An incontinence article in pants form for receiving bodily excretions, includes an abdominal section, a back portion and a crotch portion which extends in the longitudinal direction between the abdominal and back sections and is undetachably joined in overlapping regions to the abdominal portion and the back portion, wherein the abdominal portion and the back portion are connected to one another on both sides at the lateral seam regions forming a closed waist opening. The crotch portion extends with the long end thereof on the abdominal side and with the long end thereof on the back side to a respective imaginary line L1 or L2 which is parallel to the transverse direction, wherein the lines L1 and L2 divide the abdominal portion and the back portion into a respective first abdominal or back sub-region remote from the leg opening and a respective second stomach or back sub-region near the leg opening. In the first abdominal and back sub-region, first elastification means are provided, of which in each case only one single first elastification means is fixed within a respective adhesive zone of the strip-shaped adhesive zones disposed in parallel at a distance M between a first and a second layer of the first abdominal and back sub-region.

The invention relates to an incontinence article in the form of pants for receiving bodily excretions, with a front stomach portion and a rear back portion which, in order to form a stomach and back band that is continuous in the transverse or waist-encircling direction and has a waist opening closed in the waist-encircling direction, are connected to each other by the manufacturer at side seam regions on both sides, and with a crotch portion which has an absorbent body and which extends in a longitudinal direction between stomach portion and back portion and is joined inseparably to the stomach portion and to the back portion, wherein not only the crotch portion but also the stomach portion and the back portion delimit the leg openings of the incontinence article. An incontinence article of this kind composed of three components is known, for example, from WO 2004/052260 A1, WO 03/039423 A1 and WO-2009/065499 A1. In the case of this specific product concept, after the joining of the crotch portion, extending in the longitudinal direction, to the stomach portion, extending substantially in the transverse or waist-encircling direction, and to the back portion, extending correspondingly, in the spread-out flat state of these three components, an H-shaped basic structure of the incontinence article can be produced. The incontinence article is then formed in a modular manner from the components crotch portion, stomach portion and back portion. These components are advantageously first connected to one another by way of the crotch portion, and, preferably, the stomach portion is thereafter connected to the back portion in side seam regions on both sides. This is a connection performed at the manufacturer's, by which the pants shape is obtained. This connection is typically inseparable. The pants shape may, however, also be separable, in particular along a predetermined breaking line, which may in particular run in the side seam region, for example for removing a used incontinence article from a person needing care.
Incontinence articles in pants form are different in principle from traditional openable and closable incontinence articles in the customary diaper form in that the waist size is generally predetermined and the adaptation to different body sizes is achieved on the basis of a number of standard sizes by an elastic stretchability of the article. Generally used for this purpose are elasticating means, in particular in the form of bands or threads, often referred to as Lycra threads, connected in the pre-stretched state (stretch-bonding process) to chassis materials of the incontinence article, that is to say they are fixed in the pre-stretched state to the chassis materials, for example by means of an adhesive. As a result of their pretensioning, these elasticating means gather the chassis materials together and thereby form pleatings. The incontinence article or the elasticated chassis materials of the incontinence article can then stretch again elastically when the incontinence article is put onto the user like a pair of pants. Incontinence articles in pants form with such elasticated chassis materials are known in many instances and, for example, are also discussed in the previously mentioned WO 2004/052260 A1 and WO-2009/065499-A1.
Using the present invention made it possible to identify that there nevertheless may be significant forces acting in the process of putting on the incontinence article in pants form, to be precise when the chassis materials which were gathered together under the pretension of the elasticating means is opened out. These forces act from different directions, depending, inter alia, on the process of putting on by the individual user. Thus, the forces can act in parallel with and/or at an angle to the profile of the elasticating means and, accompanying this, on the whole laminate structure made of elasticating means and chassis material. The incontinence article in pants form is predominantly exposed to the force action in the region of the waist opening by being pulled apart in the transverse or waist-encircling direction by the user, for example to identify the leg openings for getting into the incontinence article but then also by the chassis material being gripped in order to pull up the incontinence article along the body of the user, and also during this process. This can disadvantageously lead to an impairment of the hold between elasticating means and chassis material right up to a partial delamination, and so the areal elasticating effect of the chassis materials is impeded and hence the fit of the incontinence article in pants form is adversely affected.
Likewise, using the present invention made it possible to identify that the attachment of the elasticating means provided on a chassis material should be adapted to the functions and the objects of the elasticated region in order thus to ensure a very comfortable wear for the user.
Within usual methods, a measure for attaching elasticating means on chassis materials lies in the use of adhesives. Various methods for adhesively attaching elasticating means are known. Thus, EP 1 938 777 A2 describes applying glue to the whole area of at least one of the non-woven fabric webs provided for sandwich-positioning of elasticating means and how these are brought together while laminating an elastic material therein. Disadvantageously, applying glue to the whole area results in large-scale stiffening and a reduction in the breathability of materials, in particular of non-woven fabric materials which are soft and breathable per se, and which are usually used for incontinence articles.
It is furthermore known to carry out single-strand gluing, to be precise such that individual elasticating means are initially surrounded by adhesive and thereafter fed to the lamination between two material webs. Thus, WO 2003/039422 A1 the individual elasticating means is led through a comb-like groove shape of an adhesive application head. Although this counteracts the problem of excessive stiffening and an excessive reduction in the breathability of the chassis materials, a disadvantage in this case nevertheless lies in the fact that the connection points for obtaining a laminate made of elasticating means and chassis material are only obtained at the circumference of the elasticating means. Thus, sufficient holding together of the laminate can only be achieved by a sufficiently large number of elasticating means per material portion. It may likewise be disadvantageous in this case that as a result of the direct application of the adhesive on the elasticating means there is an increase in the risk of damage to the elasticating means. Moreover, it is difficult in the case of single-strand gluing to set the amount of adhesive that should be transferred onto an elasticating means, more particularly onto a thread-shaped elasticating means. Moreover, EP-1830770-A1 also suggests affixing, by means of single-strand gluing, elastic threads arranged in the transverse direction. WO 2009/080180 A1 also provides for individually coating the elasticating means, which run parallel in the transverse direction, with an adhesive.


A TFT liquid crystal display apparatus having a touch function, including: a first electrode layer, having multiple first electrodes and multiple thin film transistors, wherein each of the multiple thin film transistors has a source coupled to a source control unit, a gate coupled to a gate control unit, and a drain coupled to one of the multiple first electrodes and to one of multiple storage capacitors; a liquid crystal display layer, located above the first electrode layer; a transparent electrode layer, being located above the liquid crystal display layer and having multiple transparent strip electrodes; and multiple switches, of which each has a control end coupled with a mode control signal, a first contact coupled to one of the multiple transparent strip electrodes, a second contact coupled to a common voltage generation unit, and a third contact coupled to a touch detection unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a touch apparatus, especially to a TFT (thin film transistor) liquid crystal display apparatus having a touch function, which is capable of utilizing a liquid crystal display structure to execute a capacitive touch detection procedure.
2. Description of the Related Art
General touch screen apparatuses have a touch module stacked on a liquid crystal screen. However, this kind of touch screen apparatuses tends to have larger depths, which can fail to meet the market requirements on lightness and thinness, and can result in higher material cost.
To cope with this issue, one solution is to integrate two layers of same material, one of which comes from a liquid crystal screen and the other of which comes from a touch module, into one layer. However, the depth of a touch screen apparatus reduced by this kind of designs still cannot meet the requirements of some high end products.
Another solution is to integrate a touch function into a liquid crystal display, generally by adding extra electrodes on a thin film transistor layer to form touch capacitors. However, this kind of designs tends to reduce product yield rate and increase manufacturing cost.
To solve the foregoing problems, a novel, slim, and easy-to-manufacture touch screen apparatus is needed.


The invention provides an expandable polyolefin resin composition comprising (a) 40 to 100 wt. % of a polypropylene resin having a melt index of 0.5 to 12, (b) 0 to 60 wt. % of a polyethylene resin having a melt index of 2 to 50 (c) 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of the di(meth)acrylate of an aliphatic dihydric alcohol having a methylene group with 2 to 18 carbon atoms between the (meth)acryloyloxy groups at both ends per 100 parts by weight of the combination of the resins (a) and (b), and (d) 1 to 50 parts by weight of a thermally decomposable blowing agent. Preferably the composition further comprises (e) 0.5 to 5 parts by weight of a monofunctional monomer. When uniformly crosslinked, the composition affords an expandable polyolefin resin composition suited to production of a crosslinked polyolefin resin foam excellent in heat resistance, toughness and moldability of formability and appearing homogeneous.

