A sensor, comprised of various mechanical components and electromechanical components, that measures/detects the relative position between two (2) or more objects and can measure/detect relative acceleration of one (1) or more objects, using fundamental natural physical forces, e.g. magnetism, electrostatics. More particularly, this invention relates to a sensor that can measure/detect the relative position of two or more objects and/or measure/detect the acceleration of one or more objects. Specifically, this invention uses fundamental physical forces in combination with mechanical components to actuate electro-optical-mechanical signal devices, e.g. electrical switches, optical switches, magnetic switches.

The current state-of-the-art of proximity sensor is almost exclusively solid state or electronic. Little, if any, work has been done developing purely mechanical sensors that provide an interface with the physical world and even less work has been done developing mechanical sensors where the analysis is performed by mechanical means, not electronic. Magnetic or optical shaft encoders are examples of an electro-mechanical system that provides an interface between physical (radial) position and an electronic processing circuit that interprets the electro-mechanical output of the sensor. However, the mechanical components of such systems do not possess any ability process or analyze more nuanced inputs. There are totally enclosed/self-contained mechanical sensors that can process or analyze inputs from the physical worlds, e.g. seat belt latching mechanisms. Here inertia is sensed by a spring and a release member is engaged at a predetermined level. However, this type of system does not process nor communicate with components outside of its self-contained structure, thus allowing a self-contained system that minimizes the risk of outside interference or tampering attempts.
Another example of a purely mechanical sensor that process physical input and controls the function of another component is the automatic belt tracking system. Here, a belt, power transmission for example, moves out of alignment, thereby progressively triggering a mechanical response that returns said belt to proper alignment. The simplest form of a mechanical sensor is typified by the limit switch. Here, a switch element is depressed by mechanical engagement, thereby closing a set of electrical contacts. The equivalent is found in hydraulic/pneumatic systems where a valve (analogous to the limit switch) is actuated by mechanical engagement. In both of the previous examples, neither the switch or the valve process or analyze.
Thus, it is the objective of this invention to create a mechanical proximity sensor with the following capabilities:                1. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that functions on one or more fundamental physical forces, e.g. inertia, acceleration, magnesium, electrostatic potential;        2. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that functions in all orientations/positions, e.g. vertical, horizontal, skewed;        3. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that responds to one or more simultaneous directional inputs, e.g. simultaneous vertical input and horizontal input;        4. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that responds to one or more non-simultaneous directional inputs, e.g. non-simultaneous vertical input and horizontal input;        5. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that responds linearly to inputs;        6. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor the responds non-linearly to inputs;        7. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that can independently process or react to one or more directional inputs;        8. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that can be scaled, sub-miniature to macro, i.e. manufactured using semiconductor technology and equipment up to sensors weighing 1,000-lbs or more;        9. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that can be easily field assembled/modified;        10. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that can be factory assembled in a hermetically sealed housing;        11. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that can function with reactive components, e.g. permanent magnets as an internal part of the sensor and non-reactive components external to the sensor;        12. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that can function with reactive components, e.g. permanent magnets as an internal part of the sensor and reactive components external to the sensor;        13. A mechanical magnetic proximity sensor that can function with non-reactive permeable materials, e.g. iron, cobalt-iron as an internal part of the sensor and reactive components external to the sensor.
In many applications, the relative position of two or more objects needs to be known. For example, in a possible embodiment, a security system needs to know if a door is properly closed or a machine tool has reached the limit of its programed travel. In both cases, reliability and dependability are of paramount concern. And, in many cases, the ability to reject extraneous inputs is also of great importance, especially when said external, extraneous input may be attributed to error or intentional tampering. In other cases, the opposite is true, such that the ability to detect and act on extraneous inputs is of primary concern. For example, a security sensor needs to be able to detect if a door is closed and at the same time detect if the sensor is being bypassed by an external (to the normal system) input, e.g. a magnet that can interfere and spoof the sensor.
In many applications, the absolute reliability of the sensor is of such paramount concern that signal processing must be performed mechanically. For example, a door security sensor must know (be able to determine) when a door is closed to a small fraction of an inch. A single limit switch can determine if the door has been closed but not when the door has traveled beyond its proper arc. And, any such limit switch requires physical contact between the door and the limit switch, leaving the system vulnerable to malfunction because of the environment or because of normal wear and tear and any such limit switch is particularly vulnerable to tampering.
Likewise, a material feed distribution system must know whether the feed hopper is in position correctly before discharging. Once again, limit switches frequently malfunction because of normal wear and tear or contamination from the operating environment. So clearly, a high degree of reliability demands a reliable NPS (Non-Contact Positioning).
In many applications, electronic sensors are too prone to external interference or vulnerable to tampering, now called 'hacking' or 'spoofing'. A simple mechanical proximity sensor that mechanically process physical information without using software or electronic elements is much less susceptible to tampering or external interference that an electronic sensor. And, in many applications, particularly in retro-fit applications for older sensor systems, the wiring for installing a new electronic sensor is typically not present and too costly to modify or change. For a two-wire system, electronic sensors may be prohibitively expensive. In contrast, a simple mechanical sensor can mechanically process inputs and close or open a set of electrical contacts using just a two-wire connection.
In other applications, a sensor needs to be able to detect or measure the relative position of two or more objects two planes, e.g. x-y plane and y-z plane. This amounts to detecting or measuring the position of an object in a 3-dimensional space. For example, a yoke pin must be centered over a hole as measured in the x-y plane and at the same time, the height of the yoke pin must be measured above the x-y plane or in the y-z plane or along the z-axis. A mechanical sensor then can generate two or more outputs based on the location of said yoke pin greatly simplifies monitoring.

Mechanical magnetic proximity sensor device


An electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes a developer reservoir for accommodating a single-component mixed developer including two types of toner having a generally identical hue and different reflection densities. A magnetic substance is added to one of the two types of toner. The apparatus also includes a detector for detecting a magnetic permeability of the developer in the developer reservoir and a unit for determining a mixture ratio of the two types of toner based on the magnetic permeability of the developer detected by the detector.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an electrophotographic image forming apparatus such as copying machine, printer, facsimile or multifunction peripheral having functions of printing, copying, faxing and the like. More particularly, the present invention relates to an image forming apparatus that utilizes a mixed developer containing a plurality of types of toner having a generally identical hue and different reflection densities. The present invention also relates to a developing apparatus used for such an image forming apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
There has been known an image forming device which enables image quality of images with highlight areas to be improved and the consumption of a developer to be suppressed.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 2000-98712 discloses an image forming device that utilizes a mixed developer including two types of toner having an identical hue and different reflection densities.
The amount of electrostatic charge on the toner with a low reflection density is set to be smaller than that of the toner with a high reflection density. Thus, the toner with a low reflection density is supplied more easily from a developing roller onto a photoreceptor drum than the toner with a high reflection density. Accordingly, in case where latent image areas with a "low density" (where the amount of exposure is small and therefore their decay level of electric potential is low) on the photoreceptor drum are developed, the toner with a low reflection density is mainly used. This suppresses density fluctuations, which would be generated in case where only toner with a high reflection density is used, and allows a fine image without graininess to be formed.
On the other hand, the amount of the toner with a high reflection density in the developing device is set to be larger than that of the toner with a low reflection density. Accordingly, in case where latent image areas having a "high density" (where the amount of exposure is large and therefore their decay level of electric potential is high) on the photoreceptor drum are developed, the toner with a high reflection density is mainly used. This suppresses the consumption of the developer, which would be larger in case where only toner with a low reflection density is used for developing latent image areas having a high density on the photoreceptor drum.
In such an image forming device, a mixture ratio of the two types of toner of the developer needs to be controlled so that it falls within a predetermined range in order to ensure stable image quality after a number of documents have been printed.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 2000-293009 describes an image forming device in which a test patch image is formed on a photoreceptor drum and the reflection density of the test patch image is detected. Toner with a low reflection density is supplied from a toner hopper when the detected reflection density of the test patch image is increased.
However, the mixture ratio of the developer (the mixture ratio of the two types of toner) is difficult to be determined with high accuracy based on the reflection density of the test patch image. Also, a dead time or waiting time is increased due to a series of steps for forming a test patch image and detecting a reflection density thereof.

Image forming apparatus and a developing apparatus having a unit for determining a mixture ratio of two types of magnetic toner based on magnetic permeability and amount

Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.


