Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) extensions are described that enable distribution of neighbor-label mappings for directly connected neighbor routers. A router capable of supporting the LDP extensions distributes neighbor-labels to be used by the router to label switch traffic destined for the directly connected neighbor router irrespective of a hop-by-hop Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) path determined based on link metrics. In some examples, the neighbor-labels may increase backup coverage, e.g., link protection and/or node protection, in a network that, due to link metrics, does not have a viable loop-free alternate (LFA) path between an ingress router and an egress router of a label switched path (LSP). In other examples, the neighbor-labels may improve load balancing by enabling an ingress router in a first autonomous system (AS) to select a particular remote link on which to send traffic destined for remote routers in a second AS.

Routing devices within a network, often referred to as routers, maintain routing information that describe available routes through the network. Upon receiving an incoming packet, the router examines information within the packet and forwards the packet in accordance with the routing information. In order to maintain an accurate representation of the network, routers exchange routing information in accordance with one or more defined routing protocol, such as link-state routing protocols of Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). In link-state routing, the routers typically exchange information related to available interfaces, metrics and other variables associated with links between the routers. This allows each of the routers to construct its own topology or map of the network. Some examples of link-state routing protocols include the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol and the Intermediate-System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) protocol.
Packet-based networks increasingly utilize label switching protocols for traffic engineering and other purposes. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a mechanism used to engineer traffic patterns within Internet Protocol (IP) networks according to the routing information maintained by the routers in the networks. By utilizing MPLS protocols, such as the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) or the Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering extensions (RSVP-TE), a source device can request a path through a network to a destination device, i.e., a Label Switched Path (LSP). An LSP defines a distinct path through the network to carry MPLS packets from a source device, commonly known as an ingress router, to a destination device, commonly known as an egress router, of the LSP. Ingress and egress routers are referred to generally as label edge routers (LERs), and intermediate routers along the LSP that support MPLS are referred to generally as label switching routers (LSRs). A short label associated with a particular LSP is affixed to packets that travel through the network via the LSP. LSRs along the path cooperatively perform MPLS operations to forward the MPLS packets along the established path.
A set of packets to be forwarded along the LSP is referred to as a forwarding equivalence class (FEC). A plurality of FECs may exist for each LSP, although there may, in some examples, be only one active LSP for any given FEC. Typically, a FEC definition includes the IP address of the egress LER of the LSP. In general, each router along the LSP maintains a context that associates a FEC with an incoming label and an outgoing label. The ingress LER uses routing information, propagated from the egress LER, to determine the LSP, assign labels for the LSP, and affix a label to each packet of the FEC. The LSRs use MPLS protocols to receive MPLS label mappings from downstream LSRs and to advertise MPLS label mappings to upstream LSRs. When an LSR receives an MPLS packet from an upstream router, the LSR performs a lookup in the context and swaps the MPLS label according to the information in its forwarding table, and forwards the packet to the appropriate downstream LSR or LER. The egress LER removes the label from the packet and forwards the packet to its destination in accordance with non-label based packet forwarding techniques.

Neighbor-label distribution with label distribution protocol


The invention relates to the use of an emulsified fuel in combination with an engine oil that shows a synergistic effect in reducing emissions such as particulate matter, hydrocarbons and/or nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O, collectively NOx) and/or reducing wear from an engine.

Present and future engines need to meet upcoming emissions legislation. Governmental regulations and environmental concerns have driven the need to reduce emissions from internal combustion engines. In The United States of America the Clean Air Act will require 90% to 95% reduction of the current level of emissions from internal combustion engines by the year 2007. Similar regulations are expected in Europe and other parts of the industrialized world.
The reduction of NOx production conventionally includes the use of catalytic converters, "clean" fuels, exhaust gas recirculation, and engine timing changes. These methods are generally expensive or too complicated to be readily commercially available.
Fuel improvements have occurred through emulsified fuels. When water is added to a fuel it forms an emulsion. An emulsified fuel lowers peak combustion temperature due to the water and thus reduces particulates and NOx formation. Internal combustion engines, in particular diesel engines, using emulsified fuels results in the combustion chamber producing lower NOx, hydrocarbons and particulate matter emissions.
Another complication facing modern compression ignited and spark ignited engines is the build up of particulate matter in the lubricating oil. The buildup of soot thickens the lubricating oil and can cause engine deposits. When the soot levels gets too high, the increase in oil viscosity results in poor lubrication at critical wear points of the engine. This poor lubrication results in high wear, the formulation of higher amounts of piston deposits, a loss in fuel economy occurs and increased exhaust emissions. The net result is a shorter effective life of the lubricating oil and exhaust emissions.
The problem remains that further reductions in pollutants especially NOx, particulate matters and hydrocarbons are required from engine emissions. The instant invention provides a solution to these problems.
It is needed that the engine, lubricating engine oil and fuel need to be integrated into a system to maximize the reduction of engine emission.
It has been found that engine emissions are reduced by using an emulsified fuel in combination with any engine oil, either a conventional engine oil or an ashless non-conventional engine oil.
It has been found that the engine oil that is consumed and burned in the engine reduces a portion of the total particulate matter and the emulsified fuel reduces the other component of the particulate matter. Furthermore, the synergy results in the further reduction of hydrocarbons and NOx emissions from an engine. Additionally, the use of an ashless engine oil further adds limited wear protection to the engine and reduces emissions.
The use of an emulsified fuel with a suitably selected (low ash or no ash and/or low phosphorus) engine oil synergistically reduces the emissions from an engine.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


To suppress fluctuation in the threshold voltage of a transistor, to reduce the number of connections of a display panel and a driver IC, to achieve reduction in power consumption of a display device, and to achieve increase in size and high definition of the display device. A gate electrode of a transistor which easily deteriorates is connected to a wiring to which a high potential is supplied through a first switching transistor and a wiring to which a low potential is supplied through a second switching transistor; a clock signal is input to a gate electrode of the first switching transistor; and an inverted clock signal is input to a gate electrode of the second switching transistor. Thus, the high potential and the low potential are alternately applied to the gate electrode of the transistor which easily deteriorates.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device including a circuit formed by using a transistor. In particular, the present invention relates to a display device using an electro-optical element such as a liquid crystal element, a light-emitting element, or the like as a display medium, and an operating method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, with the increase of large display devices such as liquid crystal televisions, display devices have been actively developed. In particular, a technique for forming a pixel circuit and a driver circuit including a shift register or the like (hereinafter also referred to as an internal circuit) over the same insulating substrate by using transistors formed of a non-crystalline semiconductor (hereinafter also referred to as amorphous silicon) has been actively developed, because the technique greatly contributes to low power consumption and low cost. The internal circuit formed over the insulating substrate is connected to a controller IC or the like (hereinafter also referred to as an external circuit) through an FPC or the like, and its operation is controlled.
A shift register which is formed by using transistors formed of a non-crystalline semiconductor (hereinafter also referred to as amorphous transistors) has been devised among the above-described internal circuits. FIG. 30A shows a structure of a flip-flop included in a conventional shift register (see Reference 1: Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2004-157508). The flip-flop in FIG. 30A includes a transistor 11, a transistor 12, a transistor 13, a transistor 14, a transistor 15, a transistor 16, and a transistor 17, and is connected to a signal line 21, a signal line 22, a wiring 23, a signal line 24, a power supply line 25, and a power supply line 26. A start signal, a reset signal, a clock signal, a power supply potential VDD, and a power supply potential VSS are input to the signal line 21, the signal line 22, the signal line 24, the power supply line 25, and the power supply line 26, respectively. An operating period of the flip-flop in FIG. 30A is divided into a set period, a selection period, a reset period, and a non-selection period as shown in a timing chart in FIG. 30B, and most of the operating period is the non-selection period.
Here, the transistor 12 and the transistor 16 are on in the non-selection period. Thus, since amorphous silicon is used for a semiconductor layer of each of the transistor 12 and the transistor 16, fluctuation in the threshold voltage (Vth) caused by deterioration or the like occurs. More specifically, the threshold voltage rises. That is, since each of the transistor 12 and the transistor 16 cannot be turned on because of rise in the threshold voltage, VSS cannot be supplied to a node 41 and the wiring 23 and the conventional shift register malfunctions.
In order to solve this problem, a shift register in which a threshold voltage shift of the transistor 12 can be suppressed has been devised in Reference 2 (Soo Young Yoon, et at, "Highly Stable Integrated Gate Driver Circuit using a-Si TFT with Dual Pull-down Structure", SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY 2005 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, Volume XXXVI, pp. 348 to 351), Reference 3 (Binn Kim, et al., "a-Si Gate Driver Integration with Time Shared Data Driving", Proceedings of The 12th International Display Workshops in conjunction with Asia Display 2005, pp. 1073 to 1076), and Reference 4 (Mindoo Chun, et al., "Integrated Gate Driver Using Highly Stable a-Si TFT's", Proceedings of The 12th International Display Workshops in conjunction with Asia Display 2005, pp. 1077 to 1080). In Reference 2, Reference 3, and Reference 4, a new transistor (described as a first transistor) is provided in parallel to the transistor 12 (described as a second transistor), and a threshold voltage shift of each of the first transistor and the second transistor is suppressed by inputting inverted signals to a gate electrode of the first transistor and a gate electrode of the second transistor in the non-selection period.
In addition, a shift register in which not only the threshold voltage shift of the transistor 12 but also a threshold voltage shift of the transistor 16 can be suppressed has been devised in Reference 5 (Chun-Ching, et al., "Integrated Gate Driver Circuit Using a-Si TFT", Proceedings of The 12th International Display Workshops in conjunction with Asia Display 2005, pp. 1023 to 1026). In Reference 5, a new transistor (described as a first transistor) is provided in parallel to the transistor 12 (described as a second transistor), and a new transistor (described as a third transistor) is provided in parallel to the transistor 16 (described as a fourth transistor). Then, a threshold voltage shift of each of the first transistor, the second transistor, the third transistor, and the fourth transistor is suppressed by inputting a signal to a gate electrode of the first transistor and an inverted signal to a gate electrode of the second transistor, and inputting a signal to a gate electrode of the third transistor and an inverted signal to a gate electrode of the fourth transistor in the non-selection period.
Further, the threshold voltage shift of the transistor 12 is suppressed by applying an AC pulse to the gate electrode of the transistor 12 in Reference 6 (Young Ho Jang, et al., "A-Si TFT Integrated Gate Driver with AC-Driven Single Pull-down Structure", SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, Volume XXXVII, pp. 208 to 211).
Note that each of display devices in Reference 7 (Jin Young Choi, et al., "A Compact and Cost-efficient TFT-LCD through the Triple-Gate Pixel Structure", SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, Volume XXXVII, pp. 274 to 276) and Reference 8 (Yong Soon Lee, et al., "Advanced TFT-LCD Data Line Reduction Method", SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS, Volume XXXVII, pp. 1083 to 1086), the number of signal lines is reduced to one-third by using a shift register formed using an amorphous silicon transistor as a scan line driver circuit and inputting a video signal to each of subpixels of R, G, and B from one signal line. In each of the display devices in Reference 7 and Reference 8, the number of connections of a display panel and a driver IC is reduced.

