A challenge in using recycled material in the papermaking process is the presence of hydrophobic organics with adhesive properties commonly known as “stickies.” Hydrophobic agglomerates can result in spots or defects in the final paper product or deposit on papermaking equipment resulting in poor runnability and downtime. Technologies for monitoring and controlling microstickies exist. However, a need exists for a technique to rapidly determine the size and content of macrostickies (diameter>100 microns) in recycled pulp process streams. The present invention is a device and method to perform real-time macrostickies and/or any visible hydrophobic particle analysis in an aqueous medium. Using the present invention, furnish quality can be monitored and treatment performance can be monitored and controlled. The technique is based on fluorescence image analysis to identify and count sticky particles as well as measure their size.

Characterization of visible hydrophobic particles, more particularly visible hydrophobic particles in aqueous media is an important general problem, with a specific application in the pulp and paper industry, especially when dealing with secondary fiber. Deposition of stickies and tackies and formation of large agglomerates of hydrophobic materials are major obstacles in the manufacture of paper and tissue using recycled fiber. For paper grades, these non-polar, tacky contaminants, particularly when liberated during repulping, can become both undesirable components of papermaking furnishes and troublesome deposits on the mill equipment; for example, wires of the paper or tissue machine.
Stickies and tackies are organic materials that do not have a precise definition. Stickies and tackies are tacky substances contained in the pulp and process water system that deposit on paper/tissue machine clothing, cylinders, or rolls. Synthetic materials constituting stickies or tackies (a.k.a. white pitch) include adhesives and coating binders such as styrene butadiene rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acrylate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutadiene, etc., and components of printing ink such as wax, alkyd resins, polyol acrylates, etc. Natural wood pitch normally present in virgin pulp consists of fatty acids, fatty esters and rosin acids. Natural wood pitch is more polar than stickies, but, generally, also belongs to the class of hydrophobic admixtures and is similar in its properties relevant to contaminant monitoring.
The most common classification system of stickies used by the pulp and paper industry is based on size to categorize stickies into three classes: macro, micro and colloidal. Macrostickies are considered to be particles that result from primary disintegration of the recycled material during repulping. For classification purposes, macrostickies typically have a particle size greater than 0.1 mm. Macrostickies can be removed largely by coarse and fine screening.
Macrostickies are also those stickies that remain as screening residue after laboratory screening having a slot width of 0.10-0.15 mm. Major sources of these materials are hot melts and pressure-sensitive adhesives. Macrostickies can include adhesives and coating binders such as styrene butadiene rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acrylate, polyvinyl butyral, polybutadiene, and/or components of printing ink such as wax, alkyd resins, polyol acrylates, and other like substances. The methods of quantification of macrostickies that are currently practiced are laborious, and no continuous monitoring technique exists.
Micro (0.1-0.001 mm) and colloidal (<0.001 min) stickies are those that can pass the screening slots. The microstickies that pass the screens can later agglomerate and lead to deposits on the paper/tissue machine or pass into the product as newly formed secondary macrostickies.
This differentiation, based on size, is arbitrary and cannot be strictly applied to different monitoring methods. Thus, the size limitation of the proposed method is not the same as size limitations defining macrostickies, while those having skill in the art will recognize the method as one for macrostickies monitoring. In fact, in pulp and paper applications, the size of measured stickies can be smaller than 0.1 mm provided that the particles are detectable through an imaging system that may include a digital microscopic camera and optically differentiated from the surrounding medium. Colloidal stickies do not fit this definition, while a 0.05-0.10 mm fraction of macrostickies in fact does fit this definition. The size limits are generally defined by the capabilities of the imaging system used and the signal to noise ratio of the captured image, where the noise can be electronic as well as background from the surrounding medium.
Nalco has developed proprietary technology for monitoring microstickies based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) (see, e.g., Duggirala & Shevchenko, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0281191; Shevchenko et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,842,165). The QCM-based technology is suitable for microstickies but not macrostickies monitoring because the latter cannot be expected to stick to the QCM surface in the flow of the pulp slurry.
It is known that fluorescent dye molecules that emit from an intramolecular charge transfer state are sensitive to medium polarity. The dye molecules' fluorescence (both wavelength and intensity) is affected by the polarity as well in the case of non-homogeneous systems, such as suspensions of non-soluble organic liquids in water. These dyes can bind directly to hydrophobic particles or droplets that have a similar effect on the dyes' optical properties. Based on these properties, methods were developed to visualize protein stains based on dyes that bind non-covalently to protein complexes. These techniques have also been coupled with electrophoresis procedures.
Perfect et al. (WIPO Patent Application Publication No. WO2010007390) describes a method to assess multiphase (water/organic) fluid compositions that specifically monitor oil in water in the area of wastewater treatment. Perfect et al. identified Nile Red as a preferable molecule used to perform the method. Nile Red is ideal for assessment of the organic phase of a multiphase sample because it emits a more intense signal on contact with the organic phase than on contact with the aqueous phase, the shift in wavelength being significant. Nile Red has strong photochemical stability, an intense fluorescence emission peak, and relatively low cost. Perfect et al. further discloses that the method can be used to determine the size distribution of droplets of either the organic phase or the aqueous phase in the multiphase sample based on the image analysis. Perfect et al. further anticipates at-line and on-line applications.
Gerli et al. (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0260767) describes a method of monitoring and controlling one or more types of hydrophobic contaminants in a papermaking process. The method utilizes the measurement with dyes, which are capable of fluorescing and interacting with the hydrophobic contaminants. Gerli et al. does not allow for the measurement of macrostickies or on-line monitoring. Gerli et al. provides for bulk characterization of a summary microstickies in a sample of filtered material.
Sakai (Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2007/332467) proposed microscopic image processing of particles in a deinked pulp slurry for quantification of the particles. However, the process described in Sakai does not relate to the continuous monitoring with dye injection.
Accordingly, there is a need for complementing microstickies measurement technology with a comparable on-line method for macrostickies monitoring. Such a measurement method would allow a papemmaker/recycler to use lesser quality furnish and more recycled pulp than is currently able to be used. Desirably, the two measurement methods would allow for continuous on-line process adjustments in order to maximize process efficiency.

Method of monitoring macrostickies in a recycling and paper or tissue making process involving recycled pulp


The present invention relates to a support handle for supporting of clothes hangers by a user. The support handle engages the hooked portions of a clothes hanger and serves to separate the hanger from the hand of a user. This arrangement reduces pressure exerted by the hanger on a user's hand and allows convenient gripping of a number of hangers. The invention has particular application when carrying a number of garments on hangers, for example, picking up a number of garments from the dry cleaners. The support handle is of a simple form which is easily molded as a single piece.

Typically, people take a number of garments to the dry cleaners for cleaning, and when they pick up the cleaned garments, they are provided on hangers and the hangers are often tied together below the neck portion of the hanger. With several garments on hangers, the weight is considerable and it is often uncomfortable to carry these cleaned garments by means of engaging the hooked portions of the hanger. This method of engaging the hangers concentrates the weight on two or three fingers of the user which causes discomfort. The other option is to fold the garments across one's arm; however, when the garments have just been cleaned and pressed, people are reluctant to carry them in this manner. There remains a need for a simple method of effectively supporting of clothes hangers to allow carrying of garments.
It can be recognized that there are other times when a number of garments on clothes hangers are carried and the handle arrangement disclosed in the application is useful and distributes forces in a comfortable and effective manner.


An array of solar collectors track the sun based on measured values of power output from the array and from a sun sensor on the array. The sun is tracked by periodically adjusting the altitude and azimuth of the array so the collectors remain pointed at the sun to maximize an amount of solar flux reflected from the collectors. The sun sensor, which detects alignment of the sun, recognizes when relative movement of the sun causes about a 10% reduction in power output of the array. The altitude and azimuth of the array are readjusted based on output from the sun sensor. While the array is being reoriented, power output from the array is monitored, and values for power output versus orientation of the array are recorded. Offset values between the power output, sun sensor output, and the ephemeral equations are calculated by comparing these values during operation.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to maximizing output from a concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) system. More specifically, the invention relates generally to a method of identifying an offset for positioning solar collectors in an orientation so a maximum amount of solar energy reflects from the solar collectors.
2. Description of Prior Art
Converting solar energy into electricity is often accomplished by directing the solar energy onto one or more photovoltaic cells. The photovoltaic cells are typically made from semiconductors, that can absorb energy from photons from the solar energy, and in turn generate electron flow within the cell. A solar panel is a group of these cells that are electrically connected and packaged so an array of panels can be produced; which is typically referred to as a flat panel system. An array of panels used together is typically referred to as a solar flat panel photovoltaic (PV) system. Solar systems are typically positioned so that on the average they receive rays of light directly from the sun.
Some solar energy systems, which are referred to as Concentrated Photo Voltaic (CPV) systems, concentrate solar radiation onto a solar cell. CPV systems include solar collectors with a curved reflective surface that when exposed to sunlight reflects the light into a concentrated and focused image onto the solar cell. However, unless the collectors are substantially aligned with the sun, the image becomes unfocused to cause a corresponding reduction of power output from the CPV system. While tracking systems are generally included with CPV systems to maintain alignment of the solar collectors with the sun; misalignments can remain due to inherent manufacturing tolerances in CPV systems.

