A memorabilia container includes a receptacle for the memorabilia. The receptacle has opposite, upstanding side walls and an upstanding rear wall joining the side walls. The side walls and the rear wall have respective upper edges. A side lid is hingedly connected to each side wall. The side lid hinges are attached to the side walls such that the side walls do not open beyond a predetermined angle. Each side lid has an interior surface, an exterior surface, and an outer edge. The side lids close together with their outer edges abutting. A rear lid is hingedly connected to the rear wall. The rear wall hinge is attached to the rear wall such that the rear wall does not open beyond a predetermined angle. The rear lid has an interior surface and an exterior surface. The rear lid closes first, and the side lids close together over the rear lid. Photograph retainers are mounted on interior surfaces of the side lids and the rear lid.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to containers for memorabilia, and, more specifically, to a memorabilia container for displaying photographs when open.
2. Description of the Related Art
Keepsake containers of various types have been made for many years. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,655,341, issued to J. A. Snellgrove in 1928, discloses a memento novelty souvenir holder in the form of a book with a single hinged lid. The holder contains an accordion-like photograph holder.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,056, issued to Garcia, discloses a memento box having a single hinged lid and a partition matrix fitted within the box.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,012,789, issued to Kuo-Tsun Lai, discloses a mirror base of a vanity or jewel case having a single hinged lid. A pair of mirror doors is hingedly attached to the lid, and holds photos on their outer surfaces. The box contains a plurality of partitioned compartments.
U.S. Patent No. 2005/0023335 A1, issued to Rasmussen et al., discloses a packing box having hinged lids on opposite sides that fold inward toward each other. The embodiment shown in FIG. 4 has a single hinged lid.
U.S. Design Patent No. Des. 272,546, issued to Holson, discloses a book-like storage container for photographs having a single hinged lid, like a front book cover.
U.S. Design Pat. No. Des. 431,188, issued to Monn, discloses a jewelry display box having two hinged panels on opposite sides that fold together, overlapping one another.
U.S. Design Pat. No. D463,662 S, issued to Leiden et al., discloses another book-like memorabilia box having a single hinged lid opening to the side or the top. However, there remains a need in the art for a memorabilia container for displaying memorable photographs when the user is accessing the container receptacle.


A composition for and method of dispersing particles of hydraulic cement in a slurry of hydraulic cement in water, wherein the composition is the reaction product of a ketone, an aldehyde, a cyanide and, optionally, a sulfite. The dispersant properties of the composition can be enhanced by further reacting the composition with hydroxide.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
This invention broadly relates to hydraulic cement compositions. It further and more specifically relates to materials used to disperse particles of hydraulic cement in water. Such materials, when employed in the art of subterranean well cementing and depending upon the desired function of the material, are sometimes referred to as dispersants or as dispersing agents, sometimes as densifiers or as densifying agents, sometimes as viscosity reducing agents and sometimes as friction reducing agents.
The invention also relates to a method of cementing a conduit in a borehole penetrating a subterranean formation comprising the use of a slurry of hydraulic cement in water containing a dispersant.
2. Related Art and Problems Solved
When dry hydraulic cement is mixed with water to form a slurry of cement in water, it has been observed that individual particles of the cement tend to attract, agglomerate or otherwise stick together. Such attraction can result in the prevention of adequate wetting of the cement by the mixing water and thus interfere with the complete hydration reaction between the cement and the water. It has also been observed that the attraction phenomenon can be eliminated or at least reduced and the wettability of the cement increased by adding to the slurry an appropriate quantity of a material which is believed to cause the individual particles of cement in the slurry to repel one another and thus to promote dispersion of the particles in the aqueous phase of the slurry. Such materials are, therefore, called dispersants or dispersing agents.
It has also been observed that a slurry of cement in water in which the individual cement particles are not dispersed has a viscosity greater than a slurry of cement in water in which the individual cement particles are dispersed. Thus, with all parameters remaining identical except for the presence or absence of a dispersant, the viscosity of a cement slurry can be reduced by adding to the slurry an appropriate quantity of a dispersant. For a more complete discussion of dispersion see Well Cementing, Erik B. Nelson (Editor) Chapter 3-7 "Dispersants", pages 3-18 to 3-24, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., 1990.
In view of the above it is apparent why dispersants have been referred to as viscosity reducers or as viscosity reducing agents; and, further, since viscosity is known to contribute to frictional resistance in fluid flow, it is also apparent why dispersants have been referred to as friction reducers or as friction reducing agents.
In another aspect, since dispersants, as explained above, function to help increase the wettability of individual cement particles, this function enables the use of decreased quantities of mixing water, without change in slurry viscosity, to thereby result in the increase in density of the resulting cement slurry. Accordingly, dispersants have also been referred to as densifiers or as densifying agents.
There is a considerable body of prior U.S. Patents dealing with materials used to disperse particles of hydraulic cement in water. One such patent is U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,288 to Aignesberger and Plank which discloses a dispersant for a salt-containing cement slurry consisting of the condensation product of a ketone, an aldehyde and a compound for introducing acid groups into the condensation product. The preferred compound disclosed in Aignesberger, et al., for introducing acid groups are sulfites and particularly, sodium sulfite.


In a terminal (200), a radio transmitter (209) transmits a signal, and a controller (204) determines an allocation resource to which a signal is assigned in a predetermined frequency band. The predetermined frequency band herein is divided into a plurality of bands, and each of the plurality of bands includes a plurality of frequency resources which are base units of resource allocation for the signal. Furthermore, the allocation resource to which the signal is assigned is composed of at least one of the base units of each of the plurality of bands. Furthermore, a configuration method of the at least one of the base units forming the allocation resource is different for each of the plurality of bands.

In the standardization of 5G, a new radio access technology (NR: New Radio) not necessarily having backward compatibility with Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advanced has been discussed in the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP).
In NR, as with LTE-License-Assisted Access (LAA), an operation in unlicensed bands is expected. In addition, in order to implement NR Stand-alone (operable by NR alone) in unlicensed bands, introducing the physical random access channel (PRACH), which has not been introduced into LTE-LAA, into unlicensed bands has been discussed (see, e.g., Non-Patent Literature (hereinafter, referred to as "NPL") 1).

Transmission apparatus, reception apparatus, transmission method, and reception method

Panasonic Intellectual Property Corporation of America


A multilayer film element and a method for producing the same. The multilayer film element includes a flexible dielectric carrier layer having a layer thickness of less than 800 μm and has a first electrically conductive layer, in which a first coil-shaped conductor track is shaped in a first region of the film element, and a second electrically conductive layer, in which a second coil-shaped conductor track is shaped in the first region. The dielectric carrier layer is arranged between the first and second electrically conductive layers, and the first and second conductor tracks overlap at least in regions and are coupled to one another to form an antenna structure.

The invention relates to a multilayer film element comprising a flexible dielectric carrier layer and an electrically conductive layer, and to a method for producing such a film element.
DE 19 601 358 C2 describes a security document in which a chip is introduced into the paper pulp of a banknote, said chip being provided with an antenna. For reasons of mechanical stability, the chip is in this case laminated onto a carrier, which is a metalized film.
EP 1 179 811 A1 describes fixing a security element on the paper carrier of a banknote by means of an adhesive layer, said security element having a substrate layer and a metal layer. In this case, the metal layer forms a looped antenna, which is connected to an integrated circuit. Data stored in the integrated circuit can then be read out by means of the antenna.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Synthetic soil is created by blending processed or unprocessed incinerator ash, derived from solid waste or other materials, with either compostable materials or compostable materials derived therefrom. The blending of these materials results in residual biotech soil which can be used as a plant-growth medium; as cover material for such things as landfills, disturbed soil areas or mined-land reclamation; and as a medium to treat contaminated water.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to synthetic soil and, more particularly to a blend of materials which can be used as a plant-growth medium, as a cover material for solid waste landfills or disturbed soil areas, and as a medium for treating contaminated water.
2. Background Art
Currently, solid waste disposal sites are typically covered with clay or another impermeable membrane such as strong plastic to keep rain water from infiltrating the waste and leaching out into the ground water. Such coverings are very expensive to install and maintain. The desirability of using synthetic soil materials in covering closed landfills and reclamation of disturbed soil areas such as mined, filled, and regraded land has recently been recognized. An article in the Post-Standard newspaper on Apr. 19, 1991 reported on a student proposal "to use processed bottom ash from an incinerator and some form of compost in a 1-to-30 ratio" (subsequently corrected to 1-to-3 ratio) as a waste bed cover.
Compost, for a long time has been used as a soil enriching material. Compost contains the nutrients used in relatively large quantities for plant growth. The earlier proposed waste bed cover accordingly employed compost as the primary ingredient.
Landfills and the disturbed soil areas often cover many acres and thus would require vast quantities of compost to implement the earlier proposal. Unfortunately, compost is not as readily available as municipal solid waste incinerator ash which today is produced in many locations and is typically disposed of in landfills.
Accordingly, a need still persists for a readily available and economically feasible alternative to the use of impermeable membranes in covering and vegetating solid waste landfills.


