A liquid crystal display (“LCD”) includes a first display area, a second display area, a peripheral area outside of the first and second display area, and a dummy pixel unit formed on the peripheral area, wherein the first and second display areas include a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix each of which has a switching element, and data lines and gate lines connected to the pixels, wherein the data lines include a first data line group positioned on the first and second display areas and a second data line group positioned on the first display area and the dummy pixel unit.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display ("LCD") and a method thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to an LCD having multiple display areas, and a method of reducing defects in the LCD.
(b) Description of the Related Art
In general, a liquid crystal display ("LCD") includes two display panels having pixel electrodes and a common electrode, and a liquid crystal layer having dielectric anisotropy interposed therebetween. The pixel electrodes are arranged in a matrix and connected to switching devices such as thin film transistors ("TFTs") so as to be sequentially applied with data voltages in units of a pixel row. The common electrode is disposed over the entire surface of one display panel and applied with a common voltage. In terms of a circuit, the pixel electrode, the common electrode, and the liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween constitute a liquid crystal capacitor. The liquid crystal capacitor together with the switching element connected thereto becomes a unit of a pixel.
In the LCD, voltages are applied to the two electrodes to generate an electric field at the liquid crystal layer, and the strength of the electric field is controlled to control transmittance of light that passes through the liquid crystal layer, thus obtaining desired images.
In this case, in order to prevent degradation generated as the electric field is applied for a long time in one direction to the liquid crystal layer, polarity of the data voltages with respect to the common voltage is inverted by frames, by rows, or by pixels.
Among the LCDs, a small sized display device used for mobile phones, etc., including a dual display device having outer and inner display panels, is being actively developed. Recently, a dual display device including one display panel that has two display areas, that is, a main display area and a sub-display area instead of the outer and inner display panels, has been under development.
At this time, the two display areas are driven by one driving chip, and share portions of a plurality of data lines that transmit data voltages. As a result, one data line group arranged on two display areas and another data line group arranged on the main display area have different resistance and capacitance, and thereby loads applied to two data line groups are different from each other. Thus, even though the same data voltage is applied to two data line groups, two corresponding pixels supplied with the data voltage have a different transmittance of light, and, in particular, vertical lines are shown in boundary portions of the corresponding pixels.

Liquid crystal display and method for reducing vertical line defects


A method for the production of an annular connection flange includes producing the annular connection flange from an element in the form of a circular ring. The element in the form of a circular ring has a substantially triangular profile.

1. Field of the Invention
DE 101 26 049 A1 already discloses an annular connection flange having a tubular portion for mounting to an end of a tubular component, in particular for a pylon segment for constructing a pylon of a wind power installation, wherein it is formed with a flange collar radially adjoining one end of the portion and having a flange surface oriented axially away from the tubular portion.
2. Description of the Related Art
To produce such an annular connection flange, the state of the art uses an element in the form of a circular ring which is substantially quadrangular in its cross-section (profile) and that element in the form of the circular ring is then machined so that the annular connection flange is left. In the machining operation material is removed from the element in the form of the circular ring, in a not insignificant amount, in order then to obtain in the cross-section (profile), the desired profile of the annular connection flange, in one piece. It is therefore accordingly known for a connection flange to be turned in one piece from a metal semifinished product, to produce the connection flange.
Above-mentioned DE 101 26 049 also discloses an annular connection flange in which the outside wall of the tubular portion is conical, in particular for mounting to a component which is also conical.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method for the production of a connection flange


An alternator includes a rotor including claw-shaped magnetic poles fitted onto a rotating shaft, and a cooling means disposed on an end surface of the claw-shaped magnetic poles, and a stator including a stator core disposed facing the rotor, the stator core having a plurality of slots, and a stator winding installed in the stator core, the stator being cooled by the cooling means, and a bracket for supporting the rotor and the stator, a passage for an air flow generated by the cooling means being disposed inside the bracket, the stator winding including coil ends extending outwards from end surfaces of the stator core, and a shielding material being disposed so as to cover at least an inner circumferential surface of the coil ends.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an alternator driven by an internal combustion engine, for example, and in particular, relates to a stator construction for an alternator mounted to an automotive vehicle such as a passenger car or a truck.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 15 is a perspective showing a stator of a conventional alternator. In the stator 208 of the conventional alternator, wind noise is reduced by smoothing surfaces having irregularities due to a number of bundles of coils by disposing a resin 202 so as to completely cover coil end portions which are portions of the coils which are exposed outside a stator core 15. That is to say, in the coil end portions, the coils, which generate heat, are cooled by a cooling air flow generated by a fan disposed on a rotor which is not shown, but by disposing the resin 202 and making the surfaces of the coil ends smooth, interference between the fan and the coils is decreased, reducing wind noise.
However, in the conventional alternator constructed in this manner, because the coil ends are completely covered by the resin 202, the environment becomes severe for the coil ends, which are heat-generating bodies, and this has a large deleterious effect on output from the alternator. Furthermore, in molding the resin 202, because a mold completely covering the coil end portions is prepared, for example, and softened resin is poured into the mold and hardened, workability has been poor.
If the alternator is a three-phase alternator, because three coil turn groups partially overlap in the coil end portions and are not aligned, it is difficult to distribute the resin 202 disposed on the coil end portions uniformly around the entire circumference, making the shape of the resin 202 biased in both an axial direction and a circumferential direction, causing cooling to become non-uniform and wind noise to worsen.
The present invention aims to solve the above problems and an object of the present invention is to provide an alternator which can improve cooling of a stator winding and reduce wind noise.
In order to achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an alternator including: a rotor including:
claw-shaped magnetic poles fitted onto a rotating shaft; and
a cooling means disposed on the claw-shaped magnetic poles; and a stator including:
a stator core disposed facing the rotor, the stator core having a plurality of slots; and
a stator winding installed in the stator core, the stator being cooled by the cooling means; and a bracket for supporting the rotor and the stator, a passage for a cooling air flow generated by the cooling means being disposed inside the bracket, the stator winding including coil ends extending outwards from end surfaces of the stator core, and a shielding material being disposed so as to cover at least an inner circumferential surface of the coil ends.
Apertures may be formed in a main surface of the shielding material.
Protrusions and recesses may be formed on a surface of the shielding material.
The shielding material covering the coil ends may be secured by a second resin whose thermal conductivity is greater than a first resin disposed on the coil ends.
Return portions of the stator winding crossing over between slots separated at a predetermined pitch may be formed with a generally identical shape in a circumferential direction in at least one of the coil ends of the stator.
Spaces between circumferentially-adjacent return portions of the stator winding crossing over between slots separated at a predetermined pitch may be formed so as to be generally identical in at least one of the coil ends of the stator.
A cross-sectional shape of conductors of the stator winding within the slots may be a generally rectangular shape following a shape of the slots.
In addition, at least one of said coil ends may be disposed in close proximity to a downstream end of the cooling air flow generated by the cooling means.


Devices and methods for forming semiconductor devices with FinFETs are provided. One intermediate semiconductor device includes, for instance: a substrate with at least one fin with at least one channel; at least one gate over the channel; at least one hard-mask over the gate; and at least one spacer disposed over the gate and hard-mask. One method includes, for instance: obtaining an intermediate semiconductor device; forming at least one recess into the substrate, the recess including a bottom and at least one sidewall exposing a portion of the at least one fin; depositing a dielectric layer into the at least one recess; removing at least a portion of the dielectric layer to form a barrier dielectric layer; and performing selective epitaxial growth in the at least one recess over the barrier dielectric layer.

Currently produced complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices, e.g., 20 nm and above, include FinFETs which are generally formed on silicon on insulator (SOI) or bulk substrates. A SOI FinFET may provide better isolation between the source and drain, as well as less junction leakage. The smaller parasite capacitance of the SOI FinFET also provides stronger AC performance and there is no need for shallow trench isolation (STI). However, a SOI substrate is more expensive than a bulk substrate. Alternatively a bulk FinFET has stronger strain engineering for enhancement of channel mobility and is better compatible with planar CMOS process flow. Although bulk FinFETs need halo implants for isolation between source and drain regions. In addition, bulk FinFET devices experience more junction leakage and gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) than SOI substrates. Bulk substrates also have larger parasite junction capacitance which degrades AC performance.
Thus, the fabrication of FinFET devices can be problematic with existing substrates and designs and improved substrates and FinFET device designs are needed for forming FinFET devices to improve the electrical performance of the resultant semiconductor devices.

Devices and methods of forming bulk FinFETS with lateral seg for source and drain on dielectrics


In a 4WD vehicle that is basically an FF type, a propeller shaft 4 includes, on a front end and a rear end thereof, respective driving force transmission devices 3 and 5. The propeller shaft 4 includes an electric motor 41, and when the electric motor 41 is rotated in a backward direction of the vehicle during a 2WD state, a hypoid ring gear 36 of a transfer mechanism 32 of the driving force transmission device 3 is moved so as to engage a clutch mechanism 31. By such an engagement, engine torque is transmitted to the driving force transmission device 5 via the propeller shaft 4. Thus, a hypoid ring gear 56 of a transfer mechanism 52 of the driving force transmission device 5 is moved so as to engage a clutch mechanism 51. Accordingly, a drive state is switched to a 4WD state.