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


In a method for controlling an engine for driving a hydraulic pump to supply a pressurized fluid to at least one hydraulic actuator in a construction machinery, a fuel flow supplied to the engine is decreased so that an output rotational speed of the engine is decreased to decrease an excess output of the engine, and the fuel flow is increased to increase the output rotational speed of the engine when a load of the engine for driving the hydraulic pump is more than a first level after the engine output decreasing step.

The present invention relates to a method for controlling an engine for driving a hydraulic pump which generates pressurized fluid to drive a hydraulic actuator for a construction equipment and, more particularly, to a method for controlling an engine wherein the number of revolutions (rotational speed) of the engine is controlled in accordance with operating conditions of a hydraulic pump for a hydraulic actuator used in a construction equipment.
In a conventional method of controlling an engine for driving a hydraulic pump which generates hydraulic pressure to drive hydraulic actuators for construction equipment, as disclosed in the specification and the appended drawings of, for example, Japanese Patent Application No. 55-42840, when it is sensed that an operating lever by which an operator manipulates the hydraulic actuators occupies a position for stopping operations of all the hydraulic actuators over a certain period of time, the number of revolutions of the engine is reduced to less than the revolution number of the engine during normal operation. After the revolution number of the engine is thus reduced, when the operating lever is displaced from the position for stopping the operations of the hydraulic actuator, in order to drive at least one hydraulic actuators, the displacement of the operating lever is sensed so that the revolution number of the engine returns to the revolution number for the normal operation. In this conventional method, the control of the engine revolution number is performed only on the basis of the position of the operating lever handled by the operator.

Method for controlling engine for driving hydraulic pump to operate hydraulic actuator for construction equipment


A region-growing method for identifying nodules in an anatomical volume segments a 3-D image volume by controlled voxel growth from seed points. The process is based on creation and use of a distance map for tracking the distance of vessel voxels from a predetermined location. A volume map is created that identifies the largest sphere that can pass between a voxel and a predetermined location without touching a non-vessel voxel. The ratio between the distance map and the volume map is analyzed to find regions more likely to contain nodules, the features of which can be extracted or otherwise highlighted.

The diagnostically superior information available from data acquired from various imaging systems, especially that provided by multidetector CT (multiple slices acquired per single rotation of the gantry) where acquisition speed and volumetric resolution provide exquisite diagnostic value, enables the detection of potential problems at earlier and more treatable stages. Given the vast quantity of detailed data acquirable from imaging systems, various algorithms must be developed to efficiently and accurately process image data. With the aid of computers, advances in image processing are generally performed on digital or digitized images.
Digital acquisition systems for creating digital images include digital X-ray radiography, computed tomography ("CT") imaging, magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI") and nuclear medicine imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography ("PET") and single photon emission computed tomography ("SPECT"). Digital images can also be created from analog images by, for example, scanning analog images, such as typical x-ray films, into a digitized form. Further information concerning digital acquisition systems is found in our above-referenced copending application "Graphical User Interface for Display of Anatomical Information".
Digital images are created from an array of numerical values representing a property (such as a grey scale value or magnetic field strength) associable with an anatomical location referenced by a particular array location. In 2-D digital images, or slice sections, the discrete array locations are termed pixels. Three-dimensional digital images can be constructed from stacked slice sections through various construction techniques known in the art. The 3-D images are made up of discrete volume elements, also referred to as voxels, composed of pixels from the 2-D images. The pixel or voxel properties can be processed to ascertain various properties about the anatomy of a patient associated with such pixels or voxels.
Once in a digital or digitized form at, various analytical approaches can be applied to process digital anatomical images and to detect, identify, display and highlight regions of interest (ROI). For example, digitized images can be processed through various techniques, such as segmentation. Segmentation generally involves separating irrelevant objects (for example, the background from the foreground) or extracting anatomical surfaces, structures, or regions of interest from images for the purposes of anatomical identification, diagnosis, evaluation, and volumetric measurements. Segmentation often involves classifying and processing, on a perpixel basis, pixels of image data on the basis of one or more characteristics associable with a pixel value. For example, a pixel or voxel may be examined to determine whether it is a local maximum or minimum based on the intensities of adjacent pixels or voxels.
Once anatomical regions and structures are constructed and evaluated by analyzing pixels and/or voxels, subsequent processing and analysis exploiting regional characteristics and features can be applied to relevant areas, thus improving both accuracy and efficiency of the imaging system. For example, the segmentation of an image into distinct anatomical regions and structures provides perspectives on the spatial relationships between such regions. Segmentation also serves as an essential first stage of other tasks such as visualization and registration for temporal and cross-patient comparisons.
One application of digital acquisition systems is detection and confirmation of cancer, cancerous nodule or disease. Unfortunately, in all too many cases, this application is merely to confirm the worst. By the time a patient has symptoms enough that warrant the use of digital acquisition systems, the cancer or disease detected by digital acquisition systems may have progressed to the point that the patient is almost certain to die or faces irreversible or interminable illness. It is desirous to find a cost-effective way to use digital acquisition systems as a screening device to detect cancer or disease at an early and treatable stage.
One technique of image processing is known as "volume growing" or "region growing". Region growing techniques, as opposed to edge-based segmentation techniques, are particularly effective in noisy images since edges in noisy images are extremely difficult to detect. In region growing, generally a seed voxel, or volume element, is identified within an anatomical structure of interest. Growth from a seed voxel is controlled by adding voxels so long as the resulting region or chain, or tree, of voxels generally remains within prescribed limits.
Key issues in digital image processing are speed and accuracy. For example, the size of a detectable tumor or nodule, such as a lung nodule, can be smaller than 2 mm in diameter. Moreover, depending on the particular case, a typical volume data set can include several hundred axial sections, making the total amount of data 200 Megabytes or more. Thus, due to the sheer size of such data sets and the desire to identify small artifacts, computational efficiency and accuracy is of high priority to satisfy the throughput requirements of any digital processing method or system.


An active device includes a receiving antenna (6) that receives an electromagnetic (2) signal coming from a localisation system (3) and at least one emitting antenna (8) that 5 resends said signal (2) to said localisation system (3), and is characterised in that said device (4) includes a plurality of said emitting antennae (8) connected to at least one receiving antenna (6) in such a way that said emitting antennae (8) receive the electromagnetic (2) signal coming 10 from said at least one receiving antenna (6), with each of said emitting antennae (8) being the ones that resend the signal (2) to said localisation system (3). This offers the possibility of creating artificial measuring points that are retained over time easily, cheaply and simply, 15 whether in wooded zones, snow-covered zones or at sea.