A kit for supporting a pair of trousers on a wearer's body comprises a plurality of connectors for connection to the upper part of the trousers at two pairs of spaced locations at the front and rear of the trousers. The kit also includes a belt for attachment to the connectors such that the belt extends from the one of the connectors in the front of the trousers upwards along the wearer's chest and over the wearer's shoulder down the wearer's back and connected to one of the connectors at the rear of the trousers and extending along the wearer's back towards and connected to the second one of the connectors at the rear of the trousers. The belt then extends upwardly along the wearer's back and over the wearer's other shoulder down the wearer's chest towards and connected to the other one of the connectors at the front of the trousers. A method for supporting a pair of trousers on a wearer's body is also provided.

Suspenders are used as an alternative to wearing a belt and in some respects are becoming more popular or fashionable. One problem with wearing suspenders is that they do not tighten the trousers around the waist. Another problem is that the suspenders can feel uncomfortable or constraining since in some respects they do not conform to body movement and they are required to support the full weight of the trousers.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to alleviate the above-mentioned difficulties.

Suspender kit and method for supporting a pair of trousers or pants

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A package assembly with a heat dissipating structure includes a thermal conductive lower metal layer, an electric insulating ceramic layer, a patterned upper metal layer and an electronic component. The electric insulating ceramic layer is disposed on and bonded to the thermal conductive lower metal layer. The patterned upper metal layer is disposed on and bonded to the electric insulating ceramic layer. The patterned upper metal layer is a single-layered metal layer and has an opening from which the electric insulating ceramic layer is exposed. The electronic component is disposed in the opening of the patterned upper metal layer, mounted on the electric insulating ceramic layer through a thermally conductive adhesive or solder, and electrically connected to the patterned upper metal layer.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a package assembly, and more particularly to a thin package assembly of an electronic component capable of quickly dissipating the heat generated by the electronic component.
2. Related Art
Heat is generated when an electronic component is operating with electrons flowing therethrough. The generation of heat increases the resistance and blocks the flows of the electrons so that the function of the electronic component is significantly influenced. When the technology of manufacturing the electronic component is greatly enhanced, a line width in the electronic component is getting smaller and smaller, and the line density in the electronic component is getting higher and higher. Thus, the heat generated by the electronic component is increased rapidly. Taking a central processing unit (CPU) of a computer as an example, the Pentium CPU only has to be equipped with the package with the heat dissipating capability of 16 W at its early stage. However, the heat generated in the CPU in the year of 2004 has reached 84 W, and the heat generated in the CPU in the year of 2006 has reached 98 W. If the heat cannot be removed rapidly, the temperature of the CPU of the computer is rapidly increased so that the CPU of the computer can no longer operate. Thus, the heat dissipating ability of the substrate contacting with the CPU of the computer is a key factor for dominating whether the computer can operate normally or not.
A typical power component, such as a solid relay, is similar to the CPU of the computer and generates a lot of heat. Thus, the power component also dissipates the heat rapidly through the substrate contacting therewith so that it can operate normally.
Taking a light-emitting diode (LED) as another example, various color LEDs have been gradually developed, wherein the successful development of the white-light LED has attracted considerable attention. This is because the white-light LED can serve as a light source for an illumination lamp. The power consumption of a road lamp with the LED light source is lower than that of a mercury lamp by 75% and is lower than that of a high pressure sodium lamp by 49%. So, the white-light LED advantageously has the low power consumption and can significantly save the energy. However, the white-light LED with the output power higher than 3 W has to be adopted in the application of the lamp used in the daily life and the applications such as the head light used in a vehicle. This white-light LED with the high output power also generates a lot of heat. However, the major barrier on the applications of the LED as the light source is that the LED cannot withstand the high temperature. Generally speaking, the temperature of the LED cannot exceed 90° C. If the temperature of the LED is higher than 90° C., the luminance thereof rapidly deteriorates. So, the rapid heat dissipating ability of the heat dissipation substrate in contact with the LED has become a greatest challenge for determining whether the LED can become the illumination light source or not. This also specifies that the development of the heat dissipating substrate has played an important role on the applications of the LED as the light source.
In order to satisfy the miniaturized requirement of the current 3C electronic products, the substrate contacting with the CPU of the computer, or the power component or the LED has to satisfy the following fundamental requirements.
First, the material must have a high heat conductivity to dissipate the heat rapidly.
Second, the material must have the high resistivity in order to prevent the high power electronic component from being short-circuited.
Third, the substrate preferably has to be as thin as possible after the above-mentioned conditions are satisfied.
At present, the heat dissipating mechanisms of the electronic components, which are frequently used, include heat dissipating fins and a heat pipe accompanied with fans in order to dissipate the heat generated by the high power electronic components. However, such heat dissipating structure has a larger thickness, and the applications in designing a miniaturized 3C electronic product are thus hindered.

Package assembly with heat dissipating structure


An improved methanol-to-olefin (MTO) product recovery scheme is provided which enables substantial reduction in the amount of light olefins that are undesirably captured in a dimethylether (DME) recycle stream when a portion of the methanolic feed to the MTO reaction zone is used as the scrubbing solvent in a primary DME absorption zone in order to recycle this DME oxygenate by-product to the MTO reaction zone. In accordance with the present invention, a liquid solvent stream recovered from the primary DME absorption zone is subjected in a stripping zone to light olefin stripping conditions sufficient to lift a substantial portion of the light olefins that are absorbed in the DME solvent without stripping a significant portion of this methanol solvent, thereby increasing the recovery of desired light olefins while simultaneously diminishing the amount of light olefins carried by the DME recycle stream back to MTO conversion step.

