The present invention relates to the use of a liquid composition comprising a peroxygen bleach and a radical scavenger or mixtures thereof, for pretreating soiled fabrics before said fabrics are washed, for reducing the loss of tensile strength in said fabrics and/or for reducing the color damage of said fabrics. The present invention further encompasses a liquid composition suitable for pretreating soiled fabrics, said composition comprising a peroxygen bleach and a radical scavenging system.

Peroxygen bleach-containing compositions have been extensively described in laundry applications as laundry detergents, laundry additives or even laundry pretreaters.
Indeed, it is known to use such peroxygen bleach-containing compositions in laundry pretreatment applications to boost the removal of encrustated stains/soils which are otherwise particularly difficult to remove, such as grease, coffee, tea, grass, mud/clay-containing soils and the like. However, we have found that a drawback associated with such peroxygen bleach-containing compositions is that said compositions may damage fabrics resulting in tensile strength loss and/or color damage when used in pretreatment application, i.e. when applied directly (neat) onto the fabrics, and left to act onto said fabrics for prolonged periods of time before washing said fabrics.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide improved fabric safety and/or color safety to fabrics when pretreating said fabrics with peroxygen bleach-containing compositions, especially in those applications where said compositions are left neat into contact with said fabrics for prolonged periods of time before washing said fabrics.
Indeed, when pretreating fabrics with a composition comprising a peroxygen bleach like hydrogen peroxide, it has been found that the presence of metal ions such as copper and/or iron and/or manganese and/or chromium on the surface of said fabrics and/or the exposure to UV radiation from sunlight of said fabrics after having been contacted with said peroxygen bleach-containing composition, produces fabric damage resulting in loss of tensile strength of the fabric fibres and/or in color damage of said fabrics. Indeed, it is speculated that the presence of metal ions such as copper and/or iron and/or manganese and/or chromium on the surface of the fabrics, especially on cellulosic fibres, and/or the exposure of said fabrics to UV radiation from sunlight catalyse the radical decomposition of peroxygen bleaches like hydrogen peroxide. Thus, it is believed that a radical reaction occurs on the surface of the fabric with generation of free radicals, which results in tensile strength loss. Furthermore, it is speculated that this generation of free radicals may further provide an aggressive decomposition of certain dyes present in the fabrics resulting thereby in chemical damage of dye molecules which is visible as discoloration and/or hue change. Dyes commonly present in colored fabrics include metal containing dyes like copper-formazan dyes or metal azo dyes.
Therefore we have found essential that this surface reaction resulting in generation of free radicals is controlled in the pretreatment environment, thereby providing improved safety to fabrics and colors.
It has now been found that this can be achieved by formulating a peroxygen bleach-containing composition which comprises a radical scavenger, or mixtures thereof. More particularly, it has been found that the use of radical scavengers such as substituted mono and dihydroxy benzenes and derivatives thereof, alkyl- and aryl carboxylates or mixtures thereof, in a peroxygen bleach-containing composition, considerably reduces the color damage and/or fabric damage on a fabric pretreated with such a composition. Furthermore, it has been unexpectedly found that the addition, in a peroxygen bleach-containing composition, of a specific mixture of radical scavengers, i.e. the radical scavenging system as defined hereinafter, results in a synergistic effect on fabric safety and color safety when pretreating a soiled fabric with said composition.
An advantage of the present invention is that excellent laundry performance on a broad range of stains and soils such as bleachable stains and/or greasy stains is also provided.
Another advantage of the present invention is that the compositions suitable to be used according to the present invention provide also excellent performance when used in other applications, apart from laundry pretreater application, such as in other laundry applications, as a laundry detergent or laundry additive, or even in hard surface cleaning applications.
EP-B-209 228 discloses compositions comprising a peroxide source like hydrogen peroxide, metal chelating agents such as amino polyphosphonate chelants and free radical scavengers at a level of from 0.005% to 0.04% by weight of the total composition. Said radical scavengers include butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT) and mono-tert-butyl hydroquinone. The compositions exemplified comprise either BHT alone or MTBHQ. Also, nowhere it is mentioned that peroxygen bleach-containing compositions comprising a radical scavenger or mixtures thereof, allow to reduce the loss of tensile strength in fabrics and/or color damage of said fabrics, when said fabrics are pretreated with said compositions.
Co-pending European application 94870047.1 relates to highly acidic aqueous compositions containing persulfate and from 0.01% to 10% by weight of a radical scavenger, or mixtures thereof. Said radical scavengers include butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT), mono-tert-butyl hydroquinone, benzoic acid, toluic acid, t-butyl catechol, benzylamine and the like. The compositions exemplified in said patent application comprise only BHT alone. Also, nowhere it is mentioned that peroxygen bleach-containing compositions comprising a radical scavenger or mixtures thereof, allow to reduce the loss of tensile strength in fabrics and/or color damage of said fabrics, when said fabrics are pretreated with said compositions.
Co-pending European patent application 94870098.4 relates to bleaching compositions comprising a peroxygen bleach and a water-soluble cationic surfactant in combination with a hydrophilic nonionic surfactant. Said compositions may further comprise from 0.01% to 2% by weight of a radical scavenger or mixtures thereof, for stability purpose. Said radical scavengers include butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT), mono-tert-butyl hydroquinone benzoic acid, toluic acid, t-butyl catechol benzylamine and the like. None of the compositions exemplified comprises a radical scavenger nor mixtures thereof. Also, nowhere it is mentioned that peroxygen bleach-containing compositions comprising a radical scavenger or mixtures thereof, allow to reduce the loss of tensile strength in fabrics and/or color damage of said fabrics, when said fabrics are pretreated with said compositions.
Co-pending European patent application 95870018.9 discloses hydrogen peroxide-containing compositions comprising a compound chelating copper and/or iron and/or manganese, said compositions being particularly suitable to pretreat fabrics without damaging fabrics. Said compositions may further comprise from 0.001% to 0.09% by weight of a radical scavenger, or mixtures thereof. Said radical scavengers include butyl hydroxy toluene, hydroquinone, di-tert-butyl hydroquinone and the like. The compositions exemplified comprise only one radical scavenger, i.e. BHT at a level of 0.03% by weight of the total composition. Also, nowhere it is mentioned that peroxygen bleach-containing compositions comprising a radical scavenger or mixtures thereof, allow to reduce the loss of tensile strength in fabrics and/or color damage of said fabrics, when said fabrics are pretreated with said compositions.

Laundry pretreatment peroxygen bleach with radical scavenger giving improved fabric/color safety


A method and structure are provided for an IGFET which has a short conduction channel length. The short channel IGFET functions more rapidly than do longer conduction channel devices. Also the invention includes a dielectric layer with a high dielectric constant value (K) to prolong the longevity of the device. A lightly doped drain region similarly preserves the integrity of the IGFET by protecting the gate from "hot electron injection." The method and structure provide an IGFET with increased performance without compromising the IGFET's reliability or longevity.

An insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET), such as a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), uses a gate to control an underlying surface channel joining a source and a drain. The channel, source and drain are located in a semiconductor substrate, with the source and drain being doped oppositely to the substrate. The gate is separated from the semiconductor substrate by a insulating layer such as a dielectric layer. The operation of the IGFET involves application of an input voltage to the gate, which sets up a transverse electric field in the channel in order to modulate the longitudinal conductance of the channel.
In typical IGFET processing, the source and drain are formed by introducing dopants of second conductivity type (P or N) into a semiconductor substrate of first conductivity type (N or P) using a patterned gate as a mask. This self-aligning procedure tends to improve packing density and reduce parasitic overlap capacitances between the gate and the source and drain.
Polysilicon (also called polycrystalline silicon, poly-Si or poly) thin films have many important uses in IGFET technology. One of the key innovations is the use of heavily doped polysilicon in place of aluminum as the gate. Since polysilicon has the same high melting point as a silicon substrate, typically a blanket polysilicon layer is deposited prior to source and drain formation, and the polysilicon is anisotropically etched to provide a gate which provides a mask during formation of the source and drain by ion implantation. Thereafter, a drive-in step is applied to repair crystalline damage and to drive-in and activate the implanted dopant.
There is a desire to reduce the dimensions of the IGFET. The impetus for device reduction comes from two directions. One is the desire to increase the number of individual IGFETs that can be placed onto a single silicon chip or die. More IGFETs on a single chip leads to increased finctionality. A second desire is to improve performance, and particularly the speed, of the IGFET transistors. Increased speed allows for a greater number of operations to be performed in less time. IGFETs are used in great quantity in computers where the push to obtain higher operation cycle speeds demands faster IGFET performance.
One method to increase the speed of an IGFET is to reduced the length of the conduction channel underneath the gate and dielectric layer regions. However, as IGFET dimensions are reduced and the supply voltage remains constant (e.g., 3 V), the electric field in the channel near the drain tends to increase. If the electric field becomes strong enough, it can give rise to so-called hot-carrier effects. For instance, hot electrons can overcome the potential energy barrier between the substrate and the gate insulator thereby causing hot carriers to become injected into the gate insulator. Trapped charge in the gate insulator due to injected hot carriers accumulates over time and can lead to a permanent change in the threshold voltage of the device.
As shown above, a threshold point exist where heightened speed and reduced dimensions will lead to IGFET breakdown. Conventional approaches have encountered difficulty trying to reconcile the methods for decreasing the hot carrier effects and the methods for improving performance. Also, it is desirable to achieve improved these sought after results without adding costly processing steps. Thus, it is an objective to uncover newly configured IGFET structures and the methods to produce the same which will increase performance increase and while not compromise the IGFET's longevity or fabrication costs.

Method and structure for high aspect gate and short channel length insulated gate field effect transistors


Embodiments disclosed pertain to apparatuses, systems, and methods for dynamically characterizing a mobile station (MS) in a wireless network by determining the variability of measured Round Trip Time (RTT) parameter values, the variability of measured Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) parameter values and other determined characteristics and classifying the MS into at least one of a plurality of classification groups based on the values of at least one of the RTT variability, the RSSI variability, or the other determined characteristics. The classification groups associated with a mobile station may be used to selecting a positioning method to determine the position of the MS.

In network based positioning ("NBP") systems, the locations of mobile stations ("MS"), which may be equipped with wireless communication capabilities such as Wi-Fi and/or a Global Navigation Satellite System ("GNSS"), can be computed based on a variety of metrics. In referring to the process of determining the location of an MS using a positioning system, the terms location estimation, geo-location, locating and positioning are often used interchangeably. Location estimation of wireless devices inside a building can be challenging. While GNSS' such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) work well in outdoor environments, GPS is often less effective within a building due to signal losses. Thus, Radio Frequency ("RF") communications capabilities of the MS are often used to determine MS locations.
In traditional NBP systems, mobile stations served by the NBP system may have a variety of Wi-Fi chipsets, which may exhibit different characteristics despite adhering to a common standard or protocol. These differences in chipset and other MS characteristics may affect the accuracy and/or reliability of measured metrics and any NBP mobile station location estimates that are based on those metrics.
Therefore, there is a need for systems and methods to maintain consistency in the quality of service, and enhance the accuracy and reliability of location estimations provided by NBP positioning systems.

Dynamic characterization of mobile devices in network-based wireless positioning systems


A method for transforming visual preference terminology into a set of fundamental image-quality attributes, and using these attributes to produce a display ready radiographic image that meets the desired appearance. The visual preference terminology can be specified in a hierarchical structure providing a flexible and configurable interface to a radiographic system.

It is a common desire to enhance images acquired from imaging devices to improve their image quality. Digital radiographic (x-ray) imaging systems capture images that have digital code values that typically represent either linear or log exposure. Image processing algorithms are employed to convert (or render) the raw capture pixel data into a display or print ready form.
It is common for a digital radiographic imaging system to require that the body part and projection information (exam-type) of the image be known prior to processing the image for display. Often these systems require that the user (e.g. a radiologist or radiographic technologist) manually enter this information into the system. This can be a burden to the user and may impact workflow. In addition, if there is an error in the entry, it can result in a sub-optimal presentation of the image requiring the user to reprocess the image with the correct exam-type information or manually adjust the image processing parameters.
Manually setting the image processing parameters for conventional image processing to achieve a desired appearance can often be a formidable task for radiographic system user. The parameter adjustments are often expressed in image science terms that the user is unfamiliar with and often the adjustment of one parameter can affect the appearance of more than one image quality attribute. To achieve the desired image appearance it often requires iteration and requires the user to be highly trained. Often users will resort to simplified look-up-table adjustments (know to those skilled in the art as window/level) to adjust the appearance of the image. This provides a very limited control and often provides sub-optimal results.
Because defining the image processing parameters on a typical radiographic system is a complicated process, users will settle with a very limited selection of looks for their images. For example, a specific body part and projection may be acquired for multiple diagnostic purposes, but in many radiographic systems the image processing is the same independent of diagnostic purpose.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a method and system that automatically processes an image to a desired visual preference.
The present invention provides a method and system for automatically processes an image to a desired visual preference.