The present invention relates to expandable polyolefin resin compositions, and more particularly to expandable polyolefin resin compositions suitable for preparing crosslinked polyolefin resin foams which have high heat resistance and can be fabricated into complex shapes. The invention further relates to cross-linked polyolefin resin foams prepared from such resin compositions by crosslinking and subsequent foaming.
Polyolefin resin foams are in prevalent use as heat-insulating materials and miscellaneous goods because of their excellent flexibility and high heat resistance, and have recently found wide use as interior finishing materials for motor vehicles and like vehicles, for example, as heat-insulating materials for ceilings, doors, instrument panels, etc. Such interior finishing materials for vehicles are prepared, for example, by affixing a sheet of crosslinked polyolefin resin foam to a skin material and forming the resulting shape by vacuum forming or compression molding.
Generally, vacuum forming or compression molding is conducted at a high temperature of 120.degree. to 200.degree. C. For molding at such a high temperature, conventional polyethylene-base polyolefin resin foams are low in heat resistance and therefore unusable, and polypropylene-base polyolefin resin foams are used.
In producing polyolefin resin foams, resin compositions are crosslinked usually by 1) heating the resin composition with an organic peroxide incorporated therein, or 2) irradiating the resin composition with an ionizing radiation. These methods are practiced industrially. However, although effective for cross-linking polyethylene, these crosslinking methods are not suited to the above-mentioned polypropylene-base polyolefin resin because when crosslinked by either of these methods, polypropylene has its molecular chain broken at the same time to deteriorate. In view of this fact, polypropylene-base resins are crosslinked by admixing a polyfunctional monomer, such as divinylbenzene, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate or trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, with the resin and irradiating the resulting resin composition with an ionizing radiation (Examined Japanese Patent Publications SHO 46-38716 and SHO 60-11935, Unexamined Japanese Patent Publications SHO 57-212236 and SHO 61-69844, etc.). Among these publications, the publication SHO 46-38716 proposes two kinds of auxiliary crosslinking agents: a) a compound having at least two vinyl-type double bonds in the molecule, and b) the combination of an aromatic compound having one vinyl group in the molecule and an organic compound having at least two (meth)acryloyloxy groups in the molecule. The latter is favorably used chiefly for crosslinking resins with an organic peroxide.
Nevertheless, when these polyfunctional monomers are used for crosslinking resin compositions, the polyfunctional monomer, which has different compatibilities with different resin components of the composition, becomes present as localized in the resin component having the highest compatibility therewith, permitting the composition to be crosslinked unevenly when irradiated with an ionizing radiation.
Further when polyolefin resin compositions are given an increased gel fraction to obtain a viscosity required for foaming in such a state, the resin foam obtained has higher hardness and less elongation than is needed for molding. Difficulties are then encountered in molding the foam into a complex shape having a deep recess, possibly causing the rupture of the foam. If a reduced amount of polyfunctional monomer is used to improve the moldability, the composition can not be crosslinked uniformly, failing to give a foam which appears homogeneous.
In view of the foregoing problems, an object of the present invention is to provide an expandable polyolefin resin composition which can be crosslinked uniformly in its entirety to produce a crosslinked polyolefin resin foam which is excellent in heat resistance, toughness and moldability or formability and which appears homogeneous.
Another object of the invention is to provide a crosslinked polyolefin resin foam which is obtained by crosslinking and foaming the expandable polyolefin resin composition.

Expandable polyolefin resin compositions


A signal compensation circuit includes a first path configured to cause a source signal to pass therethrough and be outputted as a first signal; a delay block configured to output a second signal by delaying the source signal by a predetermined time; a second path configured to cause the second signal to pass therethrough and be outputted as a third signal; and a signal combination block configured to generate a compensated signal by combining the first signal and the third signal.

1. Technical Field
Various embodiments generally relate to a semiconductor circuit, and, more particularly, to a signal compensation circuit and a semiconductor apparatus using the same.
2. Related Art
A semiconductor apparatus may include various circuit blocks, and the various circuit blocks have their own functions.
The various circuit blocks operate only when the corresponding functions are performed, and otherwise do not perform any operations in a state in which only power is applied thereto.
For example, in a refresh mode, only circuits associated with an active or precharge operation operate, and circuits associated with read/write operations do not operate.
Considering that circuit blocks of a semiconductor apparatus are configured based on transistors, if a state in which only power such as VDD or VSS is applied to transistors is continuously retained, stresses may be induced in the transistors and the properties of the transistors may be degraded.
In this way, due to degradations in the properties of elements according to operating circumstances, signals may be abnormally generated from corresponding circuit blocks, and the operation performance of semiconductor circuits may deteriorate or operation fails may occur.

Signal compensation circuit and semiconductor apparatus using the same


The present invention relates to polishing pads, including at least 60 to 99 parts by weight of a polymer matrix (A) having 1,2-polybutadiene; and 1 to 40 parts by weight of component (B) having a copolymer having a polyether block, where the total amount of the polishing pad is 100 parts by mass, polymer matrix (A) includes 1,2-polybutadiene in an amount of at least 60 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by mass of the polishing pad, component (B) includes the copolymer having a polyether block in an amount of at most 40 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by mass of the polishing pad, and the polishing pads have a surface resistivity of 2.6×107 to 9.9×1013Ω.

In the manufacture of a semiconductor device, chemical mechanical polishing (generally abbreviated as CMP) is now often used as a polishing technique capable of forming an extremely flat surface. Chemical mechanical polishing is a technique for polishing chemomechanically by letting an aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing flow down over the surface of a chemical mechanical polishing pad while the chemical mechanical polishing pad and the surface to be polished are brought into slide contact with each other. It is known that the polishing result is greatly affected by the properties and characteristics of the chemical mechanical polishing pad in this chemical mechanical polishing. A wide variety of chemical mechanical polishing pads have been proposed up till now.
For example, JP-A 11-70463 and JP-A 8-216029 propose a chemical mechanical polishing method for carrying out polishing by using polyurethane foam containing fine pores as a chemical mechanical polishing pad and holding an aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing in pores open to the surface of the pad.
JP-A 8-500622 and JP-A 2000-34416 propose a polishing pad containing a water-soluble polymer dispersed in a water-insoluble matrix resin. This pad is capable of polishing by holding an aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing in pores formed by the dissolution or elimination of only water-soluble particles which came into contact with the aqueous dispersion for chemical mechanical polishing during chemical mechanical polishing out of water-soluble particles.
Since it is difficult to control the foaming of polyurethane in a desired state in the former pad out of these chemical mechanical polishing pads, the quality of the pad varies and the removal rate and the processing state vary as well. Particularly, a surface defect called "scratch" may be produced on the polished surface and the improvement of the polished surface is desired. Meanwhile, although it is easy to control the size and distribution of pores formed during polishing in the latter pad, in-plane uniformity in the amount of polishing of the polished surface (variations in the amount of polishing at specific points of the polished surface) may become unsatisfactory. Therefore, the improvement of the in-plane uniformity in the amount of polishing is also desired.
Due to growing demand for semiconductor devices having higher integration and a finer design rule, specifications required for the surface state of the polished surface are becoming stricter. Further, a higher removal rate is desired to shorten the process time.
In the above situation, a chemical mechanical polishing pad which gives satisfactory polishing results in terms of the suppression of the production of scratches on the polished surface and in-plane uniformity in the amount of polishing while a high removal rate is maintained is not known yet.


An object of the present invention is to provide a means for improving the affinity of an in vivo embedded material such as an artificial blood vessel or an artificial dura mater with a tissue adhesive, so as to quickly prevent the leakage of the blood or spinal fluid. The present invention provides a polymeric material used in combination with a tissue adhesive, which comprises carbon or silicon as a constitutional element, and at least a portion of the surface of which is modified by ion bombardment.

Among three-layer membranes (pia mater, cranial arachnoid mater, and cranial dura mater) that are present in the cranial bone and protect the brain parenchyma, the cranial dura mater is hardest and exists as the outermost layer of the three aforementioned layers. Thus, the cranial dura mater is also considered to be the inner periosteum of the cranial bone. When neurosurgical operations are conducted, the cranial dura mater must be excised in many cases, thereby resulting in the absence of the cranial dura mater. In addition, there may also be cases where spontaneous contraction of the cranial dura mater per se makes the primary suture difficult. If the operative site were sutured without closing the cranial dura mater, it would cause serious complications. For example, it could cause a leakage of spinal fluid, which may result in development of an intracranial infection, or it could cause the adhesion of the brain parenchyma to the bone or subcutaneous tissues, which may lead to local nervous symptoms or become a focal point of a seizure. Thus, when the operative site is sutured, a strict suture is required, so as to avoid the formation of gaps on the cranial dura mater. Accordingly, in a case where a part of the cranial dura mater is lost, or where the primary suture becomes difficult, it is necessary to completely suture the operative site using a certain supply material, so as to prevent the formation of gaps.
The type of a supply material that is used to compensate for the absence of the cranial dura mater has been an important issue for a long period of time, and has been discussed by neurosurgeons. Artificial materials were initially used for a while, but they have been problematic in terms of biocompatibility, handlability, etc. Thus, such artificial materials were soon abandoned. Auto fascia has most widely been used from the initial stage to date. However, such auto fascia is also problematic in that the original fascia is lost from the excised site, and that it easily adheres to the brain. Dry human dura mater is a dura mater supply material, which is produced by treating the dura mater collected from the dead body with radioactive rays. This material was the best among those that had ever been produced. However, the possibility emerged that prions reportedly responsible for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease exist in the dura mater. It was then reported that a patient became affected with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through the dry human dura mater. In consequence, the use of dry human dura mater was completely prohibited in 1998.
At present, ePTFE (expanded polytetra-fluoroethylene) certified by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare is the only material that can be used as a dura mater supply material other than the aforementioned auto fascia. Since ePTFE is a polymeric material, it has no adhesive properties to living bodies. This is advantageous in that the material does not adhere to the brain. On the other hand, since ePTFE has poor contractility, the spinal fluid leaks through pin holes. Thus, it is necessary to suture the operative site using a special surgical suture. Moreover, since ePTFE does not have adhesive properties to living bodies, spinal fluid leakage occurs even from gaps on a sutured surface. Furthermore, since ePTFE does not have adhesive properties also to peripheral tissues, there is a high possibility that it functions only as a simple skeletal material. A large number of attempts have been made to utilize such ePTFE to as great an extent. All of these attempts relate to a technique of using ePTFE as a skeletal material for the subsequent formation of fibrous tissues around the ePTFE.
As a method of treating the surface of an artificial material with ions, a method involving plasma treatment has been known (Japanese Patent Application No. 10-302170). This method comprises improving adhesive properties by modifying the surface of the material. A plasma-treated layer obtained by the plasma treatment method is unstable in living bodies, and it has a risk of decomposing or peeling off over time. In living bodies, it is necessary to maintain a stable cell adhesion layer over a long period of time. When the aforementioned plasma treatment method is particularly applied to the artificial dura mater, although the material adheres to the contact surface of the cranial bone at the initial stage, it has a risk of peeling off after a long period of time.
It has also been reported that the surface layer of an in vivo embedded material is modified using ions with higher energy than the ions used in the plasma treatment, so as to enhance antibacterial properties (Japanese Patent Application No. 5-148994). The main purpose of this method is to reduce the infectivity of the embedded material.

