Capsule insert able in a beverage production device for preparing a beverage from a substance contained in the capsule by introducing liquid in the capsule and passing liquid through the substance using centrifugal forces for producing the beverage which is centrifuged peripherally in the capsule relatively to a central axis of the capsule corresponding to an axis of rotation during the centrifuging operation comprising: an enclosure containing a predetermined amount of beverage substance, a cup-like shaped body, an upper wall for closing the body, wherein it comprises a flange-like rim extending outwardly from the body which comprises an annular raising portion forming a restriction for the centrifuged liquid How path when said portion is engaged by a pressing surface of the beverage production device.

It is known to prepare beverages wherein a mixture consisting of brewed coffee and coffee powder is separated with centrifugal forces. Such a mixture is obtained by bringing hot water and coffee powder together for a defined time. The water is then forced through a screen, on which screen powder material is present.
Existing systems consist of placing the coffee powder in a receptacle which is usually a non-removable part of a machine such as in EP 0367 60081. Such devices have many disadvantages. Firstly, the coffee powder must be properly dosed manually in the receptacle. Secondly, the centrifuged coffee waste becomes dry and it must be removed by scraping the surface of the receptacle. As a result, the coffee preparation requires a lot of manual handling and is so very time consuming. Usually coffee freshness can also vary a lot and this can impact on the cup quality because coffee comes generally from bulk package or coffee is ground from beans in the receptacle itself.
Also, depending on the manual dosage of coffee and the brewing conditions (e.g., centrifugal speed, receptacle size) the cup quality can vary a lot.
Therefore, these systems have never reached an important commercial success.
In German patent application DE 102005007852, the machine comprises a removable holder into which an open cup-shaped part of the receptacle is placed; the other part or lid being attached to a driving axis of the machine. However, a disadvantage is the intensive manual handling. Another disadvantage is the difficulty to control quality of the coffee due to a lack of control for the dosing of the powder and a lack of control of the freshness of the coffee powder.
Other devices for brewing coffee by centrifuge forces are described in WO 2006/112691; FR2624364; EP0367600; GB2253336; FR2686007; EP0749713; DE4240429; EP0651963; FR2726988; DE4439252; EP0367600; FR2132310; FR2513106; FR2487661; DE3529053; FR2535597; IJ\702007/041954; DE3529204; DE3719962; FR2685186; DE3241606 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,296.
However, the effect of centrifugal forces to brew coffee or prepare other food substances presents many advantages compared to the normal brewing methods using pressure pumps. For example, in "espresso" coffee-type brewing methods, it is very difficult to master all the parameters which influence the quality of extraction of the delivered coffee extract. These parameters are typically the pressure, the flow rate which decreases with the pressure, the compaction of the coffee powder which also influences the flow characteristics and which depends on the coffee ground particle size, the temperature, the water flow distribution and so on.
WO 2006/045537 relates to a capsule comprising elastic biasing means at its flange-like rim. This capsule is intended to be used in a coffee machine providing liquid under pressure with no centrifugal effect being involved. The elastic biasing means is placed between the sidewall and the rim to provide a liquid pressure tight arrangement with the injection part of the machine. However, the biasing means is not intended to form a valve means with the machine which selectively opens under the force of the centrifuged liquid. On the contrary, it serves to maintain a liquid-tight engagement between the rim and the injection part of the machine during the extraction of the beverage.
Therefore, there is a need for proposing a new capsule system adapted therefore for which the extraction parameters can be better and more independently controlled for improving quality of the delivered food liquid.
There is also a need for providing a solution enabling to improve the extraction characteristics, i.e., total solid content (Tc), level of foam/crema, of the existing systems, e.g., coffee preparation devices, using the principle of centrifugation.
At the same time, there is a need for a way of preparing a beverage which is more convenient and cleaner compared to the prior art centrifugal coffee preparation device, in particular a solution which does not require the hassle of removing coffee waste from the centrifuging receptacle.
For this, the invention relates to a capsule insertable in a beverage production device for preparing a beverage from a substance contained in the capsule by introducing liquid in the capsule and passing liquid through the substance using centrifugal forces for producing the beverage which is centrifuged peripherally in the capsule relatively to a central axis of the capsule corresponding to an axis of rotation during the centrifuging operation comprising. The capsule comprises an enclosure containing an amount of beverage substance, a cup-like shaped body and an upper outer wall for closing the body. The capsule further comprises a flange-like rim extending outwardly from the body which comprises an annular raising portion forming a restriction for the centrifuged liquid flowpath when said portion is engaged by a pressing surface of the beverage production device.
The annular raising or force-setting portion forms with the pressing surface of the beverage production device a restriction valve means for the flow of beverage. The raising portion is more particularly configured to selectively block and/or restrict the flow path of the centrifuged liquid in order to delay its release from the capsule and regulate the flow when released. More particularly, when a sufficient pressure of the centrifuged liquid is reached at the valve means, i.e., the centrifuged liquid forcing against the raising portion, the valve means opens, i.e., a restricted flow gap is provided by the pressing surface of the device moving away from the raising portion of the capsule or vice versa. Before the pressure of the centrifuged liquid is attained, the valve means remain closed or restricted at a minimum gap. Hence, the raising portion blocks or restricts the flowpath for the centrifuged liquid. Thereby, the annular raising portion determines the backpressure at the valve means the centrifuged liquid must overcome to pass through the valve for a certain flow rate.
Furthermore, it should be noted that the opening of the valve means may be dependent on the rotational speed of the driving means which drive the capsule in rotation in the beverage production device. For a centrifugal extraction, the quality of the beverage to be prepared depends on the control of the parameters, in particular, the flow rate of the released beverage through the valve means. Thereby, the flow rate is influenced by two parameters: the rotational speed of the capsule and the back-pressure exerted on the centrifuged liquid upstream of the valve means. For a given back-pressure as set by the force-setting or raising portion of the rim of the capsule, the higher the rotational speed, the larger the flow rate. Conversely, for a given rotational speed, the larger the back-pressure, the smaller the flow.
Furthermore, as the valve means selectively block the flowpath for the centrifuged liquid, a preliminary wetting step of the beverage substance, e.g., ground coffee, can be carried out as no liquid is yet significantly discharged from the device. As a result of a prewetting and delayed release of the beverage, a thorough wetting of the substance is made possible and the interaction time between the liquid and the beverage substance, e.g., coffee powder, substantially increases and the extraction characteristics, e.g., coffee solid content and beverage yield, can be significantly improved.
In a mode of the invention, the annular raising portion extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the transversal plane of extension of the flange-like rim. The orientation of the raising portion is thus configured to selectively block the flow of the centrifuged beverage that leaves the capsule along the flange-like rim when the capsule is rotated around its central axis.
Preferably, the annular raising portion extends outwardly and beyond an inward, comparatively lowered, annular portion of the flange-like rim and in a direction opposite to the bottom of the body.
The raising portion extends a certain height from an inner portion of rim. The inward portion of the rim is preferably flat. In certain embodiments, it may form an increase of thickness of the inner portion. The lowered annular portion merges with the sidewall and can be aligned with the upper wall, or alternatively, be placed in the capsule away a certain distance from the upper wall. The annular raising portion thus forms a step or protrusion extending of said distance from such (preferably flat) inward annular portion of the rim to ensure a surelevation independent from the thickness of the body of the capsule. As a result, the control of the surelevation height is made possible independently from the thickness of the rest of the rim or body; therefore providing flexibility in setting the desired back-force in the device while not impacting on the overall design of the capsule, its rigidity and/or affecting the sealing strength with the upper wall (e.g., upper membrane).
In a mode, the inward lowered annular portion forms the sealing surface with the upper wall. Therefore, when the capsule is engaged in the device, a gap is obtained between the upper outer wall of the capsule and the compressed surface or line of the raising portion to ensure the centrifuged liquid can more easily circulate towards the valves after it has passed through the upper wall, e.g., through perforations made through said wall.
In a particular mode, the annular raising portion is covered by the upper wall (e.g., closing membrane), in particular, by forming at least a portion of sealed surface with the upper wall.
In a particular mode, the annular raising portion is preferably rigid. The rigidity is here evaluated in relation to its ability to resist compression by a pressing surface of the beverage production device applying a closure force thereto when the capsule is inserted in the beverage preparation device. In other words, the raising portion remains of a relatively constant dimension during the beverage preparation operations in the device in order for the annular raising portion to play its role of restriction of the beverage flowpath and to ensure a reliable opening.
In a particular mode, the annular raising portion is made integral with the flange-like rim. Therefore, for essentially economical reasons, the annular raising portion can be formed in one piece together with the cuplike shaped body.
Preferably, the flange-like rim of the capsule has a lower surface, merging with said sidewall of the body, which is shaped, in the region directly opposed to the raising portion, to be complementary shaped in regard to an annular supporting surface of the capsule holder.
For this, the lower surface of the rim can be free of any projection in the area directly opposed to the annular raising portion. For instance, the lower surface forms an annular flat surface extending along a plane substantially parallel to the sealed upper surface of the rim. It can thus provide a stable referential support, e.g., a perfectly flat position of the rim relative to the capsule holder, which is important to avoid to form an unbalanced mass during high-speed centrifugation.
