According to embodiments of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a recording medium for heat-assisted-magnetic-recording (HAMR) is provided. The method includes forming an underlayer on a substrate, the underlayer including a precursor material, epitaxially depositing an interlayer on the underlayer, forming a recording layer over the interlayer, and converting the precursor material to a converted material having a thermal conductivity that is higher than a thermal conductivity of the recording layer. According to further embodiments of the present invention, another method for manufacturing a recording medium for heat-assisted-magnetic-recording (HAMR) and a recording medium for heat-assisted-magnetic-recording (HAMR) are also provided.

Iron-platinum (FePt) is a most promising candidate for heat-assisted-magnetic-recording (HAMR) applications. Examples of conventional iron-platinum (FePt) medium layer structures are shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C.
FIG. 1A shows a recording medium 100 including a glass substrate 102, a seedlayer 104, a chromium-ruthenium (CrRu) layer 106, a layer 108 of magnesium oxide (MgO), platinum (Pt), titanium carbide (TiC) or titanium nitride (TiN), and a recording layer 110. The seedlayer 104 helps to promote the deposition of a chromium-ruthenium (CrRu) layer 106. The CrRu layer 106 in turn acts as a seedlayer for the growth of the layer 108.
FIG. 1B shows a recording medium 120 including a glass substrate 122, a seedlayer 124, a magnesium oxide (MgO) layer 128, and a recording layer 130. The seedlayer 124 helps to promote the deposition of the magnesium oxide (MgO) layer 128.
FIG. 1C shows a recording medium 140 including a glass substrate 142, a seedlayer 143, a heat sink layer 145, another seedlayer 144, a layer 148 of magnesium oxide (MgO) or platinum (Pt), and a recording layer 150. The seedlayer 143 helps to promote the deposition of the heat sink layer 128 while the seedlayer 144 helps to promote the deposition of the layer 148.
Currently, there are lots of technical challenges that need to be overcome before FePt or FePtX (where X represents a third material, e.g. carbon (C), titanium oxide (TiO2), or others) based composite films can be used for HAMR media applications. One of the challenges is to enable a fast cooling of the recording medium during the writing process. One approach may be to include a heat sink layer, but the introduction of the heat sink layer will cause some issues. These include (i) texture control where an epitaxial growth relationship is required between the heat sink layer and the MgO layer or an amorphous seedlayer is required for MgO growth, (ii) and surface roughness.
The fast cooling rate depends on the thickness and material of the heat sink layer in the medium, the physical distance between the recording layer and the heat sink layer, the layer structure of the HAMR medium, etc. There have been several proposals, such as to insert a heat sink layer into the HAMR medium layout by either using a crystallized heat sink layer material which has an epitaxial growth relationship with the magnesium oxide (MgO) intermediate layer in the medium, or insert an amorphous seedlayer between the heat sink layer and the MgO intermediate layer to enable the texture development of the MgO intermediate layer, thus enabling the texture control of the FePtX based HAMR medium.
A silver (Ag) based alloy could be one of the candidates for the heat sink layer owing to its epitaxial growth relationship with that of a (200) textured MgO. However, the growth of the Ag based alloy favors island growth, which results in an undesirably rough surface that will adversely affect flyability control of the recording medium. Furthermore, a Ag based heat sink layer will also imply a higher fabrication cost.
Copper (Cu)-based material has the advantages of better thermal conductivity, and a smoother surface. However, Cu does not have an epitaxial growth relationship with the MgO intermediate layer (e.g. the respective textures of Cu and MgO are not matched), and that means that an additional amorphous seedlayer needs to be deposited on top of the Cu based material or layer to enable the texture development of the MgO intermediate layer. The inserted additional layer will undesirably increase the physical distance between the Cu-based layer and the FePtX-based recording layer. Furthermore, the interfacial thermal conductance resulting from the additional layer, as the boundary thermal resistance dominates, could dramatically adversely affect the thermal spot size and the cooling rate of the media during the writing process, resulting in a larger thermal spot size and poor medium cooling efficiency. Therefore, a Cu or Cu based heat sink layer has not been perceived as desirable or even technically feasible.

Recording medium for heat-assisted-magnetic-recording (HAMR) and method for manufacturing the same

Agency for Science Technology and Research


A wireless communications device includes a first radio and a second radio. The first radio is receives information regarding an ad-hoc mesh wireless network from at least one remote device. The second radio exchanges user data with the ad-hoc wireless mesh network. The wireless communications device also includes a buffer and a scheduler. The buffer stores user data for transmission to one or more remote devices in the ad-hoc wireless mesh network. The scheduler schedules transmissions by the second radio of the user data based on the received information. The first and second radios may employ various communications technologies. Examples of such technologies include Bluetooth, wireless local area network (WLAN), and ultra wideband (UWB). The information received from the remote device may include one or more of the following: configuration information (e.g., topology information) corresponding to the ad-hoc wireless mesh network; routing information; and information regarding communications capabilities of one or more nodes within the ad-hoc wireless mesh network.

Ad-hoc networks include multiple devices or nodes that exchange wireless signals. During operation, nodes may enter and leave the proximity of other nodes. Thus, the composition of an ad-hoc network may change over time. Moreover, the mobility of nodes may cause changes in various network characteristics, such as topology. Despite a lack of centralized authority or existing infrastructure, ad-hoc networks are typically capable of rearranging themselves in response to such events.
Recently, ad hoc networking techniques have been considered an attractive technology for implementing mesh networks, which provide a multipoint-to-multipoint network topology. In such networks, communication between two devices may occur across one or more intermediate or relaying nodes. Such communications are referred to as multihop communications.
The application of ad-hoc communications techniques to multihop networking is viewed as a way to provide new applications for mobile device users. In addition, this application has the potential to provide new opportunities for the communications industry in the areas of terminal manufacturing, software engineering, and the deployment of network infrastructure to interconnect ad-hoc networks. Moreover, this application of ad-hoc communications techniques to multihop networking provides for various consumer uses. Examples of such uses include applications related to teenager and other group networking, Internet access, authentication applications, and home networking.
Bluetooth and wireless local area networks (WLAN) are examples of wireless ad-hoc networking technologies. Bluetooth provides a short-range radio network, originally intended as a cable replacement. It can be used to create ad hoc networks of up to eight devices, where one device is referred to as a master device. The other devices are referred to as slave devices. The slave devices can communicate with the master device and with each other via the master device. The devices operate in the 2.4 GHz radio band reserved for general use by Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) applications. Bluetooth devices are designed to find other Bluetooth devices within their communications range and to discover what services they offer.
WLANs are local area networks that employ high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to exchange information between devices. IEEE 802.11 refers to a family of WLAN standards developed by the IEEE. In general, WLANs in the IEEE 802.11 family provide for 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) transmission techniques.
Within the IEEE 802.11 family are the IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g standards. IEEE 802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) is an extension to IEEE 802.11 and provides for data rates of up to 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. This provides for wireless functionality that is comparable to Ethernet. IEEE 802.11b employs DSSS transmission techniques. IEEE 802.11g provides for data rates of up to 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. For transmitting data at rates above 20 Mbps, IEEE 802.11g employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission techniques. However, for transmitting information at rates below 20 Mbps, IEEE 802.11g employs DSSS transmission techniques. The DSSS transmission techniques of IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g involve signals that are contained within a 23 MHz wide channel. Several of these 23 MHz channels are within the ISM band.
Other technologies are also applicable for the exchange of information at higher data rates. Ultra wideband (UWB) is an example of such a higher data rate technology. Since gaining approval by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2002, UWB techniques have become an attractive solution for short-range wireless communications. Current FCC regulations permit UWB transmissions for communications purposes in the frequency band between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz. However, for such transmissions, the spectral density has to be under −41.3 dBm/MHz and the utilized bandwidth has to be higher than 500 MHz.
There are many UWB transmission techniques that can fulfill these requirements. A common and practical UWB technique is called impulse radio (IR). In IR, data is transmitted by employing short baseband pulses that are separated in time by gaps. Thus, IR does not use a carrier signal. These gaps make IR much more immune to multipath propagation problems than conventional continuous wave radios. RF gating is a particular type of IR in which the impulse is a gated RF pulse. This gated pulse is a sine wave masked in the time domain with a certain pulse shape.
To participate in an ad-hoc multihop network, a device needs to provide several features. Examples of such features include interference avoidance, link management, and routing. Moreover, certain wireless communication technologies are better suited for the exchange of control information, while other wireless communication technologies may be better suited for the transfer of user data. For instance, Bluetooth on its own is not well suited for many forms of user data. However, higher data rate technologies (e.g., WLAN and UWB) are often not efficient for the transfer of network control information.
Therefore, techniques are needed for the effective use of ad hoc techniques. in multihop networks.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A regulation ball valve for a fluid flow in which a ball is rotatable to bring a passage thereof from a limit position of full opening of the valve to a limit position of full closure of the valve and vice versa. Present in the passage are perforated baffles that at least at an intermediate position between the limit positions are passed through by a fluid flow. The perforated baffles include two perforated metal sheets between which a layer permeable to the fluid is disposed. In particular the layer can advantageously be formed of chaotically-disposed filaments as in steel wool.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a ball valve avoiding the problem of the noise due to passage of the fluid through the ball, above all in the intermediate opening positions of the valve.
2. State of the Prior Art
Known in regulation ball valves (in particular for gas regulation) is the problem of a high production of noise due to the fact that when the valve is in an intermediate position part of the energy of the fluid passing through the ball and the perforated regulation baffles is converted into noise. In the known art attempts have been made to avoid noise propagation by providing the valve with acoustic-insulation protections. This makes the valve bulkier but in any case does not give fully satisfactory results, because the fluid itself co-operates in making the noise travel along the piping and then out of the valve and the acoustic-insulation protections around the valve itself.
It is an aim of the present invention to obviate the above mentioned drawbacks by providing a regulation ball valve avoiding noise being produced by the fluid passing through it, as much as possible.