A major portion of the worldwide petrochemical industry is concerned with the production of light olefin materials and there subsequent use in the production of numerous important chemical products via polymerization, oligomerization, alkylation and the like well-known chemical reactions. Light olefins include ethylene, propylene and mixtures thereof. These light olefins are essential building blocks for the modern petrochemical and chemical industries. The major source for these materials in present day refining is the steam cracking of petroleum feeds. For various reasons including geographical, economic, political and diminished supply considerations the art has long sought a source other than petroleum for the massive quantities of raw materials that are needed to supply the demand for these light olefin materials. In other words, the holy grail of the R & D personnel assigned to work in this area is to find a way to effectively and selectively use alternative feedstocks for this light olefin production application thereby lessening dependence of the petrochemical industry on petroleum feedstocks. A great deal of the prior art's attention has been focused on the possibility of using hydrocarbon oxygenates and more specifically methanol as a prime source of the necessary alternative feedstock. Oxygenates are particularly attractive because they can be produced from such widely available materials as coal, natural gas, recycled plastics, various carbon waste streams from industry and various products and by-products from the agricultural industry. The art of making methanol from these types of raw materials is well established and typically involves the use of one or more of the following procedures: (1) manufacture of synthesis gas by any of the known techniques typically using a nickel or cobalt catalyst followed by the well-known methanol synthesis step using relatively high pressure with a copper-based catalyst; (2) selective fermentation of various organic agricultural products and by-products in order to produce oxygenates; or (3) various combinations of these techniques.
Given the established and well-known technologies for producing oxygenates from alternative non-petroleum raw materials, the art has focused on different procedures for catalytically converting oxygenates such as methanol into the desired light olefin products. These light olefin products that are produced from non-petroleum based raw materials must of course be available in quantities and purities such that they are interchangeable in downstream processing with the materials that are presently produced using petroleum sources. Although many oxygenates have been discussed in the prior art, the principal focus of the two major routes to produce these desired light olefins has been on methanol conversion technology primarily because of the availability of commercially proven methanol synthesis technology. A review of the prior art has revealed essentially two major techniques that are discussed for conversion of methanol to light olefins. The first of these MTO processes is based on early German and American work with a catalytically conversion zone containing a zeolitic type of catalyst system. Representative of the early German work is U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,263 which was filed in May of 1982 in the U.S. without a claim for German priority. This '263 patent reports on a series of experiments with methanol conversion techniques using a ZSM-5-type of catalyst system wherein the problem of DME recycle is a major focus of the technology disclosed. Although good yields of ethylene and propylene were reported in this '263 patent, they unfortunately were accompanied by substantial formation of higher aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons which the patentees speculated might be useful as an engine fuel and specifically as a gasoline-type of material. In order to limit the amount of this heavier material that is produced, the patentees of the '263 patent propose to limit conversion to less than 80% of the methanol charged to the MTO conversion step. This operation at lower conversion levels necessitated a critical assessment of means for recovering and recycling not only unreacted methanol but also substantial amounts of a DME intermediate product. The focus then of the '263 patent invention was therefore on a DME and methanol scrubbing step utilizing a water solvent in order to efficiently and effectively recapture the light olefin value of the unreacted methanol and of the intermediate reactant DME.
This early MTO work with a zeolitic catalyst system was then followed up by the Mobil Oil Company who also investigated the use of a zeolitic catalyst system like ZSM-5 for purposes of making light olefins. U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,373 is representative of Mobil's early work and it acknowledged and distinguished the German contribution to this zeolitic catalyst based MTO route to light olefins. The inventor of the '373 patent made two significant contributions to this zeolitic MTO route the first of which involved recognition that a commercial plant would have to operate at pressure substantially above the preferred range that the German workers in this field had suggested in order to make the commercial equipment of reasonable size when commercial mass flow rates are desired. The '373 patent recognized that as you move to higher pressure for the zeolitic MTO route in order to control the size of the equipment needed for commercial plant there is a substantial additional loss of DME that was not considered in the German work. This additional loss is caused by dissolution of substantial quantities of DME in the heavy hydrocarbon oil by-product recovered from the liquid hydrocarbon stream withdrawn from the primary separator. The other significant contribution of the '373 patent is manifest from inspection of the flow scheme presented in FIG. 2 which prominently features a portion of the methanol feed being diverted to the DME absorption zone in order to take advantage of the fact that there exist a high affinity between methanol and DME thereby downsizing the size of the scrubbing zone required relative to the scrubbing zone utilizing plain water that was suggested by the earlier German work.
Primarily because of an inability of this zeolitic MTO route to control the amounts of undesired C4+ hydrocarbon products produced by the ZSM-5 type of catalyst system, the art soon developed a second MTO conversion technology based on the use of a non-zeolitic molecular sieve catalytic material. This branch of the MTO art is perhaps best illustrated by reference to UOP's extensive work in this area as reported in numerous patents of which U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,163, U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,308 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,141 are representative. This second approach to MTO conversion technology was primarily based on using a catalyst system comprising a silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve (SAPO) with a strong preference for a SAPO species that is known as SAPO-34. This SAPO-34 material was found to have a very high selectivity for light olefins with a methanol feedstock and consequently very low selectivities for the undesired corresponding light paraffins and the heavier materials. This SAPO catalyzed MTO approach is known to have at least the following advantages relative to the zeolitic catalyst route to light olefins: (1) greater yields of light olefins at equal quantities of methanol converted; (2) capability of direct recovery of polymer grade ethylene and propylene without the necessity of the use of extraordinary physical separation steps to separate ethylene and propylene from their corresponding paraffin analogs; (3) sharply limited production of by-products such as stabilized gasoline; (4) flexibility to adjust the product ethylene-to-propylene weight ratios over the range of 1.5:1 to 0.75:1 by minimal adjustment of the MTO conversion conditions; and (5) significantly less coke make in the MTO conversion zone relative to that is experienced with the zeolitic catalyst system.
Despite the promising developments associated with the SAPO catalyzed MTO route to light olefins, the problem of DME co-production is common to both types of catalytic MTO routes discussed above and various measures have been suggested in the prior art to recover and recycle DME from the effluent stream from an MTO conversion zone. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,382,263, a relatively high pressure DME absorption zone is taught utilizing a plain water solvent in order to recapture and recycle the DME intermediate. By the use of the term "high pressure" with reference to this '263 patent, it is pointed out that the examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 were run at 2000 kPa (290 psi) and the fifth example was run at an even higher pressure of 4000 kPa (580 psi). One of the improvements suggested by U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,373 focused on utilizing a more efficient DME solvent in the DME absorption zone and recommended that a portion of the methanolic feed to the MTO conversion reactor be diverted to the DME absorption zone in order to more efficiently recapture the DME contaminant from the olefin product stream. As explained above, this '373 patent proposed to reduce commercial plant size by operating the MTO conversion reactor at a much higher preferred pressure than was suggested by the prior art and specifically focused on a reactor operation at about 550 kPa (80 psi) but noted that operating the MTO reactor at this high pressure would open the door to substantial DME loss in the heavy hydrocarbon product stream recovered from the principal separator in the effluent work-up portion of the flow scheme unless steps were taken to strip dissolved DME from the heavy hydrocarbon by-product stream. In particular, in the flow scheme of FIG. 2 of the '373 patent, it is proposed to strip the heavy hydrocarbon by-product recovered from the primary separator 16 in stabilizer tower 26 in order to recapture the value of the DME intermediate dissolved therein while simultaneously using a methanol solvent in the DME absorber 22.
In my attempts to practice a product recovery flow scheme quite similar to that disclosed in FIG. 2 of the '373 patent in conjunction with the use of a SAPO-type catalytic system in a MTO conversion zone, I have now found a further problem associated with the use of this flow scheme in order to recapture and recycle the DME intermediate that contaminants the effluent stream from the MTO reaction zone. I have found more specifically that if a portion of the methanol feed to the MTO conversion zone is diverted to the DME absorber as suggested in the '373 patent in order to recover DME more efficiently, there is substantial co-absorption of light olefins into the methanol solvent associated with this scheme. A methanol solvent's ability to extract from the light olefin-containing input stream to the DME absorber not only DME but substantial quantities of C2 and C3 olefins was not reported in the '373 patent and greatly complicates the design of an efficient product work-up flow scheme for a SAPO based MTO conversion zone. For example, when the DME absorption zone is operated with a methanol solvent at scrubbing conditions including a temperature of about 54° C. (129° F.) and a pressure of about 2020 kPa (293 psi) with a 99.85 mass-% methanol solvent, at least 12.3 mass-% of the C2 olefins and 40.3 mass-% of the C3 olefins charged to the DME scrubber will be co-absorbed in the DME-rich liquid solvent bottom stream withdrawn from the scrubber. When this DME-rich solvent stream is recycled to the MTO conversion zone, a substantial internal circuit of light olefins is created which acts to substantially increase the size of the MTO conversion zone while increasing the rate of detrimental coking on the catalyst contained therein due to the fact that these C2 and C3 olefins are reactive and can undergo polymerization and condensation to form coke precursors.
The problem addressed by the present invention is therefore to substantially diminish this undesired buildup of C2 and C3 olefins in the DME recycle stream flowing to the MTO conversion zone when methanol is used as a solvent in a DME absorption zone that is a prominent feature of an MTO reactor effluent work-up scheme.

Selective dimethylether recovery and recycle in a methanol-to-olefin process


A magnetic toner is provided that exhibits an excellent dot reproducibility and developing performance after being allowed to stand in a high temperature and high humidity environment and an excellent low-temperature fixability. The magnetic toner has an inorganic fine powder and a magnetic toner particle containing a binder resin, a magnetic body, and a release agent, wherein in a stress relaxation measurement using a rotating plate rheometer, the magnetic toner exhibits a yield value A at 25° C. of at least 3×106 (sec), and the magnetic toner that has been heated to 80° C. and then cooled to 25° C. exhibits a yield value B at 25° C. of not more than 1×105 (sec).

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a toner for use in recording methods that use electrophotography, electrostatic recording, electrostatic printing, or toner jet recording.
Description of the Related Art
Copiers and printers have in recent years entered into use in new market sectors, and a high image stability and increases in printing speed are thus being required even for use under diverse environments. For example, printers, which previously have been used mainly in offices, are now also being used under severe environments of high temperature and high humidity. At the same time, additional savings in energy and space are also being required, and it has thus become critical to provide a stable image quality even under these conditions.
Various image-forming methods have been proposed as a consequence. Among these is the so-called jumping method, which uses a magnetic toner and a rotating sleeve having a magnet pole disposed at its center and which uses an electric field to induce jumping between the surface of the photosensitive member and the surface of the sleeve. The jumping method is a developing method that has a high stability and is an effective means for responding to the above-described needs.
However, during, for example, storage in a warehouse, long-term standing may occur under conditions that are more severe than normal, and this can easily cause a deterioration in toner properties. A toner that has experienced such a history is prone to exhibit, for example, an impaired image quality and an impaired durability.
In particular, the decline in the uniformity of charging brought about by toner deterioration results in inaccurate jumping by the toner to the latent image on the photosensitive member, which can produce the problem of causing a decline in the dot reproducibility due to, for example, scattering into areas outside the latent image on the photosensitive member. The phenomenon of this type in particular becomes very prominent under high temperatures/high humidities, which readily produce charge leakage due to the binding of moisture to the toner.
High temperatures/high humidities are also particularly problematic for toner durability. For example, exudation of the release agent (also referred to below as wax) present in the toner is prone to occur. In addition, an acceleration of the deterioration in the durability is prone occur, for example, the external additives on the toner surface are buried.
In order to inhibit toner deterioration in such severe environments, an increase in the hardness can be contemplated in order to raise the heat resistance of the toner; however, raising the hardness alone produces an impaired fixing performance and makes it difficult to balance the developing performance and the fixing performance.
In response to the various problems described above, an example is presented in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H7-092737 (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,744,276 and 5,942,366) in which the low-temperature fixability and dot reproducibility are stabilized by controlling the molecular weight distribution and viscoelasticity of the toner; however, there is still room for improvement here with regard to further increasing the image stability and durability after standing at high temperature/high humidity.
In addition, an improvement in the fixing performance, e.g., the hot offset and so forth, is pursued in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2004-177866 by controlling the relaxation modulus during a prescribed stress relaxation and controlling the stress relaxation time at the fixing unit. Again, however, there is still room for improvement here with regard to increasing the image stability and durability after standing at high temperature/high humidity.
An improved low-temperature fixability and an inhibition of image defects are pursued in WO 2009/057807 (US Published Application No. 2009/0197192) by controlling the dispersibility of the magnetic body in a magnetic toner. Again, however, there is still room for improvement here with regard to increasing the image stability and durability after standing at high temperature/high humidity.