Localisation systems are known such as radar that permit objects to be detected, measured and localised by sending electromagnetic waves.
The radar system sends bursts of electromagnetic waves by means of an antenna and is capable of picking up, either by the same antenna or by an additional antenna, the echo or reflection of the waves caused by the presence of the objects.
As is now known, with a synthetic aperture radar it is possible to generate images of terrestrial surfaces in which, basically, the position of one point is a function of the distance between the platform on which the radar is mounted (for example, a satellite) and said point situated on the ground.
The information provided by a radar is useful for measuring movements of the soil or of buildings by means of techniques called radar interferometry correlation. In order to be able to study with precision the movement of a particular point of an image, it is essential that said measurement point be a reflective point that remains permanent over time, that is, one that does not change with time. Thus if, for example, said point is the surface of the roof of a house, that house cannot be altered (demolished, or changed by adding a further story).
Often, however, it is necessary to study earth movements in zones that do not remain stable over time, such as wooded zones, snow-covered zones or sea zones (petroleum extraction zones), in which it is difficult to find features or structures useful to serve as stable reflecting points. In order to be able to have measuring points in such zones it is necessary to have artificial reflecting points such as the so-called passive reflectors (trihedral, dihedral or specular "corner reflectors") and the so-called active reflectors ("active transponder").
Corner reflectors are passive electromagnetic wave receiving and re-emitting devices that comprise metallic trihedrals that act as mirrors to the waves coming from the radar. Such corner reflectors present the disadvantage that they must be situated in zones where they cannot be covered by vegetation or snow, since they need a sight-line on the radar both for receiving the signal and for reflecting it.
The classic active devices for receiving and re-emitting electromagnetic waves have a receiving antenna that receives the signal coming from the radar and, usually, also an additional emitting antenna that resends said signal. Said systems also present the disadvantage that they need to have a sight-line on the radar in order to receive the signal and allow it to be re-emitted (it should be taken into account that the signal that comes from a radar situated on a satellite cannot be amplified to improve its reception, since said satellite is at an altitude of 800 km).
In any of the devices cited, reception and re-emission of the electromagnetic signal from a radar is impossible in zones close to the poles or subject to high snowfall, since in those zones the receiving and emitting points are always covered in snow. And with the devices cited, in order to ensure reception and re-emission of the signal in wooded zones it is essential to fell trees. Thus, it is not economically or environmentally viable in such zones to calculate earth movements by processing radar images (interferometry).

Active device for the reception and the emission of electromagnetic waves


In multi-view learning, optimized prediction matrices are determined for V≧2 views of n objects, and a prediction of a view of an object is generated based on the optimized prediction matrix for that view. An objective  is optimized, wherein  is a set of parameters including at least the V prediction matrices and a concatenated matrix comprising a concatenation of the prediction matrices, and  comprises a sum including at least a loss function for each view, a trace norm of the prediction matrix for each view, and a trace norm of the concatenated matrix.  may further include a sparse matrix for each view, with  further including an element-wise  norm of the sparse matrix for each view.  may further include regularization parameters scaling the trace norms of the prediction matrices and the trace norm of the concatenated matrix.

The following relates to the machine learning arts and to applications of same such as multi-label classification, image denoising, and so forth.
In multi-view learning, an object can be described by two or more different feature sets. Each feature set corresponds to a "view" of the object.
By way of illustrative example, the object may be an electronic document, which may be described by a first feature set (first view) comprising a bag-of-words vector representing textual content of the document, and by a second feature set (second view) representing the document structure (its organization into books, sections, chapters, or so forth), and perhaps by a third feature set (third view) representing the images contained in the (illustrative multi-media) document, and so forth.
As another illustrative example, an object may be a three-dimensional human face, and the first view of the face may be a feature set describing a photograph of the face obtained for a certain pose and lighting condition, a second view of the face may be a feature set describing a photograph of the face obtained for a different pose and/or different lighting condition, and so forth.
As another illustrative example, an object may be an digitally recorded audio clip, and a first view may represent the digital recording characteristics (such as bit rate, sampling rate, or so forth) while a second view may represent audio characteristics (such as frequency spectrum, dynamic range, or so forth), while a third view may represent metadata associated with the audio clip (such as a title or filename, create date, and so forth).
As another illustrative example, an object may be the psychological profile of a person, and a first view may be results of a personality test, a second view may be results of a gambling addiction test, a third view may be results of a schizophrenia screening test, and so forth.
In a multi-view learning task, V views of a set of n objects can be represented in general fashion as a set of prediction matrices {Xk}k=1V for the V views, where in general the prediction matrix Xk has a dimension n corresponding to the n objects and another dimension dk corresponding to the number of features characterizing the kth view. Observations of the various views of objects obtained by experiments, tests, recording data available on certain objects, or by other means can similarly be represented in general as a set of incomplete observation matrices {Yk}k=1V where the observation matrix Yk analogously has a dimension n corresponding to the n objects and another dimension dk corresponding to the number of features characterizing the kth view. The observation matrices Yk are generally incomplete in that only a small sub-set of the n objects are actually observed, and/or not all views (or not all features of a given view) of an observed object may be available. By way of illustrative example, in the illustrative human face learning task, photographs of a given face may be available for only some poses, and/or for only some lighting conditions, and it may be desired to predict the features of one of the unavailable photographs of the face.
Disclosed herein are improved multi-view learning techniques that provide various advantages as disclosed herein.

Overlapping trace norms for multi-view learning


A sentinel lymph node detecting apparatus 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a light source unit 2, illuminating an excitation light 10 and an illumination light 11 onto a biological observation location 20 that includes a sentinel lymph node 21 near a tumor, into which a fluorescent dye that emits fluorescence is injected; an optical filter 3, transmitting a fluorescence image 11 and a normal image 13; an image pickup device 5, disposed integral to the light source unit 2 and picking up the fluorescence image 11 and the normal image 13 transmitted through the optical filter 3; and an image display device 7, displaying the observation images that have been picked up. The wavelength of the illumination light 11 is set to a value close to the wavelength of the fluorescence emitted from the fluorescent dye.

A sentinel lymph node is a lymph node that is first reached by cancer cells from a tumor via lymph flow and is the lymph node with the highest possibility of metastasis by the cancer cells. Thus, if the sentinel lymph node is identified correctly and if metastasis by cancer cells is not found therein, it can be considered that there is no metastasis to other organs. Significant reductions in physical and psychological burdens placed on a patient, restraining of treatment costs by omission of ablative surgery, etc., are thus anticipated.
As methods of detecting the sentinel lymph node, dye methods and RI (radioisotope) methods are mainly known. With a dye method, for example, a blue dye, such as indigo carmine, is injected close to a tumor, the lymphatic duct that is dyed in blue is traced visually, and the lymph node that is reached first is detected as the sentinel lymph node. With an RI method, for example, a radioisotope that serves as a tracer is injected close to a tumor, a biological observation location that is presumed to include the lymph node, at which the radioisotope first arrives and accumulates, is probed from above the skin by a gamma probe, and the biological observation location at which gamma rays are detected is detected as the sentinel lymph node.
Methods of identifying a sentinel lymph node using a fluorescent dye have also been proposed. With the sentinel lymph node detecting apparatus disclosed in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 2001-299676 (Document 1), a fluorescent dye is injected close to a tumor in advance, and light of a predetermined wavelength is illuminated as an excitation light onto a biological observation location, which lies in the periphery of the tumor that is presumed to include the sentinel lymph node. By then converting and displaying a near-infrared band fluorescence image, generated from the biological observation location, as a visible image, the sentinel lymph node is identified.
Fluorescence measurement methods are also described in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. H11-332820 (Document 2) and Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 2000-292353 (Document 3).


The present invention discloses a compound of the formula: ##STR1## where R.sub.1 is hydrogen or the group ##STR2## where R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same or different and are hydrogen, C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 linear or branched alkyl, C.sub.3 to C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aryl unsubstituted or substituted with C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 linear or branched alkyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 linear or branched alkoxy, nitro, amino, amino substituted with at least one C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 linear or branched alkyl or phenyl, C.sub.2 to C.sub.10 aralkyl, C.sub.4 to C.sub.8 heteroaryl wherein said heteroatom is nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur or oxygen, and R.sub.2 is hydrogen, or taken together with R.sub.5, forms a chemical bond, and R is a monosaccharide radical selected from the group consisting essentially of glucose, fructose, ribose, 2-deoxyribose, mannose, galactose, xylose and arabinose.