Ball valve with high damping of the noise due to fluid passage


A method of CT beam hardening calibration comprises: the step of obtaining raw data of a first phantom and a second phantom by scanning the first phantom and the second phantom respectively; the step of calculating a first filter material length and a second filter material length according to one ore more spectrum function and the raw data of the first phantom as well as the second phantom; the step of adjusting said spectrum function to make the first filter material length and the second filter material length agree with predefined conditions; the step of calculating a beam hardening curve according to the adjusted spectrum function and the first filter material length as well as the second filter material length met with the predefined conditions; and the step of processing the raw data by the calculated beam hardening curve to eliminate beam hardening effects. After calibrating raw data by using the adjusted spectrum curve, image results showed that artifacts such as shading dark artifacts and rings artifacts were significantly reduced.

A CT tube emits x-rays, which is received by one or more detectors facing the tube. The detectors measure an attenuation value of X-rays between the CT tube and the detectors and calculate a distribution of material according to the attenuation value of a detected object measured from every angle of view as well as in coordination with a reconstruction program. Thus images can be reconstructed by the CT system.
Computed tomography reconstruction theory assumes that X-rays emitted from the tube are monochromatic, but this assumption is not the case in a typical system. In fact, the X-rays emitted from a typical system are polychromatic. Therefore, many dark artifacts can appear in reconstructed images obtained by a reconstruction program when an assumption of a monochromatic spectrum is made. These artifacts are referred as beam hardening artifacts. The program used to eliminate these artifacts is referred to as a beam hardening calibration program.
Beam hardening calibration has been the subject of much research around the world. Calibration programs can be divided into two categories according to processing mode: pre-processing and post-processing. Compared with pre-processing calibration methods, post-processing methods for calibration algorithms are more time consuming than pre-processing calibration methods and may cause image information losses, yet there are many post-processing methods emerging in international literature. Pre-processing methods are preferred due to their time-conserving qualities.
The common approach of a pre-processing method includes calculating a beam hardening curve by scanning one or more some special phantoms based upon existing theoretical equations as well as spectrum functions (SF), adjusting the raw data according to this beam hardening curve, and finishing with the beam hardening calibration. During processing, the selection of SF plays an important role on the beam hardening result. The program generally requires two assumptions: (1) that the attenuation detected by the detector in an ideal system should be equal to that of the detected object; and (2) in the ideal system, the X-ray beam emitted from the tube in an optic plane is uniformly distributed for different channels.
For the first assumption, the attenuation detected by the detector in an ideal system should be equal to that of the detected object. In an actual system, the X-ray it will pass through many unknown filter materials before the X-ray arrives at the detector, resulting in the change of beam spectrum. Beam hardening calibration performed according to the spectrum functions (SF) provided by the tube manufacturer may not yield desirable results.
For the second assumption, in an ideal system, the X-ray beam emitted by the tube in an optic plane is uniformly distributed for different channels. Former calibration programs are subject to this assumption and thus deploy consistent calibration parameters (e.g. spectrum function) for different channels during the calibration process. The rays emitted from the tube in an actual system are not uniformly distributed. Thus the attenuation materials that the X-ray beam pass through before arriving at the detected object are also different for different channels, resulting in artifacts if the same beam hardening calibration program is deployed for different channels.
Spectrum functions are an attribute of the tube, thus different tubes correspond to different spectrums. In addition, different scanning parameters correspond to different spectrums. The rays emitted from the tube that pass through a series of filter materials have been changed when they arrive at the detected object. For a different tube, SF is also different for different channels. So SF needs to be adjusted according to real situations.
FIG. 1 shows an example of a prior art system. X-rays emitted from tube 10 pass through filter materials 11-1–11-8 to detector 14. As shown in FIG. 1, SF provided by the tube manufacturer will be altered after it passes through a series of filter materials such as those illustrated by tube target 11-1, glass and metal beryllium of tube export window 11-2, insulating oil 11-3 used to immerse the tube, attached glass layer 11-4, a layer of tungsten on the inner side of the glass sealing 11-5, a first unit for controlling beam width 11-6, a first unit for controlling beam intensity 11-7, attached aluminum and molybdenum 11-8, and others. In addition, the altered SF arrives at the detector only after it passes through the second unit for controlling beam width 13 after passing through detected object 12. Thus, the information detected by the detector 14 includes that of all filter materials 11-1–11-8.


Methods and systems for managing decoding of control channel on a multi-SIM UE. A method includes receiving, by the UE, the plurality of control channels from at least one Base Station (BS), the plurality of control channels corresponding to a plurality of Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs), selecting, by the UE, a respective decoder for each of the plurality of SIMs, and decoding, by the UE, each respective control channel among the plurality of control channels using the respective decoder for a respective SIM among the plurality of SIMs, the respective SIM corresponding to the respective control channel.

In a wireless communication system, a Base Station (BS) transmits data and Downlink Control Information (DCI) to a User Equipment (UE) through a data channel (for example: a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)), and a control channel (for example: a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), respectively. The DCI includes information such as, but not limited to, resource allocations, resource assignments on the PDSCH, uplink resource grants, and so on. The BS transmits the control channel prior to the data channel in a sub-frame transmitted to the UE. The BS encodes the control and data channels for the DCI and the data, respectively.
In conventional approaches, the UE may use a Successive Cancellation List (SCL) decoder for decoding the control channel and a Belief Propagation (BP) decoder for decoding the data channel. The BP decoder may decode the data channel, which is encoded using Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes, wherein the complexity for the BP decoder may be O(n log2 n). The SCL decoder may decode the control channel, which is encoded using polar codes, wherein the complexity for the SCL decoder may be O(n log2 n), wherein 'n' is a code length and 'L' is a list size of the SCL decoder. However, the SCL decoder consumes higher area/space, and power, as the complexity of the SCL decoder depends on the list size, and the SCL decoder decodes the control channel using the polar codes in a serial manner.
Further, in the conventional approaches, the UE may support multiple-Subscriber Identity Modules (multi-SIMs)/Carrier Components (CCs) and include a single Radio Frequency (RF) chain and a single SCL decoder (which is part of modem hardware) for the multi-SIMs to conserve cost/space. In such a case, on receiving the control channels on the multi-SIMs, the UE may enable each SIM of the multi-SIMs to use the SCL decoder in a time multiplexed manner for decoding the control channels. However, decoding the control channels in a multiplexed manner consumes more time. Alternatively, the UE may support multi-SIMs/CCs and include multiple duplicate SCL decoders for the multi-SIMs/CCs. In such a case, on receiving the control channels on the multi-SIMs, the UE may use the multiple duplicate SCL decoders for decoding the control channels received on the multi-SIMs to avoid collision of the control channels. However, using the multiple duplicate SCL decoders may cost higher space, and higher power consumption due to its complexity.
In an example conventional receiver of a UE supporting dual SIMs, two SCL decoders are used for decoding control channels received respectively on the two SIMs. The UE may be a Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS) device, supporting two SIMs and RF chains for each of the two SIMs. Each RF chain includes an antenna, a RF front end section, a demodulator, a SCL decoder, and a BP decoder. On receiving the control channels on the two SIMs, the UE uses the SCL decoders to decode the control channels received on the two SIMs, thereby avoiding collision of the control channels. However, usage of the two duplicate SCL decoders may be expensive in terms of power consumption, and space. Further, the BP decoder may become idle during the decoding of the control channels. Thus, the conventional approaches involve inefficient usage of the decoders for decoding the control channels.

Methods and systems for managing decoding of control channels on a multi-SIM UE


A metal face seal for an earth boring drill bit where the drill bit has a bit body, at least one bit leg, a bearing pin on each bit leg, and a cone rotatably mounted on each bearing pin. The metal face seal is located in the cavity formed between the interior surface of the cone and the bearing pin. The metal face seal consists of a rigid seal ring having a forward surface that engages a rotating seal surface of the cone. An energizer ring biases the rigid seal ring toward the rotating seal surface. A secondary seal engages the bearing pin surface, the energizer ring, and the rigid seal ring. The secondary seal ring has a protuberance on its forward side for filling void spaces between the energizer ring, the rigid seal ring, and the secondary seal ring.

