The flow control apparatus has first to eleventh channels, wherein the first to fifth channels are respectively provided in a first flow controlling body of a first flow controlling element. The ninth to eleventh channels are respectively provided in a second flow controlling body of a second flow controlling element. The first to fifth channels are extended downwardly from a first flow controlling side of the first flow controlling element. The ninth channel is extended upwardly from a second controlling side of a bottom end of the second flow controlling body and extended from the second middle portion of the bottom end of the second flow controlling body to the second edge portion and defines a ninth opening communicated with an outer space thereof. The tenth and eleventh channels are extended upwardly from the second flow controlling side of the bottom end of the second flow controlling body.

Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a water treatment system technical field, and more particularly to a multifunction flow control apparatus.
Description of Related Arts
When a system for controlling and/or treating flow, such as a water treating system, is processing flow, it always needs to control the direction of flow so as to achieve the purpose of the flow treatment. In a practical application, people generally use a single-function valve and/or a multifunction valve for controlling the fluid flow to flow in a whole industrial system.
A single-function valve can only achieve the single-direction control of flow in general. With the development of industrial technologies, the modernized flow treatment equipment is becoming more and more sophisticated and complicated, and when people use single-function valves for the whole flow treatment system, the huge number of valves will increase difficulties in the automatical control of the whole system and bring a lot of inconveniences to the industrial control of the treatment system.
CN Pat. No. CN200420078956.5 describes or discloses a multifunction valve, which is able to control a fluid to flow in multiple directions or control multiple fluids to flow in multiple directions. The patent teaches a multifunction single valve for a water treatment system, wherein the valve comprises a valve body, a valve core and an injector, wherein the valve body has multiple ports provided therein for allowing water to flow in and out, the valve core is used for controlling the flow directions of water and the injector to make brine flow from the brine container of the water treatment system to the softening container of the water treatment system and elute the softening materials of the water treatment system, such as resin, and allow the water flow from the inlet port of the valve to flow into the brine container so as to add water into the brine container.
But the patent has disadvantages. Firstly, when supplementing water for the water treatment system by controlling the water flow to flow through the valve core of the valve, the blind recess of the valve core of the valve is communicated with the injector such that when the supplementing water flows to the brine container, the water flows into the blind recess via the injector and flows out from the effluent outlet so as to make the water supplementing efficiency be decreased and even result in a water supplementing failure. Secondly, the flow channels of the valve are unreasonably aligned and the effluent channel is provided in the center thereof and extended from top to bottom such that the lower space of the valve room of the valve is taken up and the diameter of the water channels provided in the lower space is decreased, which impacts the flow of water in the water channels of the lower space of the valve room and enlarges the size of the valve. Thirdly, the valve has not a stopping position. In other words, the valve has no function for stopping the water flows flowing through the different channels of the valve, which inconvenienced users. Lastly, the different water channels of the valve have different diameters, but the volume rate of water flow is determined by the water channel having the smallest diameter, which decrease the stability of the water flowing through the water channels of the valve and restrict the volume of water flowing through the water channels of the valve per unit time.
In the practical application of water treatment, a multifunction valve is widely used, especially in the water softening filed, for achieving five functions: softening, back flushing, brine intaking and upflow regenerating or brine intaking and downflow regenerating, raw water supplementing or softened water supplementing, forward flushing and so on. Because a planer sealing multiport valve has a simple structure and a high reliability, so it becomes an important kind of valves in a multifunction control valve filed in recent years. Firstly, because of the structure limit in the planar valve, the planar valve having brine intaking and upflow regenerating, softened water supplementing function, and brine intaking and downflow regenerating and softened water supplementing function; secondly, the number of equal division is bigger, the diameters of the inner channels of the valve are smaller, and the flow of water is badly blocked, which impact the supply of water of the planar valve; thirdly, current softened water supplementing valve having two discs cannot achieve five functions of softening, back flushing, downflow brine intaking or upflow brine intaking regenerating, forward flushing and softened water supplementing in a proper order after experiencing a complete cycle, and if the five functions are achieved in an improper order, which results in that a user has to rotate the softening valve disc in a reciprocating manner for multiple times to achieve a regenerating cycle and impacts the service life of the softening valve.


A leash for a bodyboard that includes a coil having a plurality of adjacent loops. The coil expands and contracts, so that the user can become separated from the board and still retrieve the same. The loops form a cylinder that has a longitudinal axis. The coil is attached to the bodyboard so that the longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the surface of the board. The length also has a pair of swivel joints at each end of the coil. The swivel joints are detachable so that additional coils can be added to the existing coil, thereby increasing the length of the leash.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to leashes used to attach a rider to a bodyboard or surfboard.
2. Description of Related Art
Bodyboards typically have a leash that allows the rider to maintain constant possession of the board. The leash usually includes a wrist strap that is coupled to the board by a cord or wire. Different wave conditions require different lengths of cord. For example, while waiting for the "perfect" wave, the rider may dive beneath the turbulence to avoid movement from the water. The board is left on the surface of the water, wherein the leash serves to prevent the board from floating away from the user. For large waves, the rider must dive particularly deep to avoid the wave turbulence. Therefore large waves typically require a longer cord.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,634 issued to Kimura and U.S. Pat. No. 4,041,562 issued to Nealy, disclose leashes that have a cord attached to an ankle strap. Although the cord of these devices can be long enough to use in large waves, the longer wire can become entangled with the user.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,415 issued to Wood, discloses a leash with an elastic member that stretches to increase the length of the cord. The Wood leash is still susceptible to entanglement and provides only limited variations in cord length.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,479,785 issued to Tugwood et al, discloses a leash with a helical cord. The cord varies in length as the user moves farther from the board. The cord extends parallel with the surface of the board and thus can still become a source of entanglement. Additionally, a rider will typically lie flat on the board while riding the waves. The rider may inadvertently lie on the cord. The thickness of the helical cord, when pinned beneath the user, can cause discomfort and pain.
Depending upon location and weather, the user may be subjected to various wave conditions. Some waves may necessitate a long leash, while other conditions may require a short leash. It would be desirable to provide a leash that can be readily attached to another leash, to quickly increase the length of the same. It would also be desirable to have a leash that can vary in length, while not being susceptible to entanglement with the user.


