A sole structure for an article of footwear includes a plate made of a polymeric material and a plurality of cleats each made of a metallic material. Each of the cleats is overmolded onto the plate. Each of the cleats includes an internal portion and an external portion coupled to the internal portion. The external portion is disposed outside the plate. The internal portion is disposed inside the plate. The internal portion includes a lattice framework. The lattice framework defines a plurality of holes. The plate partly extends through the holes of the lattice framework to secure the plurality of cleats to the plate.

This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
Articles of footwear include an upper and a sole structure. The upper may be formed from any suitable material(s) to receive, secure, and support a foot on the sole structure. The upper may cooperate with laces, straps, or other fasteners to adjust the fit of the upper around the foot. A bottom portion of the upper, proximate to a bottom surface of the foot, attaches to the sole structure.
Sole structures include a layered arrangement extending between a ground surface and the upper. One layer of the sole structure includes an outsole that provides abrasion-resistance and traction with the ground surface. The outsole may be formed from rubber or other materials that impart durability and wear-resistance, as well as enhancing traction with the ground surface. Another layer of the sole structure includes a midsole disposed between the outsole and the upper. The midsole provides cushioning for the foot and is at least partially formed from a polymer foam material that compresses resiliently under an applied load to cushion the foot by attenuating ground-reaction forces. The midsole may define a bottom surface on one side that opposes the outsole and a footbed on the opposite side that may be contoured to conform to a profile of the bottom surface of the foot. Sole structures may also include a comfort-enhancing insole or a sockliner located within a void proximate to the bottom portion of the upper.
The metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the foot is known to absorb energy as it flexes through dorsiflexion during running movements. As the foot does not move through plantarflexion until the foot is pushing off of a ground surface, the MTP joint returns little of the energy it absorbs to the running movement and, thus, is the source of an energy drain during running movements. Embedding flat and rigid plates having longitudinal stiffness within a sole structure increases the overall stiffness thereof.


New bodily cooling techniques are provided. In some aspects of the present invention, a new rapidly-evaporating cooling gel or fluid is sprayed or doused over or about an athlete's body and/or worn garments in thermal-reduction-optimized gravitational, diffusion and movement-induced patterns, to maximize cooling during exercise. In some aspects, a worn garment may serve as the matrix or platform for this distribution of the fluid. In other aspects, tuned, heat-absorbing port-controlling devices cause the release of the cooling gel or fluid from distribution tubes or other channels (e.g., integral to the flexible fabric itself) upon local underlying body heat exceeding a threshold, and resealing (halting release) upon body or regional heat dropping below a threshold. In still other aspects, heat-expanding sub-elements rise away from a body heat source toward a wider region for heat release, while other cooled sub-elements descend and exchange places with them, to absorb more body heat.

Animals generate heat during physical exertion, which can lead to a detrimental escalation in body temperature. To regulate that escalation, human beings, unlike some other animals bearing fur, perspire during exercise. Their perspiration then may evaporate from bare skin and thereby aid in cooling the body. This form of sweat is known as eccrine perspiration, and involves the eccrine sweat glands, which are distributed throughout the skin surface of the body. Thermoregulatory sweat from eccrine sweat glands includes water and Sodium Chloride (common table salt), which may be, to some degree, reabsorbed by the body to decrease salt loss.
In modern athletics, hyperthermia during intense competition is a serious issue, both in terms of health and athletic performance. Although natural thermoregulatory sweating may be helpful in controlling overheating, it may be ineffective, or insufficiently effective, for a variety of reasons. The exercise environment may be too hot and/or too humid to permit effective evaporative cooling by sweat. The athlete may even become uncomfortable with the dampness of his or her own body, and his or her garments saturated with sweat, and "towel off" or change clothing during exercise. Conversely, some athletes, particularly in marathon running, may not mind the damp sensation, and in fact douse themselves with water in an effort to cool down more greatly than with their own sweat, alone, because the water may be temporarily cooler than the athlete's sweat. However, this added relief may be temporary, and may come with the disadvantages of sodium and other electrolyte loss as those agents are washed from the body, closing eccrine sweat glands, and other factors causing decreased sweating efficacy.
Some freezable gels have been created in pads that aid in locally cooling painful or injured parts of an athlete's body. These pads may include compression bands, to further reduce swelling. These pads tend to reduce or restrict cooling by sweat, because sweat and other glands and pores may be closed by lower temperatures. Some "cooling" gels have been brought to market that provide a cooling sensation for post-exercise pain relief. Typically these formulations include menthol. The U.S. government, and other entities, have created artificial sweat formulations, which closely mimic the composition of eccrine sweat, for the purpose of in vitro or other product testing.
In recent decades, progress has been made in fundamental research concerning the thermal topography of the human body and the distribution of eccrine sweating during exercise. In The topography of eccrine sweating in humans during exercise, Cotter J D, Patterson M J, Taylor N A, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 71(6):549-54 (1995), the authors reported steady state sweat rates of men during stressful exercise (cycling) and heat exposure. The scapula, forearms, hands, stomach and lower back sweat rates were relatively great (and are listed here in descending order) and exceeded sweat rates for the chest, upper arms, calves and thighs. The authors noted that their results differed from measurements of sweat response taken during resting heat stress, with a subject laying in the supine position. In that scenario, sweat onset in a caudal-to-rostral pattern, whereas in the author's work, onset was similar across most regions. Other research has indicated that there are some important differences between the sexes in regional sweating rates. For example, sweating rates are relatively low at the breasts in aerobically trained, exercising female subjects, when compared to aerobically trained, exercising males. In addition, sweating rates were relatively great in the arms and hands of females, in comparison to males. But upper back regional sweating was relatively great in both sexes. See Smith C J, Havenith, G, Body Mapping of Sweating Patterns in Athletes, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 44(12):2350-2361 (2012). Still other research has revealed thermal images for athletes prior to exercise, upon reaching age-predicted maximal heart rate, and during recovery from exercise. This work shows a tendency for relatively great cooling effects in the thighs, forearms and torso of trained male participants. See Thermal Imaging of Cutaneous Temperature Modifications, Merla A, Mattei P A, Di Donato L, and Romani G L, Annals of Biomed. Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Jan. 2010).
It is the inventor's new, working hypothesis that a variety of specific factors contribute to a cooling adaptation response by humans, partly exhibited in the results of the research discussed above. First, the effective thermal exchange rate for net body cooling differs at different skin regions of the body. Areas lined with adipose tissue, or with other forms of insulation, and without thermal communication to relatively great blood flow are less effectively used by the body as a cooling surface. As a result, the human body makes less investment in a cooling apparatus in those areas, and some of those areas may be thought of as bearing a thermoregulatory "penalty" in the sense that temperature regulation efforts (such as sweating) bear a cost too great to be justified (such as simple loss of water and electrolytes, without significant enough cooling) in comparison to other skin areas. In addition, skin regions of the body with high local blood flow and low local underlying body volume are more effective for heat transfer (and, therefore, as a thermal regulation device) due to the cube of a length relating to volume of an object and square relating to surface area of an object principle of engineering, biology and physics, generally ("cube-square law"). Overall, the effect of gravity pulling sweat, as a cooling fluid, from one region to another as it evaporates changes the ideal distribution of sweat gland activity upon exercise, in comparison to what it would be in different (e.g., supine) positions or in a gravity-free environment. Other factors, such as the diffusion characteristics of the surface of skin in each region, or the flow of fluid through fabrics, and the present conformation of the skin and fabrics, the characteristics of a distributed cooling fluid or matrix, as well as atmospheric and other conditions, also may modify the ideal distribution patterns of a cooling fluid. The principles of this hypothesis, its refinements, and others which have followed and may come, may impact some, but not all, of the design factors set forth in this application.
It should be understood that the disclosures in this application related to the background of the invention, such as those in, but not limited to those in, this "background" section, do not necessarily set forth prior art or other known aspects exclusively, and may instead include art that was invented concurrently or after the present inventions and details of the inventor's own discoveries and work and work results. Thus, nothing in this background section should be construed as an admission of "Prior Art." It should also be understood that, for convenience and readability, this application may set forth particular pronouns and other linguistic qualifiers of various specific gender and number, but, where this occurs, all other logically possible gender and number alternatives should also be read in as both conjunctive and alternative statements, as if equally, separately set forth therein.


A pneumatic tire includes a shallow groove provided between zigzag sipes adjacent in the circumferential direction of the tire, which can reduce production cost of the mold, facilitate trimming operation and decrease waste from trimming while reduction of driving stability during turning on a wet road surface and occurrence of curing trouble are suppressed. The pneumatic tire has a tread surface where land portions are defined by grooves. The land portions have tread surface sections, in which a plurality of sipes extending in a zigzag manner in the widthwise direction of the tire are arranged at prescribed intervals in the circumferential direction of the tire. A shallow groove extends between adjacent sipes. The shallow groove is placed such that parts of land portions sectioned on the opposite sides of the shallow groove are not separated, but partially communicate with each other.