Conventionally, as disclosed in Patent Literatures 1 and 2 listed herein below, a vehicle is known where a two-wheel drive state and a four-wheel drive state are switchable. Such a vehicle can be switched between the four-wheel drive state (hereinafter also referred to as a four-wheel drive mode) suitable for running on a rough road and the two-wheel drive state (hereinafter also referred to as a two-wheel drive mode) suitable for improving an energy consumption rate (in an internal combustion engine, a fuel consumption rate).
Specifically, each vehicle in the above Patent Literatures is a four-wheel drive vehicle that is basically an FF (front-engine front-drive) type, which includes a front side connection/disconnection mechanism to connect/disconnect torque transmission between a front differential and a propeller shaft, and a rear side connection/disconnection mechanism to connect/disconnect torque transmission between the propeller shaft and a rear differential. When traveling in the four-wheel drive mode, the respective connection/disconnection mechanisms are connected so as to transmit engine torque to rear wheels via the propeller shaft and the rear differential. On the other hand, when traveling in the two-wheel drive mode, the respective connection/disconnection mechanisms are released (disconnected) so as to stop the rotation of the propeller shaft during travel by not transmitting the engine torque and rotation force of the rear wheels (rotation force where the rear wheels are rotated by friction with a road surface) to the propeller shaft while being in the two-wheel drive state using only the front wheels. Thus, fluctuation or noises generated by the rotation of the propeller shaft are reduced. Also, the fuel consumption rate is improved by reduction of power loss.

Driving force transmission device and vehicle having said driving force transmission device


The present invention relates to a method of fabricating a nanowire connected to an optical fiber, the method comprising the steps of: a) filling a micropipette with a material solution to form a nanowire; b) coaxially aligning the micropipette with the optical fiber at one end of the optical fiber such that a longitudinal axis of the optical fiber and a longitudinal axis of the micropipette are aligned in a line; c) forming a meniscus of the material solution to form the nanowire in the coaxially aligned state; and d) fabricating the nanowire by evaporating a solvent from the material solution to form the nanowire while lifting the micropipette in a state in which the meniscus is formed, in a direction away from the optical fiber. The method further comprises a step of a step of controlling a shape of the distal end of the nanowire by irradiating a laser to the nanowire fabricated.

An optical fiber includes a central portion (a core) formed of material of a higher index of refraction and an outer portion (a clad) formed of material of a lower index of refraction, so that light passing through the central portion may be totally reflected. Accordingly, optical fibers are widely used for applications such as optical communications and optical sensors because they are very low in loss of light to be transmitted, thus being low in loss of data to be transmitted and are hardly subjected to external influences.
Further, optical fibers generally have a diameter of 100 to 1,000 μm due to the fabrication process and the function implementation. Among optical fibers having a small diameter, an optical fiber used as a standard one has a core diameter of 10 μm and a clad diameter of 125 μm. It is not easy to make the diameter of the optical fiber, especially the core, smaller than this because of the difficulty of the fabrication process. On the other hand, due to the need for nano-scale research, a variety of researches have been recently conducted in order that optical fibers may be used in nanoscale researches, experiments, devices, etc.
For example, a method of connecting a nanowire having a nano diameter to a distal end of an optical fiber has been studied. A large light loss may occur at the connection point between the nanowire and the optical fabler if the optical fiber and the nanowire are separately fabricated and then positioned in close proximity to connect the nanowire to the distal end of the optical fiber (Xin Guo et al., Nano Lett., 2009, 9(12), pp 4515-4519 "Direct Coupling of Plasmonics and Photonic Nanowires for Hybrid Nanophotonic Components and Circuits"). FIG. 1 is a diagram showing that when the optical fiber and the nanowire are separately fabricated and then connected, light scattering occurs at a connection portion thereof, and light loss is large. Specifically, it is shown that, when light transfer to a silver rod is observed after light is injected into one end of a ZnO rod, light is scattered at the connection portion of the two rods.

Method of fabricating nanowire connected with optical fiber using a micropipette


A hosiery item includes an upper part for covering the foot and at least a portion of the ankle of the wearer, and a lower part for covering the toes of the wearer. A toe notch is formed in the lower part to separate the lower part into a big toe accommodating pocket and a second pocket for accommodating the remaining toes. The toe notch has a depth such that in a relaxed, unstretched condition, the toe notch extends between the big toe and the second toe to a point between the first joint of the big toe and the crotch of the foot located between the big toe and the second toe. A thong-type sandal is received within the notch between the big toe and the second toe, and the inner end of the notch is pulled only slightly by the sandal strap against the crotch of the foot.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to hosiery and more particularly, to a nylon stocking having a notch located between a big toe and a second toe for accommodating a strap of a thong-style sandal. The big toe slot is made of an expandable material that stretches as the big toe fits into the bubble.
2. Background of the Related Art
In the related art, certain types of sandals employ a strap or thong that fits between the big toe and the second toe of a foot of the wearer. However, it is a disadvantage of the related art that it is usually impractical to wear panty hose and other types of hosiery with such footwear, because the toe portion of the stocking interferes with the strap of the sandal.
To attempt to overcome the aforementioned related art problem, a wearer may force the strap of the sandal between the toes. However, this related art scheme also has various problems and disadvantages. For example, but not by way of limitation, a rather unattractive appearance is created and further, pressure and rubbing from the strap of the sandal can also prematurely damage the stocking.
In an attempt to overcome the aforementioned related art problem, Cortani (U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,755), the contents of which is incorporated herein, discloses notched toe panty hose, wherein each foot portion of the panty hose employs a slight recess or indent that accommodates the strap of a thong-style sandal. When such a sandal is put on over the panty hose, the strap of the sandal pulls the notch through the cleft between the big toe and second toe and against the crotch of those toes. This stretching of the notch is required in Cortani.
The notch of Cortani does not even reach the first joint of the big toe, as shown in FIG. 5 of Cortani. Additionally, as disclosed at column 2, lines 65–67, the notch of Cortani only extends to midway between the big toe 507 and the second toe 509.
However, the related art of Cortani also has various problems and disadvantages. For example, but not by way of limitation, undue pressure and wear are exerted against the sheer panty hose material. As a result, the related art hosiery is apt to rip or run.
Additionally, a notch that deep is apt to produce a stocking that fits too loosely about the toes and presents a rumpled and unattractive appearance. This is another disadvantage of the related art.
Accordingly, there is an unmet need in the related art to have a larger notch between the big toe portion and the second toe portion of the stocking to reduce sandal strap pressure exerted on the stocking. In distinction with the existing related art, the notch should not be so large that it extends fully to the crotch of the foot between the big toe and the second toe when the notch is in an unstretched condition.
It is an aspect of the invention to provide sheer, resilient hosiery for wearing with a thong type sandal and having an improved toe notch that is sufficiently deep to reduce the pressure otherwise exerted against the toe of the stocking by the sandal strap.
It is an aspect of the invention to provide hosiery that may be worn both comfortably and attractively with sandals having a strap that extends between the big toe and second toe.
It is an aspect of the invention to provide hosiery that may be worn with a thong-style sandal without experiencing undue wear, tear, runs and premature failure.
It is an aspect of the invention to provide hosiery that may be worn much more attractively with thong-type sandals than with the related art hosiery, and which does not bunch or bag about the toes when the footwear is put on over the hosiery.
This invention results from a realization that the toe notch in a pair of panty hose or similar hosiery functions better and resists damage more effectively if it includes a depth extending to between the first outermost joint of the big toe and the crotch of the big toe and second toe.
An embodiment of the invention comprises an embodiment that features an article of clothing for covering a foot and at least a portion of an ankle of a wearer, including a part for covering toes of the wearer. Also, a notch is provided for separating the part into a first pocket and a second pocket, wherein the notch has a depth such that when relaxed, the notch extends to a point between a first joint of a big toe and a crotch between the big toe and a second toe, and wherein a strap of a footwear received in the notch engages an inner end of the notch and only slightly pulls against the crotch.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises hosiery having a resilient upper portion that fits over the foot and at least part of the ankle of the wearer and a lower toe portion for engaging the wearer's toes. The toe portion includes a notch that separates the toe portion into a first, big toe accommodating pocket and a second pocket for accommodating the remaining toes. The first pocket is shorter than the second pocket, at least when the foot is removed from the hosiery. The notch has a depth such that when the hosiery is placed on the wearer's foot, the notch extends to between the first joint of the wearer's big toe and the crotch of the big toe and the second toe.
In another embodiment, the hosiery comprises a pair of nylon stockings in the form of panty hose and a toe notch as set forth above is provided in each foot portion. Alternatively, the hosiery may comprise ankle socks, knee-high or thigh-high stockings, leotards, tights and other forms of foot and leg wear. In most cases, the hosiery consists of a resilient synthetic material such as nylon. Alternatively, resilient natural materials may be employed. Reinforcement may be formed at the distal end of the big toe accommodating pocket and at the distal end of the second pocket, which accommodates the remaining toes. The first pocket may be more resilient than the second pocket.