Adenosine (9-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine) was characterized in the late '20s as having hypotensive and bradycardia activity. Since then, considerable research in the molecular modification of adenosine has led to the general conclusion that cardiovascular activity is limited to analogs having intact purine and .beta.-ribofuranosyl rings.
Further research more clearly defined how the activity of these adenosine analogs affected the purinergic receptors in peripheral cell membranes, particularly the A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 receptors.
High selectivity combined with significant affinity at the A.sub.2 receptor in rat membranes was observed for certain adenosine amines bearing a two-carbon chain to which was attached an aryl, heteroaryl, or alicyclic moiety. 2-(2-Phenethylamino)adenosine, a 14-fold A.sub.2 selective compound, was modified by introduction of a variety of substituents in the benzene ring and in the side chain. Some of these changes led to improved A.sub.2 affinity and increased selectivity. Replacement of the phenyl moiety by a cyclohexenyl group produced a 210-fold selective agonist, whereas the cyclohexanyl analog was 530-fold selective at the A.sub.2 site. These compounds showed hypotensive activity in rat models over a range of doses without the bradycardia observed with less selective agonists. See Francis et al., J. Med. Chem., 34 2570-2579 (1991).
A series of 2-alkoxyadenosines were prepared and tested for agonist activity at the A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 adenosine receptors of the atrioventricular node and coronary arteries (vasodilation). Activities at the A.sub.1 receptor site were low and did not show a clear relationship to the size or hydrophobicity of the C-2 substituent. All the analogs were more potent at the A.sub.2 receptor, activity varying directly with the size and hydrophobicity of the alkyl group. The most potent analog in this series, 2-(2-cyclohexylethoxy)adenosine, had an EC.sub.50 of 1 nM for coronary vasodilation and was 8700-fold selective for the A.sub.2 receptor. See Ueeda et al., J. Med. Chem., 34 (4) 1334-1339 (1991).
It has now been discovered that 2-hydrazono-adenosines display superior selectivity as coronary vasodilators and A.sub.1 AR agonists.

2-hydrazoadenosines and their utility for the treatmeat of vascular conditions


A backplane optical connector includes a first connector secured to a backplane and a second connector mounted on a daughter board. The first connector includes a first optical input-output part, guide holes, and a shutter. The shutter is a plate that covers the first optical input-output part when the daughter board is not inserted. The second connector includes guide pins, a pressing part, and a second optical input-output part. The guide pins first make contact with the first connector and are inserted into the guide holes. The pressing part pivots the shutter after degrees of freedom of the second connector are restricted by the guide pins and the guide holes. There is a space for accommodating the pivoted shutter between the pressing part and the second optical input-output part. The pressing part does not make contact with the first connector until the pressing part makes contact with the shutter.

There is a technique for attaching, to an apparatus (for example, a communicating apparatus), a backplane (mother board) to which a plurality of daughter boards can be connected in advance and inserting or removing a required number of daughter boards in a direction orthogonal to a surface of the backplane as necessary. In this technique, the worker inserts a daughter board by handling its edge away from the backplane. This connects the connector mounted on a portion of the daughter board close to a backplane to the connector mounted on the backplane.
In the backplane optical connector, since the worker cannot grasp the connectors mounted on the daughter board and the backplane, accurate positioning between the connectors is impossible. In addition, since the backplane is installed during investment of equipment and a daughter board is inserted as necessary, contamination may adhere to an exposed portion of the backplane before the daughter board is inserted. However, since the backplane is located at the back of the apparatus as seen from the worker, it is difficult to clean the backplane after installation.
The backplane optical connector proposed in patent literature 1 is known as a backplane optical connector used in such conditions. FIGS. 8A and 8B schematically show the structure of the backplane optical connector proposed in patent literature 1. First, it is assumed that the direction orthogonal to a surface of the daughter board is the X direction, the direction parallel to a surface of the daughter board and a surface of the backplane is the Y direction, and the direction orthogonal to a surface of the backplane is the Z direction. A backplane optical connector 900 proposed in patent literature 1 includes a first connector 910 mounted on a backplane, a second connector 920 mounted on a daughter board, a cover 930 and a shutter 940 that are mounted on the backplane to cover the first connector 910, and a rotary shaft 950 about which the shutter 940 is pivoted. FIG. 8A shows a state in which the second connector 920 is approaching the first connector 910 during insertion of the daughter board. FIG. 8B shows a state in which a first optical input-output part 9101 of the first connector 910 and a second optical input-output part 9201 of the second connector 920 make contact and are optically connected with each other. The backplane optical connector 900 includes the cover 930 and the shutter 940 to protect the first optical input-output part 9101 of the first connector 910 from contamination. If the daughter board is inserted, the second connector 920 presses and opens the shutter 940 and the second optical input-output part 9201 makes contact with the first optical input-output part 9101. Although not shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the first connector 910 is mounted on the mother board using a floating structure so as to have degrees of freedom in the X direction and the Y direction. That is, the first connector 910 can move to some extent in the X direction and the Y direction. When the daughter board is inserted, the positions in the X direction and the Y direction of the first connector 910 and the second connector 920 are adjusted by the guide.
The technique proposed in patent literature 2 is also known as an optical connector (although not for a backplane) with a shutter for protection from contamination. FIGS. 9A to 9C show the structure and the motion of the shutter of the optical connector proposed in patent literature 2. Although both the first connector and the second connector have shutters in the technique proposed in patent literature 2, only the shutter of the first connector is shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C to simply describe the parts related to the present invention. An optical connector 905 proposed in patent literature 2 includes a first connector 915 having a first optical input-output part 9151, a second connector 925 having a second optical input-output part 9251, a shutter open-close assisting means 935 on a first connector side, a shutter 945, a rotary shaft 955 about which the shutter 945 is pivoted, and a pressing pieces 926 on a second connector side.
FIG. 9A shows a state in which a second connector 925 is approaching the first connector 915. FIG. 9B shows a state in which the pressing pieces 926 are inserted inside the shutter open-close assisting means 935 to determine the positions of the first connector 915 and the second connector 925 and the shutter 945 is opened because the pressing pieces 926 presses part P of the shutter 945. FIG. 9C shows a state in which the first optical input-output part 9151 of the first connector 915 and the second optical input-output part 9251 of the second connector 925 make contact and are optically connected with each other. The shutter (not shown) of the second connector 925 is pressed by the pivoted shutter 945 and opened in the same manner.

JAPAN AVIATION ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY, LIMITED


A system and method for searching media storage with a knowledge database is provided. The system includes a search retrieving unit to retrieve a search request, an association retrieval unit to retrieve an association between a content item from the media storage and an identification from the knowledge database based on the search request, and an output unit to output data generated by the association retrieval unit. A method tagging a content item with a knowledge database includes determining the content item to be tagged, tagging the content item with an identification from the knowledge database, and storing the content item and the tagged identification in a tag database.

A knowledge database, such as freebase, is an online collection of structured data harvested from many sources. For example, the structured data may be sourced from a public database. Additionally, the structured data may be sourced from collaborative public contribution.
The knowledge database may employ a graph model. The knowledge data base may be populated with nodes, with each node representing a topic or subtopic. For example, if a famous actor is a topic, sub topics may be the movies the actor has been in or various other activities or attributes associated with the actor.
The nodes, which may be assigned to each topic or subtopic may interrelate to each other, thereby creating a graphical three dimensional representation of all the data associated with the knowledge database.
Each node may have an associated identification. The identification may be represented by a string used to identify any node in the graph. For example, a node for the president of the United States may be represented by '/en/president_of_the_USA'. Each topic may be associated with several different identifications.
Media storage may be served to the general public through video, music or text sharing web sites. Thus, a media sharing web site may contain media sourced from publishers or created by the various users of the media sharing web site. The media sharing web site may be employed with an application programming interface (API), thereby allowing parties to script command based languages to access and manipulate the media sourced from the media sharing web site.
Further, a media sharing web site may employ a tag functionality associated with each content item. A tag is a non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an Internet bookmark, digital image, or computer file). Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the content item's creator or by its viewer, depending on the implementation associated with the media sharing web site.

Searching and tagging media storage with a knowledge database


Generating in a computer system and deploying a data model of a plurality of database cluster configuration availability solutions over a computer network by creating a database cluster configuration modeling specification including objects contained in a unified model language diagram providing a definition of a database cluster configuration data model. Creating the database cluster configuration data model using the database cluster configuration modeling specification and upon receiving signals from a graphical user interface or from XML batch data files or from application programming interfaces, indicating the definition of the cluster configuration model. After creating the graphical database cluster configuration data model, constraints that specify a valid logical configuration are validated and the solution is transformed into data understandable by database cluster manager software applications and then transmitted over a network to multiple cluster manager targets to be incorporated as database cluster configuration availability solutions.