Solar array power output maximization through corrected sun tracking methods


In a memory system, which includes a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that has to be precharged before the contents thereof can be selectively read out into a static register, there is provided means for reading the memory contents of the memory cells of a part or the whole of a row of memory cells of the DRAM into the static register while concurrently precharging the DRAM for a subsequent read-out command. This reduces the overall cycle time of the memory array since read-out of the static register can occur during precharge.

In memory systems, including those utilizing dynamic random access memory (DRAM) arrays, it is known to use a static register to store a part or the whole of the contents of a word line of the memory array. This enables the data bits in the static register to be selectively coupled via an output buffer for further processing after the data bits have been read out of the memory.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a prior art memory system 2 comprising a memory array and control circuitry 26 (shown within a dashed rectangle), a RE Phases Generator 10, a CE phases Generator 12, a static register and data 1/0 control 14, address buffers 16, address transition detector 18, address latches and register predecoders 20, static register and decoder 22, and a data I/O and multiplexer 24. Memory array and control circuitry 26 comprises row address latches and predecoder control 28, column address latches and predecoder control 30, row decoder 32, column decoder 36 and memory array and sense amplifiers 34.
In the operation of the system 2 of FIG. 1, the data bits contained in the static register 22 must be transferred out of the register before the next row (not shown) of the memory array 34 to-be-read can be precharged. This presents a problem since for continued read-out of the static register 22, a signal [RAS or RE] enabling the memory array 34 must remain in the enabling condition until the last location is read out of the static register 22. This means that the cycle time to read each row must include the time to actually read out the contents of a row (TR) as well as the time to precharge that row (TP).
In the operation of the system 2 of FIG. 1, a user generated read enable (RE) signal also referred to herein as RAS is coupled to a terminal 301 which is connected to an input (denoted by the letter "a") of RE phases generator 10. RE phases generator 10 functions to detect a read enable (RE) signal condition. For purpose of illustration herein, the read enable (RE) condition occurs when an RE or Row Address Strobe (RAS) signal goes from a high level or logic "1" to a low level or logic "0". Also, in the discussion to follow, the terms RE and RAS are used interchangeably.
In response to a RE enable condition, generator 10 then generates two output signals, FAST RASIN (FRASIN) at an output b and RASIN at an output c for use within the memory system. The FRASIN signal at output "b" is coupled to the address buffers 16, CE Phases generator 12 and static register and data I/O control 14. The RASIN signal at output "c" is coupled to the row and column address latch predecoders control 28 and 30 and to the static register and data I/O control 14.
The structure and function performed by Generator 10 may be better understood by reference to the more detailed showing of FIG. 2.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a prior art embodiment of the generator 10 of FIG. 1 which comprises a RASIN BUFFER 303 and a FAST RASIN buffer 305. A user generated read enable (RE or RAS) signal is applied to an input terminal 301 and is shown in waveform "a" of FIG. 3. The FAST RASIN BUFFER 305 has an input (IN) connected to node "a" which is connected to terminal 301 and an output "b" at which is produced an output signal denoted as FAST RASIN or FRASIN and shown in waveform "b" of FIG. 3. RASIN BUFFER 303 has an input (IN1) connected to node "a" and another input, IN2, which is coupled to the output "b" of FAST RASIN BUFFER 305. The RASIN BUFFER 303 has an output "c" at which is produced an output signal denoted as RASIN and shown in waveform "c" of FIG. 3. The FRASIN signal is coupled via line 11b to the CE Phases Generator 12, to address buffers 16 and to static register and data I/O control 14 as shown in FIG. 1. The RASIN signal is coupled via line 11a to row and column address latches and predecoder control 28 and 30 and to the static register and data I/O control 14 as is shown in FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 3, note that the RAS signal goes low at time t0. In response thereto and a short time delay thereafter, the FRASIN signal goes low at time t1. Then, in response to RAS being low and FRASIN going low, the RASIN signal goes low at time t2, a short time delay after FRASIN goes low. However, note that after RAS goes high at time t3, both FRASIN and RASIN terminate (i.e., go high or logic "1") at the same time(i.e., t4). The reason for delaying RASIN going low relative to FRASIN going low is to ensure that the FRASIN signal enables the outputs of address buffers 16 and causes them to be valid prior to RASIN enabling the selection of the appropriate row of the memory array 34.
For a better understanding of the explanation to follow, a brief description of parts of the memory system 2 of FIG. 1 is set forth below.
(A) CE phases generator 12 detects changes in a column enable (CE) or column address strobe (CAS) signal and produces a CASIN signal for internal use. The CRASIN signal functions to activate the bit decode circuitry (i.e. blocks 30 and 20) associated with the array 26 and the static register 22 and provides an enabling control signal to the static register and data I/O control 14.
(B) Static Register and Data I/O Control 14 functions to provide read and write commands to or from the static register 22 and the DATA I/O 24.
(C) Address Buffers 16, which has inputs A0 through A11, generates internal address information used for both row and column selection. The FRASIN output of generator 10 is coupled to BUFFERS 16 which are turned on and off by the FRASIN signal.
(D) Address Transition Detector 18 produces new read or write accesses (enabling signals) from or to the static register control 14 which then supplies control signals to static register 22 and DATA I/O 24 when an address transition (or change) is detected for a static column mode component. Any address change during a read cycle initiates a valid read access (enable) which is completed if no further address changes are detected.
(E) Address Latches Register Predecoders 20--The address latches only operate for PAGE mode components and simply pass address buffer information to the predecoders for static column mode operation. PAGE mode operation captures address information when CAS (or CE) become active (low).
(F) Static Register and Decoder 22--Contains data line information read out from the array 34 for every read enable and column enable signal. Every read from the memory comes through the static register 22 which is loaded from the memory array once with every RE and CE access. When the RE signal returns to the precharge or standby condition, the contents of the static register are written back into the memory array. During write cycles, data bits are changed within the static register which then update the memory array when RE goes from the enable (low) to the disable (high) condition. The decoder 22 decodes the remaining column enable (CE) address decodes which were not used in the array and determine which register bit is to be written or read.
(G) Data I/O and Multiplexer 24--Is a block of logic which controls which of two data bits is to be read or written. Also, a latch (in block 24) holds the last bit read from the register 22 until the next valid read cycle. The static register and data I/O control 14 determines whether the Data I/O 24 and register 22 receives data from or supplies data to the memory system.
(H) Memory array 26 includes a matrix array 34 of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cells and sense amplifiers which store information for future use. Array 26 also includes row address latches predecoder control 28 which is enabled by RASIN and with row decoder 32 controls which row of array 34 is selected for read-out. Array 26 also includes column address latches predecoder control 30 which is enabled by RASIN and CASIN signals and which produces outputs applied to column decoder 36 which function to decode the bit lines and thus selects which bit lines gets coupled to the data lines and fed into (or out of) the Static Register 22.
In the operation of the memory system 2 of FIGS. 1 and 2, the read cycle of a DRAM is initiated by the application of a RAS [ROW ENABLE--RE-] signal which goes from a precharge or standby condition (e.g., high or logic "1") to an enable condition (e.g., low or logic "0"). The RAS signal is used to generate a FRASIN signal which is applied to, and enables, the CE phases generator 12, static generator control 14 and address buffers 16. The RAS signal is also used to generate a RASIN signal which enables the contents of a word line of the memory array to be read out onto the bit lines (columns). The data on the bit lines are amplified by sense amplifiers coupled to the bit lines for generation of better defined signals which are either close to ground potential or to the voltage level of a power supply (e.g., Vdd) used with the memory array and sense amplifiers 34. The information on selected bit lines are then decoded onto data lines which are coupled to static register 22 from which the data bits can be selectively read out via DATA I/O 24 to other utilization circuits. However, when the RAS signal goes from the enable condition to the precharge condition, CE phases generator 12, static register control 14 and address buffers 16 are disabled and the data stored in static register 22 can no longer be read-out. Thus, in the memory system 2 of FIG. 1, the RAS signal must be maintained in its enable condition and a new row of the memory array can not be precharged so long as the contents of static register 22 have to be read-out. This effectively increases read cycle time and thus the total cycle time of the memory system 2.
It is desirable to have a memory system which has improved read cycle time as compared to memory system 2.

Early row address strobe (RAS) precharge

International Business Machines Corporation


A lock control apparatus includes one or more memories, and one or more processors configured to perform setting of, as a target node, each of one or more child nodes other than eldest child nodes among child nodes relating to parent nodes in each of layers of data structure formed by a tree structure, when a first process for first data associated with a first node in the data structure proceeds in a direction from a parent node to a child node, perform determination of whether the first node is the target node, and perform lock of the first node when the first node is the target node.