The flange-like rim can also comprise an annular groove on its surface directly opposed to the annular raising portion. The annular groove can serve to receive a complementary shaped-indentation of the beverage production device, in particular, provided in the capsule holder. The advantage is to mechanically support and maintain the rigidity of the annular raising portion and prevent it from deforming under the load exerted by the pressing surface of the beverage production device. It also forms a position referencer for the capsule to ensure a correct fitting of the capsule in the capsule holder to avoid an unbalance mass, in case the capsule would be not perfectly aligned in the capsule holder, that would create noise and/or vibrations during centrifugation. Consequently, the flange-like rim of the capsule can be maintained relatively thin. For instance, the rim may be of a thickness comprised between about 0.5 and 1.5 mm.
Advantageously, the annular raising portion is embossed in the flange-like rim. For example, the annular raising portion and groove are made in the same operation such as when the cup-like shaped body is formed by deep drawing or thermoforming. Embossing can also be operated after the forming of the cavity of the body in a subsequent operation.
The cup-like shaped body can also be produced by injection-moulding of thermoplastics with the raising portion being integrated in or overmoulded onto the injected body.
Preferably, the raising portion has gas vent means. The gas vent means enables gas to escape from the enclosure of the capsule during filling of the enclosure with liquid. In absence of such means, a pocket of gas could form in the capsule which would prevent the ingredients from being correctly wetted. For this, the annular raising portion may be provided with at least one radial indentation, preferably several radially oriented indentations, for providing gas escape in a direction outward of the capsule. The at least one radial indentation is preferably sized to allow selective release of gas but retain liquid flow in the enclosure or at least forms only a small liquid leakage. For example, 5 to 10 small radial slots of about 10 to 200 microns, for instance about 50 microns, of height and 1 to 5 mm of width may be provided at the periphery of the raising portion to provide appropriate gas venting. Of course, several radial indentations may also be provided in the raising portion.
The raising portion may also be formed as a partially melt energy director of annular shape raising from the rim when in sealing arrangement with the upper wall (e.g., membrane).
In another possible mode, the annular raising portion is a separate element which is attached to the flange-like rim. For instance, the portion may be sealed to the flange-like rim such as by ultrasonic or heat sealing or be clipped into an annular receiving seat or groove provided in the flange-like rim.
In this case, the annular raising portion can be made of a compressible material such as a rubber elastic material or soft plastic material.
The annular raising portion of the capsule can take an inverted V- or U- or W-like shape or L-like shape.
In the context of the invention, the cup-like shaped body can comprise aluminium and/or plastics. The cup-like shaped body can also be made of plastics only. The capsule further comprises a lid membrane for closing the cup-like shaped body. The capsule can be formed of gas barrier material and closed by the membrane in a gas impervious manner so that the freshness of the beverage substance, e.g., roast and ground coffee particles, is maintained for a prolonged period of time.
The membrane comprises at least a peripheral perforable area neighbouring the sealed portion of the membrane which is sealed onto the flange-like rim of the body.
Hence, the perforable area can be perforated by perforating means of the beverage production device for providing a series of liquid outlets in the capsule. Therefore, liquid being centrifuged in the capsule can leave the capsule via the series of outlets, then, it can exert pressure onto the annular raising portion of the capsule. When the opening pressure is reached, the valve means opens or enlarges for forming a flow restriction gap and the liquid can be centrifuged outside of the capsule and be collected for being dispensed.
In a possible alternative, the capsule of the invention comprises a lid which is porous to liquid, at least at its periphery, instead of a perforable membrane. The porous lid may be formed of paper, plastic and/or aluminium.
The cup-shaped body and/or lid may also be formed of paper, cardboard or another biodegradable material.
For substantially rigid biodegradable materials, the capsule body may be selected amongst PLA (polylactic acid), a starch and resin-based material, and combinations thereof.
In an embodiment, the upper outer wall is formed of an outer perforable, non-porous, membrane and an inner porous layer. The membrane and layer can form together a laminate. The inner porous layer can be a filter layer such as polypropylene or polyurethane elastomer. The perforable, liquid-tight, membrane can be aluminium and/or plastic. The porous layer can ensure liquid tightness around the injection needle in the central region of the upper wall as well as improving cleanness at the perforated outlets to prevent solids from leaving the capsule.
In another possible mode, the capsule comprises an internal filter element inserted in the cup-shaped body. The capsule can be closed by a lid membrane covering the internal filter. The lid membrane can be perforable or peelable. For instance, the internal filter element can be a plastic piece with filtering holes or slots for filtering the centrifuged liquid such as described in patent publication WO 2008/148646. The capsule of the invention can comprise a substance which is extractable, e.g., ground coffee, or dissolvable, e.g., instant coffee or milk powder. In particular the substance can be chosen amongst ground coffee, instant coffee, chocolate, cocoa powder, leaf tea, instant tea, herbal tea, a creamer/whitener, a nutritional composition (e.g., infant formula), dehydrated fruit or plant, culinary powder and combinations thereof.
The capsule may include a gas with the food ingredients which is protective against oxidation of the ingredients such as nitrogen and/or carbon dioxide. The gas may be added in the capsule, e.g., by flushing, before sealing the upper wall on the body.
Preferably, the capsule comprises gas barrier materials enveloping the ingredients' compartment. However, in case the capsule is not gastight 'per se', an outer package can be used to pack the capsule individually or in group of several capsules. In this case, the package is removed before the capsule is inserted in the device.
The invention also relates to the use of a capsule as aforementioned in a beverage preparation device wherein the capsule is centrifuged in the device.
The invention also relates to a beverage preparation device from a capsule as aforementioned, by passing a liquid through the beverage substance in the capsule, comprising:
a liquid injection head for injecting liquid in the capsule,
a capsule holder for holding the capsule in the device,
means for driving the capsule in centrifugation,
wherein it comprises a pressing surface for applying a determined closing force onto the annular raising portion of the flange-like rim for substantially closing the flowpath to the beverage.
The closing force can be determined to maintain the closure between the annular raising portion and the pressure surface, i.e., the valve means, until a sufficient pressure of the centrifuged liquid is reached directly upstream of the said portion. Such pressure (above atmospheric pressure) can range between 0.1 and 18 bars, preferably 0.5 to 4 bars e.g., about 1.5-2 bar.
The pressing surface and/or the capsule holder is/are associated to spring-loading means for enabling the opening of a flow restriction gap for the centrifuged liquid by the pressing surface moving relatively away from the annular raising portion. It should be noted that the flow restriction gap can be opened between the pressing surface and the capsule by a relative movement between each other. This relative movement can be obtained by either the pressing surface moving away from the capsule or the capsule moving away from the pressing surface such as by the capsule holder being the mobile element. A third option is to have both the pressing surface of the injection head and the surface supporting the capsule holder to move against the force of a springbiasing means.
In a preferred mode of the device, the pressing surface forms a surface of a valve part which is separately moveable from the injection part of the head. As a result, the valve means can act independently from the pressure of contact applied by the injection part of the head. In a preferred design, the injection part comprises perforating members for both injection water in the capsule and extracting centrifuged liquid from the capsule.
More particularly, the injection part comprises outlet perforating members forming filtering means when in perforating engagement in the capsule for the centrifuged liquid when engaged in the capsule.
Therefore, by making independent the valve part from the rest of the head, the valve can open without affecting the relative position of the perforating members with the capsule.
In a particular mode, the pressing surface forms a relatively flat annular surface onto which the annular raising portion of the capsule can press. Hence, a closing action is promoted by an engagement at the valve means under the form of an annular sealing line. Preferably, the surface is substantially parallel to the flange-like rim of the capsule. Of course, the pressing surface could also have a slightly concave or convex line of curvature in radial direction relative to the axis of centrifugation.
According to another feature of the device, the capsule holder can comprise a support surface for supporting the flange-like rim of the capsule and comprising an annular indentation indented to fit into an annular groove of the flange-like rim. As aforementioned, this configuration of the support surface of the capsule holder avoids the deformation of the capsule in the device when the injection head is engaged in compression against the flange-like rim of the capsule.
In another feature of the device, the injection head comprises a central injection needle. The needle is configured to perforate the lid membrane of the capsule. The needle may terminate by one or more liquid inlets for injecting liquid in the capsule. Preferably, the needle is centrally position, i.e., aligned with the axis of rotation. The needle could be omitted if the capsule has a central inlet port provided in its upper wall.
The invention may also relate to a system including the combination of one or more capsules as aforementioned and a device as aforementioned, or a capsule inserted in a device as aforementioned.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a preferred single-use capsule 1 of the invention generally comprises a dished body 2 onto which is sealed a perforable membrane 3. The membrane 3 is sealed onto a peripheral rim 4 of the body at an inward annular sealed portion 5. The rim 4 can extend outwards forming an annular sealed small portion 5 of between about 2-10 mm. The dished body comprises a bottom wall 6 and a side wall 7 which preferably widens in direction of the large open end of the body opposed to the bottom wall. The dished body is preferably rigid or semi-rigid. It can be formed of a food grade plastic, e.g., polypropylene, with a gas barrier layer such as EVOH and the like or aluminium alloy or a laminate of plastic and aluminium alloy or a biodegradable material (e.g., PLA or starch and fibre-based resin). The membrane 3 can be made of a thinner material such as a plastic film also including a barrier layer or aluminium alloy or a combination of plastic and aluminium alloy. The membrane is usually of a thickness between 20 and 250 microns, for example. The membrane is perforated for creating the water inlet as will be described later in the description. The membrane also further comprises a perforable peripheral area.