A hydraulic machine (60, 70) comprising a housing (12, 14, 16) and at least first and second hydraulic units. Each unit comprising a cylinder block (36A, 36B) located in the housing and having pistons (42), and a shaft (18, 20) in rotational engagement with the cylinder block (36A, 36B). The shafts (18, 20) being arranged coaxially and being coupled so as to rotate together. The machine (60, 70) further comprising bearings (30, 32, 34, 71) for supporting the shafts (18, 20) in the housing (12, 14, 16). The shafts (18, 20) are coupled by corresponding male and female splined end portions (18A, 20A) thereof engaged one in the other, and the bearings (30, 32, 34, 71) comprise first and second bearings (30, 32) for respectively supporting the shafts (18, 20) at portions thereof located on the other sides of the cylinder blocks (36A, 36B) with respect to said splined end portions (18A, 20A). A single third bearing arrangement (34, 71) engages one of the shafts (18, 20) at least in the vicinity of the splined end portion (18A, 20A) thereof thereby supporting the shafts (18, 20) between said cylinder blocks (36A, 36B).

Known compact tandem pumps of axial piston configuration, with swash plates and coaxially arranged shafts are designed with the two ends of the pump housing being similar or identical to the front housing of a standard single pump. Between the two end portions of the housings a single or a double mid-housing is inserted in which an auxiliary pump can also be mounted.
The shafts of both pumps and their corresponding cylinder blocks are supported by independent bearings. Accordingly, a bearing is arranged in each of the two end housings and two bearings are arranged in the mid-housing. Each shaft typically has a splined end in the mid housing area and both splined ends are in engagement with a separate splined hollow coupling member to permit torque transmission between the two pumps.
An example of this type of arrangement is disclosed in DE 198 28 180. In that reference the shafts 4 and 5 of the first and second hydraulic pumps 2, 3 are engaged by an additional coupling member 28, and the shafts are supported by four bearings 8, 9, 11, 12.
A similar arrangement is disclosed in JP 9177668. As shown in FIG. 1 of that document, male and female portions of the first and second shafts 24A, 24B form a direct intermeshing connection in the mid housing, such that a separate coupling member is not required. The shafts 24A, 24B are supported by two bearings 38, 39 in two housing end radial covers, and two further bearings 31, 34 in the mid housing region.
One disadvantage of these arrangements relates to the large number of parts required for radial bearing of the shafts and for effecting torque transmission between them. This results in increased manufacturing costs and the overall axial length of the tandem pump assembly is large.
The excessive length of the pump assembly adds to the overall weight of the pump unit, and hence requires additional material during production. These factors contribute to increased manufacturing and operating costs of the pump unit.
Another known arrangement of compact tandem axial pumps utilises two cylinder blocks on a same shaft, which is radially mounted on two bearings. For example, this type of arrangement is shown in DE 42 25 380. In this prior art document, as can be seen in FIG. 1 for example, a primary pump 1 and a secondary pump 12 are both mounted on a single input shaft 2. However, such arrangements are suitable only for lower operating pressures and small displacements of the pumps.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a tandem axial piston pump unit which has a reduced axial length, and/or reduced weight and/or is of a simplified design to conventional tandem axial pump units.


A connector includes two insulators which hold contacts connected to lead wires and are arranged on two surfaces of a ceramic element, a spring component which includes two cantilever-shaped spring pieces and has a flexed portion at a middle portion of each spring piece, and a cylindrical sleeve. The two spring pieces are located over two outer surfaces of the two insulators, and are elastically deformed toward the two insulators by the sleeve hanging over the two spring pieces. The two insulators pushed by the flexed portions of the two elastically deformed spring pieces hold the ceramic element from two sides to push the contacts against the terminal electrodes.

FIG. 1 illustrates an oxygen sensor for detecting the concentration of oxygen in exhaust gas from a vehicle, which is disclosed as a prior art associated with a ceramic applied electronic device in Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. H10-253579. FIG. 2 illustrates an assembly in a portion A in FIG. 1.
The oxygen sensor includes a ceramic element 11, and the ceramic element 11 is fixed in a main metal shell 12 by, for example, a glass seal 13. A cover 15 which covers a projecting portion of the ceramic element 11 is attached to an outer perimeter of a distal end of the main metal shell 12. Openings 15a which guide exhaust gas flowing through an exhaust pipe into the cover 15 are formed in the cover 15.
The ceramic element 11 has an elongated shape and is square in sectional shape. Two electrode terminal portions 16 are formed on each of one outer surface and the other outer surface of one end portion of the ceramic element 11 (see FIG. 2). A conducting wire (specifically an elongated thin metal plate) 17 is connected to each electrode terminal portion 16. Each conducting wire 17 is connected to a lead wire 19 via a connector portion 18. Four lead wires 19 extend through a grommet 21 and extend further to outside the grommet 21. Distal end portions of the four lead wires 19 are coupled to a connector plug 22. Reference numeral 14 in FIG. 1 denotes a cylindrical metal casing, and reference numeral 23 denotes a protective tube which protects the lead wires 19.
A coupling unit 25 which is composed of the ceramic element 11, the conducting wires 17, and insulating plates 24 is constructed by placing one conducting wire 17 on each electrode terminal portion 16 and placing the insulating plates 24 on the conducting wires 17. In this example, the electrode terminal portions 16 and the conducting wires 17 are connected to each other by tightening the coupling unit 25 with a metal ring 26 such that the coupling unit 25 fits tightly, as illustrated in FIG. 2.
That is, the coupling unit 25 is rigidly tightened up by the metal ring 26, and each conducting wire 17 is pressed onto the electrode terminal portion 16 of the ceramic element 11. As a result, the electrode terminal portion 16 and the conducting wire 17 are electrically connected to each other.
With the above-described connection structure, contact forces differ due to variation in dimensions among the ceramic elements 11 or the insulating plates 24 that are components of the coupling units 25, and a stable contact force may not be obtained between the conducting wire 17 and the electrode terminal portion 16.
Additionally, a large force is needed to attach the metal ring 26 to the coupling unit 25, and assembly work is not easy in that respect.

Ceramic applied electronic device and connector

JAPAN AVIATION ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY, LIMITED


A phantom for use in generating a normalization data set to be used in PET scanning (particularly integrated MR/PET scanning) is disclosed. The phantom features radiation activity distributed throughout a foam material. The foam—e.g., a polyurethane foam—may be produced by reacting two liquids, one of which is emulsified with water in which Ge68 has been dissolved. The foam produced thereby exhibits uniform distribution of radioactivity and a long mean free path for 511 keV gamma particles—two attributes that are important attributes of a PET phantom.

Positron emission tomography (PET) does not measure three-dimensional images of an observed object or subject directly. Instead, a small dose of a positron emitter within the object or subject is brought into the field of view (FOV) of the scanner. Positrons that are generated during a scan can only travel a few millimeters until they annihilate with an electron of the surrounding matter. In this process, a pair of simultaneous gamma particles each with an energy of 511 keV is generated, which gamma particles travel nearly perfectly in opposite directions. The gamma particles can be stopped and detected by means of a large number of small scintillator crystals. The PET scanner accumulates the detected coincident light events between all possible crystal pairs into "line of response" or LOR bins. The three-dimensional distribution of the positron emitter within the FOV can then be reconstructed from the accumulated LORs by a suitable reconstruction algorithm.
Prior to such reconstruction, a series of pre-processing steps has to be performed, including a "normalization" step which corrects for variations in the counting efficiencies of different crystal pairs. This normalization procedure removes artifacts from the reconstructed images and results in a much smoother appearance of the images. To determine the correction factors, it is necessary to measure a phantom that uniformly fills the PET scanner field of view with radioactivity. The normalization or correction factors are then the ratio between expected and actually measured count rates.
Additionally, a phantom may be used for daily quality control measurements of the scanning machinery. By imaging the phantom with its known geometry and radiation distribution, the accuracy of the software used to assemble the various tomographic slices acquired by the imaging apparatus into three-dimensional representations of a patient's region of interest can be assessed and, if necessary, the various apparatus settings can be adjusted.
Optimally or ideally, a normalization phantom should exhibit the same amount of radioactivity along every possible pathway (i.e., LOR) between two crystals. In practice or realistically, however, a phantom may be used so long as it satisfies the following three criteria:                a) the coefficients of scattering or absorption of 511 keV gamma rays generated within the phantom should be as small as possible;        b) every monitored LOR of the scanner must intersect with the radioactive region of the phantom (which includes typically all LORs that intersect with the field of view of the PET scanner); and        c) the geometry and positioning of the phantom have to be known exactly, such that software can correct for the non-uniformity of the amount of radio-activity between the detector crystal pairs.
Usually, phantoms with uniform distribution of a radioactive substance are filled with solid plastic materials that can be produced by a curing process of one or more liquids into which a radioactive substance is injected while the material is still liquid. If the materials are mixed properly, the radioactivity is perfectly uniformly distributed throughout the phantom. Unfortunately, however, the attenuation length of the commonly used plastic materials is very short. For example, typical polyethylene-based plastics with a density of around 1.1 g/cc have an attenuation length of about 9 to 10 cm and a Compton scattering fraction of nearly 100 percent. Therefore, it is not possible to build larger phantoms, which could flood the entire field of view, that do not suffer from unacceptably high absorption/scattering.
To compensate for that limitation, it is known to sweep one or more smaller phantoms through the field of view during the normalization scan. For example, two cylindrical phantom rods may be fixed parallel to each other and rotated or orbited by means of an electric motor about the parallel line (axis) that extends between the two of them. Averaged over time, the sweep generates a cylindrical "net" or overall phantom that fills the field of view yet that exhibits no or minimal scattering or absorption of 511 keV gamma rays.
Recently, however, an integrated magnetic resonance/PET (or MR/PET) scanner has been developed (see, e.g., U.S. Pub. No. 2007/0055127, published Mar. 8, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference), and ordinary electric motors do not operate properly within the strong magnetic field produced by the MR components of the apparatus. Accordingly, the current state of the art teaches that the PET components of the integrated apparatus must be separated from the MR components of the apparatus when the phantom-based normalization data set is being acquired. Such protocol, however, is inconvenient as well as time- and space-consuming. Moreover, it carries with it the risk that the various apparatus setup parameters may be changed during the disassembly and reassembly process.

