A system and method for reducing idle mode power consumption for mobile stations (MS) that have joined a Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) session and are waiting for the session to start. The invention is also directed to reducing the power consumption of an MS for which an MBMS session is inactive. In alternative aspects of the invention, the power consumption of mobile stations is reduced in the absence of ongoing MBMS session activity. Reduced power consumption is achieved by eliminating the need to read notification messages from an MBMS specific notification paging group when the notification message is for a different MBMS session than the paging group that the MS has currently joined.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to a system and methods for transmitting/receiving data during Broadcast mode and Multicast mode and, more particularly, to a system and method for reducing idle mode power consumption for mobile stations (MS) that have joined a Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) session and await the start of the session.
2. Detailed Description of the Related Art
MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service) is a unidirectional Point-to-Multipoint (p-t-m) multicast/broadcast service in which data is transmitted from a single source entity to a group of users located in a specific area. MBMS may comprise a selection of unidirectional p-t-m bi-directional point-to-point (p-t-p) transmissions of multimedia data, such as text, audio, picture, or video, from a single source entity to a multiplicity of users in a service area. As stated in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Specification (TS) 22.146, "Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service; Stage 1", it is a goal of MBMS is to allow the provision of multiple instances of a p-t-p service with a single transmission over a radio interface as a radio multicast. "Service area" for a given MBMS service is hereafter to be understood as the geographical area (i.e. set of cells) where the service is made available.
MBMS has two modes, e.g., Broadcast mode and Multicast mode. The main difference between these two modes is that in Broadcast mode all MBMS users in the service area are targeted for receipt of transmitted data, whereas in Multicast mode it is possible to address only a subset of the MBMS users in the service area for receipt of the data. As defined in the 3GPP TS 22.146, "Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service; Stage 1," Multicast mode typically requires a user to subscribe to a multicast group before receiving the service.
As defined in the 3GPP TS 43.246, "MBMS in the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) Radio Access Network (GERAN); Stage 2", a mobile station (MS) that has joined a paging group and has requested an MBMS session monitors an MBMS specific paging group for MBMS notifications. In order to permit the MS to save power by not reading all messages on the MBMS notification paging group, a single pre-notification bit (i.e., a flag) is sent on the primary paging group of the MS. This flag indicates that the MS must read the MBMS notification paging group or that the MS is not required to read the notification paging group. When the MS is not required to read the MBMS notification paging group, the network is permitted to send, instead of normal paging messages, other messages on the paging channel. In this case, however, it is not always possible to provide an indication of the status of the pre-notification flag. As a result, the MS is required to read the MBMS notification paging group even if a notification at that specific instant in time would not occur.
One problem with the prior art solutions for reducing MS power consumption, which is discussed in G2-MBMS04002 "Discussion paper: MBMS Pre-notification and Notification", Ericsson 3GPP GERAN2 adhoc on MBMS, Turin, Italy, is that MBMS mobile stations may easily be required to read all MBMS specific paging group messages. This will occur if new MBMS sessions start frequently. Public land mobile network (PLMN) wide MBMS sessions need to be notified in all cells and location area wide MBMS sessions need to be notified in all cells of a location area. In addition, MBMS sessions intended for smaller areas to which a specific cell still belongs may exist. Moreover, MBMS sessions may occur even more frequently outside of busy periods when more network capacity would become available for downloading and recreational services, for example. In this case, frequent notifications are more likely to occur throughout any given day. In order to account for and process "lost" pre-notifications, the MS may be required to continuously read all MBMS specific paging group messages. If the discontinuous reception (DRX) period for an MBMS session is equal to the basic paging group of the MS, the power consumption of the MS will be increased by approximately 100%. Typically, the DRX period is used to minimize battery consumption in the MS. The DRX is defined using three parameters, i.e., DRX on/off, DRX period (paging group definition) and non-DRX timer, e.g., how long the MS stays in a non-DRX mode after the last transfer of data.
Another problem associated with the prior art solution for reducing MS power consumption is that MBMS sessions may be notified very frequently in a cell. As a result, an MBMS mobile station would be required to continuously read the MBMS paging group even if the pre-notification flag informs the MS about incoming notifications for MSMS sessions to which this particular MS has not joined.

Enhanced pre-notification procedure for GERAN MBMS


Methods and apparatuses are contemplated herein for enhancing the efficiency of nonvolatile memory devices. In an example embodiment, a nonvolatile memory device comprises a substrate and 3D array of nonvolatile memory cells, the 3D array including a plurality of conductive layers, separated from each other by insulating layers, the plurality of conductive layers comprising a top layer, the top layer comprising n string select lines (SSLs) and one or more bottom layers, the top layer further comprises n−1 cuts, each cut electrically separating two SSLs, wherein each cut is cut to a depth of the top layer and not extending into the bottom layers and a plurality of vertical channels arranged orthogonal to the plurality of layers, each of the plurality of channels comprising a string of memory cells, each of plurality of strings coupled to a bit line, an SSL and one or more word lines.

As scaling challenges are discovered in attempts to integrate more and more transistors onto a single substrate, new technologies are developed. Previously, increases in transistor density were largely achieved by the miniaturization of the transistor itself. However, there is a physical limit to the degree of miniaturization that is possible. In an attempt to continue integrating more transistors on a single device, the concept of vertical devices, also known as 3D devices, has gained momentum. That is, while traditional transistors are made with the source, drain and gate region horizontally oriented, vertical gates build these features in the vertical direction, thereby reducing the horizontal footprint of each device.
Accordingly, 3D NAND structure is proving attractive due to its capability to increase the array density by simply stacking more layers within a similar footprint. As more layers are stacked, the pitch between elements increases thereby also decreasing the number of elements horizontally oriented. As such, the scalability of 3D structure is limited.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art to eliminate the need to perform deep slit etching thus reducing limits in the scalability and efficiency of the 3D structure.

Memory device having only the top poly cut


A method for Independent resource request for initial NAS signaling in a communication network comprising of transporting service request message of both the UE and RN via Base station to management entity of Evolved Packet Edge (EPE) within Evolved Packet Core (EPC), as a signaling message over uplink channel referred to as “Independent Resource Request” (IR Request) message. The service request response message from one of the management entity of EPE or management entities of UE and RN within EPC are transported as a signaling message to EPE via Base station over the downlink channel referred to as “Independent Admission Response” (IA Response). This manages bearer setup signaling as a single loop, by transportation of “IR Request” signaling message over uplink and receiving “IA Response” signaling message over downlink channels.

In order to provide better qualities of service and wider communication ranges between wireless nodes, the concept of relay station has been introduced in network systems. The purpose of deploying relay station or Relay Node (RN) in network system is to extend the serving coverage of base station; hence, user equipment (UE) which is not within the communication coverage of base station can access the services provided by relay node as well via base station.
Wireless network architecture as defined by 3GPP introduces wireless relay node (RN) entity to extend the coverage of base station (evolved Node B or eNodeB or eNB). A long term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) system, as its name implies, is an evolution of the LTE system, considering relaying for cost-effective throughput enhancement and coverage extension. For example, a relay can be deployed at the cell edge where the eNB is unable to provide required radio quality/throughput for the UEs or at certain location where radio signals of the eNB cannot cover.
The Relay Node (RN) forms an independent physical cell. From a user equipment (UE) perspective, the RN is seen as a usual base station. The RN is connected via a wireless link to the base station. The relay node architecture deployment foresees that a RN emulates a base station for the UE, which means that the UE would see the RN as a usual base station. From the network side, the RN is seen as a usual UE by the base station. The base station or eNB, to which the RN is connected, is called Donor-eNB (DeNB) hereinafter, referred to as Base station or eNB and operates as a usual base station. The deployment of RN in the 3GPP network architecture is described in 3GPP Technical Specification 36.306; "Relay architectures for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced)".
In order for the user equipment to receive a service from the network, it needs to establish connectivity via base station, and initiating Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling messages with network nodes like Mobility Management Entity (MME) serving the UE. Consequential signaling messages are exchanged between network nodes to allocate bearer resources for UE and RN to service the UE request. The above bearer management procedure can be initiated by UE or the Evolved Packet Core (EPC in terms of 3GPP LTE) or simply the communication network.
Thus, whenever an initial UE bearer is created, the RN bearer create or modify procedures may be initiated by the RN. This increases the latency for the RN to modify/create a new bearer to service the UE. Thus, some latency is introduced by the RN, when a bearer or multiple bearers are created for a UE during connection establishment, leading to delayed access service. Therefore, there is a need for a bearer management to optimize resources by effectively setting-up the bearers.

Independent resource request method for initial NAS signalling


A hood for a vehicle includes: a hood outer constituting a vehicle outer surface of the hood covering an engine room; a hood inner disposed on a rear face of the hood outer; an insulator for suppressing transmission of sound generated in the engine room to the outside; and an intercooler duct for guiding outer air flowing in the engine room to an intercooler. The insulator includes a through hole at least in a part of an overlap part overlapping the intercooler duct.