Preferably, the capsule forms a symmetry of revolution around a central axis A. However, it should be noted that the capsule may not necessarily have a circular section around axis A but may take another form such as a square, a rectangle, or another polygonal form.
According to an aspect of the invention, the capsule of the invention comprises an annular raising portion 8 extending upwardly from the flange-like rim 4 and forms a force-setting means of a valve means when inserted in the beverage production device as will explained later. More particularly, the raising portion 8 extends in relief from the sealed portion 5 of the flange-like rim which extends along plane P. The sealed portion 5 thus forms an inner lowered annular portion of the rim relative to the portion 8. The raising portion thereby extends in a direction opposite to bottom 6 of the body. The raising portion 8 forms part of a valve means for selectively blocking the flow of the centrifuged liquid coming out of the capsule as will be explained later in the present description.
The portion 8 may not necessarily form a continuous annular portion. In particular, it may be partially or totally interrupted or indented by at least one gas venting channel 80. The channel 80 is radially oriented to create a passage forming a gas communication through the portion to allow gas contained in the enclosure of the capsule to be pushed out of the capsule during the filling of the capsule with liquid. Instead of channels, the indentations could be formed by a multitude of micro-corrugations sufficient to render the raising portion permeable to the gas. It should be noted that a certain liquid leakage can be admitted through these vent means 80 provided the pressure loss created by the raising portion remains sufficient to create a rise in pressure in the enclosure and then the move in opening of the valve means.
A first embodiment of a system including a capsule of the invention and a beverage preparation device is illustrated in FIGS. 4 to 8 and is described now. The system comprises a capsule 1 as aforementioned and a beverage preparation device 23. The device has a module 24 which a capsule can be inserted in. The capsule contains a food substance for being brewed and the capsule is removed from the module after use for being discarded (e.g., for waste or recycling of the organic and inorganic raw materials). The module 24 is in fluid communication with a water supply such as a water reservoir 25. A fluid transport means such as a pump 26 is provided in the fluid circuit 27 between the module and the water supply. A water heater 28 is further provided to heat water in the fluid circuit before water enters the module. The water heater can be inserted in the fluid circuit to heat fresh water coming from the reservoir. Alternatively, the water heater can be placed in the water reservoir itself that becomes a water boiler in such case. Of course, water can also be taken directly from a domestic water supply via a water plug connection. The device may further comprise control means and activation means for activating the beverage preparation method (not illustrated).
Water can be fed in the module 24 at low pressure or even at gravity pressure. For example, a pressure of between 0 and 2 bar above atmospheric pressure can be envisaged at the water inlet of the module. Water at higher pressure than 2 bar could also be delivered if a pressure pump is utilized such as a piston pump.
The brewing module 24 can comprise two main capsule encasing sub-assemblies 29, 30; mainly comprising a water injection sub-assembly or water injection head and a liquid receiving subassembly including a capsule holder. The two subassemblies form positioning and centring means for referencing the capsule in rotation in the device. The two subassemblies' closes together to encase a capsule therein for example by a bayonet-type connection system 31 or any other suitable closure means such as a mechanism based on a jaw-type closure principle. The liquid receiving subassembly 30 comprises a liquid duct 32, for example, protruding on a side of the subassembly for guiding the centrifuged liquid coming out of the capsule to a service receptacle such as a cup or glass. The liquid duct is in communication with a liquid receiver 33 forming a U-like or V-like shaped annular section surrounding a capsule holder comprising a rotating drum 34 into which the capsule can be inserted as illustrated in FIG. 5. The liquid receiver 33 defines a collecting cavity 63 for collecting the liquid as will be explained later in the description. Below the liquid receiving subassembly 30, are placed means for driving the capsule receiving drum 34 in rotation inside the subassembly.
The driving means preferably comprise a rotary motor 40 which can be supplied by electricity or gas power. The water injection subassembly comprises a water inlet side comprising a water inlet 35 communicating upstream with the water fluid circuit 27.
The rotary drum 34 prolongs itself axially by a rotating shaft 37 which is maintained in rotational relationship relative to an outer base 38 of the liquid receiver 33 by a rotational guiding means 39 like a ball bearing or needle bearing. Therefore, the rotary drum is designed to rotate around a median axis I whereas the outer base 38 of the receiver is fixed relative to the device. A mechanical coupling can be placed at the interface between the rotating shaft 37 of the drum and the shaft 42 of the motor 40.
Considering the water injection subassembly 29, it comprises a centrally arranged water injector 45 which is fixed relative to longitudinal axis I of the device. The water injector comprises a central tubular member 46 for transporting water from the inlet 35 to a water outlet 47 that is intended to protrude inside the enclosure 14 of the capsule. The central tubular member extends by a hollow needle 90 for intruding in the capsule and injecting liquid therein. For this, the water outlet is associated by a puncturing means such as a sharp tubular tip 48 that is able to create a punctured hole through the membrane lid 3 of the capsule.
About the water injector is mounted a rotary engaging part or cover part 49. The engaging part 49 has a central bore for receiving the water injector and rotational guiding means such as a ball or needle bearing 50 inserted between the part 49 and the injector 45. A sealing means 89 is positioned between the ball bearing 50 and the injection needle 90 for preventing ingress of liquid from the capsule inside the bearing.
The capsule engaging subassembly 29 may further comprise a tubular portion of skirt 62 which protrudes in the internal annular chamber 63 of the liquid receiving subassembly 30 when the two subassemblies are closed relatively one another about a capsule. This tubular portion of skirt 62 forms an impact wall for the centrifuged liquid which exits the centrifuged capsule. This portion 62 is preferably fixed on the subassembly 29. The subassembly further comprises a handling portion 64 for facilitating the connection on the liquid receiving subassembly 30. This handling portion 64 can have a knurled peripheral surface for handling. The handling portion can be fixed on the fixed base of the subassembly 29 by screws 67.
This portion could of course be replaced by a lever mechanism or a similar handling means.
According to an aspect of the invention, the rotary engaging part comprises perforating members 53 located at the periphery of the part. The perforating members are placed for perforating the membrane 3 of the capsule at its periphery, more particularly, in the annular peripheral area of the top membrane 3 of the capsule. More particularly, the perforating members are formed of sharp projections protruding from the lower surface of the engaging part. The membrane is preferably perforated when the water injection subassembly 29 is moved relative to the capsule, when the capsule is in place in the capsule holder of the lower subassembly 30, during closure of the device, i.e., of the two sub-assemblies 29, 30, about the capsule.
The perforating elements are preferably distributed along at least one (or more) circular path of the part. In a preferred mode, the perforating members 53 are solid (i.e., not traversed by a liquid supply conduit) at the tip.
A valve means 51 is provided in the system in the flow path of the centrifuged liquid downstream of the perforating elements. The valve means can be any suitable valve providing opening or enlargement of the flow path of the centrifuged liquid leaving the capsule when a given threshold of pressure is attained. The valve means is calibrated to open at a given pressure. For instance, the opening pressure is of about 0.5 to 4 bar, preferably of from 1.5 to 2.5 bar, e.g., of about 2 bar, of pressure. Importantly, the calibration depends on the distance "d" of the force-setting portion 8 of the capsule. This is mainly this distance that sets the back-pressure of the valve means by automatically adjusting the pre-load of the valve as will be described later. The calibration of the valve will so determine the flow rate of the delivered beverage for a given rotational speed. In the preferred mode, as illustrated, the valve means comprise a portion of engagement, i.e., a raising portion 8 of the capsule, which projects from the flange-like rim 4 of the capsule, more particularly, from the outer surface of the sealed portion 5. This portion of engagement 8 forms a projection extending upwards from the substantially flat surface of the rim or from comparatively lowered, inward sealing portion 5 of the rim. The portion 8 can be formed integrally from the flange-like rim. In such case, the body 2 of the capsule including the flange-like rim is preferably made of plastics and/or aluminium. On the opposed side, the valve means comprises an engaging surface 83 of the rotary cover part 49. As shown on FIG. 7, a gap for liquid is left between the membrane 3 and the raising portion 8 thereby enabling liquid to traverse the membrane in the radial direction, towards the valve means, without being excessively hindered or blocked in the capsule by the lower surface 54 of the cover. The engaging surface 83 may comprise various shapes depending on the particular shape of the projection 8. In a preferred mode, the engaging surface 83 is a substantially planar surface such as an annular flat surface. The engaging surface may be formed as an annular recessed portion of surface at the periphery of the lower surface 54 of the cover part 49 thereby allowing the base of the perforating members to be lower than the tip or upper compressed surface of the projection 8.
In all embodiments of the invention, the height of the raising portion (d) the flange-like rim illustrated on FIG. 7 relative to the inner portion 5 of extending along plane (P) as 7 can be comprised between 0.2 and 10 mm, more preferably, between 0.5 and 5 mm, most preferably between 0.8 and 2 mm.
It should be noted that the engaging surface 83 may take many different shapes other than flat such as concave or convex.
As illustrated in FIG. 8, the flange-like rim of the capsule can comprise an annular groove 81 on its surface 82 opposed to the projection 8, i.e., the lower surface 82 of the flange-like rim or surface directed towards the bottom 6 of the body. The capsule holder of the device comprises a support portion comprising a support surface from which extends an annular indentation 92 which matches the shape of the annular groove 81 of the capsule. Hence, the indentation 92 can serve to position and reference the capsule in the device as well as to support the annular projection 8 of the valve means when being compressed by the rotary part 49. The indentation 92 can be a sharp annular continuous projection or formed of discontinuous projections distributed on an annular path of the surface of the capsule holder. For instance, the projection and its counter-shape 81 can be formed during the forming of the body of the capsule such as by a manufacturing operation of embossing, deep drawing, injection moulding or thermoforming.