Biological repair material compatible with biological tissue adhesive


A disinfecting system (10) for an applanating surface (12) of an applanation tonometer (16) includes an absorbent, deformable wick (18), a vial (40), and a holder (20). In use, the wick (18) is saturated with a disinfecting solution, then the applanating surface (12) of the tonometer (16) is brought into contact with the saturated wick (18) for approximately 10 to 15 minutes.

The ocular pressure of an eye may be measured by a procedure using an applanation tonometer. A commonly used applanation tonometer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,070,997. According to the procedure, a planar applanating surface on a prism of the applanation tonometer is brought into contact with a cornea of an eye. The tonometer is adjusted until the surface of the cornea conforms substantially with the planar applanating surface and then a measurement is taken. Due to the applanating surface contacting the eye, the applanating surface is exposed to lacrimal fluid from the eye. The contamination of the applanating surface with the lacrimal fluid has been recognized as posing a risk of transmission of disease. Thus, the applanating surface should be disinfected between each use to prevent transmitting lacrimal fluid from one eye to another.
Prior methods for disinfecting the applanating surface require modification of the tonometer for installation of a disinfecting system or dismantling of the prism from the tonometer between each use.

An applanation tonometer disinfecting system


A method of monitoring the contact of a biomedical electrode to skin of a patient is disclosed, where at least two different frequencies are employed to periodically monitor total contact impedance of the electrode. The ratio of the change of the total contact impedances over time can then be monitored to indicate the amount of lift of the biomedical electrode from human skin to which it is supposed to be adhered. Lift of any portion of the electrode from contact with skin of a patient can be monitored more easily than using conventional Contact Quality Monitoring circuitry and "split plate patient plates."

Biomedical electrodes are used in a variety of applications and are configured to operate according to the size, type, and direction of current flowing into or out of a body of a patient.
Dispersive electrodes are used in electrosurgery. In modem surgical practice, there are many times when electrosurgery is more preferable than the use of the traditional scalpel. In electrosurgery, cutting is performed by an intense electrical current passing through a cutting electrode. The surgeon directs this current to exactly where cutting is required by wielding the cutting electrode, which because of its cylindrical shape and the way it is held in the hand is commonly called an "electrosurgical pencil". By activating controls which change the characteristics of the electrical current being sent to the pencil by an electrosurgical generator, the surgeon can use the pencil either to cut or to coagulate areas of bleeding. This makes electrosurgery particularly convenient when surgery requiring extra control of blood loss is being performed. Because of concerns to minimize the transmissions of blood-borne illnesses between health care patients and health care providers, in both directions, electrosurgery is becoming increasingly important.
In electrosurgery, as in all situations where electrical current is flowing, a complete circuit must be provided to and from the current source. In this case, the current that enters the body at the pencil must leave it in another place and return to the generator. It will readily be appreciated that when current enough to deliberately cut is brought to the body of a patient in one place, great care must be taken that unintentional damage is not also done to the patient at the location where that current is leaving the body. The task of collecting the return current safely is performed by a dispersive electrode.
A dispersive electrode performs this task by providing a large surface area through which the current can pass; the same current which was at cutting intensity when focused at the small surface area at the tip of the pencil is relatively harmless, with the goal of being painless to the patient, when spread out over the large surface area of the dispersive electrode.
Unfortunately, any geometry of the large surface area has an edge and perhaps distinct comers or junctions where "edge effects", caused by increased current density at those locations, can have a maximum temperature rise during usage by the patient making such dispersive electrode or cardiac stimulating electrode most uncomfortable to the patient.
The same difficulties concerning edge effect also are present in cardiac stimulating electrodes, such as those used for defibrillation, external pacing, or cardioversion. For a patient already in some discomfort or ill health, pain sensed by the very medical device intended to treat the patient is disconcerting at best.
Safety systems for the electrosurgical patient plates use "Contact Quality Monitor" ("CQM") circuits. All CQM systems currently in use are based on a single design, involving the use of a split patient plate. The reason that the plate must be split is to create two separate conductors that are not electrically joined, unless the electrode is placed on the skin of a patient. If it is indeed properly placed, then a small current can be passed by the generator down one wire of the cable connecting the generator to one of the conductors on the split plate. From there, the current then passes into the flesh of the patient, crosses over to the other conductor of the split plate, and then back through the other wire of the connecting cable to the generator. By analyzing this current, the generator is able to measure an impedance for the combined circuit of the cable, both halves of the split plate, and the patient.
This impedance must be within a certain pre-determined range which assures that the plate has been placed on the patient and that it is in full or nearly full contact with the skin of the patient.
One other point should be made about these CQM systems, and the current that is used by them to determine when the plate is in good contact with the patient: The CQM current should not be confused with the surgical current, which does all the cutting and coagulating. The CQM current is a lower frequency (typically about 39-350 KHz) than the surgical current frequency (typically about 500-1000 KHz), and is hundreds of times smaller in both voltage and amperage than the surgical current (about 1 mV and 1 mA vs. about 500 V and 2 A, respectively).
It is also important to note that the CQM system is only active when the surgical current is not flowing, since the surgical current is so powerful that it would burn out the CQM circuit if the CQM circuit were active while the surgical current was flowing.
The CQM system, first introduced in 1984, has become the industrial safety standard for electrosurgery. Further disclosure of the CQM system is found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,200,104 (Harris); 4,231,372 (Newton); 4,416,277 (Newton et al.); 4,416,276 (Newton et al.); and 4,848,335 (Manes).
In addition to the CQM system, additional systems have been developed. One of them is the "NESSY" system sold by Erbe, Inc. of Tubingen, Germany. The system has two separate circuits, with the first circuit being the standard CQM type described above. The second circuit, however, is unique to the Erbe generator and actually measures the surgical current that is flowing through both halves of the split plate. The amperage flowing in the two halves of the plate is compared, and if there is too great a difference between the current levels the generator will alarm and shut down.
Another attempt to provide protection for an electrosurgery patient is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,099 (Way et al.). In these patents are disclosed a triple plate electrode in order to provide a measure of "peel back" of the patient plate from the patient. But these electrodes disclosed in the Way et al. patent were quite complex to manufacture and use.

Method and apparatus for detecting loss of contact of biomedical electrodes with patient skin