The present invention provides a method, system, and computer program product for checking for viruses by adding a virus scanning capability to a data transfer device. In a method of the present invention a real-time virus checker is stored on a controller. The virus checker scans data as it is being written to a file. If a virus is detected, the suspected file is flagged. Anti-virus software is then invoked to perform a scan of the entire suspected file. In this manner, demands on CPU resources to perform scans will be greatly reduced as only those files marked as possibly containing a viruse need to be scanned, rather than scanning all the files on the entire data transfer device.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to data processing systems and, in particular, to real-time scanning of files by anti-virus software. Still more particularly, the present invention provides a method and system for checking for viruses by adding a virus scanning capability to the peripheral storage controller or data transfer controllers in a data processing system.
2. Description of Related Art
The increased utilization of computers and other electronic communications devices at home, in businesses, and between businesses has expanded dramatically as a result of a similar expansion in the amount of software and information available. Examples of different types of software include word processors, spreadsheet programs, Web design programs, and anti-virus programs.
With the rise of the Internet, the exchange of information between different users has grown significantly. As communication between different users has grown, so too has the proliferation of virus programs grown. Thus, the utilization of anti-virus programs to protect the integrity of computer systems has become commonplace. However, anti-virus programs require a large amount of central processing (CPU) usage to run. The programs also heavily tax busses, such as the small computer systems interface (SCSI) bus, the IDE bus, etc. when scanning the files. Particularly, in a World Wide Web environment, where service providers and consumers meet to conduct business, the need to constantly protect the integrity of the data processing system against threats from virus programs imposes a large cost in both efficiency and overhead, especially for large data centers.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have an improved method, apparatus, and computer program product for providing real-time virus scanning.

Method and system for offloading real-time virus scanning during data transfer to storage peripherals

International Business Machines Corporation


A session-based recommendation method and device according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure are provided, which use a pre-trained recommendation model to perform item recommend. The method includes following contents: a directed session graph is constructed according to a session to be predicted; the directed session graph is then input into a gated graph neural network which outputs the item embedding vector; a user's dynamic preference is determined according to a user's current preference and a first long-term preference, the current preference is an item embedding vector of a last item in the session and the first long-term preference is determined according to the item embedding vector and an importance score of the item; a prediction score of a respective item is determined according to the dynamic preference and the item embedding vector; and a recommended item is output according to the prediction score of the respective item.

At present, an online platform generally is designed with a recommendation system, which analyzes user preferences in an interaction process between users and the system, screen out items that the users may be interested in from mass items according to the user preferences, and recommend them to the users, thus facilitating transactions. In an existing recommendation system, items are generally expressed by one-hot coding, which easily leads to over-fitting of a model and reduces recommendation accuracy.

Session-based recommendation method and device

National University of Defense Technology


Heterocycle substituted ketoamide derivatives of Formula (I), wherein the substitutes A, D, A and R are defined as in claim in, which are useful as cathepsin K inhibitors are described herein. The described invention also includes methods of making such heterocycle substituted ketoamide derivatives as well as method of using the same in the manufacture of medicaments for the treatment of disorders, including osteoporosis, associated with an imbalance between bone resorption and formation which can ultimately lead to fracture.

Osteoclasts are multinuclear cells of hematopoietic lineage, which function in the process of bone resorption. Typically, osteoclasts adhere to a bone surface and form a tight sealing zone. This activity is followed by extensive membrane ruffling on the surface of the osteoclasts. Such action creates an enclosed extracellular compartment on the bone surface that is acidified by proton pumps in the ruffled membrane and into which the osteoclast secretes proteolytic enzymes. The low pH of the compartment dissolves hydroxyapatite crystals at the bone surface, while the proteolytic enzymes digest the protein matrix. In this way a resorption pit is formed, after which the osteoclast releases from the surface of the bone. At the completion of this cycle, osteoblasts remodel the bone; that is, the osteoblasts deposit a new protein matrix, which is subsequently mineralized, at this zone.
Normally, a balance exists between the processes of bone resorption and new bone formation during remodeling. This normal balance of bone resorption and bone formation may be disrupted, resulting in a net loss of bone in each cycle of remodeling. Such net bone loss may lead to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mass and disruptions in the microarchitecture of the bone. These characteristics may lead to fractures, which can result from a minimal amount of trauma. Typical sites of fractures include vertebral bodies, distal radius, and the proximal femur. However, because those suffering from osteoporosis have general skeletal weakness, fractures may occur at other sites.
Since osteoporosis is characterized by an increase in bone resorption with respect to bone formation, therapeutic agents that suppress bone resorption would be expected to provide a suitable treatment for osteoporosis. Administration of estrogens or calcitonin has been the bone resorption suppression treatment typically employed. However, these treatments do not always achieve the desired effect. Consequently, there is a continuing need for therapeutic agents that attenuate bone resorption in a subject in need of such attenuation.
Cathepsin K, which has also been called cathepsin O, cathepsin O2, and cathepsin X, is a member of the cysteine cathepsin family of enzymes, which are part of the papain superfamily of cysteine proteases. Other distinct cysteine protease cathepsins, designated cathepsin B, cathepsin C, cathepsin F, cathepsin H, cathepsin L, cathepsin O, cathepsin S. cathepsin V (also called L2), cathepsin W.  cathepsin Z (also called cathepsin X), have also been described in the literature. Cathepsin K polypeptide and the cDNA encoding such polypeptide have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,969. A crystal structure for cathepsin K has also been disclosed in PCT Patent Application WO 97/16177, published May 9, 1997. It has been reported that cathepsin K is abundantly expressed in osteoclasts under normal conditions and may be the major cysteine protease present in these cells. (See Tezuka, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 1106; Inaoka, et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1995, 206, 89; and Shi, et al., FEBS Lett., 1995, 357,129.) This abundant selective expression of cathepsin K in osteoclasts suggests that this enzyme is essential for bone resorption. Thus, selective inhibition of cathepsin K may provide an effective treatment for diseases of excessive bone loss, such as osteoporosis.
The selective inhibition of cathepsin K may also be useful in treating other diseases. Such disorders include autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, neoplastic diseases, parasitic diseases, and atherosclerosis. For instance, cathepsin K is expressed in the synovium and synovial bone destruction sites of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (see Votta, B. J. et al.; J. Bone Miner. Res. 1997, 12, 1396; Hummel, K. M. et al., J. Rheumatol. 1998, 25, 1887; Nakagawa, T. Y. et al., Immunity 1999, 10, 207; Otsuka, T. et al., S. J. Antibiot. 1999, 52, 542; Li, Z. et al, Biochemistry 2000, 39, 529; Diaz, A. et al, Mol. Med. 2000, 6, 648; Moran, M. T. et al., Blood 2000, 96, 1969). Cathepsin K levels are elevated in chondroclasts of osteoarthritic synovium (See Dodds, R. A. et al., Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42, 1588; Lang, A. et al., J. Rheumatol. 2000, 27, 1970). Neoplastic cells also have been shown to express cathepsin K (see Littlewood-Evans, A. J. et al, J. A. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 5386; Komarova, E. A., et al., Oncogene 1998, 17, 1089; Santamaria, I., et al., Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 1624; Blagosklonny, M. V. et al., Oncogene 1999, 18, 6460; Kirschke, H. et al., Eur. J. Cancer 2000, 36, 787; Zhu, D.-M. et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2000, 6, 2064). Cysteine protease inhibitors have been suggested as chemotherapy for parasitic diseases (see McKerrow, J. H. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999, 29, 833; Selzer, P. M. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96, 11015; Caffrey, C. R. et al, Curr. Drug Targets 2000, 1, 155; Du, X. et al., Chem. Biol. 2000, 7, 733; Hanspal, M. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2000, 1493, 242; Werbovetz, K. A. Curr. Med. Chem. 2000, 7, 835). Elastolytic cathepsins S and K are shown to be expressed in human atheroma (see Sukhova, G. K. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 102, 576-583; Parks, W. C. J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 104, 1167; Shi, G.-P. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 104, 1191; Cao, H. et al., J. Hum. Genet. 2000, 45, 94).
The present inventors have now discovered novel heterocycle substituted ketoamide derivative compounds that are inhibitors of serine and cysteine protease activities, more particularly, cathepsin family cysteine protease activities, and most particularly, cathepsin K activity. Such ketoamide derivatives are useful in the treatment of disorders associated with serine and cysteine protease activity, including osteoporosis, Paget's disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, metabolic bone disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, gingivitis, atherosclerosis, and neoplastic diseases associated with cathepsin K activity.

Derivatives of 1-(oxoaminoacetyl) pentylcarbamate as cathepsin K inhibitors for the treatment of bone loss


A multi-stage amplifier circuit that is arranged to minimize offset related errors in a reference circuit. The first stage circuit includes an array of amplifier circuits that receive feedback signals. The outputs of the first stage amplifier circuits are coupled together to a common node. The second stage circuit is also coupled to the common node, and arranged to drive a feedback circuit to generate the feedback signals. In one example, the feedback circuit includes a band-gap core. The second stage circuit can be arranged as part of a low-drop out (LDO) regulator. Each of the amplifier circuits in the first stage can be nulled in response to null control signals from a null control logic circuit. The overall offset in the resulting reference circuit is reduced by the selective nulling of the arrayed amplifiers in the first stage circuit.