Low-scattering foam phantom for molecular imaging


An article of footwear that acts to strengthen the foot through biofeedback, reduces stresses on the foot that occur during impact through midsole/outsole design characteristics, and enhances the foot's ability to pre-stabilize itself prior to striking the ground by utilizing the foot's “Windlass Effect”.

Over the past century the philosophies surrounding the treatment of gait related pathologies, biomechanics and footwear development have largely been based on principles of the introduction of artificial or synthetic bracing and cushioning devices. In the vast majority of cases those experiencing some form of gait related pathology or symptom are prone to those pathologies or symptoms as a result of the atrophy of the foot and supporting musculature. It is well founded in medical research that the act of bracing results in the atrophy of the musculoskeletal system being braced. It is rather paradoxical therefore that the methods used to treat symptoms arising from an atrophied musculoskeltal structure further perpetuate the weakening. It is not uncommon for the symptoms to be alleviated for the short term (during bracing) but then for the original symptoms or others linked to faulty biomechanics and weakened structure to again manifest themselves.
It is also well documented that the incidence of similar gait related pathologies and symptoms in countries whose inhabitants are largely unshod, or barefoot, are a fraction of those seen in countries where it is commonplace to be shod. This discrepancy in incidence can be directly attributed to footwear and the apparent faults in the design of footwear. The inability of the typical shoe to work in unison with the mechanics of the foot can be seen as the greatest influencer of gait and foot related problems. Restricting the foot's natural motion and mechanics creates unwarranted and magnified stresses that resulting in the creation of faulty biomechanics, discomfort and injury.


The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatus or systems for formatting of backward compatible immersive video streams. At least one legacy rectangular video is captured from an immersive video obtained from a source (82). A set of camera control data are used to determine which parts of the immersive video will constitute legacy videos (84). These part are removed from the immersive video (83) and every prepared videos are packaged in a stream (85). The structure from the stream is a container. Information data about the location and size of removed parts may be added in the stream.

Immersive videos are different from legacy videos in that they are displayed around the users instead of being projected on a rectangular screen in front of them. Some devices are configured for rendering only legacy videos (e.g. TV sets, video-projectors), some are configured for rendering only immersive videos (e.g. caves, geodes) and some may render both types of videos according to the decoders they comprises (e.g. head-mounted display devices (HMD), tablets, smartphones). In this document, we call immersive video rendering devices, the devices configured for rendering immersive videos and comprising adapted decoders and legacy video rendering devices, the ones which are not configured for rendering immersive videos or does not comprises adapted decoders.
A video is a sequence of at least one image. Indeed, an image can be considered as a still video. A video is encoded on a rectangular frame that is a two-dimension array of pixels (i.e. element of color information). To be rendered, the frame is, first, mapped on a mapping surface and, second, projected on a screen. A stereoscopic video is encoded on one or two rectangular frames, mapped on two mapping surfaces which are combined to be projected according to the characteristics of the device.
For legacy video rendering devices, the mapping surface and the screen are flat rectangles. Corresponding mapping function and projection function are straightforward. The mapping surface is equivalent to the frame. The screen corresponds to a rectangular part of the mapping surface, depending on the definition and on the resolution of the rendering device.
For immersive video rendering devices, the mapping surface is a three-dimension convex surface (e.g. a sphere, a cube, a pyramid (truncated or not)). The mapping function associates each pixel of the frame to a point of the mapping surface (and vice versa). The projection function depends on the screen of the rendering device. If the screen is a three-dimension convex surface (e.g. caves, geodes), the projection is straightforward from the mapping surface. If the screen is rectangular (e.g. HMD, tablets, smartphones), only a part of the surface is displayed according to the size of the screen and according to the parameters (comprising at least a three-dimension position relative to the mapping surface, an aiming direction and a field of view) of a virtual camera. Such immersive video rendering devices are equipped with a virtual camera controller (e.g. an inertial measurement unit, a positioning system, a mouse, a joystick).
A video stream is prepared and formatted according to the type of rendering device that the video is meant to be rendered on. Legacy video rendering devices do not properly display immersive video as they are not configured to map them on a three-dimension convex mapping surface. Reciprocally, immersive video players do not properly display legacy videos. There is a lack of a format for a backward compatible immersive video stream which could be properly displayed by both legacy and immersive video rendering devices.

Method, apparatus and stream of formatting an immersive video for legacy and immersive rendering devices


A seal assembly adapted for use in creating a seal between an axially extending shaft and a support member. The seal assembly defines an axial passage through which the shaft extends, wherein a bearing assembly is mounted to the support member and includes a stationary outer race and an inner race which rotates along with the shaft. The seal assembly includes a rigid ring defining an axial passage through which the shaft extends and a resilient material carried by the ring. The resilient material defines an inner sealing section adapted to engage the shaft and an outer sealing section located radially outwardly of the inner sealing section and adapted to engage an outer sealing surface associated with the support member.

This invention relates to seal assemblies, and more particularly to a seal assembly for sealing a rotatable shaft and for providing a preloading force on a bearing assembly which rotatably supports the shaft.
Various seal constructions are known for sealing about a rotatable shaft. In most applications, however, the seal is located in the vicinity of a bearing assembly which rotatably supports the shaft, such that there is typically no interaction between the bearing assembly and the seal assembly.
In certain applications, such as in a horizontal axis washing machine, a rotatable shaft is supported by a bearing assembly which is located in close proximity to a member mounted to the shaft and rotatable with the shaft, such as the end of a drum carried by the shaft. This application requires a seal construction which is capable of placement in a relatively small sealing space between the end of the drum and the bearing assembly. In such an application, it may be necessary to provide an axial preloading force on the inner race of the bearing assembly relative to the outer race, so as to provide proper functioning of the bearing assembly. It is necessary to control the preloading force to ensure that a sufficient amount of force is exerted on the inner race of the bearing assembly to provide proper functioning, and to also ensure that the preloading force does not exceed that which could cause failure of the bearing assembly.

Seal construction including a compressible spring mechanism for bearing preload


An apparatus for manufacturing herringbone gears with an injection molding process is provided. The apparatus involves the use of two separable mold halves each of which include a mold cavity for molding one half of the gear. Moldable material is injected into the mold halves when they are in a sealing abutting engagement. After the material solidifies, the mold halves are separated and the gear is simultaneously unscrewed from each mold cavity.

Gear pumps are positive displacement pumps utilizing a set of gears as the displacement device. The most common type of gear used in fluid pumps is the helical gear. Helical gears are preferred because of their quiet operation, hydraulic efficiency, conjugate mechanical motion, constant sealing of the surfaces between the mating gear flanks and the minimum entrapment of fluid between the teeth that are in contact. Further, the helical gear, with its angled teeth, typically has a higher load carrying capacity than the spur gear, which has straight teeth. Because helical gears tend to run more smoothly than spur gears, helical gears can normally operate at faster speeds.
However, one substantial drawback with the helical gear is the creation of an axial thrust which results from the helical lead or angle of the gear teeth. In operation, the axial thrust must be absorbed by the bearings that support the gear shafts. As a result, relatively expensive bearings are required to absorb these axial forces.
In order to eliminate the axial thrust associated with the use of helical gears, herringbone gears were developed. A herringbone gear is constructed of adjacent helical gear halves whereby the teeth of the adjacent halves are angled in an opposite direction. A comparison of two meshing helical gear teeth 11, 12 and two meshing herringbone gear teeth 13, 14 is provided in FIGS. 1 and 2 respectively. The helical gears 11, 12 shown in FIG. 1 have one helical slant or angle with respect to the longitudinal gear axis although the helical slant of the gear 11 is angled upward from left to right in FIG. 1 and, in contrast, the helical slant of the gear 12 is angled downward from left to right in FIG. 1. In short, the magnitude of the helical slants of the gears 11, 12 are the same, but in opposite directions.
In contrast, the gears 13, 14 each have two adjacent halves with helical slants of the same magnitude but in opposing directions. The gear 13 includes adjacent gear halves 15, 16. The helical slant of the gear half 15 extends downward from left to right and the helical slant of the gear half 16 extends upward from left to right. Similarly, the gear 14 includes gear halves 17, 18. The gear half 17 has a helical slant which extends upward from left to right in FIG. 2 while the gear half 18 has a helical slant that extends downward from left to right in FIG. 2. The magnitude of the helical slants of the gear halves 15, 16, 17, 18 are the same or substantially the same but the gear halves disposed at the left in FIG. 2, specifically the gear halves 15, 17 have helical slants that are oppositely directed to the gear halves disposed at the right in FIG. 2, specifically the gear halves 16, 18.
By incorporating gear halves such as 15, 16 and 17, 18 which have helical slants of the same magnitude but in opposite directions, the herringbone gears 13, 14 provide excellent power or fluid transmission without an axial thrust which is the result of the helical slant of the helical gears 11, 12 as shown in FIG. 1.
It will also be noted that the gear halves 15, 16 and 17, 18 are disposed on opposite sides of a central plane shown at the line 19 drawn in phantom which passes through each gear 13, 14 perpendicular to the longitudinal axes 21, 22 of the gears 13, 14 and at a mid-point along the longitudinal axes 21, 22 of the gears 13, 14.
However, while effective in eliminating the axial thrust imposed upon the shaft and bearing by helical gears, herringbone gears are difficult and expensive to manufacture. Specifically, they cannot be manufactured using a hobbing or shaping process due to the change in direction of the helical slant. As a result, the manufacture of herringbone gears in the past has been labor intensive and, as a result, expensive.
One approach at alleviating this problem has been to manufacture "pseudo" herringbone gears. Pseudo herringbone gears include two oppositely angled helical gears that are coupled or attached together at the longitudinally central plane such as 19 shown in FIG. 2. One such method for manufacturing pseudo herringbone gears is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,009. However, the process disclosed in the '009 patent is relatively slow and requires complex machine tools to carry out the operation.
Currently, there is no available manufacturing process to manufacture herringbone gears using a molding method or an injection molding method. Such a method would be beneficial due to its high speed of operation and low cost. A molding process would also result in a unitary gear instead of two gears that are coupled or attached together. Accordingly, there is a need in the pumping and pump manufacture industry for a method of manufacturing herringbone gears which utilizes a molding process.