A provider that provides a service to users (hereinafter simply referred to as provider as well) constructs, for example, an information processing system using a database that stores data used for the provision of the service to the users (hereinafter referred to as search target data as well).
When search of the search target data is performed in the information processing system explained above, to efficiently perform the search of the search target data, the information processing system performs, for example, search by reference to an index including a data structure configured by a tree structure. Thereafter, the information processing system updates the data structure included in the index to a form reflecting a search result of the search target data.
Related art is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication Nos. 2010-026689, 9-319642, and 2011-248584.

Lock control apparatus and lock control method


A battery pack (10), comprises at least one cell (16) having a positive (15) and a negative terminal (17), and a header (18) for mounting the cell. The header has at least one wiping contact (20) for connection to either the positive or negative terminal of the cell or cells. The battery pack further comprises a first housing member (30) for receiving the header and the cell or cells, a second housing member (12) mounted above the header and coupled to the first housing member, and a scheme for wiping the wiping contact while the cell (or cells) is enclosed within the first and second housing members.

In weldless battery packs, the cells make pressure contact with springs typically of either formed stamped sheet metal contacts or integrally formed contacts in plastic as illustrated in Dorinski et. al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,754. Over a period of time, oxidation or some other forms of contamination or corrosion can cause the contact resistance in the contacts to rise to an unacceptable level. The oxidation can cause insufficient charging capabilities, lower capacity, intermittences and other electrical discrepancies. Typically, an attempt to rectify the oxidation problem includes plating the contacts with an anti-oxidation or anti-corrosion material such as tin. But even so, oxidation persists. A solution could involve the user periodically affirmatively cleaning the contacts by wiping or rubbing the contact, much like a computer technician uses an eraser to remove corrosion on the contacts of a peripheral plug-in board. But such a task would be cumbersome. Thus, a need exists for a weldless battery pack having a means for overcoming the persistent oxidation and corrosion problems described above in a manner that would be transparent to a user.

Weldless battery pack with wiping contacts


A CMOS image sensor and a method for fabricating the same are disclosed. The method includes forming a plurality of color filters on a substrate, each color filter having a curvature, and forming microlenses on the color filters that each has a radius of curvature that varies with the wavelength of the color filter on which it is formed.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present invention relates to semiconductor devices, and, more particularly, to a CMOS image sensor and a method for fabricating the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In general, image sensors are semiconductor devices for converting an optical image to electrical signals. Image sensors may be classified as a charge coupled device (CCD) and the CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon) image sensor.
The CMOS image sensors widely used currently are switching type devices in which MOS transistors are fabricated on a semiconductor substrate as unit pixels using a CMOS technology, in which control circuits and signal processing circuits are peripheral circuits. The control circuits and signal processing circuits detect outputs of the unit pixels in succession using the MOS transistors.
That is, the CMOS image sensor has a photodiode and a plurality of MOS transistors in the unit pixel for detecting and/or transmitting the electric signal of each unit pixel in succession by a switching system to produce an image.
Since the CMOS image sensor uses a CMOS fabrication technology, the CMOS image sensor is advantageous in low power consumption, a simple fabrication process owing to a small number of photolithographic process steps, and so on.
A related art CMOS image sensor will be described with reference to the attached drawings, in which FIG. 1 illustrates a partial cross-section of a related art CMOS image sensor.
An insulating film 101 (e.g., a gate insulating film or an interlayer insulating film) is formed on a semiconductor substrate 100, and a first protective film 102 (e.g., an oxide film or a nitride film) is formed on an entire surface of the insulating film 101.
A thermal resin or thin TEOS layer is deposited on an entire surface of the semiconductor substrate 100 for protecting a micro-lens formed in a successive step, to form a second protective film 103, and a silicon nitride film or a silicon oxynitride film is deposited on an entire surface of the second protective film 103, to form a planarizing layer 104.
Then, a color filter layer 105 is formed on the planarizing layer 104 over every photodiode region (not shown). Each of the color filters in the color filter layer 105 is formed by coating a color resist and photolithographically etching the color resist with a mask provided separately.
Then, an overcoating layer 106 is formed on an entire surface of the substrate having the color filter layers 105.
A polymer is adhered onto the overcoating layer 106 as a microlens material layer. Then, the polymer (e.g., a photo-sensitive film) is patterned by exposure and development, to define microlens regions. The microlens material layer of the polymer is patterned selectively, to form a microlens pattern over the color filter layer 105. The microlens pattern is subjected to reflow heat treatment to form hemispherical microlenses 107 having a fixed curvature.
However, in this microlens forming method, the planarizing layer on the color filter layer reduces optical efficiency.
Moreover, the planarizing layer increases a distance between the photodiode and the microlens to be formed in a following step by the thickness of the planarizing layer, thereby failing to maximize the sensitivity of the CMOS image sensor.

CMOS image sensor and method for fabricating the same


A rotatable tubing anchor for anchoring a tubing string to a casing in a well, wherein a lock pin extending radially inward from a cylindrical drag body interacts with a lazy T portion of a lock slot in a peripheral surface of a mandrel positioned in the cylindrical drag body limits vertical and rotational movement of the mandrel in relation to the cylindrical drag body in a manner that enables retaining, controlling, setting, and releasing anchor slips on the rotatable tubing anchor for lowering a tubing string equipped with the rotatable tubing anchor and a down hole pump into a well, anchoring the tubing string to casing in the well against upward tension on the tubing string while allowing rotation of the tubing string, and releasing the rotatable tubing anchor from the casing to enable pulling the tubing string, rotatable tubing anchor, and pump out of the well.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
This invention is related to oil well production equipment and more particularly to tubing anchors in oil well production tubing strings.
2. State of the Prior Art
Typical oils wells have well casings comprising lengths of larger diameter pipes set and cemented into well bore holes extending downwardly from the surface of the ground into or through one or more subterranean, oil-bearing, geological formations called reservoirs. Conventional completions in such wells include perforating the casing with holes at depths in one or more of the reservoirs that allow the crude oil and other fluids in the reservoir or reservoirs to flow into the well casing. Some wells have enough natural pressure in the reservoir to force the crude oil and other fluids all the way through the well casing to the surface of the ground, where the crude oil can be collected and transported away from the well for further refinement and use. Other wells do not have enough natural reservoir pressure to force the crude oil all the way to the surface of the ground, so pumps have to be used to lift the crude oil in the casing out of the well. Raising and collecting the crude oil from the well is commonly known as producing the well, and equipment used in that process is commonly called production equipment. There are many different kinds of production pumps used in oil wells for pumping crude oil in well casings to the surface of the ground, one of the oldest and yet most common popular of which is the reciprocating piston-type pump, sometimes also called sucker rod pump, stroking pump, traveling piston pump, or barrel pump.
Reciprocating piston-type pumps typically have a down-hole pump assembly comprising a hollow cylinder barrel mounted on the down-hole end of a string of production tubing that extends downwardly from a hanger on the well surface, through the well casing, and into the crude oil in the well casing. A piston containing a traveling, one-way check valve is positioned the cylinder barrel in a slidable manner that allows the piston and the traveling one-way check valve to move reciprocally upwardly and downwardly in the cylinder barrel, and a standing, one-way check valve is mounted on the bottom of the cylinder barrel. A sucker rod extends downwardly from a polish rod near the surface of the ground, through the production tubing string, and into the cylinder barrel where it is attached to the piston. The polish rod extends slidably through a stuffing box to connect the sucker rod to a pump jack or other pump driver for repetitively pulling the sucker rod upwardly and letting it down to reciprocate the piston in the cylinder barrel upwardly and downwardly. The stuffing box creates a seal around the polish rod to seal the interior of the tubing from the exterior of the well. The standing one-way check valve allows fluid in the casing to flow into the cylinder barrel as the piston is pulled upwardly by the pump jack and sucker rod, and the traveling one-way check valve allows that fluid in the cylinder barrel to flow through the piston as the piston moves downwardly in the cylinder barrel. Continuous reciprocal motion of the piston in combination with the one-way flow of fluid through the standing and traveling check valves results in the fluid in the well being pumped from the casing upwardly through the production tubing string to the surface of the well.
As explained in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,139,090 and 5,327,975 issued to J. Land, both of which are incorporated herein for all that they disclose, in wells equipped with reciprocating piston-type pumps, rotating the production tubing string with respect to the sucker rod in the tubing string while concurrently placing the production tubing string in tension reduces severity of wear in areas where the sucker rod tends to rub against the inside surface of the tubing string and overall increases the useful life of the tubing string. Both of the aforesaid U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,139,090 and 5,327,975 describe apparatus and methods for anchoring the tubing string at or near the bottom of the well adjacent to the cylinder barrel in a rotatable manner to accommodate such tensioning and rotation of the production tubing string. The tubing anchor catcher with rotatable mandrel is described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,327,975 as an improvement over the tubing rotator with down hole swivel described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,090. However, it has been found that tubing anchor catchers with rotatable mandrels made as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,327,975 are not reliably easy to set and are even more difficult to release and retrieve from the well, which results in problems when the tubing string, down hole pump components, and other production equipment in the well have to be removed from the well. Too often, inability to release those tubing anchor catchers quickly and easily is frustrating and time-consuming, sometimes causing the operator to resort to the back-up system of pulling hard on the tubing string to shear the shear pins in the anchor to release the slips that anchor the device in the well casing. Unfortunately, however, some tubing strings are in severely worn or in weakened condition, and such extraordinary tension breaks and severs the tubing string before the shear pins of the anchor shear, thereby causing the operator have to perform extraordinary recovery procedures, including, for example, drilling and fishing the remaining tubing and the tubing anchor catcher out of the well. Such extraordinary procedures not only add to the recovery time and costs but also destroy the tubing anchor catchers so that they cannot be used again.
The foregoing examples of related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative, but not exclusive or exhaustive, of the subject matter. Other aspects and limitations of the related art will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings.