Band-gap voltage references are used as voltage references in electronic systems. The energy band-gap of Silicon is on the order of 1.2V, and is independent from temperature and power-supply variations. Bipolar transistors have a negative temperature drift with respect to their base-emitter voltage (Vbe decreases as operating temperature increases on the order of −2 mV/deg C). However, the thermal voltage of a bipolar transistor has a positive temperature drift (Vt=kT/q, thus Vt increases as temperature increases). The positive temperature drift in the thermal voltage (Vt) may be arranged to compensate the negative temperature drift in the bipolar transistor's base-emitter voltage. Band-gap reference circuits use the inherent characteristics of bipolar transistors to compensate for temperature effects and provide a stable operating voltage over various power-supply and temperature ranges.
An example band-gap reference circuit is illustrated in FIG. 6. As shown in the figure, two bipolar transistors (Q61, Q62) are arranged with a common base. Two resistors (R61, R62) are series connected between the emitter of the first bipolar transistor (Q61) and the reference output. Another resistor (R63) is connected between the emitter of the second bipolar transistor and the reference output. An error amplifier (EAMP) is used to adjust the voltage of the reference output (VREF) via transistor MLDO. At steady-state, the voltage at the common point of resistors R61 and R62 is the same as the voltage at the emitter of the second bipolar transistor (Q65). The two bipolar transistors (Q61, Q62) are arranged to provide a ten-to-one (10:1) current density difference with respect to one another. The ten-to-one current density results in a 60 mV difference between the base-emitter voltages of two bipolar transistors (ΔVbe=Vt*1n(I1/I2)=26 mV*1n(10)=60 mV, at room temperature). The 60 mV difference appears across the first resistor (R61). The voltage between the drain of transistor MLDO and ground provides a voltage reference (VREF) that is given as VREF=Vbe+X*Vt, where X is a constant that is used to scale the temperature correction factor. The temperature correction factor (X) is adjusted by the ratio of the resistors. Typical temperature corrected reference voltages of 1.25V are achieved by this configuration.


An electric outlet safety plate incorporates sliding cover elements which, in various positions, cover the electric outlet when not in use, open for insertion of an electric plug, and grasp the plug to prevent removal. A plate member includes a groove extending outwardly to the side from each of the electric outlet openings. A pair of substantially identical sliding members engage the groove from opposing sides of the plate member. The sliding members include an outlet covering portion which is spaced from the outer surface of the electric outlet and has its inner edges toothed to enhance their grasp upon the electric plug. The sliding members are lockable against outward movement on the plate member. Teeth are formed upon the plate member so as to extend within the groove, and a second set of teeth are formed upon the sliding member so as to releasably engage the teeth of the plate member. The sliding member teeth are formed upon a resilient arm which is biased to engagement, but may be disengaged by finger pressure. Where the plate member teeth are formed on both sides of the groove and the sliding member teeth are formed on each of a pair of resilient arms thereon, release occurs by pressing the two arms towards each other. A ratchet tooth structure may be used to allow direct inward movement of the sliding members, but which requires disengagement to move the sliding members outwards toward the uncovered position.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention involves an electric outlet safety plate and, more particularly, an electric outlet safety plate having a bifurcated outlet covering which locks at various positions of closure.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A need exists to provide an electrical connection to an electric outlet which is not readily disconnectable by accident or by small children. This need is particularly applicable to the electric connection for computers, wherein disconnection may mean loss of data, as well as to the connection of other memory devices such as video cassette recorders, alarm clocks, and the like.
A need also exists to provide a safety cover for electric outlets which may be secured in such a manner so as not to be readily opened by curious children having a hairpin or similar short-circuiting item available.
Previous designs have provided for connecting means between an electric plug and a receptacle which provide for a locking interaction designed to the plug-receptacle combination. Similarly, hinged or threaded coverings which particularly protect outlet openings against the environment are available. However such designs are not suitably protective against access by children, nor particularly convenient for subsequent use.
What is needed is an electric outlet safety plate having an outlet covering which may be closed to prevent exploration by children and which, additionally, may be adjusted to secure a conventional electric plug into the electric outlet so that it may not readily be removed therefrom by accident or by children.


When a polling procedure is triggered, the value of the poll sequence number field within a status protocol data unit is always set to be a sequence number of a next protocol data unit to be transmitted for the first time minus 1, regardless of the configured transmission window size so as to avoid unnecessary transmission delay.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for polling transmission status in a wireless communications system, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for preventing retransmission of PDUs that have been successfully transmitted, and reducing transmission latency.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The third generation (3G) mobile telecommunications system has adopted a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) wireless air interface access method for a cellular network. WCDMA provides high frequency spectrum utilization, universal coverage, and high quality, high-speed multimedia data transmission. The WCDMA method also meets all kinds of QoS requirements simultaneously, providing diverse, flexible, two-way transmission services and better communication quality to reduce transmission interruption rates.
The access stratum of the 3G mobile telecommunications system comprises a radio resource control (RRC), radio link control (RLC), media access control (MAC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), broadcast/multicast control (BMC) and other sub-layers of different functions. The operations of the above-mentioned sub-layers are well known for those skilled in the art, and will not be further mentioned. In addition, the 3G mobile telecommunications system can provide different levels of transmission quality and operate in different modes according to the different requirements, for instance, Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), Acknowledged Mode (AM). TM is used for services requiring instant transmission, UM is used for services requiring instant transmission as well as packet orders, and AM is used for robust services requiring data accuracy but not instant transmission.
In AM, for better data accuracy and robustness, RLC layers of a transmitter and a receiver initiate a status report procedure at an appropriate time to have the transmitter poll the receiver so that the receiver transmits a status report, or a piggybacked status report to the transmitter. The transmitter then executes procedures followed according to the status report from the receiver. As the transmitter polls the receiver, the transmitter selects a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) and sets a polling bit of the PDU as ON (=1), which requests the receiver to transmit a status report. In such a situation, if there is no PDU scheduled for transmission or retransmission, the transmitter selects a PDU that has been transmitted, and sets a polling bit of the PDU to be 1 to poll the receiver. In other words, when a poll is triggered while no PDU is scheduled for transmission or retransmission, the transmitter shall select a PDU that has been transmitted to poll the receiver, causing unnecessary retransmission and waste of system resources.
In order to improve the afore-mentioned problem, the prior art provides a method for triggering a poll, where a POLL SUFI (Super Field) scheme is applied. That is, when the transmitter needs to poll the receiver, the transmitter can send a STATUS PDU containing a POLL SUFI to request a status report from the receiver. In the prior art, the POLL SUFI is composed of a Type field and a Poll_SN (Sequence Number) field. The Poll_SN field comprises 12 bits, and is configured by the following rule. When "Poll" is configured and the value of "Configured_Tx_Window_Size" is larger than or equal to "2048", the Poll_SN field shall be set to VT(S)−1, where "Configured_Tx_Window_Size" represents the size of the transmission window, and VT(S) represents SN of the next PDU to be transmitted for the first time. Otherwise, if "Poll" is configured and the value of the "Configured_Tx_Window_Size" is less than "2048", the Poll_SN field can either be set to VT(S)−1 or SN of a PDU that has not been discarded and has not yet been acknowledged by the peer entity. Accordingly, after receiving the STATUS PDU containing POLL SUFI, the receiver considers that a PDU with SN=Poll_SN has been transmitted by the transmitter, and transmits a status report corresponding to its receiving status to the transmitter.
Via POLL SUFI, the prior art can prevent unnecessary retransmission. However, the POLL SUFI method may cause transmission delay and degradation of efficiency. For example, suppose that the "Configured_Tx_Window_Size" is configured to be 1024, and PDUs of SN=0, 1, 2, 3 have been transmitted. In other words, VT(S)=4. Suppose that none of the four transmitted PDUs are positively acknowledged. When a poll is triggered, by the prior art, the transmitter can send a POLL SUFI containing Poll_SN equal to VT(S)−1 or SN of a PDU that has not been discarded and has not yet been acknowledged by the receiver. In other words, the transmitter can set Poll_SN to 0, 1, 2, or 3. If the transmitter sets Poll_SN to 0 while the receiver did not receive any of the four AMD PDUs before receiving the POLL SUFI, the receiver can only consider that the PDU of SN=0 has been transmitted, and send a status report to negatively acknowledge SN=0. The transmitter will retransmit the PDU of SN=0 with polling bit set. If the retransmitted PDU is received successfully, the receiver will positively acknowledge SN=0. In such a situation, the transmitter need to poll again with a POLL SUFI, to retransmits other PDUs. Thus, retransmission of SN=3 will be delayed for quite a long period of time. In other words, using the POLL SUFI to poll the receiving, the prior art method can prevent retransmission of transmitted PDU, but may cause transmission delay and degradation of efficiency.

Method and apparatus for polling transmission status in a wireless communications system


A photographic device such as a camera having a camera body with a first side having a lens mounting device and a second side having a mounting device arranged to mount a film cassette or a rear camera body cover. The second side is located opposite to the first side. The rear camera body cover is attachable to the cover mounting device of the camera body and the cover has an inner side facing the camera body and an outer side opposite to the inner side. The film cassette is attachable to the cover mounting device of the camera body when the rear camera body cover is detached from the cover mounting device. The film cassette is arranged to carry a roll of film and to keep a film frame of the film in a flat state facing the camera body. The device further has an interchangeable lens and an extendable lens hood. The cover further has at least one opening arranged in a location corresponding to one corner or side of the film frame. The opening is arranged to permit a camera user to visually determine if the extendable lens hood is visible through the interchangeable lens as viewed from the film frame plane.