Apparatus for making herringbone gears and pumps incorporating the same


Throughput between two objects of light or another physical quantity having a substantially unimodal throughput profile in terms of relative orientation of said objects, is maximized. To this end, the physical quantity is initially transmitted between the objects at other than optimum throughput in the substantially unimodal throughput profile, and relative movement in loops in the substantially unimodal throughput profile is imposed on the objects. Throughput intensities are detected at different specific points along the loops, and detected throughput intensities are arranged at corresponding different specific points in an array, from which the relative orientation of the objects at which a maximum throughput has occurred is identified. A discrepancy may be displayed or the objects are moved unto that optimum relative orientation. The process may be reiterated until maximum throughput has been achieved, at least within an acceptable tolerance.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to methods and apparatus for maximizing throughput between objects, of a physical quantity having a substantially unimodal throughput profile in terms of relative orientation of such objects. Examples include an alignment and position stabilization of optical fibers, light sources and fibers, fibers and light input devices, semiconductor wafers and microlithographic photo masks, electrical, tunneling and atomic force microprobes and their substrates, spatial filters and free-space laser beams, pinholes and focused beams, laser plasma tubes and external cavity resonators, to name but a few examples.
2. Information Disclosure Statement
The following disclosure statement is made pursuant to the duty of disclosure imposed by law and formulated in 37 CFR 1.56(a). No representation is hereby made that information thus disclosed in fact constitutes prior art, inasmuch as 37 CFR 1.56(a) relies on a materiality concept which depends on uncertain and inevitably subjective elements of substantial likelihood and reasonableness and inasmuch as a growing attitude appears to require citation of material which might lead to a discovery of a pertinent material though not necessarily being of itself pertinent. Also, the following comments contain conclusions and observations which have only been drawn or become apparent after conception of the subject invention or which contrast the subject invention or its merits against the background of developments which may be subsequent in time or priority.
Also, no preamble of any statement of invention or claim hereof is intended to represent that the content of that preamble is prior art, particularly where one or more recitations in a preamble serve the purpose of providing antecedents for the remainder of a statement of invention or claim.
On Jun. 24, 1983, the Fondation Suisse Pour La Recherche En Microtechnique filed the Swiss Patent Application CH 3444/83 which formed the basis for their European Patent Application 84810298.4, filed Jun. 21, 1984 and published Jan. 9, 1985 under publication number 0,130,6,944, for a method of alignment of a wave guide. Reference may also be had to their corresponding Canadian Patent 1 247 845, issued Jan. 3, 1989, and to articles by T. Edye et al, entitled "Automatic Alignment Station for Single or Multimode Optical Fibers", and "Automatic Assembling Station for Guided Optic Components," SPIE Vol. 483, Optical Alignment II (1984), pp. 65 to 75.
Briefly, that method of alignment imposes a movement to either the excitation unit or the wave guide, which follows a loop in a plane transverse to a connection axis of the wave guide and the excitation unit. Maximum and minimum values of the excitation function are measured by analog circuitry which provides instantaneous orthogonal components of the throughput profile gradient. The other element is moved along these axes until the components of the gradient are zero, when alignment has been achieved.
A similar approach is apparent from U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,163, by John C. Goodwin et al, issued Jan. 19, 1988, for a laser-fiber positioner. Reference may in this respect also be had to an article by John C. Goodwin, entitled "Dynamic Alignment of Small Optical Components", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. LT-5, January 1987, pp. 97 to 101.
Apparatus according to these prior disclosures have been manufactured and are in operation. An automatic alignment for single mode fibers and integrated optical devices has been provided by PHOTON CONTROL LIMITED, as apparent from their brochure entitled NANOTRAK, which mentions that they are using a radar tracking technique known as "Conical Scanning," whereby a servo controlled system continually positions a source on target.
One problem with these systems is lack of versatility, which in effect limits the utility of each apparatus produced pursuant to the above mentioned prior disclosures practically to the given application for which it was specifically designed.

Throughput maximizing systems for substantially unimodal throughput profiles


An accumulator fuel injection system working to energize fuel injectors to inject fuel at a sequence of injection timings into an internal combustion engine and also to control a fuel pump to feed the fuel to an accumulator at a sequence of controlled times for compensating for the amount of the fuel flowing out of the accumulator under feedback control. When having found a failure in operation of at least one of the fuel injectors, the system alters a mode of the feedback control to decrease the amount of fuel fed to the accumulator at one of the sequence of the controlled times which is at a selected interval away from one of the sequence of the injection timings at which the at least one of the fuel injectors is to be energized, thereby ensuring a steady balance between the amounts of fuel flowing into and out of the accumulator.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a fuel injection control system equipped with a fuel accumulator and a fuel injector working to inject fuel supplied from the fuel accumulator, and more particularly to such a system designed to ensure the steady balance between amounts of fuel fed to and discharged from the accumulator.
2. Background Art
There are known common rail fuel injection systems for diesel engines of automotive vehicles which are equipped with a controller, a common rail, and a fuel pump. For example, Japanese Patent First Publication No. 62-258160 discloses a typical common rail injection system. The common rail injection system is typically designed to determine a target pressure of fuel in the common rail depending upon operating conditions of an engine to change the pressure of fuel to be supplied to fuel injectors.
The common rail injection system usually works to control the feeding of fuel from the fuel pump to the common rail to bring the pressure in the common rail, as measured by a fuel pressure sensor, into agreement with the target value under feedback control. For instance, the system calculates a proportional term and an integral term in a PI algorithm based on the pressure in the common rail and the target pressure to determine a target amount of fuel to be discharged by the fuel pump and converts it into an electric current for driving the fuel pump to feed the target amount of the fuel to the common rail to bring the pressure into agreement with the target value.
In the case of use in a synchronous mode to synchronize the feeding of the fuel to the common rail with each injection of the fuel into the engine, the common rail fuel injection system is required to feed the amount of fuel to the common rail which compensates for the amount of fuel consumed by injection into the engine to ensure steady balance between the amounts of fuel flowing into and out of the common rail.
If, however, a failure has occurred in energizing one(s) of fuel injectors due to, for example, a disconnection of an injector's power supply line or one(s) of the fuel injectors encounters mechanical or electrical trouble in itself, it will result in instability in synchronization of the feeding of fuel to the common rail with the injection of fuel into the engine, thus leading to an unbalance between the amounts of fuel flowing into and out of the common rail. This results in an increased variation in pressure of the fuel in the common rail and lowered controllability of the pressure in the common rail.

Fuel injection control system ensuring steady balance in pressure in accumulator


A television ghost removal apparatus comprises a transversal filter that receives input television signals, compensates waveform distortion included in the signals, and removes a ghost component; a waveform extractor that extracts signal waveforms of predetermined periods that include reference signals for ghost detection from the television signals; a coefficient setter that compares reference waveform signals and the extracted signal waveforms to obtain error signals, and sets coefficient data corresponding to the error signals, and in accordance with this coefficients data, changes filter coefficient of the transversal filter; a band limiter means for removing unnecessary high-region components included in the coefficient data, and supplying the coefficient data from which the unnecessary high-region components have been removed to the transversal filter means, the unnecessary high-region components being outside a frequency band of the reference signal; and a counter means for counting the number of times that the coefficient data have been generated by the coefficient setting means until the television signals return to a status where ghost has been removed, and for activating the band limiter means when the number of times reaches a predetermined number.