In general, clusters are groups of computer systems, which can provide advantages in availability (service uptime) through redundant hardware. For example, if systems A and B are in a cluster together and system A fails, then its workload can be relocated to system B. In clusters that involve more systems (or "nodes" in cluster parlance), the specification of the workload relocation can be more complex. Clusters manage "resource groups", which are taken to be a collection of resources (hardware or software) that provide a service to clients and can be treated as a unit. The specification of the full configuration model of a cluster and DB2 instances contained within it can be both error prone and time consuming, given the large amount of data which must be specified. This is further complicated by the fact that different cluster managers (the software packages that manage clusters) have different models of the software and hardware that the cluster contains; for example, Oracle's RAC system provides a clustered database manager instance and comes with associated configuration tooling. However, as of the 10 g release it appears that the hardware (node/NIC/network) and database configuration steps are handled by separate tools. RAC is also tightly coupled with Oracle's own cluster manager and thus provides no cluster-independent abstraction. Additionally, most database administrators are not familiar with clustering or its associated terminology, which creates usability issues when databases must be clustered. These problems have been observed in general in many types of service provider networked database cluster applications. Thus, problems with configuring networked database clusters for high availability are not limited to the above mentioned applications. Other applications and vendors are similarly affected.
Therefore, the need exists for a modeling system that permits the user to specify the configuration of a clustered database instance in terms of familiar hardware (node/system, network interface, network) and database (instance, database, path) objects; thus, causing the specification of the full configuration model of a cluster and DB2 instances contained within to contain few errors and take a reduced amount of time to prepare, given the large amount of data which must be specified.
Further the need exists for a modeling system where these objects are contained in a unified model where the configuration is specified at a logical level that is independent of the 3rd party cluster manager, which manages the configuration. This provides a complete specification of the cluster configuration within a single modeling tool for specifying the configuration of different cluster managers that have different models of software and hardware and permits the user to take a logical "snapshot" of the cluster's configuration.
Finally, the need exists for a modeling system that allows for easy version-to-version migrations of DB2 instances, which can require different specifications to the underlying cluster manager, as well as simplifying cluster manager to cluster manager migrations, because most database administrators are not familiar with clustering or its associated terminology, which creates usability issues when databases must be clustered.

Systems, methods and computer products for database cluster modeling

International Business Machines Corporation


A steering lock device includes a supporting bracket which is attached to a steering lock body including a lock member restricting rotation of a steering shaft within a steering column and is fastened to the steering lock body to fix the steering lock body to the steering column. The supporting bracket includes a shaft supporting portion pivotally supported by a supporting shaft; a shaft support cancellation preventing portion preventing to cancel the pivotable support of the shaft supporting portion by the supporting shaft; and an engagement holding portion holding the shaft support cancellation preventing portion. The steering body is provided with bearing portions through which the supporting shaft is inserted.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a steering lock device locking rotation of a steering shaft of a vehicle.
2. Description of the Related Art
This type of a conventional steering lock mechanism is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2007-55546. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the conventional steering lock mechanism 100 includes a key lock collar 103, a lock member 104, a steering lock body 105, and a supporting bracket 106. The key lock collar 103 is attached and fixed to a steering shaft 102 provided within a steering column. The lock member 104 is a rotation limiting member which is movable in a radial direction of the steering shaft 102 and fittable to the key lock collar 103. The steering lock body 105 abuts on an outer circumferential surface of the steering column 101. The supporting bracket 106 is attached to the steering lock body 105 and supports the steering column 101. One end of the supporting bracket 106 is fastened to the steering lock body 105 by a bolt 107 and the other end of the supporting bracket 106 is attached to the steering lock body 105 through an attachment section 108. The attachment section 108 includes: a pair of bearing portions 110 formed in the steering lock body 105; a supporting shaft 109 inserted through the pair of the bearing portions 110; a shaft supporting portion 111 formed by bending the other end of the supporting bracket 106 and axially supported by the supporting shaft 109; a shaft support cancellation preventing portion 112 extending from the shaft supporting portion 111 towards the inner circumferential surface of the supporting bracket 106. The supporting shaft 109, the pair of the bearing portions 110, and the shaft supporting portion 111 constitute a hinge structure. Furthermore, a distance between the pair of the bearing portions 110 in an axial direction is set a little larger than a width of the shaft supporting portion 111. A width of the shaft support cancellation preventing portion 112 is set larger than the distance of the pair of the bearing portions 110.
In the conventional steering lock mechanism 100, the steering shaft 102 is coupled to a not-shown steering wheel. The steering shaft 102 is rotatably supported by the steering column 101. When a driver of a vehicle turns the steering wheel, turning force is transmitted through the steering shaft 102 to a not-shown steering device. Moreover, when a not-shown ignition key is taken out, the lock member 104 moves towards the steering shaft 102 and is fitted to the key lock collar 103. This restricts the rotation of the steering shaft 102, thus rendering the vehicle unsteerable. If the steering wheel is forced to rotate in a state where the steering shaft 102 is in a locked status described as above, the steering shaft 102 is subjected to large rotary torque. The supporting bracket 106 is accordingly energized outward. The shaft supporting portion 111 is therefore pulled and is exposed to stress so as to cancel the shaft support. At this time, an end of the shaft support cancellation preventing portion 112 in the width direction comes into contact with upper surfaces of the bearing portions 110 to prevent significant deformation of the shaft supporting portion 111. Accordingly, the supporting bracket 106 is kept attached, and the steering shaft 102 is kept the locked status. It is therefore possible to prevent a parked vehicle from being stolen.


A method and apparatus for enabling calls destined for a terminating point on a packet network, e.g., a VoIP network, that is experiencing a service disruption to be forwarded by the network to another endpoint is disclosed. The method enables subscribers to register an alternative number, such as a cell phone number, a relative's phone number, or a work number, that the network can use to forward calls in the event of a service disruption. In one embodiment, the provider can even use an alternative transport network, such as the PSTN, to forward these calls until the VoIP network service is restored.

Providers of telephony network services sometimes experience momentary service disruptions that can prevent calls from being completed to a called endpoint. Even though these disruptions are rare they can cause high rates of customer dissatisfaction. There is no support today to automatically reach a second endpoint when the first called endpoint cannot be reached due to network problems.
Therefore, a need exists for a method and apparatus for routing calls to an alternative endpoint during network disruptions in a packet network, e.g., a VoIP network.

Method and apparatus for routing calls to an alternative endpoint during network disruptions


An effective electropurge process and apparatus for wet processing of semiconductor wafers applies electrical charges to the wafer surface with an ample voltage sufficient to provide an effective field intensity which can substantially eliminate intolerable sub-0.05 micron “killer” defects when making highly advanced microchips with a feature size or line width less than 0.15 micron. The process can be used with frequent voltage reversal for automated wet-batch cleaning operations using cassettes that hold 10 to 50 wafers at a time and in various other operations involving megasonic transducers, mechanical brush scrubbers, laser cleaners and CMP equipment. The electropurge process is primarily intended for Fab plants where large wafers with a diameter of 200 to 400 mm require 250 to 350 steps including many dry layering, patterning and doping operations and at least 30 wet processing steps.

The RCA Standard Clean developed by Werner Kern and other RCA scientists in the late 60's is extremely effective in removing contamination from silicon surfaces of semiconductor wafers and is today and has been the defacto industry standard for more than a quarter of a century.
The rapid progress in the semiconductor industry, due in large part to the effectiveness of RCA clean (i.e., SC1/SC2), is described in detail in Werner Kern's 1993 book "Handbook of Semiconductor Wafer Cleaning" (680 pages). This progress is also discussed in "Microchip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processing" (Second Edition, 1990) by Peter Van Zant.
Unless the context or logic suggests otherwise, the terminology, abbreviations and/or jargon employed herein is intended to have a meaning consistent with the usage set forth in these Kern and Van Zant books as would be understood by those skilled in the semiconductor art.
The industry reduced the circuit image size (also known as the line width or feature size) from 0.35 micron (mm) to 0.25 micron about five years ago. The leading industry group SEMATECH, has set forth a detailed proposal for the 0.25 Micron Process which calls for around 360 process steps including more than 50 wet cleans. The detailed specifications (Steps 1 to 362) are set forth on pages B-3 to B-14 of the special printed SEMATECH publication, Technology Transfer No. 95042802-ENG. A large number of cleaning steps involve SC1, SC2 or other RCA clean features, most or all of which could be modified in accordance with my invention to permit effective removal of extremely small or colloidal-size silica particles with a diameter of 0.05 to 0.1 micron or less which cannot be removed with current technology.
The 360-step wafer fabrication process described above involves only four basic operations. They are (1) layering, (2) patterning, (3) doping, and (4) heat treatments. A detailed overview of the wafer-fabrication process is set forth in Chapter 5 of the 1990 Van Zant book which is incorporated herein by reference. Pages 95 to 99 describe 11 basic steps employed in the formation of an MOS metal-gate transistor structure.
Cleaning steps 175, 212, 248, 284, and 320 of the aforesaid 362-step fabrication scheme shown on pages B-3 to B-14, described as Clean Post CMP, are critically important and pose a difficult problem.
This year the advanced microchips have a circuit image size (also known as the line width or feature size) in the range of from 0.06 to 0.09 micron where particles with a minute size, such as 0.01 to 0.03 micron can be ruinous.
Prior to the invention, proposed improvements in wet cleaning and dry cleaning techniques offered no real hope of eliminating significant contamination by sub 0.1 micron silica particles. Therefore, killer defects were expected and could prevent the semiconductor industry from achieving its optimistic defect goals for high volume manufacturing. The national SEMATECH road map has set forth model defect density (and, by inference, yield) requirements by technology generation. Table 1 is a portion of such road map related to defect density goals.
TABLE 1Defect Goal TrendsDRAM equiv.16 Mb64 Mb256 Mb1 GbMin. dimension0.50 μm0.35 μm0.25 μm0.18 μmDefects/cm20.1 (87%)0.05 (90%)0.03 (90%)0.01 (95%)(% Yield)# ofdefect# ofdefect# ofdefect# ofdefectdefectssizedefectssizedefectssizedefectssizeKiller defects280.10 μm140.07 μm90.05 μm30.03 μmper 200 mmwafer*
In recent years chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP), makes it possible to employ smaller and smaller line widths. Unfortunately CMP involves colloidal polishing that tends to promote excessive contamination with particles of aluminum oxide, silica and the like.
In today's submicron integrated circuit technology, 0.05-micron-diameter particles can be major sources of circuit failure. Particles as small as 0.02 to 0.03 micron are now becoming major problems.