A typical roller cone earth boring bit, such as used to drill wells, has three cones that roll around a common axis. The cones are mounted to bearing pins that depend from head sections. A seal contains lubricant within the cavity of the cone surrounding the bearing pin. A compensator in communication with the lubricant equalizes the pressure of the lubricant with the drilling fluid hydrostatic pressure on the exterior of bit. The purpose of the seal is to prevent the entry of foreign debris from the exterior of the bit that can enter and damage the earth boring bit. The head sections are welded together to form a body that is threaded at the upper end for connection to a drill string.
One type of seal is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,142,249, to Zahradnik, for a rigid metal face bearing seal with a secondary seal to partially seal against debris from the exterior of the bit. Despite the improvements achieved with the secondary seal, a void is formed between the metal face seal rigid ring, the energizing elastomer ring, and the secondary seal. This void then has to be filled with an oil or lubricant.


A new and distinct Lavender cultivar named ‘DLAVENLPOP’ is disclosed, characterized by pink flowers and terminal bracts, uniform inflorescence and very compact plant form. The new variety is a Lavandula, normally produced as an outdoor garden or container plant.

The new Lavandula cultivar is a product of a planned breeding program conducted by the inventor, Gavriel Danziger, in Moshav Mishmar Hashiva, Israel. The objective of the breeding program was to produce new Lavender varieties for ornamental commercial applications. The open pollination resulting in this new variety was made during March of 2010.
The seed parent is the, unpatented, proprietary variety referred to as Lavender 'LA-10-2000'. The pollen parent is unknown as it was an open pollination breeding program. The new variety was discovered in March of 2011 by the inventor in a group of seedlings resulting from the 2010 crossing, in a research greenhouse in Moshav Mishmar Hashiva, Israel.
Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar was performed by vegetative cuttings. This was first performed at a research greenhouse in Moshav Mishmar Hashiva, Israel in March of 2011 and has shown that the unique features of this cultivar are stable and reproduced true to type in multiple successive generations.


An apparatus for cultivating turf by high-pressure liquid injection comprises a plurality of frames 5 being arranged in parallel, a plurality of nozzles 2 being mounted on and along said frames 5 perpendicularly to the axis 5L thereof so as to be rotatable about the axes 5L of the frames 5 and to be positioned at two or more angles, and the nozzles 2 in two adjacent lines 2L being rotatable in opposite directions to each other. Since the liquid is applied obliquely to the surface E of the turf from two opposite directions, the soil grains are stirred to rotate and neither pressed nor moved in one direction, thereby to prevent formation of a compacted subsurface layer 7 in the soil.

Operations such as fertilization and aerification are indispensable for maintenance of the turf at golf courses or other turf facilities. Aerification is used to lead air into the roots of the turf and assist the turf in growing. For example, a method of aerification has been developed, in which a lot of pores are formed under ground by jetting high-pressure water from nozzles toward the surface of the turf. As occasions demand, fertilizer or agricultural chemicals are mixed with the high-pressure water for simultaneous fertilization or application of the chemicals to the turf and turf subsoil.
A conventional apparatus for such purposes comprises a plurality of nozzles having output ports arranged toward the surface of the turf, a tank filled with liquid such as agricultural chemicals to be jetted from the nozzles, and a pump for pumping the liquid in the tank to each nozzle. With this apparatus, aerification, fertilization, discharging chemicals and the like are operated by moving the above-mentioned output ports of the nozzles along the surface of the turf and jetting the liquid from the nozzles intermittently.

Apparatus for cultivating turf by high-pressure liquid injection


A vehicle includes a first sensor that senses a state of the vehicle and a second sensor that senses outside of the vehicle. A computing device is configured to receive signals from the sensors and to control rotating and turning of the wheels. While the vehicle is parked, the computing device determines according to a signal received from the sensors, that a condition is satisfied. The condition may be associated with a particular wheel. Based on determining that the condition is satisfied, and while the vehicle remains parked, the computing device initiates automatically rotating or turning the particular wheel associated with the condition.

Vehicles have long been equipped with anti-theft systems. Previous anti-theft systems have been designed to prevent theft of a vehicle. Digital keys, alarms, lockdown modes, global positioning system (GPS) beaconing, and other anti-theft measures can be effective in preventing vehicle theft. However, wheel theft remains problematic. The market for stolen wheels is robust since most wheels are not serialized and wheel purchasers do not usually ask for proof of ownership.


A TFT substrate includes: a substrate; and a plurality of TFTs, wherein each of the TFTs comprises: a gate electrode, disposed on the substrate; a gate insulating layer, disposed on the substrate and covering the gate electrode; a metallic oxide active layer, disposed on the gate insulating layer; a metallic oxide protection layer, disposed on the metallic oxide active layer; an etching stop layer, disposed on the metallic oxide protection layer, wherein a first through hole and a second through hole penetrate through the etching stop layer and the metallic oxide protection layer; and a source electrode and a drain electrode, disposed in the first through hole and the second through hole respectively, and electrically connected to the metallic oxide active layer.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate and a method for manufacturing the same, and in particular to a TFT substrate and a method for manufacturing the same that prevent a metallic oxide active layer after film forming from being polluted by moisture in the environment and chemical liquids in manufacturing processes.
2. Related Art
With the gradual progress of a display technology, the assistance of displays makes life more convenient for people. To meet a demand for lighter and thinner displays, flat panel displays (FPDs) become the mainstream at present. Among many FPDs, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have advantageous features such as high space utilization efficiency, low power consumption, zero radiation, and low electromagnetic interference, and are therefore popular among consumers. In particular, structure design or material selection of TFT substrates, which are heavily used in displays, directly affects performance of products.
Generally speaking, a TFT in the TFT substrate at least has members such as a gate electrode, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a channel layer, where the electrical conductivity of the channel layer can be changed by controlling a voltage of the gate electrode, so that an electrically connected (Switch On) state or an electrically insulated (Switch Off) state is formed between the source electrode and drain electrode. Materials of channel layers are mostly amorphous silicon (a-Si). However, in recent years, indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is gradually replacing the a-Si, because compared with the a-Si, the IGZO can reduce the size of the TFT, improve an aperture ratio of pixels of a liquid crystal panel, and easily achieve doubled resolution and ten-time-faster electron mobility.
However, after manufacturing processes such as film forming, lithography, and etching, the IGZO is subject to a stripping process, in which a photoresist attached on the IGZO is stripped; at this time, a surface of the IGZO is not protected by the photoresist, and therefore is prone to pollution of moisture in the environment and a chemical liquid in the stripping process, and an electrical property of the IGZO is greatly affected.
Therefore, it is necessary to provide a TFT substrate and a method for manufacturing the same to prevent the IGZO from being polluted by moisture in the environment and chemical liquids in processes.


A base lens of a polyurethane resin comprising a polyisocyanate compound and a polythiol, a sulfur-containing polyol or the like is coated with a primer layer having a thickness sufficient for shock absorption, an organosiloxane-type, hard coat layer having a refractive index of 1.47 or more, and optionally a thin metal layer in that order. As having this constitution, the plastic lens has a mechanical strength resistant to striking energy of not smaller than 4 times the striking energy value of the FDA Standard, 0.204 joules, when the center thickness of the lens is from 0.7 mm to less than 1.2 mm. Since the latitude in the acceptable range for the conditions for the processing of the lens (relative to the thickness of each constitutive layer) is large, the producibility of the lens is high. An inhomogeneous layer may be formed between the adjacent layers, which reduces the reflectivity of the lens for transmitting light and prevents the formation of interference fringes in the lens. An ultraviolet absorbent, if added to the hard coat layer, can cut off ultraviolet rays, while preventing the base lens and the coat layers from being aged, and is helpful in protecting eyeballs.