Transforming visual preference terminology for radiographic images


A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes a photolithography process having steps of a developing solution immersing process. The steps of the developing solution immersing process includes step (a) of dropping a developing solution on a silicon carbide semiconductor substrate and forming a developing solution film so as to have a film thickness of more than 6 μm and step (b) of reducing the film thickness of the developing solution film to 6 μm or less.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a technique capable of reducing microbubbles causing pattern defects in a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including a photolithography process.
2. Description of the Background Art
In the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, a resist pattern formation that is an important microfabrication process in the photolithography process is composed of sub-steps below. (1) First, a photoresist (photosensitive material) is applied to a surface of a semiconductor substrate to form a photoresist film. (2) Next, a mask is used in an ultraviolet exposure device to print a circuit pattern in the photoresist film. (3) Lastly, a development processing step of the photoresist film is performed, and the resist pattern formation is completed.
The development processing step is composed of steps below. (4) First, the photoresist film on which the circuit pattern is printed is immersed in a developing solution. (5) Next, it is immersed in a development stopping solution (rinse solution) such as pure water, and the developing solution is replaced with the rinse solution to stop development. (6) Lastly, the semiconductor substrate is rotated to disperse the rinse solution to be dried.
In step (4) of developing solution immersing process, after or while dropping the developing solution on the semiconductor substrate, the semiconductor substrate is rotated to spread the developing solution entirely on a top surface of the semiconductor substrate in many cases. At this time, air might be taken in. Moreover, the developing solution may be pressurized with nitrogen or air to drop the developing solution. Meanwhile, the nitrogen may be dissolved into the developing solution, and after the developing solution is dropped, the pressure on the developing solution decreases to the atmospheric pressure, whereby the nitrogen dissolved in the developing solution may foam. Furthermore, in a case of exposing a positive-type photoresist including a novolak resin, the nitrogen is released during a photosensitive reaction and taken into the photoresist film before development, so that it may foam when being immersed in the developing solution.
Because of the multiple factors mentioned above, when the developing solution is dropped on the surface of the photoresist film, microbubbles (bubbles) are generated in the developing solution film. Some of the microbubbles adhere to the surface of the photoresist film. The adhered microbubbles prevent the developing solution from coming in contact with the photoresist film, induce development defects, cause pattern defects, and reduce yields of the semiconductor device. Japanese Patent No. 3708433 (2005) discloses the manufacturing method that removes the microbubbles and enhances production efficiency of a semiconductor device.
The manufacturing method disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3708433 (2005) is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device that drops the developing solution on the semiconductor substrate and develops the photoresist film formed on the semiconductor substrate to solve the problem above. The method for manufacturing the semiconductor device includes a first step, a second step, and a third step. In the first step, the developing solution is dropped on the semiconductor substrate while making the semiconductor substrate rotate at a velocity of 100 to 500 rpm and the surface wettability of the semiconductor substrate is enhanced. In the second step, the developing solution is stopped to drop and the semiconductor substrate is rotated at a velocity of 500 to 1500 rpm. In the third step, the developing solution is dropped again while making the semiconductor substrate remain at rest or rotating it at a velocity of 100 rpm or less, and after puddling the developing solution on the semiconductor substrate, the rinse solution is dropped on the semiconductor substrate and the developing solution is washed out.
In the manufacturing method disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3708433 (2005), the first step is capable of significantly reducing the bubbles to be generated at the time of dropping the developing solution, the second step is capable of reducing pattern defects generated because the bubbles originally existing in the developing solution remain at the same place after a lapse of predetermined time, and the third step is capable of reducing the bubbles to be generated at the time of dropping the developing solution on the semiconductor substrate.
Unfortunately, the inventors of the present invention ensures that even if the development processing steps in the manufacturing method disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3708433 (2005) are performed, the generation of the microbubbles cannot be reduced in some cases at the time of dropping the developing solution, whereby pattern defects cannot be reduced in some cases. It is desirable to improve this point and improve yields particularly in manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device in which a wafer is expensive.

Method for manufacturing semiconductor device


A 3GPP LTE protocol enhancement may realize the full benefit of dual connectivity in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks by providing a mechanism to carry Radio Resource Control (RRC) messages and/or Information Elements (IE)s from a Secondary Evolved Node B (SeNB) to User Equipment (UE) via Master Evolved Node B (MeNB) RRC messages. Novel downlink (DL) Common Control Channel (CCCH) and Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) messages, and augmented messages having Information Elements (IE)s for relaying RRC messages from a SeNB to a UE via a MeNB, are defined. Modifications to ASN.1 program coding of LTE 3rd Generation Partnership Project specifications to enable RRC messages from the MeNB to relay RRC information from the SeNB to the UE are provided. In one embodiment, the UE receives, from a MeNB, an RRC message comprising information relayed from a SeNB and interprets the RRC message for control channel and radio resource configuration information from the SeNB.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, data, and other media. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems.
Dual connectivity is a new innovative network architecture that allows a User Equipment (UE) to connect with more than one base station and/or network cell simultaneously. The UE can connect with a Master Cell Group (MCG) and a Secondary Cell Group (SCG) at the same time by connecting to a Master Evolved Node B (MeNB) and a Secondary Evolved Node B (SeNB) at the MCG and SCG respectively.
The transmission of RRC messages via the SeNB is not supported by proposed standards for Dual Connectivity. Thus, in order to realize the full benefit of proposed dual connectivity networks, there is now a need for enhancements in current 3GPP LTE standards to coordinate and align configuration and other operations by including RRC configuration information for SeNBs in MeNB RRC messaging protocols.

Radio resource control messaging for dual connectivity networks


A fuel impurity separation device includes a cylindrical body extending into a fuel can. The separation device includes a screen and a filter. The screen is located at one end of the cylindrical body that extends into a fuel storage cavity defined by sidewalls of the fuel can to prevent large impurities from contacting the filter and slowing down fuel flow as it is poured from the fuel can. The filter prevents smaller impurities from entering into a engine fuel system. The unique size and shape of the body of the separator also removes water and condensation from the fuel as it is poured from the fuel can to assure that only clean fuel is passed from the fuel can into a fuel system.

The present invention generally relates to a filtration unit for separating impurities and moisture from fuel that is stored in a container such as a fuel can. More particularly, the invention relates to a filtering device disposed within a fuel can and through which fuel is poured. Dirt, condensation and other impurities are separated from the fuel as it is poured through the filtering unit that is located between a nozzle or spout attached to the fuel can and an interior hollow or cavity of the fuel can where fuel is stored.
Many problems are created when impurities are passed from a fuel storage container into and through a fuel system for a combustion engine. For example, efficiency of an engine is decreased when moisture and other impurities are present in fuel systems. Damage to an engine may occur when impurities are passed through a fuel flow controlling device such as a carburetor or fuel injector of a combustion engine. If the fuel system is equipped with a filter, the filter must be routinely maintained by performing maintenance on it. This maintenance includes draining condensation and other impurities from the filter. Otherwise, the filter must be periodically replaced.
Moisture is present in most fuel storage tanks or containers. Condensation of this moisture may occur when temperatures rise and fall or when a temperature differential exists between the interior and exterior of the fuel storage container. Water introduced into an engine's fuel system can cause stalling, carburetor icing, fuel line freezing, corrosion in the fuel tank and lines, and injector and engine damage.
The presence of water in a fuel system may require draining of the fuel storage tank and fuel lines in order for an engine to operate properly. This may require a mechanic or other service person to remove the fuel storage tank and pass air or other moisture-reducing media through the fuel lines before the engine will operate. These processes are very costly and time-consuming.
Thus, there is a heartfelt need for reducing water that is introduced into a fuel system of an engine. It is desirous to separate water from fuel prior to pouring fuel into a fuel system from a storage container such as a fuel can.


