived from a cancer cell; culturing resulting cybrid cells; and recovering floating cells from obtained cultured cells, and a cell obtained by the method.

The present invention relates to novel culturable cells with no nucleus, showing mitochondrial activity.
Amitochondrion has its own DNA (mitochondrial DNA: hereinafter, referred to also as "mtDNA") and an autonomous genetic expressing system. Only 13 peptides, however, are encoded by mtDNA and all the other mitochondrial proteins including factors relating to the genetic expression system are encoded by nuclear genes. Therefore, it has been believed that mitochondria will not be maintained without nucleus. Conventionally, techniques for isolating and purifying mitochondria from liver, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, brain, platelets and so on have been established (cf. non-patent documents 1–3). Functions of mitochondria, such as enzyme activity, have been evaluated with purified mitochondria in various diseases including mitochondrial diseases, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington disease (cf. non-patent documents 3–6). However, isolated and purified mitochondria have no proliferation potency so that it is impossible to culture the mitochondria.
Platelets are unique cells in an organism. They separate from megakaryocytes and have mitochondria but no nucleus. However, platelets have no proliferation potency and their life lasts only several days in an organism. This has made it impossible to observe changes of mitochondria with passage of time.
On the other hand, mtDNA-less human cell lines, designated Rho0 cells, have been isolated (cf. non-patent document 7). Fusion of cells of a Rho0 cell line with enucleated cells having mutant mtDNA to effect cytoplasmic transfer has enabled culture of cells having the mutant mtDNA (cybrids) Cell lines, obtained by fusing Rho0 cells with enucleated cells from patients with a variety of mitochondrial diseases, have contributed to elucidation of mitochondrial disorders (cf. non-patent documents 8–10). However, the mitochondria of such a cybrid cell are always under the influence of the nucleus and there is the possibility that the change of mitochondria in cultured cells when a drug is administered to the cultured cells is attributable to an indirect action of the drug to the mitochondria through the nucleus. Accordingly, such cybrid cells have been unsatisfactory for the evaluation of direct action of a drug or the like to mitochondria. From those facts, it has been demanded to culture cells that have no nucleus and show mitochondrial activity governed by mitochondria.
<Non-Patent Document 1>
    Stumpf et al. Biochem Med 21, 182–189, 1979<Non-Patent Document 2>    Hatafi Y et al. A.B.B. 94 148, 1964. Methods in enzymology IV, 51–59, 1979<Non-Patent Document 3>    Haas R H, K Nakano et al. Ann Neurol 1995; 37: 714–722<Non-Patent Document 4>    Shoffner J M, Brown M D, et al. Genomics 17: 171–184, 1993<Non-Patent Document 5>    Grunewald T et al. Ann New York Academy Science 893: 203–213, 1999<Non-Patent Document 6>    Maurer I et al. Neurobiology of Aging 21: 455–62, 2000<Non-Patent Document 7>    GuM Cooper J M et al. Ann Neurol 44: 177–186, 1998<Non-Patent Document 8>    Chomyn A, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 4221–4225, 1992<Non-Patent Document 9>    Dunbar D R, et al. Hum Mol Genet 5: 123–129, 1996<Non-Patent Document 10>    Chomyn A, et al. Am J Hum Genet 34: 966–974, 1994

Culturable mitochondrial cells with no nucleus, showing mitochondrial activity


An electromagnetic relay includes: an excitation coil; a movable core; a movable contactor that operates by following the movable core; a fixed contactor that is in contact with the movable contactor when the excitation coil is energized; a base that supports the fixed contactor; a fixed yoke fixed to the base; a moving yoke; a first pressing spring that biases the moving yoke toward the movable contactor; and a second pressing spring that biases the movable contactor such that the movable contactor and the fixed contactor are in contact with each other. The moving yoke is disposed to be in contact with a surface of the movable contactor opposite from the fixed contactor and to oppose the fixed yoke through the movable contactor. The moving yoke is provided to be able to contact and separate from the movable contactor.

A conventional relay opens and closes an electric circuit by making a movable contact and a fixed contact to contact or separate. Specifically, a stator which has the fixed contact is fixed after the positioning. One movable element which has the movable contact is moved such that the movable contact and the fixed contact are in contact with or separated from each other. More specifically, the relay includes a movable component drawn by an electromagnetic force of a coil, a pressing spring which biases the movable element such that the fixed contact and the movable contact are in contact with each other, and a return spring which biases the movable element through the movable component such that the fixed contact and the movable contact are separated from each other.
When the coil is energized, the movable component is driven by the electromagnetic force to move away from the movable element, and the movable element is biased by the pressing spring to move, such that the fixed contact and the movable contact are in contact, while the movable component and the movable element are separated from each other (for example, refer to Patent Literature 1).