In recent years, a hood for a vehicle such as a car is required to assure collision safety for a pedestrian and the like. For example, to assure safety of the head of a pedestrian at the time of collision, it is internationally requested to set head injury criteria (HIC) to be equal to or less than a reference value.
The head injury criteria are obtained by a pedestrian head safety test. The pedestrian head safety test is carried out by discharging dummies (head impactors) imitating the heads of a child and an adult from a collision apparatus to a hood to be tested, measuring the impact of the head impactors, and obtaining head injury criteria.
FIG. 6 shows an example of the result of the pedestrian head safety test. The diagram shows the relation between acceleration of the head impactor when the head impactor collides with a hood (hereinbelow, simply called acceleration) and time. Head injury criteria are obtained by integrating a curve G indicated by the relation of the acceleration and time (for details, refer to an embodiment to be described later).
As shown in the diagram, when the head impactor collides with the hood, the primary peak (primary peak P1) of acceleration of the head impactor appears. Since the head injury criteria are obtained by integrating the curve G indicated by the relation between acceleration and time as described above, when the primary peak P1 is high, the head injury criteria are also high.
For example, there is a hood covering and protecting an engine room of a car, having a structure that an insulator for suppressing transmission of sound generated in the engine room to the outside, a duct connected to an intercooler, and the like are disposed. In such a structure, a hood for use in a vehicle such as an SUV is larger than that of a passenger car or a 1-box car. If the hood is made of the same material, the mass of the entire hood is large and there is tendency that rigidity also becomes higher.
When the mass of the entire hood becomes large and rigidity becomes high, the primary peak in the pedestrian head safety test becomes high, and a problem accordingly occurs such that the head injury criteria become high. Consequently, a large hood is particularly requested to lower the head injury criteria.
To lower the head injury criteria, the primary peak has to be lowered. Although the structure of a vehicle body panel for lowering a secondary peak after a primary peak is proposed (refer to Patent Document 1), the structure of a hood capable of effectively lower a primary peak with a simple structure is not proposed.
Patent document 1: JP 2003-226264 Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai)


According to one example, a spark plug gapping tool includes a first side handle, a second side handle, a middle handle, and a pusher that are made of a non-metallic material. The middle handle is positioned in-between the first side handle and the second side handle, and has a stopper surface and an insert slot that can receive a feeler gauge insert. The pusher is rotatably positioned in-between the first side handle and the second side handle, and has a hollow housing that can receive a terminal end of a spark plug. In operation, a distal end of the middle handle and distal ends of the side handles can move closer together, when a proximal end of the middle handle and proximal ends of the side handles are moved closer together by a user's hand, so as to gap the spark plug.

A spark plug is a device that produces a spark for igniting a combustible mixture (e.g., a compressed fuel/air mixture in an engine of an automobile). This spark is produced when an electrical current flows from a center electrode to a side electrode, across a spark plug gap in-between the center electrode and the side electrode. The distance of this spark plug gap (i.e., the distance between the center electrode and the side electrode) is important to the operation of the spark plug. Furthermore, this spark plug gap distance frequently needs to be changed prior to the spark plug being installed. This process of changing the spark plug gap distance is referred to as gapping the spark plug. Unfortunately, traditional methods and tools for gapping a spark plug may be deficient.


A semiconductor photodetecting device is provided for enabling a solid-state image sensor to meet the requirements of higher quality imaging and more reduction in cost. The photodetecting device of the present invention includes: a semiconductor substrate; and an epitaxial layer formed on the semiconductor substrate by epitaxial growth. The epitaxial layer has a multilayer structure including: a first pn junction layer; a first insulating layer; a second pn junction layer; a second insulating layer; and a third pn junction layer. The first insulating layer and the second insulating layer have openings, and the first pn junction layer and the second pn junction layer are adjacent to each other through the openings of the first insulating layer which is placed in between these pn junction layers, and the second pn junction layer and the third pn junction layer are adjacent to each other through the openings of the second insulating layer which is placed in between these pn junction layers. Each of the insulating layers has a periodic structure of refractive indices in the stacking direction as well as a periodic structure of similar-shaped openings which are concentric in the in-plane direction, and therefore has filtering and light condensing functions for the pn junction layer which is formed beneath the insulating layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor photodetecting device and a method of manufacturing it, and more particularly to a semiconductor photodetecting device for a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) solid-state image sensor and a method of manufacturing it.
2. Description of the Related Art
CCD or MOS solid-state image sensors are mounted on digital still cameras, camcorders and the like. Such solid-state image sensors convert light incident on their semiconductor photodetecting devices which are made of semiconductor materials into electric charges. In the CCD solid-state image sensor, the generated signal charges are accumulated in potential wells, and then transferred. In the MOS solid-state image sensor, on the other hand, the generated signal charges are read out as voltage directly from the semiconductor photodetecting devices using MOS transistors. Imaging areas in those solid-state image sensors, in which the semiconductor photodetecting devices are two-dimensionally arranged, have red-green-blue (RGB) primary color filters with the Bayer or stripe type color array for colorization (for example, refer to Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 05-183139 publication).
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of a semiconductor photodetecting device in a conventional MOS solid-state image sensor and its periphery.
The conventional solid-state image sensor is comprised of: a plurality of semiconductor photodetecting devices 21 which are a plurality of n-type regions formed in a p-type silicon substrate 20; a color filter 22 which is placed at a light incident side of the semiconductor photodetecting devices 21; and a plurality of output amplifiers 23, which have each MOS transistor 24 so as to be connected with each semiconductor photodetecting device 21, and which convert signal charges into voltage, amplify the voltage, and output it.
It should be noted that RGB primary colors in the color filter 22 are arranged in the Bayer color array pattern as shown in FIG. 2.

Semiconductor photodetecting device and method of manufacturing the same

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A collapsible table height cart is disclosed for elevating a table top mounted case enclosed machine, such as a voting station for deployment of a direct recording electronic voting machine. The erection of the case on the cart is assisted by a series of pivoting motions over a cart fulcrum for ease of voting station erection by polling place personnel having less than average strength. The collapsed cart is flush to one side of the case. The case and collapsed cart transport on a supporting tracking wheel pair protruding from a lower edge of the case at the collapsed cart. Stowing occurs with the case containing the polling station standing on end in a substantially vertical position. Support of the polling station in the vertical stowed position occurs from both the tracking wheel pair and paired arcuate members extending over the bottom edge of the cart. Rocking of the case on the paired arcuate members away from the tracking casters enables the tracking caster pair to pivot away from the collapsed cart on a tracking caster frame pivoting from the fulcrum support in the middle of the cart. When the tracking casters pivot outwardly from a position flush the surface of the case, support of the case on the cart occurs from an A-frame support with exposed steerable caster wheels supporting one side of the A-frame and the tracking caster wheels supporting the other side of the A-frame. Thereafter, the case tilts on the A-frame support and rocks about the fulcrum from the A-frame side having the steerable caster wheels to the A-frame having the tracking caster wheels. This pivotal motion exposes a leg frame under the case. This leg frame is in turn pivoted downward and away from the case bottom on the side of the A-frame having the steerable casters. A final tilting of the case on the fulcrum of the cart lands the leg frame adjacent the steerable casters with the case in the horizontal position. Once the case is in the horizontal position, the direct recording electronic voting machine and its attendant voting booth can be deployed.

Many machines are case enclosed for transport. At the same time, these machines need to be erected--typically table height--for use at a site. A good example of such a machine is a direct recording electronic voting machine.
Voting machines traditionally have been cumbersome. Mechanical voting machines were traditionally massive, weighing many hundreds of pounds. These large bulky machines are difficult to move and set up, and constitute a serious storage problem between elections.
Machines utilizing punch cards have the advantage of being small. However, the ballots utilized with such punch card systems require tremendous advance planning, printing, and distribution. Errors in ballot layout and distribution can be catastrophic. Further, such punch cards require post-election processing to enable returns to be generated from the election.
Direct recording electronic voting machines have numerous advantages. First, individual machine tallying of the voting results occurs. Second, such machines are typically equipped with modules, which modules can be gathered, taken to a central station, and interrogated for rapid results. Finally, such machines do not require the elaborate preparation and distribution of large numbers of ballots prior to the election. Further, changes in the ballot structure can be made closer to the election with relatively reduced effort.
Unfortunately, modern direct recording electronic voting machines usually have been constructed around large bulky mountings, which mountings have rendered these machines almost as awkward as their mechanical voting machine counterparts. Typically, the machines are floor mounted and erect to a voting machine and booth configuration from their mounting on the floor. Further, transport, distribution and storage of such machines is a serious problem. For example, some direct recording electronic voting machines will not fit through a standard doorway. Further, size and weight of some direct recording electronic voting machines can constitute a problem. When it is remembered that election workers are typically part time workers--usually elderly--the use of large bulky machines become increasingly inappropriate.

Collapsible table height machine support


A process for the preparation of anisotropic hollow fibers useful as permselective separation membranes and for producing composite membranes thereof, involves extruding a spinning dope through a spinneret that extends into a coagulation chamber maintained at subatmospheric pressure, conveying the nascent hollow fiber through a column that extends into the reduced pressure chamber, and contains at least two different abutting liquids arranged in sequence. An apparatus for conducting the process includes the vacuum chamber, the spinneret and the column that extends into the vacuum chamber and is equipped with entrance and exit ports for introduction and removal of at least two abutting liquid coagulation media.