A method and system of the present inventions are directed to selecting an optimal mode for ADSL operation based near/far end modem capability, loop length and capacity in the upper bands of modes of operation. A method for switching among a plurality of modes for ADSL modem operation may include the steps of determining a far end modem's capability for supporting one or more of a base mode, a first mode and a second mode; determining a loop length between a near end modem and the far end modem; determining a capacity in an upper band of the first mode and the second mode; and selecting an appropriate mode based on a combination of the far end modem's capability, the loop length and the capacity in the upper band.

With the increasing popularity of the Internet and other content-heavy electronic communication systems, there has been a substantial need for reliable and affordable high bandwidth mediums for facilitating data transmissions between service providers and their customers. In relation to the requirement that such mediums be affordable to consumers, a cost-effective manner for providing service to customers involves using infrastructure already present in most locations. Accordingly, over recent years, the two such mediums most widely meeting these requirements include cable television (CATV) and conventional copper wire telephone systems (plain old telephone system or POTS).
Relating specifically to the adaptation of POTS telephone lines to carry data at high-bandwidth or 'broadband' data rates, a number of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) standards and protocols have been proposed. DSL essentially operates by formatting signals using various Time Domain Equalization techniques to send packets over copper wire at high data rates. A substandard of conventional DSL is known as Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and is considered advantageous for its ability to provide very high data rates in the downstream (i.e., from service provider to the user) direction by sacrificing speed in the upstream direction. Consequently, end user costs are minimized by providing higher speeds in the most commonly used direction. Further, ADSL provides a system that applies signals over a single twisted-wire pair that simultaneously supports conventional POTS or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) service as well as high-speed duplex (simultaneous two-way) digital data services.
Two of the proposed standards for ADSL are set forth by the International Telecommunications Union, Telecommunication Standardization Section (ITU-T). A first, conventional, ADSL standard is described in ITU-T Recommendation G.992.1—"Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers", the body of which is incorporated herein by reference. A second, more recently proposed standard is the G.992.2 or 'G.lite' standard, further described in ITU-T Recommendation G.992.2—"Splitterless Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers", also bodily incorporated by reference herein. The G.lite standard is a variant of the G.992.1 standard, with modifications directed primarily to work in a splitterless environment (i.e., without a splitter at the remote user end to separate the voice traffic from the digital data traffic).
Prior to any transmission of actual data between the CO (ADSL Transceiver Unit-Central (ATU-C)) and the remote computer (ADSL Transceiver Unit-Remote (ATU-R)), the two entities must first undergo an initialization procedure designed to familiarize the two entities with each other, identify the bandwidth capabilities for the current session, and further facilitate the establishment of a valid connection. Pursuant to ADSL standards provided by the International Telecommunication Union—Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), these initialization procedures comprise the following: 1) a handshake procedure; 2) a transceiver training session; 3) a channel analysis session; 4) an exchange session; and finally 5) an actual data transmission session referred to as 'showtime'.
Specifics of the handshake procedure are set forth in ITU-T Recommendation G.994.1—"Handshake Procedures for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Transceivers", the body of which is incorporated by reference herein. The handshake procedure is designed to enable peer components to initiate a communications session between each other and generally includes the exchange of several specific types of messages having predetermined formats. Examples of such messages include the following: capabilities list and capabilities list request messages; mode select and mode request messages; various acknowledge and negative acknowledge messages, etc. Each of the above messages is generally formulated by a protocol processor responsible for making sure that the requirements for protocol communication are complied with.
Because the various ITU-T recommendations identified above are designed to provide guidance to ADSL developers in various geographic locations, different circumstances may exist which impact the method with which the general recommendations are implemented. Accordingly, Annexes have been created to each specification that specifically itemize the effect of particular scenarios upon the adoption of the general recommendations.
Different modes of operation are available in ADSL transmissions; more specifically as set forth by the ITU Recommendation G.992.5—"Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers" the body of which is incorporated herein by reference. With emerging technology, modes of operation directed to higher data rates and greater bandwidth may become more readily available. However, the act of switching between or among modes of operation requires careful consideration of circumstances, otherwise, the switching of modes results in greater inefficiencies and wasted resources. There may be circumstances where a mode of operation providing a higher data rate is used when one of the modems are is capable of transmission at higher data rates, thereby resulting in wasted and underutilized resources.
Therefore, there is a need in the art of ADSL systems for a more efficient method and system for selecting an optimal mode based on certain conditions.

Method and system for selecting an optimal asymmetric digital subscriber line mode


Embodiments of the present invention prevent interference caused by the simultaneous transmission and reception of data in a constrained multi-link operation of a wireless network. According to one embodiment, first and second trigger frames are received from a wireless access point (AP) at a wireless station (STA) over first and second wireless links, respectively. First and second data frames are transmitted responsive to the first and second trigger frames over the first and second wireless links, respectively, when the difference between the ending time of the data frame transmitted responsive to the first trigger frame and the ending time of the second trigger frame is greater than a predetermined value to prevent interference.