Plastic lenses for spectacles have various characteristics, which glass lenses do not have, in that they are lightweight, they are hardly broken and they are easily dyeable. Heretofore, acrylic resins, polycarbonate resins and ADC resins have been used to produce such plastic lenses. At present, urethane resins with high refractive indices are used to produce them, and plastic lenses with refractive indices of higher than 1.60 are sold in the market. Minus lenses with refractive indices of 1.60 or higher may be thinned even at their peripheries, and such thin lenses look nice. However, in order to reduce the weight of plastic lenses, it is still desired to further thin their center parts as much as possible, while removing the aberration to occur on their aspherical areas, thereby to further thin their peripheries.
As having good optical characteristics and other various excellent characteristics, plastic lenses are superior to glass lenses but the scratch resistance of the former is much lower than that of the latter. Therefore, for plastic lenses for use in spectacles, it is indispensable to coat their surfaces with a hard coat layer.
In order to improve their scratch resistance, plastic lenses may be coated with a hard coat layer comprising any of organic silicon compounds and epoxy resins. The hard coat layer of that type is very advantageous, when it is further coated with a thin metal film to form a non-glare layer thereon. However, the lens with the constitution of that type is seriously defective in that, if the hard coat layer and the non-glare layer are cracked on impact, the base lens will also be cracked often resulting in complete breakage of the lens. In general, if a plastic lens is directly coated with a hard coat layer and if the hard coat layer is over-coated with an inorganic layer of, for example, TiO2, ZrO2 or SiO2, through vacuum vapor deposition, the thus-coated lens shall have poor impact resistance and is easily cracked since the layers are very brittle though being hard. Therefore, it is said that, if such layers are simply formed on a plastic lens, the impact resistance of the coated lens will be lowered to 1/20 or less of the original impact resistance of the non-coated lens.
In order to ensure the reliable safety of spectacles for users, we, the present inventors have assiduously studied to develop plastic lenses for spectacles which have high impact resistance satisfying the requirements for commercial use and which are as safe as possible, and, as a result, have found that a plastic lens having a primer layer with a predetermined thickness or larger as formed between the base lens and the hard coat layer may have improved impact resistance.
In Japanese Kokai Patent Publication Nos. 63-87223 and 63-141001, disclosed are polyurethane primers to be obtained from a particular polyol or active hydrogen-having compound and a diisocyanate or polyisocyanate. These primers are applied to lenses of diethylene glycol bisallyl carbonate or its copolymer for the purpose of improving the adhesiveness between the lenses and the hard coat layers to be formed on the lenses. In the present invention, preferably used are primers of that type.
The thickness of the center parts of the lenses used in the above-mentioned prior art techniques is 1.6 mm or 1.2 mm. At present, however, recent lenses with high refractive indices may be further thinned with the increase in their refractive indices. For example, the thickness of the center parts of such lenses with high refractive indices may be from 0.7 mm to less than 1.2 mm. Accordingly, it has become possible to provide minus lenses having thin peripheries and plus lenses having thin center parts, which are fashionable. However, the reduction in the thickness of lenses inevitably results in significant reduction in the impact resistance thereof. Therefore, we, the present inventors have targeted the provision of lenses which may still have high impact strength even when their center parts are thinned in the manner as mentioned above.
The impact resistance of lenses is tested generally in accordance with the FDA Standard, for which a steel ball having a weight of about 16.4 g and a diameter of about 16 mm is dropped onto a lens from a height of 127 cm. In the American National Standard Institute (ANSI Z87.1 1989), stipulated is a method for testing safety spectacles for industrial use, in which a steel ball having a diameter of 25.4 mm is dropped onto a lens from a height of 127 cm. This is to ensure the reliable safety of spectacles for users.
To evaluate the impact resistance of lenses, employed is a test method of dropping a steel ball (16.4 g) as stipulated in the above-mentioned FDA Standard or a steel ball n-times heavier than the steel ball for the FDA Standard, onto a lens to be tested, and the lens thus tested is evaluated to have a degree of safety of "n-times of FDA". In this method, however, if the steel ball used is to have a large diameter, the contact area between the ball dropped and the lens being tested is to be large. Therefore, the data as obtained according to this method could not indicate the true impact resistance of lenses tested. We, the present inventors used, in place of this method, the BRUCETON method as approved by the U.S. OLA. In the BRUCETON method, we used the steel ball (16.4 g) as stipulated in the FDA Standard, while accelerating its dropping speed, and we obtained the striking energy needed for breaking the lens tested to evaluate the degree of safety of the lens. In the FDA Standard, the striking energy is defined to be 0.204 joules (J). Therefore, the impact resistance of the lens tested according to the BRUCETON method is represented by the multiple of said value, 0.204 J.
On the other hand, as has been so mentioned hereinabove, the formation of a hard coat layer is indispensable for plastic lenses. If, however, the refractive index of the base lens is larger than 1.60, the light reflected on the interface between the hard coat layer and the base lens interferes with the light reflected on the surface of the hard coat layer to often produce interference fringes. Theoretically, there will occur no problem if the refractive index of the base lens is the same as that of the hard coat layer. In fact, however, there is a difference of 0.1 or larger between them. It may be possible to prevent the formation of such interference fringes, if the hard coat layer is much thinned. However, the wavelength of visible rays varies within a range of from 400 nm to 700 nm. Therefore, even when the hard coat layer is thinned as much as possible, such is still problematic in that the thinned hard coat layer may be effective only in preventing the interference fringes from light having a certain wavelength but is ineffective in preventing the others from other light having different wavelengths, and is further problematic in that the thinned hard coat layer could not have satisfactory scratch resistance.
In Japanese Kokai Patent Publication No. 5-341239, we, the present inventors have disclosed the advantages of the plastic lenses for spectacles with high refractive indices which we have commercialized. After this disclosure, we have further studied to improve and enhance the quality and the producibility of various plastic lenses for spectacles, and have now completed the present invention. Specifically, the present invention is to provide lenses for spectacles, which have high impact resistance and which produce few interference fringes. In addition, according to the present invention, the latitude in the acceptable modification of conditions for surface treatment of lenses is enlarged, whereby the producibility of lenses is, after all, much enhanced.

Plastic lenses for spectacles with high refractive indices


A portable illuminated, transparent or translucent tubular device is provided. The light source is a flexible, extended-in-length light source mounted in the tubular device, with a housing associated with the tubular device. The housing encloses batteries, and in some instances circuitry, for powering the light source. In a preferred embodiment, the tubular device is a handle for a fish or crab net, with the light source extending around the loop of the net.

Attempts have been made to provide illuminated fishing nets, such as one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,908,216. This particular net is provided with a flashlight mounted to a handle portion just above the net. In use, the flashlight is used to spot or locate an animal or fish to be captured with the net. However, this type of net has found little success on the market, perhaps because it was not cost-effective, or perhaps because in order to capture fish or an animal, the light beam must be moved away from the animal or fish in order to manipulate the net into a catch position. Similar light sources are found on fishing implements in order to provide illumination for a fisherman at night. In addition, a number of fishing lures employ miniaturized light sources in order to more effectively attract fish. With respect to crabs, lobsters and the like, U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,374 provides a shellfish attractant device using a green LED and attachable to a crab pot or other fishing apparatus in order to attract shellfish.
With respect to novelty items and toys, children on a beach enjoy chasing and catching beach crabs with flashlights and hand-held nets. In fact, along almost any recreational beach, parents with children may be found chasing crabs with nets and flashlights at night. However, when a crab is illuminated with white light, particularly a bright light such as a flashlight necessary to spot the crabs, an alarm reaction is provoked in the crab, resulting in the crab scurrying or swimming away. Such an alarm reaction in the crab is problematic for children, or those otherwise hunting crabs for a food source or other reasons.
In addition to the foregoing, parents are always concerned about the whereabouts of their children, particularly at night. Where an easily-identifiable marker is provided that the children will play with, and particularly adapted for use at night, parents will be more comfortable allowing their children to play along a beach at night generally unsupervised but within sight of the marker. In addition, related uses for an illuminated device of the instant invention may be a warning device for a bicyclist wherein an illuminated wand may be mounted to the bicycle or worn by a bicyclist so as to be visible from at least sides and from a rear of a bicycle, or a walking stick or cane carried by a pedestrian who walks at night so as to be viewable from the front, sides and rear.
In accordance with the foregoing, it is one object of the invention to provide a combined crab net and light source that minimizes the alarm reaction in crabs. Is another object of the invention to provide, in general, a novelty, marker or warning device comprising a self-powered transparent or translucent member that may be in a tubular or shaft-like form configured into any shape. It is yet another object of the invention to provide a fish-attracting light source. Other objects of the invention will become apparent upon a reading of the following specification.

Devices incorporating flexible, extended-in-length light sources including catch net, batons and safety devices