There are numerous examples in the literature of processes that describe the preparation of fluid separation hollow fiber membranes. These membranes can be either anisotropic, most frequently asymmetric, or isotropic, and may be useful for a variety of fluid separations, including gas separations. For example, I. Cabasso describes the procedures for preparing porous polysulfone hollow fibers in "Hollow Fiber Membranes", Kirk Othmer: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 12, 3rd Edition, 492-519 (1980) and "Membranes", Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 9, 2nd Edition, 509-579, (1987).
Among the methods most frequently used for preparation of asymmetric membranes is the phase inversion process. The preparation of asymmetric ("skinned") membranes from polymer solutions by phase inversion methods usually involves the stages of: (1) casting the polymer solution or "dope", (2) evaporation by exposure of the cast solution to the atmosphere, (3) precipitation of the solution in coagulation media and leaching out solvents, and optionally, (4) the annealing of the membrane. Although preparation of asymmetric membranes by direct coagulation without the evaporation step is known, most industrial procedures do include this step. The importance of the evaporation step is well recognized in the art but is also highly empirical with optimal parameters such as evaporation temperature, duration of the evaporation step, etc. being determined experimentally for a particular polymer/solvent casting composition.
Preparation of anisotropic membranes present a challenge in that the morphological requirements for optimizing each section of the membrane are not necessarily the same. For example, the coagulation liquid required to form optimal surface porosity and the one required for formation of optimal sub-surface structure may be different. This means that when a single coagulant is used, it represents a compromise and neither structure is optimized or alternatively, the nascent fiber must be passed through a series of coagulant baths. An example of the latter approach can be found in J. A. van't Hof et al., "Preparation Of Asymmetric Gas Separation Membranes With High Selectivity By A Dual-Bath Coagulation Method", J. Membrane Sci., 70 (1992), pages 17-30, in which two successive non-solvent baths are used wherein the first bath initiates the formation of the exterior layer and the second bath completes the solidification process. Care must be taken in practicing this method, however, because the coagulant baths may be composed of expensive, flammable and/or toxic liquids which can escape to the surrounding environment. In addition, the fiber must pass through an air gap between the first and second non-solvent baths despite the fact that it has not been fully coagulated.
A procedure for preparing fibers from polymer solutions at subatmospheric pressure is disclosed by Stoy et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,842,151. According to the invention disclosed, a polymer solution is extruded through a spinneret into a tube or shaft whose upper end is sealed against gas flow by a lid connected with the spinneret, and its lower end is placed below the level of a coagulation bath open to the atmosphere. The pressure within the tube between the spinneret and the level of the coagulation bath is maintained lower than the pressure outside the tube or shaft which causes the level of the coagulation liquid to be higher in the shaft than in the outer coagulation bath. In the spinning process, the polymer solution is extruded through the spinneret into the gaseous atmosphere above the coagulation bath in the shaft, which is maintained at subatmospheric pressure. The fibers then enter the coagulation bath and after passing through the bath are collected. Vacuum means are provided to maintain the level of the coagulation bath at the desired height and provision is also made to introduce and remove gaseous medium from the shaft area between the spinneret and the top of the coagulation bath if desired.
Repetti et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,888 employ a vertical column of quench liquid which is supported by a vacuum such that the quench liquid is in contact with the spinneret outlet. This type of apparatus is conveniently used to provide a long coagulation path for nascent dope streams which are used to make microporous nylon hollow fibers.
B. Bikson et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,940 describe the use of a vacuum spinning apparatus to produce highly asymmetric hollow fiber membranes with improved fluid or gas separation properties. The spinning dope is extruded into a zone maintained at a reduced pressure as compared to the exterior of the spinning chamber and the cast dope is subjected to controlled evaporation under the subatmospheric pressure prior to being introduced into the homogeneous liquid which acts as the coagulation medium.

Method and apparatus for spinning hollow fiber membranes


This invention relates to an apparatus for forming a helical screw flight from a flight blank. The apparatus includes a base and an engaging means. The engaging means is movably mounted to the base and is configured to formingly engage the blank so as to form a twist in at least a portion of the flight blank corresponding to a predetermined pitch of the flight.

Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field.
Screw or auger flights are typically used in bulk handling industries for efficiently moving fluid, granular or semi-solid material. Rotation of the flight causes the material to be conveyed along the surface of a spiralled coil section.
The means and method of manufacturing conventional sectional screw flights involves pressing each section of flight between a set of appropriately shaped dies. Each section of flight is then typically welded to a shaft in sequence to form a complete conveyor screw.
The conventional die pressing method has a number of inherent disadvantages. These disadvantages include that, depending on the thickness of the blank material used, is it often necessary to repeat the die pressing operation several times in order to conform the shape of the annulus to the shape of the dies between which the blank is pressed. The requirement to repeat the pressing cycle necessarily adds to the costs of production of screw flights produced via this method.
Furthermore, the blank typically undergoes plastic deformation during the pressing process which can lead to inaccuracy in flight profiles outside of desired manufacturing tolerances. Such variations away froth desired manufacturing tolerances necessarily lead to inferior products and a resulting reduction in product performance and lifespan.
In addition, for each particular size and pitch for a flight, two sets of dies are needed if both left and right hand flights are to be produced, further adding to the costs of using dies to form screw flights.
It is also difficult to produce accurate dies which will produce a flight of a particular size and pitch. Accordingly, it is typically necessary to use an iterative process of trial and error whereby several sets of dies are produced, tested and modified until the desired properties of a flight can be achieved from the die set.
It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate one or more of the disadvantages of the prior art, or at least to provide a useful alternative.

Apparatus and method for forming a screw flight


In order to realize a method of forming a rotor core that improves the productivity and enhances the product accuracy, a forming method of a rotor that is equipped with both permanent-magnet fastener on the inner perimetric end of the magnetic pole claw of the rotor core and tapered surface on the outer perimetric end on one end of the magnetic pole claw in the circumferential direction. By constraining the inner perimetric surface of the magnetic pole claw by a die and applying a forming pressure in the radial direction, the tapered surface on the outer perimetric end of the magnetic pole claw and permanent-magnet fastener on the inner perimetric end can be formed at the same time and a rotor core with high product accuracy and mass-productivity is realized.

The present invention relates to a rotor core or generator manufactured according to a manufacturing method of rotor core that comprises a generator rotor or a manufacturing method of generator, particularly to an AC generator for vehicle.
An AC generator consists of a rotor comprising a rotor core, on which an exciting coil is wound, to be fixed around a rotary shaft facing each other and a stator comprising an annular stator core, on which a stator coil is wound, to be mounted facing the rotor with a clearance therebetween.
The generator as above described is designed to generate dielectric electromotive power in the stator coil but, when current is generated in the stator coil, magnetic flux is generated by the armature reaction.
Due to the interaction between the magnetic flux caused by the armature reaction of the stator coil and that of the exciting coil of the rotor, a magnetic vibro-motive force is generated between the stator and rotor. It is well known that this force is transmitted to the structure, including stator core and bracket, and the vibration of the structure is then emitted as magnetic noise.
In order to attenuate the magnetic noise, it is well known that, as disclosed in the Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 06-48897 (1994), for example, a tapered surface is provided on the rear end in the rotational direction on the outer perimetric surface of a magnetic pole claw of the rotor core protruding in the same coaxial direction.
Recently, for achieving higher output, permanent magnets have been installed between the magnetic pole claws of the rotor core mounted around a shaft facing each other. In order to hold the permanent magnet, it is well known that, as disclosed Japanese Application Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 09-98556 (1997), a permanent-magnet fastener is provided on the inner perimetric end of the magnetic pole claw.


This invention provides a wiring-terminal-connecting adhesive comprising a curing agent capable of generating a free radical upon heating, a radically polymerizable substance and silicone particles, and a wiring-terminal-connecting method and a wiring structure which make use of such an adhesive.

In recent years, wiring density is being made higher in the field of precision electronic machinery, so that electrodes are formed in very small width and distance. Hence, there is a possibility that the wiring may fall off, come off or come to misregistration. To solve this problem, adhesive compositions for electric and electronic use which have a good low-temperature curability and having a pot life have been developed (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 11-97825).
However, conventional wiring and connecting members have had a problem that they differ in bond strength depending on the type of materials constituting the wiring to be connected. In particular, where the substrate which supports wiring terminals is made of an insulating organic material such as polyimide resin, or glass, or where silicon nitride, silicone resin or polyimide resin is coated or stays attached at the surface of a wiring member, there has been the problem of a very low bond strength.

Adhesive, method of connecting wiring terminals and wiring structure


A method of forming a base (118) for a paper punch (154) is disclosed as including the steps of (a) providing a cast iron core (102) with a wall (104) and a plate (106) with a hole (108); (b) providing two generally U-shaped cast iron plates (110); (c) positioning the plates (110) spaced apart from and on opposite sides of the core (102); and (d) insert-molding the core (102) and plates (106) with a plastics material, e.g. ABS.