Modern electronic devices typically send and receive data with other electronic devices wirelessly using Wi-Fi, and many of these devices are "dual band" devices that include at least two wireless transceivers capable of operating in different frequency bands, e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz. In most cases, a wireless device will communicate over only a single band at a time. For example, older and low-power devices, e.g., battery powered devices, often operate on the 2.4 GHz band. Newer devices and devices that require greater bandwidth often operate on the 5 GHz band. The availability of the 6 GHz band is a recent advancement and can provide higher performance, lower latency, and faster data rates.
However, in some cases, the use of a single band may not satisfy the bandwidth needs of certain devices. Therefore, some developing approaches to wireless communication increase communication bandwidth by operating on multiple bands concurrently (technically called link aggregation or multi-link operation).
When a wireless device sends and receives data simultaneously in a multi-link operation, in-device coexistence (IDC) interference can cause substantial performance loss between the multiple wireless links. The IDC interference caused by simultaneous transmission and reception over a 2.4 GHz band and 5 GHz band is typically negligible. However, the IDC interference caused by simultaneous transmission and reception over a 5 GHz band and 6 GHz band can substantially impact performance and lead to frequent packet loss.
Accordingly, for avoiding the IDC interference, a wireless device should not transmit and receive frames on multi-link simultaneously. However, because the wireless device cannot easily determine when the transmission of a frame will end, it is currently difficult to synchronize transmissions on multiple wireless links to ensure that the wireless device does not transmit and receive frames on multiple wireless links at the same time. Accordingly, multi-link operations are subject to IDC interference that can substantially impact performance do to overlapping (unaligned) frame transmissions over multiple wireless links.
Uplink transmission (UL) involving multiple non-access point (AP) station (STA)s transmitting simultaneously to an AP station is introduced in the IEEE 802.11ax standard called Triggered Uplink Access (TUA). This mechanism uses an 802.11 MAC frame called a Trigger Frame sent by the AP station. An HE-enabled AP station sends a trigger frame for initiating orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) or multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) transmissions prior to the transmission of other non-AP stations. The trigger frame identifies non-AP stations participating in the UL MU transmissions and assigns resource units (RUs) to the non-AP stations. Each non-AP station receiving the trigger frame sends a trigger-based (TB) physical layer conformance procedure (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU) back to the AP using the RUs assigned to the respective station. Therefore, a method of performing constrained multi-link operation using triggered uplink access that prevents IDC interference caused by the transmission of a TB PPDU while a trigger frame is already being received on another wireless link of the non-AP STA is needed.

Apparatus and methods for TB PPDU alignment for multi-link triggered uplink access in a wireless network


A semiconductor device having a controlled resistance value within a predetermined range. The semiconductor device includes a substrate and an oxide layer provided above the substrate. There is also included a first dielectric layer that is silicon-rich above the oxide layer. There is further included a second dielectric layer above the silicon-rich layer.

The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and methods for their manufacture. More particularly, the present invention relates to semiconductor devices having a structure and method that results in better control over the resistance properties.
The use of doped silicate glass as an interlayer insulator dielectric is known. When so used, the doped silicate glass layer physically and electrically isolates adjacent layers of the IC wafer. For example, in a typical IC, this interlayer dielectric may be pre-metal or between polysilicon layers.
In the prior art, borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), which is typically formed via a conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, and plasma-enhanced borophosphosilicate glass (PEBPSG), which is formed using a plasma-enhanced CVD process, have been widely used as the doped silicate glass insulator material. One of the salient features of PEBPSG/BPSG is its ability to flow and planarize at elevated temperatures (e.g., above 900xc2x0 C.).
As device geometries become smaller and thermal budgets (i.e., the amount of heat the IC can be exposed to) for the fabrication of a particular IC device become more stringent, however, the high temperature requirement of PEBPSG/BPSG proves to be a liability. This is because the PEBPSG/BPSG material does not achieve adequate gap-fill, i.e., the filling of gaps and trenches in the wafer surface, and acceptable planarization characteristics at lower annealing temperatures and/or for submicron geometries.
There is also a prior art ozone-TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate) process, which produces BPSG with the capability of flowing at lower temperatures (referred to herein as borophospho-tetraethylorthosilicate TEOS glass or BPTEOS). This ozone-TEOS process will be described in greater detail later herein. Because of the lower annealing temperature of BPTEOS, this process is particularly desirable for modern high density, low thermal budget devices. BPTEOS films have, however, certain disadvantages that potentially render them unsuitable for use with certain classes of IC devices.
It has been found that the use of BPTEOS insulating film renders the gate oxide regions of certain MOS devices, such as static random access memory (SRAM) devices, vulnerable to hot carrier degradation. This hot carrier degradation problem is discussed in detail in the existing literature, particularly in U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,727.
It is also known that when BPTEOS is used as an interlayer insulator material, its relative porosity exposes underlying regions to contamination from environmental contaminants such as chemicals or various gases (e.g., hydrogen) used in the back-end processes. The diffusion of contaminants into the underlying regions potentially affects the electrical behaviors of these affected underlying regions. This contamination problem is particularly detrimental to underlying polysilicon load resistor regions, i.e., underlying regions of the polysilicon layer that act as resistors. When contaminated, the resistance values of the polysilicon load resistors may increase or decrease, or even fluctuate beyond their specified values, possibly to the point of causing the affected device to generate erroneous results or even rendering the device completely inoperable.
In view of the foregoing, what is desired is a method and apparatus for protecting the resistance value of polysilicon load resistors from contamination-induced variations in IC devices.
The invention relates, in one embodiment, to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, which includes the steps of providing a substrate and forming an oxide layer above the substrate. Further, there are included the steps of forming as a first dielectric layer a silicon-rich layer above the oxide layer, and forming a second dielectric layer above the silicon-rich dielectric layer. In one embodiment, the oxide layer is formed of TEOS.
In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a semiconductor device having a controlled resistance value within a predetermined range. The semiconductor device includes a substrate and an oxide layer provided above the substrate. There is also included a first dielectric layer that is silicon-rich above the oxide layer. There is further included a second dielectric layer above the silicon-rich layer. Together, the oxide layer and the silicon-rich first dielectric layer form a barrier to substantially protect the underlying substrate from contamination.