By using a first substrate which has a light-transmitting property and whose first face is provided with a light-absorbing layer, a mixture including an organic compound and an inorganic material is irradiated with light having a wavelength, which is absorbed by the inorganic material to heat the mixture, and thereby a film of the organic compound included in the mixture is formed on the first face of the first substrate. Then, the first face of the first substrate and a deposition surface of a second substrate are arranged to be adjacent to or in contact with each other, irradiation with light having a wavelength, which is absorbed by the light-absorbing layer is conducted from a second face side of the first substrate, to heat the organic compound, and thereby at least part of the organic compound is formed as a film on the deposition surface of the second substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a light emitting device.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic compound can take a wider variety of structures than an inorganic compound, and it is possible to synthesize a material having various functions by appropriate molecular-design of an organic compound. Owing to these advantages, electronics which utilize functional organic materials have been attracting attention in recent years.
For example, a solar cell, a light emitting element, an organic transistor, and the like are exemplified as an electronic device utilizing an organic compound as a functional material. These devices utilize electric properties and optical properties of such an organic compound.
In particular, light emitting elements including an organic compound as a light emitting material, which have features such as thinness, lightness, high-speed responses, and DC drive at low voltage, are expected to be applied to next-generation flat panel displays. In particular, advantageously, display devices in which light emitting elements are arranged in matrix are superior in viewing angle and visibility to conventional liquid crystal display devices.
The following is said to be a general light emitting mechanism of a light emitting element: when voltage is applied between a pair of electrodes with an electroluminescent (hereinafter also referred to as EL) layer interposed therebetween, electrons injected from a cathode and holes injected from an anode are recombined at emission centers in the EL layer to form molecular excitons, and energy is released when the molecular excitons relax to the ground state. As excited states, a singlet excited state and a triplet excited state are known, and light emission is considered to be possible through either of the excited states.
An EL layer included in a light emitting element has at least a light emitting layer. An EL layer can also have a stacked-layer structure including a hole injecting layer, a hole transporting layer, an electron transporting layer, an electron injecting layer, and/or the like, in addition to a light emitting layer.
EL materials for forming EL layers are broadly classified into a low molecular (monomer) material and a high molecular (polymer) material. In general, a low molecular material is often deposited by an evaporation method and a high molecular material by an inkjet method, a spin coating method, or the like.
When the evaporation method is employed to manufacture a full-color display device with red, green, and blue light emitting elements, a shadow mask is provided in contact with a substrate between the substrate and an evaporation source and selective formation of a light emitting element for each color can be achieved through this mask.
However, a shadow mask which is used to manufacture a full-color display device is very thin because of the necessity for precise formation of its opening portion. Thus, if the size of a shadow mask is increased as the size of a substrate is increased, problems may arise in that a shadow mask sags and the size of an opening portion is changed. It is difficult to adopt a means for reinforcing a shadow mask because an extremely fine pattern is formed in a region of the shadow mask corresponding to a pixel portion.
Furthermore, miniaturization of each display pixel pitch is increasingly demanded with higher definition of a display device (with an increase in the number of pixels), and there is a trend toward even thinner shadow masks.
On the other hand, a method for directly forming an EL layer over a deposition substrate by a wet method such as an inkjet method or a spin coating method can also be employed when the size of a substrate is increased; however, it is difficult to make a uniform thickness by this method. When a wet method is employed, it is necessary that a composition or a solution including an EL material is applied and then baked to remove a solvent. Thus, in the case of stacking layers including an EL material, an application step and a baking step should be repeated, and it takes a lot of time. In the case of stacking layers by a wet method such as an inkjet method, a layer should be formed using a solvent in which a previously formed layer is not to be soluble, and there are only limited choices of materials and stacked-layer structures to be used. If there are only limited choices of materials or stacked-layer structures to be used, there is a significant limitation on the performance of a light emitting element (such as emission efficiency or lifetime). Thus, a wet method may cause a major obstacle to improvement in the performance of a light emitting device; for example, it may prevent the application of even a light emitting element with an excellent structure to a light emitting device.

Method for fabricating light emitting device

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


An embodiment of a method of predicting maternal hypertension during pregnancy is disclosed. The method may include measuring a maternal blood velocity waveform and measuring a fetal blood velocity waveform. The method may further include the calculation of a coherence value using a magnitude-squared coherence function between the maternal and fetal blood velocity waveforms and comparing the coherence value to a predetermined threshold value.

1. Field of the Invention
This patent application is related to the field of signal processing. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of ultrasound Doppler measurements.
2. Related Art
Preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality as well as perinatal morbidity and mortality. It is mainly characterized by hypertension and protienuria. Preeclampsia affects as many as one in ten of all pregnancies if its milder forms are counted. The incidence of preeclampsia is higher in women who are nulliparous, carry multiple fetuses, have chronic hypertension, diabetes, or if the woman has had previous preeclamptic pregnancies. Although clinical manifestations do not appear until the final three months, the foundations for preeclampsia are thought to be established in the first 10-12 weeks of gestation.
Maternal complications due to preeclampsia are associated with the vascular system. Mothers are at risk for intravascular coagulation, bleeding, and organ failure. Maternal blood volume is reduced and has altered distribution. The treatment of hypertension in pregnancy does not eliminate or reverse the process but does help prevent maternal cardiovascular complications, especially during labor and delivery.
Evidence exists to suggest that there is inadequate trophoblast secondary invasion in pregnancies that later developed preeclampsia. The adaptation to a limited supply of nutrients due to inadequate secondary trophoblast invasion in preeclampsia may lead to damages in the structure and the metabolism of a fetal life. Suboptimum supply of oxygen and nutrients may also lead to fetal intrauterine growth restriction. This, together with premature delivery, poses major threats to the fetus leading to various degrees of morbidity and even death. Long term follow up studies have demonstrated that babies who have suffered intrauterine growth retardation and those who are small and disproportionate at birth are more likely to develop hypertension, coronary heart disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes in adult life. These observations suggest that fetuses are quite sensitive to the maternal placental function.
Various methods have been developed to detect preeclamptic pregnancies early in the gestational period. The use of ambulatory pressure monitoring for identifying hypertensive pregnancies has been used. Using this method, blood pressure monitoring can be performed in four-week intervals for 48 hours throughout gestation starting in the 16th week. Ambulatory pressure monitoring has shown significant results with specificity and sensitivity above 90%. However, the instrumentation required for pressure monitoring is expensive and reported lower acceptability and sleep disturbances among patients.
Doppler ultrasound blood velocity waveforms have also been employed for predicting preeclampsia. A uterine arterial pulsatility index (PI) has been studied as an indicator to the increased resistance to the placental flow during the 11th through 14th week and 23rd week of gestation in various studies using Doppler ultrasound measurements. Analysis of the Doppler ultrasound measurements has proven difficult, however. Current techniques to analyze the measurements have resulted in sensitivities of mean PI for preeclampsia at rates as low as 25-27% during 1-14 weeks and 41% at 23 weeks. Superior techniques for analyzing data from Doppler ultrasound measurements are greatly desired.

Method and apparatus for predicting material hypertension during pregnancy using coherence analysis of material and fetal blood velocity waveforms


A method for removing material from a component that is connected as an anode is disclosed. In an embodiment, an electrode that is connected as a cathode is guided to the component such that a gap is formed, an electrolyte is introduced into the gap, and a closed system is formed for the electrolyte by the formation of a duct. The electrolyte is continuously guided from an inlet opening to an outlet opening of the duct. Forming the duct, e.g., by guide elements that are mounted on the electrode, ensures that only those surface parts of the component to be machined from which material is to be removed enter in contact with the electrolyte while the other surface parts do not enter in contact with the electrolyte. Since the electrolyte is continuously guided across the surface, used electrolyte is continuously discharged along with residual matter while fresh electrolyte is delivered.

The invention relates to a method for removing material from a component. This machining is also called electro-chemical machining (ECM) or even precise electro-chemical machining (PECM).
With this method, the component from which material is supposed to be removed is connected as an anode. An electrode is guided to the component, and namely a gap is formed between the electrode and the component. Typically, the shape of the electrode is a counterpart of the shape that the component is supposed to achieve. The electrode is connected as a cathode, and an electrolyte must then be introduced between the cathode (electrode) and the anode (component), i.e., into the gap.
It is now necessary for the method to be carried out such that the removal takes place precisely at a predetermined surface area of the component and not in the surrounding areas. However, the latter can absolutely be etched by the electrolytes, particularly if the electrolyte is situated on the component on the other side of the actual effective surface, and if stray currents are flowing. Another problem is that the electrolyte gets used up during the process. As a result, the electrolyte must be replaced. If this does not occur uniformly, locally there can be depositions of the material removed from the work piece carried over in a hydroxide. At such locations, the conductivity of the electrolyte is diminished, which can lead to the electrode drifting on the component and thereby producing a short circuit.
There are numerous methods of the cited type, in which the electrolyte is guided via the electrode. In the present case, the electrolyte is not supposed to be conveyed via the electrode. Until now, there have been electrolyte systems for this with closed pressure chambers, in which the component to be machined is protected by guard electrodes outside the actual areas being machined (the so-called machining area). The disadvantage of this is that the electrolyte completely circulates around the component. The guard electrodes get used up. There is also the possibility of making an open system available, in which the electrolyte is directed via nozzles into the gap. The disadvantage of this method is that the flow in the gap is not uniform making it possible for flow grooves or dead water zones with hydroxide sludge accumulations to occur.
The object of the invention is making available a method for removing material from a component that eliminates the problems of the prior art.
Thus, a duct is formed, which has an inlet opening and an outlet opening, wherein the component forms a wall with a part of its surface and the electrode also forms a wall of the duct with at least one part of its surface. During removal, the electrolyte is continuously guided from the inlet opening to the outlet opening.
A closed system is produced by forming a duct. The electrolyte thereby reaches only the area from which material is supposed to be removed (which is being machined), and no etching occurs in the unprotected neighboring areas. Because electrolyte is continuously directed or guided through the duct, there is a reliable replacement of the used electrolyte, i.e., there is always enough fresh electrolyte in front of the electrode. As a result, one maintains a high feed rate during machining, because the process can proceed in a trouble-free manner. The electrolyte flow is particularly uniform and with a suitable formation of the duct it is also not turbulent so that there are no dead water zones and the hydroxide can be flushed out easily.
The uniformity of the electrolyte flow can be guaranteed especially reliably by the electrolyte being introduced into the inlet opening of the duct at a pressure of 2 to 50 bar, wherein a suitable nozzle is preferably used for this.
The formation of the duct can be accomplished in an especially simple manner by providing two (in particular non-conductive) guide elements that bridge the gap. The guide elements can be mounted on the component or even attached manually, however, it has proven to be especially readily convenient to accomplish if the guide elements are arranged or mounted on the electrode (i.e., are a part of the electrode unit). Then, when moving the electrode toward the component, the guide elements make contact with the surface of the component, while forming the gap, so that immediately with the formation of the gap, the duct is also formed in its final size.
There are also cases in which a duct is made available more or less automatically by the shape of the component on the electrode. This is particularly the case if the component supplied is a component that has a recess, and if an electrode configured as a formed electrode tool is used, which engages precisely in the component. Then just by forming the gap, the duct is formed.
In the case of this type of arrangement, the depth of the recess is supposed to be increased by the removal process, and not necessarily in terms of its lateral dimensions. As a result, it is expedient to partially coat the electrode with an insulating body such that an electrical connection of the electrode with the component is made possible via the electrolyte only in one section of the duct.
A preferred case in which the method can be used is producing engine components made of nickel-based or titanium-based alloys. In this case, the engine component is the component arising from the original component through machining. Such a typical engine component is a blade profile.
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the following making reference to the drawings.