A generation unit generates the wireless network connection setting information from the first information based on the conversion rule. The encoding unit encodes the first information to generate a code image. A display unit displays the code image. An imaging unit captures the code image. A decoding unit decodes the code image captured by the imaging unit and acquires the first information. A second storage unit stores a conversion rule that is the same as the conversion rule stored in the storage unit. A second generation unit generates the wireless network connection setting information from the first information acquired by the decoding unit based on the conversion rule stored in the second storage unit. A communication unit connects to a wireless network using the wireless network connection setting information generated by the second generation unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wireless communication system, a portable terminal, a digital camera, a communication method, and a computer-readable storage device.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-230950, filed Oct. 18, 2012, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, a scheme for simplifying the setting of a wireless network connection has been known. For example, a method for capturing and decoding a barcode obtained by encoding wireless network connection setting information (a network identifier (SSID) and a pass phrase) that is used when connecting to a wireless network, and connecting to the wireless network using the decoded wireless network connection setting information (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2005-286439, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2006-157815, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2006-261938, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2007-034778, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2007-324926, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2008-211507, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2009-141472, and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2011-205486) has been known.
Furthermore, for example, technology for enhancing the security of the wireless network connection setting information using a barcode obtained by encoding information obtained by encrypting the wireless network connection setting information by a security key (an encryption key, authentication information) (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2006-121185, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2007-251718, and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2011-055127) has been known.

Wireless communication system, portable terminal, digital camera, communication method, and computer-readable storage device


The present invention provides a compound of the following formula (I):

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to N-(4-oxo-butanoic acid)-L-amino acid-ester derivatives, in particular to the preparation method and application of N-(4-oxo-butanoic acid)-L-amino acid-ester derivatives.
2. Description of the Related Prior Art
Recent years, with increase in average life expectancy of population, an advanced aged society had developed. Hypertension is one of the most common vasocular diseases within this group of people. As a consequence of this trend, medicines for reducing blood pressure had become even more demanding than before. Among all the drugs, ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) inhibitor is one of the drugs used for treating hypertension and heart failure. Unlike other drugs used for hypertension treatment, ACE inhibitor will not result in common side effects, they do not have central nervous system side effect. Moreover, ACE does not cause harmful interference with metabolism where diuretic does, it is also suitable for the population who suffers from asthma or diabetes, and therefore it is highly appreciate by the patients. The related kinds of reducing blood pressure medicines that had already been disclosed in U.S. patents are U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,234, Pat. No. 4,465,443, Pat. No. 4,480,874, Pat. No. 4,879,403, Pat. No. 4,925,969, Pat. No. 5,756,812 and Pat. No. 6,118,010.

N-(4-oxo-butanoic acid) -L-amino acid-ester derivatives and methods of preparation thereof

Abstract: wherein R1 is methyl or 4-aminobutyl, which may be acylated; X is phenyl or substituted phenyl; W is an esterified group removable by hydrogenolysis. Also disclosed is the preparation method and the application of formula (I) compound.


An antenna system is disclosed herein which includes a frontend portion, a backend portion and a feed line which connects frontend portion and backend portion with each other. The frontend portion comprises at least two antennas, a combiner connected downstream of the antennas and upstream of the feed line and antenna connectors that electrically connect through antenna plugs, the antennas to the combiner. The backend portion includes an electrical power source connected to the feed line and a resistance evaluation circuit connected between the electrical power source and the feed line and that measures the resistance of the frontend portion through the feed line. At least one of the antenna connectors is in mechanical contact with a jumper having jumper plugs between which a high resistance connection and a low resistance connection is provided that depends on whether the corresponding antenna is connected to the combiner or not.

An antenna is usually connected to a transmitter or receiver by way of a feed line. Antennas for use at radio frequencies are effective over a limited frequency range. When operation is required over a wide frequency range it is common to use multiple antennas with each antenna being optimized for a specific narrow band of frequencies. The desired antenna is manually selected with a switch or other means that connects that antenna's feed line to the transmitter or receiver.
If the antenna is a so-called active antenna (i.e., includes an antenna (pre-) amplifier), then the antenna amplifiers can easily be supplied with power. Furthermore, an antenna diagnosis can be simply performed for each individual antenna. However, for each antenna in an antenna system, an individual feed line must be provided. This condition makes the system costly, space consuming and heavy and, therefore, less suitable for automotive applications.
Also common are systems in which multiple (active) antennas are connected to multiple receivers and/or transmitters via a single feed line. When using a single feed line, however, antenna diagnosis is difficult to realize, if it can be realized at all. Thus, there is a need to provide a multi-band, multi-antenna system that overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks.


An exhaust gas system for an internal combustion engine, especially an engine for a vehicle and preferably an Otto engine of a vehicle, includes a catalytically active device disposed in the exhaust gas system. The device has at least one electrically heatable honeycomb body disposed in a housing. Exhaust gas can flow through the body and the body is connected through electrical lines to connections on the housing. The device is electrically decoupled from the exhaust gas system. The housing has electric insulation at inlet and outlet sides for electrical decoupling of the device from the exhaust gas system.

Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an exhaust gas system for an internal combustion engine, especially an engine for a vehicle and preferably an Otto engine of a vehicle, having a catalytically active device disposed in the exhaust gas system, the device having at least one electrically heatable honeycomb body disposed in a housing for conducting exhaust gas through the body, and the body being connected through electrical lines to connections on the housing.
An electrically heatable honeycomb body, in particular a catalyst carrier body, of the kind that can be used particularly to reduce the pollutant emissions in the coldstarting phase of an Otto engine in motor vehicles, is known from Published International Patent Application WO 92/02714, corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,711.
Such a honeycomb body is disposed in a housing that is made of an electrically conductive material and is equipped with electrical connections for the electrically heatable honeycomb body.
The electrical connections are constructed in such a way that an electrical contact between a connection and the housing of the catalytically active device is to be avoided. However, that goal cannot always be reliably met. In rough operation of a motor vehicle, an electrical contact can occur between the electrical line and the housing, for instance from damage to the cable insulation. If an electrical contact occurs between the line carrying a higher electrical potential and the housing, a voltage sparkover can occur, which can cause damage to the connection. The voltage sparkover arises because the housing is electrically connected to the exhaust system, and the exhaust system is connected to ground potential through the engine. The damage to the connections can mean that the honeycomb body can no longer be heated, or can only be heated very unsatisfactorily.
Previously known honeycomb bodies are run on an operating voltage of approximately 12 V. However, demands are being made to run the honeycomb bodies on higher operating voltages. At higher operating voltages, the danger of a voltage sparkover is even greater. That is also true for all of the support and insulating structures which are electrically insulated from the housing and are disposed at the inside of that kind of electrically heatable honeycomb body.

Exhaust gas system for an internal combustion engine utilizing a heated catalyst within a housing, wherein the housing is electrically isolated from the exhaust gas system

Emitec Gesellschaft fuer Emissiontechnologie mbH


The invention provides a composition comprising the following:                A) a first polymer composition comprising an anhydride functionalized ethylene-based polymer, and optionally, an ethylene-based polymer;        B) a filler; andwherein the anhydride functionalized ethylene-based polymer has a density from 0.855 g/cc to 0.900 g/cc and a melt viscosity, at 177° C., from 1000 to 50,000 cP.