Process and apparatus for cleaning silicon wafers


A method of driving a non-volatile memory device includes supplying power to the memory device, in which setting information related to setting an operating environment is copied and stored in multiple of regions of a memory cell array. An initial read operation of the memory cell array is performed and initial setting data is determined based on the initial read operation. The operating environment of the memory device is set based on the initial setting data. Corresponding portions of the stored copies of the setting information are read at the same time.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a non-volatile memory device and a method of driving the same, and more particularly, to a non-volatile memory device in which initial setting data is read from a memory cell array, and a method of driving the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
A flash memory, which is a popular type of non-volatile memory, is a memory device from which data can be electrically deleted and to which data can be electrically written. Flash memory not only consumes less power than storage media based on a magnetic disc memory, but also requires a relatively short access time, similar to hard discs.
Flash memory is categorized into a NOR type flash memory and a NAND type flash memory, depending on how cells and bit lines are connected. The NOR type flash memory has a structure in which two or more cell transistors are connected in parallel to each bit line, and stores data using a channel hot electron method and deletes data using a Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) tunneling method. The NAND type flash memory has a structure in which two or more cell transistors are connected in series to each bit line, and stores data or deletes data using the F-N tunneling method. In general, the NOR type flash memory consumes a large amount of current and is difficult to highly integrate, but operates at very high speeds. In contrast, the NAND type flash memory uses less cell current than the NOR type flash memory, and is easier to highly integrate.
FIG. 1A is a circuit diagram of a memory cell structure included in a conventional NAND type flash memory. FIG. 1A illustrates word lines WL11 through WL14 and memory cells M11 through M14. The memory cells M11 through M14 form a string structure together with selection transistors ST1 and ST2, and are connected in series between a bit line BL and a ground voltage source VSS. Since the NAND type flash memory uses a small amount of cell current, all memory cells connected to one word line are programmed during a single programming operation.
FIG. 1B is a circuit diagram of a memory cell structure included in a conventional NOR type flash memory. Referring to FIG. 1B, memory cells M21 through M26 are connected between a bit line BL1 (or BL2) and each source line CSL. Since the NOR type flash memory consumes a large amount of current in order to perform a programming operation, a limited number of memory cells are programmed during a single programming operation.
In general, a memory cell array included in a memory device may include a main cell that stores data, and a redundant cell that replaces the main cell when a defect occurs in the main cell. The memory device may further include a fuse circuit for storing the address of a defective cell. The fuse circuit senses when an address received from the outside is a defective address, and replaces the address of a defective cell with the address of a redundant cell.
The fuse circuit stores not only address information for repairing a defective cell, but also information for setting other operating environments when the memory device is powered on. For example, initial setting data, used to set the operating environment of the memory device, may control a DC voltage related to programming a memory device, or reading or erasing data from a memory device.
When the fuse circuit is set to store initial setting data, it is difficult to reprogram the fuse circuit once it is programmed according to a specific manner. It is possible to improve the flexibility of the operating environment of the memory device by reprogramming the initial setting data stored in the memory cell array, which may be done according to a method of storing initial setting data in a memory cell array.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a memory cell array 10 with bit lines, and a page buffer unit 20. Referring to FIG. 2, the memory cell array 10 includes one or more blocks Block0 through Blockn, and may have a structure in which multiple pairs of even and odd bit lines BLe and BLo are arranged. The page buffer unit 20 includes multiple page buffers, which are electrically connected to respective pairs of the bit lines BLe and BLo. A page, which is a unit in which programming or data reading is performed in a flash memory, is generally 512 bytes long or 2 k bytes long. When the size of each page is 2 k bytes, for example, page buffers of 2 k bytes are arranged for the page.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a memory cell array with a redundant cell array 40, and first and second page buffer units 50 and 60. The memory cell array may include a main cell array 30 and the corresponding redundant cell array 40. For example, the redundant cell array 40 is used to replace "fail" columns of the main cell array 30.
The first page buffer unit 50 corresponding to the main cell array 30 includes multiple page buffers. The page buffers of the first page buffer unit 50 are electrically connected to respective bit lines of the main cell array 30. Also, the second buffer unit 60 corresponding to the redundant cell array 40 includes multiple page buffers. The page buffers of the second page buffer unit 60 are electrically connected to respective bit lines of the redundant cell array 40.
Referring to FIG. 3, the bit lines are arranged in the memory cell array, and a "fail" column may occur in some of them, for example, due to a cut in the bit lines or short circuiting between the bit lines during a manufacturing process. The "fail" column is replaced with a redundant column through a repairing process. According to the repairing process, when a memory device (not shown) is powered on, defective addresses (corresponding to "fail" columns) are read from the main cell array 30 and stored in a predetermined region. Thereafter, when part of the columns input by a user during a programming operation, a read operation, or an erasing operation includes a defective address, the defective column is replaced with a redundant column. FIG. 3 illustrates a repairing process in which "fail" columns occurring in the main cell array 30 are replaced with redundant columns in units of two page buffers. For example, two page buffers 51 corresponding to the columns having defective bit lines are replaced with two page buffers 61 corresponding to two redundant columns.
As described above, when a conventional non-volatile memory device is powered on, an initial read operation is performed to read initial setting data from a memory cell array, and an operating environment of the memory device is set based on the initial setting data. However, as described above, the initial setting data is read before a repairing operation is performed. That is, the initial setting data is read from the memory cell array, which may include "fail" columns. Accordingly, the read initial setting data may include errors, in which case it is likely that the memory device cannot be set to a predetermined operating mode. Therefore, there is a need for preventing initial setting data, which is read from the memory device during an initial read operation, from being invalid.

Non-volatile memory device and method of driving the same


A lens holder coupling a lens to an actuator is disclosed. The actuator includes a vibrator and a driving rod coupled to the vibrator along a vibration direction of the vibrator. The lens holder includes a lens carrier, a transmission member, a guiding member, and a fixing member. The lens carrier is configured for accommodating the lens. The transmission member connected to the lens carrier defines a groove having a transmission axis parallel to an optical axis of the lens receiving the driving rod. The guiding member connected to the lens carrier defines a hole receiving a guide rod substantially parallel to the optical axis of the lens. The fixing member includes a main body and an elastic sheet, the main body being fixed to the transmission member, the elastic sheet extending from the main body and covering the groove and configured for elastically contacting the driving rod.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to lenses and, more particularly, to a lens holder coupling a lens to an actuator and lens apparatus having the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a piezoelectric actuator includes a vibrator and a driving rod coupled thereto. In a lens apparatus, a lens holder integrally formed with a transmission portion is employed and coupled to a piezoelectric actuator by insertion of the driving rod through the transmission portion. The piezoelectric actuator and the lens holder are difficult to disassemble. As a result, in the event of damage, it is difficult to reuse the lens holder or the piezoelectric actuator, if either of them is still workable.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a lens holder and lens apparatus addressing the described limitations.

Lens holder and lens apparatus having same


A man-pack portable, multi-band ultra-high frequency turnstile-type SATCOM radio antenna for transmitting and receiving radio signals between terrestrial locations and an orbiting earth satellite includes a cylindrically shaped antenna superstructure base which has an elongated mast extending forward from a front transverse end wall of the base, and circumferentially spaced apart pairs of radiating elements which extend radially outwards from the mast, each opposed pair comprising in combination an electric dipole antenna which is electrically connected via coaxial cables disposed longitudinally through the mast to zero and ninety degree ports of a hybrid antenna matching network located in the base and having an input port electrically connected to a coaxial antenna base connector located in a rear transverse end wall of the base. A diplexer which includes a cylindrical housing longitudinally alignable with the base contains a low-frequency band-pass filter and a high-frequency band-pass filter having low and high center frequencies, respectively, the filters having a common output node electrically connected to coaxial diplexer output connector located on a front transverse end wall of the diplexer housing and longitudinally engageable with the antenna base connector. The diplexer has on a rear transverse end wall thereof two coaxial transceiver connectors connected to separate nodes of the high and low frequency filters, the transceiver connectors being connectable via coaxial cables to one or more radio transceivers, which are thus enabled to operate simultaneously in different frequency bands, without requiring any external diplexer.