Hosiery having a toe notch and bubble for accommodating a sandal strap


A display apparatus is provided. The display apparatus includes a display unit which outputs a plurality of content views using a plurality of image frames; an interface unit which is connected with a glasses apparatus according to a predetermined communication standard; a synchronization signal generator which generates a synchronization signal that synchronizes one of the plurality of content views with the glasses apparatus; and a controller which, when a glasses apparatus is connected, controls the display apparatus to synchronize the one of the plurality of content views with the glasses.

1. Field
Apparatuses and methods consistent with exemplary embodiments relate to a display apparatus and controlling methods thereof. More particularly, apparatuses and methods consistent with exemplary embodiments relate to a display apparatus for providing different contents to a plurality of users and controlling methods thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In accordance with advance of digital technologies, various electronic products are developed and supplied. Particularly, display devices such as televisions (TVs), mobile phones, personal computers (PCs), notebook PCs, tablet devices, smart devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc., are widely used in many households.
As the use of display devices is increasing, user needs for more various operations also increase. Hence, manufacturers have exerted more efforts to meet those user needs and release products with totally new operations such as three-dimensional (3D) content provisions.
Recently, efforts have been made to develop a display apparatus for providing a plurality of contents at the same time so that a plurality of users can watch different contents. Using such a display apparatus with this operation, users who are not familiar with manipulations for controlling this display apparatus cannot know a current situation of the content and a manipulation for a particular situation.
When the plurality of the users views the plurality of the contents, a control command applied to each content and a common control command can exist. When the users are not aware of the respective commands, the control command of a certain user can interrupt the content view of another user.
Hence, there is a need to obtain the status and the operating method of the display apparatus easily and intuitively. There is also a need for a method for controlling the content viewed by the plurality of the users using a single remote control apparatus.

Display apparatus and controlling methods thereof


Phase frequency detectors with limited output pulse width and related methods are disclosed. The proposed phase frequency detector generates a first output signal and a second output signal corresponding to phase difference or frequency difference between a first signal and a second signal. When the phase difference between the first and second signals is greater than a predetermined delay, the pulse width of the first output signal is limited, so that the proposed phase frequency detector has a limited equivalent output pulse width.

The present disclosure relates to phase frequency detectors, and more particularly, to phase frequency detectors having limited output pulse width.
Phase-locked loop (PLL) can be applied in a variety of applications, such as clock/data recovery, frequency or phase modulation/demodulation, and generating clocks with stable frequency. In general, a conventional PLL includes a phase frequency detector (PFD) for detecting phase difference and frequency difference between a reference signal and a feedback signal; a charge-pump for generating an output current according to the detection result of the PFD; and a loop filter for adjusting the operation of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) according to the output current until the frequency and phase of the feedback signal match that of the reference signal.
Typically, the loop bandwidth of the conventional PLL is designed one order of magnitude less than the frequency of the reference signal in order to maintain the loop stability. As the frequency of the reference signal decreases, the loop bandwidth of the PLL should be lowered correspondingly. In such a scheme, a large capacitor is required by the loop filter to suppress the jitter of the VCO. As a result, the circuitry area and volume is significantly increased.

Phase frequency detector with limited output pulse width and method thereof


Telomerase reporter constructs suitable for use in reporting transcriptional activity of a mammalian telomerase gene transcription regulatory region contain a transcription regulatory region of a mammalian telomerase gene operably linked to a reporter polynucleotide sequence.

The present invention relates to mammalian telomerase genes and transcriptional regulatory regions thereof. The invention provides methods, cell lines, transgenic animals, and compositions relating to the fields of molecular biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medical and diagnostic technology.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes one strand of the telomeric DNA using as a template a sequence contained within the RNA component of the enzyme. See Blackburn (1992) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61:113-129. Mammalian telomerase is composed of one or more protein components and an RNA component. The RNA component comprises a template repeat sequence complementary to the telomere repeat sequence. The RNA component of human telomerase ("HTR") has been reported (Feng et al. (1995) Science 269:1267, and the PCT publication Nos. 95/13381, published 18 May 1995; 95/13382, published 18 May 1995; 93/23572, published Nov. 25, 1993; and 96/01835, published 25 Jan., 1995 (incorporated herein in their entirety)).
Telomeres have an important biological role in maintaining chromosome structure and function. Current evidence is consistent with the idea that a loss of telomeric DNA acts as a trigger of cellular senescence and aging and that regulation of telomerase has important biological implications (see Harley (1991) Mutation Research 256:271). Telomerase activity has also been correlated with neoplastic transformation and cancer, wherein cancer cells characteristically exhibit telomerase activity. Most cancer cells or immortalized cell lines express high levels of telomerase activity, while in most normal somatic human cells, telomerase is not detected (Kim et al. (1994) Science 266:2011). Expression of antisense RNA complementary to hTR in an immortal human cancer cell line (HeLa) has been shown to induce cell crisis and cell death after a number of cell doublings (PCT patent publication No. 96/01835, published 25 Jan., 1996).
The transcriptional regulation of telomerase genes and factors or agents which can influence the expression of telomerase genes are not well-defined in the art. The development of transcriptional regulators which would afford a basis to control the expression of specific genes, such as telomerase genes, is a desired goal. Such transcriptional regulators can be pharmaceuticals for treating or preventing telomerase-related pathological conditions.
There is a great need in the art for methods and systems for identifying agents which regulate expression of mammalian telomerase. Significant improvements to and new opportunities for telomerase-mediated therapies and drug development methods could be realized if methods and systems for evaluating transcriptional effects of agents on expression of genes encoding the RNA component and/or encoding the protein components of telomerase were available.
The present invention meets these and other needs and provides such improvements and opportunities. The references discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

Assays for regulators of mammalian telomerase expression


The present invention includes antenna connectors, antenna connecting devices, and antenna connecting systems. This invention also includes machines or electronic devices using these aspects of the invention.

The present invention is in the field of antennae and antenna connectors.
This invention relates to an antenna connecting apparatus useful in the automotive industry. More specifically, this invention relates to connecting an on-glass antenna to a transmission cable useful in automotive audio and communication devices.
One difficulty in utilizing on-glass antennae is obtaining a convenient method for connecting a printed on-glass metallic pattern to a transmission cable while providing wide band impedance matching. The impedance matching must be done in the FM frequency band, where the coaxial cable impedance is often 50 ohms, and the much lower AM frequency band, where the antenna and the receiver input impedance is closer to 6,000 ohms.
The present invention is based on a transformer design. The purpose of the transformer is to obtain the proper impedance matching at the FM frequency band from 88 to 108 MHz. A capacitor may also be used if the printed grounding pattern does not contain the proper capacitance. This capacitor behaves like a short circuit in the FM frequency band, and an open circuit in the AM frequency band. The combination results in a wide bandwidth and a transformation from the coaxial cable impedance to the antenna impedance. A convenient method of attachment is also provided for in the current invention.
Although described with respect to the fields of automotive audio and communication devices, it will be appreciated that similar advantages of a convenient wide band antenna connector may obtain in other applications of the present invention. Such advantages may become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the present disclosure or through practice of the invention.
The present invention includes antenna connectors, antenna connecting devices, and antenna connecting systems. This invention also includes machines or electronic devices using these aspects of the invention. The present invention may also be used to upgrade, repair or retrofit existing machines or electronic devices or instruments of these types, using methods and components used in the art.
In broadest terms, the antenna connector for providing impedance matching to an electronic device, adapted to receive signals from the antenna, comprises: (1) an insulating substrate containing a mounting element attached to the surface of the substrate, (2) an antenna printed on the insulating substrate, (3) a transmission line adapted to carry a signal from the antenna to the electronic device, (4) a grounding contact adapted to provide an electrical ground for the antenna connector, and (5) a transformer adapted to obtain impedance matching between the transmission line and the antenna, where the poles of one coil of the transformer are connected to the transmission line and to the grounding contact, and the poles of the other coil are connected to the antenna and the grounding contact.
The antenna connector may also contain a capacitor device in connection with the transformer and grounding contact. The capacitor device can be in the form of a conductive pattern, e.g., a conductive mesh pattern, printed on the insulating substrate, in connection with the transformer, that provides a capacitive ground contact. A layer of insulating material can additionally be placed between the conductive pattern and ground. The transmission line will commonly be a coaxial cable, although other methods of transmission may be used. The transmission line is attached to the coil device by a push-on connector, such as a spade lug.
The transformer can alternatively be replaced by a tapped-coil transformer. The tapped-coil transformer should be adapted to obtain proper impedance matching between the transmission line and the antenna, where the poles of the coil are connected to the transmission line and the grounding contact. The antenna is then connected by a tap to the coil device. Changing the location of the tap can permit impedance adjustment.
The present invention also includes an on-glass antenna connector. In broadest terms, the on-glass antenna connector for providing impedance matching to an electronic device, adapted to receive signals from the antenna, comprises: (1) an automotive windshield containing a mounting pad attached to the windshield, (2) an antenna printed on the automotive windshield, (3) a transmission line capable of carrying a signal from the antenna to the electronic device, (4) a grounding contact adapted to provide an electrical ground for the antenna connector, (5) a transformer adapted to obtain impedance matching between the transmission line and the antenna, wherein the poles of one transformer coil are connected to the transmission line and to the grounding contact, and the poles of the other coil are connected to the antenna and the grounding contact, and (6) an insulating substrate, such as a clip, adapted to house the transformer and attach to the mounting pad.
The on-glass antenna connector may also contain a capacitor device in connection with the transformer and the grounding contact. The capacitor device can be in the form of a conductive pattern printed on the glass, in connection with the transformer, that provides a capacitive ground contact. A layer of insulating material can additionally be placed between the conductive pattern and ground. The transmission line will commonly be a coaxial cable, although other methods of transmission may be used. The transmission line is attached to the coil device by a push-on connector, such as a spade lug.
The transformer can alternatively be replaced by a tapped-coil transformer. The tapped-coil transformer should be adapted to obtain proper impedance matching between the transmission line and the on-glass antenna, where the poles of the coil are connected to the transmission line and the grounding contact. The antenna is then connected by a tap to the coil of the transformer. Changing the location of the tap can permit impedance adjustment. It is also recognized that the connector and antenna can be used on any insulating surface of a vehicle.