Method for removing material from a component, and electrode


Provides a game machine with exceptional interactivity capable of ascertaining players' psychological states from player's voices and actions. It is a game device for executing a prescribed game program in response to information input by players. Comprises a device for recognizing voices or actions made by players, and a processing board for ascertaining the condition of recognized voices and actions, and, for a given voice or given action, modifying the game device response processing operations to the voice or action in response to the condition of the voice or action.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a game device, and more particularly to a game device capable of incorporating voices and/or movements made by players, subtle changes in the psychological state of the players, as manifested in player voices and/or player movement, and operating commands input by the players being acquired by the game processor board to provide multiple variants of game development.
2. Description of the Related Art
Interactive game devices of the prior art include those simulating a game in which at least one player faces a character (dealer) appearing in the game, the interactive game developing through processing of a stored game program.
An example of such an interactive game device is taught in Japanese Patent No. 2660586 The interactive game device taught in this publication comprises a projection space provided to the central portion of the front of the interactive game machine, a background provided behind the projection space, satellite sections, located in front of the projection space, provided with control sections for conducting game play while viewing the projection space and the satellite display means, a display device for displaying display images on a display screen facing the projection space, and virtual image creation means for creating virtual images of display images on the display device in front of the background while causing them to pass through the background, providing synthesized images in which display images and background images are combined to produce the impression of actually facing a dealer.
According to this game device, a player experiences the game while viewing a synthesized image simulating actually facing a dealer; an advantage thereof is that the game can proceed as the player savors the feeling of actually being dealt cards by the dealer. During the game, the player can operate a control member to give various instructions to the dealer.
While the foregoing game device of the prior art offers the advantage that a player can experience the game while viewing synthesized images simulating actually facing a dealer, the fact that information can only be provided to the dealer through operation of control elements, pressing keys on a keyboard device, or pressing the mouse button means that the entry data is fixed, making it difficult to convey to the game machine the subtle psychological state of the player. Accordingly, dealer action and expression are rendered in unvaried fashion, contributing to a lack of suspense and an inability to introduce variation into game execution. The experience provided by such game devices is lacking in rich bidirectional interface between game machine and player (interactivity).

Card game for displaying images based on sound recognition


The problem to be solved is to provide an important intermediate for production of an FXa inhibitor. The solution thereto is a method for industrially producing a compound (1) or a compound (4), comprising: [Step 1]: adding a quaternary ammonium salt and a metal azide salt to water to prepare an aqueous solution of an azidification reagent complex comprising quaternary ammonium salt-metal azide salt, and subsequently dehydrating the aqueous solution using an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent to form a mixed solution of the azidification reagent complex comprising quaternary ammonium salt-metal azide salt and the aromatic hydrocarbon solvent with a water content of 0.2% or less; and [Step 2]: adding, to the mixed solution prepared in [Step 1], a compound (2) wherein L represents a leaving group.

Compound (A) or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, or a hydrate thereof is a compound that exhibits an FXa inhibitory effect, as disclosed in Patent Literatures 1 to 3, and is useful as preventive and/or therapeutic drugs for thrombotic and/or embolic diseases.

The pamphlet of International Publication No. WO 2007/032498 discloses a method for producing compound (A) using an azide derivative compound (1) and an optically active diamine derivative compound (3) as production intermediates. This pamphlet discloses a method comprising treating a compound (2a) with sodium azide and 1-dodecylpyridinium chloride in an amide solvent such as N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) to produce compound (1).
wherein Boc represents a tert-butoxycarbonyl group; and Ms represents a methanesulfonyl group.

Method for producing optically active diamine derivative


Traffic is monitored in individual lanes of a roadway as to vehicle count or presence, speed and direction of movement by mounting a microphone array high above the road surface, digitizing the output signals of the microphones, filtering, beamforming and storing the digitized signals to provide separate power histories for separate locations in individual lanes. These power histories are then analyzed to provide vehicle movement data for each lane.

The increasing congestion of city streets from rapid growth of automative traffic has created a need for more and more sophisticated demand-responsive traffic control systems. Typically, cities have filled this need by tying traffic lights on major thoroughfares into a control center in which computer-assisted technicians can observe traffic through strategically placed remote-controlled video cameras and/or traffic counters, and then adjust traffic light cycles to move the maximum number of vehicles with the least delays.
Increased automation of this process requires that the control center be supplied with precise, real-time computer-readable data regarding the movement of vehicles in a plurality of lanes and directions. To some degree, this can be accomplished by systems using inductive loop sensors in the pavement, but such systems are limited in their sensing ability and area coverage, are expensive and are subject to mechanical damage.
A need therefore exists for a simple, relatively inexpensive monitoring system that can be quickly installed in an out-of-the-way place adjacent a roadway; which does not require the sawing of wire-carrying grooves into the roadway, thereby reducing installation cost and premature wearing of the road surface; and which provides simultaneous digitized real-time information on the position, speed and direction of all vehicles in the area of interest in and around the intersection.

Passive acoustic traffic monitoring system


In order to improve a simulation system for representing actions of machining units of a machine tool, in particular actions in the machining of a workpiece, in accordance with a CNC machining program complex by means of at least one first visualization unit in the form of actions of virtual machining units of a virtual machine tool, comprising an action control, which has at least one first data processing unit, which establishes control commands for actions of the virtual machining units by a control program processing CNC blocks of the CNC machining program complex, and a visualization control, which has at least one second data processing unit, which represents actions of the virtual machining units on the first visualization unit by a visualization program on the basis of configuration data of a stored machine model and the control commands determined by the action control, in such a way that it can be operated more easily, it is proposed that the simulation system comprises an operating control with a third data processing unit, which operates the action control by an operating program, and that the operating program has a program management function, which transfers at least program parts of the CNC machining program complex in a workpiece-related manner from said CNC machining program complex stored in a memory of the third data processing unit to the action control for executing said program complex.

The invention relates to a simulation system for representing actions of machining units of a machine tool, in particular actions in the machining of a workpiece, in accordance with a CNC machining program complex by means of at least one first visualization unit in the form of actions of virtual machining units of a virtual machine tool, comprising an action control, which has at least one first data processing unit, which establishes control commands for actions of the virtual machining units by a control program processing CNC blocks of the CNC machining program complex, and a visualization control, which has at least one second data processing unit, which represents actions of the virtual machining units on the first visualization unit by a visualization program on the basis of configuration data of a stored machine model and the control commands determined by the action control.
Such visualization systems are known from the prior art. With these, there is only the possibility of running a simulation of program parts of the CNC machining program complex or the entire CNC machining program complex.
Even operating such a simulation system is complicated and requires detailed knowledge of the simulation system, knowledge which persons usually working on machine tools with CNC machining program complexes do not have, but have to acquire through training measures.
An object of the invention is therefore to improve a simulation system of the generic type in such a way that it is easier to operate.


A device structure and method for forming graded junction using a implant process. Embodiments of the invention comprise implanting ions into said silicon substrate to form doped regions adjacent to said gate. The orientation of the channel region in the Si crystal structure (channel direction <100>) in combination with the large angle tilt and twist implant process produce doped regions that have a more graded junction. The orientation and implant process creates more channeling of ions. The channeling of ions creates a more graded junction. When implemented on a HV MOS TX, the graded junction of the LDD increases the breakdown voltage. Another embodiment is a FET with an annular shaped channel region.