A rotatable connector includes a first rotating member and a second rotating member. The first rotating member includes a first surface and an opposite second surface. The first surface forms first pins, and the second surface forms fixing bodies each comprising a first portion and a second portion. The first portion and the second portion cooperatively define a latching groove therebetween. The second rotating member includes a third surface opposing the first rotating member and an opposite fourth surface. The third surface forms circular latching bodies rotatably retained within the latching groove. The fourth surface forms second pins. The fixing bodies and the latching bodies cooperatively define cavities fully filled in electrical conductive material. The wires that are respectively fixed to the first pins and the second pins are capable of being electrically connected by the electrical conductive material.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a rotatable connector that electrically connects wires together.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional rotating connector includes a first rotating part, a second rotating part, and a control unit for controlling the second rotating part to rotate relative to the first rotating part. The control unit is electrically connected to the two rotating parts with wires. However, when the second rotating part rotates relative to the first rotating part, the wires can be easily broken if twisted. Thus, the rotating connector is inconvenient in use.

Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (ShenZhen) Co., Ltd.


A measuring probe is provided for measurement in molten metal, the probe having a measuring head arranged on an immersion end of a carrier tube. A bath contact and at least one sensor for determining a component of the molten metal are arranged on the immersion end. The bath contact, viewed in the immersion direction, has a first bath contact region with two surface areas extending parallel to the immersion direction on opposite sides of the bath contact.

The invention relates to a measuring probe for measurements in metal or slag melts, the probe having a measuring head, which is arranged on an immersion end of a carrier tube and on which at least one sensor for determining a component of the molten metal and a bath contact are arranged, wherein the bath contact, viewed in the immersion direction, has a bath contact region having two surface regions parallel to the immersion direction and lying on opposite sides of the bath contact.
Such measuring probes are known in many forms. For example, in German Patent DE 3541806 C1 or in German Utility Model DE 83 17 643 U1, measuring probes are known, on whose immersion side a bath contact is arranged. The bath contact is allocated to an electrochemical measuring cell. It is constructed as a metal rod. From German Patent DE 29 54 228 C2 and German Utility Model DE 79 25 016 U1, probes are known, which have a tubular structure and which each comprise a leg of a sensor. The bath contact can also be used, in addition to the interaction with an electrochemical element, for measuring the bath level of a molten metal, for example of the type where upon immersion of the bath contact into the molten metal, a circuit is closed and the level of the molten metal is determined from the position of the bath contact. The bath contact is usually made of steel and is destroyed within the molten metal after a short time.


An electronic circuit and a method for accurately measuring intermittent current pulses supplied by a storage battery to energize a load. In the preferred embodiment, an analog integrator accumulates current pulses in response to a voltage drop across a sense resistor that is connected in series between the storage battery and the load. The voltage drop is proportional to the flow of current from the battery through the load. The output of the integrator is filtered with a low pass filter to block high frequency noise, and the output of the filter is coupled to an analog to digital (A/D) converter that transforms the filtered analog signal into a corresponding digital signal. The output of the A/D converter is supplied to a port of a processor. The processor provides a signal to actuate a reset switch coupled across the integrator. When closed at the end of each integration time period, this switch zeroes the output of the analog integrator. Additionally, the processor recalibrates the circuit at predefined time intervals to determine for leakage currents for improving the accuracy with which the measurement of the flow of current from the battery is determined. In the preferred embodiment, the processor samples the output of the A/D converter every 100 milliseconds. Typically, the calibration procedure is performed every 15 minutes (while the load is energized from an AC source). This measurement circuit is part of a battery management system that preferably also includes a charge circuit for recharging the battery.

The electrical power rating of a storage battery is defined in terms of the electrical current that can be discharged from the battery into a load over time at the rated voltage. Typically, a battery is employed to energize a device when a line electrical power source is either unavailable or the cost/space limitations of the device make the use of a line source undesirable. Since the amount of electrical power that can be stored by a storage battery is finite, it is highly desirable to provide means for accurately measuring the power discharged from a battery supplying electrical current to a device.
One of the simplest circuits for measuring current supplied by a battery to a load employs a low resistance "sense" resistor connected in series between the load and a terminal of the battery. The voltage across the sense resistor is indicative of the current flowing to the load from the storage battery. The circuit measures the magnitude of this voltage and provides a corresponding load current indication. However, this simple circuit does not measure the total amount of current from the battery over a period of time. Instead, only the instantaneous flow of current through the load is determined. Additional circuitry must be provided to determine the total power discharged from the battery. A digital processor is particularly well suited to the task of determining the total electrical power discharged from the battery and determining the remaining power stored therein. Since instantaneous current measurements are indicated by an analog signal, an analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion is required to enable a digital processor to use the signal indicative of current. An A/D converter can be used to transform the analog signal into a digital value, which is scaled to the number of digital bits provided by the A/D converter, e.g., an 8-bit A/D converter provides a digital value scaled from 0 to 255.
Another device that can be employed to perform A/D conversion is a comparator, which produces a digital bit when an analog signal at one input is equal to or greater than a reference signal at another input. Typically, the reference signal has a ramp waveform with a time period that is predetermined by the digital processor, so that the comparator produces a digital bit at the "cross over" point, e.g., when the value of the ramping reference signal is equal to or greater than the analog signal. The processor employs the time period of the "cross over" point and the time period of the ramp to determine an approximation of the total amount of current that was discharged from the battery. Since the comparator can only produce a single bit at the cross over point, the approximation is only accurate if the ramp waveform time period is at least twice as fast as the changes occurring in the measured signal. Thus, if the signal being measured is a discontinuous analog signal that switches on and off twice as fast as the ramp's time period, then the processor will fail to detect the current signal to be measured.
Until recently, devices having discontinuous current draw occurring during time intervals significantly shorter than the sampling period of a digital processor were relatively unknown. However, a substantial increase in the use of devices such as stepper motors, which intermittently draw current for time periods that are significantly shorter than the sampling rate of most digital processors, has made it difficult to accurately measure short-term discontinuous load currents. Stepper motors are often employed in battery powered consumer electronic devices, such as video camcorders and portable compact disc (CD) players. Also, the medical industry employs stepper motors to drive medical pumps that deliver specific quantities of medical substances to patients. Accordingly, it will be apparent that there is a need for a low cost approach for monitoring the current supplied to such devices over time to determine the charge remaining on storage batteries used to energize the devices.


A winding and forming tool attachable to a winding machine spindle shaft for reciprocating movement along and rotational movement about a longitudinal axis thereof includes an elongated winding spindle having generally radially extending slots therethrough located at longitudinally spaced apart locations along the winding spindle, and a plurality of forming racks are provided, each of the forming racks being slidably disposed within one of the generally radially extending slots. A rotatable spline shaft is at least partially disposed within the winding spindle for engaging the forming racks in a manner causing sliding movement of the forming racks along the slots to extend and retract them relative to an external surface of the winding spindle. A wire is guided internally through the winding spindle from one end thereof to an aperture in a radially facing external surface of the winding spindle. In one embodiment, the aperture is defined by a wire access recess insert and an adjacent portion of the winding spindle. The insert is removably attached to the winding spindle within a wire access recess which provides access to a cavity within the winding spindle.