A conventional pneumatic tire used in winter has sipes in land portions such as blocks and ribs. The sipes, which extend in the widthwise direction of the tire in a zigzag path, are provided at prescribed intervals in the circumferential direction of the tire. High on-ice performance is achieved by an edge effect arising from the sipes (see a patent document 1, for example).
In the above pneumatic tire, a technique of providing a shallow groove between zigzag sipes adjacent in the circumferential direction of the tire is employed in order to improve driving stability during turning on a wet road surface, the shallow groove communicating with the zigzag sipes (see a patent document 2, for example). Driving stability during turning on a wet road surface is enhanced by an edge effect arising from the shallow groove extending in the circumferential direction of the tire while a decrease in land portion stiffness is suppressed by reducing the depth of the groove to thereby suppress reduction of driving stability on a dry road surface.
However, the tire having a structure as mentioned above needs to use a tire mold which has a venthole for air release in each part of the inner surface of the tire mold corresponding to a part of a land portion sectioned by the sipes and shallow groove in order to prevent occurrence of curing trouble arising from an air pocket. Therefore, a lot of bentholes must be formed in the mold. As a result, a production time of the mold is consumed, which creates a problem of an increase in mold production cost.
There is also a problem of troublesome spew-trimming operation and a lot of waste from trimming, because tire producing processes include a process of trimming spews formed on the surface of a tire by rubber flown into bentholes, and when the bentholes increase, the number of the spews increases.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Kokai Publication HEI 10-24707
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Kokai Publication HEI 11-321240

Pneumatic tire with tread having shallow groove extending between zigzag sipes


A mixed oxide ceramic product is made directly from a metal alloy of titanium, zirconium and/or hafnium and niobium, tantalum or hafnium, where the normally combustible alloy of titanium and zirconium or hafnium is passivated by the addition of more than about 7 atomic percent of niobium and/or tantalum and or vanadium which alloy can then be heated in air at atmospheric pressure to a temperature of from about 800 degrees C. to about 1500 degrees C. to produce an adherent monolithic ceramic containing product.

Many of the alloys of titanium with zirconium or hafnium are characterized by their extraordinarily rapid oxidation in air at only modestly elevated temperatures. This characteristic has severely limited the usefulness of such alloys for many applications that could otherwise advantageously use the other physical properties of those alloys. In particular, the light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance of the alloys, as well as their electrical conductivity properties, biocompatibility, ease of closed-die forming and other desirable properties have not been fully exploited due to the potential ignition of the alloy in air at relatively low temperatures.


A multi function outlet mechanism comprises the main body unit, the switch mechanism and the control mechanism. The main body unit comprises an inlet waterway, two outlet waterways and an outlet terminal, the outlet terminal is provided with a plurality of water division cavities, and the check valves are arranged in at least two water division cavities, and the first outlet waterway is communicated with a plurality of check valves, when the water pressure of the first outlet waterway is bigger than the control water pressure of the check valves, the check valves are opened, water flows into the water division cavities from the first outlet waterway. The switch mechanism and the control mechanism are mounted in the main body unit, the users can use the switch mechanism to control at least the first outlet waterway and the second outlet waterway communicating with the inlet waterway in a switching manner.

The outlet shower in the present market comprises a fixed unit and a switch mechanism. The fixed unit is provided with a plurality of water division cavities and an inlet waterway, and each water division cavity is provided with a corresponding outlet face cover region. The switch mechanism is mounted in the fixed unit, so that the users can control the switch mechanism and then a plurality of water division cavities can be communicated with the inlet waterway. Because each water division cavity is provided with a corresponding outlet face cover region, water can only comes out of the corresponding outlet face cover region at each switch, and water cannot comes out of multi outlet face cover regions at the same time, and the outlet area is small, and some places that needs to be modified are present.

XIAMEN SOLEX HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES CO., LTD.


An apparatus and method for microwave vacuum-drying of organic materials such as food products. The dehydration apparatus (20) has a vacuum chamber (24) with an input module (28) at one end and a discharge module (32) at the other. The vacuum chamber has access doors (80) spaced between the input end (30) and the discharge end (34) which provide operator and maintenance access. Microwave generators (86) are mounted on each access door and arranged to radiate through a microwave chamber and microwave-transparent window on the access door into the vacuum chamber. A pair of rollers (60) in the vacuum chamber rotates the container of organic material (112) about a horizontal axis, and a chain drive (64) pulls the containers along the rollers through the vacuum chamber.

The invention pertains to apparatuses and methods for microwave vacuum-drying of organic materials, including food products.
Dehydration of organic materials is commonly done in the food processing industry and in the production of biologically-active materials. It may be done in order to preserve the products for storage, or to create a product that is used in the dehydrated form, for example dried herbs and various kinds of chips. One method employed to dehydrate food products and biologically-active materials is microwave vacuum dehydration. Examples of this in the patent literature include WO 2009/049409 A1, Durance et al., published Apr. 23, 2009; WO 2009/033285 A1, Durance et al., published Mar. 19, 2009; and WO 2011/085467 A1, Fu et al., published Jul. 21, 2011. Microwave vacuum-drying is a rapid method that can yield products with improved quality compared to air-dried and freeze-dried products. Because the drying is done under reduced pressure, the boiling point of water and the oxygen content of the atmosphere are lowered, so food and medicinal components sensitive to oxidation and thermal degradation can be retained to a higher degree than by air-drying. The drying process is also much faster than air- and freeze-drying. The present invention is directed to improvements in the art of microwave vacuum-drying.

Microwave vacuum-drying of organic materials


The present invention provides a process for producing an optically active phosphorus heterocyclic dimer including reacting, in the presence of a base, primary phosphine represented by formula (1)R—PH2    (1)is reacted with a compound represented by formula (2)Y—CnH2n—Y   (2)in the presence of a base; the product is reacted with boron trihydride, oxygen, or sulfur to obtain a phosphorus heterocyclic compound represented by formula (3):

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis reaction using an optically active catalyst (referred to as an "asymmetric catalyst" hereinafter) is capable of synthesizing a large amount of an optically active compound using a very small amount of an asymmetric catalyst, and is thus highly valued in industrial use. In particular, a synthesis method referred to as "asymmetric reduction" has the advantage of high reaction efficiency and the advantage that by-products such as an inorganic salt and the like are not produced in use of hydrogen gas as a raw material. Therefore, this synthesis method is economical and harmonizes with environments.
The catalytic asymmetric synthesis reaction is aimed at producing a product with high optical purity, the optical purity depending on the performance of the asymmetric catalyst used in the reaction. Although a transition metal complex is generally used as the asymmetric catalyst, the optical purity of a reaction product is mostly determined by the type of the asymmetric space created by the ligand coordinating to a transition metal of the complex at a reaction site. Therefore, in development of an asymmetric catalyst, it is most important to design the configuration of a ligand so as to realize excellent catalytic activity and stereoselectivity.
In recent years, asymmetric ligands have been actively studied, and various asymmetric ligands have been developed. In particular, phosphine ligands play an important role in catalytic asymmetric synthesis reaction using a transition metal complex. A huge amount of ligands has been designed and synthesized so far.
The inventors of the present invention proposed 1,2-bis (alkylmethylphosphino)ethane capable of efficiently asymmetrically hydrogenating various α,β-unsaturated α-amino acids and esters thereof, having a phosphorus-chiral trialkyl group, and represented by the following formula (9):
(wherein R represents cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, tert-butyl, 1,1-diethylpropyl, or 1-adamantyl) (Non-patent Document 1).
Among ligands having phosphorus-containing heterocyclic rings, ligands having strong structures due to heterocyclic rings are known to suppress the number of conformations of a chelate formed by coordination to a central metal and create a stable asymmetric space (Non-patent Document 2).
An optically active phosphorus-chiral diphosphine represented by formula (9) has no heterocyclic ring, and it is thus difficult to say, depending on the substituent represented by R and bonded to each phosphorus atom, that the structure of the ligand is stable.
[Non-patent Document 1]
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, pp. 1635-1636
[Non-patent Document 2]
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, pp. 10125-10138
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing a novel optically active phosphorus heterocyclic dimer useful as a ligand of a transition metal catalyst which is used for catalytic asymmetric synthesis such as asymmetric hydrogenation reaction and the like, the ligand capable of creating a stable asymmetric space when coordinating to a central metal.

Process for producing optically active phosphorus heterocyclic dimer

Abstract: the resultant compound is dimerized to produce a phosphorus heterocyclic dimer represented by formula (4):

Abstract: and then oxygen, sulfur, or borane is removed from the resultant phosphorus heterocyclic dimer to obtain an optically active phosphorus heterocyclic dimer represented by formula (5):


Disclosed is a hot-pressing apparatus capable of quenching a workpiece at a sufficient cooling rate. A hot-pressing apparatus includes a lower die and an upper die. The hot-pressing apparatus causes the dies to press a workpiece, and at the same time, to keep the forming surfaces thereof in contact with the workpiece to cool the workpiece. Depression parts are formed in parts of the lower die which faces external corners of the upper die, and parts of the upper die which faces external corners of the lower die. The water-feed channel and the lower water-feed device, and the water-feed channel and the upper water-feed device are provided to feed cooling water to spaces between the workpiece and the dies.