On-glass impedance matching antenna connector


An electronic component mounting substrate including: an insulating substrate for mounting an electronic component; a via conductor disposed in the insulating substrate in an thickness direction of the insulating substrate; and a via pad conductor disposed in the insulating substrate, connected to the via conductor, having a thickness gradually increasing from an outer edge portion toward an inside portion, and including a protruding portion protruding from the via conductor in a width direction of the via conductor.

In the related art, an electronic component mounting substrate and an electronic device are known, for mounting electronic components on a main surface of an insulating substrate made of ceramics.
In such an electronic component mounting substrate, the insulating substrate has a recess portion on an upper surface for housing and mounting each of the electronic components, and includes a conductor layer on a bottom surface of the recess portion, a conductor layer on a lower surface to be connected to a module substrate, and a via conductor between the conductor layers (referred to, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2015-159245).

Electronic component mounting substrate, electronic device, and electronic module


The present invention discloses a multi-mode signal transmission system and the transmission method thereof. The system comprises a transmitter, a selection device, a compensation device, and power amplifier modules. The transmitter comprises a Ramp Circuit connected to the transmitter and the power amplifier modules respectively. The selection device is configured between the transmitter and the power amplifier modules. The transmission method comprises: selecting a transmission module by the transmitter for transmitting the signal, the selection device strobes a transmission route between the transmission module and the power amplifier modules, and based on different transmission power parameters, the Ramp Circuit transmits different control signals to the power amplifier modules to adjust transmission gain of the power amplifier modules. The present invention has the purpose of improving the integration level of the chip and decreasing the board area and the difficulty of wiring.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the technical field of mobile communication, more specifically, to a method and system for multi-mode signal transmission.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are various communication systems in the field of mobile communication currently. The TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) and the GSM (Global System For Mobile Communications) are considered as two of the most common communication system. The said GSM which belongs to the second generation of mobile communication technology (2G) predates the emergence of TD-SCDMA, and correspondingly, the TD-SCDMA belongs to the third generation of mobile communication technology (3G).
The foresaid TD-SCDMA and GSM are not the only solution for the current mobile communication technology. HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), HSPA+(HSPA Evolution) and WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) which are derived from TD-SCDMA and the EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) derived from GSM belong to the communication technology as well. And the mobile terminal users would get improved service with the possible emerging technologies such as 4G network and 5G network in the future.
However, diverse communication technology with variety of communication models is required for a few mobile terminal users simultaneously. In order to achieve such a goal, several power amplifiers should be installed in a limited space based on the current technology condition, as a result, the design difficulty of the integrated PCB board is increased, and so are the manufacturing cost and the circuit fabrication requirements.
Chinese patent No. CN101227212A has disclosed a gain compensation system of a single antenna TD-SCDMA transmitting chain circuit, wherein the system adds a feedback channel from power amplifier PA to a simulating down converter on the basis of the traditional TD-SCDMA transmission system, the system feeds back transmitting signals to a baseband through utilizing the transmitting-receiving chain circuit according to the characteristic that the upper and lower chain circuits are not working simultaneously in a TD-SCDMA communication mode; and the system also comprises an automatic gain control module which is arranged in a baseband processing unit. The foresaid technical solution is only suitable for the single transmitting module, which can not solve the existed problems.
Chinese patent No. CN1475043A has disclosed a nonlinear distortion compensating power amplifier which is provided with a signal transmitting circuit, a gain adjustment circuit, a control circuit, a circuit for measuring the input/output power, and a power amplifier. The foresaid technical solution aims to perform nonlinear compensation to the linear power amplifier, which doses not relate to the coexistence issue between the multiple transmitting modules.

Method and system for multi-mode signal transmission

Spreadtrum Communications (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.


A connector assembly in a vending machine is disclosed. The connector assembly includes a connector body and a cable tie. The connector body includes a mounting case and a pivoting part. The mounting case defines a plurality of inserting holes configured for receiving a first end of cables. The pivoting part includes a connecting portion and a pivoting portion coupled to the connecting portion. The cable tie includes an installation portion defining a plurality of cable holes configured for receiving a second end of cables and a rotating end coupled to the installation portion and rotatably mounted in the pivoting portion. The cable tie is rotatable relative to the connector body to rotate the second end relative to the first end.

Connectors are used to electronically connect a first object to a second object. The connector includes a contact, a terminal, an interface, and other conductors. For example, a first connector is connected to a second connector via a number of cables, and the second connector is connected to a circuit board to electronically couple the first connector with the circuit board. The cables of the connectors can be cluttered with different rotating angles between the first connector and the second connector.

ShenZhen Goldsun Network Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd.


A carry look-ahead (CLA) adder accommodates a late carry-in from a low-order external 32-bit adder to enable a 96-bit addition to be performed in the same time in which the CLA adder (60) performs a 64-bit addition. Within each adder slice, intermediate group propagate and group generate terms are generated for each bit location in the adder (60), while the adder simultaneously generates an n-bit group propagate and group generate term. The intermediate group propagate and group generate terms are combined with carry-in terms to generate, in parallel, local carry-out terms within each adder slice. The local carry-out terms and intermediate group propagate and group generate terms are used to form a carry chain path which allows the adder to delay the carry-in of an external carry term.

Carry look-ahead (CLA) addition has become one of the more popular techniques for implementing fast adders in data processors. The popularity of designs employing CLA addition stems largely from their modularity, minimal area, and high speed advantages. The recursive method of CLA addition is well known. In conventional CLA designs, fan-in limits carry look-ahead to groups of four bits, therefore, multi-level look-ahead structures are used for adders with larger word sizes (e.g. 64-bit). As the word size of adders increases, however, the conventional carry-chain delay limits the cycle time (minimum time required to perform the CLA addition). Thus, for high performance data processors, implementation of fast adders requires the minimization of the carry-chain latency.
Although several techniques have been employed to minimize the carry chain latency, generally these designs require additional silicon area for their implementation. In one such technique a 32-bit CMOS adder is implemented in multiple output domino logic (MODL) to compensate for the carry-chain delay. In this design, the carry outputs are generated in parallel; however, the MODL design operates on 2-bit groups rather than 4-bit groups. Thus, although the MODL adder is faster than a classic CLA design, the MODL requires more silicon area due to the non-Manchester design style. In another technique, a CLA design does parallel group generates from the input operands, but uses a conditional-sum design approach, which once again is hardware intensive. Typically, previous CLA designs have not minimized the carry chain latency without increasing the silicon area required for implementation of the CLA design.