This invention relates generally to the manufacture of stators for electric motors. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for winding and forming dynamoelectric machine field windings, and particularly, final forming of stator coil end turns.
In many conventional dynamoelectric machines, for example fractional horsepower induction motors, the magnetic stator core comprises a stacked plurality of relatively thin laminations of magnetic material having a central bore which receives the rotor member of the machine. A plurality of slots extend radially inwardly from the bore for receiving the field coils of the machine, wherein such slots are defined by radially extending teeth. A predetermined number of turns of insulated wire conductor are arranged within such slots to form the excitation windings of the motor. These coils have end turn portions extending outside the slots axially beyond the sides or end faces of the stator core.
In the past, two different types of apparatus have been employed for placing dynamoelectric machine field windings in the slots of the stator core member. In the so-called coil-insertion or coil-injection apparatus, prewound coils are first placed on a circular array of elongated blades. The stator core is then positioned on the blades with the blades respectively engaging the inner ends of the stator core teeth, and the coils are then pushed bodily into the stator core member slots. The coils for use with such coil-insertion apparatus are typically formed by securing the free end of the wire to a coil form and then winding or wrapping the wire around the coil form as the wire is withdrawn from the source, the wire being placed in tension as it is being wound.
In the so-called in-place or gun winder, a free end of the wire is secured and a gun is oscillated through the bore of the core member thereby withdrawing the wire from a source and placing it directly in the desired slots. Since the free end of the wire is fixed, the wire is in essence wound around selected teeth which define the slots thereby placing the wire under tension.
After the coils have been placed within the stator core, the return ends of the coils extend out of the stator slots and beyond the ends of the stator core. For reasons of appearance as well as customer specifications, the coil ends need to be shaped into a particular desired configuration. Such shaping operations are conventionally referred to as forming or blocking operations and typically have included a preforming operation wherein the wire was moved out of the extended bore of the stator and a final forming operation in which the end wires were shaped into the desired configuration. In the past, the preforming and final forming operations consisted of two distinct operations wherein, during the preforming operation, a preforming arbor was inserted into and extended through the bore of the stator to push the wires back from the extended stator bore. After this preforming operation the stator was transferred to another machine for final forming of the wire.
Drawbacks associated with prior stator winding and forming apparatus and methods include performing the winding and forming operations at different stations under different procedures. Further, in some prior devices the coil end turn wires have tended to be pinched. Such pinching is likely to undesiveably damage the wire or the wire insulation. Accordingly, there is a need for a tool for winding and forming dynamoelectric machine field windings which is of relatively simple construction, lends itself to use in a so-called in-place or gun winder, and provides for the winding and forming of field windings in one continuous set of operations. Further, such a tool is needed which minimizes the possibility of damaging the insulation on the windings. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides other related advantages.

Tool including winding spindle for winding and forming dynamoelectric machine field windings


Methods for treating and preventing multiple sclerosis by administering to a patient an effective amount of calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptides or calcitonin mimetics to a patient. Additionally, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogs can be used in combination with the calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptides or calcitonin mimetics.

The invention relates generally to methods and compositions for treating and preventing multiple sclerosis, and more particularly to methods and compositions for treating and preventing multiple sclerosis by administration of synthetic calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptides or calcitonin mimetics to a patient.
Multiple Sclerosis
In multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammation of nervous tissue causes loss of myelin, a fatty material that acts as a protective insulation for nerve fibers in the brain and the spinal cord. This loss of myelin, or demyelination, leaves multiple areas of scar tissue, or sclerosis, along nerve cells. Consequently, the sclerosis results in multiple and varied neurological signs and symptoms, usually with repeated relapse and remission.
To date, treatment of MS has focused on the reduction of symptoms, which includes, but are not limited to, reduced or loss of vision, stumbling and uneven gait, slurred speech, as well as urinary frequency and incontinence. In addition, MS can cause mood changes and depression, muscle spasms and severe paralysis. The cause of MS is unknown, but an immunologic abnormality is suspected in causing the initial inflammation, with few clues presently indicating a specific mechanism (The Merck Manual, 16th Edition, 1993 Merck & Co.).
MS is more frequent at northern latitudes. Depending on the region in the Western world, the prevalence varies with 50-150 cases per 100,000 individuals. In the United States alone, some 250,000-350,000 individuals have an MS diagnosis. Females are twice as likely to develop MS when compared to males.
Current treatments for MS generally suppress the immune system. For example, one treatment includes transplantation of bone marrow along with administration of cytostatics and immunosupressive drugs. This treatment works for some patients, but it is expensive and includes several risks for patients. Additionally, the administration of cytostatics is considered controversial in treating MS because its effects are unclear and potential side-effects are severe.
Other treatments aim to cure or delay the MS disease. Among certain patients, interferon-beta (AVONEX™ and BETASERON™) reduces the symptoms of MS and is therefore administered to most patients for ethical reasons. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action of interferon-beta is unclear for these patients. Like suppressive treatments, interferon-beta is expensive. For other patients, glatiramer acetate (COPAXONE™) reduces the frequency of attacks; however, its side effects are substantial and problems occur in distinguishing the symptoms of MS from the side effects of glatiramer acetate.
The latest drug to be approved by the FDA for treatment for relapsing forms of MS is TYSABRI™ (NATALIZUMAB, formerly known as ANTEGREN). As noted above, most drugs for treating MS suppress the immune system. TYSABRI™, however, blocks immune cells from crossing into the central nervous system (CNS), thereby preventing damage to the nerves. One drawback of TYSABRI™ is its side effects, which include headache, fatigue, urinary tract infection, depression, lower respiratory tract infection, joint pain and abdominal discomfort. Another drawback with TYSABRI™ is that no long-term safety information is available.
Currently, an effective treatment for MS does not exist. Treatment is focused on merely reducing its symptoms. Tests with transplantation and different drug treatments to cure the disease have not demonstrated any solutions. Accordingly, a demand for drugs that can protect an MS patients from the severe development of the disease is therefore of high priority.
Calcitonin
In many instances, 1,25(OH)2D3 only completely prevents EAE at doses that are likely to cause hypercalcemia, which leads to increased circulating levels of calcitonin. Furthermore, hypercalcemia independent of 1,25(OH)2D3 can prevent EAE in female mice. Calcitonin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in several animal models of inflammatory disease. Finally, calcitonin has also shown promise in treating the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis.
Calcitonin is a thirty-two amino acid polypeptide hormone that participates in calcium and phosphorous metabolism. It is cleaved from a larger prohormone (approximately 15 kDa) and decreases serum calcium by inhibiting the reabsorption of calcium from bone and kidney. Calcitonin is synthesized in the parafollicular or C-cells in the thyroid gland in mammals, but it is also isolated from the ultimobrachial glands in birds, fish and amphibians.
A large number of diseases are associated with abnormally increased or decreased levels of calcitonin; however, pathologic effects of abnormal calcitonin secretion per se are not generally recognized. As such, calcitonin has several therapeutic uses. For one, it is used to treat hypercalcemia resulting from a number of causes. Additionally, calcitonin is a valuable therapy for Paget disease, which is a disorder in bone remodeling. Furthermore, it is a valuable aid in the management of certain types of osteoporosis.
Calcitonin has been obtained from several different species, including, but not limited to, bovine, eel, human, porcine, rat and salmon. In all of these species, the primary structure of calcitonin is similar, although some structural variations exist (see Table I). Of the thirty-two amino acids present in calcitonin, eight residues are conserved across all species. Additionally, calcitonins with amino acid sequences identical to the natural forms have been produced by chemical synthesis, as well as by recombinant technology.
TABLE IAmino Acid Sequences of Calcitonin inRepresentative Species.SpeciesAmino Acid SequenceBovineCys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Ser-Ala-Tyr-Trp-Lys-Asp-Leu-Asn-Asn-Tyr-His-Arg-Phe-Ser-Gly-Met-Gly-Phe-Gly-Pro-Glu-Thr-Pro(SEQ ID NO: 1) EelCys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asp-Val-Gly-Ala-Gly-Thr-Pro(SEQ ID NO: 2) HumanCys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro(SEQ ID NO: 3) PorcineCys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Ser-Ala-Tyr-Trp-Arg-Asn-Leu-Asn-Asn-Phe-His-Arg-Phe-Ser-Gly-Met-Gly-Phe-Gly-Pro-Glu-Thr-Pro(SEQ ID NO: 4) RatCys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Leu-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ser-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro(SEQ ID NO: 5) SalmonCys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro(SEQ ID NO: 6)
Calcitonin has several important structural features. Salmon calcitonin, for example, has a disulphide bridge (cystine link) between the first and seventh amino acids at the amino end of the polypeptide chain. This disulphide bridge is essential for its biological activity as it causes the amino terminus to assume the shape of a ring. Additionally, salmon calcitonin has a prolinamide group at the carboxyl terminal amino acid. Alternative splicing of the calcitonin pre-mRNA can yield a mRNA encoding calcitonin gene-related peptide; this peptide appears to function in the nervous and vascular systems.
Interestingly, salmon calcitonin has been shown to be considerably more effective in arresting bone resorption than human forms of calcitonin. Several hypotheses have been offered to explain this observation and include the following: (1) salmon calcitonin is more resistant to degradation; (2) salmon calcitonin has a lower metabolic clearance rate (MCR); and (3) salmon calcitonin may have a slightly different conformation, resulting in a higher affinity for bone receptor sites.
Despite the advantages associated with the use of salmon calcitonin in humans, there are also disadvantages such as cost and limited method of administration (by injection). Additionally, resistance to calcitonin therapy may occur with long-term use. Furthermore, some patients develop antibodies to non-human calcitonin, calcitonin mimetics would be useful for such patients. Therefore, use of synthetic calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptides or calcitonin mimetics, either in place of native calcitonins or in rotation with native calcitonins, may help to avoid resistance to such treatment during long-term use.
Needed in the art of multiple sclerosis treatment is a method of effectively using calcitonin, possibly in combination with other multiple sclerosis treatments, as an effective therapeutic.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Use of calcitonin and calcitonin-like peptides to treat and prevent multiple sclerosis


A simple semiconductor circuit by which analog data or multilevel data can be fetched and stored. The circuit receives a first signal and converts the first signal into a second signal composed of multilevel. The second signal is fed back to the circuit. The circuit is constituted of a first circuit which converts the first signal into a signal group composed of multiple quantized signals and second circuit which converts the signal group into the second signal. In addition, the first or/and second circuits are constituted of one or more neuron MOS transistors.