In the field of paper crafting, pieces of paper or cardboard of various shapes are punched out from sheets of paper or cardboard by paper punches. A conventional paper punch is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and generally designated as 10. The paper punch 10 has a operating handle 12 operatively associated with a main body 14. A generally horizontal slot 16 is provided in the main body 14, for insertion of a sheet of paper or cardboard 18. The operating handle 12 may then be pivoted downwardly to move a punch die (see FIG. 4) to punch or cut out a piece of shaped paper or cardboard 18a from the piece of paper or cardboard 18, as shown in FIG. 3.
As shown in FIG. 4, the operating handle 12 is pivotable about a point 20 to bear down on a metal punch die 22 to move vertically downward to pass through a slot 24 between an upper jaw 26 and a lower jaw 28 of a metal base 30 to perform the cutting action. Upon release of the downward force, a spring 32 provided between the punch die 22 and the base 30 acts to return the punch die 22 to the upper stable position as shown in FIG. 4.
In a conventional paper punch, the die and the die holder (also called a "base") are made of metal or metal alloy (such as copper, aluminium, silver, zinc or tin) by low pressure die cast, e.g. by injection molding. Although it has been known that the cost of the product may be reduced if at least part of the die or base is made of a plastics material, it has long, been held by people in the field that such may jeopardize proper alignment between the die and the base, in particular during the course of relative movement between the die and the base in the punching action. It is also believed that the strength and rigidity of the base may be compromised if part of it is made of other materials, e.g. a plastics material.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a base for a paper punch, a paper punch with such a base, and a method of forming such a base in which at least part of the base is made of a plastics material, while minimizing the aforesaid envisaged shortcomings, or at least to provide a useful alternative to the trade and public.

Base for a paper punch and method of forming same

Lee Tack Plastic & Metal Manufactory, Ltd.


A facsimile apparatus having a first interface that connects to an IP network and a second interface that connects to an analog network control, in the case where facsimile transmission using the first interface has failed, to execute re-transmission using the second interface when a communication mode used in that facsimile transmission is an automatically-selected communication mode, and not to execute re-transmission using the second interface when the communication mode used in the facsimile transmission is a manually-selected communication mode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to facsimile apparatuses that communicate over telephone public line networks and IP networks, control methods thereof, and storage medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recent years have seen the spread of communication terminal apparatuses connected to telephone public line networks such as Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) as well as IP networks. Next Generation Networks (NGN) aimed at providing telephone and video communication services (called "public IP networks" hereinafter) have also begun to appear. Accordingly, communication terminal apparatuses that run on such NGNs are becoming more common. However, as shown in FIG. 2A, in the case where a plurality of networks are present in a given environment, users are unable to know what communication mode a given partner can be called through. Thus a technique is known in which an administrator creates a communication mode registration list, which associates prefixes of destination numbers with communication modes, in advance; when a user then inputs a partner telephone number, that number is compared with the registration list and the partner is called through the matching communication mode.
However, there are cases where communication errors occur even when this technique is employed. For example, the partner communication terminal may be an analog fax apparatus capable only of communication over a telephone public line network. In such a case, when a call is made over an IP network and a resulting communication error is detected, it is necessary to fall back on the telephone public line network. With the communication terminal apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2012-134883, for example, a user may wish to communicate with an analog fax apparatus 207, but may be unaware that the partner device is an analog fax communication apparatus and may thus call the partner device through a public IP network, as illustrated in FIG. 2B. In this case, the communication terminal apparatus detects a communication error from a home gateway (HGW) and analyzes whether the detected communication error is an error requiring falling back on a telephone public line network or if the error does not require falling back. It is furthermore automatically determined whether to re-call over the IP network or re-call over the telephone public line network based on a result of the communication error analysis and a setting, made in the device in advance, for whether or not to execute fall-back processing for re-calling over the telephone public line network.
However, this conventional technique poses the following problem. The communication terminal apparatus in the above conventional technique will incur lower communication costs and will experience higher communication speeds when communicating over an IP network than when communicating over the telephone public line network, and thus users may prefer to avoid communicating over the telephone public line network. For example, a user may execute a transmission task having selected a communication mode in which the call is made over an IP network. However, in the case where a communication error occurs and a fall-back setting for re-calling over the telephone public line network is active as described above, there is a problem in that the re-call will be made over the telephone public line network in spite of the user's intent and desire to communicate over the IP network.

Controlling re-execution of facsimile tranmission


A leakage current detection circuit includes a first field effect transistor, the transistor configured to be biased to provide a leakage current, and a first current mirror in communication with the transistor operable to detect the leakage current from the transistor when the transistor is biased to provide the leakage current.

Although used extensively in integrated circuits, CMOS devices are not ideal switches for logic functions because there exists a small leakage current. Various forms of leakage current are shown in FIG. 1a–3b. FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate the generation of "sub-threshold" leakage current between the source and drain nodes that exists even when the transistor is in the "off" state when the voltage between gate and source node (VGS) is lower than a threshold voltage (VT) of the transistor, i.e., when |VGS|<|VT|. Generally, the sub-threshold current depends strongly on the voltage difference between drain and source nodes (VDS), the threshold voltage (VT) and temperature.
Another leakage source also exists, as shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b, between the drain/source nodes and the bulk of a MOS device. This current, referred to as a junction leakage current, strongly depends on the source-bulk voltage (VSB) and the drain-bulk voltage (VDB), the source/drain implant and the junction temperature.
A third leakage current, as shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b, is gate node leakage current that exists between the gate to bulk node and the gate to source/drain nodes. This gate node leakage current, which is referred to as gate leakage current, depends on the cross voltage between gate and bulk nodes (VGB), the cross voltage between gate and source/drain nodes (VGS/VGD) and the gate oxide thickness. These leakages may exist singularly or, more typically, concurrently in a MOS transistor and effect the performance of the devices fabricated from the MOS transistors.
Hence, there is a need in the industry for a current monitoring means that can measure these leakage currents individually or in combination.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd.


Systems and methods are provided to eliminate multiplication operations with zero padding data for convolution computations. A multiplication matrix is generated from an input feature map matrix with padding by adjusting coordinates and dimensions of the input feature map matrix to exclude padding data. The multiplication matrix is used to perform matrix multiplications with respective weight values which results in fewer computations as compared to matrix multiplications which include the zero padding data.

Artificial neural networks are computing systems with an architecture based on biological neural networks. Artificial neural networks can be trained, using training data, to learn about how to perform a certain computing task. In convolutional neural networks, input feature maps may be convolved with filters across several layers and output feature maps may be generated which represent the convolution outputs. In some implementations, a perimeter of each input feature map may be padded with zeros to effectively increase the size of the corresponding output feature map.

Reducing computations for data including padding


A component mounting machine, including a component transfer device, having a component mounting tool configured to collect and mount a component, a mounting head configured to hold the component mounting tool, and a head driving mechanism configured to horizontally drive the mounting head, which performs a mounting work of mounting the component collected from a component supply device on a predetermined coordinate position of a board carried in and positioned by a board conveyance device, and a control device configured to control the mounting work, and configured to implement a thermal correction process for reducing an influence on mounting accuracy of the component, of which influence being caused by thermal deformation due to a temperature change in at least one of the head driving mechanism and the mounting head.

Examples of a board work machine configured to produce a board on which a large number of components are mounted include a solder printing machine, a component mounting machine, a reflow machine, a board inspection machine, and the like. It is common to configure a board production line by arranging these board work machines side by side. The component mounting machine includes a component transfer device. The component transfer device mounts a component collected from a component supply device to a predetermined coordinate position of the board carried-in and positioned by a board conveyance device. When an operation of the component transfer device continues, temperature of constituting members may rise, and such a constituting member is thermally deformed, thereby affecting mounting accuracy of the component. In order to reduce influence of the thermal deformation, a thermal correction process is performed. Patent Literature 1 discloses a technical example related to a thermal correction process of a component mounting machine.
The component mounting machine of Patent Literature 1 employs a temperature rank that represents a temperature rise value of the constituting members of a component transfer device in a stepwise manner, and after the mounting work is performed up to an allowable time corresponding to the temperature rank, the temperature rank is changed by the thermal correction process. Further, when the mounting work is interrupted, the thermal correction process is performed according to a stop duration time, so that the temperature rank is changed. Further, the thermal correction process is simultaneously performed by two sets of component transfer devices mounted on the component mounting machine. Accordingly, an implementation timing of the thermal correction process can be optimized with reducing a temporal loss of the thermal correction process, which suppresses lowering production efficiency.


It is an object of the present invention to suppress inconsistency of mount information necessary for mounting a volume in a storage device having a primary volume and a secondary volume.

Along with recent increases in data capacity, the importance of reliable and highspeed backup/restore techniques has been increasing. For example, in a backup utilizing a Volume Shadow copy Service (VSS), which is a general-purpose framework of Microsoft Corporation, when applications, backup software, and adapter software supporting VSS work together, a hot backup of data can be carried out without stopping online applications.
When performing a backup, a process in which a server mounts/unmounts volumes on a storage device occurs. In the technique described in below-described PTL 1, when a server is to unmount volumes, signatures of, for example, an MBR (Master Boot Record) and a PBS (Partition Boot Sector) are cleared, and the volumes are completely unmounted (for example, see FIG. 4 of the literature).