A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to portable antennas for transmitting and receiving ultra-high frequency radio signals. More particularly, the invention relates to a compact, manpack-portable, foldable multi-band antenna which has an integral diplexer that eliminates the requirements for transporting heavy, bulky external diplexer boxes along with the antenna when an operator in the field needs to communicate in different frequency bands with a satellite.
B. Description of Background Art
Governmental agencies such as U.S. military services that utilize personnel operating in remote field locations have a need for instantaneous, reliable communication systems. Such systems are required for conveying data between personnel in field locations and fixed command and control sites. As a practical matter, communication systems which meet the various requirements for reliable communications of the type alluded to above generally utilize radio transceivers. Thus the U.S. military services and other governmental agencies typically use small, portable radio transceivers for communications amongst remote field locations, as well as between these remote field locations and command and control sites. Such transceivers usually operate at a relatively low power level of 20 watts or less. To achieve long distance communication capability, and to avoid line-of-sight signal transmission obstructions such as mountainous terrain, portable communication transceivers used for applications such as those described above often utilize a transponder located in an earth orbiting satellite, and are hence used in communication systems referred to as SATCOM systems.
Portable radio transceivers of the type described above must of course use an antenna to transmit and receive radio signals through space. Thus portable military where line-of-sight communications are not feasible often utilize transmissions between an orbiting earth satellite to provide the needed range and terrain obstruction avoidance. For such applications, a small manpack-transportable, SATCOM antenna operable in ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio bands is frequently used.
Manpack-transportable SATCOM antennas currently in use are required to have a reasonably high gain in UHF radio bands located generally between about 225 MHZ and 400 MHZ. Such SATCOM antennas generally have a "turnstile" type external appearance, or "form factor", which includes a central straight, longitudinally disposed mast that has 4-radiating elements protruding radially outwards. These elements are spaced circumferentially apart at 90-degree intervals. One pair of diametrically opposed elements comprises an electric dipole antenna that is electrically connected to a first port of a hybrid antenna coupler network. The second pair of elements oriented at 90-degrees to the first pair comprises a second electric dipole antenna, and is connected to a second port of the antenna coupler network, which is shifted in phase 90 degrees from the first port by circuitry in the hybrid matching network. This arrangement results in the transmission of a circularly polarized signal. The arrangement also enables the antenna to receive at relatively high gains signals of various polarizations.
Satellite antennas of the type described above usually have reflector elements in addition to radiating elements. These typically consist of a plurality of four or more conductive rods which extend perpendicularly outwards from the antenna mast, in a plane located below the plane of the radiating elements. The reflector elements are effective in increasing the gain and directivity of the antenna both for transmitting and receiving signals.
Typical SATCOM antennas also have one or more planes of four radially disposed "parasitic" elements located in longitudinally spaced apart locations above the radiating elements. The function of the parasitic elements is to guide radio-frequency waves emitted from or received by the radiating elements to be more generally aligned with the longitudinal axis of the mast, thus increasing the gain and directivity of the antenna.
Radio communication systems using SATCOM antennas of the type described above usually are required to operate in a full duplex mode, in which signals are transmitted from and received by the antenna simultaneously. As can be readily appreciated, transmitted signals having typical power levels of tens of watts would completely overload if not destroy receiver circuitry with sufficient gain and sensitivity to process received signals having typical levels of micro watts. Therefore, full duplex operation of a SATCOM transceiver/antenna system requires an electrical isolation network to isolate transmitted, "up-link" signals in a first frequency range from received, "down-link" signals in a second frequency range. Such networks, which must be capable of handling the maximum transmitted power levels that an antenna is intended to handle, are called diplexers. Because of their power handling requirements, the diplexer circuitry must be relatively robust, and is thus usually contained in a separate box or case which is connected by flexible coaxial cables between the antenna and one or more transceivers.
The requirement for separate external diplexers imposed by prior-art portable SATCOM antennas operated in a full duplex mode places an additional burden on a soldier or other field operator, because of the additional bulk and weight of the external diplexer and cables required to interface the diplexer between a transceiver and a SATCOM antenna. Consequently, it would be desirable to eliminate the requirement for an external diplexer, The present invention was conceived in part to fulfill the need for a manpack portable SATCOM antenna operable simultaneously in different frequency bands without requiring an external diplexer.

Multi-band portable SATCOM antenna with integral diplexer


This disclosure describes auto-zero amplifier circuit that include an additional capacitor (or other capacitive component) that can be switchably coupler to a reference voltage. The auto-zero amplifier circuit can generate an auto-zero compensation signal using a difference between the reference voltage stored on the additional capacitor and a voltage stored on another auto-zero capacitor.

CMOS technology produces switches and capacitors with high performance and yield. CMOS operational amplifiers ("op amps"), however, can suffer from several drawbacks. More example, CMOS op amps typically have input offset voltages within the range of 1-10 millivolts (mV), whereas ideally the input offset voltage should be zero. During operation, the difference between the voltages on the input terminals of the op amp is equal to the input offset voltage when the output voltage is at zero volts. In addition, such op amps typically have a finite gain within the range of 100-1,000,000 (though ideally the gain should be infinite). As a result of the finite gain, there can exist an additional error voltage between the op amp input terminals that varies as the output voltage varies, which can cause inaccurate performance. Therefore, CMOS op amps can significantly adversely affect the accuracy of the circuit in which they are used.

Techniques for controlling an auto-zero amplifier

Analog Devices International Unlimited Company


Provided are a device, system, and method for distributing a weighted load carried by an operator to a waist-belt worn by the operator, and a quick-release feature for quickly discarding and separating a portion of a load from a waist belt and/or accessories on the belt.

Load bearing articles, such as backpacks, are used by individuals of all ages and in all manner of situations, from students carrying school supplies, to hikers carrying camping supplies, to soldiers carrying tactical equipment. Backpacks increase the amount of weight that can be comfortably handled by the operator by shifting the weight of the load from the hands and arms to the shoulders, with the added benefit of freeing up the arms in the process. Improvements upon the basic backpack design include, among other things, displacement of weight from the shoulders to the hips through a variety of systems and devices.
The ability to quickly remove one's backpack can be of critical importance in certain situations. Specifically, in combat situations, the ability to quickly free one's self from the encumbrances of a heavy pack can mean the difference between life and death. Common backpacks and rucksacks come equipped with a variety of attachment mechanisms to maintain the pack's attachment to the operator's body. Larger and more complicated backpack systems provide a greater total carrying capacity, however they are also of limited use in situations where speed of removal is important. Further, should an operator decide to lighten his load, the pack must be removed entirely so that a determination may be made as to which items should remain and which should not.
As a result, until the present invention there has remained a need in the art for a quick-release weight distribution device, system, and method, which permits the carrying of a shoulder-borne or other load component, yet also provides the ability to quickly release all or a portion of the load at a moment's notice, even under high-stress conditions.

Quick-release weight distribution and connection system


A merchandising display assembly including an elongated display member exhibiting a first face and a second face. A plurality of merchandising support hangers extends from the first and second faces. A substantially “U” shaped bracket secures to an end of the display member and such that the display member is pivotally adjustable relative to the bracket. The bracket mounts to a location of an existing support and in order to support the display member in an elevated and elongate extending fashion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to merchandising display assemblies for supporting volumes of merchandise. More specifically, the present invention discloses an elongated and reinforced display strip or member, pivotal relative to a lower disposed mounting bracket, which is capable of being affixed in any of a number of angularly disposed locations relative to an extending frame or rack support member.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Merchandising display support assemblies are well known in the art. The objective of such assemblies is to maintain or carry volumes of typically smaller sized and high volume merchandise, and which are usually associated with point of purchase or impulse buying items. Such support display assemblies are also intended to supplement the merchandise carrying capacity of existing gondola displays, and typically by being supported or suspended from the conventional displays.
A first example of the known art is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,422, issued to Shea, and which teaches a reinforced strip display assembly capable of supporting high volumes of smaller impulse merchandise. In particular, an elongated strip display body having first and second planar and spaced apart faces is secured, such as by being suspended, from an elongated and extending support which is in turn secured to such as a pegboard support or single/double slot backplate support forming a part of an existing gondola display.
Additional examples of merchandising display structures, incorporating some form of strip display, include Design Pat. No. 465,371 and Design Pat. No. 466,352, issued to Shea. Yet additional merchandising display structures include Design Pat. No. 464,837, and Design Pat. No. 464,510 also issued to Shea.

Merchandising display assembly with affixed and adjustable U-shaped bracket


Aspects for changing a reflective highlight on a glass appearance window frame of an application window are described. An illustrative method includes steps of displaying a first reflective highlight on a glass appearance window frame of an application window, calculating a second reflective highlight in response to detection of an event, and changing the displayed first reflective highlight on the glass appearance window frame of the first application window to the second reflective highlight. The event may correspond to a command to move and/or resize the application window, determination of a time of day event, determination of a change in active/inactive status of the application window, or to a command to change a reflective highlight configuration. Reflective highlights may be changed automatically and/or in response to receipt of an input from a user to change one or more portions of a reflective highlight configuration.