Method for manufacturing semiconductor device containing a silicon-rich layer


The sideboard member includes an interior core portion (32) which is made from a composite material of shredded rubber and polyurethane plastic, and other ingredients. The core portion is covered with a durable rubber layer (35) which is bonded to the core portion and has a thickness of ⅛-inch to ⅜-inch. The top surface (38) of the sideboard member is in the form of an inverted “V”, with each side extending inwardly toward each other at an angle of approximately 45°, the top edge (44) of the inverted V being rounded.

Dump trucks (with or without an additional trailer) and separate trailers (with cabs) have historically used wood boards positioned along the tops of the sides of the metal dump truck boxes or the sides and ends of trailers to absorb contact with loading buckets or other apparatus which in operation swing or load over the top sides to dump their contents into the dump truck/trailer and then are moved out again to retrieve another load of material. The side boards prevent damage to the structure of the dump truck/trailer itself during loading operations as well as increasing the load capacity of the vehicle.
Contact often occurs between the loading apparatus and the sideboards because the top edge of the sideboard is misjudged by the operator. Conventional sideboards, due to the physical contact by the various loading equipment, typically have a short life span. Although they are expensive to replace, they are less expensive than regularly repairing the sides of dump trucks/trailers. Further, conventional sideboards typically have a flat top surface which accumulates dust and other loading debris, which must be cleaned off prior to entering public roads, which is an inconvenience to the operators of such vehicles, as well as producing a loss of time and hence, revenue.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a sideboard structure which accomplishes the function of conventional dump truck/trailer sideboards, while being significantly more durable and more attractive, as well as less expensive over time to use.


The illustrative embodiments described herein provide systems and methods for movie identification based on a location. In the embodiment, a method includes locating a mobile communication device associated with a user to form location data, accessing a location database to determine a geographic location of the mobile communication device based on the location data, and identifying a set of movies related to the geographic location by accessing a movie database. Each of the set of movies in the movie database is associated with one or more respective geographic locations. The method also includes presenting a set of movie results corresponding to the set of movies on a graphical user interface of the mobile communication device. In another embodiment, the method may also validate an object photographed by a camera of the mobile communication device, and use the recognized object to identify the set of movies.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for identifying movies. More particularly, the present invention relates to identifying movies at least partially based on a location of a user.
2. Description of the Related Art
The ever-increasing catalog of movies can present challenges for viewers in selecting a movie according to his or her preferences. While movies can often be found or identified according to static criteria, such as title, genre, actor, or actress, current systems or applications may not allow viewers to select a movie based on some types of criteria. For example, current systems are limited in that they may not allow people to find movies that contain, or otherwise relate, to the current location of a device, such as a cellular phone, used by that person. Current systems may also be unable to identify and deliver a listing of movies to a viewer based on a picture captured by the viewer's cellular phone camera. The failure of current systems to conveniently identify movies based on a location may lead moviegoers with no way to find movies for potential viewing based on located-related criteria.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Location-based movie identification systems and methods


A lanthanum boride sintered body includes a phase including lanthanum and silicon at grain boundaries between crystal grains of lanthanum boride. In this lanthanum boride sintered body, the phase exists in various configurations such as a phase present at a triple point of grain boundary, and a phase present along the grain boundary. This phase is based on a lanthanum silicide (represented by the composition formula LaSix (0<x≦2)). The lanthanum boride sintered body is fabricated through a sintering step of sintering a lanthanum boride green compact by press-free sintering in an inert atmosphere or under vacuum in the presence of a silicon-containing material around and/or within the green compact. The lanthanum boride sintered body having this structure exhibits a relative density of not less than 92%, and more preferably not less than 94%.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to lanthanum boride sintered bodies and methods for producing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
As proposed in the art (see, for example, Patent Literature 1), conventional lanthanum boride sintered bodies are produced by mixing lanthanum boride powders having an average particle diameter of 1 to 5 μm, a carbon content of less than 0.1 mass % and an oxygen content of less than 1.0 mass % with lanthanum boride powders having an average particle diameter of 50 to 500 nm, and sintering the mixture by hot pressing at a temperature of not less than 1800° C. and a pressure of not less than 20 MPa. Such sintered bodies allegedly have a high purity and exhibit an increased density, and a relative density of 93% has been obtained. It is also proposed that lanthanum boride green compacts are pressed in a hot press furnace and are thereafter subjected to an HIP treatment to further reduce the porosity; a relative density of 93% has been obtained (see, for example, Patent Literature 2). It is further proposed that a metal powder such as Fe, Co or Ni is admixed with a lanthanum boride powder having an average particle diameter of 1 to 20 μm, and the mixture is compacted, subjected to a pressure of 1 to 100 MPa and sintered at a temperature of about 1500 to 2000° C. in a spark plasma sintering furnace; a relative density of 99.3% has been obtained (see, for example, Patent Literature 3). It is furthermore proposed that a green compact of lanthanum boride and metallic silicon is sintered at a pressure in the range from 1.33×104 Pa to atmospheric pressure; a relative density of 91% has been obtained (see, for example, Patent Literature 4). Sintered bodies obtained by such a method allegedly exhibit higher stability and improved thermionic emission characteristics.    [PTL 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-063487    [PTL 2] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-195337    [PTL 3] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-250725    [PTL 4] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 04-228474