The signal processing of video camera images and the like has conventionally been accomplished by means of converting an enormous amount of analog data fetched by an image sensor into a digital format, and conducting processing by means of a digital computer.
When such a method is employed in concert with an increase in the number of pixels, the amount of data to be processed increases greatly, and it becomes impossible to conduct signal processing in real time. It is thus necessary to conduct signal processing completely in parallel at a hardware level, whether the inputted data is in an analog or multilevel format; however, in order to accomplish this, a circuit is rehired to temporarily store the analog or multilevel data incorporated by the sensor or data representing intermediate calculations.
However, in order to realize circuitry such as that conventionally known, a large number of elements was required, and furthermore, because the addition of the multilevel data was accomplished by means of the addition of electrical current, the amount of power consumed was large and it was thus difficult to conduct signal processing in a completely parallel format at the hardware level among the data fetched by the pixel sensors.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor circuit which is capable of fetching and storing analog or multilevel data using simple circuitry.

Semiconductor circuit using feedback to latch multilevel data


The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus that manages Web Services within an enterprise having an intranet. In an embodiment of the present invention, a Management Server (MS) is connected with a Management Server Client (MSC) via a network. The MS and MSC work in concert to manage Web Services by providing performance monitoring, security, contract and Service Level Agreement (SLA) management, and other performance enhancements in a unique, pluggable, expandable architecture. In another embodiment of the present invention, the MS is connected to an MSC via a network using a Web Services Application Programming Interface (API). The MSC is connected with a server for providing Web Services to a client. The Web Services are provided to the client through the MSC. The MS provides configuration data to the MSC for management of the Web Services provided through the MSC. In yet another embodiment, the MS is connected to a plurality of MSC's. Each MSC is connected with a plurality of servers. Each of the servers can provide Web Services to a plurality of clients. The Web Services are provided to each client through at least one MSC. In a further embodiment, the Web Services are provided to a client through an MSC that is connected to the server.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of a computer network system and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for managing Web Services within a network system.
Portions of the disclosure of this patent document contain material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
2. Background Art
In general, a web is an unstructured network system that uses HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) as its transaction protocol. The World Wide Web comprises all HTTP nodes on the public Internet. An internal web comprises all HTTP nodes on a private network, such as an enterprise's Local Area Network (LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN). If the organization is a corporation, the internal web is also a corporate web.
Note that internal webs, also known as intranets, are only logically "internal" to an enterprise. Physically, they can span the globe as long as access is limited to a defined community of interest.
Web Services generally provide access to applications and data over the web through a platform independent, standards-based transport mechanism called Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). These services can describe themselves through an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) document formatted using the Web Services Description Language (WSDL).
Referring now to FIG. 1, the intranet 10 within an enterprise 1 are typically separated from the Internet 30 through a firewall 20. Basically, a firewall 20 is a barrier to keep destructive services on the public Internet 30 away from the intranet 10.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the machines on a service-orientated network can be categorized as two types: servers (130, 140, 150 and/or 160) and clients (110). Those machines that provide Web Services to other machines are servers (like Net servers 150, JAVA servers 130 or Mainframe servers 160); the machines that are used to connect to those services are clients 110. It is possible and common for a machine to be both a server and a client, but for purposes here the machines are referred to as one or the other.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, the advent of service-oriented network has provided an enterprise 1 the unprecedented ability to integrate with internal machines and externally provided services. However, this integration created problems for the enterprise 1 as to how to manage both these internal machines within the intranet 10 and the externally provided services (e.g., services on another intranet or the Internet). Current Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) has yet to develop an extensible and pluggable system to manage these machines and/or services, such as managing the security risk and/or the performance and availability of the services provided by the servers. Thus, there is a need for an enterprise 1 to develop a system to manage its SOA in an extensible and pluggable way.

Method and apparatus for managing web services within a computer network system


A network that is to execute transcoding is fixed. IMS networks (SBC 1a and SBC 1b) set an information element that requests either of the IMS networks to execute transcoding into the SDP, and use that information element to select the IMS network (SBC 1a or SBC 1b) that is to execute transcoding between the IMS networks (between SBC 1a and SBC 1b). Then, the selected IMS network executes transcoding of media data.

In audio and video communication using the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), the Session Description Protocol (SDP) in which media information on this communication is described is exchanged between an outgoing terminal and an incoming terminal or between SIP servers in a network, media conditions of the audio and video (media type, codec, packetization period, and the like) are then settled by negotiation, and thereafter actual transmission and reception of audio packets with the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) are performed.
Particularly, negotiation on the media information (SDP negotiation) is performed such that the outgoing-side terminal describes the media (such as audio and video) desired to be used for communication and various parameters of the media (codec, packetization period, and the like) into SDP offer, and then the incoming-side terminal chooses media conditions to be used for the communication from the media conditions described in the SDP offer, describes the chosen media conditions into SDP answer, and sends back the SDP answer to the outgoing-side terminal. In this way, the conditions of the communication media to be used between the outgoing and incoming terminals are settled.
Meanwhile, in 3GPP, the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is defined as a system in which telecommunications carriers provide multimedia services including a telephone service. The IMS is a multimedia service system supporting any of access types (3G, LTE, WiFi, optical access, and so on) used by outgoing and incoming terminals such as mobile and fixed terminals. However, an IMS network including only the mobile terminal and an IMS network including only the fixed terminal may have a case where no common codec is supported by terminals in these different IMS networks.
For example, in general, the fixed terminal supports at least a G.711μ-law audio codec while the mobile terminal supports at least an AMR-NB audio codec. Thus, an IMS network of a telecommunications carrier requires a function of codec conversion to achieve intercommunication between the fixed terminal and the mobile terminal.
Note that, there is a function, generally called a transcoding function, in which an intermediate node in an IMS network executes not only the codec conversion but also rewrite processing of the SDP (such as adding or deleting of a codec) and conversion processing of media (RTP and the like) according to conditions before the SDP rewriting and after the SDP rewriting. Transcoding is usually executed using information on the codecs supported by the outgoing and incoming terminals, based on an operator policy defined by the carriers with an agreement between the carriers, the Service Level Agreement (SLA), and so on.
FIG. 7 is a diagram that illustrates a processing procedure of transcoding executed by an SBC. The Session Border Controller (SBC) is an intermediate node provided around a boundary of the IMS network and, for example, composed of an Interconnection Border Control Function (IBCF; SIP server) and a Translation Gateway (TrGW; media server). Thus, in an actual operation, the SIP server in the SBC uses H.248 to give an instruction to perform the rewrite processing on an SDP and the media conversion based on that SDP, and the media server in the SBC converts packets of the media based on that instruction.
Specifically, when receiving SDP offer, the SBC (IBCF) adds a codec that can be transcoded by the own IMS network or a terminal in the own IMS network (in this example, codec b) to a codec list set in the SDP offer. Then, when a codec in SDP answer received thereafter includes a codec in the previously received SDP offer (in this example, codec a), the SBC transmits the SDP answer as it is without executing the transcoding function (FIG. 7A).
On the other hand, when the codec in the received SDP answer does not include a codec in the previously received SDP offer (codec a), the SBC (IBCF) chooses one codec from the codecs included in the previously received SDP offer (in this example, there is only codec a) and transmits SDP answer in which that codec information is described (FIG. 7B). Thereafter, the SBC (TrGW) executes transcoding between the codec of the received SDP answer and the codec of the transmitted SDP answer (codec b↔a).
For example, when a single IMS network includes the mobile terminal and the fixed terminal, communication between the mobile terminal and the fixed terminal within the own IMS network is enabled by providing the transcoding function to a node such as an intermediate node (such as SIP server and media server) or the node nearest to the terminal (such as Proxy Call State Control Function (P-CSCF) and Media Gateway (MGW)).
In another case, when interconnecting the IMS network including only the mobile terminal and the IMS network including only the fixed terminal, communication between the mobile terminal and the fixed terminal in the different IMS networks is enabled by the IMS network of SDP offer transmitting side or the IMS network of SDP answer transmitting side executing transcoding. Processing procedures of the transcoding executed in the IMS network of SDP offer transmitting side and the IMS network of SDP answer transmitting side are respectively illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9.
In addition, FIGS. 10 and 11 respectively illustrate, as a specific example thereof, processing procedures in a case where, when interconnecting an IMS network including the fixed terminal supporting only the G.711μ-law audio codec and an IMS network including the mobile terminal supporting only the AMR audio codec, the IMS network of SDP offer transmitting side executes transcoding between G.711μ-law and AMR and the IMS network of SDP answer transmitting side executes the same transcoding. Note that the codecs to be transcoded, SBC function provision, the SIP message in which the SDP is set, and so on are not limited to the present example.
As illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11, in communication using the SIP as a call control signal, unless the call control is a service by the 3rd Party Call Control (3PCC) or the like, an Initial-INVITE request containing SDP offer is transmitted from the outgoing terminal, then SDP answer is set in a response (such as 18x response (x is a number) or 200 response) generated by the incoming terminal, and the communication is started upon completion of the initial SDP offer/answer. When the SDP offer transmitting side is responsible for transcoding, the IMS network of outgoing side as the SDP offer transmitting side executes the transcoding after the initial SDP offer/answer.