The valve means 51 is designed to close under the force of a resilient closure load obtained by a load generating system 70 comprising a spring-biasing element 71. The spring-biasing element 71 applies a resilient load onto the rotary cover plate 49. The load primarily distributes itself onto the engaging surface 83 acting in closure against the raising portion 8 of the capsule. Therefore, the valve normally closes off the flow path for the centrifuged liquid until a sufficient pressure is exerted on the protrusion by the centrifuged liquid exiting through the orifices created by the perforating elements. The liquid flows thus between the membrane 3 and the upper surface 54 of the rotary cover part 49 and forces the valve 51 to open by pushing the whole cover part 49 upwards against the force of the spring-biasing element 71, as illustrated in FIG. 8. The centrifuged liquid can thus be ejected at a high velocity on the impact surface 62.
The load generating system 70 can be made adjustable as illustrated in FIG. 5 or 6, for controlling the opening pressure of the valve means. In particular, the system 70 can comprises a base 55 into which is fitted a first end of the spring-biasing element 71. At the opposed end of the spring-biasing element 71 is fixed, an abutting member 56 further connected to a screw element 57. The base 55, element 71 and abutting member 56 are housed into a tubular frame 58. The screw element 57 and tubular frame 58 form together an actuating means 72 comprising a complementary thread 73 enabling to tune the compressive load of the spring-biasing element 71 on the engaging part 49.
It should be noticed that the elastic means for exerting the load on the valve means can be designed differently. For instance, the elastic means 71, e.g., a spring or rubber-elastic element, can be directly associated to the surface 83 independently from surface 54, e.g., by a separate annular block, or can be associated to a ringshaped protrusion 8 of the valve means.
As illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, the lower surface 54 of the cover part 49 comprises a series of perforating elements or projections 53 being distributed in a circular pattern in a peripheral region of the surface. Each perforating element 53 will produce a perforation in the upper membrane of the capsule and therefore a passage for the centrifuged liquid for leaving the capsule engaged in rotation. The number of perforating elements can be changed by removing the cover plate and replacing it by a plate having a higher number of perforating elements. Preferably, the surface can comprise channelling means 84 formed by a series of channels 85 provided in the surface 54 in order to ensure that a controlled flow gap remains between the membrane and the cover part between the perforating elements and the valve means. The channels 85 can be formed by relief elements 86, 87 forming distancing means. For instance, a series of relief elements 87 can be provided between the perforating elements 53 to ensure that the membrane does not collapse between the perforating elements which would so cause the blockage of the liquid flow. Furthermore, another series of relief elements 86 can be placed in the flow path between the perforating elements 53 and the valve means to further ensure the presence of channels between the surface 54 and the flange-like rim 4 of the capsule so that the flow of liquid is properly channelled towards the valve means. It should be noticed that the distancing means, e.g., a series of discrete relief elements 86, 87, for maintaining a flow gap could be formed onto the flange-like rim of the capsule. For instance, the flange like-rim can comprise a series of small concentrically-arranged projections distributed inwardly relative to the ring-shaped projection 8 (not illustrated).
In another mode of the invention, the annular projection 8 on the surface of the capsule is formed by an element which is made of a material which is different from the material of the flange-like rim of the capsule. The element can be made of a compressible material. The material can be a resilient or non-resilient material. In particular, the element can be made of plastic or can be a rubber O-ring which is sealed onto the flange-like rim. The ring can, for instance, be sealed by heating or ultrasounds or deposited as a liquid, e.g., liquid silicone rubber (LSR), and allowed to harden onto the rim. The projecting element 8 may also be associated by other means to the capsule such as by an adhesive or by clipping into an annular groove of the capsule. FIGS. 10 and 11A, 11B illustrate another embodiment of the invention in which the raising portion 8 is formed as a step raising from the lowered sealed portion 5 of the flange-like rim. The step has a substantially flat upper surface which cooperates in pressing engagement with the lower engaging surface 83 of the cover part 49 of the device to form the valve means. The step may have a width (w) that exceeds the height (d) of the raising portion. Furthermore, the width (w) of the raising portion may also equal or even exceed the width of the sealed portion 5. As apparent in FIG. 11B, a gap is maintained between the upper outer wall 3 of the capsule and the top surface of the raising portion allowing the liquid to circulate toward the valve means 51 without being significantly hindered.
In this mode as well as in any other mode of the present invention, the device may comprise a separation of the cover part 49 into a perforating inner block 49a and an outer valve block 49b. The valve block 49b is annular and independently mounted relative to block 49a against the force of a resilient means 710, e.g., a spring. With such de-coupling configuration of the cover part 49, the pressure load as generated by the valve means 51 is independent from the pressure load applied by the perforating block. Therefore, the opening or enlargement of the valve means 51 as a function of the rotational speed of the capsule can be more reliably controlled during centrifugation. In addition, the position of the outlet perforating members 53 relative to the capsule is not affected when the valve means 51 opens. The filtering of the extracted liquid between the members 53 and the membrane 3 is controlled by the closure of the art 49a onto the capsule and thereby remains constant and effective irrespective of the relative position of the valve means 51.
The capsule of FIG. 10 may further comprise a liquid tightness producing member 91 that engages the needle of the device in a liquid-tight manner (also illustrated in the capsule of FIG. 1). The member 91 ensures that liquid cannot leak out of the capsule through the perforation created by the needle in the membrane. The tightness producing member 91 can be placed on the outer face of the upper wall 3 or on the inner face of this wall. The tightness producing member is preferably made of a rubber elastic and/or fibrous material. It may also extend along the whole outer surface of the wall 3. Other equivalent variations of a capsule comprising a central tightness member are described in co-pending European patent application No. 09169679.9. entitled "Capsule for the preparation of a beverage by centrifugation".
The capsule of FIG. 12 illustrates another embodiment in which the perforable membrane constituting the outer wall is replaced by a porous wall 36. The upper wall thus forms a wall which retains beverage ingredients inside the capsule but allows the centrifuged liquid to leave the capsule without requiring perforation. Additionally, liquid may also be introduced in the capsule through the wall without necessarily requiring perforation by a central needle. The wall may be porous to liquid only partially along the wall, e.g., only at the outlet region or inner region or both. The wall may comprise pores of a size comprised between 50 and 500 microns, preferably between 80 and 300 microns. Suitable material for the wall 36 is filter-paper, woven or non-woven polymer(s), a polymeric membrane with size-controlled holes and combinations thereof.
The capsule of FIG. 13 differs in that the body of the capsule is formed of at least two components 43, 52 having different rigidity. A first component 43 of the body forms the flange-like rim 4 and a second component 52 of the body forms the essential part of the sidewall 7 and bottom 6. The second component 52 is preferably of a more flexible material than the first component. The second component can be, e.g., a thin aluminium and/or a polymeric foil whereas the first component 43 can be hard plastic. The rim component 43 extends by a connection portion 59 onto which is sealed the flexible lower component 52. Of course, the upper wall can be a porous wall as in embodiment of FIG. 12 or a perforable membrane as in previous embodiments.
The capsule of FIG. 14 differs from any other embodiment in, at least, that the upper wall 3 closing on the body of the capsule is formed of at least two layers 41,68; respectively, an outer perforable, liquid-impervious layer 41 and an inner liquid porous layer 68. The multilayer preferably forms a laminate, i.e., a bonded layering arrangement possibly comprising a sealant layer in-between. The inner layer 68 may be formed of resilient plastic such as polypropylene or polyurethane elastomer. The upper layer 41 may be formed of aluminium or an aluPP complex. The inner layer 68 may also be sealed to the upper layer in one or more discrete regions, e.g., in the central region only, and can be loose relative to the upper layer outside said region(s). This can allow ensuring both a liquid-tight arrangement around the central injection needle of the device to avoid bypass of water on the top side of the capsule and a filter function at the periphery of the wall 3 where the liquid is extracted by the centrifugation effect. The capsule of FIG. 14 can be chosen amongst packaging materials that have additionally gas barrier properties in particular for the body 2 and outer membrane 41.
The capsule of FIG. 15 differs from any other embodiment in that the upper wall 3 closing the body of the capsule is sealed onto the top of the raising portion 8. The flange-like rim 4 of the capsule comprises an annular lowered portion 5 merging with the sidewall 7 of the body at one end and merging with the stepped force-setting portion 8 at its other end. However, the lowered portion 5 is distant from the upper wall 3 of distance "d" representing the height of the raising portion 8. The lowered portion 5 has a thickness "d1" smaller than the overall thickness "d+d1" of the rim at the raising portion 8. The thickness d1 can be substantially equal to the thickness of the sidewall. Preferably, the width of the inner portion 5 is larger than its thickness "d1". The capsule of FIG. 18 represents another embodiment, in which the force setting portion 8 is formed by a partially melt energy director onto which is sealed the upper wall 3. The energy director 89 has an initial height (in dotted lines) larger than "d" before ultrasonic sealing of the upper wall 3 but is then reduced to lower height "d" after sealing. As other obvious variations to the present invention, the capsule of the invention can also be a refillable container with an upper wall which can be opened for charging a dose of beverage ingredients in the enclosure. For example, the upper wall is connected to the body by press-fitting. In order to maintain a connection between the upper wall and the body, the two elements can thereby be connected by a local flexible plastic hinge.