Lanthanum boride sintered body and method for producing the same


A thermal purge system includes a purge vessel into which is introduced hot gaseous refrigerant fluid from the outlet of a conventional chiller. A first coil having very cold refrigerant fluid flowing through it is positioned within the vessel so that much of the hot gaseous refrigerant fluid from the chiller is condensed upon contact with the coil. The condensate collects on the bottom of the vessel until it reaches a depth sufficient to initiate a syphoning action by an artesian well which returns the condensate to the chiller. Uncondensed gases are reheated and re-expanded external to the vessel and returned to the vessel through a second coil in heat transfer relation to the first coil so that further condensation occurs. Noncondensibles which remain after the reheating, re-expansion, and recooling are purged to the atmosphere.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to improvements in air conditioning systems. More particularly, it relates to a thermal purge system that removes non-condensibles from a refrigerant fluid without discharging CFCs into the atmosphere.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In air conditioning systems, a refrigerant is alternately expanded into a gaseous state and condensed into a liquid state; heat is absorbed and released, respectively, as a result of such expansion and contraction. When the refrigerant is pure and unadulterated by contaminants such as air and moisture, the condensation is complete and the system operates at maximum efficiency; when contaminates enter the refrigerant, however, the condensation equipment is unable to condense all of such contaminates, and the efficiency of the system drops accordingly. In the industry, contaminants that cannot be condensed are known as "noncondensibles."
Noncondensibles enter most air conditioning systems because parts of such systems operate under a vacuum. Thus, those of ordinary skill in the art have attempted to build leak-proof systems, but a truly leak-proof system would be cost-prohibitive.
Most inventors, however, have accepted the fact of leakage and have developed systems designed to purge noncondensibles from the system. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,031,410 to Plzak, et. al., shows a refrigeration system thermal purge apparatus that adds a discrete purge refrigerant circuit to the conventional refrigerant circuit; the condensibles that are not condensed by the conventional condenser are exposed to the still lower temperatures of an auxiliary condensor. When the temperature within the auxiliary condensor drops to 18.degree. F., as detected by a thermostat, the contents of said auxiliary condensor are purged to the atmosphere. Although, at 18.degree. F., some separation of condensibles and noncondensibles will have been achieved, complete separation will not have been achieved; thus, some condensibles such as CFCs will be purged into the atmosphere. Moreover, thermostats are relatively unreliable within a five degree range; thus, purging may occur when the temperature within the auxiliary condensor is as high as 23.degree. F., and even less separation will have occurred at that temperature.
Thus, there is a need to provide a purge apparatus that provides a complete separation of condensibles and noncondensibles before the noncondensibles are purged to the atmosphere.
Moreover, the thermal purge units heretofore known are inefficient to the extent that they perform an extra condensation step, over and above the conventional step, but do not hold the condensible/noncondensible mixture at a low temperature for extended periods of time. Thus, insufficient time is available for the condensibles and noncondensibles to separate. The known systems also operate best under low load conditions, i.e., they are inefficient at high temperature gradients, because they lack means for metering additional liquid refrigerant into the auxiliary system as the load on the system increases.
There is a need, therefore, for a system that does more than merely provide an auxiliary condensation system that does not produce a complete separation of condensibles and noncondensibles.
When the prior art was considered as a whole, at the time the present invention was made, it neither taught nor suggested to those of ordinary skill in this field how an improved system could be built.


A rate ½, d=1 channel code encodes a Gray code servo track address into channel data recorded on a magnetic disk; a d=1 Viterbi sequence detector detects the recorded servo track address upon read back; a cost effective d=1 decoder decodes the recorded servo track address into its Gray code representation; and a 1/1+D filter decodes the Gray code track address into its binary representation. The channel encoding scheme increases the data density of the storage system due to the d=1 constraint and use of the Viterbi sequence detector. Further, the implementation advantageously uses the Viterbi sequence detector already provided in a read channel for detecting user data, and the cost and complexity of the decoder is reduced by encoding/decoding the Gray code track address in sections of five bits.