Conventionally, a hot-pressing apparatus is widely known which causes upper and lower dies (a pair of dies) to press a workpiece, such as a steel plate, heated to above a temperature at which an austenite structure appears, and at the same time, to come in contact with the workpiece to quench the workpiece.
A technique on the hot-pressing apparatus is publicly known which enables the dies to suitably cool the workpiece during the quenching by providing water channels through which cooling water flows to the inside of the dies to cool the dies (for example, see Patent Literature 1).
However, gaps are formed, when the workpiece is quenched, between the workpiece and the dies by variation in the thickness of the workpiece caused by the press working, a precision error of the forming surface of the dies caused when the dies are manufactured, flexure of the dies during the press working, and the like. Consequently, contact areas between the surface of the workpiece and the forming surfaces of the dies decrease when the workpiece is quenched, which causes a problem that some parts in the workpiece are cooled at an insufficient cooling rate, and hardness of the workpiece is partly smaller than a predetermined value.


Provided are an optical transmission system in which one can easily set a video signal cable, and an adapter that can be used in this system. There is provided an adapter for use in an optical transmission system in which an analog video signal or a digital video signal is transmitted between a pair of adapters using light. The adapter includes a first signal determination unit configured to make a determination as to whether a first electrical signal inputted to a common input terminal is an analog video signal or a digital video signal.

A video signal of an image captured by a video camera is transmitted to a video switcher or the like through a transmission cable. However, if such an apparatus is installed in a remote location, it is difficult to transmit the electrical signal without attenuating it. For this reason, long-distance transmission is performed by converting an electrical signal into an optical signal on the video camera side, transmitting this optical signal through an optical transmission cable, and converting the optical signal into an electrical signal on the remote apparatus side (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-191161).


The present invention provides compositions comprising an isolated mixture of recombinant human NaGlu proteins in which a substantial amount of the NaGlu proteins in the mixture has increased levels of phosphorylated mannose that confer the proteins to be efficiently internalized into human cells. The present invention also provides methods of producing such mixture of NaGlu proteins, vectors used in transgenesis and expression, host cells harboring such vectors, and methods of isolating and purifying the mixture of NaGlu proteins. The invention further provides methods of treating NaGlu associated diseases.

Sanfilippo Syndrome B is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by a deficiency in a lysosomal enzyme known as N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase (NaGlu). NaGlu is required for the degradation of heparan sulfate as part of the stepwise breakdown of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the lysosome. The deficiency or absence of NaGlu leads to accumulation and urinary excretion of heparan sulfate. With over 70 different mutations identified to date, Sanfilippo Syndrome B exhibits extensive molecular and genetic heterogeneity.
Approximately 1 out of 200,000 births is affected by Sanfilippo Syndrome B and the deficiency mainly manifests in young children. After initial symptom-free interval, patients suffering from Sanfilippo Syndrome B usually present with a slowing of mental development and behavioral problems, followed by progressive intellectual decline resulting in severe mental retardation, dementia and motor disease. Acquisition of speech is slow and incomplete. Profoundly affected patients may present delayed psychomotor and speech development as early as 2 years of age. The disease usually progresses to increasing behavioral disturbance and sleep disturbance. Although the clinical features are mainly neurological, patients often develop diarrhea, carious teeth, an enlarged liver and spleen, stiff joints, hirsteness and/or coarse hair and may exhibit blood-clotting problems. In the final stage of the illness, patients become immobile and unresponsive and develop swallowing difficulties and seizure. The lifespan of an affected child typically does not extend beyond late teens to early twenties.
Different approaches have been attempted to provide the missing enzyme in patients. To produce NaGlu for enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), human NaGlu has been expressed in various mammalian cell culture systems. However, in contrast to the naturally occurring NaGlu which trafficks to the lysosome intracellularly, recombinant NaGlu proteins produced and secreted from mammalian cells were found to contain no or only a trace amount of mannose 6-phosphate (M6P). The absence or scarcity of M6P moieties in the secreted NaGlu has been known to prevent its efficient internalization into target cells (e.g., human skin fibroblasts), which have M6P receptors on the surface on its plasma membrane (see, Zhao et al., Protein Expression and Purification, 19:202-211 (2000); and Weber et al., Protein Expression and Purification, 21:251-259 (2001)). The low degree of phosphorylation was seen in secreted mouse NaGlu expressed in CHO cells, secreted human NaGlu expressed in HeLa cells, secreted human NaGlu expressed in human fibroblasts, and secreted human NaGlu expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell line 293 (see, Zhao et al., Protein Expression and Purification, 19:202-211 (2000); Yogalingam et al., Biochim Biophys. Acta 1502: 415-425; and Weber et al., Protein Expression and Purification, 21:251-259 (2001)). No or weak phosphorylation of N-glycans in the NaGlu proteins secreted from the mammalian cells has posed a major obstacle for the development of a recombinant human NaGlu protein suitable for enzyme replacement therapy as all the aforementioned attempts has failed to produce an enzyme which is efficiently taken up by target cells as the concentration of the internalized proteins, if detectable at all, was nearly a thousand times less than wild-type levels (see, Zhao et al., Protein Expression and Purification, 19:202-211 (2000)). To date, no approved product is available for the treatment of Sanfilippo Syndrome B.
Direct administration of mammalian cell-produced recombinant human NaGlu protein (rhNaGlu) having the native amino acid sequence into the central nervous system (CNS) (e.g., intrathecal administration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) of NaGlu deficient mice has been attempted, but failed to demonstrate successful biodistribution of the enzyme to the brain due to excessive accumulation of the protein on the ependymal ling of the ventricles as well as lack of requisite M6P residues for efficient cellular uptake. Similarly, systemic administration (i.e., intravenous (IV) injection) of mammalian cell-produced rhNaGlu having the native amino acid sequence also failed to demonstrate successful localization of the protein to the brain. In addition to known risks associated with highly invasive intrathecal administration, these obstacles in targeting rhNaGlu to the brain have been too great a challenge to achieve effective therapy for the treatment of Sanfilippo Syndrome B.
Therefore, there is a need to provide a stable NaGlu protein which is enzymatically active and has physical properties that allow for the protein to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and for effective internalization of the protein into the lysosomes of target cells. There is also a need for a high expressing and robust protein production platform which can provide a recombinant human NaGlu that effectively crosses the blood brain barrier and is efficiently internalized into human target cells.

Recombinant human NaGlu protein and uses thereof


Surgery is performed with pulsed heat means that selectively destroys tissue in a region within a patient. The size of the region destroyed is dependent upon the frequency of the pulses of the pulsed heat means and thermal conductivity of the tissue of the patient. The pulsed heat means can be a coherent optical source that is guided by laser fiber to the tissue to be destroyed. In another embodiment the pulsed heat means is a focussed ultrasound transducer that dissipates ultrasonic energy at a focal point within the region of tissue to be destroyed. A magnetic resonance imaging system employing a temperature sensitive pulse sequence creates an image of the tissue and the region being heated to allow a surgeon to alter the position of the pulsed heat means or vary the pulse frequency.

The present invention relates to surgery performed by local heating guided by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging methods of imaging, and more particularly to surgery performed by pulsed local heating guided by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides the radiologist with cross sectional views of the anatomy for diagnosis of pathology. MRI provides excellent contrast between different tissues and s useful in planning surgical procedures. A tumor is much more visible in an MR image than as seen in actual surgery because tumor and normal tissues often look similar in surgery. The tumor can also be obscured by blood during surgery. Researchers at Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA have proposed treatment of deep lying tumors by laser surgery. F. A. Jolesz, A. R. Bleire, P. Jakob, P. W. Ruenzel, K. Huttl, G. J. Jako, "MR Imaging of Laser-Tissue Interactions", Radiology 168:249 (1989). Thus, in the case of brain tumors, the patient is first scanned in an MRI system to locate the tumor and plan a safe trajectory between the entry and target points. This can be accomplished by a MRI device employing fast scan apparatus such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,961,054 Gradient Current Speed-up Circuit for High-speed NMR Imaging System by John N. Park, Otward M. Mueller, and Peter B. Roemer, issued Oct. 2, 1990, or 5,017,871 Gradient Current Speed-up Circuit for High-speed NMR Imaging System, by Otward M. Mueller, and Peter B. Roemer, issued May 21, 1991 both assigned to the present assignee and hereby incorporated by reference. A small burr hole is drilled in the skull and a hollow needle containing an optical fiber is then inserted into the tumor. The patient is then placed back into the MRI system to view the region heated by the laser using a temperature sensitive pulse sequence. Temperature Sensitive pulse sequence is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,608 In-vivo Method for Determining and Imaging Temperature of an Object/Subject from Diffusion Coefficients Obtained by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Denis LeBihan, Jose Delannoy, and Ronald L. Levin issued April 3, 1990 and hereby incorporated by reference. Experiments on animals show that a heated zone above a critical temperature destroys tissue. This zone increases in size with time as the heat is applied to reach a steady state or both temperature and heat flow. If the maximum temperature is limited to 100 deg. C., then the laser heated zone, the area exceeding a critical temperature causing destruction of tissue, approaches 1 centimeter in diameter. It is difficult to predict the heated zone geometry because the heat flow depends on the profusion of blood as well as the tissue thermal properties.
Tumors have been selectively destroyed in cancer patients using focussed ultrasound heating at the University of Arizona, B. E. Billard, K. Hynynen and P. B. Roemer Effects of Physical Parameters on High Temperature Ultrasound Hyperthermia Ultrasound in Med. & Biol. Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 409-420, 1990 hereby incorporated by reference. Billard et al. disclosed that the control of heat was improved by using short laser pulses where the effect of blood perfusion is negligible. However, since they did not image the temperature distribution, it was difficult to hit small, deep laying targets.
It would be beneficial to be able to accurately localize heat to selectively kill or destroy tumor tissue without damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