One problem associated with using photographic apparatuses such as cameras is that, on the one hand, the user wants to minimize the amount of excessive light entering the camera through the lens, also called stray light, and on the other hand, the user wants to obtain clear, crisp and sharp pictures by letting a sufficient amount of light entering the camera as described. One way of cutting down the stray light known in the art is by utilizing an extendable lens hood. This hood screens off superfluous light entering the lens from other directions than directly from the intended subject for the picture to be taken. To accommodate for different focal length lenses, the hood is arranged as a bellows, or similar extendable device, having a first end attached to the lens and a second end open towards the subject. The length of the bellows can be changed by sliding the second end of the hood on a saddle. The user has to have some indication as to how far the hood can be slid forward for any given lens, without cutting of the corners or the sides of the picture projected on the film frame by being slid forwards too far. This can be accomplished by supplying an engraved or otherwise marked scale on the saddle, indicating allowable positions for the second end of the hood for any given lens. One drawback with the above lens hood is that the scale will be very complicated because the optimal setting of the lens hood not only varies with what lens is used, but also with what opening is set of the diaphragm of the lens and the actual focusing distance used. A smaller opening permits a further extension of the hood than a larger opening and a close focusing distance also permits a further extension of the hood than a focusing distance closer to infinity, i.e. far away subjects. Thus, to take all possible settings for all possible lenses into account will result in a scale having a large number of markings. Such a scale is practically impossible to produce. As an alternative, every lens could have its own lens hood with a scale pertaining only to that lens and having markings for different openings correlated to different focusing distances. Also this type of solution has drawbacks, the cost for the user being one, because the user would have to purchase several extendable lens hoods, one for each lens.
An alternative is for the user to memorize, through experience, which extension length of the hood works best with which lens. This is probably a big drawback for most users who want to be able to use their camera without complicated, expensive and lengthy initial trial periods.

Device and method for minimizing vignetting and stray light in a photographic apparatus


Compositions and methods for sequencing a template polynucleotide comprising a sequence of interest are provided herein. The compositions and methods employ at least one blocking probe that is designed to bind in a sequence-specific manner to a blocking sequence such that primer extension beyond the site where the blocking probe binds is reduced or prevented.

Polynucleotide sequencing is a fundamental technology in molecular biology and life sciences in general. Dideoxy sequencing (Sanger et al., 1997, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 74:5463) involves the generation of four populations of single-stranded DNA fragments, having one defined terminus and one variable terminus. Dideoxy sequencing is an enzymatic chain termination method in which four base specific sets of DNA fragments are formed by starting with a primer/template system, elongating the primer into the unknown DNA sequence area, thereby copying the template and synthesizing a complementary strand by a polymerase. In some embodiments, four separate reactions are terminated, each reaction being caused to terminate at a specific base (G, A, T or C) via incorporation of the appropriate chain terminating nucleotide. The four different sets of fragments are each separated on the basis of their length, such as on a high resolution polyacrylamide gel; each band on the gel corresponds colinearly to a specific nucleotide in the DNA sequence, thus identifying the positions in the sequence of the given nucleotide base. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is another method used to separate single-stranded DNA sequencing fragments (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,374,527); each intensity peak on an electropherogram ideally corresponds colinearly to a specific nucleotide in the DNA sequence

Compositions and methods for terminating a sequencing reaction at a specific location in a target DNA template


A data communications apparatus for communicating with another apparatus is disclosed. The data communications apparatus includes: a physical amount detection unit configured to detect changes of a first physical amount caused by contact with the another apparatus; a physical amount receiving unit configured to receive a signal including change information of a second physical amount of the another apparatus detected in the another apparatus when the first physical amount detected by the physical amount detection unit exceeds a predetermined value; a physical amount comparing unit configured to compare the changes of the first physical amount with the changes of the second physical amount to determine presence or absence of similarity; and a communication establishment unit configured to establish a communication with the another apparatus when the physical amount comparing unit determines that there is a similarity between the changes of the first physical amount and the changes of the second physical amount.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a data communications apparatus, a data communications system and a data communications method.
2. Description of the Related Art
From the past, there has been a data communications technique for establishing a communication between apparatuses in which an operator sets an identification number and an access condition for each apparatus. For example, in wireless LAN defined by IEEE802.11, the operator sets ESS-ID (Extended Service Set Identifier) for each apparatus so that communications are established among apparatuses having the same ESS-ID for sending and receiving data among the apparatuses. Therefore, when an apparatus is newly connected to an existing network, it is necessary for the operator to check beforehand identification numbers such as ESS-IDs and access conditions of apparatuses already connected to the network.
By the way, as defined in the IEEE802.11, ESS-ID of an apparatus already connected to a network can be obtained by setting "ESS-ID" to be "ANY". Thus, there is an apparatus that displays a list of apparatuses to which the apparatus can connect on a display device of the apparatus when there are a plurality of apparatuses having different ESS-IDs. The operator selects an apparatus from the list for establishing a connection to the selected apparatus.
The list displayed by the apparatus includes ESS-IDs of each apparatus or names of each apparatus on the network or the like. Thus, it is necessary to manage correspondences between actual apparatuses and the names or the like on the network, and to compare the names or the like displayed on the list with the actual apparatuses for designating an apparatus connection. Therefore, a complicated procedure is required.
In addition, since ESS-IDs of connectable apparatuses can be obtained by setting ESS-ID of an apparatus that will connect to the network to be "ANY", a third party can access apparatuses easily so that there is a problem in that it becomes difficult to ensure security by performing access control. Following documents may relate to this application.                [Patent Document 1] Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2005-159821        [Non-Patent Document 1] Ken Hinckley (Microsoft Research), "Synchronous Gestures for Multiple Persons and Computers", Nov. 4, 2003, UIST2003 (Annual ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 2003).
The patent document 1 discloses a communications apparatus for communicating with another apparatus. The communications apparatus obtains, from each of a plurality of communications apparatuses that is a candidate of a communication destination, movement information indicating movements in a space of the communications apparatuses, and displays the movement information. The user selects one of displayed movement images so that the communication apparatus communicates with a communication apparatus indicated by the selected movement image.
The non-patent document 1 discloses tablet PCs each having a multiaxial acceleration sensor. The tablet PC is a personal computer including a wireless communication unit and a pen inputting unit, and is small so as to be carried easily. The acceleration sensor detects contact with another tablet PC and direction of the contact so that each tablet PC changes content form displayed on a screen of the tablet PC.
However, as to the communications apparatus disclosed in the patent document 1, since the operator selects another communications apparatus to communicate with based on the movement information of the plurality of communications apparatuses each being a candidate of a communication destination, the operator needs to visually compare movement of the communications apparatuses in an actual space with movement information displayed on the screen.
In addition, according to the tablet PC disclosed in the non-patent document 1, the acceleration sensor is used for controlling application and the like among tablet PCs in which communications are already established. But, it is not considered to establish a communication or to perform communication control such as access control.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Data communications apparatus, data communications system and data communications method


A ball joint with a housing wherein the housing has a weld section, which allows it to be welded to a chassis component.

The invention relates to a ball joint, as can be used in particular in the chassis of motor vehicles. The invention also relates to a component, in particular a chassis steering arrangement, with such a ball joint.
To fasten the ball joint to a component such as a chassis steering arrangement, it is known to press the housing of the ball joint into an opening in the chassis steering arrangement. A disadvantage here is the comparatively high expenditure. A disadvantage in addition is that through the pressing of the housing into the opening, the friction moments of the ball joint can increase.

Ball joint and a component with ball joint


The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a tube, comprising the application respectively to one side of a metal strip 1 a first layer 2 of a first metal which is brazeable and to the other side of the metal strip 1 a second layer 3 of a second metal which is different from the first metal, and, after application of said layers 2,3, rolling of the strip 1 in order to form a tube having at least two walls.

A method of this type is known from Patent Application No. GB PA 2.241.185. According to the known method, there are applied, as a first and second layer, a layer of copper on a metal strip. The strip is then rolled to form a multiple-walled tube. According to the known method, the strip is rolled through two complete revolutions, thus forming a double-walled tube. The fact that the tube has double walls implies that, between the two walls of the tube, there is also a layer of copper. After rolling of the strip, the tube thus formed is heated in order to subject to brazing the surfaces of the walls which are in contact with one another.
The application of a layer of copper or of another brazeable metal to one or both sides of a metal strip has the advantage of improving the technical qualities of the tube, particularly as regards corrosion resistance by application of a layer of nickel, its suitability for brazing or its protection from the liquids circulating in the tube.
Whereas the application of a layer of metal to the strip does in fact offer advantages, it has however been noted that it could likewise give rise to problems. For example, in the case of tubes used as brake-fluid lines in a vehicle, the copper layer inside the tube offers good resistance to brake fluid, an aggressive substance, but the external copper layer does not offer sufficient corrosion protection for the tube, which is sited in places extremely exposed to bad weather. The tube must then be protected by an additional covering, for example of zinc. However, the copper layer, already applied to the metal strip, is not ideal as regards electrochemical couple and limits the quality of the whole product as regards corrosion.
Another problem noted is the dissolution of copper applied to the internal surface of the tube. Certain alcohols used as fuel additives, particularly in lead-free petrol, attack and dissolve the copper, which finally blocks the injectors of combustion engines.