The present invention relates to an apparatus for the removal of ghost in television signals used in television receivers and video receivers that handle television signals.
FIG. 1 shows one example of a conventional ghost removal apparatus. The processing in this embodiment is all performed digitally.
The numeral 1 represents a transversal filter that has the television signals X(t)-as-the input, and which compensates for waveform distortion and removes the ghost component. In this embodiment, the filter is configured from a digital filter that has variable filter coefficients. Such a transversal filter 1 is set with a batch of filter coefficients that is of the opposite phase to a ghost component that is included in the input signals, for example. The output of the transversal filter 1 becomes the output image signals Y (t) and is also supplied to a waveform extraction circuit 2. The waveform extraction circuit 2 extracts reference signals inclined in predetermined periods in the television signals. These reference signals are of a pattern from which a reference timing in a horizontal scan can be detected, and FIG. 2 shows typical examples of a reference signal.
FIG. 2(a) and FIG. 2(b) respectively represent where step-shaped signals are partially overlapped, with FIG. 2(a) showing where the rising edge for example, of a step-shaped signal is used as the reference timing and FIG. 2(b) showing where the falling edge for example, of a step-shaped signal is used as the reference timing.
FIG. 2(c) is a pulse signal that is overlapped on a vertical synchro signal, and either the rising edge or the falling edge is used as the reference in this case as well.
In the 8-field sequence method, these reference signals (data) described above are obtained by subtraction from the data of a predetermined other field, of the data from a predetermined other field.
The above described specific pattern signals extracted by the waveform extraction circuit 2 are supplied to an adding and averaging circuit 3 and the adding and averaging circuit 3 smooths the noise components that are generated randomly in the output of the waveform extraction circuit 2. FIG. 3 shows a specific example of the circuits for the waveform extraction circuit 2 and the adding and averaging circuit 3.
In FIG. 3, the waveform extraction circuit 2 has a gate circuit 21 that passes an input signal which is applied to it at predetermined periods that include the reference signals, and the gate circuit 21 has its on and off controlled by control signals from a controller that is not indicated in the figure. The signals having a predetermined period and that have passed the gate circuit 21 are supplied to a memory 32 via an adder 31 of the adding and averaging circuit 3 and furthermore, the output of the memory 32 is fed back to the adder 31. More specifically, the adder 31 adds the signals that have been given a predetermined time delay and which have already been written in the memory 32, and supplies them to the memory 32 so that noise components that exist randomly in the direction of the time axis, for the output of the memory 32 is smoothed.
After this adding and averaging processing has been performed for a plural number of times, the gate circuit 33 becomes open in accordance with a take-in pulse supplied from the controller and the signals that have been added and smoothed are taken in.
Returning again to FIG. 1, the output of the adding and averaging circuit 3 has the influence of the DC portion removed by a differentiating circuit 4 and then, is compared with a reference waveform signal that is generated in a reference waveform generation circuit 5, with a subtractor 6 being used as the means of comparison. The output of the subtractor 6 is supplied to a magnification setting circuit 7 as error signals. The magnification setting circuit 7 determines the loop magnification and this set magnification is used as the basis for a coefficient setting circuit 8 to generate coefficient data in order to set the batch of filter coefficients of the transversal filter 1 described above.
In the manner described above, the configuration of a ghost removal circuit formed by a closed loop comprising the transversal filter 1, the waveform extraction circuit 2, the adding & averaging circuit 3, the differentiating circuit 4, the subtractor 6, the reference waveform generation circuit 5, the magnification setting circuit 7 and the coefficients setting circuit 8. More specifically, the filter coefficients of the transversal filter 1 change successively in accordance with the error signals that are obtained from the reference signals derived from the input television signals and the reference waveform signals generated in the circuit 5, and control of the closed loop is performed so as to remove the ghost component.
The following is a description of another example of a conventional ghost removal apparatus, with reference to FIG. 4.
The ghost removal apparatus according to the other example is the same as the apparatus described with reference to FIG. 1, except that the adding & averaging circuit 3 and the differentiating circuit 4 are absent, and hence duplication of description will be avoided by using corresponding numerals to represent corresponding portions.
The waveform extraction circuit 2 extracts the predetermined periods that include the specific pattern signals within the television signals, and in accordance with necessity, implements a predetermined waveform conversion such as differentiation, and outputs the signals. This specific pattern signal is a pattern that is used to detect and obtain the reference timing in a horizontal scan period, and FIG. 5 shows typical examples of this specific pattern signal. FIG. 5(a) and FIG. 5(b) show where respective step-shaped signals overlap one portion of a horizontal scan period, with FIG. 5(a) showing the cases where the rising edge of a step-shaped signal is used as the reference timing and FIG. 5(b) showing the case where the falling edge of a step-shaped signal is used as the reference timing. For example, when the falling edge portion of the step-shaped signal of FIG. 5(b) is differentiated, a pulse-shaped signal such as that shown in FIG. 5(c) is obtained. FIG. 5(d) is a step-shaped signal that has a narrow width and which overlaps the vertical synchro signal, and in this case as well, it is possible to use either the rising edge or the falling edge as the reference timing.
When a specific pattern signal extracted by the waveform extraction circuit 2 has waveform conversion processing such as differentiation or the like implemented, the subtractor 6 is used as the means of comparison to compare the reference signal that is generated from the reference waveform generation circuit 5. The output of the subtractor 6 is supplied to the magnification setting circuit 7 as the error signal. The magnification setting circuit 7 determines the magnification in order to determine the filter coefficients that are set in the transversal filter 1, and the magnification set in the magnification setting circuit 7 is used as the basis for the coefficient setting circuit 8 to generate the coefficient data that is used to set the filter coefficients of the transversal filter 1.
In the manner as has been described above, the ghost removal circuit is formed by a closed loop comprising the transversal filter 1, the waveform extraction generation circuit 5, the magnification setting circuit 7 and the coefficient setting circuit 8. More specifically, it is a circuit that obtains the reference timing from the specific pattern signals in the input television signals, performs successive changing of the filter coefficients of the transversal filter 1 in accordance with error signals obtained from the reference timing and the reference signals, and performs closed loop control so that the ghost components are removed.
Both of the two examples of the conventional technology described above are configured by a feedback loop and are ghost removal circuits comprising a feed-back forward loop configured by disposing a waveform extraction circuit 2 on the input side of the transversal filter 1.
However, when there is a favorable S/N (signal to noise ratio) for the input television signals in the case of the former of the conventional apparatus and as shown in FIG. 6(a), there is a certain degree of noise removal performed by the adding & averaging processing but as shown in FIG. 6(b), in the status where the input television signals have a poor S/N, it is not possible to sufficiently suppress the noise by using only the adding & averaging circuit 3, and so it becomes impossible to correctly detect the ghost components that are included in the reference signals.
In addition, when pulse-type noise enters during the predetermined period that includes the reference signal, and when the waveform extraction circuit 2 extracts signals over than those of the predetermined periods and adding processing is performed in that state, a component that is not a ghost component is regarded as a ghost.
In either case, the error signals become the output from the subtractor 6 and ghost removal processing corresponding to this error data is performed to therefore cause problems with the output image.
Also, the coefficient data that are set by the coefficient setting circuit 8 in the case of the latter example of conventional technology has no band limit and so the frequency band component that has the coefficient data also has a component (high region component) other than the frequency band component that has the reference signals and there are cases where this component which is outside of the band causes the transversal filter 1 to perform erroneous filter action. In cases such as these, there is the disadvantage that the convergence to the ghost removal status is slowed.

Apparatus for removing ghost from television signals including a transversal filter using coefficient data with unnecessary high frequency components removed therefrom


When one motor rotates a rotating disk, the rotating disk rotates a first moving body, and the rotating disk moves a second moving body from an initial position against a bias force of a bias unit, a protrusion of the rotating disk engages with allowance with a recess portion of the first moving body so that the rotating disk does not rotate reversely when the second moving body returns to the initial position. With this device, it is possible to move only either one of two moving bodies operated by one motor.

As a robot toy for play fighting, etc., there is known a toy in which one motor rotates a rotating disk to move two or more portions (for example, patent document 1).
In this robot toy, when the motor is driven to rotate, either one of a left or a right group consisting of a leg portion and an arm portion is pressed with the rotating disk according to a rotating direction of the rotating disk and the pressed group is moved at once.


The present invention discloses system and method for setting motherboard testing procedures. The method includes the steps of: selecting the required testing mode numeral corresponding to one of a plurality of BIOS programs, which required a next testing station via a setting module and storing the same into a second storage module as a preset testing mode numeral; performing a start-up procedure by the system; reading the preset testing mode numeral in the second storage module via a reading module during the start-up phase, and loading the BIOS program corresponding to the testing mode numeral into the system to perform subsequent test according to the loaded BIOS program. Thus, different testing modes can be set according to different testing stations, thereby increasing testing efficiency of motherboard testing procedures having a plurality of testing stations.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to motherboard testing procedure setting systems, and more particularly, to a system and method for setting motherboard testing procedures having a plurality of testing stations.
2. Description of Related Art
With greatly improved integration of circuit boards and electronic components, much more functionalities are being provided by computer motherboards. A motherboard is one of important components in a computer device, and the other important component, such as a central process unit (CPU), bus, memory, connecting port, storage unit and data input/output unit connected with the connecting port can be disposed on the motherboard. Further, these components are integrated by the motherboard so as to perform data processing works according to instructions.
To ensure these components are successfully disposed on the motherboard and work properly normally, the motherboard needs to pass through a variety of testing stations at different stages such that special functionalities of the motherboard can be respectively tested through different the testing stations. For example, some of the testing stations are used to test whether random access memories disposed on the motherboards work normally; some of the testing stations are used to test whether peripheral device connecting ports of the motherboard work properly; and some of the testing stations are used to test whether built-in display driver work properly.
However, testing contents of motherboards required by manufacturers can be different from those required by end users. For example, motherboard-testing procedures of manufacturers do not need to test all memory blocks, which instead only need to test beginning blocks or some part of the blocks for increasing the testing speed. Also, some testing modes are only needed by end users but are not needed by manufacturers. Accordingly, these testing modes can be skipped or concealed in testing procedures of manufacturers so as to increase the testing efficiency. In simple words, depending on different users, contents of the motherboard testing modes can be varied.
Conventional motherboard testing systems are generally combined with the BIOS and executed by the BIOS during the start-up phase. To meet demands for testing modes of manufacturers, a jumper is disposed on the motherboard such that the BIOS can execute the motherboard testing procedures required by the manufacturers during the start-up phase when the jumper is connected.
Although the above-described testing method can efficiently perform the testing procedures required by manufacturers, it has some limitations. For example, different testing modes may contain a lot of testing options performed by different testing stations in motherboard testing procedures of manufacturers. Therefore, setting the testing mode only through a jumper has limitation. Especially if the testing stations are over two, over two jumpers need to be disposed on the motherboard, which is costly and space-consuming. Moreover, different testing stations of manufacturers cannot perform the test only according to the main testing options needed by the present testing stations. Instead, they have to perform some unnecessary testing options belonging to other testing stations, thereby adversely affecting the motherboard testing efficiency.
Therefore, there is a need to develop a system and method for setting motherboard testing procedures that can set different testing modes and testing options according to different motherboard testing stations, thereby saving testing time of each testing station and increasing motherboard testing efficiency.