Magnetic resonance surgery using heat waves produced with focussed ultrasound


A dark-sky friendly lamp-housing combination is provided for use with a light fixture. The combination uses a standard lamp having a light element and a base section. The base section includes a neck attached to the light element and a connector that is received in a socket of a light fixture. A housing attached to the neck is adapted to direct light from the light bulb in a predefined direction to reduce light pollution. In one aspect, the housing is rotatable about the base section so that the direction of illumination can be adjusted as desired.

Effective outdoor lighting benefits us in many ways. It can be used to increase pedestrian and vehicular safety, enhance a community's night time character, advertise commercial businesses and provide security. Appropriately designed and properly installed, outdoor lighting contributes to the safety and welfare of everyone. However, inappropriate outdoor lighting applications result in glare, over lighting, light escalation, sky glow and wasted energy. In many parts of the country, the beautifully star lit dark sky cannot be seen due to uncontrolled exterior lighting that results in too much light pollution.
The sources of light pollution and light trespass typically include light projected above a horizontal plane or light reflected from illuminated surfaces such as roadways. An increasing number of towns and municipalities have been involved in the alteration of the use of exterior lighting by instituting laws and ordinances. One of the "dark sky friendly™" solutions used by these towns and municipalities involves restricting the illumination direction of exterior lights. In the context of the present patent application, the phrase "dark sky friendly" means that a light illumination is directed in such a way as to reduce light pollution or light trespass or both.
Dark sky friendly lighting devices use only "good nighttime" lighting for all applications. With good nighttime lighting, everyone wins. It helps to preserve dark skies, helps people to see better at night, has a more pleasant and comfortable nighttime environment, and potentially saves a great deal of energy and money.
Several dark sky friendly luminaries (lighting fixtures) currently exist in the marketplace. The fixtures usually contain a shield within the fixture base to allow shielding of light. These fixtures can be used with any basic light bulb. However, these fixtures are often an expensive option for consumers. In many cases, the entire existing fixtures need to be replaced to make the whole lighting system dark sky friendly.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide improved inexpensive dark sky friendly lighting without the need to replace any existing fixtures.

Dark sky friendly lamp and housing combination apparatus


The present utility model provides a cutter sharpener including a housing, a height adjusting mechanism and a cutter clamping mechanism mounted on the housing, and a grinding mechanism rotatably connected to the height adjusting mechanism. The housing includes a first mounting location, the height adjusting mechanism is movably connected to the first mounting location, the height adjusting mechanism includes a lifting body, and the lifting body can move up and down relative to the first mounting location. The cutter sharpener further includes a degree indicating mechanism fixedly connected to the lifting body.

It is often difficult for large electric sharpening cutters to be used in cutting edge grinding of small portable cutters, especially in home or outdoor, and like occasions. While manual cutter sharpening tools are often too simple and crude, or dependent on a user's skill too much, inexperienced users or users lacking inexperience cannot achieve a good sharpening effect.
The patent application of a Chinese invention with the publication number CN106392784A discloses a knife sharpening bracket for sharpening the cutting edge of a knife; the knife sharpening bracket comprises a supporting frame and a clamping block which is mounted on the supporting frame; the clamping block is connected with a pressing plate through a bolt; two vertical plates are mounted at one side of the clamping block; a horizontal supporting plate provided with a plurality of through holes is mounted between the two vertical plates; the vertical plate is provided with a plurality of mounting holes; the horizontal supporting plate is connected with the two vertical plates through bolts; a pull rod provided with a handle penetrates into the horizontal supporting plate; a piece of knife sharpening stone is mounted on the pull rod; a limiting baffle mounted on the supporting frame is arranged at the other side of the clamping block; the limiting baffle is provided with a plurality of limiting grooves. The application provides a good idea to help users lacking experience control the angle of sharpening a cutter and help to fix the cutter; however, the grinding angle still needs to be adjusted according to the judgment of the user, the height adjustment needs the horizontal supporting plate to be repeatedly disassembled and installed, and the adjustment precision is not high.


An optimization apparatus for repeatedly obtaining a constraint violating solution, a constraint satisfying solution, and an approximate solution in a resource-constrained project scheduling problem performs setting an end time of a target optimization period at a point between a first finish time equal to a finish time of a latest version of the constraint violating solution and a second finish time equal to a finish time of a latest version of the constraint satisfying solution, followed by obtaining the approximate solution using a metaheuristic algorithm, making a determination as to whether the approximate solution violates constraint or satisfy the constraint, and performing, based on the determination, updating the first finish time with a finish time of the approximate solution when the approximate solution violates the constraint, and updating the second finish time with a finish time of the approximate solution when the approximate solution satisfies the constraint.

The resource-constrained project scheduling problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization. The resource-constrained project scheduling problem concerns a situation in which constrains are imposed on a plurality of tasks and a plurality of resources, and requires the plurality of resources to be allocated to the plurality of tasks while satisfying the constraints such that the duration of the project is shorter than a target optimization period. An example of an objective function used in the resource-constrained project scheduling problem is a project completion time (i.e., the time at which all the tasks are completed). The problem that minimizes the makespan is referred to as a makespan minimization problem.

Optimization method and apparatus for minimizing the makespan using an ising machine


A throwaway ball end mill comprising an end mill body and a tip pressed by a clamp screw onto a cutout formed at the forward end of the end mill body. The cutout is formed in a longitudinal direction with respect to the end mill body, and a pair of lateral regions forked by the cutout have opposite flat surfaces, the lateral regions have clamp holes formed in a direction making a right angle with the cutout, one clamp hole has a conical surface extending toward the periphery of the corresponding lateral region, and the other clamp hole has a female thread formed therein,the centerline of the conical surface is deviated from that of the clamp holes toward the base end of the end mill body. When the clamp screw is tightened with the tip inserted in the cutout, the tip is pressed against the end of the cutout accordingly, and at the same time one lateral region is bent toward the other lateral region.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a throwaway ball end mill and finds application chiefly in the finishing of dies of which high finished accuracy is required.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the conventional throwaway ball end mill of this kind, the cutout provided in the forward end of an end mill body a is either configured to present a flat tip-receiving surface at the bottom or, as disclosed in Japanese Kokai Utility Model Koho H6-53012, configured to present a V-shaped tip-receiving surface b (FIG. 9). Moreover, the rear end face of a tool tip c which is to contact such tip-receiving surface is also configured to present a flat or V-shaped surface corresponding to the tip receiving-surface, and the tip c inserted into the cutout is rigidly secured to the end mill body a under the fastening force of a screw element d set at right angles with the axis of said cutout.
However, in the former arrangement where the tip having a flat rear end face is secured to the end mill body formed with a flat tip-receiving surface, the alignment of the end mill body with the tip is variable according to the accuracy of the screw hole in the tip and the holder pin hole, and the accuracy of the clamp pin and/or the manner of attachment of the tip. Therefore, this arrangement is not satisfactory for the mill for use as a finishing ball end mill for jobs of which high finished accuracy is required.
Furthermore, the variation in the degree of alignment between the end mill body and the tip is also dependent on the relative positional accuracy of the set holes provided in the two elements and it is impossible to compensate for the variation in alignment at locking.
In the latter arrangement where the tip c has a V-shaped projecting rear end face, the variation in alignment or centering between the end mill body a and the tip c is dictated by the accuracy of the relative positions of the V-shaped tip receiving surface c and the mounting hole in the tip c. But high finished accuracy can hardly be expected technically in the V-shaped tip receiving surface b, and the above misalignment cannot be corrected at the time of fixing the tip c. So a ball end mill of this type cannot be reliably employed as a finishing end mill for jobs demanding high finished accuracy.
Moreover, because the tip c is installed in plane contact with the flat or V-shaped tip receiving surface b of the end mill body a, the incidence of variation in plane accuracy or in the angle of the V-shaped surface detracts from the finished accuracy of the work.