Method of manufacturing a multiple-walled tube


An apparatus (1) for assisting a user in determining a level of confidence in a risk assessment, the apparatus comprising: input means (3) for receiving at least one of a set of factors each of which can affect the level of confidence in the risk assessment; storage means (5) for storing the set of factors and a set of weighting indicators, wherein each factor within the set of factors is associated with a weighting indicator from the set of weighting indicators; processing means (7) for processing the at least one of the set of factors entered into the input means (3) and processing the set of factors stored in the storage means (3) in order to identify a factor in the set of factors which corresponds to the at least one factor entered into the input means (3); and output means (9) for outputting the set of weighting indicators and the weighting indicator associated with the factor identified by the processing means (7).

Risk is something which we all encounter in our everyday lives. For example, we risk being involved in an accident whenever we travel in a motor vehicle. Generally speaking, risk can be defined as the likelihood of some event occurring by the impact or consequences of that event; that is, risk=likelihood*impact.
A great deal of research has been undertaken in order to develop techniques for determining risk. Some of the more common techniques include: statistical analysis; forward simulations; mathematical modelling; and judgement or guessing. The problem with existing techniques for determining risk is that they do not take into account the validity of the information or process used to derive the risk. For example, where risk is determined using statistical analysis (of sampled data) the validity of the risk calculation (that is, the level of confidence a person can have in the risk calculation) will depend to some degree on the number of data samples used in the statistical analysis. Where only a few samples are taken the validity of the risk would be lower than if the risk were derived using a large number of samples.
Unfortunately, existing methods do not provide any indication as to the validity of a risk calculation. Consequently, a person using the risk calculation is unable to determine just how much confidence he/she can have in the calculated risk. This can be detrimental if, for example, a person has too much confidence in a risk calculation which is based on statistical analysis using only a few data samples (a low validity).
Existing techniques for determining risk assessment also do not give any indication as to the level of acceptability of the event occurring.

Apparatus and method for determining a level of confidence in a risk assessment and/or determining a level of acceptability of an event occurring


A thermal insulation member is directly or indirectly sandwiched between a first object and a second object and thereby suppresses or interrupts heat transfer between the first object and the second object. The thermal insulation member comprises: a first main surface opposed to the first object; and a second main surface positioned on the opposite side from the first main surface and opposed to the second object. The thermal insulation member has a porous structure of ceramic having pores. ZrO2 particles and different type material exist on surfaces of the ZrO2 particles form a skeleton of the porous structure. The different type material includes at least one selected out of SiO2, TiO2, La2O3, and Y2O3.

A technique for using a porous material as a thermal insulation film has been conventionally proposed. In WO 2015/080065 (Document 1), for example, disclosed is a thermal insulation film in which porous materials are dispersed as a filler in a matrix. The porous material disclosed in Document 1 has a mesh structure. In the mesh structure, ZrO2 particles form a skeleton and different type material exists on surfaces of the ZrO2 particles.
In order to reduce heat transfer, a member for thermal insulation has a soft structure such as a fiber structure, a foam structure, or the like. In such a structure, however, there is a possibility that a thermal insulation member cannot be stably held between objects, depending on the environment. Further, when forces are applied to the objects in a direction in which the objects approach each other, the thermal insulation member is largely deformed and the thermal insulation performance thereof is thereby reduced.


A vehicle trim structure for attachment of a resilient clip includes a flange extending generally orthogonally from an interior wall of an automotive vehicle and a plurality of ribs protruding generally orthogonally from the flange. The flange includes a proximal end integral with the interior wall, a distal end separated from the interior wall, an interior face spanning between the proximal end and the distal end, and an exterior face spanning between the proximal end and the distal end, opposite the interior face. The plurality of ribs extends longitudinally from the proximal end of the flange to the distal end of the flange.

Modern vehicles use a variety of resilient clips to secure components to the body of the vehicle. In one particular application, resilient clips are used to secure wires or wire harnesses to protruding trim structures. However, in some cases, trim structures do not have the required thickness to ensure proper attachment of some resilient clips. Trim structures can be engineered to a greater thickness; however, certain drawbacks may result. For instance, additional materials will be used in the molding process and the possibility of molding defects increases.
Accordingly, a need exists for securing resilient clips to automotive trim components while reducing waste and the possibility of molding defects.

Vehicle trim structure with integrally formed ribs

Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc.


A three point extension splint device for correcting flexion contractures about limb synovial hinge joints. The splint device comprises a proximal contact means for contacting the proximal portion of an extremity above the flexion crease of a synovial joint and a distal contact means for contacting the distal portion of an extremity below the flexion crease of a synovial hinge joint. A springy, resilient bridge joins the proximal and distal extremity contact means. These three parts form a anterior assembly. A cupping means that forms the posterior assembly protects the bony prominence of the joint. An adjustable, releasable, strapping means joins the springy, resilient bridge to the cupping means to produce a downward, and centrifugal force in both extremity contact means proportionate to the amount of force exerted by the strapping means thereby causing a myofascial release by the longitudinal stretch of the major muscle and tendon extensions parallel to the long axis of the limb toward the synovial hinge joint while the superficial tissues are stretched in the opposite direction.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an extension splint that lengthens the muscle and soft tissue about an extremity or limb synovial hinge joint to assist in rehabilitating flexion contractures caused by soft tissue injury. More particularly, the invention relates to a three point extension splint to treat flexion contractures about the knee, elbow and/or finger.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Joint contractures are a common complication following fractures, dislocations, and soft tissue injuries about the synovial joints such as the elbow and knee. Perry noted in Prescription Principles, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Atlas of Orthotics; Biomechanical Principles & Applications, pp 120-122, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby, 1975 that, "restoration of full elbow extension is a strong challenge," and that, "recovery of lost arcs of motion with an orthosis is difficult."
Kottke et al. in The Rationale for Prolonged Stretching for Correction of Shortening of Connective Tissue; Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 47, pp. 345-352, 1966 suggested that prolonged stretching at moderate tension resulted in a significantly increased range of motion about a joint over that achieved by intense short duration stretching. In summary, Kottke stated that,
mobility of loose or areolar connective tissue is related to its structural organization as a meshwork of fibers. The range of mobility depends on the distance between the points of attachment of the collagen fibers. In dense connective tissue, that has little mobility, the fiber meshwork has smaller interstices than those in loose connective tissue with considerable freedom of motion. Normal connective tissue develops a tensile force, that causes a slow, progressive shortening of that connective tissue until stopped by an opposing force. This property of progressive shortening is responsible for the contractures, that develop in soft tissues around joints when motion is limited or prevented. The attachments between collagen fibers show high resistance to suddenly applied tension but relax or creep when exposed to prolonged tension. Utilizing this plastic characteristic of connective tissue, methods have been developed for hip flexors, knee flexors, and ankle plantar flexors. Significantly greater restoration of the motion of these has been obtained, within the limits of pain and without evidence of tearing of tissues, by prolonged stretching at moderate tension than by intense stretching of short duration.
The original treatment to create the prolonged stretching at moderate intensity was to apply a succession of casts where each cast was fixed in a greater angle until the joint was straight. At best, this was inconvenient to body maintenance such as washing. At worst, it took months of incapacitation and lead to a deterioration of other muscle groups.
Others have designed devices to replace the cast method. These devices are all based on some variation of a three point extension. Best, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,919 issued Sep. 23, 1986, describes an adjustable limb support designed to provide this slow stretching with some control in the hands of the patient. The Best device has a rigid metal frame work that appears to be heavy, cumbersome and does not appear to contemplate or provide for the use of variable pressure intensities during the course of the day. Also, Best does not provide easy adjustment to the patient or a device that is secure and safe to both patient and sleeping companion if the device is worn while sleeping.
Brown, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,905 issued May 19, 1987, describes a lighter weight, wire frame dynamic elbow and knee extension brace. The Brown brace appears to have an adjustable length, but not an adjustment for the tension created by the spring arrangement.
Green et al., describes a turnbuckle orthotic correction device in J. Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol 61-A, No. 7, pp 1092-1095, October 1979. B. C. Parker describes another variation of a dynamic elbow extension splint in American J. Occupational Therapy, Vol. 41, No. 12, pp 825-826, December 1987. Yet another variation of a gear controlled dynamic extension splint is taught by Mitchell in U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,837 issued Aug. 6, 1991. A dynamic traction device for the finger is illustrated by Schenck in U.S. Pat. No. 4,724,827 issued Feb. 16, 1988. These devices do not provide a light weight easily adjustable dynamic extension splint that can provide myofascial release.