Method and apparatus for performing carry look-ahead addition in a data processor


Disclosed is an optical mouse and method for preventing abnormal operation of the same. The method comprises the steps of (a) when a shutter-on time of an image sensor is continuously increased or decreased, obtaining a plurality of frames for the shutter-on time, and (b) calculating and outputting a movement value of the optical mouse using one frame obtaining a surface image with the highest accuracy from among the plurality of frames obtained in the step (a). Thus, by sensing the time when the optical mouse passes through an interface having an obvious difference in brightness and preventing the wrong movement value from being outputted, it is possible to prevent the abnormal operation of the optical mouse.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical mouse and, more particularly, to an optical mouse and method for preventing abnormal operation of the same, capable of preventing the optical mouse from outputting a wrong movement value when the optical mouse passes through an interface of a surface having an obvious difference in brightness.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, as shown in FIG. 1, an optical mouse is designed so that light 7 emitted from a light source 8 is reflected from a worktable surface 2, and the reflected light 6 is inputted through a lens 5 into an image sensor 3 consisting of a semiconductor chip. Therefore, the optical mouse 1 obtains a surface image by calculating a quantity of light incident into the image sensor 3.
Then, the optical mouse stores the currently obtained surface image as a sample frame, begins at the left-upper corner of the sample frame to perform zigzag scanning in unit of pixel, and finds a location of the sample frame having the highest correlation with a reference region of a reference frame to calculate moved direction and distance, V(X, Y).
Here, the optical mouse controls the quantity of light incident into the image sensor 3 to be maintained at a constant level in such a way that a shutter-on time of the image sensor 3 is decreased when a bright surface image is obtained in order to accurately read out the surface image, while the shutter-on time of the image sensor 3 is increased when a dark surface image is obtained.
However, it is not easy for the optical mouse to control the shutter-on time of the image sensor 3 in order to read out the image of the surface having an obvious difference in brightness.
FIG. 2 is a timing diagram of control signals which a conventional optical mouse generates in order to control an image sensor, and FIG. 3 shows images obtained by the control signals of FIG. 2.
While the optical mouse gradually moves on the surface, particularly, from a dark location past an interface having an obvious difference in brightness to a bright location, the optical mouse sequentially decreases shutter-on times T1, T2, T3 and T4 of the image sensor 3.
Thus, each of the shutter-on times T1, T2, T3 and T4 has a relative magnitude as follows:
T1>T2>T3>T4
The optical mouse generates shutter control signals Shutter_ctrl reflecting each reduced shutter-on time and sampling control signals Sampling_ctrl for obtaining surface images corresponding to shutter control signals, and transmits the generated control signals to the image sensor 3.
As a result, the image sensor 3 accumulates light which is inputted by shutter-on when the shutter control signals Shutter_ctrl received from the optical mouse become a high level. Then, the image sensor 3 responds to the sampling control signals Sampling_ctrl toggled to the high level, and obtains images corresponding to the quantity of light accumulated for the shutter-on time to provide the obtained images to the optical mouse.
In the case where the image sensor 3 obtains a first image 11 in response to the control signals Shutter_ctrl and Sampling_ctrl, because the shutter-on time T1 is adjusted to be suitable for the dark surface, the image sensor 3 is capable of obtaining the image accurately reflecting unevenness or dissimilarity of the dark surface.
Meanwhile, in case where the optical mouse gradually moves from the dark surface to the bright surface, the shutter-on times T2 and T3 are gradually reduced, so that the unevenness or dissimilarity of the dark surface becomes obscure step by step as in second and third images 12 and 13.
This phenomenon becomes stronger when the bright surface becomes more than a predetermined region as in fourth image 14.
On the way to do so, when the bright surface exceeds more than the predetermined region as in fourth image 14, no profile representing the unevenness or dissimilarity exists on the dark surface.
As mentioned above, when the conventional optical mouse passes through the interface of the surface having the obvious difference in brightness, it is impossible to properly adjust the shutter-on time for simultaneously sensing the two surfaces where the difference in brightness is obvious.
Consequently, the conventional optical mouse fails to discriminate the unevenness or dissimilarity of the surface. For this reason, there is a problem in that the optical mouse calculates a wrong movement value to cause abnormal operation.

Optical mouse and method for preventing abnormal operation of the same


A position measuring instrument according to the present invention comprises a turning unit and a fixed unit, irradiates a target to be measured with measuring light to determine a distance, a direction, and a position on the basis of its reflected light. A light source unit emits measuring light; a light receiving unit receives its reflected light; a radiating means radiates measuring light in a direction which can be set freely, and directs its reflected light to the light receiving unit; an angle detecting means detects a direction in which the radiating means radiates light; the light source unit and the light receiving unit are fixedly provided; the light source unit emits measuring light toward the radiating means; and the light receiving unit receives reflected light from the target to be measured.

The present invention relates to a position measuring instrument comprising a turning unit and a fixed unit, in which a rotating unit has a reflection member and a slant measuring unit can detect a backlash of the turning unit to correct the backlash.
Conventionally, an automatic tracking total station which is made by automating a total station is known in the instrument that automatically measures a position of a target to be measured. The automatic tracking total station is so devised that a direction of collimation of a lens barrel can rotate up and down, and right and left, by driving force of a motor. Rotation angles of horizontal rotation and vertical rotation are detected using the output of an encoder as an angle measuring means.
Not only a collimation telescope and a distance measuring means, which are included in an ordinary total station, but also a tracking means for detecting a prism reflector placed on a measurement position are built into the lens barrel.
Besides them, a main body of the automatic tracking total station is provided with a tilt sensor for detecting inclination of a frame, various kinds of electronic processing circuits, an indicator, a battery and the like.
FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view of the automatic tracking total station.
A surveying-instrument main body 1000 comprises the following: a lens barrel 1100 that is provided in such a manner as to rotate vertically; a frame 1200 that supports the lens barrel 1100 so that it can rotate vertically; a base 1300 that supports the frame 1200 so that it can rotate horizontally; and a leveling unit 1400 having a leveling function, which is placed under the base 1300.
The frame 1200 is provided with a horizontal rotation mechanism 1710 that rotates the frame 1200 horizontally about a vertical axis through a horizontal rotation drive gear 1711 using a horizontal rotation motor 1712, and a vertical rotation mechanism 1740 that rotates the lens barrel 1100 vertically about a horizontal axis through a vertical rotation drive gear 1741 using a vertical rotation motor 1742.
A horizontal rotation-angle detecting encoder 1730 is attached to a horizontal rotation axis 1720, and an angular-height detecting encoder 1760 is attached to a vertical rotation axis 1750, so that they detect respective rotation angles.
The automatic tracking total station is basically made by remodeling a surveying instrument of the manually operated total station type so that the surveying instrument can be driven by a motor. An automatic tracking device is a device which is automated so that the device requires no operator. However, a collimation telescope, a distance measuring means, a tracking means, and the like, are built into a lens barrel.
Therefore, the automatic tracking device becomes large and heavy. In a similar manner, not only the lens barrel but also a drive unit for vertical and horizontal rotation are built into the frame that supports the lens barrel and that rotates horizontally. This makes a turning unit large and heavy.
For reasons of its use, the surveying instrument is so devised that the lens barrel rotates in a vertical direction, and that the frame rotates in a horizontal direction with a telescope unit.
The torque required when accelerating a rotating unit from a stopped state can be expressed in an equation below.T=I*dω/dt  First Equationwhere T is torque, I is moment of inertia of a rotation system, and dω/dt is angular acceleration.
This first equation shows that the torque is proportional to the angular acceleration and the moment of inertia.
Since the surveying instrument is a measuring instrument that is generally used outdoors, a battery is usually used as its power supply. Therefore, power consumption of a motor is required to be minimized. This means that it is necessary to use a small-size motor for this purpose. As a result, the torque T which can be generated by the small-size motor is naturally limited.
On the other hand, as for the automatic tracking total station, it is necessary to build a motor into a part corresponding to vertical and horizontal rotation axes to rotate a telescope unit and a frame so that the telescope is quickly directed toward a direction of the prism which is a target to be measured. Further, if the automatic tracking total station measures a prism as a moving target to be measured while tracking the prism, an improvement in follow-up properties is particularly required.
In both of the cases, that is to say, increasing the speed of rotation, and increasing the follow-up properties., performance in acceleration and deceleration of a rotating unit becomes important in particular. When considering how to improve the performance in acceleration and deceleration, using a large motor to improve the torque T is a simple and easy method. However, as described above, this method causes an increase in power consumption and an increase in weight of the motor. After all, this method is not a wise policy.
As shown in the first equation, if the torque T is fixed, and if an increase in angular acceleration is required, it is necessary to reduce the moment of inertia I. The moment of inertia I is proportional to mass of the rotating unit, and is proportional to the square of a turning radius.
Accordingly, if a decrease in moment of inertia I is required, decreasing the mass and turning radius of the rotating unit suffices. This means that even if the torque T is small, performance in rotation can be improved.
As described above, the conventional surveying instrument is so devised that the whole lens barrel or the whole frame rotates. As a result, many component parts are built into these parts. Therefore, the structure of the conventional surveying instrument poses the problem that it is difficult to improve the performance in acceleration and deceleration.


3,4-Diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole compounds having a selected 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic moiety in the 4-position and an optionally substituted phenyl moiety in the 3-position, such as 4,5-dihydro-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazo le were prepared as intermediates in the preparation of insecticidal 3,4,N-triaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide compounds. The 3,4-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole compounds can be prepared from appropriate 1,2-diarylethanone compounds by successive treatments with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane in dichloromethane in the presence of acetic anhydride (to form a Mannich adduct) and hydrazine in the presence of a catalytic amount of trifluoroacetic acid.