A heating/cooling method, a manufacturing method of an image displaying apparatus, a heating/cooling apparatus, and a heating/cooling processing apparatus, in which the heating and cooling of a substrate can be executed at a high speed are provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a heating/cooling method, a manufacturing method of an image displaying apparatus, a heating/cooling apparatus, and a heating/cooling processing apparatus.
2. Related Background Art
Hitherto, when a substrate constructing a predetermined apparatus is manufactured, there is a case of executing a heating process for heating the substrate.
A substrate heating apparatus for executing the heating process has been disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-59788.
The substrate heating apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-59788 comprises: a heating plate for heating the substrate; a heat reflecting plate arranged so as to face the substrate through the heating plate; and a stage arranged so as to face the substrate through the heat reflecting plate. Further, a passage through which cooling water passes is formed in the stage. A heat reflecting ring is provided around the heating plate.
In the substrate heating apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-59788, heat generated from the heating plate is reflected by the heat reflecting plate and the substrate is also heated by the reflected heat, so that a temperature rising speed of the substrate can be increased.
A method whereby in order to improve cooling efficiency after the heating, a metal plate is provided in parallel with the heated substrate and a radiation heat absorbing layer is provided on the surface of the metal plate which faces the substrate has been disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H07-216550.
However, according to the substrate heating apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-59788, there occurs such a problem that when the substrate is cooled, the heat generated from the substrate is reflected by the heat reflecting plate and the reflected heat is again directed toward the substrate, so that a cooling speed of the substrate becomes low. According to the substrate heating apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H07-216550, there is such a problem that heating efficiency upon heating deteriorates considerably.

Heating/cooling method, manufacturing method of image displaying apparatus, heating/cooling apparatus, and heating/cooling processing apparatus


A thermal enhance semiconductor package with a universal heat spreader mainly comprises a carrier, a semiconductor chip and a universal heat spreader. The semiconductor chip is electrically connected to the carrier in a flip-chip fashion and the universal heat spreader is mounted on the back surface of the semiconductor chip. Therein the universal heat spreader has a plurality of through holes for upgrading the efficiency of heat transmission. Moreover, a heat transmission pin is provided in one of the through holes to increase the areas for heat dissipation so as to enhance the thermal performance of the package.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to a semiconductor package. More particularly, the present invention is related to a thermal enhance semiconductor package with a universal heat spreader having through holes and heat transmission pins therein.
2. Related Art
Integrated circuit (chip) packaging technology is becoming a limiting factor for the development in packaged integrated circuits of higher performance. Semiconductor package designers are struggling to keep pace with the increase in pin count, size limitations, low profile, and other evolving requirements for packaging and mounting integrated circuits.
Originally, in the conventional semiconductor package, the active surface of the chip faces down and is attached to the carrier via metal bumps or solder bumps so as to electrically connect the chip and the carrier. Due to short electrical connection paths between the chip and the carrier, small package size, easy control for high frequency noise and lower signal delays, the flip chip technology is broadly utilized in the recent days.
As we know, the conventional flip chip package is characterized in that the back surface of the chip is directly exposed to the outside without disposing any further heat spreader on the back surface of the chip. Accordingly, it is easy to cause the chip to be damaged due to lack of protective layer on the chip. Furthermore the heat arisen out of the chip is accumulated inside and the heat can't be transmitted to the outside. Thus the life of the chip will be shortened.
Additionally, in order to upgrade the efficiency of the heat dissipation, flip chip package can be in the form of another types. As shown in FIG. 1, a high performance flip chip ball grid array package (HF-BGA) is disclosed. Such semiconductor package 1 mainly comprises a carrier 11, a semiconductor chip 12, a plurality of solder bumps 13, an underfill 14 and a heat spreader 15. The semiconductor chip 12 is flipped and faced down, and electrically connected to the carrier 11 via the solder bumps 13. And the underfill 14 is filled and disposed between the semiconductor chip 12 and the carrier 13 so as to lower the thermal stress caused by the change of the temperature.
Furthermore, the solder balls 16 are disposed on the surface opposed to the surface for the chip being attached thereon and electrically connected to other external devices. And the heat spreader 15 is attached to the semiconductor chip 12 by the heat transmission adhesive 17 so that the heat arisen out of the semiconductor chip 12 can be transmitted to the outside through the heat transmission adhesive 17 and the heat spreader 15. Besides, a stiffener ring 18 is provided on the carrier 11 so as to support the heat spreader 15 and to prevent the heat spreader 15 being tilted.
Next, referring to FIG. 2, a similar semiconductor package is disclosed. When the size of the semiconductor chip 22 is large enough that the stiffener ring can be eliminated. It should be noted that the reference numeral of each element in FIG. 2 corresponds to the reference numeral of each element in FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 1, the heat arisen out of the semiconductor chip 12 is transmitted to the outside not only through the back surface of the semiconductor chip 12 and the heat transmission adhesive 17 but also through the stiffener ring 18, the carrier 11 and the solder balls 16. And, as shown in FIG. 2, the heat arisen out of the semiconductor chip 22 is transmitted to the outside not only through the back surface of the semiconductor chip 22 and the heat transmission adhesive 27 but also through the carrier 21 and the solder balls 26. Furthermore the heat can also be transmitted to the outside via the air encompassing the semiconductor chip 12 and 22. However, there is not enough space for the air convection between the semiconductor chip and the carrier 11 so that the heat transmission by air convection is not good. Thus the efficiency of heat dissipation for a semiconductor package is lowered.
Therefore, providing another thermal enhance package to solve the mentioned-above disadvantages is the most important task in this invention.

Thermal enhance package with universal heat spreader

Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc.


Data center activity traces form a corpus used for machine learning. The data in the corpus are putatively normal but may be tainted with latent anomalies. There is a statistical likelihood that the corpus represents predominately legitimate activity, and this likelihood is exploited to allow for a targeted examination of only the data representing possible anomalous activity. The corpus is separated into clusters having members with like features. The clusters having the fewest members are identified, as these clusters represent potential anomalous activities. These clusters are evaluated to determine whether they represent actual anomalous activities. The data from the clusters representing actual anomalous activities are excluded from the corpus. As a result, the machine learning is more effective and the trained system provides better performance, since latent anomalies are not mistaken for normal activity.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains in general to computerized machine learning and in particular to generating training data for use in machine learning.
2. Description of the Related Art
Databases are widespread in modern computing environments. Companies and other enterprises rely on databases to store both public and private data. Many enterprises provide publicly-accessible interfaces to their databases. Malicious end-users can exploit the database interface to perform actions such as obtaining access to sensitive information. For example, in a Structured Query Language (SQL) injection attack the attacker sends the database a specially-crafted malicious query that can cause the database to reveal sensitive information or perform other malicious actions.
A database intrusion detection system (DIDS) attempts to detect malicious queries. Typically, the DIDS is trained to distinguish between legitimate and anomalous queries using machine learning techniques. Machine learning is useful for training DIDSs and other security systems where the complexity of the incoming traffic frustrates attempts at manual specification of legitimate and anomalous patterns. Machine learning also reduces classification errors such as false negatives or false positives.
Machine learning relies on training data, such as a set of training database queries, captured during data center operations. In traditional supervised machine learning, training data are marked as either legitimate or anomalous so the learning algorithm can correctly differentiate between the two types of activity. Where anomalous training sets are unavailable, as is often the case in security environments, the learning algorithm treats any significant deviation from the legitimate pattern as anomalous.
There is a strong assumption that any activity represented in the captured training data is indeed normal and therefore legitimate. This assumption presents substantial security risks if, in fact, the training data are unknowingly tainted with anomalous activity. As data center complexity grows and attacker sophistication evolves, it is increasingly likely that any significant trace of data center activity captured for use as training data will be tainted to some degree. These latent or covert abnormalities are effectively "grandfathered" into the training data, creating a security risk when the training data are used for detection.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a way to generate training data for machine learning that are less likely to contain data representing anomalous activities.

Filtering training data for machine learning


A system, method, and computer program product are provided for detecting malware. In use, a search is conducted for known elements of computer code. Upon the detection of at least one known element of computer code, various operations are performed. In particular, the present technique steps back in the computer code, and emulates the computer code. Such emulation and stepping are performed for detecting malware.