Three point extension splint to treat flexion contractures about limb synovial hinge joints

The United States of America as represented by The Secretary of the Navy


A Soft Computing (SC) optimizer for designing a Knowledge Base (KB) to be used in a control system for controlling a motorcycle is described. In one embodiment, a simulation model of the motorcycle and rider control is used. In one embodiment, the simulation model includes a feedforward rider model. The SC optimizer includes a fuzzy inference engine based on a Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN). The SC Optimizer provides Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) structure selection, FIS structure optimization method selection, and teaching signal selection and generation. The user selects a fuzzy model, including one or more of: the number of input and/or output variables; the type of fuzzy inference; and the preliminary type of membership functions. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize linguistic variable parameters and the input-output training patterns. A GA is also used to optimize the rule base, using the fuzzy model, optimal linguistic variable parameters, and a teaching signal. The GA produces a near-optimal FNN. The near-optimal FNN can be improved using classical derivative-based optimization procedures. The FIS structure found by the GA is optimized with a fitness function based on a response of the actual plant model of the controlled plant. The SC optimizer produces a robust KB that is typically smaller that the KB produced by prior art methods.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electronically-controlled motorcycle steering and maneuverability systems based on soft computing.
2. Description of the Related Art
Feedback control systems are widely used to maintain the output of a dynamic system at a desired value in spite of external disturbances that would displace it from the desired value. For example, a household space-heating furnace, controlled by a thermostat, is an example of a feedback control system. The thermostat continuously measures the air temperature inside the house, and when the temperature falls below a desired minimum temperature the thermostat turns the furnace on. When the interior temperature reaches the desired minimum temperature, the thermostat turns the furnace off. The thermostat-furnace system maintains the household temperature at a substantially constant value in spite of external disturbances such as a drop in the outside temperature. Similar types of feedback controls are used in many applications.
A central component in a feedback control system is a controlled object, a machine or a process that can be defined as a "plant", whose output variable is to be controlled. In the above example, the "plant" is the house, the output variable is the interior air temperature in the house and the disturbance is the flow of heat (dispersion) through the walls of the house. The plant is controlled by a control system. In the above example, the control system is the thermostat in combination with the furnace. The thermostat-furnace system uses simple on-off feedback control system to maintain the temperature of the house. In many control environments, such as motor shaft position or motor speed control systems, simple on-off feedback control is insufficient. More advanced control systems rely on combinations of proportional feedback control, integral feedback control, and derivative feedback control. A feedback control based on a sum of proportional, plus integral, plus derivative feedback is often referred as a linear control. Similarly, Proportional feedback control is often referred to as P control, and Proportional plus Derivative feedback is often referred to as P(D) control, and Proportional plus Integral feedback is referred as P(I) control.
A linear control system (e.g., P, P(I), P(D), P(I)D, etc.) is based on a linear model of the plant. In classical control systems, a linear model is obtained in the form of ordinary differential equations. The plant is assumed to be relatively linear, time invariant, and stable. However, many real-world plants are time varying, highly non-linear, and unstable. For example, the dynamic model may contain parameters (e.g., masses, inductance, aerodynamics coefficients, etc.), which are either only approximately known or depend on a changing environment. If the parameter variation is small and the dynamic model is stable, then the linear controller may be satisfactory. However, if the parameter variation is large or if the dynamic model is unstable, then it is common to add Adaptive or Intelligent (AI) control functions to the linear control system.
AI control systems use an optimizer, typically a non-linear optimizer, to program the operation of the linear controller and thereby improve the overall operation of the control system.
Classical advanced control theory is based on the assumption that all controlled "plants" can be approximated as linear systems near equilibrium points. Unfortunately, this assumption is rarely true in the real world. Most plants are highly nonlinear, and often do not have simple control algorithms. In order to meet these needs for a nonlinear control, systems have been developed that use Soft Computing (SC) concepts such Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNN), Fuzzy Controllers (FC), and the like. By these techniques, the control system evolves (changes) in time to adapt itself to changes that may occur in the controlled "plant" and/or in the operating environment.
Control systems based on SC typically use a Knowledge Base (KB) to contain the knowledge of the FC system. The KB typically has many rules that describe how the SC determines control parameters during operation. Thus, the performance of an SC controller depends on the quality of the KB and the knowledge represented by the KB. Increasing the number of rules in the KB generally increases (very often with redundancy) the knowledge represented by the KB but at a cost of more storage and more computational complexity. Thus, design of a SC system typically involves tradeoffs regarding the size of the KB, the number of rules, the types of rules. etc. Unfortunately, the prior art methods for selecting KB parameters such as the number and types of rules are based on ad hoc procedures using intuition and trial-and-error approaches.
Steering and/or maneuverability control of a motorcycle using soft computing is particularly difficult because of the difficulty in obtaining a sufficiently optimal knowledge base (KB). If the KB does not contain enough knowledge about the dynamics of the motorcycle-rider system, then the soft computing controller will not be able to steer and/or maneuver the motorcycle in a satisfactory manner. At one level, increasing the knowledge conatined in the KB generally produces an increase in the size of the KB. A large KB is difficult to store and requires relatively large amounts of computational reasources in the soft computing controller. What is missing from the prior art is a system and method for controlling a motorcycle using a reduced-size KB that provides sufficient knowledge to provide good control.

Intelligent robust control system for motorcycle using soft computing optimizer


An improved drawer glide for a drawer slide assembly provides drawer slide securement means taking the form of an internal recess with a ramped locking tab that lockingly secures a rear portion of an elongated metal drawer slide extending past a rear panel of a drawer. By providing the recess within the drawer glide as part of the drawer slide securement means, a range of lengths of drawer slides may be used for a given drawer length, significantly reducing the number of different sizes of drawer slides required to meet demands of the furniture industry. The ramped locking tab also facilitates furniture assembly by providing reliable securement of the drawer slide in the drawer guide prior to installation on in a furniture unit. External integral reinforcement means are also provided in the form of gussets.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to furniture drawer slide assemblies and, more specifically, to an improved drawer glide that can be used with a variety of lengths of drawer slides, thereby reducing the number of different lengths of In drawer slides required for use with drawers of various lengths, and which ensures better securement between the drawer glide and the drawer slide.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In order to improve the ease of sliding of wood drawers, many furniture manufacturers have adopted the use of metal drawer slide assemblies, which utilize an elongated stationary lower metal drawer guide, also known as a case guide, secured to the inside structure of the furniture article, an elongated upper metal drawer slide secured to the bottom of a drawer at the front and rear ends of the drawer, and a plastic drawer glide mounted to the rear wall of a drawer to facilitate movement of the drawer along the lower metal drawer guide. In most conventional drawer slide assemblies, the lower metal drawer guide consists of a generally U-shaped (or T-shaped) metal rail in cross-section, having flanges projecting horizontally outwardly from the upper ends thereof. Each of these horizontally projecting flanges is typically folded over along its length, so that the effective thickness of each horizontal flange is twice the thickness of the metal used to fabricate the metal rail. The upper metal drawer slide found in the prior art, is generally C-shaped in cross-section and has an integral, upwardly-extending metal tab member at the rear end thereof that is secured to the rear wall of the drawer. A typical arrangement of such conventional drawer slide assemblies is shown in co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. Re. 32,134 and 4,501,452.
A plastic stop member, referred to by many in the art as a case glide, is also provided at or near the front end of the elongated lower metal drawer guide that serves to prevent the drawer from being prematurely or inadvertently pulled out of the associated furniture unit. The plastic drawer glide is provided with a pair of opposing ways: or runners that provide plastic-to-metal, as opposed to metal-to-metal, bearing surface to facilitate movement of the drawer along the elongated lower drawer guide. The opposing ways receive and ride along the outwardly projecting horizontal flanges of the drawer guide. A gap in the drawer glide just above the opposing ways can desirably barely accommodate the horizontal projections of the plastic stop member with no interference, so that the drawer can be inserted in the furniture unit with the stop and the drawer glide already installed. This gap also allows the drawer to be removed from the furniture unit, but only upon the use of sufficient force to squeeze the horizontal projections of the stop member into the gap of the drawer glide. Thus, the stop provides a warning to a user that the drawer is about to be pulled out of the furniture unit, and application of additional force will cause the drawer glide to pass beyond the stop.
A major shortcoming of the conventional drawer slide assembly is the need to provide drawer length-specific sizes of drawer slides. One reason that drawer length-specific sizes of drawer slides are required is that the upwardly-extending tab member at the rear end of the drawer slide provides the primary means for securing the rear end of the drawer slide to the bottom of the drawer. As a result, the drawer slide could not have a length that would cause the tab member to extend past the rear wall of the drawer.
The drawer glide of many conventional drawer slide assemblies is a plastic part that utilizes an elongated integral plastic male extension that is received inside the rear end of the C-shaped drawer slide. The plastic extension of the drawer glide is inserted into the rear end of the C-shaped drawer slide until a front face of the drawer glide lies flush against the upwardly-extending tab member at the rear end of the drawer slide. Screws or other suitable fasteners are used to secure both the drawer glide and the upwardly-extending tab member to the rear wall of the drawer. While the plastic extension of the drawer glide may provide some incidental support to the drawer slide, the primary purpose of the plastic extension is to provide a plastic bearing surface to facilitate movement of the drawer along the drawer guide.
By only being able to match a specific length of drawer slide with a given drawer length, a large array of drawer slides having various lengths must be manufactured to meet the demands of the furniture industry. This increases the number of stock-keeping units (xe2x80x9cSKU""sxe2x80x9d) that must be provided by the supplier of drawer slide assemblies.
The upwardly-extending tab portion at the rear of the drawer slide also requires additional working of the metal during manufacture of the drawer slide, which adds to production time and cost. Similarly, there are disadvantages of conventional metal drawer slides due to the cost of complicated tooling for stamping manufacturing processes, or alternatively, where the metal drawer slides are roll formed, not only is complicated tooling required, but also, production time is detrimentally slowed down. The present invention overcomes these shortcomings by eliminating the upwardly-extending tab portion of the metal drawer slide and changing the manner in which the drawer glide couples with the rear end of the drawer slide and the rear wall of the drawer.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a drawer slide assembly that can be used on a variety of lengths of drawers, so as to significantly reduce the number of SKU""s, or different lengths of drawer slides, required to meet the demands of the furniture industry. Instead of having a drawer slide that terminates at an upwardly-extending tab member at the rear end of the metal drawer slide, the present invention requires the drawer slide to extend past the rear wall of the drawer.
This object of the present invention is achieved by means of an improved drawer glide., wherein instead of a male plastic forwardly-projecting extension of the drawer glide, the drawer glide is provided with a female recess in its front face. The metal drawer slide projects rearwardly beyond the rear wall of the drawer and is received in the female recess of the drawer glide. In a first embodiment of the improved drawer glide, the female recess is present instead of the male plastic extension. The female recess is of sufficient depth to accommodate a length of a drawer slide that extends as much as xc2xc inch beyond the rear wall of the drawer. According to this embodiment, the drawer slides can thus be provided with a manufacturing tolerance of {fraction (1/16)}xe2x80x3, as opposed to needing more exact drawer-length specific drawer slides.
In a most preferred embodiment, the recess of the plastic drawer glide is elongated, having sufficient depth to accommodate a length of drawer slide that extends as much as xc2xd inch beyond the rear wall of the drawer, whereby a greater variety of lengths of drawers can be used with a given drawer slide. The drawer slides can vary in xc2xcxe2x80x3 increments, resulting in fewer drawer slide SKU""s than the first embodiment of the present invention.
A need exists to reinforce the walls of the female recess and a wall member forming the main vertical body portion of the plastic drawer glide. This need arises from the fact that a rear-most portion of the drawer slide is received within the female recess of the drawer glide, and the drawer slide transfers internal stresses, direct forces, and torque, for example from the weight of the drawer and the weight of the contents of the drawer, to the drawer glide. The drawer slide receiving area of the female recess also may be slightly smaller than the cross-sectional dimension of the rear-most portion of the drawer slide, so the drawer slide may have a tendency to bias opposing ways of the drawer glide away from one another, tending to weaken or crack the drawer glide. Reinforcement of the drawer glide is therefore desirable to compensate for these factors. One form of such reinforcement is the use of a metal insert plate imbedded within the plastic drawer glide. The metal insert plate provides internal rigidity and strength to the drawer glide.
Another form of reinforcement, which has several benefits from a manufacturing standpoint, is the use of integral flanges or gussets between the outer walls defining the female recess and the wall member forming the main vertical body portion of the drawer glide. These integral flanges or gussets are preferably wedge-shaped, i.e. pie-shaped, and are spaced along the sidewalls and top wall forming the female recess of the drawer glide.
Another improvement incorporated into the drawer glide of the present invention is a locking mechanism to ensure securement of the rear-most end of the drawer slide within the female recess of the drawer glide. This locking mechanism preferably takes the form of a ramped locking tab extending downwardly from the upper wall of the female recess of the drawer glide. A complementary aperture spaced inwardly from the extreme rear end of the drawer slide receives the locking tab once the drawer slide has been inserted a sufficient distance into the drawer glide.
Advantageously, this locking mechanism allows for easy preassembly of the drawer slide and drawer glide prior to attachment to a drawer, which assists in obtaining proper perpendicular alignment of the drawer slide relative to the rear wall of the drawer once the drawer slide and drawer glide are attached to the drawer. By extending from the upper wall of the female recess of the drawer glide, the integral plastic locking tab also beneficially avoids the need for any metal back bent tabs along the length of the drawer slide, which allows for less difficult and less expensive roll-forming or stamping of the drawer slide.
The drawer glide also has opposing ways that extend forwardly of the main wall member of the drawer glide, resulting in a longer gliding surface, i.e. a longer region of sliding contact between the opposing ways of the drawer glide and the metal drawer slide.