There is a need to optimize the balance of flow, mechanical and adhesion properties of a highly filled polymer-based compositions. Typically, high flow ethylene-based polymers can be highly filled with fillers such as talc, CaCO3, or coal fly ash to improve mechanical properties and increased abrasion and scratch resistance. However, such high filler loadings typically increase the viscosity of the final composition, and thus reduced flow properties. The addition of plasticizers, such as oils, can reduce the compositions viscosity and improve the flow characteristics, but, such additions typically result in poor mechanical properties and poor adhesion properties.
Filled polymer compositions and other compositions are disclosed in the following references: US Publication 20090202847, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,550,528, 7,335,696 (see also U.S. Pat. No. 7,781,510), US Publication 2010/0160497, JP 09286878A (Abstract), U.S. Pat. No. 3,963,850, JP 5078589A (Abstract), JP 09286878A (Abstract), U.S. Pat. No. 3,963,850A, JP 5078589A (Abstract), International Publication No. WO 2015/013472, International Publication No. WO 98/38245, International Publication No. WO 2004/035680, International Application No. PCT/CN14/084914, filed Aug. 21, 2014, International Application No. PCT/CN14/072208, filed Dec. 23, 2014, U.S. application Ser. No. 14/408,152, filed Mar. 14, 2013.
However, as discussed above, there is need for new filled ethylene-based polymer compositions that have optimize the balance of flow, mechanical and adhesion properties of a highly filled polymer-based compositions, especially when such compositions are used as substrate for paint or other coatings. This need has been met by the following invention.

Filled polymer-based compositions with low viscosity, good mechanical properties and adhesion


A semiconductor device includes a substrate, a III-nitride buffer layer on the substrate, an N-channel transistor including a III-nitride N-channel layer on one portion of the buffer layer, and a III-nitride N-barrier layer for providing electrons on top of the N-channel layer, wherein the N-barrier layer has a wider bandgap than the N-channel layer, a P-channel transistor including a III-nitride P-barrier layer on another portion of the buffer layer for assisting accumulation of holes, a III-nitride P-channel layer on top of the P-barrier layer, wherein the P-barrier layer has a wider bandgap than the P-channel layer, and a III-nitride cap layer doped with P-type dopants on top of the P-channel layer.

GaN N-channel transistors are known in the prior art to have excellent high-power and high-frequency performance. However, there are applications in which it is desirable to have a P-channel GaN transistor that can work with a GaN N-channel transistor on the same integrated circuit or substrate so that a high performance complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated-circuit (IC) can be realized. The embodiments of the present disclosure answer these and other needs.

Gallium nitride complementary transistors


A hoisting mechanism for raising a ladle filled with liquid steel from a transfer vehicle to immersion pipes of a vacuum treatment tank of an RH degasser. Two lifting arms are provided, one end of which can be brought into engagement with a support device formed on the ladle, and a bearing end of the arms is supported in a stationary saddle support comprised in such a way of a runway, disposed on the bearing ends of the lifting arms and having the shape of a circular arc, and of a path of rolling contact, adapted to axially fixedly guide the runway during pivoting of the lifting arms, that due to shifting of the point of load introduction in the saddle support occurring during a raising movement, reduction of a horizontal movement of the ladle occurs.

The present invention relates to a hoisting mechanism for raising a ladle filled with liquid steel from a ladle transfer vehicle to the immersion pipes of the vacuum treatment tank of an RH degasser.
In a so-called RH degasser, liquid steel is subjected to a vacuum treatment by immersing the immersion pipes of the vacuum treatment tank into the liquid steel that is disposed in the ladle. To keep the treatment times short, the requirement exists to design the diameter of the immersion pipes as large as possible in correspondence to the ladle dimensions. In operational practice, for this purpose in one embodiment the vacuum treatment tank is lowered into the ladle, which rests upon a ladle transfer vehicle. However, this has the drawback that the vacuum treatment tank has numerous connections for the vacuum generation and for conducting treatment gasses through and for withdrawing them, so that each movement of the vacuum treatment tank means a corresponding stress upon its connections and the lines connected thereto.
Alternatively, the ladies are raised by suitable hoisting mechanisms from the ladle transfer vehicle, or also along with the transfer vehicle, and are brought to the immersion pipes of the fixedly installed vacuum treatment tank. This is accomplished by crane cable suspension means or hydraulic lifting mechanisms that ensure an exact vertical movement of the ladle, since due to the desired large immersion pipe diameter, the exact positioning of the ladle relative to IC) the immersion pipes must be ensured. Such crane cable suspension means, and also hydraulic lifting mechanisms, unfortunately require a lot of space and therefore require a correspondingly large capital investment.
Of a more economic design are hoisting mechanisms having a pivot arm that is movable by a hydraulic cylinder and is rotatable about a swivel joint during the raising or lowering movement. Such a pivot arm hoisting mechanism is known for the movement of the vacuum treatment tank of an RH degasser and can be seer, for example, in the publication "Secondary Metallurgy-Fundamentals, Processes, Applications", publisher Stahleisen GmbH, Düsseldotf 2002, FIG. 22.214.171.124.
The drawback of such pivot hoisting mechanisms is that during the rotational movement of the pivot arm, there inevitably results not only a vertical movement, in other words a lifting movement, of the ladle that is supported by the pivot arm, but also a horizontal movement, which is dependent upon the pivot angle and the corresponding radii, along with a horizontal displacement of the vertical axis of the ladle. With the use of such a pivot lifting mechanism for bringing a ladle to the immersion pipes of a vacuum treatment tank, this kinematic would lead to a corresponding reduction of the diameter of the immersion pipes in order to take into account the horizontal movement of the ladle during its lifting or lowering movements.
It is therefore an object of the present invention for a ladle that contains liquid steel for the raising from a ladle transfer vehicle to the immersion pipes of the vacuum treatment tank of an RH degasser, to provide a lifting mechanism that operates on the basis of pivotable lifting arms, yet largely without having a horizontal movement of the ladle occur during the pivoting movement of the lifting arms.

Hoisting mechanism for steel processing ladles in RH degassers


Provided is an off-center embedded media marker, which may have a form of an iconic marker printed outside the boundary of a region of interest in a document or other article and indicating an available media object or a function associated with the aforesaid region of interest. This marker is used by defining a sight element with the boundary shape of the marker near the edge of a viewable portion of a display, aligning the sight element with the marker and capturing an image of a predetermined region of the document without using a visible region boundary on the hardcopy document. The media or function associated with the marker is automatically determined by performing a feature-based analysis of the captured image similarly to the techniques developed in connection with the conventional embedded media markers. Upon the determination, the associated media is retrieved of the associated function is performed.

1. Technical Field
The disclosed embodiments relate in general to systems and methods for generating and using embedded media markers, which signify existence of media or function associated with a part of a document as well as articles embodying such embedded media markers, and, more particularly, to systems and methods for implementing and using off-center embedded media markers and articles containing them.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional embedded media markers, or simply EMMs, are nearly transparent iconic marks printed on paper documents or other tangible articles that signify the existence of media associated with a specific part of the document. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0154174 discloses a system and method for generating and using such embedded media markers. By using a semi-transparent boundary that encompasses the signified document patch with enough visual features, a conventional embedded media marker can guide users' camera operations for media retrieval. Users take a picture of the embedded media marker-signified document patch using a smartphone camera, and the media associated with the marker-signified document location is automatically displayed on the smartphone's display. In other words, the embedded media marker operates substantially similarly to a link to a local or external media object related to the article embodying the embedded media marker or any specific part thereof.
However, the conventional media markers are intrusive because they must be printed over features of the document and may visually interfere with the appearance of the affected document features. Thus, less intrusive alternatives to the conventional embedded media markers are desirable.