Storage device and method of controlling storage device

Abstract: The storage device according to the present invention creates a memory region storing the mount information necessary for mounting the secondary volume, saves a snapshot thereof, and presents a virtual volume which has been created by using the snapshot and the data in the secondary volume to an external device.


A fusion cage for vertebral body fusion is conically-shaped. A thread is formed as part of the external conical surface of the fusion cage. Apertures are defined through the fusion cage in order to provide for contact between the engaged vertebral bone structures and bone growth inducing substances packed within the fusion cage. The fusion cage is introduced and maintains or increases the lordosis between adjacent vertebral bone structures.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to devices and methods for facilitating the fusing of bone structures and more particularly the fusing together of adjacent vertebral bodies or bone structures.
2. Background of the Invention
Technical literature and patent documents disclose a number of devices and methods for fusing bones together. One such device which has proven to be successful is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,740, entitled "V-THREAD FUSION CAGE AND METHOD OF FUSING A BONE JOINT," which patent has been assigned the present assignee and which patent is incorporated herein by reference. The referenced patent discloses a fusion cage which is preferably cylindrical and has a thread formed as part of the external cylindrical surface. The fusion cage defines an internal cavity and apertures through the wall of the cage which communicate the external cylindrical surface with the internal cavity. The apertures are formed in the valleys of the thread. Normally two such cages are used to stabilized and fuse together adjacent vertebral bodies or bone structures.
In practice, using a posterior approach, a patient's vertebral bone structures are exposed and degenerate disk material located between the vertebral bone structures is removed. A threaded tap is used to tap a complementary thread in the upper and lower vertebral bone structures preparatory to the insertion of the above fusion cage. Once such tapping has been accomplished, using an introduction tool, the fusion cage is screwed into the space between the adjacent vertebral bone structures. The thread bites into the bone of the upper and lower vertebral bone structures, stabilizing the bone structures, and preventing the fusion cage from working out of this position due to patient movement. Generally two such fusion cages are applied using this technique. Once the two implants have been positioned, then bone growth inducing substances, such as bone chips, are packed into the internal cavity of the fusion cages. These bone growth inducing substances come into immediate contact with the bone from the vertebral bone structures which project into the internal cavity through the apertures. Such projection of bone is due to the fact that the apertures are formed in the valleys of the external thread of the fusion cage. Such immediate bone to bone contact between the vertebral bone structures and the bone pack within the fusion cages results in more rapid propagation of bone cells between the adjacent vertebral bone structures and thus a more rapid fusion of the adjacent vertebral bone structures.
It is to be understood that in the above method, bone growth inducing substances can be prepacked into the cages before the cages are implanted between the vertebral body structures.

Conically shaped anterior fusion cage and method of implantation


The present invention is directed to a golf ball having at least one layer, such as a center, a cover layer, or an intermediate layer, which is formed from a polymer composition comprising at least 25 wt %, based on the total polymeric weight of the polymer composition, of an acid polymer having acid groups, wherein at least 90% of the acid groups are neutralized. The polymer composition also comprises at least 10 wt %, based on the total polymeric weight of the polymer composition, of a non-fatty acid melt flow modifier selected from polyesters, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, polyethers, thermoplastic polyureas, and combinations thereof. The polymer composition is substantially free of fatty acids and their salts and has a melt flow index of from 0.5 g/10 min to 10.0 g/10 min.

Conventional golf balls can be divided into two general classes: solid and wound. Solid golf balls include one-piece, two-piece (i.e., solid core and a cover), and multi-layer (i.e., solid core of one or more layers and/or a cover of one or more layers) golf balls. Wound golf balls typically include a solid, hollow, or fluid-filled center, surrounded by a tensioned elastomeric material, and a cover.
Golf ball core and cover layers are typically constructed with polymer compositions including, for example, polybutadiene rubber, polyurethanes, polyamides, ionomers, and blends thereof. Ionomers, particularly ethylene-based ionomers, are a preferred group of polymers for golf ball layers because of their toughness, durability, and wide range of hardness values.
Ionomers are stiffened by increasing the amount of neutralization. Neutralization to 70% and higher, including 100%, has been disclosed. However, in the absence of flow additives, at neutralization levels above about 60%, the melt flow of the ionomer is decreased to an extent such that processability decreases or disappears altogether. For trivalent cations, the percent neutralization at which the polymer becomes unprocessable, in the absence of flow additives, can be significantly lower.
Blending ionomers with fatty acids is a known method for improving the processability of highly neutralized polymers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,382 discloses melt-processable, highly-neutralized ethylene acid copolymers and a process for making them by incorporating an aliphatic, mono-functional organic acid in the acid copolymer and then neutralizing greater than 90% of all of the acid groups present.
Another known method for improving the processability of highly neutralized polymers is blending ionomers with oxa acids. U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/0225197 discloses a process for forming a golf ball having at least one layer, wherein the layer is formed of a polymer blend including a highly neutralized polymer formed from an oxa acid, a thermoplastic resin, and an inorganic metal compound, an organic amine, or a combination thereof, wherein greater than about 70% of the acid groups in the polymer blend are neutralized.
Blends of polyamides and highly neutralized ionomers are generally known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,658 discloses blends of highly neutralized ionomers of copolymers of ethylene and high weight percentages of α,β-ethylenically unsaturated C3-C8 carboxylic acids dispersed in a continuous or co-continuous polyamide phase. Such blends are disclosed as being particularly useful in automotive applications, but their use in golf ball applications is not disclosed.
The use of polyamide-ionomer graft copolymers in golf ball compositions is known. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0013413 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,579,938 disclose a golf ball with a cover or mantle, or both, formed from a composition comprising a polyamide-ionomer graft copolymer and a method of making the same. The ionomers are preferably neutralized from about 30% to about 65%. The references do not disclose neutralization of the ionomer above 90%.
A desire remains for novel compositions containing a highly neutralized acid polymer ("HNP"), which are useful in golf ball applications, and which are processable without the need for fatty acids or their salts. The present invention describes such compositions and their use in a variety of golf ball core and cover layers.

Highly-neutralized acid polymers and their use in golf balls


A method and system for maintaining the integrity of shared files when products are removed and restored. At least two programs, a first program and a second program, within the data processing system share a data structure. A profile is created for the data structure that is shared by the first and second programs. The first program is removed from the data processing system. The shared data structure altered using the profile such that the second program remains on the data processing system unaffected by the alteration of the shared data structure, wherein programs within the data processing system are efficiently maintained.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to an improved data processing system and in particular to a method and system for removing a program from a data processing system. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a method and system for removing a program from a data processing system, in which the program shares one or more files with other programs within the data processing system.
2. Description of the Related Art
In todays data processing systems, programs, also referred to as "software programs" are constantly installed and removed from data processing systems. Multiple reasons exist for removing a software program after it has been installed and configured. For example, incompatibilities with other installed and configured programs, poor performance, unexpected run time results, work station configuration changes, are all valid reasons for removing an installed and configured software program from a user's computer. Some software programs that are installed/configured; add to, delete from, or modify one or more files which are shared with other installed/configured software programs. These conditions create inter-program dependencies.
If, upon a software program removal request, one or more shared files are restored to the state existing when that particular software program was installed/configured, then subsequently installed/configured software programs, which are dependent on these files may not function. The challenge is to undo only the changes mad e to such shared files by the program that is to be removed and, at the same time, honor other subsequent software program installation/configuration shared file dependencies that were made. Such an action should ideally be performed without impacting existing software programs that participate in current software installations because a large number of programs have made no provision for their removal.
With the advent of catalog shopping facilities and license management becoming available for software installation and distribution programs, the base system management platform should provide for support capabilities that do not impact existing programs that are to participate in these new environments. Additionally, it is desirable for program removal to be portable across various operating system platforms such as OS/2 and MS-DOS. "OS/2" is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, and "MS-DOS" is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a method and system for removing a software program from a data processing system in which shared files are restored in a manner that avoids impacting other software programs remaining on the data processing system.