1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to fabrication of semiconductor devices particularly to the fabrication of implanted doped regions in a semiconductor device that has a graded junction
2) Description of the Related Art
With higher levels of integrated circuits on semiconductor chips and the need for faster transistors in these circuits, the FET transistor must maximize all aspects of semiconductor physics to fabricate transistors in these circuits with faster switching speed.
As the transistor scaling to smaller dimension, the inventor have found that high Vt NMOS transistor is facing a problem with voltage limitation. Thermal cycle was limited because of the consideration of logic device in the wafer. An aspect of this invention address issue.
In crystalline solids, such as monocrystalline silicon, the atoms which make up the solid are spatially arranged in a periodic fashion. This periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystal is called a lattice. The crystal lattice always contains a volume which is representative of the entire lattice and it is regularly repeated throughout the crystal. The directions in a lattice are expressed as a set of three integers with the same relationship as the components of a vector in that direction. The three vector components are given in multiples of the basic vectors. For example, in cubic lattices, such as silicon which has a diamond crystal lattice, the body diagonal has the components of 1a, 1b, and 1c and this diagonal exist along the [111] direction with the [ ] brackets being used to denote a specific direction. However, many directions in a crystal are equivalent, depending on the arbitrary choice of orientation of the axes. Such equivalent directions are denoted with < > brackets and, for example, crystal directions in the cubic lattice [100], [010], and [001] are all crystallographically equivalent and are <100> directions. Since these directions will also be on the negative side of the origin, as arbitrarily defined, they also are identified with a (−) over the specific negative integer, such as [ 100], [0 10], and [00 1] for <100> directions. Unless specifically stated or shown in the following description in this application, a crystal direction includes both positive and negative integers.
Planes in a crystal also can be determined with a set of three integers h, k, and l. They are used to define a set of parallel planes and each set of three integers in ( ) parentheses identify a specific plane. As in the case of directions, many planes in a lattice are equivalent and the indices of such equivalent planes are denoted by { } parentheses. For cubic lattices, direction [k,l,m] is perpendicular to a plane with the identical three integers (k,l,m). Thus, if either a direction or a plane of a cubic lattice is known, its perpendicular counterpart can be quickly determined without calculation. For example, for planes of equivalent symmetry such as {100} plane, the equivalent planes are (100), (010), (001), (100), (010), and (001). Like the crystal direction, the crystal plane in the following description in this application includes both positive and negative integers unless specifically stated otherwise.
General terminology is: ( ) for a certain plane; { } for a group of planes; [ ] for a certain direction; < > for a group of directions.
Ion implant processes are important to forming doped regions in substrates. The depth to which an ion becomes implanted is proportional to its kinetic energy. The implanted distribution in an amorphous target is roughly a Gaussian distribution characterized by a mean, known as the range, and a standard deviation, known as the straggle. In a single crystal target, the range and straggle for a given implant may be different than that in amorphous material, due to a phenomena known as channeling. Higher ion energy, higher silicon temperature, and the growth of silicon dioxide layers on the silicon all tend to dechannel implants. In any event, range and straggle data for various materials including silicon, silicon dioxide, and photoresist have been determined.
The more relevant technical art in the patent literature is as follows: U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,300 (Buynoski) shows an alignment of a FET on a wafer.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,566,204 (Wang, et al.) teaches the use of mask shadowing and angled implantation in fabricating asymmetrical field-effect transistors.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,599,804 (Bulucea, et al.)shows a fabrication of field-effect transistor for alleviating short-channel effects.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,617 (Woo, et al.) shows a method of fabricating a MOSFET with graded source and drain regions using a high tilt I/I.
However, there is a need for an improved process and device.

Semiconductor device layout and channeling implant process

Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, LTD


A focusing electrode in an electron gun for a color cathode ray tube or high definition industrial picture tube includes a first and second focusing electrodes. A recess portion in one end of the first focusing electrode is oriented to face burring parts of the second focusing electrode. An electron beam and a surrounding portion pass through holes in the first focusing electrode to reduce the space between the first and second focusing electrodes. This improves the static convergence drift.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to an electron gun for use in a color cathode ray tube or high definition industrial picture tube, and more particularly, to a structure of a focusing electrode in an electron gun for a color cathode ray tube, in which a gap between first and second focusing electrodes can be arranged closer for improving an STC(Static Convergence Drift) occurred during operation of the electron gun.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
The electron gun is a device in which three electron beams emitted from cathodes are focused on a fluorescent screen consisting of red, green and blue fluorescent materials coated on an inside surface of the cathode ray tube. Each of the fluorescent materials reacts with one of the electron beams to emit a fluorescent light with, a combination of the three beams forming a pixel.
FIG. 1 illustrates a cross section of a general in-line type electron gun.
Referring to FIG. 1, the electron gun 1 includes a triode 2 and main focusing static lens 3. The triode 2 has cathodes 4 each for emitting thermal electrons toward a screen, a control electrode 5 for controlling the thermal electrons, and an accelerating electrode 6 for accelerating the thermal electrons, arranged in the aforementioned order. The main focusing static lens 3 arranged in front of triode 2 has a focusing electrode 7 and an anode 8. When voltages of preset levels different from one another are applied to the different electrodes respectively, the electron beams are controlled and focused into intended intensities by the controlling electrode 5 and the accelerating electrode 6, focused by a main focusing static lens formed between the focusing electrode 7 and the anode 8, and accelerated by the anode 8 toward the screen. Then, the electron beams are deflected by a non-uniform magnetic field formed by deflection yokes to make a self convergence, and form a pixelon the screen. However, the application of the non-uniform magnetic field causes the electron beams to form a horizontally elongated spot together with haze. Haze is a thinning of an image on upper and lower sides of the horizontally elongated spot caused by a synergy effect of the focusing power of the magnetic field which is weak in horizontal the direction and strong in the vertical direction. The haze can be eliminated or reduced by forming a well known dynamic four polar correcting lens between a divided focusing lens upon application of a voltage synchronous to a deflection signal to one of the divided focusing lens.
FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of a disassembled conventional focusing lens divided into two to form the dynamic four polar correcting lens.
Referring to FIG. 2, the focusing electrode 7 includes a first focusing electrode 71 adapted to be applied of a static voltage, a second focusing electrode 72 arranged next to the first focusing electrode 71 and adapted to be applied of a dynamic voltage for producing a voltage difference higher than the voltage to the first focusing lens 71 in a range of 300.about.1000 V depending on extent of deflection of the electron beams, electron beam pass through holes 711 and 721 formed in the first and second focusing lenses 71 and 72 at facing end surfaces 712 and 722, and a pair of burring parts 723 at an upper and a lower portions of each of the electron beam pass through holes 721 in the second focusing electrode 72 projected toward or inserted in one of the electron beam pass through holes 711 in the first focusing electrode 71. With this configuration, when the electron beams are deflected, the second focusing electrode 72 is applied of the dynamic voltage to form the dynamic four polar correcting lens between the first and second focusing lenses 71 and 72 by the voltage difference formed between them. The burring parts 723 provided at the upper and lower portions of the electron beam pass through holes 721 in the second focusing electrode 72 permitting the dynamic four polar correcting lens to correct the horizontal elongation of the electron beam spot. However, as shown in FIG. 3 A, during formation of the burring parts 723, stresses are generated at a circumference of the electron beam pass through holes 721 where the burring parts 723 are not provided, resulting in cracks 724 therein, that reduce the performance of the electron beams. FIG. 3B illustrates low burring parts 723L provided at horizontal portions of the electron beam pass through holes 721 for preventing generation of the cracks at the circumference of the electron beam pass through holes 721 in the second focusing electrode 72. Because of the added length of low burring parts 723L, the length of the high burring part 723H is lengthened as much as the length of the low burring part 723L to offset the influence from the low burring part 723L, which causes a gap D between the first and second focusing electrodes 71 and 72 to become greater as much as the length of the low burring part 723L as shown in FIG. 3C. The gap D between the first and second focusing electrodes 71 and 72 should be maintained to be in a range of 0.5 mm.about.0.6 mm. If the gap D is smaller than 0.5 mm, discharges can occur, and if the gap is greater than 0.6 mm, an STC drift, in which variation of focusing of the electron beams takes place as time changes may occur. According to a test room experiment, if the gap D between the first and second focusing electrodes 71 and 72 is greater than 0.8 mm, the electron beams are affected negatively. When the low burring part 723L is provided, the gap D between the first and second focusing electrodes 71 and 72 is in general greater than 0.8 mm.


The present disclosure relates to a wind turbine blade, in particular a wind turbine blade having devices or structures for reducing noise generated by the wind turbine blade during use and related method. The wind turbine blade comprises at least a first longitudinal section having a cross section perpendicularly to a longitudinal direction, the cross section having a plurality of flow modulating devices including a first primary flow modulating device and a secondary flow modulating device for modulating noise spectra, wherein the first primary flow modulating device and the first secondary flow modulating device are spaced perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction. Also disclosed is a method of retrofitting a wind turbine blade.