Systems and methods for implementing and using off-center embedded media markers


The present invention relates to a novel source of microorganism for production of Camptothecin and related camptothecinoids. The invention also discloses its isolation, screening for Camptothecin production, growth, fermentation requirements and chemical analysis of Camptothecin (camptothecinoids).

Camptothecin-(CPT), {4-(S)-4-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-H-pyrano},[3,4,6,7]-indolizino-(1,2b) quinoline-3,14 (4H,12H) dione} which is of the chemical structural formula (FIG. 1) belongs to a group of anticancer agents with unique mechanism of action of interfering eukaryotic DNA.CPT and minor camptothecinoids have been obtained in high percentage from Indian tree Nothapodytes foetida {Govindachari, T. R. Phytochemistry 11 3529, (1972)} and Japanese species of Nothapodytes obscura, N. obtusifolia, N. piltosporsides, N. tomentosa and N. collina {Zhang X I and Bao Juchen et al CN. 1, 045 266 (CI Co7D39 261 12 Sep. 1990, C: A. 114 1647607v 1991)}. Other sources of camptothecinoids are Ophiorhiza mungos Linn (Tafur et al. Llyodia 39.261 1976) O. plumila (Katajimia M. et. al. Tenner YuKi Kagobotsi Toronkai Yoshishu 26 493 1997) Eryatamia heyneana wall (Gunsekra S. P. et. al. J. Nat. Prod. 42. 475 1979) and Merriliodendeon megacarpus Helms (Arisawa M, et al. Planta. med. 430 404 1981).
Nothapodytes foetida (syn; Mappia foetida) commonly called "Kalagur" is a small tree distributed in western peninsula from Konkan southward i.e. Nilgiris, Anamalis, Pullneys, North Kanara and Konkan ghats. The anticancer agent isolated from this plant displays an unique mechanism of action as it inhibits intra-nuclear enzyme topoisomerase-I, that is required for swivelling and relaxation of DNA during molecular events such as replication and transcription involved in DNA replication.
Clinical trials of several molecules of this class of compound are in progress in different countries such as Irinotecan (CPT-11) and Topotecan (TPT) have been approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and refractory ovarian cancer respectively and their clinical pharmacology have been thoroughly discussed in recent review {Plumbo. M. et al. J. Chromatogr. B, 764 (2001) 121}. New potent and water soluble derivatives have been synthesised and are also now in clinical studies. It was established from SAR studies that functionalization at position 7, 9, 10 and even 11 is compatible with increased activity as shown by 9-amino-20-(S)-camptothecin (9-AC), CPT-11, TPT, N-desmetyl-TPT and other amino containing moieties "Exatecan" (DX-8951) (Mitsui, I. et. al, Jpn. J. Cancer Res 86 (1995) 776). Second generation potent drug candidates at the preclinical stage are more active than CPT like lurtotecan (GG211 or G-1147211) piperazinyl derivative with five or six-member ring at position 10 and 11 which exhibits anti-leukaemia and anti-tumour activity (Takimoto. C. H. et al, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1400(1998) 107).
The renewable wild source of Nothapodytes foetida has experienced a colossal depletion due to rapidly disturbed and altered eco-system. The germination of Nothapodyte's seeds is tedious due to compressed dormancy.
Even though CPT has shown remarkable promise as an anti-tumor agent, unfortunately at the present time the supplies of CPT are inadequate when compared to its projected demand. Thus it is essential to understand how, where and when CPT is biosynthesised in the plants and factor that affect its biosynthesis. As it is well known that many factors influence the production of bioactive molecules which not only include various environmental factors such as temperature and moisture level, but the genetic background of the tree itself: Also plants are commonly hosts to a multitude of microbes including parasites, symbionts, endophytes, epiphytes and mycorrhizal fungi. These organisms may also influence the production of secondary plant metabolites such as phytoalexins whose presence can be triggered by elicitors from microbes. Such microbes may also be capable of production of secondary molecules similar to those produced by the plants.
There are other reasons that prompted the present inventors to devise an "in-vitro" system of CPT production. The system can utilises precursors of CPT, an optimised environment and appropriate plant parts where it is synthesised. The results will be an "in-vitro" system for CPT from the most productive aerial tissue portions of indigenous Nothapodytes.
However such "in-vitro" synthesis has many limitations. The source of CPT production from the wild sources either from Chinese Camptotheca accuminata or Nothapodytes foetida is relatively difficult to meet the demand of the parent compound CPT in view of therapeutic applications in anticancer therapy. Presently isolation from the plant sources or synthesis of camptothecinoids involves multi-step procedure and will be uneconomic.
It is therefore, the objective of the present inventors to investigate, identify and isolate a novel organism for the production of CPT. It is also an object of the present invention to use this microbial source and utilise the fermentation and biotechnology capabilities as a novel mode of preparation of such molecules.
In order to meet the gap between demand and supply of these resources and reduce the greater reliance on wild resources, it is not possible to wait for natural regeneration of vegetative biomass. Therefore attempts have been made to find alternative source in shortest possible time for production camptothecinoids.

Endophytic camptothecin and camptothecinoid producing fungi and process of producing the same

Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research


In one embodiment, the present invention includes a counter to count core clocks, where the counter has a value to be incremented from zero to one less than a first bus ratio. Coupled to the counter may be a control logic to generate a control signal to change from the first bus ratio to a second bus ratio, where the control logic is coupled to receive the counter value and control the counter based on this value. In this way, the bus ratio can change without draining the transaction queues of a processor. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

The demand for more powerful computers and communication products has resulted in faster processors that often have higher die temperatures and consume increasing amounts of power. However, design engineers struggle with reducing power consumption and die temperature.
Typically, a processor or microcontroller will utilize a clock multiplier. The clock multiplier is a ratio of a core frequency of the processor over a bus frequency. One typical solution is a throttle for changing the clock multiplier. For example, as the operating temperature of the integrated device rises, the operating frequency is reduced. Consequently, the integrated device cools down due to the lower operating frequency. Therefore, the operating frequency may be increased after the integrated device had cooled down. However, this throttle may have a detrimental impact on the processor's performance because the processor suffers from the long latency involved in switching the clock multiplier.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method and system for fast frequency switch for a power throttle in an integrated device