Due to the ever-increasing amounts of malware computer systems must be protected against, security programs have become a growing necessity. Specifically, malware such as viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, etc. is constantly being developed by attackers to intrude and sometimes even destroy computer systems. For example, the results of malware has ranged from mild interference with a program, such as the display of an unwanted political message in a dialog box, to the complete destruction of data on a hard drive, and even the theft of personal information.
Many security programs have been created in order to provide the protection required by modern computer systems. For example, anti-virus software may be used to reliably, generically and proactively detect malware. One common approach employed by anti-virus software is to conduct a binary search involving strings and/or checksums. However, this method is not very suitable for generically detecting programs written in high-level languages. High-level languages programs, even if simply recompiled with other compiler options, may necessitate other malware detection techniques.
Another known malware detection algorithm searches for malware generically by utilizing behavior blocking. In use, anti-virus software employing this technique triggers a response as a result of some actions (or sequences of actions) intercepted at runtime. One disadvantage associated with this approach is it will not necessarily work before computer code is executed on a target system. Therefore, this type of anti-virus software is not ideally suited for use with a server or mail scanner.
Yet another malware detection technique that addresses some or all of the foregoing deficiencies involves computer code emulation. Such solution determines behavior of computer code before executing it. Traditionally, computer code associated with a program is fully emulated in a simulated environment. To this end, one can execute the computer code inside an emulator and observe any effects, while the computer code is insulated from the computer system.
This solution, however, has several drawbacks. For example, the present technique often requires full emulation of the environment, including hardware emulation and Internet-level emulation. Further, such emulation may also be somewhat slow, since every piece of code is emulated. Still yet, differences in the simulated and real environment may lead to different emulated execution flows and potential misses. For example, improper emulation of a single unrelated operating system's application programming interface may change the execution flow, and the emulation may never reach a block of malicious code. Further, a program may read some data from files on other computers on a local area network (LAN)/Internet and change the execution flow, yet again failing to reach malicious code if such data is missing and/or invalid.
In the past, various techniques have been employed to address the foregoing drawbacks. For example, in the past, emulators were pointed to some particular key point in the computer, and then emulate the computer code just from such point. To this end, emulation only occurred with respect to particular portions of the computer code and only when such key point was found. This, in turn, resulted in a more efficient process.
There is thus a need for overcoming these and/or other problems associated with the prior art.

Emulation system, method and computer program product for malware detection by back-stepping in program code


A single antenna poly-frequency Continuous Wave (CW) Doppler radar system having leakage cancellation. The system provides for transmitting a plurality of carrier frequency signals and receiving the return signals by means of a single antenna coupled to an antenna interface through which a portion of the transmitted signal may leak. The signal appearing on an output port of the antenna interface is then down-converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal by a stable mixing signal. The IF signal is coupled to an adder which in turn is coupled to an output. The IF signal is further split into a pair of cancellation loops for each carrier frequency signal. Each cancellation loop includes a correlator and provides for processing the IF signal with an in-phase or a quadrature-phase signal associated with the carrier frequency signal so that each pair of cancellation loops outputs a feedback signal representative of and equal to the amplitude of the leakage signal only, which feedback signal then being subtracted from the IF signal with the resultant return signal less the leakage signal then being transmitted for further processing. Preferably, a second order linear feedback circuit and phase compensation circuit is provided in each cancellation loop for processing of the IF signal.. The disclosed system does not require high precision, high cost oscillators and has particular application in military radars, navigation radars and vehicular collision warning radars.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of radar systems and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to an improved continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar system with leakage cancellation.
2. Prior Art
CW Doppler radar systems offer a number advantages over pulse radar systems. Even so, CW Doppler radar systems have always suffered from a disadvantage of feed-through or leakage signals in the receiver. The leakage signal is usually several orders of magnitude larger than the received signal and tends to hide the received signal. The leakage signal is created because of imperfect isolation between the transmit and receive paths of a CW Doppler radar system and as well as scattering from nearby objects. In The Electrical Engineering Handbook published by the CRC PRESS in 1993, Section 39.2 relating to Continuous Wave Radar noted that the largest disadvantage for CW radars is the need to provide antenna insolation (reduce spillover) so that the transmitted signal does not interfere with the receiver. A second disadvantage noted was the existence of noise sidebands on the transmitter signal which reduce sensitivity because the Doppler frequencies are relatively close to the carrier signal.
One solution has been to separate the receive antenna from the transmit antenna. This provides better isolation between the transmit and receive paths. However, even relatively small side lobes in the transmit and receive antennas will result in coupling that allows leakage signals to occur.
An example of this solution is U.S. Pat. No. 3,978,483 issued on Aug. 31, 1976 to Bernard L. Lewis et al and which is discloses adaptive canceler loops that receive inputs from an auxiliary channel signal and operate on a main channel signal to reduce interference in the main channel signal. The auxiliary channel signal is supplied through a quadrature hybrid circuit to provide I and Q components to the adaptive loops, which loops are connected in series and cascaded such as to form a plurality of serially connected I and Q loops.
Another solution has been to use an auxiliary antenna to also receive the return signal. By subtracting the signal received by the primary receive antenna from the signal received by the auxiliary receive antenna, the leakage signal is left. This leakage signal is subtracted from the return signal in the primary antenna, thus reducing the leakage signal. However, this system requires at least two antennas and makes the system bulky and expensive. Examples of prior art patents that disclose the use of a plurality of auxiliary receiving antennas are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,439,770 and 4,689,628. U. S. Pat. No. 4,439,770 issued on Mar. 27, 1984 to Bernard L. Lewis et al for CASCADED ADAPTIVE LOOPS and discloses a sidelobe-canceler system for canceling jamming interference signals from a radar signal that includes serially cascaded cancellation channels utilizing preprocessing cancelers and main-channel cancelers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,628 issued on Aug. 25, 1987 to Bernard L. Lewis for ADAPTIVE SIDELOBE CANCELER SYSTEM discloses the use of a plurality of auxiliary antennas that receive interference from a plurality of sources and provide independent inputs to a configuration of adaptive canceler loops. In a canceler system each of the independent loop outputs are then used as an input to a canceler loop in the main channel to cancel interference in the receiving system.
A single antenna system having provision for leakage cancellation is discussed in "Some Advances in CW Radar Techniques" by J. D. Harmer and W. S. O'Hare, IRE 5th MIL-E-CON Record, 1961, pages 311-323. This paper discusses an intermediate frequency (IF) feedback circuit that cancels the leakage signal. However, this circuit only works for a single frequency CW radar system. In addition, the circuit requires several high precision oscillators and these oscillators must constantly be calibrated to each other. Failure to continually calibrate the circuit can result in accidentally canceling the desired signal.
Thus, a need exists for a poly-frequency CW Doppler radar system having provision for leakage cancellation that does not require high precision, high cost oscillators and that operates with a single antenna for transmitting and receiving radar signals and with multiple carrier frequency signals.

Poly-frequency CW doppler radar system with leakage cancellation and method


The present disclosure is related to an apparatus and method that enables fiber optic network installers to mount fiber optic connections in raised floor locations that would otherwise be unsuited to the task. The method and apparatus permit using a de facto standard raised floor enclosures to accommodate fiber optic connections while maintaining bend radius considerations. In an exemplary embodiment, a patch panel includes a panel face defined by a bottom edge, a top edge and opposing side edges each joined to the bottom and top edges; a cable management bar operably coupled to the panel face, spaced apart from at least one surface side defining the panel face and extending a substantial length defining a length of the panel face; and a pair of mounting brackets extending from the opposing side edges. Each mounting bracket includes a mounting plane aligned with a plane of a corresponding angled mounted rail for mounting thereto such that the panel face is perpendicular to a bottom wall defining the enclosure in which it is mounted.

It is sometimes necessary to patch communication cables within the floor or ceiling space in data centers, storage area networks (SAN) and local area networks (LAN). Patch panels and like cabinetry (e.g., enclosures) are widely employed in communication systems to facilitate such connections along various distribution paths of a network.
Floor spaces are typically low profile and fire codes require that the enclosures create isolation between the plenum air space and the cable interconnect point. This isolation, or fire stop, prevents any burning of connectivity components from making the plenum air space toxic in the event of a fire.
Raised floor enclosures typically fit under a single 2 foot×2 foot raised floor tile. Most models use the raised floor tile as a "lid". The enclosures are UL Listed enclosures, suitable for low voltage applications and for use in air handling spaces.
A variety of sizes are available to match floor height. Most models include brackets for attachment to raised floor support pedestals. Enclosures include threaded equipment mounting rails and have multiple, edge-protected cable access ports with fire-rated foam sealing kits.
In enclosures designed for use in low height floors, two facing pairs of pivoting or fixed equipment mounting rails are used to provide easy access to the front and rear of the patch panel. FIG. 1 illustrates a common raised floor enclosure 10 manufactured by American Access, which can be installed in a standard floor tile footprint. Enclosure 10 includes a 2 foot by 2 foot opening and has a depth ranging from 1.75 inches to 11 inches. For depths of 6 and 8 inches, the enclosure design of FIG. 1 is equipped with 19 inch spaced apart mounting rails 12 designed to accommodate copper terminated cable assemblies. The rails 12 are inclined at angles ranging from 45-60 degrees from the floor of the enclosure depending on the supplier. For more shallow floor depths such as 2 inch and 4 inch depths, the rails 12 are mounted such that the mounting surface is parallel with a bottom wall 14 defining the enclosure 10. It should be noted that the enclosure 10 was originally conceived when "fiber in the zone" or under floor patching of fiber optics was not popular. Therefore, the rail locations in the existing enclosures are not optimally located to accommodate suitable fiber optic bend radii. In the same vain, the designers of these existing enclosures have not accounted for any installation of cassettes (e.g., a modular fiber optic system) within these enclosures.
Therefore, there is a need for an apparatus and method that permits de facto standard raised floor enclosures to accommodate fiber optic connections, in raised floor locations, for example, while maintaining bend radius considerations. Further, there is a need for an apparatus and method that enables installation of "ready to use" modular fiber optic cassettes in de facto standard raised floor enclosures.