In magnetic disk storage systems for computers, digital data serves to modulate the current in a read/write head coil so that a sequence of corresponding magnetic flux transitions are written onto the surface of the magnetic disk in a series of concentric tracks. When reading this recorded data, the read/write head again passes over the magnetic disk and transduces the magnetic transitions into pulses in an analog signal that alternate in polarity. These pulses are then decoded by read channel circuitry to reproduce the digital data.
The read/write head is normally mounted on an actuator arm which is positioned by means of a DC brushless motor (and typically a voice coil motor "VCM". A servo system controls the VCM, and thereby the head position, necessary for reading and writing information in response to requests from a host computer connected to the disk drive. The servo system performs two functions: (1) a "seek" or "access" function in which the servo system moves the head to a selected track; and (2) when the head reaches the selected track, a "track following" or "tracking" function in which it accurately positions the head over a centerline of the track and maintains that position as successive portions of the track pass by the head. Servo control information embedded within the data provides inter-track head position information so that a head position error, indicative of a difference between the actual head position and the desired head position, can be computed. In response to the head position error, the servo control system generates a VCM control signal to align the head over the centerline of the selected track, thereby driving the head position error to zero.
The embedded servo control information recorded on the magnetic disk typically includes a servo track address field for course positioning of the read/write head, and a burst field for fine positioning over a centerline of the selected track. During a seek operation, when the servo controller is moving the read/write head to a new track, the track address identifies the current track passing under the head. The current track address is detected by the read head, decoded by the read channel circuitry, and transmitted to the servo controller. The servo controller compares the current track address with a target track address to generate a track position error. The track position error is converted into an actuator control signal for controlling the velocity of the head as it approaches the target track. Once the read head arrives at the target track, the servo controller switches into a tracking mode and processes the servo burst fields in order to maintain the head over the track's centerline.
As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the servo data 2 is recorded on the magnetic disk 4 as radial spokes of information embedded within the circular tracks. The tracks, arranged from an inner track 6 to an outer track 8, comprise a plurality of sectors 10 for recording user data. As previously described, the servo data 2 includes a track address field 12 and a servo burst field 14. During a seek operation, as the read/write head traverses the magnetic disk toward the target track at a very high speed, a track address might be detected as part of a current track and part of the next adjacent track. Unless adjacent track addresses are different by only one bit, the detected track address will be grossly incorrect. Therefore, the track address cannot be recorded in its direct binary representation since more than one bit would change between adjacent tracks (e.g., track #4=0100 and track #3=0011 might be detected as track #7=0111).
Normally, a Gray code encodes the track address before it is recorded onto the disk to ensure that adjacent addresses is differ by only one bit. The Gray code is further encoded to ensure that the recorded channel data of adjacent track addresses differ in only two adjacent bits (i.e., the flux pattern of adjacent track addresses differs in an area equal to the width of one bit cell.) After a track address is detected, it is converted from its Gray code representation back into its binary representation, then subtracted from the target track address to generate the head position error.
In conventional peak detection read channels, analog circuitry, responsive to threshold crossing or derivative information, detects peaks in the continuous time analog read signal. The analog read signal is "segmented" into bit cell periods and interpreted during these segments of time. The presence of a peak during the bit cell period represents a "1" bit, whereas the absence of a peak represents a "0" bit. The most common errors in detection occur when the bit cells are not correctly aligned with the analog pulse data. Timing recovery, then, adjusts the bit cell periods so that the peaks occur in the center of the bit cells on average in order to minimize detection errors. Since timing information is derived only when peaks are detected, the input data stream is normally run length limited (RLL) to limit the number of consecutive "0", bits. The input data stream is also frequently RLL encoded to limit the spacing of "1" bits so as to minimize the undesirable effect of inter-symbol interference (ISI).
An RLL code denoted (d,k) encodes the input data stream such that at least d "0" bits occur between each "1" bit and no more than k "0" bits occur consecutively. A typical RLL (1,7) rate 2/3 code encodes 2 input data bits into 3 codeword bits recorded on the disk. The user data to codeword rate 2/3 in this example) is an important factor in the overall storage capacity of the disk drive. As the rate approaches unity, more user data is stored to the disk rather than codeword data. Although, the d=1 constraint decreases the codeword rate, it also allows a faster write frequency and thereby allows more codeword data to be written to the disk. In fact, a d=1 rate 2/3 code allows more user data to be stored on the disk than a d=0 code at any rate assuming both systems use the same minimum distance between flux transitions on the disk.
A d=1 recording system, however, requires a more sophisticated method for encoding and decoding the data. As a result, prior art recording systems have used a d=1 constraint for user data but not for the servo data. Disk storage designers have opted to use less complex, less expensive, and slower servo detectors rather than a d constraint even though the d constraint can increase the overall data density of the storage system. This has not been a problem in the past due to the marginal gain in density that a d constraint would have provided. Prior art storage systems, such as that disclosed by Moon et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,705, advantageously use the same peak detection circuitry for detecting user data and servo data, thereby reducing the system's cost and complexity.
With the dramatic increase in data density for magnetic disk storage systems and especially with the advent of partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) Viterbi sequence detection, encoding the servo data with a d=1 constraint can provide a more than marginal improvement. This improvement is even more significant in ID-Less storage systems where the size of the servo field has been expanded in order to store sector identifying information. However, unless the servo data is recorded with a d=1 constraint, a d=1 Viterbi sequence detector in a PRML read channel cannot be used to detect the servo data. Instead, a separate peak detector would be required which is highly inefficient.
What is needed is a cost effective solution to encoding and decoding servo data with a d=1 constraint in order to take advantage of the resulting increase in data density. It is a further object to use the Viterbi sequence detector in PRML read channels for detecting both user data and servo data rather than employ a separate peak detector for detecting the servo data.

Servo track address channel code for d=1 magnetic recording


A method of disinfecting blood, blood components, biologicals, such as plasma, serum, cell concentrates, clotting proteins, etc., as well as tissues and organs for transplant comprising preparing and immediately adding active albumin-iodine complex to the material to be disinfected and thereafter using the disinfected material is disclosed. A modified blood bag for use with active albumin-iodine complex had a small satellite bag to contain albumin or active albumin-iodine complex and may also comprise a flow-through cartridge for preparing the active albumin-iodine complex.