The present invention relates to 3,4-di-substituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole compounds that are intermediates to 3,4,N-trisubstituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide compounds wherein the substituent in the 4-position is an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic moiety and the substituents in the 3-position and the N-position are optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic moleties.
A number of 3,4,N-trisubstituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide compounds wherein all of the substituents are optionally substituted phenyl moieties have been prepared and found to possess insecticidal activity (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,888,340, 4,174,393, and 4,070,365). Certain 3,5,N-trisubstituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide compounds possessing unsubstituted pyridinyl as well as phenyl substituent moleties in the 3- and 5-positions and their insecticidal utility have also been disclosed (U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,073). Certain N-aryl-3-phenyl-4-aryl-4-(alkyl or alkoxycarbonyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide compounds are disclosed generically in U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,947 and an example wherein the 4-aryl moiety is 2-benzoxazolyl and the other 4-substituent is methyl is described. Some 3,4-disubstituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole compounds that are required intermediates for these compounds are described in the same documents. A process for the preparation of certain 3,4-disubstituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole compounds is given in U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,185.

3,4-disubstituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles and a method of preparation


The present invention relates to peptides, compositions, and methods of treating conditions requiring removal or destruction of harmful or unwanted cells in a patient, such as benign and malignant tumors, using proteins (and peptides derived from the amino acid sequences of such proteins), the amino acid sequence of which includes at least one amino acid sequence derived from neural thread proteins and other related molecules.

The essence of many medical treatments and procedures involves the removal or destruction of harmful or unwanted tissue. Examples of such important treatments include the surgical removal of cancerous growths, the destruction of metatastic tumors through chemotherapy, and the reduction of glandular (e.g. prostate) hyperplasia. Other examples include the removal of unwanted facial hair, warts, subcutaneous tissue, lymphoid tissue or fatty tissue.
There is a need for an effective agent that will destroy and hence either facilitate the removal of or inhibit the further growth of harmful or unwanted cells and tissue, but that will have mainly local effects and minimal or absent systemic toxicity. Neural thread proteins and their related molecules are one class of such agents as disclosed in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/092,934, entitled: Methods of Treating Tumors and Related Conditions Using Neural Thread Proteins, filed on Mar. 8, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporated be reference herein in its entirety. Peptides containing amino acid sequences corresponding to part of the amino acid sequence of a neural thread protein, AD7c-NTP also are such agents. These peptides are disclosed in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/153,334, entitled: Peptides Effective in the Treatment of Tumors and Other Conditions Requiring the Removal or Destruction of Cells, filed May 24, 2002, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Cancer is an abnormality in a cell's internal regulatory mechanisms that results in uncontrolled growth and reproduction of the cell. Normal cells make up tissues, and when these cells lose their ability to behave as a specified, controlled, and coordinated unit (dedifferentiation) the defect leads to disarray amongst the cell population. When this occurs, a tumor is formed.
Benign overgrowths of tissue are abnormalities in which it is desirable to remove cells from an organism. Benign tumors are cellular proliferations that do not metastasize throughout the body but do, however, cause disease symptoms. Such tumors can be lethal if they are located in inaccessible areas in organs such as the brain. There are benign tumors of organs including lung, brain, skin, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, ovary, uterus, testis, connective tissue, muscle, intestines, ear, nose, throat, tonsils, mouth, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, prostate, heart, and other organs.
Surgery often is the first step in the treatment of cancer. The objective of surgery varies. Sometimes it is used to remove as much of the evident tumor as possible, or at least to debulk it (remove the major bulk(s) of tumor so that there is less that needs to be treated by other means). Depending on the cancer type and location, surgery also may provide some symptomatic relief to the patient. For instance, if a surgeon can remove a large portion of an expanding brain tumor, the pressure inside the skull will decrease, leading to improvement in the patient's symptoms.
Not all tumors are amenable to surgery. Some may be located in parts of the body that make them impossible to completely remove. Examples of these would be tumors in the brainstem (a part of the brain that controls breathing) or a tumor which has grown in and around a major blood vessel. In these cases, the role of surgery is limited due to the high risk associated with tumor removal.
In some cases, surgery is not used to debulk tumor because it is not necessary. An example is Hodgkin's lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph nodes that responds very well to combinations of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In Hodgkin's lymphoma, surgery is rarely needed to achieve cure, but almost always used to establish a diagnosis.
Chemotherapy is a common form of cancer treatment that involves the use of medications (usually given by mouth or injection) which specifically attack rapidly dividing cells (such as those found in a tumor) throughout the body. This makes chemotherapy useful in treating cancers that have already metastasized, as well as tumors that have a high chance of spreading through the blood and lymphatic systems but are not evident beyond the primary tumor. Chemotherapy may also be used to enhance the response of localized tumors to surgery and radiation therapy. This is the case, for example, for some cancers of the head and neck.
Unfortunately, other cells in the human body that also normally divide rapidly (such as the lining of the stomach and hair) also are affected by chemotherapy. For this reason, many chemotherapy agents induce undesirable side effects such as nausea, vomiting, anemia, hair loss or other symptoms. These side effects are temporary, and there exist medications that can help alleviate many of these side effects. As our knowledge has continued to grow, researchers have devised newer chemotherapeutic agents that are not only better at killing cancer cells, but that also have fewer side effects for the patient.
Chemotherapy is administered to patients in a variety of ways. Some are pills and some are administered by an intravenous or other injection. For injectable chemotherapy, a patient goes to the doctor's office or hospital for treatment. Other chemotherapeutic agents require continuous infusion into the bloodstream, 24 hours a day. For these types of chemotherapy, a minor surgical procedure may be performed to implant a small pump worn by the patient. The pump then slowly administers the medication. In many cases, a permanent port is placed in a patient's vein to eliminate the requirement of repeated needle sticks.
Radiation therapy is another commonly used weapon in the fight against cancer. Radiation kills cancer by damaging the DNA within the tumor cells. The radiation is delivered in different ways, the most common of which involves pointing a beam of radiation at the patient in a highly precise manner, and focusing on the tumor. To do this, a patient lies on a table and the beam moves around him/her. The procedure lasts minutes, but may be done daily for several weeks (depending on the type of tumor), to achieve a particular total prescribed dose.
Another radiation method sometimes employed, called brachytherapy, involves taking radioactive pellets (seeds) or wires and implanting them in the body in the area of the tumor. The implants can be temporary or permanent. For permanent implants, the radiation in the seeds decays over a period of days or weeks so that the patient is not radioactive. For temporary implants, the entire dose of radiation is usually delivered in a few days, and the patient must remain in the hospital during that time. For both types of brachytherapy, radiation generally is delivered to a very targeted area to gain local control over a cancer (as opposed to treating the whole body, as chemotherapy does.)
Some highly selected patients may be referred for bone marrow transplants. This procedure is usually performed either because a patient has a cancer that is particularly aggressive or because they have a cancer that has relapsed after being treated with conventional therapy. Bone marrow transplantation is a complicated procedure. There are many types, and they vary in their potential for causing side effects and cure. Most transplants are performed at special centers, and in many cases their use is considered investigational.
There are a number of other therapies, though most of them are still being explored in clinical trials and have not yet become standard care. Examples include the use of immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, anti-angiogenesis factors, and gene therapy.
Immunotherapy: There are various techniques designed to help the patient's own immune system fight the cancer, quite separately from radiation or chemotherapy. Oftentimes, to achieve the goal researchers inject the patient with a specially derived vaccine. Monoclonal Antibodies: These are antibodies designed to attach to cancerous cells (and not normal cells) by taking advantage of differences between cancerous and non-cancerous cells in their anitgenic and/or other characteristics. The antibodies can be administered to the patient alone or conjugated to various cytotoxic compounds or in radioactive form, such that the antibody preferentially targets the cancerous cells, thereby delivering the toxic agent or radioactivity to the desired cells.
Anti-Angiogenesis Factors: As cancer cells rapidly divide and tumors grow, they can soon outgrow their blood supply. To compensate for this, some tumors secrete a substance believed to help induce the growth of blood vessels in their vicinity, thus providing the cancer cells with a vascular source of nutrients. Experimental therapies have been designed to arrest the growth of blood vessels to tumors.
Gene Therapy: Cancer is the product of a series of mutations that ultimately lead to the production of a cancer cell and its excessive proliferation. Cancers can be treated by introducing genes to the cancer cells that will act either to check or stop the cancer's proliferation, turn on the cell's programmed cell mechanisms to destroy the cell, enhance immune recognition of the cell, or express a pro-drug that converts to a toxic metabolite or a cytokine that inhibits tumor growth.
Benign tumors and malformations also can be treated by a variety of methods including surgery, radiotherapy, drug therapy, thermal or electric ablation, cryotherapy, and others. Although benign tumors do not metastasize, they can grow large and they can recur. Surgical extirpation of benign tumors has all the difficulties and side effects of surgery in general and oftentimes must be repeatedly performed for some benign tumors, such as for pituitary adenomas, meningeomas of the brain, prostatic hyperplasia, and others.
There still other are conditions involving unwanted cellular elements where selective cellular removal is desirable. For example, heart disease and strokes are commonly caused by atherosclerosis, which is a proliferative lesion of fibrofatty and modified smooth muscle elements which distort the blood vessel wall, narrow the lumen, constrict blood flow, predispose to focal blood clots, and ultimately lead to blockage and infarction. Various treatments for atherosclerosis include bypass grafts; artificial grafts; angioplasty with recanalization, curettage, radiation, laser, or other removal; pharmacotherapy to inhibit atherosclerosis through lipid reduction; anti-clotting therapies; and general measures of diet, exercise, and lifestyle. A method for removing atherosclerotic lesions without the risk and side effects of surgical procedures is needed.
Other examples of unwanted cellular elements where selective cellular removal is desirable include viral induced growths, such as warts. Another example is hypertrophic inflammatory masses found in inflammatory conditions, and hypertrophic scars or keloids. Still other examples are found in cosmetic contexts such as the removal of unwanted hair, e.g., facial hair, or for shrinkage of unwanted tissue areas for cosmetic purposes, such as in the facial dermis and connective tissues or in the dermas and connective tissue of the extremities.
Still other examples will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art. In all or most of these examples there is a need for treatments that can remove or destroy the unwanted cellular elements without the risks and side effects of conventional therapies and to remove the unwanted cellular elements with more precision.
Neural thread proteins (NTP) are a family of recently characterized brain proteins. One member of this family, AD7c-NTP, is a ˜41 kD membrane associated phosphoprotein with functions associated with neuritic sprouting (de la Monte et al., J. Clin. Invest., 100:3093-3104 (1997); de la Monte et al., Alz. Rep., 2:327-332 (1999); de la Monte S M and Wands J R, Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 3:345-353 (2001)). The gene that encodes AD7c-NTP and predicted protein sequence for AD7c-NTP has been identified and described (de la Monte et al., J. Clin. Invest., 100:3093-3104 (1997)). In addition to the ˜41 kD species, other species of neural thread protein (˜26 kD, ˜21 kD, ˜17 kD, and ˜15 kD) have been identified and associated with neuroectodermal tumors, astrocytomas, and glioblastomas and with injury due to hypoxia, schema, or cerebral infarction (Xu et al., Cancer Research, 53:3823-3829 (1993); de la Monte et al., J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 55(10):1038-50 (1996), de la Monte et al., J. Neurol. Sci., 138(1-2):26-35 (1996); de la Monte et al., J. Neurol. Sci., 135(2): 118-25 (1996); de la Monte et al., J. Clin. Invest., 100:3093-3104 (1997); and de la Monte et al., Alz. Rep., 2:327-332 (1999)).
Species of neural thread protein have been described and claimed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,948,634; 5,948,888; and 5,830,670, all for "Neural Thread Protein Gene Expression and Detection of Alzheimer's Disease" and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,705 for "Method of Detecting Neurological Disease or Dysfunction." The disclosures of these patents are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. As described therein, NTP is upregulated and produced during cell death. Thus, dead and dying nerve cells are described as overproducing NTP, and accordingly, its presence indicates the death of nerve cells and the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Other species of neural thread protein have been identified as other products of the AD7c-NTP gene (e.g. a 112 amino acid protein described in NCBI Entrez-Protein database Accession #XP—032307 PID g15928971) or as being similar to neural thread proteins (e.g. a 106 amino acid protein described in NCBI Entrez-Protein database Accession #AAH14951 PID g15928971, another 106 amino acid protein described in NCBI Entrez-Protein database Accession #XP—039102 PID g18599339 and a 61 amino acid protein described in NCBI Entrez-Protein database Accession #AAH02534 PID g12803421).
Neural thread protein is associated with AD and NTP is upregulated in association with cell death in AD. AD7c-NTP mRNA is upregulated in AD brain compared to controls; AD7c-NTP protein levels in brain and in CSF are higher in AD than controls; and AD7c-NTP immunoreactivity is found in senile plaques, in neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), in degenerating neurons, neuropil threads, and dystrophic neurotic sprouts in AD and Down syndrome brains (Ozturk et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:419-423 (1989); de la Monte et al., J. Clin. Invest., 86(3):1004-13 (1990); de la Monte et al., J. Neurol. Sci., 113(2):152-64 (1992); de la Monte et al., Ann. Neurol., 32(6):733-42 (1992); de la Monte et al., J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 55(10):1038-50 (1996), de la Monte et al., J. Neurol. Sci., 138(1-2):26-35 (1996); de la Monte et al., J. Neurol. Sci., 135(2):118-25 (1996); de la Monte et al., J. Clin. Invest., 100:3093-3104 (1997); and de la Monte et al., Alz. Rep., 2:327-332 (1999)). NTP is localized within cells, within fine processes within the neuropil, or is extracellular in both AD and Down's Syndrome brains. de la Monte et al., Ann. Neurol., 32(6):733-42 (1992).
Elevated levels of AD7c-NTP protein have been found in both CSF and urine of AD patients (de la Monte and Wands, Front Biosci 7: 989-96 (2002); de la Monte and Wands, Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 3: 345-353 (2001); Munzar et al, Alzheimer's Reports 4: 61-65 (2001); Kahle et al, Neurology 54: 1498-1504 (2000); Munzar et al, Alzheimer Reports 3: 155-159 (2000); de la Monte et al, Alzheimer's Reports 2: 327-332 (1999); and de la Monte et al, J Clin Invest 100: 3093-3104 (1997).
Over-expression of NTP also has been linked to the process of cell death in Alzheimer's disease (de la Monte and Wands, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 60:195-207 (2001); de la Monte and Wands, Cell Mol Life Sci 58: 844-49 (2001). AD7c-NTP has also been identified in Down's Syndrome brain tissue (Wands et al., International Patent Publication No. WO 90/06993; de la Monte et al, J Neurol Sci 135: 118-25 (1996); de la Monte et al., Alz. Rep., 2:327-332 (1999)). There is some evidence that over-expression of NTP also may be associated with normal tension glaucoma (Golubnitschaja-Labudova et al, Curr Eye Res 21: 867-76 (2000)).
NTP has proven to be an effective agent for causing cell death both in vitro in glioma and neuroblastoma cell cultures and in vivo in normal rodent muscle tissue, subcutaneous connective tissue, and dermis, and in a variety of different human and non-human origin tumors, including mammary carcinoma, skin carcinoma and papilloma, colon carcinoma, glioma of brain, and others in rodent models. See the pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/092,934, entitled: Methods of Treating Tumors and Related Conditions Using Neural Thread Proteins, filed on Mar. 8, 2002.
Throughout this description, including the foregoing description of related art, any and all publicly available documents described herein, including any and all U.S. patents, are specifically incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. The foregoing description of related art is not intended in any way as an admission that any of the documents described therein, including pending United States patent applications, are prior art to the present invention.
There remains a need in the art for new, less toxic treatments for treating unwanted cellular elements. The present invention satisfies these needs.