A golf club shaft protector is disclosed as including a hollow plastic tube of predetermined diameter and length with open upper and lower ends. The length of the hollow plastic tube substantially corresponds to the length of a golf club shaft and can be pre-selected and cut to the appropriate length. A flexible restricted throat element extends across the open upper end of the hollow plastic tube for resilient deformation upon the insertion of a golf club handle to allow passage of the golf club handle and associated golf club shaft into the hollow plastic tube. The flexible restricted throat element subsequently returns to its initial shape for close fitting circumferential support of the golf club hosel at an upper end of the golf club shaft adjacent the golf club head. The predetermined diameter of the hollow plastic tube is dimensioned to at least substantially peripherally engage the golf club handle at least adjacent the open lower end. The entire length of the golf club shaft is thus protected by the hollow plastic tube through the circumferential support of the golf club hosel by the flexible restricted throat opening at the open upper end and by the at least substantial peripheral engagement of the golf club handle at the lower open end so as to provide suspended non-engagement of the golf club shaft therebetween.

This invention relates to a golf club shaft protector, and more particularly to a hollow plastic tube of predetermined diameter and length that provides suspended non-engagement of the golf club shaft adjacent the opposite open upper and lower ends of the hollow plastic tube.
Golfers have historically experienced problems in the care and management of their golf clubs during use and travel. As will be appreciated, golf clubs are subject to rough handling during use and travel, which can lead to early and unexpected damage and deterioration. Some recent developments have resulted in better golf clubs, but have produced unexpected early damage or deterioration. For example, golf clubs with expensive graphite, titanium and other exotic golf club shafts have functioned extremely well on the golf course, but can be quickly damaged simply by inserting and removing a golf club from a golf bag.
Golf club heads are conventionally protected by a variety of different golf club covers, but there has never been an acceptable device for protecting golf club shafts. Others have tried to develop an acceptable commercial product. For example, there have been several different types of protective tubes and narrow elongated containers which have been developed for the express purpose of protecting golf club shafts. Such devices are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,985,229; 4,664,382; 4,932,523; 4,938,349 and 5,088,600. Each of these patents disclose a variety of different devices designed to protect golf club shafts from damage or deterioration during use and travel. While certain features of these patented devices are very desirable, as a whole, they have failed to take into consideration the practical as well as economical aspects that must be considered in designing a golf club shaft protector. As will be discussed in detail below, the present invention overcomes the problems associated with the prior art, while providing an extremely practical, reliable and economical golf club shaft protector.


A fiber optic sensor including a fiber having a modified surface integral with the fiber wherein the modified surface includes an open pore network with optical agents dispersed within the open pores of the open pore network. Methods for preparing the fiber optic sensor are also provided. The fiber optic sensors can withstand high temperatures and harsh environments.

Fiber optic sensors may be used to monitor dynamic chemical and physical processes that are associated with changes in an environment. A typical fiber optic sensor positions a sensor material, with the assistance of one or more types of support, to interact with the substance or environment that is being monitored, measured and/or detected. A chemical fiber optic sensor contains an optical agent that identifies optical index changes based upon unique chemical environments. To function properly, the optical agent must be in an optically clear support structure that holds the optical agent and permits the optical agent to interact with the environment or substance being monitored, measured or detected.
Conventional fiber optic sensors are often limited to relatively mild temperature conditions and begin to break down when employed in high temperature and/or harsh environments such as, gas or steam turbine exhausts, coal-fired boilers and aircraft engines.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,997 to Pope, discloses an optical fiber where the distal end of the fiber is coupled to amorphous silica microspheres by an adhesive material. The sensor can fail in harsh environments, as the adhesive layer may break down at high temperatures or in the harsh environments.
What is needed is a fiber optic sensor that can withstand high temperatures and harsh environments.

Fiber optic sensor and method for making


Provided are an apparatus for and method of restoring an image, by which when the focus of an image is blurred, an image can be restored using the characteristic of a lens. The apparatus includes: an estimation unit estimating field information and focus blur of an input signal, a weight applying unit applying a plurality of weights according to the optical characteristic of a lens to the input image, and a generation unit generating an output image using the input image to which the plurality of weights are applied.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for and method of restoring an image, and more particularly, to an apparatus for and method of restoring an image, by which when the focus of an image is blurred, an image can be restored using the characteristic of a lens.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, when an image of a predetermined object is obtained using an image pickup apparatus, such as a camera module installed in a digital camera or a portable device, the obtained image is blurred due to many factors.
For example, in relation to focus blur in the obtained image, a light ray incident through a lens is refracted by the lens and then, does not converge on one point, but has a diverging distribution. This causes focus blur to occur because an image is not formed at a pixel of an image sensor at which the image should be formed.
Thus, the characteristic of the light incident on a lens having the diverging distribution that does not converge on one point appears to have a shape varying with respect to the wavelength of the light incident on the lens, the distance between the lens and an object, and the position of the lens on which the light is incident.
Accordingly, a method of restoring an image when an image obtained by an image pickup apparatus is blurred due to focus blur has been studied.
For this purpose, a variety of methods, including non-iterative restoration methods, such as a Wiener filter and a constraint least square (CLS) filter, and iterative restoration methods, such as a Richardson-Lucy method, have been attempted.
However, since the above methods assume that the optical characteristic of a lens is constant with respect to space, it is difficult to reflect a variety of factors causing a light ray incident on a lens having a diverging distribution without converging on one point. In other words, since a blurred image is restored assuming that the position at which light is incident on a lens and the distance between the lens and an object are constant, the restoration of a blurred image is limited.
Furthermore, in addition to the above methods, a method of improving an optical characteristic with respect to the distance between a lens and an object by moving a lens has been attempted. However, this requires an additional driving apparatus for adjusting the movement of a lens in a camera module or the like disposed on a camera or a portable device, thereby incurring additional cost, and increasing the size of the camera module in the portable device which is contrary to the increasingly important aspects of smallness and slimness.


A spark plug comprises an insulator having a axial hole penetrating in a direction of an axis, a central electrode provided on the front end side of the axial hole, a tubular metal shell that holds the insulator, and a ground electrode including a surface layer and a core material that is surrounded by the surface layer and has a larger thermal conductivity than that of the surface layer. The metal shell of the spark plug has a protruding portion in which at least a part of the metal shell protrudes toward the front end side in the direction of the axis. The ground electrode has an end surface at one end portion thereof joined to the inside of the protruding portion and the other end portion thereof facing the central electrode.

Conventionally, as a technique relating to a spark plug having a noble metal tip at the front end of a ground electrode, for example, the technique disclosed in JP-A-2005-251727 is known. In this technique, the ground electrode is welded to one end surface and the inner circumferential surface of a metal shell in a state in which an end surface in the lateral direction is exposed.
In the technique of the related art, since the end surface of the ground electrode in the lateral direction is in a state of being exposed to the outside, it is difficult to configure an inner layer mainly including copper in the ground electrode. This is because the operation environment of the ground electrode is at a high temperature, and, when the ground electrode is formed in a state in which the inner layer mainly including copper with a low melting point is exposed to the outside, there is a concern that the copper may be melted due to combustion heat, and the ground electrode may be deformed or detached. In addition, in the technique of the related art, even when the inner layer is formed in the ground electrode, since the inner layer moved into a state of being exposed to the outside, it is not possible to sufficiently improve the heat conduction capability of the tip. This is because copper configuring the inner layer is directly joined to the metal shell so that the heat conduction capability of the tip is improved. As described above, in the technique of the related art, there are problems in that the thermal conductivity of the ground electrode is small, and the heat conduction capability of the tip provided in the ground electrode is not sufficient.

Spark plug, and method for manufacturing spark plug


The present invention is made for the prevention of ketosis or minimizing the effects of ketosis in ruminant animals. This purpose is achieved by feeding to the animal biotin in combination with a mixture of at least two essential oil compounds selected from the group consisting of thymol, eugenol, meta-cresol, vaniline and guajacol. The present invention is useful because it is capable of preventing and/or inhibiting ketosis of calving ruminant animals and the subsequent need for veterinary treatment. In a preferred embodiment of a feeding concept for dairy cattle, especially calving dairy cattle, biotin being used in an amount sufficient to provide a daily dosage of 10 mg to 20 mg per head to which it is to be administered. It is at present contemplated that the essential oils are administered in amounts (total dosage ranges of essential oils) of 1 to 1.5 g per head per day.