A concave and convex portion is formed on the surface of the planarization insulating film. The surface of the anode also has a concave and convex portion, reflecting the concave and convex structure of the planarization insulating film. The hole transportation layer, the emissive layer, the electron transportation layer and the cathode are disposed on the anode through vacuum evaporation. The surface of the hole transportation layer, the emissive layer, the electron transportation layer, and the cathode has the concave and convex structure, respectively, reflecting the concave and convex structure on the surface of the anode. The effective light-emitting area of the emissive layer is larger than that of a conventional device. That is, a higher brightness can be achieved by increasing the effective light-emitting area of the EL device. Also, the life span of the EL device is extended while keeping its brightness at a conventional level.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to an electroluminescenct display device and its manufacturing method.
2. Description of the Related Art
An electroluminescenct (referred to as EL hereinafter) display device with an EL element has been gathering attention as a display device substituting a CRT or an LCD. The development efforts for the EL display device with a thin film transistor (referred to as TFT hereinafter) as a switching device for driving the EL device have been made accordingly.
FIG. 15 is a plan view showing a pixel of an EL display device of the prior arts. FIG. 16 shows a cross-sectional view of the device along with the B—B cross-sectional line. A TFT for driving an organic EL device is disposed near the crossing of a gate signal line 51 with a gate electrode 11 and a drain signal line 52. A drain of the TFT is connected to the drain signal line 52 and a gate of the TFT to the gate signal line 51. A source of the TFT is connected to an anode 61 of the EL device. A plurality of the pixels is disposed in a matrix configuration in an actual EL display device.
A display pixel 110 is formed by disposing the TFT and the organic EL device sequentially on a substrate 10, which is a glass substrate, a resin sybstrate, a conductive substrate, or a semiconductor substrate. When the conductive substrate or the semiconductor substrate is used as the substrate 10, an insulating film made of SiO2 or SiN should be disposed on the substrate first before forming the TFT.
First, the gate electrode 11 made of a metal with a high-melting point such as chrome (Cr) is disposed on the insulating substrate 10, and then a gate insulating film 12 and an active layer 13 made of p-Si film are sequentially disposed.
Ion doping is performed to a channel 13c of the active layer 13 located above the gate electrode 11 and to the areas located at both sides of the channel 13c using a stopper insulating film 14 as a mask. Furthermore, ion doping is performed with the both sides of the gate electrode 11 covered with resist, forming low density areas at the both sides of the gate electrode 11 and a source 13s and a drain 13d of high density areas each located outside of each of the low density areas. This configuration is known as the LDD (lightly doped drain).
Then an interlayer insulating film 15 is formed by sequentially disposing a SiO2 film, a SiN film, and a SiO2 film over the entire surface of the gate insulating film 12, the active layer 13 and the stopper insulating film 14. A drain electrode 16 is formed by filling a contact hole made corresponding to the drain 13d with a metal such as aluminum. Furthermore, a planarization insulating film 17 made of organic resin for planarization the surface is disposed on the entire surface.
A contact hole is formed in the planarization insulating film 17 at the location corresponding to the source 13s. Then, the anode 61, which also functions as a source electrode 18, made of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) making a contact with the source 13s through the contact hole is formed on the planarization insulating film 17. The anode 61 is made of a transparent electrode such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). The EL device is disposed on the anode 61.
The organic EL device 60 has a conventional configuration, where the anode 61, a hole transportation layer 62 including a first hole transportation layer made of MTDATA (4, 4-bis(3-mathylphenylphenylamino) biphenyl) and a second hole transportation layer made of TPD (4, 4, 4-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino) triphenylanine), an emissive layer 63 made of Bebq2 (bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)beryllium) including quinacridone derivative, an electron transportation layer 64 made of Bebq2, and the cathode 65 made of either magnesium-indium alloy, aluminum, or aluminum alloy are disposed in this order.
The organic EL device 60 emits light by the electric current supplied through the driving TFT. In the organic El device 60, a hole injected from the anode 61 and an electron injected from the cathode 65 are recombined in the emissive layer and an exciton is formed by exciting an organic module forming the emissive layer 63. Light is emitted from the emissive layer 63 in a process of relaxation of the exciton and then released outside after going through the transparent anode 61 to the transparent insulating substrate 10.
The above-mentioned technology is described in, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. Hei 2001-175200.
The plane area of the emissive layer 63 formed on the anode 61 defines the light-emitting area SO of the organic EL device 60, as shown in FIG. 16. Therefore, the larger the light-emitting area SO is, the brighter the organic EL device becomes. However, the larger light-emitting area SO usually requires the larger pixel area, which may cause the deterioration of fine display.
On the other hand, the life span of the organic EL device 60, that is, the duration till the brightness of the organic EL device 60 decreases to a certain point, is longer when the density of the current going through the organic EL device 60 is lower, as shown in FIG. 17. However, the brightness of the organic EL device 60 is low when the electric density is low.
Therefore, this invention is directed to the enlargement of the light-emitting area of the organic EL device as well as a higher brightness without making the individual pixel areas larger. Also, this invention is directed to the extension the life span of the organic EL device while keeping its brightness.

Method of manufacturing electroluminescent display device with interlayer insulating film having convex and concave portions


A photon energy beam delivery system has a gas delivery tube extending generally the length of the beam path, having a plurality of openings oriented generally toward the beam path. Gas is discharged through the openings, flowing proximal to the beam path, resulting in the desired gas movement within the beam path throughout a sufficient length of the beam path, thereby reducing, eliminating or minimizing degradation of the beam.

The present invention relates generally to photon beam delivery systems, and is particularly directed to a system which eliminates or reduces degradation of a photon energy beam providing a consistent and symmetrical power distribution for the length of a photon energy beam. The invention will be specifically disclosed in connection with an industrial laser cutter having an enclosed beam delivery system.
The use of photon energy beams is well known. Photon energy beams can be used for a variety of purposes, ranging for example from the transmission of signals and information to the cutting of material, such as the use of lasers to cut sheet metal. At least when used for cutting, it typically is desirable for the photon energy beam to have a radially symmetrical power distribution which is constant along the length of the beam. However, in some instances the power distribution of the photon energy beam, when it reaches its target, is not consistent and symmetrical. An asymmetric power distribution reduces the efficiency of the photon energy beam. Such a non-consistent and asymmetric power distribution is particularly troublesome when the beam is used to cut material.
The initial quality of a photon energy beam is dependant on the resonator which generates the beam. It is widely acknowledged that the gas through which a photon energy beam propagates in a photon beam delivery system can adversely affect the beam. In systems in which the length of the beam path through the gas varies, such as in laser cutters with moving optics, the beam quality frequently degrades as the beam path increases. Degradation in beam quality, between the resonator and the beam""s target, is often attributed to contaminants and impurities of the gas within the photon beam delivery system in the beam path, affecting characteristics such as the beam quality K factor and the divergence.
In non-sealed beam delivery systems, it is known to provide a purge system which introduces a flow of very clean, dry purge gas, such as air or nitrogen, into an enclosure surrounding the beam, creating a positive pressure within the enclosure. Since the enclosure is not sealed, the positive pressure guarantees that gas will flow from the interior of the enclosure to the ambient environment to prevent ambient contaminants and impurities from entering the enclosure. However, such positive pressure systems are not necessarily 100% effective at keeping contaminants and impurities out. For example, photon beam delivery systems on laser cutters typically use bellows to enclose the beam. During rapid movements of the gantry carrying the nozzle and beam delivery system, ambient air carrying impurities and contaminants can be pumped into the enclosure by the expansion and contraction of the bellows despite the use of a purge system.
It has been suggested that the presence of CO2 in the beam path is the source of beam propagation degradation. Although CO2 scrubbers are available, they are more expensive than the typical air cleaners. Additionally, even if CO2 is removed from the gas introduced by a purge system, ambient impurities and contaminants may still be present within the enclosure of a non-sealed beam delivery system.
There is a need in the art for a beam delivery system which eliminates, reduces or minimizes degradation of the photon energy beam along the length of the beam path, delivering to the target a beam having substantially the same beam quality as generated by the resonator. There is a need in the art for a beam delivery system which delivers the same beam quality regardless of the length of the beam path.
It is an object of this invention to obviate the above-described problems and shortcomings of the prior art heretofore available.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a beam delivery system which eliminates, reduces or minimizes degradation of a photon energy along the beam path.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a beam delivery system which delivers a beam to its target which is radially symmetrical.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a beam delivery system which provides a power distribution which is constant along the length of the beam path without significant cost.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a beam delivery system which delivers a beam having consistent quality throughout the range of beam path lengths.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a beam delivery system which prevents or reduces thermal or density gradients proximal to the beam path.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a beam delivery system which can be used without specific gases or gas conditioning.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a beam delivery system which delivers gas uniformly or at discrete points along the beam path.
Additional objects, advantages and other novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned with the practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
To achieve the foregoing and other objects, and in accordance with the purposes of the present invention as described herein, there is provided a beam delivery system with a gas delivery tube extending generally the length of the beam path, having a plurality of openings oriented toward the beam path. Gas is discharged through the openings, flowing proximal to the beam path.


A support plate mounting a tubular handle at a support plate first end includes an illumination member within the handle directing illumination through the support plate and projecting illumination from a fiber optic cable structure directed through the support plate for projection through an associated razor assembly to provide for illumination during a shaving procedure.

1. Field of the Invention
The field of invention relates to shaving apparatus, and more particularly pertains to a new and improved shaving light apparatus arranged to employ an illumination structure in association with a razor during a shaving procedure.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Illuminated razor structure is indicated in the prior art in U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,943 wherein the razor includes a handle directing illumination through the razor handle itself, wherein in contrast the instant invention employs a support plate structure mounting the razor for providing for illumination in conjunction in use of the razor structure and in this respect, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.


Described herein are methods and compositions comprising Wnt5a for the diagnosis and treatment of hematopoietic cancers, and methods of identifying therapeutic compounds for the treatment of hematopoietic cancers.