A catheter includes a main body; a first and a second lumen provided in the main body, wherein a first and a second guide wire are insertable in the first and second lumens, respectively; a first inclined surface provided, on a side of the center axis line, such that the first inclined surface is inclined frontward to approach the center axis line; a first opening formed in the first inclined surface and through which the first lumen opens outward; a second inclined surface provided, on the other side of the center axis line, such that the second inclined surface is inclined frontward to approach the center axis line; and a second opening formed in the second inclined surface and through which the second lumen opens outward.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a catheter and particularly to a novel structure of a catheter constructed such that two guide wires can be inserted therein or extended therethrough.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Conventionally, a catheter has been used as a sort of medical instrument that is inserted in a tubular organ of a human body, such as a blood vessel, a digestive tract, or a ureter, so as to carry out various treatments, examinations, or procedures. Generally, a catheter includes a main body that has a flexibility and is inserted in a human body. The main body of the catheter has a lumen that is formed therein and extends in an axial direction thereof. Since a guide wire that is inserted in a tubular organ of the human body is extended through the lumen of the main body, the main body can be inserted in the human body while being guided by the guide wire.
Each of Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-267333) and Patent Document 2 (Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-505148) discloses a catheter that has the above-described structure and includes a main body in which two guide wires can be inserted. The main body of the catheter has two lumens formed therein and extending parallel to each other in an axial direction thereof. The two guide wires are inserted in the two lumens, respectively, such that a front end portion of each of the two guide wires projects frontward from a corresponding one of the two lumens and the each guide wire is movable in the axial direction. More specifically described, each guide wire may be inserted in the corresponding lumen in a so-called "monorail" manner in which the guide wire is inserted in the lumen through an opening formed in an outer circumferential surface of an axially intermediate portion of the main body, and is caused to project outward from an opening formed in a front end of the main body as seen in an insertion direction in which the main body is inserted in the human body, or in a so-called "over-the-wire" manner in which the guide wire is inserted in the lumen through an opening formed in a rear end surface of the main body as seen in the insertion direction, and is caused to project outward from an opening formed in the front end of the main body.
The above-indicated so-called "double-guide-wire" catheter through which two guide wires can be extended can find various applications. For example, in a state in which the main body of the catheter is inserted in a blood vessel having a total occlusion lesion, the two guide wires are moved forward in the two lumens, respectively, and respective front end portions of the two guide wires that project frontward from the main body are operated to pass through through the lesion and thereby treat the same.


A solution for providing user equipment (UE) location information during an emergency call (e.g., an E911 call) includes: detecting an emergency call originating from the UE; determining a location of the UE; based on at least detecting the emergency call originating from the UE, transmitting the location of the UE across a cellular network to an emergency monitoring node (e.g., a public safety answering points (PSAP) and/or a gateway mobile location center (GMLC)); and based on at least detecting the emergency call originating from the UE, transmitting the location of the UE across a packet data network (e.g., the internet, using a data plan) to the emergency monitoring node. This provides an alternate path for the location information, and some examples use a larger set of location information sources. In some examples, during the emergency call, based on available battery power, the UE location information may be updated.

When someone requires assistance, and places an emergency phone call, it is often important for emergency responders to know the location of that person. A cellular device, for example a user equipment (UE), has logic to determine and automatically report its location over the cellular network to which it is connected, when making an emergency call, such as an enhanced 911 (E911) call. The UE may use a global positioning system (GPS) receiver or assisted GPS (AGPS) to determine its location. The location of the UE is routed to a public safety answering point (PSAP), where the emergency call is answered, and the person using the UE may make a report on the emergency.
Unfortunately, if there is problem with the process of the UE determining its location from traditional sources, or transmitting the information on the cellular network, the PSAP will not receive the correct, accurate UE location information in a timely manner.

Providing user equipment (UE) location information during an emergency call


An optimal bicycle frame size and configuration is determined based on operational characteristics provided by a rider when riding an adjustable stationary bicycle. An optimal motorcycle and motorcycle configuration is determined based on characteristics of the rider when riding an adjustable stationary motorcycle. A camera system can be used to collect anthropomorphic data about the rider to establish an initial positioning of the components of the adjustable vehicle. The camera system can also be used to collect real-time information about the rider's body positioning so as to cause adjustment of the positioning of the components of the adjustable vehicle.

In riding a bicycle, the pedaling power of the user is a primary factor in determining how fast the rider will get to the destination. There are other factors associated with the bicycle and the interaction between the rider and the bicycle, such as the wind resistance (i.e., drag coefficient) and the weight of the rider and/or bicycle. In order to optimize the power output of the rider on the bicycle, it is important that the bicycle be of appropriate dimensions for the rider. The rider must be in an aerodynamic riding position as much as possible, but the position should also affect the breathing and the pedaling of the rider as little as possible. The pedaling power is directly related to the heart rate of the rider and adequate breathing is essential to an optimized riding position.
At present, when purchasing a bicycle, a rider moves onto the bike having its rear wheel supported by a trainer. According to the salesman's experience, various adjustments are made (vertical and horizontal position of the seat, stem length and handlebar height) until a suitable riding position is reached, often as visually decided by the salesman. The rider must at the very least stop pedaling and lean forward to make adjustments to the seat. In some instances, the rider must come off the bicycle for adjustments to be made and obviously must completely dismount to test a different frame size. Similarly, cyclists who desire the optimal performance of their bicycle may wish to measure the effect of various configurations and equipment positions to ensure the best arrangement for a desired performance, e.g., sprint, triathlon, endurance, etc. Such an optimization generally requires the repeated and manual adjustment of the seat, handlebars, etc.
Several motorized or mechanically actuated devices have been designed in an effort to streamline the bicycle fitting process. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,905,817 to Giannascoli et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, discloses a stationary bicycle with motor-adjustable translational joints between the frame and the handlebars and the frame and the seat. This design enables the adjustment of the relative positions of the seat and handlebars with respect to the crank while the rider is positioned on the stationary bicycle. As further disclosed in U.S. Appl. Pub. No. 2013-0065733 to Kautz et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, the best fitting bicycle frame may be determined using a stationary bicycle such as the one disclosed in Giannascoli et al. and measuring power, cadence, and other parameters associated with the performance of the rider under various setup positions. Another design of a motorized or mechanically-driven adjustable stationary bicycles is disclosed in U.S. Appl. Pub. No. 2011-0237397 to Mabey et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The Mabey et al. design incorporates numerous mechanical actuators to adjust the relative position of the handlebars and seat with respect to the crank based on verbal feedback from the rider and power measurements taken by the device.
In addition, there are prior art camera or biometric measurement based systems known for use in bicycle fitting. For example, U.S. Appl. Pub. Nos. 2007-0142177, 2010-0076721, and 2010-0306160 to Simms all relate to systems for using physical measurements of a cyclist and visual marker tracker systems to assist in the bicycle fitting process.
As with bicycles, a rider's position on a motorcycle can affect how well the rider is able to manipulate the motorcycle and can affect the performance of the rider. Different performance characteristics are desired depending on the type of motorcycle and type of riding involved, e.g., off road vs. on road, endurance vs. sprint, and competitive vs. leisure riding. It is therefore desirable to optimally fit a motorcycle to the rider in terms of body as well as type of riding. Configurations can vary greatly depending on the circumstances. For example, an optimal motorcycle or motorcycle configuration for a rider who is 6′5″ tall engaging in cross-country touring is very different from the optimal motorcycle or motorcycle configuration for a rider who is 5′8″ tall participating in competitive off road motocross events. Historically, fitting a motorcycle to a rider has been performed by educated guesswork and trial and error. The inclusion into the fitting mix of various designs for aftermarket handlebars and other customization options makes fit optimization all the more difficult.
The prior art mechanical and motor-driven adjustable stationary bicycles all suffer to varying degrees from one or more of the following deficiencies: significant stand-over height making it difficult for smaller riders to use the devices; numerous expensive actuators/motors required to accomplish adjustments increasing the cost and service requirements for the devices; inability to provide a simulated climbing or descending of hills to replicate actual riding conditions; and multiple crank positions are required to accommodate different riders. Existing fitting techniques for optimizing a motorcycle configuration are rudimentary at best. As such, there is a need for an adjustable vehicle fitting system that overcomes some or all of these shortcomings. Similarly, the existing systems for including biometric information in the fitting process suffer from various shortcomings, such as an inability to offer real-time adjustments while the rider is actively riding or simulating riding and the inability to effectively pre-fit a rider.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that one or more aspects of this invention can meet certain objectives, while one or more other aspects can lead to certain other objectives. Other objects, features, benefits and advantages of the present invention will be apparent in this summary and descriptions of the disclosed embodiment, and will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Such objects, features, benefits and advantages will be apparent from the above as taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures and all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom.