1. Field of the Invention
In general, the field of this invention lies in medicine and veterinary practice; most examples being related to the practice of medicine for the benefit of human patients, use in analogous fields of veterinary medicine to the extent applicable also being within the scope of the invention. More specifically, this invention relates to the treatment of blood and blood derivatives such as clotting factors, plasma, serum, platelets, packed red blood cells, and the treatment of other biologicals such as tissues, tissue cultures, cells, organs and products thereof to ensure freedom from disease-causing microbes.
2. Description of Related Art
The history of iodine as a disinfecting agent is long. Iodine was officially recognized by the Pharmacopeia of the United States in 1930, and clinicians and microbiologists have developed a great amount of experimental data on iodine as well as numerous clinical uses for iodine.
A number of authors have summarized the disinfecting properties of iodine and the other halogens by reviewing the literature and analyzing the existing data. Some of their most germane conclusions are:
(1) A standard destruction (i.e., a 99.999% kill in 10 minutes at 25.degree. C.) of enteric bacteria, amoebic cysts, and enteric viruses requires available I.sub.2 of about 0.2, 3.5, and 14.6 ppm, respectively. PA1 (2) On a weight basis, iodine can inactivate viruses more completely than other halogens. PA1 (3) In the presence of organic and inorganic nitrogenous substances, iodine is the cysticide of choice because it is not involved in side reactions that interfere with its disinfecting properties. PA1 (4) I.sub.2 is two to three times as cysticidal and six times as sporicidal as hydroiodic acid (HOI), while hydroiodic acid is at least 40 times as virucidal as I.sub.2. This behavior is explained on the one hand by the higher diffusibility of molecular iodine through the cell walls of cysts and spores and on the other hand by the higher oxidizing power of hydroiodate. PA1 (1) iodine reacts with the basic amino group (N--H) that forms an essential part of amino acids and also forms N-iodo derivatives with the nitrogen in nucleotide bases; these reactions alter the charge structure as well as geometry (iodine is a very large atom) of proteins and other biomolecules, thereby disrupting their functions; PA1 (2) iodine oxidizes sulfhydryl groups (S--H) of the amino acid cysteine, thereby disrupting the disulfide bridges that stabilize and determine secondary and tertiary structure of peptides and proteins; PA1 (3) iodine reacts with the carbon-carbon double bond of unsaturated fatty acids, thereby altering or disrupting lipid bilayers and generally damaging biological membranes; and PA1 (4) iodine reacts avidly with the phenolic side chain of the amino acid tyrosine, further disrupting protein structure.
Gottardi, Iodine and Iodine Compounds in DISINFECTION, STERILIZATION, AND PRESERVATION, Third Edition, Block, Ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1983, and the references cited therein provide more details respecting the background discussed above.
Although the exact means by which iodine exerts its disinfecting properties are not fully known, it can be assumed that the following chemical reactions are, to some extent, involved:
Despite the successes achieved with iodine, it has long been known that the use of iodine possesses a number of more or less serious drawbacks. Not only is iodine poisonous if ingested in quantity, it irritates and stains the skin and has a rather unpleasant odor. Because iodine causes considerable stinging if used to disinfect wounds and because there is significant danger of developing an allergic reaction to topical iodine applications, considerable effort has been expended to develop iodine compounds or complexes which preserve the disinfecting properties of iodine while suppressing its undesirable properties.
Iodine-polymer complexes, e.g. with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and complexes of iodine with nonionic surfactants, e.g. polyethylene glycol mono-(nonylphenyl)-ether, have been used with considerable success. However, use of these compounds in direct contact with fragile biological materials has been limited either because the killing power of iodine is dissipated in the biological material or because iodine damages the biological material.
Povidone iodine (iodine-PVP complex) is capable, under favorable circumstance, of killing all classes of pathogens encountered in human infection: both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, yeasts, protozoa, and viruses. It has been assumed that these and similar instances of disinfection by iodine are mediated by the chemical reactions listed above.
Although damage to biological material during disinfection by iodine and iodine complexes is a serious problem, an equally serious problem is posed by the dissipation of the iodine by the biological material. That is, the very chemical reactions that result in disruption of microbes also occur between iodine and the biological materials being disinfected. Thus, iodine is consumed by proteinaceous substrates and its efficacy as a disinfectant is thereby reduced. This may be due to a reducing effect of the material to be disinfected which leads directly to the conversion of iodine into nonbacteriacidal iodide. Alternatively, free iodine may be consumed in the various organic reactions mentioned above. Thus, not only is the reservoir of available iodine diminished, but the equilibrium of triiodide may also be influenced as well since an increase of iodide results in more molecular iodine being converted into triiodide. This results in a decrease in the concentration of free molecular iodine, the actual antimicrobial agent.
On the other hand, when povidone-iodine preparations are mixed with liquid biological materials (e.g. blood, etc.) there is, in addition, a dilution effect characteristic of povidone-iodine systems which actually results in an increase in the equilibrium concentration of free molecular iodine. To what extent the latter effect compensates for the other two effects depends on the content of reducing substances.
When povidone-iodine is mixed with whole blood, a marked decrease in the concentration of free molecular iodine occurs, while, when mixed with blood plasma, the iodine concentration remains practically unchanged. Durmaz et al., Mikrobiyol. Bul. 22(3), abstract (1988); Gottardi, Hyg. Med. 12(4): 150-54 (1987). Presumably, the abundant proteins of the cellular constituents of blood are more reductive and contain many more iodine reactive sites than do the soluble proteins of the plasma. This result may be slightly at odds with the well known fact that albumin (a major plasma protein) is particularly effective in reducing or totally inhibiting the biocidal power of iodine.
The current inventor has explored the use of iodine complexes in the treatment of blood and blood complexes in considerable detail. For example, the inventor's U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,869 discloses a method of disinfecting platelet-bearing liquid by contacting the liquid to be cleansed with solid povidone-iodine to expose the platelet-bearing liquid to iodine and thus kill pathogenic organisms therein, and thereafter removing the liquid from contact with the solid povidone-iodine.
Additional aspects of the inventor's work are reported by Highsmith et al., Blood, 86(2): 791-96 (1995). This study explored the use of liquid iodine for inactivation of several lipid and nonlipid enveloped viruses in an antithrombin III (AT-III) concentrate. Iodine at levels of about 0.01% to about 0.02% caused between 43% and 94% loss of AT-III activity, as well as degradation of AT-III as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis.
However, addition of up to about 0.1% human albumin protected the AT-III against both inactivation and fragmentation. At albumin levels sufficient to retain greater than 75% of AT-III activity, more than 1.times.10.sup.6 sindbis, encephalomyocarditis, and vesicular stomatitis viruses, more than 1.times.10.sup.4 of pseudorabies, and more than 1.times.10.sup.3 of human immunodeficiency virus were inactivated. Except with sindbis virus, this represented complete inactivation of all the viruses spiked into the AT-III concentrate.
The numerous references cited in the above-identified patent and research publication, of which the present inventor is a coauthor, and which describes results of tests using his concepts and methods, provide in-depth discussions of the background technology, to which the reader is referred. These disclosures are incorporated herein by reference.