Method and system for removing software involving shared files


A reel driving clutch for transmitting power to a reel of a magnetic recording/playback system such as a VCR and a DAT. The clutch comprises a shaft fixed to a base plate of the system, a disk rotatably mounted on the shaft to which power from an idler is transmitted, a reel body rotatably mounted on the shaft and placed on the disk, and viscous fluid contained between the disk and the reel body, thereby causing torque of the disk to be transmitted to the reel body via the viscous fluid. The clutch causes a take up reel to be lightened and miniaturized and improves tape running stability.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a reel driving clutch of magnetic recording/playback system such as a VCR (video cassette tape recorder) and DAT (digital audio cassette recorder), and more particularly to a reel driving clutch for transmitting power to a reel of the magnetic recording/playback system which uses viscous fluid, as means for transmitting power, and is contained between a disk and a reel body in order to improve the torque property and stability of the reel body and assembling simplicity of the clutch, and to miniaturize the clutch.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a tape traveling system in a conventional deck of magnetic recording/playback system. In the tape traveling system, a tape 3 which is supplied from a supply reel 1 is wound around a take up reel 2 via a rotating head drum 4 by being pulled by a capstan shaft 5 and a pinch roller 6.
In the magnetic recording/playback system shown in the drawing, in order to obtain a stable picture, the capstan shaft 5 must be rotated by being in contact with the pinch roller 6 so that the tape 3 which is in contact with the rotating head drum 4 is transferred at a uniform speed.
In the tape traveling system, the linear velocity (Vc) of the tape 3 which is transferred between the capstan shaft 5 and the pinch roller 6 is expressed by the following expression: EQU Vc=Wc.times.Rc
where Rc is a radius of the capstan shaft 5 which is a fixed value and Wc is a circumferential speed of the capstan shaft 5. Accordingly, if the circumferential speed of the capstan shaft 5 is uniformly maintained, the linear velocity of the tape 3 can be uniformly maintained.
Also, the traveling linear velocity (Vt) of the tape 3 which is wound on the take up reel 2 is expressed by the following expression: EQU Vt=Wt.times.Rt
where Wt is a circumferential speed of the take up reel 2 and Rt is a variable working radius of the take up reel 2. While the circumferential speed Wt of the take up reel 2 can be controlled uniformly, the variable working radius Rt of the take up reel 2 is changed according to the amount of the tape 3 being wound on the take up reel 2.
On the other hand, since the variable working radius Rt of the take up reel 2 is changed in the range of a Rmax to a Rmin in response to the amount of the tape wound on the take up reel 2 as shown in the drawing, the linear velocity Vt of the tape 3 on the take up reel 2 is continuously changed.
Accordingly, since the linear velocity Vt of the tape 3 on the take up reel 2 is continuously changed in response to the amount of the tape 3 on the take up reel 2, the linear velocity Vt of the tape 3 on the take up reel 2 does not coincide with the linear velocity Vc on the capstan shaft 5 so that the tape 3 can not be transferred at a uniform speed.
Therefore, if the circumferential speed Wc of the capstan shaft 5 is maintained at a given speed and the circumferential speed Wt of the take up reel 2 is maintained at a slightly faster speed than the rotational speed Wc so as to transfer the tape 3 at a uniform velocity, a torque for pulling the tape 3 on the take up reel 2 becomes higher than a torque for transferring the tape 3 on the capstan shaft 5 at a fixed linear velocity as the tape 3 is wound on the take up reel 2.
At this time, since a torque difference occurs between the capstan shaft 5 and the take up reel 2, the take up reel 2 is slipped in response to the torque difference in order to compensate for the torque difference. Consequently, a linear velocity Vt of the tape on the take up reel 2 is maintained uniformly so that the tape 3 is transferred at a uniform velocity.
As mentioned above, a reel driving clutch for transmitting power to a reel is a device which causes the take up reel 2 to slip to compensate for the torque difference occurring in the tape.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a conventional take up reel of a magnetic recording/playback system which has the above-mentioned reel clutch.
As shown in the drawing, the known reel driving clutch is constructed as will be described hereinafter. A bush 12 is fixedly inserted in a hole formed at a base plate 11 of magnetic recording/playback system. A shaft 13 is mounted in the bush 12. A disk 15 having an upward extending boss 15' at a central portion thereof and brake teeth 15" at its circumferential edge is rotatably mounted on the shaft 13.
The disk 15 is provided with a compression spring 16 and a washer 17 on the boss 15' thereof. Also, a support wheel 18 having gear teeth at its circumferential edge which is adapted to transmit power is rotatably mounted on the boss 15' of the disk 15 to be in contact with the washer 17.
The support wheel 18 is provided with a felt 19 at an upper surface thereof. A reel body 20 is rotatably mounted on an upper end of the boss 15' of the disk 15 in state of being in contact with the felt 19.
The reel body 20 is provided with a compression spring 21 thereon. A collar 22 is mounted on the compression spring 21. A cap 23 is rotatably mounted in a boss 20' of the reel body 20 and disposed on the collar 22. A washer 24 is fixed to the upper end of the shaft 13 and engaged with the cap 23. In the drawing, reference numeral 14 is a reflecting mirror.
Operation of the above known take up reel of the magnetic recording/playback system will be described as follows.
The take up reel 2 is driven such that the support wheel 18 is rotated by torque transmitted via an idler means adapted to transmit power (not shown). As the support wheel 18 is rotated, torque of the support wheel 18 is transmitted to the reel body 20 by being in contact with the felt 19 which is interposed between the support wheel 18 and the reel body 20 and biased upwardly by the compression spring 16. Consequently, the collar 22 mounted on the reel body 20 is rotated together with the reel body 20 so that a hub of the cassette tape is rotated by the collar 22 inserted therein, thereby allowing the tape 3 to be wound on the hub.
At this time, if the circumferential speed Wc of the capstan shaft 5 is maintained at a given speed and the circumferential speed Wt of the take up reel 2 is maintained at a slightly faster speed than the circumferential speed Wc so as to transfer the tape 3 at a uniform velocity, the tape 3 which is transferred between the capstan shaft 5 and the pinch roller 6 is normally wound on the take up reel 2 when an amount of the tape 3 wound around the take up reel 2 is small. On the other hand, when an amount of the tape 3 wound around the take up reel 2 is large, a torque for pulling the tape 3 on the take up reel 2 becomes higher than a torque for transferring the tape 3 between the capstan shaft 5 and the pinch roller 6 so that torque difference occurs in the tape 3. Accordingly, the reel body 20 slips on the felt 19, thereby causing a torque loss between the disk 15 and the reel body 20.
Therefore, since the tape 3 transferred by the capstan shaft 5 and the pinch roller 6 and the tape 3 wound around the take up reel 2 are maintained at the same linear velocity with each other, the tape 3 being in contact with the rotating head drum 4 can be transferred at the uniform linear velocity. Thus, a required function of the reel driving clutch for transmitting power to a reel can be obtained.
However, the above-mentioned known reel clutch which transmits power to the reel body 20 by a mechanical friction between the felt 19 and the reel body 20 has disadvantages as follows.
First, the felt 19 which is usually made of wool etc. is sensitive to temperature and humidity so that the felt changes highly in its physical property.
Second, since the reel driving clutch uses a transmission by friction between solid bodies, the solid bodies are severely worn down after being used for a long time, thereby causing torque stability to be decreased.
Third, it is required to have several additional components such as the felt 19, the support wheel 18, the washer 17 and the compression spring 16 in order to provide the friction between the bodies. Thus, the reel driving clutch intricate and the take up reel 2 becomes increases in height.
Fourth, it is difficult to maintain a hub guide surface of the reel body 20 at a fixed height due to physical property of the felt 19 and the spring 16. Thus, the reel driving clutch must have an additional height adjusting means.
Finally, it is difficult to machine the reel driving clutch to accommodate the felt 19 and the spring 16 and to maintain stable torque.

Reel driving clutch of magnetic recording/playback system


A power converter includes a switching device composed of parallel-connected semiconductor chips evenly divided into two groups. The power converter includes a positive conductor, a capacitor and an output electrode. The positive conductor includes first and second terminal portions. The output electrode includes an end portion joined to a base portion having first and second connecting portions. The output electrode is formed so as to reduce or cancel a difference existing between an inductance L1 of a current path from a positive terminal of the capacitor to the first terminal portion and an inductance L2 of a current path from the positive terminal to the second terminal portion, by providing a difference between an inductance L3 of a current path from the first connecting portion to the end portion and an inductance L4 of a current path from the second connecting portion to the end portion.