The ever growing number of wind turbines implies an increased demand for suitable wind turbine locations. Wind turbine blades of a wind turbine create a considerable quantity of noise during operation. In general, noise from wind turbines is a limiting factor when considering possible wind turbine locations.
It is known to provide a serrated panel at the trailing edge of a wind turbine blade, with a view to reducing the operational noise of a wind turbine blade, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,909,576. However, such a system does not provide a complete elimination of trailing edge noise, nor does it account the noise generated by wind turbine blades of increased dimensions and/or having blunt trailing edge profiles.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a wind turbine blade with improved noise properties, i.e. it is desired to provide a low-noise wind turbine blade in order to minimize noise from wind turbines thereby reducing noise nuisance for people living near wind turbines. Further a low-noise wind turbine blade or a wind turbine blade with tailored noise properties may enable wind turbine locations near or in populated areas. Further, it may be an object to provide a low noise wind turbine blade with a minimum reduction of performance or even improved aerodynamic properties.

Wind turbine blade with noise reduction devices and related method


A gutter cleaning apparatus includes a pair of opposing reverse curved blades biased open and connected together at upper edges by spring hinges. A fixed blade attaches to an extendible pole. A movable blade includes a lever arm fixed to an end of a rope that extends down the axis of the pole to the user's hand. During operation, the end of the pole with the attached apparatus is lifted over the gutter; the blades are lowered into the gutter sidewalls, and slid along the gutter trough to pile up debris. The apparatus, with open blades, is lifted over the pile and lowered into the debris. The rope is then pulled taut to close the blades and grasp the debris. The apparatus and debris are lifted from the gutter. Tension on the rope is slackened to release the debris that falls to the ground for collection and disposal.

Roof eave mounted rain gutters with attached downspouts are installed at the eave fascia just below the over-hanging shingles on most sloped roof buildings. Gutters are generally an open box shape with a flat or rounded bottom and are made of sheet metal, plastic or wood. The roof runoff water collects in the slightly sloped gutters toward and into regularly spaced vertical downspouts connected to the bottom of the gutter whereupon the water is directed on the ground level away from the base of the structure. Gutters are installed on buildings to protect and preserve the siding, windows, and foundation of the structure from rain water damage. Water collecting at the foundation area is particularly damaging and may cause settling or shifting of the structural support of the building. Rain, in prolonged contact with exterior siding, masonry and windows often causes cracks, mildew and wood rot or decay. Gutters are most commonly fastened by long nails driven through the top edge of the gutter into the fascia or by straps that are clipped to the front of the gutter and then fastened by screws into the fascia board. The nails or straps are typically spaced at three to six foot intervals along the gutter. Problems arise with proper operation of gutters when vegetation, twigs, bark, branches, or other debris enters the gutter trough and slows or prevents the movement of water to the downspouts. The clogged gutters will then overflow onto the siding, windows and foundation causing water damage to the structure and rendering the gutters useless. The problem of how to keep gutters clean and properly operating becomes a major concern. Commercial gutter cleaning services rapidly become very expensive because gutters often fill with debris several times a month, usually in Autumn and Summer and when trees shed and when winds from storms tend to generate debris.
At present, homeowners who clean gutters themselves most commonly use a ladder to remove debris by hand. This process requires repetitiously repositioning the ladder to clean several feet of the gutter at a time. This is a dangerous task as falling from a ladder may result in serious injury or death. Even more dangerous is gutter cleaning performed by standing on the edge of the roof and leaning over the gutter to remove the debris.
In an attempt to combat the aforementioned problems, prior art have arranged screens or screening material on the open top of the trough to prevent debris from entering the gutter. This solution is often ineffective when pine needles or leaves quickly clog the screen openings. Others have attempted to overcome the problem by designing specially made gutters that include caps or hoods. A narrow slot is provided along the outer edge to allow entry of water into the gutter. Drawbacks associated with these specially made gutters are that they cost much more than conventional gutters, are substantially heavier, and tend to overflow under severe rain conditions.
Other prior art inventions have attempted remote or ground level gutter debris removal with little practical success because of many shortfalls and deficiencies in the gutter cleaning devices. Some of the defects and deficiencies of the prior art include: excessive complexity of the device, high manufacture costs, inappropriate structural components, operational design flaws, non-ergonomic operation, inefficient operation and a general inability of the user to adapt the device to actual conditions encountered.
Some gutter cleaning devices have used extension pipes and hoses to remove debris with air or water pressure. Devices of this type are extremely impractical, in that they have limited reach due to their weight and often spread the gutter debris and water over the user, the siding and the roof. Moreover, they are incapable of removing heavy debris and may injure the user from debris propelled from the gutter by the air or water pressure.
Some prior art devices comprise hand operated scoops, rakes or brushes that require use of a ladder with the associated dangers previously mentioned. The cleaning process with these devices is extremely slow and inefficient because the ladder must be repeatedly repositioned.
Prior art devices having mechanisms with grabbers that operate perpendicular to the longitudinal gutter axis do not work because of the very narrow space, (often as little as 2 inches) between the shingle overhang and the front of the gutter. In this respect, prior art devices fail to allow for adjustment of the grasper width and motion to accommodate varying gutter openings of varying widths. Moreover, the bottom edges of some devices cannot reach or do not maintain flush contact with the bottom of the gutter resulting in inefficient debris pick-up. Thus, the debris left over the entire length of the gutter may be swept together to create another clog during a successive rain event.
Flat blade graspers seen in some prior art are limited in the amount of debris that can be held and are therefore inefficient to use. Grasper systems that have mechanisms, wires or cords arranged within the grasper closure area are subject to wear and to becoming so fouled or tangled in the debris as to render the system inoperable. These types of devices may require frequent cleaning during operation. Thus, they must be systematically returned to ground level and cleaned.
Other prior art grasper or paddle devices fail to solve the problem of easily pushing gutter debris under the gutter support straps, nails or other gutter fasteners without having to awkwardly tip the pole to effect a proper angle under the gutter fastener.
With regard to extendible poles, prior art devices that require specially made poles with actuator levers or adapters become impractical due to their high weight, high cost and limited reach. In the same manner, some gutter cleaning devices are rendered impractical because of the complexity requiring expensive machine fit components and the inability of the user to effect simple, low cost repairs with common household tools. Moreover, the embodiment of many prior art devices requires construction made of conductive metal or a predominantly metal combination which has danger of electrical contact with proximate electrically energized conductors. Still other heavy devices would cause rapid user fatigue because of the cantilever effect that magnifies the weight.
Prior art devices that do not provide for a proper stand-off from the gutter would position the user too close beneath the gutter for safety or ergonomic operation. Insufficient stand-off may also allow these devices to be chaffed by the front face of the gutter during use.


A hysteresis generator provides a hysteresis parameter V_hyst to a hysteresis comparator of a voltage regulator. The hysteresis parameter V_hyst is a function of circuit components of the hysteresis generator, a voltage output Vout of the regulator, a voltage input Vin of the regulator, and a signal that drives one of a plurality of switches of the regulator. A switch driver drives the switches based on the hysteresis parameter. One or more of the circuit components of the hysteresis generator that provide the hysteresis parameter also define a hysteresis time period T_hyst. The hysteresis time period T_hyst defines in combination with a delay time period T_Td of the regulator, a switching time period T for the regulator that is substantially constant.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to regulator circuitry, and more particularly, to a feed-forward frequency control method for a current mode hysteretic buck regulator.
2. Background
Hysteretic voltage regulators, e.g., buck regulators, are used in applications which require good transient response and/or fast speed of operation. This control scheme has variable switching frequency which helps achieve fast load transient response. However, average frequency control is useful for bucks which operate in an EMI sensitive environment like mobile phone applications. Phase locked loops can be used to control switching frequency but such implementation is costly in terms of power, area and typically requires external components like off-chip capacitors. In addition, closed loop average frequency control methods interfere with the dynamics of the main voltage control loop.

Feed-forward frequency control method for current mode hysteretic buck regulator


A method for measuring the temperature dependency of a sensor element for a variable, the value of which varies with the temperature, for any liquid. The method includes the steps of changing the temperature of the liquid over time, simultaneously collecting the data produced by the sensor element, and thereafter using the data produced by the sensor element at the different temperatures to determine coefficients for compensation algorithms of the temperature dependencies of the sensor element, thus producing a correlation between the change in temperature and the other measured variables.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a method for determining the coefficients of the compensation algorithms of the temperature dependencies of sensors during the installation of an indicator.
2. Description of Background Art
In humidity measurements and in calibrations, temperatures of probes and the measuring environment play a large role. For example, even a small difference in the temperatures between the environment and the probe may cause an error, caused by, e.g., water condensing on the sensor surface.
Temperature dependencies of sensors depend on the liquid to be measured. For example the behaviour of an aqueous solution is much different from the behaviour of an oil-based liquid. The present invention provides a new method for measuring the temperature dependency of a sensor for any chosen variable for any liquid while gathering the data produced by the sensor.
For example, since the temperature dependencies of the relative humidity and the dielectric constant are required for the calculations of oil quality measurements, the equation can be significantly improved when coefficients specific for these applications can be used. Further, the temperature compensation of the relative humidity makes it possible to determine the water contents using an oil quality sensor.

Method and device for compensating temperature dependencies