Wnt5a (wingless-related MMTV integration site 5a) is a member of a large family of cysteine-rich growth factors. Proteins in this family are highly conserved and naturally secreted; upon secretion, they provide signals that regulate cell-cell interactions during embryogenesis. More specifically, the Wnt proteins seem to be critical for pattern formation, cell fate determination, and other events required for proper embryonic development. Researchers have studied the mechanisms by which Wnt proteins function in several different ways. They have, for example, performed genetic studies in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans and biochemical assays in cell culture. They have also altered gene expression in Xenopus embryos and found that mutated Wnt-encoding genes in the mouse lead to specific developmental defects.
On a cellular level, Wnt5a binds to members of the Frizzled (Fzd) family of seven-transmembrane domain receptors on the cell surface, and this triggers a series of intracellular events that ultimately regulate gene transcription. These intracellular events are grouped according to two known signaling pathways, the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway (He et al., Science 275:652-654, 1997; Toyofuku et al., J. Cell Biol. 150:225-41, 2000; Kawakami et al., Cell 104:891-900, 2001) and the Wnt/Ca++ pathway (Slusarski et al., Dev. Biol. 182:114-120, 1997; Kuhl et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:12701-12711, 2000; and Kuhl et al., Mech. Dev. 106:61-76, 2001) (FIG. 1). Wnt5a-mediated release of intracellular Ca++ leads to the phosphorylation of both protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CamK II), and the activation of these two kinases blocks the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade via phosphorylation of dishevelled (dvl) (by PKC) or Lymphoid Enhancer-binding Factor (LEF-1) (by CamK II). These distinct Wnt signaling cascades control convergent extension movements in Xenopus, and Wnt5a has been shown to regulate the expression of β-catenin responsive genes in this system (Kuhl et al., Mech. Dev. 106:61-76, 2001). The signaling pathway that is induced may be governed by the cell surface Fzd receptor to which Wnt5a binds (Holmen et al., J. Biol. Chem. (in press), 2002).
Wnt genes and Wnt signaling have been studied in the context of cellular proliferation, but the role of Wnt5a in tumor development is still unclear. Unlike members of the Wnt1 class of transforming Wnt genes, transfection with Wnt5a fails to transform C57MG cells, an epithelial cell line derived from normal mouse mammary tissue (Willert et al., BMC Dev. Biol. 2:8, 2002), and ectopic expression of human Wnt5a in a transformed uroepithelial cell line inhibited growth (Olson et al., Cell Growth Differ. 8:417-23, 1997). However, addition of Wnt5a to the media of cultured cells has also been reported to stimulate hematopoietic stem cell proliferation including lymphoid and myeloid progenitors (Van Den Berg, et al., Blood 92:3189-202, 1998; Austin, et al., Blood 89:3624-3635, 1997). Upregulation of WNT5a has been observed in various human cancers (Lejeune et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 1:215-222, 1995; Tozzo et al., Cancer Res. 55:3495-3499, 1995) and WNT5a has recently been reported to facilitate cell invasion in human metastatic melanoma (Weeraratna et al., Cancer Cell 1:279-88, 2002).

Diagnosing and treating hematopoietic cancers


An alarm device including a sensor having sufficiently high detection sensitivity. The sensor 51 in the alarm device 41 is disposed such that a plane M perpendicular to the detection direction P of the sensor 51 is aligned at a specified angle θ with respect to a plane V perpendicular to the sun visor 72 (the lower surface 61a), were the specified angle θ should be set to be an approximately mean value of the expected minimum angle γ=0° and the expected maximum angle γ=40° (in this case, θ=20°). In other words, the plane M perpendicular to the detection direction P of the sensor 51 should be aligned at an angle α(α=90°−θ) of less than 90° with respect to the sun visor 72 (the lower surface 61a). The alarm device may be mounted onto a vehicle for preventing the vehicle theft.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an alarm device, and more specifically to an alarm device, which is designed so as to provide sufficiently high detection sensitivity for a sensor mounted therein.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, the use of antitheft device for vehicles is now widespread to prevent the theft of a vehicle. In such an antitheft device for vehicle, an ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensor or the like is used to detect the crack of a glass, the opening/closing of a door and others, thereby enabling a warning signal to be sounded for an abnormality.
As an antitheft device, there is a simple antitheft device for vehicle, whose main body can be mounted either onto the dashboard in the vehicle or onto a sun visor, wherein an exclusive plug for power supply is used to insert into a socket for cigarette lighter.
FIG. 1 shows an exemplified structure of a conventional antitheft device for vehicle (disclosed in "New Product Information", on-line searched on Nov. 27, 2002 by the Internet, http ://www52.tok2.com/home/cellstar/pdf/RP-210S_P56xJd4jVhWhQ.pdf). The antitheft device for vehicle in FIG. 1 comprises a main body 1 having a microcomputer for controlling various components constituting the antitheft device for vehicle; a sensor section 2 disposed inside the vehicle for monitoring the inside thereof, using an infrared sensor; and a hinge 3 for pivotally connecting the main body 1 to the sensor section 2.
The main body 1 is equipped with a fitting 4 having an approximately U-shaped section for inserting a sun visor 6 thereinto. A user can mount the antitheft device for vehicle in the inside of the vehicle by inserting the fitting 4 into the sun visor 6 in the direction of arrow shown in FIG. 1.
The hinge 3 includes a screw for adjusting the angle between the sensor section 2 and the main body 1. The screw serves to pivotally support the sensor section 2 within a angular range of inclination, where the sensor section 2 comes in contact with the main body 1, and therefore is held there at the maximum tilting angle. Accordingly, the user is able to adjust the angle between the sensor section 2 and the main body 1 by rotating the sensor section 2 around the screw axis.
FIG. 2 shows an exemplified structure of another conventional antitheft device for vehicle (disclosed in "The Alarm Device for Theft inside Vehicle", on-line searched on Nov. 27, 2002 by the Internet, http://dmedia.new.co.jp/nais-automotive/autopolice/index.htm). The antitheft device for vehicle shown in FIG. 2 comprises a main body 11 having a microcomputer for controlling various components constituting the antitheft device for vehicle and the sensor member 12 constituted by an infrared sensor for monitoring the inside of the vehicle.
The sensor member 12 is disposed in front of the main body 11 (on the left hand side in FIG. 2) such that it projects from the main body 11. Moreover, the main body 11 includes a microphone (not shown) for detecting a sound in the inside of the vehicle.
The antitheft device for vehicle can also be easily mounted onto a sun visor 13 with the aid of a fitting (not shown) mounted to the main body 11, as shown in FIG. 2.
As described above, since the antitheft device for vehicle can easily be mounted into the vehicle, any general user having no professional knowledge is able to mount the device with ease.
However, the antitheft device for vehicle in FIG. 1 requires adjusting the angle of the sensor section 2 relative to the main body 1 after the main body is mounted onto the sun visor 6, and the angle adjustment takes a lot of time and effort for a user. Moreover, there is a possibility that the sensor section 2 cannot be set at a proper angle if the general user having no professional knowledge tries to adjust the angle of the sensor section 2. In such a case, the sensor section 2 cannot provide sufficiently high detection sensitivity.
Moreover, there is a possibility that the user inserts a receipt of the admission fee to a high way or a parking coupon into the sun visor of the vehicle. As a result, when such a user inserts, for example, a receipt 14 of the admission fee to high way between the sun visor 13 and the main body 11 in the antitheft device for vehicle shown in FIG. 2, since the sensor member 12 projects from the main body 11, the receipt 14 thus inserted is in contact with the sensor member 12, as shown by the broken line in FIG. 2, or it covers the sensor member 12. In such a case, there is a problem for the sensor member 12 that the sensor member 12 cannot provide sufficiently high detection sensitivity.
Moreover, the microphone installed in the antitheft device for vehicle shown in FIG. 2 is aligned, for example, in the direction toward just below the antitheft device for vehicle mounted into the sun visor 13. Accordingly, the sound emitted just below the antitheft device for vehicle (toward the front of the vehicle) can be effectively detected. However, it is difficult to detect the sound emitted backward in the inside of the vehicle.


An improvement in adaptor-based sequence analysis is provided that addresses the problems created by self-ligation of target polynucleotides that have complementary ends. The improvement includes preparation of target polynucleotides with dephosphorylated 5' strands and the use of adaptors having a 3' blocking group. In a preferred embodiment, adaptors are ligated to target polynucleotides by a single strand, 3' blocking groups are removed, the adjacent 5' hydroxyl of the target polynucleotide is phosphorylated, and the ligation of the adaptor is completed by treatment with a ligase.

The desire to understand the genetic basis of disease and a host of other physiological states associated different patterns of gene expression has led to the development of several approaches to large-scale analysis of DNA, Adams et al, Editors, Automated DNA Sequencing and Analysis (Academic Press, New York, 1994). Current techniques for analyzing gene expression patterns include large-scale sequencing, differential display, indexing schemes, subtraction hybridization, hybridization with solid phase arrays of cDNAs or oligonucleotides, and numerous DNA fingerprinting techniques, e.g. Lingo et al, Science, 257: 967-971 (1992); Erlander et al, International patent application PCT/US94/13041; McClelland et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,975; Unrau et al, Gene, 145: 163-169 (1994); Schena et al, Science, 270: 467-469 (1995); Velculescu et al, Science, 270: 484-486 (1995); and the like.
An important subclass of such techniques employs double stranded oligonucleotide adaptors to classify populations of polynucleotides and/or to identify nucleotides at the termini of polynucleotides, e.g. Unrau et al (cited above) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,169; Sibson, International applications PCT/GB93/01452 and PCT/GB95/00109; Cantor, U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,980; and Brenner, International application PCT/US95/03678 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,278. Such adaptors typically have protruding strands which permit specific hybridization and ligation to polynucleotides having complementary ends. Identification or classification is effected by carrying out such reactions in separate vessels or by providing labels which identify one or more nucleotides in the protruding strand of the ligated adaptor.
In these techniques, special problems arise in dealing with either polynucleotide ends or adaptors that are capable of self-ligation, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1, where the four-nucleotide protruding strands of the anchored polynucleotides are complementary to one another. When self-ligation occurs, the protruding strands of either the adaptors or the target polynucleotides are no longer available for analysis or processing. This, in turn, leads to the loss or disappearance of signals generated in response to correct ligations of adaptors to target polynucleotides. The self-ligation problem is especially acute when identical target polynucleotides are anchored to a solid phase support. In this situation, the local concentration of ends capable of self-ligation is typically very high relative to that of double stranded adaptors, thereby making self-ligation the favored reaction, whenever complementary sequences are present. As illustrated in FIG. 1, complementary sequences form a palindromic duplex upon hybridization. Since the probability of a palindromic 4-mer occurring in a random sequence is the same as the probability of a repeated pair of nucleotides (6.25%), adaptor-based methods for de novo sequencing have a high expectation of failure after a few cycles because of self-ligation. When this occurs, further analysis of the polynucleotide becomes impossible.
In view of the increasing importance of adaptor-based techniques in nucleic acid sequence analysis, the availability of methods and materials for overcoming the self-ligation problem would be highly desirable.