Capsule for preparing a beverage by centrifugation in a beverage preparation device and device adapted therefore


A network enabled computer receives connection profile information in a generic form and creates one or more native mode profiles to establish connections. By accepting profile information in a generic form, profile information can be readily provided from one or more ways, including from a policy server, through a user interface or from a third party application. The profile information can be provided with an order of precedence so that profile information from different sources may be combined appropriately. Additionally, the profile information may be provided in an extensible format to allow profile information to be distributed to multiple computers, even if some have different hardware or software configurations and are not programmed to recognize extensions of the profile information.

For a computer to connect to a network as a client, the computer must be configured with settings that are compatible with the network. Configuration may involve identifying the network to which a connection is to be established, as well as setting operating characteristics of the computer to be compatible with those of the network. For example, the computer must be configured to communicate using a protocol and with security settings compatible with that of the network.
The settings needed to configure a computer for access to a particular network are frequently stored in a "profile" stored in the computer. When a connection is requested to that network, the profile may be read from computer memory and the information in the profile may be used to configure the hardware and software elements so that they operate in a manner compatible with the network.
Known computer operating systems incorporate tools that allow users to create network profiles. Using these tools, a user may create a profile for each network to which the user may want to connect.

Profile deployment using a generic format


An information transfer apparatus for transferring memory operand data from a source address in a memory region to a destination address, including a first and second data overlap detecting circuits. If either detecting circuit indicates that data overlap is not present, the data transfer takes place word-by-word. In the case overlap is present, the data is transferred in bytes. The first detecting circuit checks for overlap by comparing the values and identities of predetermined bits in the source address and destination address. The second detecting circuit calculates the difference between the source and destination address and compares this difference to the length of the source operand data to be transferred.

The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus for executing a data transfer instruction to store data or information stored at one address of a memory to another address of the same memory.
A transfer instruction usually includes a source address, a destination address and a designation of the lengths of the operands to be transferred. The source address is the address of the source, and the destination address, that of the destination, in said memory.
Some transfer instructions require the transfer of operand data byte by byte from the source operand data region (hereinafter called source operands) to the destination operand data region (hereinafter called destination operands).
Generally, data reading out of or writing into a main storage or a cache memory in an information processing apparatus takes place word by word, each word having a fixed length of four bytes or eight bytes. Therefore, other transfer instructions requires the transfer of data, instead of byte by byte, in four-byte or eight-byte words. This word-by-word data transfer realizes improved performance in the execution of transfer instructions than a byte-by-byte data transfer. Where the source operands include a destination address in a word-by-word data transfer, there arises the problem of difference in results between byte-by-byte and word-by-word transfers.
If address regions overlap one another in such data transfer, the execution of the transfer instruction should be so altered as to transfer the data byte by byte, instead of word by word.
For one example of a technique to improve the performance of executing a transfer instruction where such an overlap is present, reference may be made to the U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,991.
Irrespective of improving the performance in an overlapping situation, however, there is the need to detect any destructive overlapping of operands. The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No 4,652,991 also describes an example of such detecting technique.
Usually, this detection uses the source address, destination address and source operand length to check whether or not the following condition holds:
______________________________________ source address .ltoreq. destination address < (source address + source operand length) ______________________________________
This detecting system, however, first of all requires for the detection of any destructive overlap the equal availability of the source address, destination address and source operand length.
It further requires the arithmetic operation of adding the source address and the source operand length, comparison of the relative magnitudes of elements in two combinations, one between the source address and the destination address and the other between the destination address and the source address plus the source operand length, arithmetic operation of subtracting the source address from the destination address, and comparison of the relative magnitudes between the balance of the subtraction of the source address from the destination address and the source operand length.
Therefore, the detection of any destructive overlap would take a considerable length of time. Moreover, even if there is no destructive overlap, the data transfer is started after the absence of destructive overlap is detected, so that it is difficult to improve the performance of executing transfer instructions even though data are transferred word by word.
An object of the present invention is to provide an information transfer apparatus cleared of the abovementioned disadvantage and capable of improving the performance of executing transfer instructions.

Information processing apparatus having detecting means for operand overlaps


The present invention provides novel nucleoside-analogue compounds that are effective inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), purine phosphoribosyltransferases (PPRT), and/or nucleoside hydrolases. Also provided are tautomers, esters, prodrugs, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds disclosed herein. The present invention further provides the use of these compounds as pharmaceuticals. The present invention also discloses pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds. Finally, the present invention provides processes for preparing these compounds.

The invention relates to certain nucleoside analogues, the use of these compounds as pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and processes for preparing the compounds.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) catalyses the phosphorolytic cleavage of ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides, for example, those of guanine and hypoxanthine to give the corresponding sugar-1-phosphate and guanine, hypoxanthine, or other purine bases.
Humans deficient in purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) suffer a specific T-cell immunodeficiency due to an accumulation of dGTP and its toxicity to stimulated T lymphocytes. Because of this, inhibitors against PNP are immunosuppressive, and are active against T-cell malignancies. Clinical trials are now in progress using 9-(3-pyridylmethyl)-9-deazaguanine in topical form against psoriasis and in oral form for T-cell lymphoma and immunosuppression (BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc). The compound has an IC50 of 35 nM for the enzyme. In animal studies, a 50 mg/kg oral dose is required for activity in a contact sensitivity ear swelling assay in mice. For human doses, this would mean approximately 3.5 grams for a 70 kg human. With this inhibitor, PNP is difficult to inhibit due to the relatively high activity of the enzyme in blood and mammalian tissues.
Nucleoside and deoxynucleoside hydrolases catalyse the hydrolysis of nucleosides and deoxynucleosides. These enzymes are not found in mammals but are required for nucleoside salvage in some protozoan parasites. Purine phosphoribosyltransferases (PPRT) catalyze the transfer of purine bases to 5-phospho-xcex1-D-ribose-1-pyrophosphate to form purine nucleotide 5xe2x80x2-phosphates. Protozoan and other parasites contain PPRT which are involved in essential purine salvage pathways. Malignant tissues also contain PPRT. Some protozoan parasites contain purine nucleoside phosphorylases which also function in purine salvage pathways. Inhibitors of nucleoside hydrolases, purine nucleoside phosphorylases and PPRT can be expected to interfere with the metabolism of parasites and therefore be usefully employed against protozoan parasites. Inhibitors of PNP and PPRT can be expected to interfere with purine metabolism in malignant tissues and therefore be usefully employed against malignant tissues.
It is an object of the invention to provide pharmaceuticals which are very effective inhibitors of PNP, PPRT and/or nucleoside hydrolases.

Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University


In a method for making a semiconductor device, an insulating film, which is composed of a silicon oxide film and an organic spin-on glass film, is formed on a semiconductor substrate having a step-like part. The insulating film is thereafter etched back with a dry etching process and is thereby planarized. As an etching gas, a mixture of at least one of fluorocarbon types of gases and at least one of hydrofluorocarbon types of gases is used. An insulating film having a high planarity is thereby obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method for making a semiconductor device. This invention particularly relates to an etching process for use in forming a planarized insulating film from an oxide film and an organic spin-on glass film (hereinafter referred to as the "organic SOG film").
2. Description of the Related Art
Planarization of films for layer insulation is important in the formation of multi-layer wiring. In general, organic SOG films are employed to form flat insulating films.
A conventional etching process, which is employed in the formation of a planarized insulating film from an organic SOG film, is carried out in the manner described below. For the etching process of this type, an etching gas, which is constituted of a mixture of trifluoromethane (CHF.sub.3) and oxygen (O.sub.2), is employed. In such cases, the etching rate ratio R of a silicon oxide film to an organic SOG film is approximately 1.0.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are sectional views showing a semiconductor chip as an aid in explaining a conventional etching process.
As illustrated in FIG. 4A, an aluminum wiring 7 having a thickness of 800 nm is formed on a BPSG film 6, which has been overlaid on a silicon substrate 4B. Thereafter, a silicon oxide film 8 is formed to a thickness of 800 nm by the plasma CVD process, and an organic SOG film 9 having a thickness of 300 nm is applied by coating. At this time, part of the organic SOG film 9 corresponding to the position of the aluminum wiring 7 becomes thin, and part of the organic SOG film 9 corresponding to the position free of the aluminum wiring 7 becomes thick. Thereafter, the semiconductor substrate 4B, which has thus been provided with the films, is subjected to an etching process utilizing CHF.sub.3 and O.sub.2. In such cases, from the point of time at which the silicon oxide film 8 becomes exposed, oxygen in the silicon oxide film 8 is fed therefrom into the plasma. Therefore, the etching rate of the organic SOG film 9 increases, and the etching rate ratio of the silicon oxide film 8 to the organic SOG film 9 becomes approximately 0.5.
Therefore, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, in cases where the etching process is carried out until the thickness of part of the silicon oxide film 8 located on the aluminum wiring 7 becomes 200 nm, the organic SOG film 9 is completely removed by etching. Thus a flat shape of the insulating film cannot be obtained.
As described above, with the conventional process for planarizing an insulating film constituted of an organic SOG film, a silicon oxide film located under the organic SOG film becomes exposed during the etching, and oxygen in the silicon oxide film is thereby fed into the plasma. As a result, the etching rate of the organic SOG film becomes higher than that of the silicon oxide film. Therefore, it is difficult to form a flat insulating film having a predetermined thickness. For this reason, the step coverage of an upper wiring becomes bad, and wire breakage occurs. Accordingly, the reliability and yield of semiconductor devices cannot be kept high.

Method of making a semiconductor device by dry etching process


A coaxial cable connector including an insulating housing, a terminal and a conductive shell is provided. The insulating housing has an insulating arm disposed thereon. The terminal is disposed in the insulating housing. A portion of the terminal is bent towards the insulating arm to form a tongue portion and an opening thereon. The conductive shell includes a body and a bending portion. The body holds the insulating housing. The bending portion and the tongue portion are located on a side and a reverse side of the insulating arm respectively. The bending portion is capable of pressing the tongue portion by the insulating arm to press the tongue portion toward the opening and to connect the tongue portion to an internal conductor of a coaxial cable so as to press the internal conductor into the opening.

Since communication technology is highly developed, the communication manufacture is popularly used in the world. In the communication industry, the coaxial cable connector is an indispensable component to the communication products.
Refer to U.S. Pat. No. 6,790,082, a conventional micro coaxial cable connector is disclosed therein. The micro coaxial cable connector is composed of a terminal, an insulating housing, and a conductive shell. When a coaxial cable is disposed on the micro coaxial cable connector, the terminal of the micro coaxial connector is in touch with the internal conductor of the coaxial cable. The micro coaxial connector further utilizes the conductive shell to press the insulating housing, and such that the insulating housing therefore presses on the terminal to force a pair of contacts of the terminal close to each other, and, finally, so as to clamp the internal conductor of the coaxial cable. Therefore, the conductive shell can force the terminal being electrically connected to the internal conductor through the insulating housing.
However, the internal conductor is normally composed by a round wire so that the pair of contacts of the terminal are difficult to firmly clamp the internal conductor. Therefore, the contacts of the terminal have to clamp the internal conductor with a great clamping force. At least, the clamping force has to be large enough to prevent the internal conductor escaping from the contacts of the terminal when the user tries to couple the conductor with a corresponding connector so as to pull and drag the coaxial cable. As a result, because the pair of contacts have to maintain the electrical connection between the pair of contacts of the terminal of the micro coaxial connector and the internal conductor of the coaxial cable, the internal conductor of the coaxial cable is plastically deformed by the pair of contacts of the terminal of the micro coaxial connector due to the pressing force from the conductive shell and through the insulating housing. That is to say, a plurality of abnormal plastic deformation regions may be generated on the internal conductor of the coaxial cable along a direction perpendicular to the contact area between the pair of contacts of the terminal of the micro coaxial connector and the internal conductor of the coaxial cable. The abnormal plastic deformation regions therefore reduce the diameter of the internal conductor and also reduce the mechanical strength of the internal conductor so that the internal conductor can be easily broken therefrom.
Accordingly, there is a need to provide a coaxial cable connector that can effectively prevent from the breakage due to the plastic deformation.


A powdered, uniformly-mixed photographic processing composition is prepared with intense mixing of dry photoprocessing chemical components, and by forming uniformly sized agglomerates of the mixed powder. During agglomeration, a hot melt binder polymer is applied in a controlled manner to enable the uniformly-mixed powder particles to stick together with little residue in the final composition. With this process, the mixed powder and agglomerates each have the desired uniformity in size and chemical composition. The resulting dry composition is highly stable, dissolvable and substantially free of dust.

Conventional images are prepared from imagewise exposed photographic silver halide materials by subjecting them to one or more photographic processing solutions that include the various photochemical components necessary for providing a black-and-white and/or color image. At the very least, such materials require photochemical processing in a developer (to "develop" a silver image from exposed silver halide grains) and a fixer (to "fix" and remove unexposed silver halide). Color photographic processing requires additional steps in order to provide an acceptable dye image, for example a silver bleaching step between color development and fixing.
The various chemical formulations used in conventional photoprocessing steps have been prepared in both liquid and solid form. Many of the necessary photochemical components are already in solid form, and in early years of photography, solid processing compositions were common. However, it was often difficult to mix the solid components in a uniform fashion, and long mixing times were often then required for preparing aqueous working strength solutions. In addition, some of the photochemical components were reactive with each other, and could not be kept together without severe losses in activity, providing evidence of poor shelf life or stability.
More recently, commercial compositions have been prepared, shipped and used as aqueous solutions. Sometimes, they are provided in concentrated form in order to minimize costs associated with weight and volume, but they then require dilution upon use.
Even though concentrates provide some advantage in economy, they are usually storable for only a limited period of time, and the reduced amounts of solvent contained therein still increases shipping and storage costs. Thus, the photographic industry has long sought ways to provide stable photoprocessing formulations in dry form. Various manufacturers have developed powders, granules, solid tablets and other dry forms in recent years in response to these needs.
To date, solid compositions have not been widely accepted in the trade. One reason is that fine powdered compositions pose health risks to workers trying to formulate working solutions when the fine dust becomes airborne in the workplace. In addition, powdered chemicals are difficult to mix uniformly and consistently on a small scale, for example, in smaller photoprocessing labs. To achieve high uniformity, high energy mixing is required, and many photoprocessing customers cannot afford the needed mixing equipment or space. As the powders are made more fine, the dust problem increases and solubilization becomes more difficult.
In response to these problems, various means have been used in the industry to make powdered or granulated photochemicals, for example, fluidized bed agglomerators (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,786 of Kuhnert et al), extrusion processes (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,732 of Emoto et al), and freeze drying (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,384 of Fruge et al).
Solid tablet chemistries have also been developed in the industry (see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,898 of Ueda et al), but the tablets lack widespread acceptance because they are more expensive than conventional photochemical compositions.
Clearly, there is a need in the art for dry, uniformly mixed photoprocessing compositions that are affordable, easy and safe to use, and readily prepared using readily available equipment and procedures. This invention is directed to solving these problems and meeting these needs.

Uniformly mixed dry photographic processing composition using hot melt binder


A candle fuel element includes a wick-holder assembly having a longitudinally disposed wick spaced from a heat-conductive element and a first solid fuel charge disposed between the wick and the heat-conductive element. A second solid fuel charge slidably engages and at least partly surrounds the wick-holder assembly. The heat-conductive element is disposed between the first solid fuel charge and the second solid fuel charge. The heat-conductive element defines a lateral opening adapted to allow fluid communication between the first solid fuel charge and the second solid fuel charge.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to candles and multi-piece candle fuel elements.
2. Description of the Background of the Invention
Candles having multiple fuel sections are known. In one candle, an oil reservoir has a circumferential ring, or collar, that sits on top of a candle support cup. The collar has a plurality of radial heat fins that slant upwardly from the periphery of the candle support cup over a fuel charge carried therein. The radial arms are circumferentially spaced around the candle support cup and conduct heat from a flame on the candle to warm the oil reservoir.
Another candle has an outer wax portion separated from a concentric inner wax portion by a cylindrical shield. A wick is disposed centrally in the inner wax portion. When a flame is disposed on the wick, the inner wax portion is burned. The shield prevents the outer wax portion from being consumed, thereby leaving the outer wax portion intact around the shield.
Another candle is a composite candle having a central core with stacked-outer rings surrounding a central core. The central core is substantially a basic pillar candle having a wick extending longitudinally through a generally cylindrical wax fuel charge. A plurality of outer wax fuel elements or wax rings are disposed around the central core stacked one on top of another up the length of the central core. When the wick is lit with a flame, heat therefrom consumes and melts both the wax fuel charge of the central core and the outer wax rings in a usual fashion. The outer wax rings have various different properties such as colors, scents, shapes, etc., and may be combined in various ways according to the taste of the user.