Peptides effective in the treatment of tumors and other conditions requiring the removal or destruction of cells


A mobile apparatus is provided for exchanging data objects over several network. The mobile apparatus exchanges data objects of a first data format over a first network and exchanges data of a second data format over a second network. The mobile apparatus comprises configurable processing means. When configured, processing means converts data of the first format received from the first network to data of the second format. Processing means then forwards converted data to the second network.

The increasing number of hand-held communicating devices has made clear the need to provide wireless connectivity. Therefore standards are developed to define communication over Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN).
The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) defines standards for short-range infrared wireless communications. The IrDA has defined several data protocols among which are the IrMC (IR Mobile Communications protocol) and the IrOBEX (Object Exchange Protocol). The IrMC specification, "Specification for IR Mobile Communications", Version 1.1, March 1999, defines the rules for utilization of IR in wireless communications equipment e.g. mobile handsets, PCs, notebooks, PDAS, cellular phones. On pp. 73-81, the IrMC specification specifically enables objects exchange between a variety of applications and, for example, enables the exchange of text messages defined as vMessages between messaging applications. The IrOBEX specification "IR Object Exchange protocol", Version 1.2, March 1999, defines the exchange of data objects, such as the vMessages defined in the IrMC specification, from one device to another. On pp. 68-70, the IrOBEX specification defines profiles of data objects and particularly vMessages. The OBEX protocol may also be utilized by the Bluetooth technology enabling the possibility to use either the Bluetooth radio technology or the IrDA IR-technology.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,946,629 relates to inter-network message communication. This document discloses functionality in a message center of a cellular telecommunications network for performing inter-network message communication. With respect to an SMS message originated from a mobile station, the message center analyzes the received message to identify both a designated message delivery network and a destination address on that designated network for message delivery. The message is then re-formatted for transmission on the designated network, and forwarded in the proper format to the identified destination address via the designated network. With respect to a message originated on a network other than the cellular network, the message center analyzes the received message to identify a subscriber mobile station destination on the cellular network for message delivery. The received message is then re-formatted for transmission on the cellular network, and forwarded in the SMS message format to the identified subscriber mobile station via the cellular network.

Mobile apparatus enabling inter-network communication


The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a masterbatch in the liquid phase based on one or more diene elastomers and on one or more fillers which do not coagulate spontaneously with the said latex, comprising the following successive stages:                preparation of a stable and homogeneous aqueous dispersion (C) by mixing        one or more diene elastomer latexes (A) with        one or more stable aqueous dispersions (B) of one or more fillers which do not coagulate spontaneously with the said latex and which are partially hydrophobized,        homogenization of the aqueous dispersion (C),        coagulation within the aqueous dispersion (C) of the diene elastomer latex with the fillers which do not coagulate spontaneously with the said latex by supplying mechanical energy,        recovery of the coagulum, then        drying the recovered coagulum in order to obtain the masterbatch.