Communication method and communication program


A tampon applicator comprising a barrel having a generally tubular main body disposed intermediate an insertion end and a gripping end where the barrel is configured to contain a tampon capable of being expelled through the insertion end. A plunger having a generally tubular main body is partially disposed within the barrel for sliding movement and has a tampon engaging end within the barrel and a finger engaging end outside of the barrel. The gripping end of the barrel is formed with a reduced diameter region relative to the generally tubular main body located at the gripping end of the barrel and terminates in an outwardly and rearwardly graduated end through which the plunger extends. The finger engaging end of the plunger also has an outwardly and rearwardly graduated end which is configured to make contact with the outwardly flared end of the gripping end of the barrel to thereby limit sliding movement of the plunger. The plunger is configured so the outwardly and rearwardly graduated end will make contact with the outwardly and rearwardly graduated end at the gripping end of the barrel before the tampon engaging end can reach or contact the insertion end of the barrel.

Tampon applicators are formed of both paperboard and plastic and they typically have a barrel and plunger used for expelling a tampon through an insertion end of the barrel into a vaginal cavity by applying a pressure to a finger engaging end of the plunger. Among the problems that have been noted is the fact that a portion, or all, of the applicator is out of the direct line of sight of a user during tampon insertion which can impair proper and comfortable delivery of the tampon. As a result, it is important that the tampon applicator incorporate suitable features making it possible to use the applicator for delivery of the tampon without any hindrance to gripping the barrel or controlling the plunger during tampon insertion.
In an effort to achieve these results, many different tampon applicators have been proposed having a wide variety of features. However, despite these efforts, there are still shortcomings which remain to be addressed. Generally, these shortcomings relate to the inability of known tampon applicators to fully and satisfactorily address the overall comfort of the user.
Among the shortcomings in existing tampon applicators is providing a secure, comfortable grip at the gripping end of the barrel. It is also recognized that the finger engaging ends of the plungers in existing tampon applicators often are found to be less than fully adequate for applying right amount of pressure to the plunger in a manner that ensures the proper and comfortable delivery of the tampon. Further, the barrel and plunger of existing tampon applicators have not always provided for stabilized relative sliding movement.
In addition, the insertion end of the barrel on many existing tampon applicators is formed to have a plurality of flexible petals defined by slits where the petals can open during tampon insertion and then close for withdrawal of the barrel. Thus, when pressure is applied to the finger engaging end of a plunger, the plunger engages the tampon and moves it forward in the barrel until the tampon engages the flexible petals, forcing them to open to thereby enable the tampon to be inserted into the vaginal cavity. However, if too much pressure is applied to the plunger by the user, it is possible for the plunger to be inserted too far into the barrel to the point that it can potentially prevent the flexible petals from fully closing after tampon insertion.
When the flexible petals are prevented from fully closing, it is possible for the petals to pinch the delicate tissue within the vaginal cavity, which can be very painful. Once this has occurred to a user of such tampon applicators, future use necessarily will be fraught with uncertainty and trepidation. Since the flexible petal design is otherwise highly functional, the possibility of over insertion of the plunger during insertion of the tampon is a serious detriment.
It would be desirable to have a tampon applicator having a secure, comfortable grip at the gripping end of the barrel, a plunger having a finger engaging end which is suitably configured for applying pressure in a manner that ensures the proper and comfortable delivery of a tampon from the barrel, and a construction providing for stabilized sliding movement of the plunger relative to the barrel while at the same time preventing over insertion of the plunger.


In the present invention, the watch is mounted in a conventional hollow collar which is in turn positioned in a display box. A slit in the display box allows a securing member to be slipped through the box and the watch collar. The securing member is locked to the wall of the box on the other side of the watch collar by an anti-theft locking means. The end of the securing member has a pin which is inserted into the locking means and is held in place until released by a release mechanism, such as by a magnet. Such a release mechanism, opens the locking means and allows the securing member to be withdrawn. The end of the securing member opposite the pin, projects out of the box both to form a handle to aid in the removal of the securing member and as a visual indicator that the securing device remains inserted in the watch box.

The present invention relates to a watch display box and more particularly to an anti-theft watch display box.
Normally, watches are sold, mounted in boxes which, when opened, can act as displays for the watches, but which when closed, do not show whether the watch is in the box. One of the most common forms of theft shrinkage in stores results from the removal of the watch from the display box and replacement of the box in its normal storage area. When this occurs, theft is not normally not discovered during inventory since the box is not opened. It is only discovered when the box is reopened, which event may occur well after the actual theft of the watch. Similarly, watches may be stolen by customers who can delay discovery by leaving a closed box. Since it is necessary that the watch cases be available to be opened for display purposes, the watches cannot be kept in sealed containers.
Thus, it is important that there be a security device which locks the watch in place in the box while at the same time allowing the watch to be displayed in the box for sales purposes. It is necessary that such a system be difficult to be removed by unauthorized personnel but easily removed for legitimate sale of the goods.


An in-line accessory faucet having a separable plastic air gap module for use with an activated carbon purification unit bypassing thereby dishwasher waste water conduits. An improved air gap module prevents contaminated effluent dishwasher water from backing up into the dishwasher while providing a source of purified water to pass therethrough to an accessory faucet. A molded plastic outer body defines a contaminated water inlet conduit adjoining a contaminated water outlet conduit in which a removable splash plate is positioned on top of the outer body having a slotted air gap cover defining an air gap chamber coupling said waste water inlet to said waste water outlet placed overall, wherein the improvement comprises a third conduit disposed within the outer body for allowing passage of purified water without contamination therethrough from a water purification system. Said third conduit is molded as an integral portion of the outer body adjacent to a wall separating the inlet and outlet conduits. Said splash plate having a hole therein fitted with a short piece of threaded tubing for connection with said third conduit at the lower end and connection with a spout assembly having an on/off valve and a handle for actuating said valve at the upper end.

Conventional kitchen sinks today, particularly in low to medium priced houses, as well as in so-called tract houses and many commercial facilities, have four holes on the sink lip. Three of these are used to accommodate a typical faucet assembly (single or double handle) requiring two of the holes for incoming hot and cold water and the third for waste connected to the sink drain of the primary plumbing system.
It is very common for the large majority of homes to have a dishwasher adjacent to the kitchen sink. The fourth hole is used therefore, to accommodate an air gap or vent whose function is designed to prevent waste water from the dishwasher machine from being siphoned back into the dishwasher and is usually mandated by local government regulations. Approved air gap combination plumbing fixtures are available for mounting on a sink or drainboard, usually well away from the faucet which dispenses tap water. Such available air gaps usually consist of three elements: a one-piece molded plastic outer body having inlet and outlet conduits therein with a recess provided in the top of the outer body encompassing the upper ends of both conduits, a removable plastic splash plate fitted into the top of the outer body, and covered overall, to form an air chamber, with a chrome plated cover for cosmetic reasons. A compression nut is provided for screwing onto the outer body to grip the drainboard. These dishwasher waste lines have to be of sufficiently large diameter to handle solid food particles which otherwise would have a tendency to, over time, plug the waste lines.
Furthermore, due to the great variations of potable water quality in this country, many homeowners are either purchasing bottled water or installing water purification systems in their kitchen plumbing systems at significant expense. The two major systems in use for home residence water purification employ either activated carbon or reverse osmosis (RO). The former removes primarily organic molecules which substantially improves the taste as well as removing any obnoxious odors; while the latter, by means of a semipermeable membrane, concentrates undesirable electrolytes thereby requiring disposal of the concentrated waste water. An activated carbon cartridge costs only about fifty dollars, whereas the RO system costs about three hundred to five hundred dollars, these costs exclude installation. In addition, the activated carbon system purifies all the water including filtering fine particle solids, loading up the cartridge for subsequent disposal. Each cartridge has the capability of producing from about 400-600 gallons of treated water. Consequently, carbon systems are a much less expensive way to improve the quality of drinking water and are in great demand. Once installed, when the cartridge is loaded with contaminants it is easily removed and can be replaced by the homeowner in a few minutes. With these purification systems comes a designated drinking water spout.
A problem arises when the homeowner, already having an air gap for his dishwasher, decides to set-up for the inexpensive activated carbon purification system, or for any purified water system for that matter, since the sink lip has no additional opening to accommodate the purified water spout. The plumbing contractor will therefore usually offer the homeowner two options, the one is to replace the entire faucet system, while the other is to drill a new hole in the sink lip. The first option is significantly more expensive, while the second involves the risk that drilling through the porcelain-coated cast iron sink body will result in chipping and/or cracking. Actually, many plumbers today will require the homeowner to sign a disclaimer thereby waiving any damage to the sink should they select the drilling option.
There are a number of prior art patents which have addressed this problem but only insofar as it relates to the use of reverse osmosis water purification systems in the absence of a dishwasher. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,620,241 to Brown; 4,635,673 to Gerdes; 4,771,485 to Traylor; 4,967,784 to Barhydt; and 5,127,427 to Kajpust et al all teach various aspects of solutions to air gap/reverse osmosis waste water problems. Unfortunately, none of these are concerned with the far more prevalent problem of the inexpensive and simple conversion of an existing air gap/dishwasher combination so as to provide a purified water spout in the same sink opening. These prior art patents fail to direct attention to the existence of the dishwasher in the vast majority of not only new, but even older homes in this country today. Furthermore, the question of water conservation does not enter into the reverse osmosis equation. Yet, the reverse osmosis system produces a continuous flow of waste water actually generating more contaminated waste water than it does drinking water, whereas the activated carbon approach generates no waste water at all.
Therefore, there has been and is now a long-felt, unmet need to provide a low-cost, simple, easily manufactured, installed and maintained approach to solve this problem associated with a dishwasher installation using the existing fourth hole already available in the conventional four-opening sink lip. It should be mentioned that five hole sinks can be obtained by special order at a higher cost but this is hardly the way to proceed when one already has a four hole sink.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the disclosure proceeds.