The present disclosure is related to reporting channel state information associated with a downlink channel in a wireless communication system. In particular, a method of transmitting the channel state information in user equipment may include extracting one or more reference vectors having a high correlation with a channel state information vector associated with a downlink, creating one or more compressed vectors by compressing the one or more reference vectors, and transmitting the one or more compressed vectors.

In order to overcome a frequency shortage problem, a next generation wireless communication system is being developed such that every base station can use an entire available bandwidth. However, it may result in inter-cell interference since the same band width may be used at cell edges. In order to overcome such problem, in the next generation wireless communication system, coordinated multi-point transmission/reception (CoMP) techniques may be considered. Particularly, a CoMP-joint processing (JP) technique among CoMP techniques may enable a plurality of transmission points to simultaneously transmit data to one user equipment. Accordingly, such CoMP-JP technique may not cause interference and also provide a transmission point diversity effect, and therefore may improve performance at cell edges.
In order to employ such technique (e.g., CoMP-JP), channel state information may be required to be accurately reported in a downlink channel corresponding to a communication path from each transmission point to user equipment. Furthermore, reporting of channel state information may be required so as to not cause large feedback overhead.

Transmission and reception of channel state information


There are provided transducers, transmission pulse generators for transmitting pulses to the transducers, a transmission power source for supplying power to the transmission pulse generators, and an output side capacitor 7 for stabilizing a voltage of the transmission power source. The transmission power source includes a plurality of mode-specific power sources 1A and 1B for outputting a constant voltage, and a mode changeover switch 6 provided between the mode-specific power sources and the output side capacitor. The transmission power source further includes a power supplying power source 2 connected to the mode-specific power sources for supplying power, and a power regeneration capacitor 4 with a larger capacity than that of the output side capacitor, one electrode terminal of which is connected to a connection point between the power supplying power source and the mode-specific power sources and the mode changeover switch, and the other electrode terminal of which is connected to ground. The mode changeover switch is capable of connecting the power regeneration capacitor, instead of each of the mode-specific power sources, to the output side capacitor. There is provided an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus that reuses power stored in the output side capacitor to reduce power consumption.

The following principle of ultrasonic diagnostic apparatuses already has been well known: an ultrasonic wave is transmitted to the inside of the body and a reflected wave thereof is received by using a transducer array, whereby two-dimensional information about the interior of the body is obtained.
An ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus that performs sector scanning by using a transducer array is configured as shown in FIG. 4, for example. An operation of the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus that performs sector scanning will be described with reference to FIG. 4. Transducers 8-1 to 8-8 for transmitting and receiving an ultrasonic wave are connected with transmission pulse generators 9-1 to 9-8, respectively, for generating transmission pulses for driving the transducers 8-1 to 8-8. A transmission trigger generator 10 generates trigger pulses that allow the transmission pulse generators 9-1 to 9-8 to generate the transmission pulses, and a controller 5 controls the transmission trigger generator 10 and a transmission power source 11. The transmission power source 11 supplies the transmission pulse generators 9-1 to 9-8 with a voltage that determines an amplitude of the transmission pulses to be generated by the transmission pulse generators 9-1 to 9-8. An output side capacitor 7 is provided to stabilize a voltage of the transmission power source 11.
Reception amplifiers 12-1 to 12-8 appropriately amplify signals from the transducers 8-1 to 8-8, respectively, that have received a reflected ultrasonic wave. A beam former 13 subjects the amplified signals to delay addition, and a wave detector 14 detects the resulting signals. A scan converter (DSC) 15 subjects the detected signals to scan conversion, and a display 16 displays an image based on the resulting signals.
Recently, a single ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus can accommodate a Doppler mode in which blood flow information is displayed according to a spectrum, a color flow mode in which blood blow information is displayed in colors, as well as a B-mode in which an image is displayed by converting amplitude information into luminance, so as to perform a different mode operation for each scan.
As compared with the B-mode that requires a high resolution, the color flow mode and the Doppler mode require a high sensitivity. Accordingly, for a diagnosis, the wave number of a transmission waveform per pulse in the B-mode often is set lower than that in the color flow mode or the Doppler mode.
There are regulations on the intensity of an ultrasonic wave that can be incident on the inside of the body. In the case of a high wave number, the power per unit time becomes higher even with the same amplitude, and accordingly the amplitude needs to be set lower. On the other hand, in the B-mode in which the wave number is low, the amplitude needs to be increased within a stipulated range so as to increase a S/N ratio.
Consequently, in order to switch mutually between the B-mode, the color flow mode, and the Doppler mode at a high speed, it is necessary to change the output voltage of the transmission power source 11 rapidly. However, in the method as shown in FIG. 4 in which the single transmission power source 11 supplies power to all the transmission pulse generators 9-1 to 9-8, high-speed switching is difficult due to the large amount of power supply.
To solve this problem, for example, Patent Document 1 describes a method in which a plurality of power sources are provided and a power source to supply power is selected by a switch.
FIG. 5A is a block diagram showing a configuration from a transmission power source to transmission pulse generators (not shown) in the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus described in Patent Document 1. FIG. 5B is a timing chart showing switching of a transmission voltage. This ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus includes mode-specific power sources 1A and 1B for supplying power, a controller 5 for controlling the voltage of the mode-specific power sources 1A and 1B, power source side capacitors 3A and 3B for stabilizing the voltage of the mode-specific power sources 1A and 1B, respectively, a mode changeover switch 18 for switching between the mode-specific power sources 1A and 1B, and an output side capacitor 7. When generating transmission pulses, the transmission pulse generators rapidly consume power, followed by a voltage drop due to an internal resistance of the mode changeover switch 18 not being zero, and the output voltage decreases. The output side capacitor 7 is used as a temporary power source in such a case.
In FIG. 5B, VB represents an output voltage VB shown in FIG. 5A to be supplied to the transmission pulse generators. SW18 represents a connection state of the mode changeover switch 18. Output represents a voltage of transmission pulses for driving a transducer transmitted from the transmission pulse generators. When a transmission waveform with an amplitude V1 is generated to be transmitted to the transducer as Output for the B-mode (before Time t1), the mode changeover switch 18 is connected to an a side, so that a voltage VB1 is supplied from the mode-specific power source 1A. Then, when a transmission waveform with an amplitude V2 lower than the amplitude V1 is generated for the color flow mode (after Time t1), the mode changeover switch 18 is connected to a b side, so that an output voltage VB2 of the mode-specific power source 1B is supplied, and VB becomes equal to VB2. By repeating this operation, transmission and reception for the B-mode and those for the color flow mode are performed in a time-sharing manner.
Patent Document 1: JP 11(1999)-290321 A


The invention relates to a method for producing a protection for the chip edges of electronic components that are not provided with a housing, according to which semiconductor chips provided with a laterally open bonding channel are mounted on a substrate with a tape interposed between. The invention further relates to a system for protecting chip edges.

It is known that unprotected chip edges, in particular and in addition their corners, are extremely sensitive to mechanical loads, for example shocks. The resultant damage results in high failure rates during handling. In addition, any thermal/mechanical mismatch between the materials that are used for the electronic components can frequently lead to mechanical stress at the chip edges and at their corners, and in the process can lead to damage. Furthermore, unprotected fuses, which should be understood as meaning electrical fuses, e.g., for the provision of redundancy, are very sensitive to environmental influences, such as moisture and ions, and can thus corrode very easily.
In order to reduce or to avoid these problems, various more or less complex methods and arrangements for protection of the semiconductor chips have become known. For example, it is possible to dispense an underfiller around the chip edges, in order to protect them. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,118. A suitable interposer can also be used, or else a suitable plastic can be printed, or else the electronic component can be encapsulated (molded) in order to achieve complete protection for the semiconductor chip.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,144 describes a method and a device for underfilling the intermediate space between a chip and a substrate with an underfilling material. U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,952 describes the production of a compliant interface for a semiconductor chip which is electrically connected to a substrate by means of solder balls. Here, the intermediate space between the chip and the substrate is filled with a compliant filling compound.
However, it has been found that the effects of the thermomechanical stresses, which occur during operation of the electronic components cannot be effectively counteracted by the described methods.
Attempts have also been made to reduce thermomechanical stresses by suitable selection of the components, as has been described for a chip-scale (CSP) component in US Patent Application No. 2001/0046120.
Another possible way to reduce thermomechanical stress is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,293,067, which describes a chip mount for integrated circuits, in which a semiconductor chip is connected electrically and at the same time mechanically to a substrate via bumps (solder balls) and contact islands (pads). In order to achieve a better mechanical connection between the semiconductor chip and the substrate as well, the intermediate space between the components is filled with an organic connecting means (underfiller), such as an epoxy resin or silicone. This underfiller is also intended to be used to reduce mechanical loads (stress) between the semiconductor chip and the substrate. Furthermore, the underfiller also has the function of protecting the active areas and the electrical connections against environmental influences. Depending on the application, the underfiller may in this case fill the entire intermediate space between the components, or possibly only the area of the active surface of the semiconductor chip. However, effective edge protection for the semiconductor chip is not possible with this arrangement.
A completely different embodiment of a sheath for a semiconductor chip is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,546. In this case, a semiconductor chip is mounted on the interconnects of an upper interposer by means of solder balls. Two or more spacers composed of an insulator material, for example an elastomer, are arranged on the rear face of the chip, and a second interposer is mounted on them, which is at the same time provided with external contacts (BGA) for making contact between the module and printed circuit boards, etc. The intermediate space between the two interposers is filled with an encapsulating compound. Since the semiconductor chip is in this case surrounded on all sides, this encapsulation admittedly provides good protection for the semiconductor chip, but even this does not ensure adequate protection against thermomechanical loads. A further disadvantage is that it is impossible to achieve particularly small dimensions, for example in the case of CSP (Chip Scale Packages), that is to say the range of applications is restricted.