It is an object of certain inventive aspects to provide a recording condition closer to an optimum even for a medium unknown to a drive, and more particularly, to provide means for obtaining a preferable recording condition even for a high-speed recording in which conducting a test recording is difficult. In order to accomplish the object, a power and a phase of a recording pulse are simultaneously corrected at predetermined timing, depending on a recording speed or a recording position such as an inner or outer circumference. For instance, a phase shift ΔPhase generated due to a continuing recording from an inner circumference to an outer circumference at ×2 speed is corrected simultaneously with a correction of a power shift at the timing when a recording speed is changed from ×2 to ×4. For the other recording speed, in the same manner as above, a power and a phase shift are simultaneously corrected at every time when a recording speed is changed.

1. Field of the Invention
The field relates to a device and a method for optical recording and a signal processing circuit, and more particularly, to a device and a method for optical recording and a signal processing circuit in which a recording condition can be optimized depending on the compatibility between a drive and a medium.
2. Description of the Related Technology
In a recording onto optical information recording media such as CD-R or DVD-R (hereinafter referred to as "media" or a "medium"), the compatibility between a medium to be recorded on and a device to be used for recording (hereinafter referred to as a "drive") depends on each combination of them. This may be caused by the medium side factor wherein an optimum recording condition is varied by the difference in a recording material comprising the medium or the film formation variation during production, or by the drive side factor wherein an optimum recording condition is varied by the difference in a pickup device and/or a semiconductor laser comprising the drive or assembly variation during production. In fact, a suitable recording condition exists for each combination of a medium and a drive due to the combination of those factors.
Accordingly, in a conventional method, ID information of a medium type identifiable by a drive is stored in the medium as well as a recording condition prepared for each medium type is stored in the drive. When a recording is actually conducted, the ID information stored in the medium is read from the medium loaded to the drive, and a recording condition related to the ID information (hereinafter referred to as a "writing strategy") is used.
However, in the conventional method, suitable recording conditions can be selected for pre-verified known media, but prepared recording conditions may not be adequate to accommodate unknown media that are not pre-verified. Further, depending on the changes in recording environments such as a recording speed, disturbance, and change over time, the prepared recording conditions may not be adequate even for known media.
A method contemplated to accommodate such an unknown medium is described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. 2003-30837 and 2004-110995. As described in the paragraph [0020] of the Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-30837 as ". . . a phase error relative to a channel clock is detected for every recording pattern. A recording compensation parameter adjustment section 12 optimizes an emission waveform rule on the basis of a result of the detection at the phase error detection section 11", a method for detecting a phase error by comparing with a channel clock and of correcting the phase error is disclosed.
Also, the paragraph [0024] of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-30837 describes that "Next, a test pattern for determining an emission waveform rule is recorded. The area onto which the test pattern is recorded is reproduced, and the relationship between a prepared emission waveform rule and a phase error amount is examined. In other words, the phase error amount in the combination of the length of each mark and the length of each space immediately before the mark is measured. An emission waveform rule wherein the phase error amount becomes zero is estimated from the measured phase error amount, whereby a desired emission waveform rule is determined . . . ", disclosing a method for measuring a phase error amount for every combination of a mark and a space, and then estimating an emission waveform rule wherein the phase error amount becomes zero (see FIG. 8 and FIG. 12).
The method disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-30837 is effective for optimizing a strategy because correction is made based on a phase error of a recording pattern.
However, because the method disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-30837 involves, as conventional methods, a fine adjustment of a prepared strategy stored in a drive, it is difficult to provide favorable recording quality for media to which prepared strategies are not applicable.
Also, the paragraph [0045] of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-110995 describes that ". . . a top pulse correspondingly to a 3T period and a non-multipulse correspondingly to a 8T period are generated integrally (consecutively) . . . " and the paragraph [0046] of the document describes that ". . . the laser power for a write pulse is adjusted in two levels, and when the ratio between a laser power (a height value of the top pulse) Ph and a laser power (a height value of the non-multipulse) Pm is optimum, an optimum power can be obtained . . . ", suggesting the effectiveness of optimizing the Ph/Pm ratio.
However, in the method disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-110995, as described in the paragraph [0067] of the document, initial values of Ph and Pm are temporarily set based on values stored in a drive or a medium, and then the Ph/Pm ratio is calculated. Accordingly, as in the case of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-30837, it is difficult to provide favorable recording quality for media to which the temporarily set values are not applicable.
On the other hand, in the case of recording data onto a certain recording medium with an optical information recording system, generally, a recording condition suitable for the recording medium is obtained by a test recording using a test area provided on the recording medium prior to an actual data recording.
However, in an optical information recording system to which a high-speed recording is increasingly demanded, the positional relation between the test recording area and an actual recording area and the limited rotation number of a spindle motor that rotates the recording medium make a test recording difficult at the same speed as that used for an actual recording.
Therefore, a conventional method is generally used, wherein a recording condition suitable for each recording speed is pre-stored for each type of media in a recording apparatus that conducts a data recording, and when the high-speed recording is actually conducted, reading out and configuring the recording condition allow the data recording to be conducted.
The conventional method includes a step wherein a recording condition for a high-speed recording is slightly adjusted using the difference between an optimum recording condition obtained by a test recording conducted at a recording speed available for the test recording and that pre-stored in the recording apparatus.
However, this type of conventional method cannot adequately accommodate the variations in characteristics of a recording medium or a recording system. Further, there also exists a problem that it cannot adequately accommodate "unknown media" that are recording media on which information is not pre-stored in the recording apparatus or which is developed after the manufacture of the recording apparatus. Accordingly, there is a demand for a technology to obtain an optimum recording condition for each recording speed, depending on the characteristic of a medium or recording apparatus used for data recording.
To solve the above-described problem, a method wherein the relationship between amplitude information and a recording power at two or more recording speeds, which is pre-stored in the recording medium, is read out to calculate a recording power at a recording speed to be used for recording is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-234698. However, because the above-described method assumes that information for calculating a recording power is pre-stored in a recording medium, there persist three problems that the method: 1) cannot accommodate media on which the information is not pre-stored, 2) causes the decrease in productivity and the increase in cost at a manufacturing stage due to an additional production process for recording the information onto media, and 3) does not adequately accommodate the case where a system has a difficulty in recording with the calculated recording power.
Further, in a recording system such as CAV or CLV in which a recording speed is varied from an inner to outer circumference, an optimum recording condition is shifted due to various factors such as the change in temperature of a drive during recording and the difference in characteristics of a medium between inner and outer circumferences in addition to the change in an optimum recording condition caused by the variation in recording speed.
A method for adjusting such shifts is described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-208139. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-208139 discloses a method comprising: sectioning an optical disk medium in a radial direction into a plurality of recording areas; reproducing an end part recorded on, for each of the recording areas; and correcting a power using characteristics of a resultant reproduction signal.
However, although Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-208139 describes the method for correcting a power in detail, any specific method for correcting a pulse width is not disclosed. Accordingly, a precise correction of a pulse width is not easy even if a known method for correcting a pulse width is simply applied to the method disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-208139.
It is therefore an object of certain inventive aspects to provide a method for optimizing a recording condition depending on the compatibility between a drive and a medium. More particularly, certain inventive aspects provide a method effective to obtain a preferable recording condition even for high-speed recordings in which conducting a test recording is not easy, and further, a method effective for configuring an optimum recording condition for CAV or CLV recording in which a recording speed is varied from an inner to outer circumference.

Optical information recording device, optical information recording method, and signal processing circuit


A system for detecting individual appliance energy loads from a building composite load profile includes an electric meter to capture building composite load profile; a detector coupled to the meter to detect transitions in the load profile to determine an appliance state machine for each appliance; a clusterizer to detect clusters of patterns in the load profile; and an analyzer coupled to the detector to receive the transitions and appliance state machines from the detector, the analyzer matching each transition to a predetermined appliance state machine to disaggregate the building composite load profile into individual appliance energy loads.