1. Field
The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a masterbatch in the liquid phase of one or more diene elastomers, in particular a natural rubber latex, and of one or more fillers.
The term "masterbatch" is understood to mean an elastomer-based composite into which one or more fillers and optionally other additives has/have been introduced.
2. Description of Related Art
It is known that, in order to obtain the optimum reinforcing properties conferred by a filler in a tire tread and thus a high wear resistance, it is advisable generally for this filler to be present in the elastomeric matrix in a final form which is both as finely divided as possible and as homogeneously distributed as possible. In point of fact, such conditions can only be achieved in so far as this filler exhibits a very good ability, on the one hand, to be incorporated in the matrix during the mixing with the elastomer and to deagglomerate and, on the other hand, to disperse homogeneously in this matrix.
In point of fact, in order to improve the dispersibility of the filler in the elastomeric matrix, it is known to resort to a mixing of elastomer and filler in the "liquid" phase. In order to do this, recourse is had to an elastomer in the latex form and to an aqueous dispersion of the filler, commonly referred to as "slurry".
The problem of the uniform dispersion of the fillers and in particular carbon black within the rubber had already been posed from 1955. Thus, there is known, from the document BE 541816, a process for the preparation of a masterbatch of rubber and of carbon black in the liquid phase. This process is carried out continuously and uses hydraulic impacts or intense mechanical stirring to bring about the dispersion of the carbon black within the elastomeric matrix.
Fillers other than carbon black can be used, such as silica.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,388 teaches a process for the preparation in the liquid phase of a masterbatch of a polymer latex and of silica as filler, comprising the incorporation within the latex of modified silica, that is to say silica which has reacted with a coupling agent. According to this document, this modification of the silica makes it possible to uniformly disperse the modified silica within the polymer latex.
The document WO 2010/011345 for its part discloses the hydrophobation of the silica in order to act on the scorch and the viscosity of the masterbatch obtained.
It emerges from these documents that it is difficult to control the homogeneity in the distribution of the fillers within the masterbatch, the limiting factor being related in particular to the coagulation phase, which is difficult to control.

Process for preparing a masterbatch in the liquid phase

COMPAGNIE GENERAL DES ETABLISSEMENTS MICHELIN


An arrangement (200) and method for bit exactness support in dual-MAC architecture by detecting when underflow or overflow conditions will occur, and for operating the dual-MAC arrangement in single-MAC mode for at least one cycle upon such detection.

The major and most common task in executing DSP algorithms is data processing in MAC (multiply-accumulate) loops. The majority of these MAC loops are within FIR (Finite Impulse Response) type algorithms. Many high-end DSP's are expected to use a dual-MAC structure to double their processing performance in the MAC loops. It is known that many applications require bit exactness. It also known that adding saturation logic for supporting bit exactness in dual-MAC is very expensive in area, timing critical path, and in power consumption.
Saturation arithmetic in a DSP is known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 3,812,470. This ubiquitous feature allows arithmetic combinations of values to saturate to a maximum value when signals become excessively strong (saturation in a DSP mimics the behavior of analog amplifiers, which are said to "rail out" at a maximum signal level; without saturation arithmetic in a DSP overflowing sums would 'wrap around'—as only binary numbers—and produce unpredictable and undesirable outputs). In regular arithmetic, when an operation overflows or underflows (the result exceeds a maximum number of bits), the most significant bit is usually truncated (a process called 'wrap-around') and the remaining bits are used to produce the result, which may thus be significantly different from the value represented by the maximum number of bits (the 'saturation' value). Saturation arithmetic avoids this effect: instead of 'wrapping around' the result becomes the 'saturation' value. Saturation arithmetic is applicable in any area where a closest representable value in a result is preferable to a 'wrap-around' result.
However, although the additional hardware required for implementing a single-MAC with saturation capabilities may be considered acceptable, the additional hardware which is required for fully implementing a bit exact dual-MAC with saturation capabilities is significant and will impact timing critical path, chip area and power consumption. Although most new high-end DSP's have one or more dual-MAC units, it is expected that these will not support full dual-MAC bit exactness saturation capabilities. Avoidance of the high cost of support for full dual-MAC bit exactness saturation capabilities is a significant incentive to dropping this feature. The additional hardware requirements for implementing single-MAC and dual-MAC solutions with saturation capabilities are known, for example, from the paper by Yadav, Schulte and Glossner, titled "Parallel Saturating Fractional Arithmetic Units", published in Proceedings of the 9th Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI, pp. 172–179, Ann Arbor, Mich., Mar. 4–6, 1999.
A need therefore exists for bit exactness support in dual-MAC architecture wherein the abovementioned disadvantage(s) may be alleviated.

Bit exactness support in dual-MAC architecture

Abstract: This produces the advantages of providing dual-MAC execution with saturation capabilities, with only a small degradation in performance, while employing detection logic that is very small and simple compared to the logic required for a conventional full saturation dual-MAC architecture.


A hanger assembly for missiles, in which a hanger, with opposite carrying rails to guide the missile in a launcher, is connected to the missile by means of a screwed connection. The hanger is screwed from the outside, with screws to a enlargement or increased thickness portion (16,60). Preferably a clamp, provided with a enlargement or increased thickness portion surrounds the airframe (Zelle) of the missile and is fixed thereto. The screw connection of the hanger is effected with screws the axes of which form an angle with the plane of the carrying rails.

Missiles which are fired from the air are suspended from launchers which are provided on the wings of an aircraft. To this end, the missiles are provided with "hangers", which are locked in the retaining mechanisms of the launcher. These hangers are parts having a substantially T-shaped cross-section. The "cross beams" of the "T" form two carrying rails, which lie on the inward extending guiding ledges of the launcher. Conventionally, a missile is provided with three such hangers. On loading the missile in the launcher, the hangers are pushed upwards through recesses in the guiding ledges. The missile is then pushed in longitudinally and is locked into the retaining mechanism of the launcher. To fire the missile, the retaining mechanism is released and the rocket motor is ignited. The missile is then pushed forward and out of the launcher by the thrust of the rocket motor, whereby the hangers slide over the guiding ledges. Therefore, the further back along the missile the hanger is located, the longer the carrying rails of the hanger must be, in order to allow the carrying rails to safely slide over the recesses of the guiding ledges allocated to the hangers further in front.
In a prior art missile, three such hangers are provided. The foremost hanger is mounted directly on the tubular airframe of the missile, in the region of a spar. This is done using screws, which are screwed from outside, radially to the outer cylindrical surface of the missile. A further hanger is fixed to a clamp or "belly band", which is laid around the airframe of the missile. The clamp is located on the airframe of the missile in the region of the rocket motor, where it is not possible to screw the hanger directly onto the airframe. A hanger is fixed to the clamp with screws which are guided through the clamp and the hanger from inside. A third hanger forms an integral part of the clamp.
The hangers are subjected to heavy wear. With time, this negatively affects their performance. However, with the prior art constructions, it is not possible to exchange the clamp-mounted hangers. The clamp must be removed, in order to loosen the screws, which are screwed in from the inside through the clamp and into the hangers. That is, however, not permissible. The clamp with an integrated hanger, must also be removed and exchanged in a non-permissible way, in order to exchange the hangers. It can also be that due to the retrofitting of existing missiles, the hanger must be mounted on a different position along the missile, where for example, there is no existing spar and therefore, it is not possible to screw the hanger on directly.


A piston head has a top extending radially about a first axis and first and second pin bosses depending downwardly and defining first and second pin bores. A connecting rod includes a fork having first and second connecting bosses spaced apart from each other and defining first and second connecting bores. A piston skirt extends cylindrically and includes a bridge extending diametrically through the first axis defining a skirt bore for axial alignment with said pin bores and said connecting bores. The bridge is disposed between the first and second connecting bosses, which are disposed between the pin bosses. The pin bores are axially aligned with the connecting bores and with the skirt bore. A wrist pin extends within the pin bores and the connecting bores and the skirt bore along the second axis to interconnect the piston head and the connecting rod and the piston skirt.

1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention relates generally to a piston assembly.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Known piston assemblies include a piston head for reciprocation within a cylinder along a piston stroke defining an axis. The piston head includes a pair of pin bosses depending downwardly and defining pin bores axially aligned with each other. A connecting rod extends between a piston end and a crank end. The piston end includes a connecting boss defining a connecting bore axially aligned with the first and second pin bores. A wrist pin extends through the connecting bore and the pin bores to interconnect the piston head to the connecting rod in articulated fashion. A cylindrical piston skirt extends along the axis directly below the piston head to guide the piston assembly along the piston stroke. Known piston skirts are fabricated separately from the piston head and are connected to the piston assembly via the wrist pin to form an articulated connection. These articulated piston skirts are typically cast or forged from steel or aluminum.