Method for producing a protection for chip edges and system for the protection of chip edges


A multifunctional faucet has a dispensing faucet (2) for one or more fluids (18, 19), a sensor (3), a supply (10) for the fluids (18, 19) and a control (5). The multifunctional faucet (1) has at least one graphics-capable optical display (4), which is preferably arranged on the front side of the faucet head (36) and is connected to the control (5). The display (4) has a field display (29) or a display with a matrix of a plurality of luminous display elements.

Such a multifunctional faucet has been known from DE-A 199 27 230. It comprises a dispensing faucet for a plurality of fluids, a sensor means, a supply means for the fluids and a control. The dispensing faucet has a plurality of dispensing openings for the fluids, which can be switched individually in a contactless manner via the sensor system. The fluids are above all water, disinfectant, soap and the like. The prior-art multifunctional faucet is successfully used in the area of private sanitation, but also in medicine and industry and especially in hospitals for disinfecting the hands in the operating room.


A device for dispensing a pre-measured amount of material from a container includes a discharge tube, connecting mechanism for connecting an upper end of the discharge tube to the mouth opening of the container, a measuring reservoir attached to a lower end of the discharge tube for capturing a pre-determined amount of material, and a pivot mechanism pivotably connecting the reservoir to the discharge tube. The reservoir is pivotable from a first position to a second position. With the reservoir in the first position, the reservoir and the discharge tube are insertable into a container having a relatively narrow mouth opening. With the reservoir in the second position, the discharge opening of the reservoir communicates with an opening in the second end of the discharge tube, in a dispensing ready position.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a dispensing device, and more particularly a device for dispensing a pre-measured amount of a liquid or powdered material from inside a container.
2. Description of the Related Art
Numerous devices are known for dispensing a measured amount of a liquid or powdered material from inside a container. Most such devices comprise an elongated tube having a flared, funnel-shaped extension at its lower end. The funnel-shaped extension forms the lower reservoir which is used to capture a pre-measured amount of powder from inside the container. An example of such a device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,323,938 to Ceccarelli et al.
In order to install such a device in a container, it is necessary to insert the tube and the funnel-shaped extension through the mouth of the container. However, due to the size of the funnel, the usefulness of such devices is necessarily limited to containers having relatively wide mouth openings.
Therefore, there is a need for pre-measured material dispensers which are capable of being installed in a wide variety of containers, including those having relatively narrow mouth openings.

Pre-measured material dispenser with pivoting reservoir


A method for manufacturing an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet having two plating layers and excellent in electropaintability and press-formability, which comprises the steps of: applying an alloying treatment under a temperature of from 420.degree. to 520.degree. C. to a zinc dip-plated steel sheet to form on the surface of the steel sheet an alloying-treated iron-zinc alloy dip-plating layer having on the surface thereof fine irregularities comprising numerous fine concavities and numerous fine convexities; then applying a temper rolling treatment at a reduction rate of from 0.3 to 1.5 to the alloying-treated steel sheet, to level the numerous fine convexities on the surface of the alloying-treated iron-zinc alloy dip-plating layer, so as to form on the surface of the steel sheet the alloying-treated iron-zinc alloy dip-plating layer as a lower layer having the numerous fine concavities on the surface thereof; and then applying an iron-zinc alloy electroplating treatment to the temper rolling treated steel sheet to form, on the alloying-treated iron-zinc alloy dip-plating layer as the lower layer, an iron-zinc alloy electroplating layer as an upper layer. The above-mentioned iron-zinc alloy electroplating treatment is carried out with an electric current density of from 50 to 150 A/dm.sup. 2 in an acidic electroplating bath containing iron ions and zinc ions, and having a pH value of from 1.0 to 4.0 and a temperature of from 40.degree. to 70.degree. C.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet having two plating layers and excellent in electropaintability and press-formability.
2. Related Art Statement
An iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet has many advantages such as excellent corrosion resistance and electropaintability and a low manufacturing cost, so that the iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet is widely used as a steel sheet for an automobile body. There is a strong demand for the improvement of electropaintability and press-formability of such an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet.
A paint film is formed on the surface of an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet usually as follows: Subjecting the iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet to a phosphating treatment to form a phosphate film on the surface of the iron-zinc alloy plating layer, and then subjecting same to a cation-type electropainting treatment to form a paint film having a prescribed thickness on the phosphate film.
However, when forming the paint film on the phosphate film on the surface of the iron-zinc alloy plating layer by menas of the cation-type electropainting treatment, a hydrogen gas produced during the electropainting treatment and entangled into the paint film causes the production of crater-shaped pinholes in the paint film. The thus electropainted iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet is further subjected to a finish painting to form a finished paint film on the above-mentioned paint film. The above-mentioned crater-shaped pinholes exert an adverse effect even on the finished paint film, thus deteriorating the quality of the painted iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet.
As a method for manufacturing an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet solving the above-mentioned problem, Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-15,554 published on Mar. 26, 1983 discloses a method for manufacturing an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet for a cation-type electropainting, having two plating layers, which comprises the steps of:
forming an iron-zinc alloy plating layer as a lower layer on at least one surface of a steel sheet, the zinc content in said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the lower layer being over 40 wt. % relative to said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the lower layer; and forming an iron-zinc alloy plating layer as an upper layer on said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the lower layer, the zinc content in said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the upper layer being up to 40 wt. % relative to said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the upper layer (hereinafter referred to as the "prior art 1").
The iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet for an automobile body is subjected to a severe press-forming. The severe press-forming applied to the iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet causes a powdery peeloff of the iron-zinc alloy plating layer, known as the "powdering" and a flaky peeloff of the iron-zinc alloy plating layer, known as the "flaking".
As a method for manufacturing an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet solving the above-mentioned problem, Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 2-66,148 published on Mar. 6, 1990 discloses a method for manufacturing an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet having two plating layers and excellent in powdering resistance and flaking resistance, which comprises the steps of:
forming an iron-zinc alloy plating layer as a lower layer on at least one surface of a steel sheet, the iron content in said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the lower layer being up to 12 wt. % relative to said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the lower layer; and forming an iron-zinc alloy plating layer as an upper layer on said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the lower layer, the iron content in said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the upper layer being at least 50 wt. % relative to said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the upper layer, and the frictional coefficient of said iron-zinc alloy plating layer as the upper layer being up to 0.22 (hereinafter referred to as the "prior art 2").
According to the prior art 1, it is possible to prevent the production of the crater-shaped pinholes in the paint film, and according to the prior art 2, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of the powdering and the flaking of the iron-zinc alloy plating layer during the press-forming. In a method for manufacturing an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet having two plating layers such as that in the prior art 1 or 2, it is the usual practice to form a lower layer with an alloying-treated iron-zinc alloy dip-plating layer having a relatively large plating weight, and an upper layer with an iron-zinc alloy electroplating layer having a relatively small plating weight with a view to economically improve corrosion resistance.
The prior arts 1 and 2 have the following problems: Application of a severe press-forming to the iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet manufactured in accordance with the method of the prior art 1 or 2 causes the production of cracks or peeloffs in the alloying-treated iron-zinc alloy dip-plating layer as the lower layer and the iron-zinc alloy electroplating layer as the upper layer.
When applying a phosphating treatment to the iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet, in which the cracks or the peeloffs have thus been produced in the plating layers, to form a phosphate film on the surface of the iron-zinc alloy electroplating layer as the upper layer, the steel sheet exposed by the cracks or the peeloffs accelerates dissolution of the lower and the upper plating layers into the phosphating solution. As a result, phosphate crystal grains of the phosphate film grow in an abnormally large amount even on the inner surface of the crack or the peeloff of the plating layers.
When the paint film is baked after the electropainting, therefore, a large amount of crystal water is released from the phosphate crystal grains of the phosphate film. The crystal water thus released is entrapped in the paint film and vaporized to produce bubbles in the paint film. Production of the bubbles in the paint film is considered to be rather accelerated by the iron-zinc alloy electroplating layer as the upper layer. Production of these bubbles exerts an adverse effect even on the finished paint film, thus deteriorating the quality of the painted iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet.
Under such circumstances, there is a demand for the development of a method for manufacturing an iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet having two plating layers, in which such defects as bubbles and pinholes do not occur in the paint film even when subjected to a severe press-forming, and which is excellent in electropaintability and press-formability, but such a method has not as yet been proposed.

Method for manufacturing iron-zinc alloy plated steel sheet having two plating layers and excellent in electropaintability and pressformability