A system and method for controlling a damping force for a vehicular damper is disclosed in which the damper is provided with a damping factor adjusting mechanism which is installed for adjusting the damping force characteristic at a plurality of stages. When both directions of a vertical velocity of an sprung mass (vehicle body) and of a relative velocity between the unsprung mass and sprung mass coincide with each other, a controller outputs a control signal to the damping factor adjusting mechanism so that the damping force characteristic of the damper is changed to a higher damping force side, provided that the relative velocity exceeds a predetermined dead zone. In addition, when both directions do not coincide with each other, the controller outputs the control signal so that the damping force characteristic is changed to a lower damping force side. The controller determines a stroke direction of the damper on the basis of the relative velocity and shifts the predetermined dead zone toward a direction opposite to the determined stroke direction. Since the dead zone is shifted, the timing with which the relative velocity exceeds the dead zone is speeded up so that the change timing of the damping factor from the lower damping force side to the higher damping side occurs earlier.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for controlling a damping force characteristic of a shock absorber (hereinafter referred to as a damper) installed between an unsprung mass and a sprung mass of an automotive vehicle and particularly relates to the controlling system and method with a countermeasure against noise signals.
(2) Description of the Background Art
Japanese Patent Application First (unexamined) Publication No. Showa 61-163011 exemplifies a previously proposed damping force controlling system with the countermeasure against noise signals.
The disclosed damping force controlling system determines whether a direction of a velocity of the sprung mass coincides with a direction of a relative velocity between the unsprung mass and the sprung mass. The direction of the velocity of the sprung mass is detected by means of a detector for detecting the direction of the velocity of the sprung mass (vehicle body) and the direction of the relative velocity is detected by means of another detector for detecting the direction of the relative velocity.
The disclosed damping force controlling system carries out a basic control such that a control signal is output so as to reduce a damping factor of the damper when it is determined that the velocity and relative velocity do not coincide with each other and the control signal is output so as to increase the damping factor of the damper when it is determined that the velocity and the relative velocity coincide with each other.
Furthermore, the disclosed damping force controlling system determines whether an absolute value of the difference between a relative displacement between the sprung mass and unsprung mass and a neutral point of the relative displacement (a moving average in a long term of the relative displacement) exceeds a predetermined dead zone and switches the damping factor of the damper toward the higher damping side in the basic control described above only when determining that the neutral point exceeds the dead zone.
However, since, in the disclosed damping force controlling system, the dead zone is provided in a region in the vicinity to the neutral point, the control described above is possible with noise signals eliminated. Conversely, since the control is not performed until the detected signal value of the neutral point exceeds the dead zone, a delay of control correspondingly occurs. Thus, a timing at which the damping factor is switched becomes later than the timing at which the damper is in the neutral state.
Consequently, the steering stability of the vehicle deteriorates.

System and method for controlling damping force characteristic of shock absorber applicable to automotive suspension


Spray cooled roof for a metallurgical furnace in the form of an assembly of separate hollow metal sections, each of which has a separate spray cooling system.

Spray cooling of the roofs of metallurgical vessels hag been practiced successfully as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,042--Heggart et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,815,096--W. H. Burwell; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,184--M. T. Arthur and F. H. Miner, which describe unitary, i.e. one piece roof construction. In some instances, roof sectors are fabricated separately and then joined to provide a final unitary roof Such roofs have been very effective with electric arc steel melting furnaces and other applications.
It has become important to provide spray cooling for submerged arc metallurgical furnaces in which an electrode penetrates a furnace charge containing e.g. metal bearing ore. The arc from the electrode submerged in the furnace charge produces the high temperatures required for reduction of the metal bearing ore, e.g. titanium bearing ore. The thermal conditions to which the furnace roof is exposed in a submerged arc furnace varies considerably from location to location which tends to make the design of a unitary spray cooled roof complex. Also, the roof for a submerged arc furnace tends to be larger in diameter than roofs for steel scrap melting furnaces. The present invention is directed to the particular requirements of a submerged arc metallurgical furnace.


The present invention relates to radio base stations including a standardized interface CPRI between a Radio Equipment (RE) and a Radio Equipment Controller (REC). The present invention also relates to a method. The problem addressed is how to convey calibration information from the RE to the REC, when the capacity is occupied by radio IQ samples. The solution is to suppress the IQ samples to get capacity for the calibration information. Various embodiments of the invention focus on reducing the negative impact the suppression of IQ data may have on detecting the signals received.