The present invention relates to reducing building energy use.
Improvements in living condition and advances in health care have resulted in a marked prolongation of life expectancy for elderly and disabled population. These individuals, a growing part of society, are dependent upon the delivery of home health and general care, which has its own set of challenges and drawbacks. This population needs continuous general, as well as medical, supervision and care.
The bulk of residential energy consumption is devoted to space heating and cooling. Unlike other end uses, households typically have direct control over the amount of heating or cooling used in their home. Unfortunately, energy consumption is typically reported as a "lump sum" rather than being allocated to specific devices or end uses. Even advanced metering systems that record energy use by day, hour, or even minute, only report the aggregate usage for each household.
United States Patent Application 20110106471 discloses a method and system for disaggregating climate control energy use from non-climate control energy use for a building. The method includes receiving a series of building energy use values and corresponding outdoor temperature values for a time period. Each of the energy use values and outdoor temperature values is associated with a time interval. The method further includes determining a series of temperature difference values for the time period based on a difference in temperature between a predetermined baseline temperature and each of the outdoor temperature values. A regression analysis is used to determine a climate control coefficient and a non-climate control coefficient from the energy use values and temperature difference values. The climate control coefficient and/or the non-climate control coefficient are used to determine climate control energy use and/or non-climate control energy use for the building.

Systems and methods for reducing energy usage


A hydrogenation catalyst comprising nickel, rhenium, and cadmium is disclosed. Process of using hydrogenation catalyst for producing propylene glycol from polyol feedstock are also disclosed. The present invention relates generally to catalysts and more particularly, to catalysts having an enhanced ability to produce propylene glycol from sugar alcohols while reducing the production of by-products.

Propylene glycol can be produced by the catalytic hydrogenolysis of sugar alcohols. Commercially, propylene glycol is produced from glycerol. The hydrogenolysis reaction is effectuated by catalysts such as those described in US Patent Application Publication 2009/0088317.
The hydrogenolysis reaction used to create propylene glycol results in the production of side products such as ethylene glycol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-pentanediol, and 2,4-pentanediol. However, these diols and the ethylene glycol are difficult to separate from the propylene glycol, and one isomer of the 2,3-pentanediol cannot be economically separated from propylene glycol by distillation. While it is possible to reduce the production of such diols by varying the hydrogenolysis reactions, such variances may reduce the overall productivity of the propylene glycol process.
Methods have been developed to isolate or purify the propylene glycol from these diols and/or the ethylene glycol. U.S. Pat. No. 8,143,458, assigned to Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, discloses processes for producing propylene glycol and separating the unwanted diols from the propylene glycol. While such processes are able to effectively separate the diols from the propylene glycol, such processes are time consuming and expensive.
Thus, needs exist for the more efficient production of propylene glycol from sugar alcohols.

Hydrogenolysis catalysts and uses thereof


An ITE hearing aid device has a pre-fabricated face plate which closes a housing shell and which forms a function unit with hearing aid components, the face plate having a closed visible surface without openings and without components placed thereon.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a hearing aid device to be worn in the ear, of the type having a housing composed of an individually fabricated shell and a face plate attachable to the shell, with hearing aid components such as a microphone, an earphone, an amplifier unit and a battery compartment being arranged in the housing, and the face plate having a sound admission opening.
2. Description of the Prior Art
German Utility Model G 85 18 681.3 discloses a modular hearing aid device to be worn in the ear having a housing shell insertable into the auditory passage, the shell being closed by a cap-like face plate. The face plate carries actuation elements, such as a volume control, an tone adjustment element and a holder for a battery attached via a shaft. Further, an opening for sound admission to an internal microphone is provided in the face plate, the microphone being situated in the housing under the face plate. The face plate is visible in the auricle with its openings and actuation elements thereon, which is considered to be undesirable by some users.
German Utility Model G 81 06 942.1 discloses a hearing aid of the type known as an in-the-ear hearing aid (ITE device) that is composed of a customized shell introducible into the auditory passage and a prefabricated (i.e. standardized) face plate to be put in place onto the shell. Given devices of this type, the face plate is fashioned as a pre-fabricated assembly unit that carries the operating elements such as volume control, matching control and on/off switch, as well as accepting the microphone, the battery compartment and parts of the amplifier unit at its inside surface. Since the assembly unit to be introduced into the hearing aid shell is a face plate unit suitable for all dimensions occurring in the care of hearing-impaired persons, a lateral edge that is then visible at the hearing aid must be processed when connecting the face plate to the housing shell.
German PS 35 05 390 discloses an in-the-ear hearing aid whose face plate carries a cover pivotably arranged at the housing, the cover having a recess at its inside and an opening in its front wall through which an actuation button extends. This embodiment is rather complicated and additionally must include a mounting plate, push switch, etc., at the inside of the face plate. Further, undesirable, visible openings are located in the face plate.

Hearing aid device to be worn in the ear


The invention provides a code compression technology that is favorable for a micro controller or other embedded system, and for compressed codes, resulting from conversion of program codes into variable length codes, and grouped program codes, address conversion information for specifying the start address of each group and compressed code type information for specifying the code length of each compressed code contained in a group are stored in a memory, and by enabling a corresponding compressed code address to be calculated from a code address output by a CPU, code compression that is favorable for a micro controller or other embedded system is realized.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a micro controller, and particularly relates to a micro controller that processes compressed codes stored in a memory.
2. Prior Art
A micro controller is a device that is incorporated in a household electrical product, AV equipment, portable telephone, automobile, or other equipment and controls the equipment by performing processes in accordance with program codes stored in a memory.
Due to the property of being incorporated and used in equipments, the micro controller is required to exhibit the performance required to perform control of the equipment and be inexpensive at the same time.
However, in recent years, processes performed by micro controllers are becoming more complex and the programs necessary for processing are increasing in volume. The proportion that a program memory occupies within a micro controller is thus increasing and it is considered that this trend will continue into the future. Generally, as the capacity of a program memory increases, its cost increases accordingly, and how the program memory capacity can be kept low is thus an important problem in providing an inexpensive micro controller.
With general-purpose type information processing devices, such as personal digital assistants, etc., technologies for compressing program codes have been proposed for keeping the program memory capacity low, and actual applications of such technologies are also progressing.
For example, with a code compression technology called CodePack, proposed by IBM Corp., original codes are compressed and then stored in a program memory, etc. Here, in order to make the data compression ratio high, a compressed code is made a variable length bit pattern in accordance with the frequency of appearance, etc. In reading from the program memory, compressed codes are decompressed in predetermined block units and the decompressed original codes are stored in block units in a cache memory.
Since a compressed code has a variable length, the memory address of each code after compression will be irregular. A compressed code is thus made to contain information concerning its own code length, and in the reading process, the memory address of each compressed code is specified based on this information so that decompression will be carried out in order, starting from the compressed code at the head of a block.
Since compressed codes are decompressed in block units and stored in a cache memory, this code compression technology is considered especially effective for a general-purpose information processing device with which the hit rate of a cache memory is high and it is important to make the average program execution performance high.
However, though the formerly proposed code compression technology is suited, as mentioned above, for a general-purpose information processing device with which a high cache memory hit rate can be anticipated and it is important to make the average program execution performance high, it is not considered optimal necessarily for a micro controller or other embedded system.
This is due to the following reason. That is, with a micro controller or other embedded system, the loop processes in a program are few and the cache memory hit rate will not be as high as in a general-purpose information processing device. The rewriting of the cache memory thus occurs frequently. Since the rewriting of the cache memory is performed in block units, the decompression of a block containing a targeted code is performed each time rewriting is performed. Since in the case of a micro controller or other embedded system, codes besides the targeted code may not necessarily be used immediately subsequently, the decompression process can become excessive for simply acquiring the targeted code and the overhead for code decompression can become large. Also with an embedded system, a cache memory may not be equipped to start with since a high hit rate cannot be anticipated. Furthermore, with a micro controller or other embedded system, the real-time performance of enabling predetermined processes to be executed without fail within a control period is deemed more important than the average program execution performance.
Thus in comparison with a general-purpose type information processing device, that the address of a required compressed code can be specified at high speed is important with a micro controller or other embedded system.
An object of this invention is to provide a code compression technology that is favorable for a micro controller or other embedded system.

Micro controller for decompressing and compressing variable length codes via a compressed code dictionary


A horizontal roller mill to increase production yield. An example horizontal roller mill includes a cylinder and rollers. Each end of the cylinder includes an end cover, the end cover of one end includes an inlet and an end cover of the other end includes an outlet port. An outer wall surface of the cylinder includes a driving member for rotating the cylinder, the roller being located within the cylinder. Axial sections at both ends of the roller extend out of the end covers of the cylinder. The extended axial sections are provided with a mechanism for adjusting the material grinding pressure and for adjusting the gap between the surface of the roller and the inner wall surface of the cylinder. The example roller mill includes scrapers configured to scrape material layers. Further, at least two of the rollers are distributed along the circumference of an inner cavity of the cylinder. The example roller mill also includes a support system configured to restrict the cylinder in the circumferential direction.