Adjustable stationary fitting vehicle with simulated elevation control


A solid-state image capturing device according to the present disclosure includes an image capturing element, a light transmitting member, a support member, a sealing resin member, and a wall member. The image capturing element is mounted on a substrate. The support member is arranged in a part of an outer-peripheral portion of the image capturing element, the outer-peripheral portion surrounding a light receiving unit of the image capturing element. The light transmitting member is supported by the support member. The sealing resin member is arranged in a peripheral portion of the image capturing element. The wall member is provided between the sealing resin member and a part of the outer-peripheral portion of the image capturing element, the part excluding a part in which the support member is arranged.

In a manufacturing process of a solid-state image capturing device, when bonding wires are sealed with resin which connect an image capturing element mounted on a substrate and the substrate with each other, adhesion of an extraneous matter such as sealing resin on a light receiving surface of the image capturing element is to be avoided.
Thus, there has been known a technology in which a support member is provided that surrounds an outer periphery of the light receiving surface of the image capturing element, a plate having transparency to light is placed on the support member so as to cover the light receiving surface, an space upper than the light receiving surface of the image capturing element is formed into a closed space, and then the bonding wires are sealed with resin (for example, see Patent Literature 1).

Solid-state image capturing device and manufacturing method of solid-state image capturing device

SONY SEMICONDUCTOR SOLUTIONS CORPORATION


An electrostatic discharge protection circuit, a display substrate and a display apparatus are disclosed. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit includes: a first conductive portion, having an end portion; and at least one electrostatic discharge portion, arranged on a same layer as the first conductive portion and spaced from the end portion of the first conductive portion, the at least one electrostatic discharge portion being configured to discharge electrostatic charges generated at the end portion of the first conductive portion.

In a manufacturing process of an existing display panel, a great amount of electrostatic charges are easy to accumulate on a substrate, and when two metal lines on the substrate are too close, electrostatic discharge is very likely to occur between the two metal lines, so as to break down an insulation layer around the metal lines, cause a signal line around the insulation layer to suffer from a short circuit, resulting in poor display.

Electrostatic discharge protection circuit, display substrate and display apparatus

CHONGQING BOE OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A method for making a modular optical waveguide (100) including a plurality of optical modules (102, 103, 104, 105) with each optical module having at least a core region (101) that is surrounded by a cladding region (111, 112). A first groove 114 and a second groove 116 are disposed into cladding region (111, 112), thereby separating the optical modules (102, 103, 104, 105).

This invention relates, in general, to fabrication of optical devices and, more particularly, to manufacturing and fabrication of optical waveguides.
This application is related to copending application that bears Ser. No. 07/889,335, titled MOLDED WAVEGUIDE AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME, filed on May 28, 1992 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,265,184).
At present, optical waveguides are made in a variety of methods, such as photolithography, diffusion, ion implantation, or a combination of any of the above. Generally, these methods used for manufacturing waveguides are complex, inefficient, and are generally not suitable for high volume manufacturing. However, as use of optical waveguides increase, a need for a fabrication method and a structure that allows for efficient and cost effective manufacturing will be required.
Additionally, use of conventional methods for manufacturing waveguides do not provide sufficient flexibility for manufacturing multiple waveguides or modular waveguides, thereby making waveguides difficult to assimilate into standard electronic circuits and electronic components. As a result, these inflexible conventional methods limit use of waveguides for interconnection applications in standard electronic equipment, thus use of waveguides in high volume applications is severely curtailed.
Further, conventional methods for manufacturing waveguides required individual processing that is achieved by hand. Processing that is achieved by hand injects many problems into manufacturing, such as being extremely labor intensive, costly, accuracy of workmanship that result in waveguides not being allowed to be manufactured in high volume. Moreover, individual fabrication of waveguides do not readily lend itself to automated manufacturing, thus causing limited use of waveguides in electronic products.
It can be readily seen that conventional methods for manufacturing waveguides have severe limitations. Also, it is evident that conventional methods for manufacturing waveguides are not only ineffective, expensive, and complex, but also do not lend themselves to high volume manufacturing. Therefore, a method for manufacturing waveguides in an automatic effective manner would be highly desirable.

Modular optical waveguide and method for making


Disclosed is a method of preparing an aromatic compound having the general formula ##STR1## where R is CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OC.sub.2 F.sub.5, CN, NCO, or COCl, m is 0, 1, or 2, n is 0, 1, or 2, q is 1 or 2, and q+m+n is an integer from 1 to 5. A vapor is prepared of a substrate having the general formula ##STR2## and a chlorinating agent. The mixture is reacted at a temperature above the boiling point of the substrate but below its decomposition temperature. The amount of chlorinating agent is about 0.5 to about 2 times the amount stoichiometrically required to replace the nitro groups on the substrate with chlorine. Unreacted substrate and partially reacted substrate are condensed from the product mixture and are recycled. The substrate is preferably in contact with the chlorinating agent before it is vaporized.

This invention relates to a process for chlorodenitrating aromatic compounds. In particular, it relates to chlorodenitrating aromatic compounds using less chlorinating agent and lower temperatures, then recycling the product mixture to increase the yield.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,470,930 and 4,582,948 describe a process for the nuclear chlorination of aromatic compounds. In that process, an aromatic compound having nitro and other groups on the ring is heated in the presence of a chlorinating agent, which results in the replacement of the nitro groups by chlorine. To obtain a high yield, excess chlorine and higher temperatures are used.
While the yield in the process described in those patents is good, the product also contains partially chlorinated intermediates, unreacted starting material, and overchlorinated byproducts. Separation of the desired product from these undesirable byproducts and unreacted starting material by distillation can result in the decomposition of the partially chlorinated intermediates and the unreacted starting material.

Preparation of nuclear chlorinated aromatic compounds