System and method for setting motherboard testing procedures


According to one embodiment a method for aligning a light source includes providing a lamp and a lamp interface. The lamp interface has an alignment aperture disposed thereon. The method also includes aligning the lamp with respect to the lamp interface until a desired amount of light is focused on the alignment aperture. The method further includes fixing the lamp to the lamp aperture to form an aligned lamp assembly after obtaining a desired lamp alignment. Then the aligned lamp assembly is coupled to an integrating rod.

Many display systems use spatial light modulators that receive a beam of light from a light integrating rod. The light integrating rod takes a non-uniform beam of light and converts it into uniformly distributed light. Such integrating rods are often used in deformable micro-mirror devices (DMD). As DMDs become smaller and smaller, the size of integrating rods also reduces. Although the light received by the integrating rod is not uniform, it is important that the light received by the integrated rod is focused to an input aperture of the integrating rod. If the input light is not focused, light is lost in the display system, resulting in less than optimal display quality. As the size of integrating rods shrinks, it becomes more and more critical to have proper focus of the beam received by the integrator rod. Further, many display systems utilize a sequential color recapture (SCR) aperture, which requires even greater precision in the focus of light achieved by the SCR aperture.
Although it is critically important to focus the light received by the integrating rod aperture, current methods can be both time consuming and less than effective. For example, current methods generally involve mounting the integrating rods aperture on the rod, which is then fixed to remaining portions of the projector system. Then the lamp is brought in and selectively adjusted until a desirable amount of light is received by the integrating rod aperture. This approach suffers several disadvantages. First, it is time consuming, requiring a skilled technician to accurately align the lamp to the integrating rod aperture. Further, the aperture may be damaged as light rays impinge upon it during this alignment process. An alternative method relies on tight tolerances between constituent portions of the projector system, assuming alignment will occur naturally. However, this alignment method often results in less than optimal retransmission through the integrating rod.

Integrated lamp and aperture alignment method and system


A rotor for a ducted fan gas turbine engine includes a rotor disc on which a number of circumferentially spaced apart blades are mounted. Wall members are positioned to bridge the space between adjacent blades. The wall members correspond in profile with the blades adjacent thereto. A seal is mounted on a side face of each wall member and is bonded to a flexible mounting which is bonded itself to the wall member. The flexible mounting has elastic properties so as to allow the seal to deflect relative to the wall member under centrifugal loading during operation.

Conventionally a fan rotor for compressing air comprises a disc having a plurality of radially extending blades mounted thereon. The fan blades are mounted on the disc by inserting the inner end of the blade in a correspondingly shaped retention groove in the outer face of the disc periphery. Separate wall members bridge the space between pairs of adjacent blades to define the inner wall of an annular gas passage in which the fan rotor is operationally located.
It is known to provide a seal between the wall members and the adjacent fan blades by providing resilient strips bonded to the wall member edges adjacent the fan blades. The strips protrude so that they abut and seal the adjacent fan blades. This prevents air leaking past the inner wall of the annulus.
However the above described arrangement has the main drawback that the resilient strips are necessarily in a close fit with the adjacent blades, leading to assembly difficulties
WO 93/22539 discloses an improvement to the above arrangement where the inner wall of the flow annulus is defined by a plurality of wall members which are provided with resilient strips allowing for easier assembly.
The wall members bridge the space between adjacent fan blades and each comprise a platform having a foot which engages within a similarly shaped groove of the disc. Flanges are bonded to the platform, each flange having a resilient seal. As the fan rotates the flanges are directed outwards into sealing contact with the adjacent fan blades to seal the inner wall of the flow annulus.
This arrangement, however, has certain disadvantages. Aerodynamic losses occur due to the necessary gap between the blade surface and seal. The gap in the prior art arrangement is required to be relatively large to accommodate blade dynamic movement during for example bird impact and when a blade may become detached. The flange sealing element normally operates (provides a seal) at around 6000*G. However, as the rotor speed increases, the end of the flange is subject to increased load and the seal becomes more prone to `flip out` leading to efficiency losses and vibration problems. In addition the rubber seals tend to split and degrade during use and need to be replaced at regular intervals. Another problem is that the seals pick up titanium oxides from the blade surface causing damage to the blade surface through scratching. The seals are also costly to produce and are undesirably heavy.


An input signal phase compensation circuit having a monitor mode and a normal operation mode includes a mode switching circuit, a logic gate receiving an internal data signal, a delay circuit connected to the logic gate, and a phase comparator comparing, in the monitor mode, phases of a signal output from the delay circuit and a clock signal, and determining time for delaying an internal clock signal in a variable delay circuit so as to match phases of the both signals. In the normal operation mode, the time is fixed, and data is obtained at phase compensated timing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device and more particularly to a circuit for compensating for a phase in data input to the semiconductor memory device.
2. Description of the Background Art
A synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) operating at high speed receives an external control signal, an address signal and write data, in synchronism with an external clock signal, and outputs read data.
Here, a "single data rate" and a "double data rate" will be described with respect to write data reception.
FIGS. 13A and 13B are timing charts illustrating reception of an external data signal EXTD at a "single data rate". As shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, at the "single data rate" external data signal EXTD shown in FIG. 13B is received in synchronism with a rising edge of an external clock signal EXTCLK shown in FIG. 13A. Therefore, external data signal EXTD is received once in a clock cycle tC of external clock signal EXTCLK.
FIGS. 14A and 14B are timing charts illustrating an example of reception of external data signal EXTD at the "double data rate". As shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, at the "double data rate" external data signal EXTD shown in FIG. 14B is obtained in synchronism with rising and falling edges of external clock signal EXTCLK shown in FIG. 14A. Therefore, external data signal EXTD is received twice in a clock cycle tC of external clock signal EXTCLK.
FIGS. 15A and 15B are timing charts illustrating another example of reception of external data signal EXTD at the "double data rate".
In this example of the "double data rate", external data signal EXTD shown in FIG. 15B is received twice in a clock cycle tC of external clock signal EXTCLK in synchronism with a rising edge of external clock signal EXTCLK shown in FIG. 15A and also with an edge of a clock signal (not shown) generated inside a device in synchronism with the rising edge and shifted a half period (1/2.multidot.tC) from external clock signal EXTCLK.
Since the SDRAM receives the external control signal, the address signal and the write data in synchronism with the external clock signal as described above, higher speed of the SDRAM operation due to higher frequency of the external clock signal causes a skew between the external clock signal and each of external control signal, address signal and the write data. Referring to FIGS. 16A to 16D, reduction in setup time and hold time will be described with respect to the "double data rate" shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B. The setup time refers to the time from the start of an effective (valid) state allowing data reception until actual data reception (a data reception edge) and the hold time is from the data reception edge to the end of the valid state.
Generally, a memory controller outputs write data in synchronism with a synchronized signal. Since this output write data experiences a mismatch between impedance on a board and that on a memory card before it reaches an SDRAM device from the memory controller, it causes a skew due to difference in transfer delay time of the write data and the external clock signal which are input to the same SDRAM device. Therefore, in the SDRAM device, external input data is valid in the external data reception cycle (1/2.multidot.tC) minus skew time due to transfer delay.
Let us consider the data reception from the outside to the inside of the device, from the view point of internal device operation. An internal clock signal INTDCLK shown in FIG. 16C which is generated by doubling the frequency of the external clock signal shown in FIG. 16A and internal write data INTD received into the device and shown in FIG. 16D cause an undesirable skew. The skew is further increased by characteristics of a clock signal input buffer receiving the external clock signal into the device, a data input buffer receiving external data into the device, a frequency doubler generating internal clock signal INTDCLK by doubling the frequency of the external clock signal which is input to the clock signal input buffer, and so on. Therefore, setup/hold time of internal write data INTD with respect to internal clock signal INTDCLK would be shorter when the device operates at higher frequency.

Input signal phase compensation circuit capable of reliably obtaining external data