The present invention is directed to the field of nutritional supplements for ruminant animals, especially dairy cattle, before, during and after calving. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a nutritional supplement in a unit dosage form that is capable of preventing or minimizing the effects of ketosis that commonly afflict calving ruminant animals, especially calving dairy cattle.
The present invention is useful because it is capable of preventing and/or inhibiting ketosis of calving ruminant animals and the subsequent need for veterinary treatment.
Therefore, this invention relates to a method of prevention of ketosis or minimizing the effects of ketosis in cattle.
Ketosis is an acute disease often attacking cattle which obstructs the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the organism of cattle. As the result, a ketone body such as acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetone increases in the cattle blood, giving rise to the odor of acetone in the urine, milk and breath of cattle.
A cow affected by the ketosis presents major clinical symptoms such as anorexia or loss of appetite, rapid decrease of weight and a sharp drop in the yield of milk.
Ketosis may or may not occur with hypocalcemia. At the start of lactation, there is a sudden and heavy demand for the production of lactose for the milk. This causes a depletion of the animal's blood sugar (glucose). If the animal does not have a sufficient reserve of carbohydrate in the liver and/or a sufficient source in the feed, then it must rely on an alternative source of energy, its own body fat. When fat is metabolized, the result is not glucose but ketone. While ketones can provide energy to muscle, they cannot supply energy needed as glucose, to the brain. As a result, the animal may become anorexic or exhibit bizarre behavior. The condition is also known as hypoglycemia.

Use of biotin and natural essential oils for bovine animals for the prevention and treatment of ketosis


A first clock signal is generated by a first circuit and a second clock signal is generated by an auxiliary clock circuit. A switch controls whether the first clock signal or the second clock signal is provided to a subscriber line integrated circuit (SLIC). The SLIC is operable to generate a line voltage within predetermined tolerances on a loop line at a customer premises if the SLIC is receiving the first clock signal or the second clock signal.

There are services that a plain old telephone system (POTS) can sustain while executing many sorts of system maintenance. One of these services is the ability to maintain loop line voltage at a customer premises to keep customer premise equipment (CPE) devices operating and unaffected by the system maintenance.
A subscriber line circuit in a plain old telephone system (POTS) is a circuit connecting a subscriber line at a customer premises to the central office. The subscriber line is traditionally a twisted-pair loop for carrying analog voice. Today, the subscriber line is also used for digital services as well, such as provided via cable, DSL or satellite.
Customer premise equipment (CPE) devices, such as phones, facsimiles, home security systems, answering machines, etc., connected to the subscriber line at the customer premises may depend on the line voltage of the subscriber line for proper operation. For example, an alarm system at a customer premises monitors the line voltage. If the line voltage falls below a threshold for a predetermined period of time, the alarm system assumes the subscriber line has been cut, and sends an alarm message to a remote monitoring station. In addition, the alarm system activates a loud, local alarm siren, which can wake everyone in the middle of the night for a false alarm if the line voltage falls below a threshold in the middle of the night.
The POTS has the ability to maintain line voltage to keep the CPE devices operating and unaffected when system maintenance is performed, such as software downloads and upgrades, system reboots, and system re-configurations. However, the ability to maintain line voltage during system maintenance may not be supported by a multimedia terminal adaptor (MTA) for a voice-over-internet-protocol (VoIP) network. VoIP is a digital telephone service that may be provided using the subscriber home wiring and typically replaces conventional POTS service provided by a telephone company. VoIP may be deployed at the customer premises via the MTA. The MTA interfaces with an IP network and is operable to adapt VoIP data for use by CPE devices connected to the subscriber line via the home wiring. The MTA may be embedded in a modem, such as a cable modem or DSL modem, as an embedded MTA (eMTA) or may be provided as a standalone device connected to the modem.
When maintenance is performed on the modem or MTA, which may include software downloads, correcting a lock-up situation or other maintenance, the line voltage on the subscriber line may drop because the MTA does not include the ability to maintain the line voltage when being reset. This may result in failure or improper operation of a CPE device. For example, if the line voltage falls below a threshold for a predetermined period of time, the alarm system assumes the subscriber line has been cut, and sends a false alarm to the remote monitoring station. Furthermore, scheduled system maintenance is typically performed during non-peak hours, such as late at night. Thus, a false alarm caused by the scheduled maintenance may appear real, because home robberies mostly occur during the late night hours.


A method of making a foamed rubber member includes the steps of: a) Stirring and pressing the foaming raw material repeatedly, wherein the foaming raw material has rubber, an accelerator, and foaming agent mixed in a predetermined ratio. b) Molding the foaming raw material into a meshed rubber sheet. c) Softening a surface of the meshed rubber sheet. d) Resting an attachment on the surface of the meshed rubber sheet and pressing the attachment. e) Vulcanizing and foaming the meshed rubber sheet to have a foaming member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a foamed-rubber member, and more particularly to a method of fabricating foamed rubber members.
2. Description of the Related Art
For the objectives of increasing ventilation, reducing weight, and lowering the cost of fabrication, some foamed rubber cushions are made into meshed members, such as the skidproof cushion used at home or in car. Conventional methods of making the meshed foamed rubber cushion include: 1) A meshed member woven by yarns is soaked with a rubber foaming raw material. The material is cohered on the meshed member for foaming. 2) Use mold or cutter to make the rubber cushion into a meshed member.
The conventional methods still have drawbacks. First, the conventional methods cannot make the meshed cushion in a single process. Second, the first conventional has a poor flexibility because of the yarns. Third, the pure meshed foamed rubber products cannot reach the requirement of product variety in the present market. A new product is presented by attaching a fabric on the meshed foamed rubber member.
A conventional method of attaching a fabric on a meshed foamed rubber member is to coat glue on a rubber sheet before the foaming process. The chemical reactions of the foaming process press the fabric on the foamed rubber member. But the glue produces air or water pollutions.

Method of fabricating foamed rubber member


A step stool attachment for attachment to vertical structures such as a wall or the inside of a cabinet door to permit users to reach higher locations. The step stool attachment includes a backboard designed for attachment to a vertical structure. A step is pivotally coupled to the front face of the backboard. Front and back leg panels are pivotally coupled to the lower face of the step. The bottom edge of each leg panel has a spaced apart pair of adjustable feet extending therefrom.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to step stools and more particularly pertains to a new step stool attachment for attachment to vertical structures such as a wall or the inside of a cabinet door to permit users to reach higher locations.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of step stools is known in the prior art. More specifically, step stools heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
Known prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,290 by Gurilinger; U.S. Pat. No. 2,581,488 by Keltner et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,311,190 by Nuamann; U.S. Pat. No. 5,014,818 by Schulz; U.S. Pat. No. 5,005,667 by Anderson; and U.S. Pat. No. Des. 260,683 by Kokska.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not disclose a new step stool attachment. The inventive device includes a backboard designed for attachment to a vertical structure. A step is pivotally coupled to the front face of the backboard. Front and back leg panels are pivotally coupled to the lower face of the step. The bottom edge of each leg panel has a spaced apart pair of adjustable feet extending therefrom.
In these respects, the step stool attachment according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of attachment to vertical structures such as a wall or the inside of a cabinet door to permit users to reach higher locations.


A system is provided for polarizing electrical connectors of generally parallelepipedal shape and of the type having a male housing part adapted to be inserted in a skirt of a female housing part, one of these parts having along one wall at least one longitudinal tongue and the other of these parts having at least one corresponding groove which receives the tongue when the male housing part is fitted into the skirt of the female housing part. The free end of the tongue terminates in a bevel, the free edge of the skirt terminates in a corresponding bevel and the bevels on the tongue and on the free edge of the skirt are oriented so that, if the male housing part is not offered up in the correct position for insertion into the skirt, the bevels bear one against the other and tend to close up the opening of the skirt.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention concerns the polarizing of electrical connectors.
The invention concerns connectors having a male housing member having a series of electrical contact members and a female housing member having electrical contact members complementary to those of the male housing member.
A polarizing system is usually provided in such connectors so that the male housing member can be inserted into the skirt of the female housing member in only one position.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There are many polarizing systems, some of which provide a groove in one of the housing members and a tongue on the corresponding wall of the other housing member so that, in theory, the two housing members can be inserted one within the other only if the tongue is lined up with the groove. Systems of this kind are also designed to prevent insertion of a non-matching male member into the skirt of the female member.
The current trend is to miniaturize electrical connections with the result that connectors are very often very small in size. The grooves and the tongues are therefore very small and, given the small thickness of the plastics material walls in and on which they are formed, it has been found that the male member can be forcibly inserted into the skirt of the female member even if the two members are not offered up in the correct position.
One aim of the present invention is to remedy this drawback.

Polarizing system for electrical connectors