The present invention relates to a power converter including a power capacitor and a switching device that is composed of parallel-connected semiconductor chips and constitutes each of upper and lower arms.
FIG. 9A is a circuit diagram of a three-phase inverter that converts direct current to alternating current. The inverter has an inverter circuit 62 including six switching devices Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5 and Q6. The serially connected switching devices Q1 and Q2, Q3 and Q4, and Q5 and Q6 are connected in parallel. Diodes D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 are inversely connected in parallel to the switching devices Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5 and Q6, respectively. Each of pairs of the switching device and the diode Q1 and D1, Q3 and D3, and Q5 and D5 is referred to as an upper arm. Each of pairs of the switching device and the diode Q2 and D2, Q4 and D4, and Q6 and D6 is referred to as a lower arm.
Each of the switching devices Q1, Q3 and Q5 has a drain terminal connected to a positive input terminal 64 via a line 63, and each of the switching devices Q2, Q4 and Q6 has a source terminal connected to a negative input terminal 66 via a line 65. Plural capacitors 67 are connected in parallel between the lines 63 and 65. Each capacitor 67 has a positive terminal connected to the line 63 and a negative terminal connected to the line 65. In FIG. 9A, each of the upper and lower arms is composed of one switching device and one diode. In a case of inverter for a large amount of power, each arm is composed of plural pairs of the switching device and the diode connected in parallel, as shown in FIG. 9B.
A node Pu between the switching devices Q1 and Q2 is connected to a U-phase terminal U, a node Pv between the switching devices Q3 and Q4 is connected to a V-phase terminal V, and a node Pw between the switching devices Q5 and Q6 is connected to a W-phase terminal W. Each of the switching devices Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5 and Q6 has a gate terminal connected to signal terminals G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6, and has a source terminal connected to signal terminals S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6, respectively.
In a power converter, a line inductance needs to be lowered. In addition, when a switching device is composed of plural semiconductor chips connected in parallel, it is important that inductances of respective current paths from the positive terminal of the capacitor to the nodes Pu, Pv and Pw are balanced. In a power converter for a large amount of power, a bus bar is generally used for electrically connecting a capacitor to a circuit pattern on which a semiconductor chip is mounted or a circuit pattern connected to a semiconductor chip by wire bonding.
In a known power converter disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-261035, bus bars 71 and 72, and switching devices 73 and 74 are provided, as shown in FIG. 10. The bus bar 71 is placed over the bus bar 72. The switching device 73 are arranged so as to overlap the bus bars 71 and 72 in the planar direction, while the switching devices 74 are arranged so as not to overlap the bus bars 71 and 72. Thus, imbalance and excess of peak current between the switching devices 73 and 74 is prevented. The power converter further includes plural driver circuits that operate the respective switching devices. Specifically, each of the driver circuits generates an electrical signal in response to a control signal for turning on or off the corresponding switching device, and then provides the electrical signal to a control electrode of the switching device. In the driver circuit, an impedance of a path through which the electric signal is delivered to the control electrode of the switching device 73 is designed to be larger than an impedance of a path through which the electric signal is delivered to the control electrode of the switching device 74. Alternatively, an impedance between the switching device 73 and the bus bar 71 connected by bonding wires is designed to be larger than an impedance between the switching device 74 and the bus bar 71 connected by bonding wires.
Even when each of upper and lower arms has a switching device composed of large number of semiconductor chips connected in parallel, current and voltage at the respective semiconductor chips need to be balanced. Therefore, it is suggested that the plural semiconductor chips evenly divided into two groups are mounted on different circuit patterns formed on an insulating substrate. In such a case, as schematically shown in FIG. 11, each of the upper arms has two current paths between a positive terminal PT of a capacitor and a node P that is to be connected to an output electrode (not shown). It is noted that two groups of semiconductor chips mounted on different circuit patterns are respectively represented by one switching device Q (MOSFET) in FIG. 11. To equalize the currents flowing through the two current paths, the following equation needs to be satisfied:L1+L3=L2+L4where L1 is an inductance of a current path from the positive terminal PT of the capacitor to the drain terminal of the first group of MOSFET, L2 is an inductance of a current path from the positive terminal PT to the drain terminal of the second group of MOSFET, L3 is an inductance of a current path from the source terminal of the first group of MOSFET to the node P, and L4 is an inductance of a current path from the source terminal of the second group of MOSFET to the node P.
However, when the size of the inverter is reduced, even if the bus bar is merely formed with symmetrically arranged terminal portions joined to the circuit patterns and the positive terminal PT of the capacitor is symmetrically joined to the bus bar, the inductances L1 and L2 are not equalized.
In the power converter disclosed in the reference No. 2005-261035, a mutual inductance is considered between the switching devices 73 and 74. However, the reference No. 2005-261035 does not describe that the difference of the lengths of two current paths from the positive terminal PT to the switching device Q and from the switching device Q to the node P causes the difference of the inductances of the two current paths. In a method of providing plural driver circuits, the structure of the unit becomes complicated and the unit requires an additional space for the driver circuits, resulting in enlargement of the size of the unit. In a method of using bonding wires, on the other hand, an inductance of a current path from the positive terminal of the capacitor to the switching device is considered, but an inductance of a current path from the switching device to the node for the output terminal is not considered.
The present invention is directed to providing a power converter that prevents current and voltage imbalance due to the difference of the lengths of current paths from a capacitor through plural semiconductor chips to a node that is connected to an output electrode.


An air guide assembly for a vehicle includes a first duct, a second duct, a rigid first housing, and a vehicle component. The first duct includes a flexible body, an inlet for receiving airflow from an exterior of a vehicle body, and an outlet, where the body of the first duct is compressible from an installed length to a length that is shorter than the installed length, and is expandable from the installed length to a length that is longer than the installed length. The second duct includes a flexible body, a first inlet for receiving airflow from the first duct, and an outlet, where the body of the second duct is compressible from an installed length to a length that is shorter than the installed length, and is expandable from the installed length to a length that is longer than the installed length.

In a vehicle an airflow is conventionally directed from outside the vehicle to a vehicle component inside the vehicle such as a heat exchanger for application with systems including radiators, intercoolers, air conditioning condensers, transmission coolers, battery packs, and electric motors to, for example, regulate the temperature of the component. Conventional systems apply rigid interconnecting elements between vehicle components along the airflow path. Such systems can be difficult to service. Further, such systems can vibrate and cause wear during operation of the vehicle.


Provided are methods for fabricating solid lubricant coatings capable of operating over a temperature range of at least 0.degree. to 600.degree. C. One embodiment comprises simultaneously applying a first solid lubricant and a second solid lubricant to a bearing surface, wherein the first solid lubricant has a normal operating temperature range of about -169.degree. to +350.degree. C. and the second solid lubricant has a normal operating temperature range of about 350.degree. to 700.degree. C. A second embodiment comprises applying multiple alternating layers of a first solid lubricant and a second solid lubricant to a bearing surface. A third embodiment comprises applying multiple alternating layers of (1) a first solid lubricant overlaid with a diffusion barrier and (2) a second solid lubricant overlaid with a diffusion barrier to a bearing surface. A fourth embodiment comprises applying at least one matrix layer consisting essentially of a first solid lubricant and a second solid lubricant dispersed in a diffusion barrier matrix to a bearing surface. The first and second solid lubricants in these embodiments are as described above. The diffusion barrier is a metal carbide, metal nitride or the like. The lubricant films prepared according to the invention are able to adapt to environmental changes such as temperature, atmosphere, pressure, radiation levels and the like. The adaptive nature of these lubricant films occurs through changes in crystal structure and reaction between the first and second solid lubricants, both with each other and with the atmosphere.

This invention relates to solid lubricant systems which exhibit stable lubricity over a wide temperature range.
Solid lubricants are required in applications where components are exposed to high temperatures, vacuum, intense radiation and other degrading environments. In particular, use of those components in precision applications (e.g., close tolerance gimbals, bearings, shafts and gears) requires a uniform thin coating. The space industry utilizes a significant number of precision components whose lubricant supply is not easily replenished after launch. Lubricant failure in systems requiring those components could cause mission failure. Increased demands on lubricant life are also found in high temperature engines and systems whose components are sealed and not readily accessible. There is a great need, therefore, to extend the wear life and environmental stability of solid lubricants used in the applications discussed above. Currently, solid lubricants are available that perform well in the low (-196.degree. to +350.degree. C.), intermediate (350.degree. C. to 700.degree. C.) and high (above 700.degree. C.) temperature ranges. However, no lubricant is available that effectively spans all three ranges.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS.sub.2) has been a widely used solid lubricant for many years because it is readily available, provides a low friction coefficient, can bear high loads, and is somewhat resistant to oxidation up to about 350.degree. C. Other dichalcogens have been used at temperatures up to 350.degree. C. with varying degrees of success. PbO is useful in the intermediate temperature range from 350.degree. C. to 700.degree. C. and CaF-BaF mixtures provide lubrication at temperatures above 700.degree. C.
Many methods exist for depositing lubricants; for example, they can be: rubbed, bonded (using an adherent polymer matrix), thermally sprayed, laser deposited, and sputtered onto components requiring lubrication and/or wear protection. Sputter deposition is currently the most widely used method to coat precision components with solid lubricants and the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of those coatings have been well characterized.
While sputter deposition is used to grow technologically important lubricant films, there are aspects of the sputter process that limit film quality. The most significant deficiencies are: contamination by background gases (i.e., H.sub.2 O, O.sub.2, etc.), contamination by elements used in prior depositions, and porous morphology. Contamination from any source can compromise film integrity and prohibit good control of film properties. The porosity and morphology of some sputter deposited films exposes reactive edge planes to the environment where they are susceptible to degradation by oxidants.
Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of lubricants provides coatings that are free from most deficiencies discussed above. The relative merits of PLD films are well known. One avenue used to increase the wear life of lubricant coatings is to incorporate additives. Graphite, Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3, Ni and other metals have been combined with MoS.sub.2. The limitation of current lubricant and deposition technology is that a lubricant that effectively spans a broad temperature range cannot be produced.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved lubricant coating capable of performing over a temperature range of 0.degree. to 600.degree. C., preferably -196.degree. to 700.degree. C. or greater.
Other objects, aspects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art after reading the detailed description of the invention as well as the appended claims.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air Force