Over the last two decades, the number of users of computers has constantly increased. Beyond the staple of use of computers in the work environment, the use of computers at home and in personal settings has also increased during this same time. As this use of computers in both the workforce and personal life has increased, so has the desire to allow for easier use of them. In order to make the process easier for users, many operating systems today utilize a windows based configuration of application programs.
Application windows are a user interface facility of graphical user interface (GUI) systems. While application windows may vary in appearance across systems, they share many common attributes, such as a frame area with a title bar control containing window management controls, the ability to be resized and repositioned, and the ability to exist among other application windows associated with different applications. Together, multiple application windows can appear simultaneously on the screen, even layered on top of each other, typically represented by the order each application window was last accessed by the user. When an application window is the window that a user is working with currently, its frame appears in an active visual state. This is in contrast to an inactive visual state when the application window is not the window the user is currently working with. These two states typically have different appearances and primarily serve to communicate to the user which application window she is currently working with.

Dynamic reflective highlighting of a glass appearance window frame


A portable shelter including a base, a collapsible support member that is projectable substantially diagonally upward and rearward from the portion of the base, a collapsible base support member that is projectable first diagonally downward to a bend and then forward from the portion of the base, and another collapsible support member or a spreader bar that is attachable to an end portion of the collapsible base support member, wherein the collapsible support member, the another collapsible support member or the spreader bar, and the collapsible base support member include a frame.

Currently, a collapsible portable fish house is known that has a frame and a canvas cover with a single opening for egress, located at the front of the fish house. This arrangement is inconvenient, especially when more than one fishermen share a fish house. In order to enter into and exit from the fish house, a fisherman has to reach the front door and unzip the door or flip the tent flap. This is difficult to perform without stepping over his fellow fishermen, the fish holes cut into the ice, or the fishing gear. Because of this problem, there is a need for a new and improved fish house that will allow multiple fishermen to enter and exit the fish house with ease and convenience.


A language setting system, for use by a driver having a preferred language and a smartphone, when entering a vehicle to set an active language of the vehicle for vehicle communications with the driver. The vehicle connects with and scans the smartphone. When the smartphone has a user selected language setting, the user selected language setting is used to set the active language of the vehicle. When scan of the smartphone detects examples of language usage in text and email communications, and such examples meet a threshold usage, the active language may be set to the language of the usage examples. When examples of multiple languages are detected on the smartphone, the driver may be prompted to select the preferred language from a list of the detected examples.

Providing a seamless user experience is no longer just a goal of some companies, it is now fully expected by consumers. The experience they expect includes seamless integration of not just their devices, but also their platforms of choice—including their telephone communications, their email, and their social media platforms.
Along with this expectation, is the assumption that their devices will speak their language. And this is not metaphorical, consumers expect them to actually speak their native language. Not long ago, many users suffered through the use of devices that only spoke one language—typically English. These days, however, all devices support multiple languages, and some devices are even capable of fully interacting with their users in more than one hundred languages.
While the automobile industry is typically a latecomer to the so-called systems integration party, consumers are developing a healthy level of expectation for them as well. When purchasing a new vehicle, they now expect it to integrate their smartphone—including handsfree communication and music streaming using BLUETOOTH. They expect it to have provisions for uploading and storing their music library in the vehicle infotainment system. And yes—they now expect it to speak their native language too.
Setting the language on any device can be tricky, because the user must first navigate a command menu in another language just to find the language setting. This is especially the case if the device is not being set up for the first time.
As vehicles are often driven by more than one person, it is quite likely that the person about to drive it is not setting it up for the first time. Accordingly, while many people often abandon their attempts to set a language on a device for the foregoing reasons, it can be downright dangerous if the person drives a vehicle which attempts to notify him or her with important messages and information, but does so in a language the driver does not understand. Thus, not only for the sake of seamless integration, but also for safety, there exists a need for a system that easily sets the vehicle language to a language readily understood by the driver.
Considering that millions of people each year rent automobiles in countries where languages other than their own are spoken more commonly, it is a frequent occurrence that drivers are unable to understand vehicle prompts, messages, and street signs sufficiently to act appropriately and safely. Accordingly, this language mismatch between drivers and vehicles creates a huge safety concern.
There have been attempts by some to provide solutions for setting languages of various devices. While these units may be suitable for the particular purpose employed, or for general use, they would not be as suitable for the purposes of the present disclosure as disclosed hereafter.
In the present disclosure, where a document, act or item of knowledge is referred to or discussed, this reference or discussion is not an admission that the document, act or item of knowledge or any combination thereof was at the priority date, publicly available, known to the public, part of common general knowledge or otherwise constitutes prior art under the applicable statutory provisions; or is known to be relevant to an attempt to solve any problem with which the present disclosure is concerned.
While certain aspects of conventional technologies have been discussed to facilitate the present disclosure, no technical aspects are disclaimed and it is contemplated that the claims may encompass one or more of the conventional technical aspects discussed herein.


Elastomer compositions comprising (A) ultra high molecular weight copolymer compositions of 1,3-conjugated dienes and aromatic vinyl compounds having a weight average molecular weight of greater than about 1,000,000 and (B) oil are described. The ultra high molecular weight copolymer compositions which are also characterized as having an intrinsic viscosity in tetrahydrofuran of at least about 4.0 may be obtained by a process which comprises polymerizing a 1,3-conjugated diene and a vinyl aromatic compound in a hydrocarbon solvent in the presence of a trimetalated 1-alkyne catalyst which comprises the reaction product of a 1-alkyne containing at least 4 carbon atoms, an organo metallic compound R.degree.M and a 1,3-conjugated diene wherein R.degree. is a hydrocarbyl group, M is an alkali metal, the mole ratio of R.degree.M to 1-alkyne is about 3:1 and the mole ratio of conjugated diene to 1-alkyne is from about 2:1 to about 30:1. The oil extended elastomer compositions of the present invention preferably contain large amounts of oil such as 80 parts or higher per 100 parts of copolymer.

The incorporation of oil into elastomeric compositions is known to improve the properties of the elastomer composition. The incorporation of large amounts of oil is desirable since it generally results in higher hysteresis loss. In some instances, however, attempts to include large amounts of oils into elastomeric compositions result in loss of other desireable properties such as rupture strength, wear resistance, and heat resistance.
The polymerization of conjugated dienes such as 1,3-conjugated dienes to form elastomeric homopolymers and copolymers utilizing various initiator systems is known. For example, such polymerizations can be initiated with organometallic compounds wherein the metal is a Group I metal such as lithium. These polymers and copolymers of conjugated dienes are useful for tire rubbers, molded rubber goods, molding compounds, surface coatings, etc.
Various organometallic compounds have been described in the literature as useful in the polymerization and copolymerization of conjugated dienes. Among the catalysts which have been proposed are various alkali metal acetylides. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,303,225 describes the use of metalated 1-acetylenes as active catalysts in the polymerization of vinylidene-containing monomers. Alkali metal acetylides containing one or more metal atoms are prepared by reacting an organo alkali metal compound with an acetylene under conditions to effect step-wise replacement of, first, the acetylenic hydrogen atom, and, second, the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atom which is alpha to the acetylenic linkage.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,677,165 describes rubber compositions useful particularly for tire treads which comprise: a styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber prepared by random copolymerization of styrene with 1,3-butadiene by solution polymerization techniques utilizing an organic lithium compound as catalyst; from 80 to 250 phr of carbon black having a surface area of 100 to 400 m.sup.2 /g; and 30 to 280 phr of an aromatic oil. It is essential that the styrene-butadiene copolymer satisfies six requirements as identified in the specification and claims including the presence of one or more specific groups introduced into a molecular terminal or chain of the copolymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,964,083 describes curable rubber tire tread stock and pneumatic tires having a tread portion made of such stock. The tread stock comprises a copolymer containing a major amount of a conjugated diolefinic compound and a minor amount of a copolymerizable monoolefinic compound such as styrene, a fine reinforcing high abrasion carbon black and at least 30 parts by weight of a compatible soft oil per 100 parts by weight of the copolymer.
Styrene-butadiene elastomers comprising blends of different styrene-butadiene copolymers are described as being useful for treads of high performance tires in U.S. Pat. No. 4,866,131. The elastomers can be extended with oil to increase the hysteresis loss value. Aromatic oils having a viscosity gravity constant according to ASTM D-2501 in the range of 0.900 to 1.100 are described as suitable. The use of a low temperature plasticizer ester and/or a naphthenic or paraffinic softener to improve the properties of carbon black filled styrene-butadiene rubbers is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,199.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,178 describes rubber compositions for use in tires which comprise certain mixtures of copolymers of a conjugated diene and monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbons. To obtain high hysteresis loss, the patentees suggest that an extender oil be blended into rubber compositions in amounts of from 30-200 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the rubber component. Amounts of from 50 to 200 parts of oil are preferred. The use of 60 to 200 parts by weight of carbon black having an average particle size of not more that 300 .ANG. also is disclosed as producing rubber composition with high hysteresis loss.

Oil extended ultra high molecular weight elastomers