Accessory faucet for purified water in a dishwasher air gap system


A Vapor Recovery System for recovering gasoline vapors released into the vicinity of an automotive filing installation. The inventive device includes an closed-ended pipe having a plurality of apertures formed therealong disposed in spaced relationship to a pumping column front portion, a first sealed housing sealingly attachable to the closed-ended pipe, the first sealed housing further comprising a motor and fan assembly disposed therein, a second sealed housing sealingly attachable to the first sealed housing, the second sealed housing further comprising a filter disposed therein, a third sealed housing sealingly attachable to the second sealed housing, the third sealed housing having attached thereto a compressor, and an outlet pipe sealingly attachable to the third sealed housing at an end thereof and terminating in the gasoline storage tank.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to vapor recovery systems and more particularly pertains to a new Vapor Recovery System for recovering gasoline vapors released into the vicinity of a automotive filing installation.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of vapor recovery systems is known in the prior art. More specifically, vapor recovery systems heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
Known prior art vapor recovery systems include U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,605; U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,011; U.S. Pat. No. 5,040,577; U.S. Pat. No. 5,069,260; U.S. Pat. No. 4,090,539 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,390,712.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not disclose a new Vapor Recovery System. The inventive device, for use with an automotive filing installation having a pumping column and a gasoline storage tank, includes an inlet means disposed in spaced relationship to a pumping column front portion, a first sealed housing sealingly attachable to the inlet means, the first sealed housing further comprising a motor and fan assembly disposed therein, a second sealed housing sealingly attachable to the first sealed housing, the second sealed housing further comprising a filter means disposed therein, a third sealed housing sealingly attachable to the second sealed housing, the third sealed housing having attached thereto a compressor, and an outlet means sealingly attachable to the third sealed housing at an end thereof and terminating in the gasoline storage tank.
In these respects, the Vapor Recovery System according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of recovering gasoline vapors released into the vicinity of a automotive filing installation.


Disclosed is a method for deadtime optimization in a half-bridge switch or full-bridge switch wherein high-side and low-side switches comprise GaN transistors; a circuit for implementing the method; and a power switching system comprising a GaN half-bridge or a GaN full-bridge and a deadtime optimization system. The circuit comprises a drain current bump filter for generating a current charge output; and circuit elements for comparing the current charge output to a reference current charge Coss and generating a deadtime adjust signal. The deadtime adjust signal may be used to adjust deadtime to reduce or minimize deadtime, and deadtime losses, while avoiding cross-conduction.

Complementary driving signals are required in half-bridge/full-bridge GaN power switching applications to achieve synchronous rectifying, bidirectional current control, et al. Deadtime is embedded intentionally between the high-side and low-side driving signals to avoid cross-conduction. Deadtime losses becomes non-negligible at high switching frequency. Accurate deadtime control helps to avoid potential cross-conduction while minimizing extra deadtime loss. Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose and reduce cross-conduction/potential cross-conduction in GaN half-bridge/full-bridge designs before powering up the system.
Conventional methods for deadtime optimization for power switching devices comprising Si power MOSFETs include, for example:
Using an auxiliary winding on main transformer.
Disadvantage: requires auxiliary winding voltage sensing.
Modulating dead-time period with operating frequency of the converter. Disadvantage: requires a dedicated pin for nominal deadtime adjust.
Sensing the drain source voltage VDS and adjusting the optimum dead-time period with respect to the actual operating conditions of the converter using a high-voltage dV/dt detector. Disadvantage: The dV/dt characteristics of Si MOSFET switches are different from the dV/dt characteristics of GaN switches; dV/dt detectors designed for Si devices do not work for GaN devices; also, dVDS/dt is non-linear and changes with gate resistance Rg, drain current ID and junction temperature Tj.
There is a need for improved or alternative methods of diagnosing cross-conduction and providing deadtime control for half-bridge and full-bridge switch topologies comprising GaN transistors.

Deadtime optimization for GaN half-bridge and full-bridge switch topologies


In one embodiment, an antenna array is provided that includes a transparent substrate, a plurality of antennas formed on a surface of the transparent substrate, and an integrated circuit, the integrated circuit including an RF beam forming interface circuit adapted to perform at least one of phase-shifting and attenuating an RF signal according to a transmit beam forming command to form an RF driving signal for driving the plurality of antennas, the RF beam forming interface circuit also adapted to perform at least one of phase-shifting and attenuating a received RF signal from the plurality of antennas according to a receive beam forming command.

Conventional high-frequency antennas are often cumbersome to manufacture. For example, antennas designed for 100 GHz bandwidths typically use machined waveguides as feed structures, requiring expensive micro-machining and hand-tuning. Not only are these structures difficult and expensive to manufacture, they are also incompatible with integration to standard semiconductor processes.
As is the case with individual conventional high-frequency antennas, beam forming arrays of such antennas are also generally difficult and expensive to manufacture. Conventional beam forming arrays require complicated feed structures and phase-shifters that are impractical to be implemented in a semiconductor-based design due to its cost, power consumption and deficiency in electrical characteristics such as insertion loss and quantization noise levels. In addition, conventional beam forming arrays become incompatible with digital signal processing techniques as the operating frequency is increased. For example, at the higher data rates enabled by high frequency operation, multipath fading and cross-interference becomes a serious issue. Adaptive beam forming techniques are known to combat these problems. But adaptive beam forming for transmission at 10 GHz or higher frequencies requires massively parallel utilization of A/D and D/A converters.
Beam forming techniques are useful in applications such as automotive collision avoidance. The beam from such a system should project forward from the vehicle to detect oncoming hazards. However, esthetic and aerodynamic concerns limit the opportunity to mount an antenna array on the vehicles. A convenient location would be either in the headlights or the windshield. However, such a mounting must not interfere with the vision of the driver or the headlight intensity. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a semiconductor-based antenna array compatible with transparent substrates.

Beam forming phased array system in a transparent substrate


The present disclosure provides an accident alert system for preventing secondary collisions. The system for preventing a secondary accident comprises a terminal configured to have a global positioning system (GPS) navigation capability, monitor and display a driving state and an accident state of a vehicle, transmit information on a driving state and the accident state via a communication network, and display information received on a screen; and a server platform configured to exchange information with the terminal, include an algorithm for determining the occurrence of an accident based on the information on the driving state and the accident state received from the terminal and traffic information, and inform other terminals of the occurrence of the accident.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
As sensors provide more various functions and the mobile communication has evolved to accommodate the processing of information, the system for transmitting traffic conditions has been developing. However, technologies have been commercialized that relies the perception of the accident on human and apprises nearby drivers of the occurrence of the accident since the transmitted information is limited so as to include a traveled distance and a speed of the vehicle.
Conventional solutions resort to relaying individual report and are incapable of perceiving, informing or alerting the accidents in real time since it is impossible for individuals to acknowledge the driving information on thousands of vehicles or to determine whether there occurred an accident. Highway accidents are particularly vulnerable to secondary accidents which occur within very short time while nearby or passing-by drivers do not recognize the accident, and therefore conventional technologies cannot effectively prevent the secondary accidents from occurring.

Accident alert system for preventing secondary collision