A medical manipulator includes: an operation member configured to drive so as to operate a treatment tool; a treatment tool side drive shaft configured to rotate about an axis thereof so as to drive the operation member; an operation amount detection member connected to the treatment tool; a treatment tool side detection shaft configured to rotate about an axis thereof in accordance with displacement of the operation amount detection member; a drive unit side drive shaft engaged with the treatment tool side drive shaft; a drive unit side detection shaft engaged with the treatment tool side detection shaft; a shape regulation section configured to regulate a shape of the treatment tool to a predetermined operation state; and a phase setting section configured to set phases in rotational directions of the treatment tool side drive shaft and the treatment tool side detection shaft.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a medical manipulator and a treatment tool replacement method. More specifically, the present invention relates to a medical manipulator in which a plurality of replaceable treatment tools are mounted and used, and a treatment tool replacement method in the medical manipulator.
Description of Related Art
Conventionally, it is known that a medical manipulator includes various types of treatment tools detachably attached to a body thereof, and the treatment tools are properly selected according to a procedure to be performed, target tissue, etc. so as to be mounted to the body and used. For example, PCT International Publication No. WO 2010/126127 discloses a medical manipulator in which a body having a drive section and a work section equivalent to a treatment tool are detachably attached to each other.
Among treatment tools of a medical manipulator, there is a treatment tool in which a bending section is provided at a distal end side thereof and bent in a desired direction by operation of an operation member such as a wire using a drive section, so as to perform a procedure. Accordingly, in order to allow a curved state of the treatment tool to correspond to the operation of a practitioner with high accuracy, the drive section needs to engage with the treatment tool in a state in which their phases coincide. However, when the treatment tool is removed from a body for replacement, a shaft of the drive section or the like is in a free state due to the release of the engagement and may thus rotate due to self-weight or the like. When another treatment tool is mounted after occurrence of such rotation, the phases do not coincide. As a result, there is a problem in that correspondence accuracy between the state of the treatment tool and the operation of the practitioner deteriorates.
In consideration of the above problem, the medical manipulator of PCT International Publication No. WO 2010/126127 is configured such that a drive section side engagement section is provided with a detection pin advancing and retracting in an axial direction of a drive shaft and a work section side engagement section is provided with a cam surface having a height changed in an axial direction in a circumferential direction. The medical manipulator is provided with a sensor for detecting a position of the detection pin changed by abutting the cam surface, thereby allowing a phase of the work section side to be detected at the drive section side in an interconnected state.
Accordingly, even though the drive section is attached to the work section in a state in which their phases are deviated from each other when the work section is replaced or remounted, a phase difference between the drive section side and the work section side can be detected. Accordingly, angle correspondences (phases) between the drive section and the work section can be made to coincide by performing correction of the detected phase difference.

Medical manipulator and treatment tool replacement method


Controls of a graphical user interface (GUI) in an application under test (AUT) can be tested where the AUT utilizes an accessibility support framework. An accessibility application programming interface (API) can be used to expose controls in the GUI along with their properties. Using an identified control's properties, a set of valid events can be determined for a desired control. Based on the events, parameters for input data for a desired control can be defined, for example, to include data types and data type limitations. Equivalence partitions can be determined for the input data based on the defined parameters, and events can be passed to the accessibility API, along with corresponding input data from the equivalence partitions, to be performed in the desired control of the AUT.

In a computing environment, applications that use graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to allow computer users to interact with the application can comprise many and varied user interactive controls. Often when applications that comprise GUIs are being developed, testers will test the GUI's controls to determine whether they operate within prescribed parameters (e.g., don't throw errors in the application). Because GUI controls can often react differently to different events (e.g., click, mouse hover, enter data, select item), and may allow for different types of data, having different properties, testing all a GUI's controls can be cumbersome.
Most current applications utilize an accessibility framework that provides programmatic access to user interface (UI) elements, enabling an application (e.g., a plug-in application) to expose property values of UI elements and execute them programmatically (e.g., activating the element without having to use the GUI). Plug-in applications that facilitate computer use for disabled persons can utilize a base application's accessibility framework, for example, to read text on a screen. Further, out-of-procedure applications may be able to access UI properties of an application with an accessibility framework. Additionally, automated GUI testing can use an application's accessibility framework to test GUI elements.


A laser alignment apparatus is provided for generating a plurality of mutually perpendicular laser beams. The apparatus further includes rotatable beam diverters selectively hingedly moveable into or out of positions for diverting one of the laser beams. The beam diverters may be rotated about an axis coincident with the associated laser beam for sweeping laser planes. The laser planes swept by the respected beam diverters are mutually perpendicular to one another, and each laser plane is parallel to the other beams generated by the apparatus.

Laser emitters and photosensitive targets are widely used in industry for aligning machine components to one another. The prior art laser emitter projects a substantially straight beam toward the photosensitive target. The prior art target precisely identifies the location of the center of energy of the laser beam impinging thereon. Signals generated by the prior art photosensitive target can be used to accurately identify displacement errors and angular alignment errors between the prior art laser emitter and target.
The prior art combination of a laser emitter and a photosensitive target may be used, for example, to align a machine tool to a work piece. Displacement and angular alignment errors between the machine tool and the work piece can be determined by the prior art laser alignment equipment. Available laser alignment equipment also can mathematically convert the error readings into required adjustments on either the machine tool or the work piece. Correction of such errors ensures more accurately machined parts, longer tool life and less down-time for the machine tool. Very effective laser alignment systems for these purposes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,566,202 which issued to the inventor herein on Jan. 28, 1986 for "LASER APPARATUS FOR EFFECTIVELY PROJECTING THE AXIS OF ROTATION OF A ROTATING TOOL HOLDER" and in copending patent application Ser. No. 427,759 which was filed by the inventor herein on Oct. 26, 1989 for "LASER ALIGNMENT CONTROL SYSTEM."
The prior art also has included laser emitters which are operative to sweep a substantially flat laser plane. A device of this type is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,119 which issued to the inventor herein on Aug. 28, 1984 and which is entitled "PENTA-PRISM MODULE HAVING LASER ALIGNMENT ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION CAPABILITY." The apparatus shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,119 directs a laser beam to a penta-prism that is operative to reflect an input laser beam internally, and to produce an output beam aligned at precisely 90.degree. to the input beam. The penta-prism of the apparatus shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,119 can be rotated about the axis of the input beam. Thus, the output laser beam from the rotating penta-prism effectively sweeps a plane that is perpendicular to the input beam. This plane can be used as a reference to which the alignment and/or position of other objects can be compared. For example, some machines are intended to have a plurality of coupled drive shafts disposed in end-to-end linear relationship defining, for example, the Z-axis. The apparatus shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,119 can be used to sweep a plane parallel to the specified Z-axis of the coupled shafts to be aligned. Photocell targets may be fixtured simultaneously or sequentially at a plurality of locations along the coupled shafts to be aligned, and their respective Y-axis positions relative to the laser plane swept by the apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,119 can be determined. Rotation of the penta-prism can be stopped to direct the diverted laser beam parallel to the specified Z-axis of the shafts. The X-axis offsets then can be measured. Selected shafts can be adjusted to achieve the required linear alignment.
Some prior art machines include components that should be aligned three dimensionally. For example, at least one coupling in the above described system of shafts may have a specified Z-axis location. The above described laser apparatus can be set up at location laterally offset from the specified Z-axis location. A beam can then be projected parallel to the X-axis, and the position of a target mounted on the coupling can be determined. Similar alignment problems occur in mills where a plurality of components are rotatably driven about parallel axes. Drive components for each of the rotatable members may be specified for disposition in a common Y-Z plane extending perpendicular to each of the respective rotational axes. Several of the rotatable members may be specified to lie in a common horizontal or X-Z plane, while others may be specified to lie in a vertical or X-Y plane. A complex machine of this type could include many alignment errors, any one of which could effect the quality of the finished product produced by the machine, the efficiency of the machine, the life of various components in the machine and the frequency of down-time for maintenance or repairs.
It can be difficult to perform all of the above described alignment checks with the prior art laser apparatus. In particular, some alignment checks must be performed sequentially with the prior art apparatus, and each sequential check may require a new setup of the laser alignment apparatus. It is desireable to minimize the number of setups and the time required for setups of the laser alignment machines.
Certain types of alignment checks will produce inaccurate results due to unavoidable errors in a target location relative to a component being aligned. For example FIG. 1 schematically shows a prior art target T mounted to a rod R and used with a prior art laser apparatus (not shown) to check the X-axis and Y-axis position of a shaft S. If the rod R is perfectly aligned along the Y-axis, positions of the shaft S can be determined. However, precise vertical alignment of the rod R generally cannot be assured, and an exaggerated non-vertical alignment is shown by the line R'. This inevitable offset of the rod R' will introduce errors into the X-axis and Y-axis readings of the target T'. The Y-axis error is indicated by dimension "a" in FIG. 1. This is referred to as a sine error, in that the magnitude of "a" is a function of the sine of the angle between R and R'. Sine errors generally are small enough to be tolerated. The X-axis error is indicated by dimension "b" and is a cosine error. Cosine errors can be very significant. The prior art laser apparatus used to check offsets relative to two axes typically would yield one reading subject to a cosine error.
In view of the above, it is an object of the subject invention to provide a versatile laser alignment apparatus that can be used to perform alignment in a broad range of both complex and simple industrial applications.
It is a further object of the subject invention to provide a laser alignment apparatus that minimizes setup time.
A further object of the subject invention is to provide a laser apparatus that avoids multiple setups for alignments.
Still an additional object of the subject invention is to provide laser alignment apparatus for comparing one or more objects to be aligned to a plurality of frames of reference simultaneously.
Yet a further object of the subject invention is to provide a laser apparatus that can avoid cosine errors.

Laser apparatus for simultaneously generating mutually perpendicular planes