Patent No. 972477373.3 published on Aug. 25, 1999 discloses a roller mill having a cylinder, a support system supporting an outer wall surface at a lower portion of the cylinder, and a roller. The roller includes an inlet means on an end cover at one end of the cylinder and an outlet port on an outlet hood at the other end of the cylinder. The roller is located within the cylinder so that the surface of the roller and the lower surface of an inner cavity of the cylinder form a material grinding surface. Axle sections at both ends of the roller extend out of the end covers and outlet hoods of the end portions of the roller. Each of the extended axle sections is coupled to a mechanism for applying pressure (e.g., a hydraulic cylinder) to adjust a material grinding pressure. The cylinder is provided on its outer wall surface with a driving member (e.g., a gear) for rotating the cylinder. In addition, a baffle plate is disposed at the upper left of the rotating direction of the cylinder.
While the roller mill disclosed in the above-referenced patent has some advantages, it has a relatively low production yield because it has only one roller. To increase production yield with a roller mill such as that described above, a high revolution speed is needed. However, because the support system only supports the outer wall surface at the lower portion of the cylinder, the support system restricts movement of the cylinder in a vertically downward direction. As for other directions along the circumference, especially the upward direction, the system remain in a free state. Thus, during operation, when an intermediate or a high speed is used, the cylinder body exhibits radial runout or vibration, resulting in poor stability and undesirable noise during operation. In addition, when the pressure mechanism drives the roller toward the material for grinding, the force produced due to pressure and acted upon the cylinder is completely downward, causing various parts of the equipment to withstand an uneven force. Furthermore, the force due to pressure, transmitted via the cylinder, will act completely on the support system and, thus, will affect the normal operation of the support system, and excess pressure will aggravate the wear of the member and even cause partial members to be damaged.


In a row of lottery tickets each ticket has variable image printing game data printed onto a base layer on a substrate and a series of covering layers including at least one sealing layer and at least one scratch-off layer. Onto the scratch-off layer is a multi-color digital image for each ticket using a variable image printing system. At least part of the scratch-off layer can be left free from printed overlay graphics and the multi-color digital image can be printed subsequently at a different location from the ticket manufacturing location. The graphics can indicate different values for different ones of the tickets. The tickets in the row can be of different lengths and the graphics can be different for different length ones of the tickets.

Lottery tickets commonly include a substrate on which is printed game data in a game play area which is then covered by a coating of a scratch-off material to allow the player to reveal the game data or selected parts of the game data to play the game. An important aspect of such tickets is that of providing an attractive and aesthetic appearance which acts to attract the customer to purchase. Typically such tickets have an overprint layer applied onto the scratch-off coating so as to identify the areas to be scratched and to provide an attractive appearance, bearing in mind that the majority of the area of the front of the ticket is taken up by the game area. While the material printed is relative simple in most cases, attempts have been made to make the ticket more attractive by applying more complex images onto the game area.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,512 (Brawner, Jon M) assigned to Dittler Brothers Incorporated and entitled Card with integrated overprinting is disclosed lottery tickets which utilize continuous overprint inks that mask the boundaries between their "secure" and "unsecure" portions to inhibit unscrupulous players from successfully tampering with them. The method uses reformulated overprint inks to permit a single set to be applied to both portions of a card. The method is stated to have the advantages that more vibrant and aesthetically pleasing graphics may be displayed as well while utilizing fewer printing stations during the printing process.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,647 (Desbiens, Jean-Pierre) assigned to BABN Technologies Corporation and entitled Multi-color overprinting of scratch-off lottery tickets there is disclosed a method of producing a lottery ticket and lottery tickets produced thereby wherein an overprinting layer is provided over a scratch-off layer, the overprinting layer comprising an image obtained from a design in which the colors in the design have been separated into half tone images of each color and are superimposed on the scratch-off layer of the lottery ticket.
Lottery tickets are printed at high speed using printing rollers for the repeated sections of the tickets such as the basic graphics, the security and base layers, the covering layers of varnish and the like, the scratch-off coating and the overprint layer. The game data are printed on the ticket generally using an ink jet printer controlled by a computer to apply the different game data for each of the tickets. The game data generally also includes an identifying bar code (or machine readable code) which again is unique to the ticket concerned. The game data are generally relatively simple often being merely numbers or letters which can be readily printed by the ink jet printer. Thus the overprint images are printed using the conventional printing press which includes a printing roller for each of the different colors. The printing roller system is used because it provides the high speeds necessary for commercial production of such tickets and because it applies inks which can be selected to ensure proper coverage over the underlying material regardless of its characteristics.


A device having a receiving device for receiving at least one ribbon-shaped substrate and with a first and a second driving means, wherein the first and the second driving means for the transport of the ribbon-shaped substrate in x-direction are designed to cooperate such that the first driving means engages in the region of the one edge of the ribbon-shaped substrate and the second driving means engages in the region of the other edge of the ribbon-shaped substrate, wherein both driving means can be controlled such that they can drive the edge area of the ribbon-shaped substrate assigned to each driving means at adjustably different drive speeds. At least the first driving means is arranged in the device via a first displacement device allowing for a displacement essentially limited to the y-direction of the first driving means, relative to the receiving device.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and several definitions for terms used in the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Today various printing presses print different ribbon-shaped substrates, such as paper sheets, wooden planks, ceramic tiles, laminate and/or plastic plates. In any case, the ribbon-shaped substrate to be printed must be transported on a transport path to the printer, with the correct orientation and position being of great importance during printing. This is especially true, if the ribbon-shaped substrate has several printing passes to go through, as is, for example, sometimes the case for multicolour printing. But also other process steps such as cutting or punching require a precise positioning of the ribbon-shaped substrate to be treated.
Due to its sheet-shaped and/or plate-shaped form a corresponding ribbon-shaped substrate has essentially two parallel sides. Here it is necessary to define in advance several terms used in the present disclosure. The side on which the ribbon-shaped substrate rests will be referred to for the purpose of the present disclosure as rear side, the other side as front side. In many applications, these ribbon-shaped substrates such as paper sheets to be printed or tiles to be printed must be fed to a device treating the surface of the front side of the ribbon-shaped substrate, wherein the correct orientation and position of the ribbon-shaped substrate must be ensured for a corresponding transport.
In this respect, orientation is understood for the purpose of the present disclosure to mean the angular alignment of the ribbon-shaped substrate and position is understood to mean its position in the three-dimensional space. In the frame of the present disclosure it is essentially about the linear transport of the ribbon-shaped substrate in one direction parallel to the sides of the substrate and perpendicular to the predetermined width. In the following this direction will be referred to as x-direction. The direction that is defined by the normal to the front side of the ribbon-shaped substrate will be referred to in the present disclosure as z-direction in the following. The direction that is orthogonal both to the x-direction and the z-direction and by which direction constituting the ordinate and the x-direction constituting the abscess a right-handed system is defined will be referred to as y-direction in the following. During the linear transport the ribbon-shaped substrate is guided over a support. For the purpose of the present disclosure the origin of a Cartesian right-handed coordinate system will be determined at this support, with the x-axis showing into x-direction, the y-axis into y-direction and the z-axis into z-direction.
As a rule, the angular alignment of the normal of the front side of the ribbon-shaped substrate relative to the support (in the following z-orientation) is automatically given and thus correct. The same applies for the position in z-direction. The orientation of the substrate in the x-y-plane (in the following disclosure is referred to as x-y-orientation), however, is only correct, if during transport the positions in which the edges of the substrate intersect the y-z-plane spanned by the y-axis and z-axis stay always the same. This x-y-orientation must mostly be monitored and, if necessary, be corrected. And even if the x-y-orientation is correct, it must be ensured that the correct y-position is taken and kept, i.e. the edges of the ribbon-shaped substrate should intersect the y-z-plane at the desired positions.
For the purpose of this disclosure, the corrective transport or corrective transportation will be referred to as a linear transport of a ribbon-shaped substrate along an x-direction, wherein during transport the positions in which the edges of the substrate intersect the y-z-plane spanned by the y-axis and z-axis are the desired positions (correct y-position) and should always stay the same. Thus, in case of deviations, the x-y-orientation and, if necessary, the y-position will be corrected.
In DE 10214531A1 such correction has been achieved, namely, on the one hand, the correction of the y-position by means of a pulling mechanism and, on the other hand, the correction of the x-y-orientation by means of the speed difference of two conveyor belts for transporting the paper sheets. Correspondingly, a feed table is shown with a pulling mechanism and two endless conveyor belts arranged thereon. The conveyor belts are driven each by separately controllable drives so that the paper sheet can be displaced at different driving speeds of the drives. The feed table particularly comprises one sensor per conveyor belt, which sensor allows detecting the position of the sheet.
The feed table in accordance with DE 10214534 A1, however, is only designed for one width of the paper sheets. It is, for example, not possible to transport correctively ribbon-shaped substrates whose width is smaller than the distance of the conveyor belts. The same applies to ribbon-shaped substrates whose width exceeds the distance of the conveyor belts by factors. In this case, too, a corresponding corrective transport is not possible without problems, since due to the relative small distance of the conveyor belts compared to the extension of the ribbon-shaped substrate the force to be transferred from the conveyor belts to the ribbon-shaped substrate for achieving a correction of the orientation of the much more extended ribbon-shaped substrate is relatively great. In case of large force transmissions it is additionally necessary to control the speed differences more accurately, since even small differences can lead to major corrections at the edge of the ribbon-shaped substrate.
Therefore, there is a need for a device that allows transporting correctively ribbon-shaped substrates with completely different widths.

Device for the linear corrective transport of ribbon-shaped substrates

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