A general radio base station (RBS) usually comprises different parts such as a radio equipment (RE) unit and a radio equipment controller unit (REC). The RE includes radio transceiver parts used to connect to one or several antennas and is responsible to perform e.g. conversion between digital baseband signals and analog radio frequency signals that interface with one or several antennas. The REC comprises all control functions ranging from the processing of radio information in the digital baseband domain to radio resource control layer functions. An interface named Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) is used for handling communication between the REC and the RE parts. The CPRI interface is a standardized interface and is used for multiplexing In-Phase and Quadrature (IQ) data and synchronization and control/management of the RE onto a single link. The CPRI interface is currently specified for WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access) systems. By using the CPRI interface, system/network designers have the flexibility to either co-locate the REC and the RE within a single enclosure or to remotely locate the RE from the REC in a distributed topology.
The main part of the CPRI interface bandwidth is used to convey baseband samples, so called IQ samples, of radio signals received and of radio signals to be transmitted. The IQ samples, which relates to user data, include phase and amplitude information. The CPRI interface also has the possibility to convey multiple different independent streams of IQ samples, where each bidirectional stream transported is the digital baseband data associated with the transmission and reception of one wireless carrier at one antenna. These IQ sample streams are referred to as antenna carriers (AxC) in the CPRI standard. Since one AxC represents the samples for one carrier on one antenna, then two carriers on each two antennas use four AxCs. The higher the sample rate of the AxC, the higher the bit rate usage on the CPRI interface. If, for example, a 20 MHz carrier is used on the radio interface, such as in LTE (Long Term Evolution) system, up to 30.72 Msamples/s per AxC are used. With 30 bit samples, a 2.4576 Gbps CPRI interface can convey two such 20 MHz LTE AxC.
The CPRI interface between the REC and the RE, is time divided into Basic Frames. A Basic Frame is the fundamental unit of the CPRI frame structure and is a 16-word frame. The first 1/16:th of the Basic Frame consists of a Control Word (CW) for synchronization and control signaling, and the following 15/16:th of the Basic Frame consists of the IQ field i.e. user data payload where the IQ samples are transmitted. Each Basic Frame is ( 1/3.84) micro seconds long (or approximately 260.42 ns long). Each AxC has an AxC Container defined in which it shall place its IQ samples. The AxC container points out what part of the IQ Field to use.
In the LTE system and other systems supporting multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennas or beam forming, it gives a performance benefit to have complete control of the phase difference between the antennas, both in the uplink (UL) direction and in the downlink (DL) direction. To get control, calibration is needed. One good way is to measure the transmission, e.g. receive the own transmitted signal and feeding it back to the signal processing in the REC via the CPRI interface. Correspondingly, a well defined signal can be fed to the receivers and the distorted signal measured in the signal processing in the REC. When the REC receives calibration information it is able to compensate for phase distortion and for attenuation varieties by means of digital signal processing. These distortion and varieties are often caused by temperature variations in the analogue parts of the RE. The extra reception of signals, both for UL and DL calibration, therefore requires extra bandwidth on the CPRI interface.
It is previously known to have a separate calibration RE which can insert signals on the receive antennas, or receive signals from the transmit antennas that are connected to the RE. The signal to transmit and the signal to receive are, as previously described, defined as separate Antenna-Carriers (AxC) on the CPRI interface, thus allocating bandwidth.

Method and a radio base station in a telecommunications system


The present invention provides an inflator for an inflatable restraint system in an automobile, or more generally, a gas generator. The inflator includes an inflator body having a plurality of inflation apertures and defining a first combustion chamber wherein a first propellant charge is positioned. At least one annular spring containing a cushion is provided for maintaining the integrity of the shape of the propellant charge.

Inflatable restraint systems or "airbag" systems have become a standard feature in many new vehicles. These systems have made significant contributions to automobile safety, however, as with the addition of any standard feature, they increase the cost, manufacturing complexity and weight of most vehicles. Technological advances addressing these concerns are therefore welcomed by the industry. In particular, the gas generator or inflator used in many occupant restraint systems tends to be the heaviest, most complex component. Thus, simplifying the design and manufacturing of airbag inflators, while retaining optimal function, has long been a goal of automotive engineers.
Typical inflators are constructed having an elongate, disc, or other shaped metallic body. Because many inflators utilize pyrotechnic gas generant compounds to produce inflation gas for the associated airbag, the inflator structure is necessarily robust, making such inflators correspondingly heavy. An increasingly popular and useful inflator style uses multiple, selectively activated gas generant charges. In such systems, the multiple propellant beds disposed within the inflator body may be ignited either simultaneously or serially. Certain vehicle and occupant parameters may justify firing both propellant beds in the event of a crash. Other scenarios may be best addressed by firing only one of the propellant charges, or firing the charges sequentially, with a delay between the two events. In order to avoid sympathetic ignition of one charge during firing of the other, the combustion chambers must generally be fluidly isolated. The relatively large forces on the inflator generated by the combustion of pyrotechnics therein requires the internal partitions and other structural members of the inflator that fluidly isolate the charges to be relatively sturdy, further adding to the weight of the inflator.
Various schemes have developed for constructing sturdy, internally partitioned multi-chamber inflators. One approach involves inserting a partition into the interior of the inflator, then crimping or roll-forming the inflator body to retain the partition. This approach has proven effective, however, in many circumstances a heavier-duty/thicker inflator body must be used that will withstand the crimping and/or roll forming process. Such inflator bodies can be quite heavy, and the manufacturing process is relatively complicated given processing steps necessary to secure the internal partitions.
Other concerns include ensuring the integrity of the propellant charge within a single chamber inflator, or ensuring the integrity of the propellant charges within a multi-chamber inflator. By cushioning the propellant charge within the inflator body, the surface area of the related propellant charge(s) can be better controlled, thereby providing repeatability of performance with regard to inflator actuation and gas generation dynamics.


A copying machine communication system is arranged so as to form a network by connecting a plurality of copying machines including ROMs which respectively store programs of various versions and a host computer in a service station through a public telephone line. This enables a serviceman in the service station to confirm the program version of the copying machine installed in a user's place, thereby permitting the serviceman to offer a prompt and efficient service.

In an electrophotographic printing machine, each of a plurality of control boards includes thereon a ROM (Read Only Memory) storing therein a program for controlling each component. As time passes, the program stored in the ROM may be partially changed due to the change in the specification, etc., in order to flexibly cope with the problems or market demand which could not be predicted when the copying machine was developed. In this way, increase in the value of the device can be achieved by altering it to always meet the current specification. For example, when the components to be exchanged of the device have changed, or the life of the component becomes longer because the durability thereof is improved, for example, by the improvement of the material quality, the maintenance control counter is changed for reducing the user's expense.
When the program stored in the ROM is partially changed, as to the newly produced products, the ROM is exchanged with that of new version when producing. However, as to the products already forwarded into the market from the manufacturer, a serviceman must visit the individual customer to exchange the ROM with that of new version.
In addition, the program may be changed in order to add special function. In such a case, because some users may not want the function, even if the program is changed after the copying machine was forwarded into the market, the ROM in the copying machine may not be exchanged with that of new version if not desired.
This means that if the program in the ROM is changed many times after the mass-production of the original copying machine has started, the copying machines with ROMs of various versions exist in the market.
Therefore, it is difficult for the serviceman to carry out the maintenance operation of the copying machines. Because the serviceman does not know which version of program is used for operating the copying machine, a long time is required for a subtle adjustment, thereby presenting the problem of low operating efficiency. In order to counteract this, normally, the control number is written on the surface of the ROM whenever the program is changed in order to control the program version. In this way, the subtle adjustment in the individual process is carried out based on the control number.
However, in order to confirm the program version of the copying machine, the serviceman must visit the customer and remove the cover of the copying machine to expose the control board. Because the serviceman in the service station would not know exactly what service is required before visiting the customer, the serviceman must visit the customer at least twice: first visit is to confirm the program version, and the second visit is to carry out the maintenance operation with the necessary components and tools for the required service. Otherwise, the serviceman must bring various kinds of components and tools so as to manage the all possible situations. Because such a troublesome work is required for the serviceman, the problem arises in that the serviceman cannot offer a prompt service, or too much work is required for the serviceman.

Image forming apparatus communication system


A register file is provided. The register file includes a plurality of registers configured to form at least one register cluster, each of the registers being configured to have a virtual index defined for each cluster and a physical index defined for each register, and an index converting unit configured to convert the virtual index to the physical index.

1. Field
The following description relates to a register file and computing device using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Reconfigurable architecture refers to architecture in which a hardware configuration of a computing device may be changed to optimally perform a task.
When a task is only processed in a hardware environment, it is difficult to efficiently process the task after the task's process is changed because of the fixed nature of hardware. In contrast, if a task is only processed in a software environment, the task can be processed by reconfiguring software to suit a process of the task, but processing speed of the task may be slower when processed in a software environment than when the task is processed in a hardware environment.
The reconfigurable architecture process tasks based on both hardware and software advantages. Recently, such reconfigurable architecture has drawn more attention from a digital signal processing field which executes the same task iteratively.
One of a variety of types of reconfigurable architecture is a coarse-grained array. The coarse-grained array includes a number of processing units. For the coarse-grained array, the number of processing units are adjusted to optimally perform a specific task.
In the coarse-grained array, a plurality of processing units are capable of processing different threads concurrently. For example, in the case of threads #0 and #1 which can be processed in parallel, processing unit #0 can process the thread #0 and processing unit #1 can process the thread #1. However, when the threads #0 and #1 refer to the same register, it is not possible to ensure effective multi-threading. In this case, when a programmer makes a code directly, or a compiler compiles a source code, threads need to be appropriately scheduled, which may cause overhead in a multi-thread system.

Register file and computing device using the same