Disinfection of blood and biologicals with active albumin-iodine complex


Disclosed is a method relating to graded-composition barrier coatings comprising first and second materials in first and second zones. The compositions of one or both zones vary substantially continuously across a thickness of the zone in order to achieve improved properties such as barrier, flexibility, adhesion, optics, thickness, and tact time. The graded-composition barrier coatings find utility in preventing exposure of devices such as organic electro-luminescent devices (OLEDs) to reactive species found in the environment.

The invention relates generally to graded barrier coatings. More specifically, the invention relates to graded barrier coatings that are used with substrates, devices and the like.
Many devices are susceptible to reactive chemical species, such as oxygen or water vapor, normally encountered in the environment. Such devices are found in certain electrochromic devices, liquid crystal displays, organic light emitting diodes ("OLEDs"), light emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices, radiation detectors, medical diagnostic systems, integrated circuits, sensors, packaging and other components. Reference is made in this specification to non-limiting exemplary OLED embodiments; however, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the applicability of the present invention to other devices and substrates.
EL devices, which may be classified as either organic or inorganic, are known in the graphic display and imaging arts. EL devices have been produced in different shapes for many applications. Inorganic EL devices, however, typically suffer from a required high activation voltage and low brightness. On the other hand, OLEDs, which have been developed more recently, offer the benefits of lower activation voltage and higher brightness in addition to simple manufacture, and, thus, the promise of more widespread application. The meaning of the acronym OLED herein is intended to include all variations of organic electroluminescence devices and their names, including, for example, light emitting polymers (LEP) and organic electroluminescence (OEL) devices.
Most organic electronic devices, especially OLEDs, are prone to rapid degradation when exposed to moisture and oxygen. Conventional OLEDs are built on transparent glass substrates that provide a low transmission rate of oxygen and water vapor. Glass substrates, however, are most suitable for rigid applications. Applicants have found manufacturing processes involving glass substrates to be relatively slow and costly in some circumstances. While plastic substrates provide flexibility, they are not impervious to oxygen and water vapor, and, thus, have provided insufficient protection for OLEDs.
In order to improve the resistance of these substrates to oxygen and water vapor, alternating layers of organic and inorganic compositions, including polymeric and ceramic materials have been applied to a surface of a substrate. In such multilayer barriers, a polymeric layer decouples defects in adjacent ceramic layers to reduce the transmission rates of oxygen and/or water vapor through the channels made possible by the defects in the ceramic layer. The interface between layers, however, may be weak and prone to delaminate.
The alternating layers discussed above commonly have different indices of refraction, normally resulting in degradation in optical transmission through the multiple layers. Prior approaches have focused on engineering the thickness of the layers to improve light transmission efficiency by taking advantage of multiple-interference patterns. One has to retain certain thickness of the layers, however, in order to maintain performance as a barrier. Furthermore, in a mass production environment it is difficult to achieve exact thickness control of the layers. Thus, engineering the thickness to accommodate optical transmission has presented certain challenges.
Current methods use glass or metal can encapsulation or glass or metal substrates, in combination with multi-layer coatings. While these methods may give good barriers, they have limited ability to satisfy the varying requirements for manufacturing of electronic devices, particularly optoelectronic devices, including both passive and active matrix OLEDs, bottom and top emission OLEDs, and both rigid and flexible devices. For example, for optical or optoelectrical devices, the coated barrier may be required to transmit, reflect or absorb light in a predefined manner. The coated barrier may be required to have certain qualities, such as having a certain flexibility, thickness, or durability. The coated barriers may further be required to adapt to different manufacturing needs such as barrier, tact time, OLED compatibility and yield. Traditional barriers have had a limited ability to provide the versatility required.
There remains a need for barriers that, in various embodiments, ameliorate or improve upon one or more of the deficiencies of the prior art.

Method for making a graded barrier coating


The disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing composite systems comprising metal and polymer shaped parts in the form of stabilizers, bushings, axle bearings, especially in the chassis area, stops, buffers, especially for supporting arms for aggregate bearings, or sleeve bearings, especially torsion-bar shoulder bearings, wherein at least one completely vulcanized or partially vulcanized elastomer shaped part, especially a rubber shaped part, as the polymer shaped part and at least one metal part are first prepared, the metal part and the polymer shaped part are then brought into abutment against one another, at least in parts and finally the metal part or at least one region of the surface on which the metal part and the polymer shaped part abut against one another, is at least temporarily exposed to at least one induction field or at least one inductive heating unit.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The disclosures relates to a method for manufacturing composite systems made of metal and polymer shaped parts, especially of metal/rubber composite systems.
2. Related Technology
Methods for manufacturing metal/rubber composite systems have been known for some time and are becoming increasingly important, e.g. in automobile construction. Such composite systems are distinguished by the fact that they combine the advantageous properties of metal and rubber, i.e., on the one hand, they are rigid and torsion-resistant and on the other hand they also have permanent-elastic properties. In addition, such composite systems regularly have a lower intrinsic weight compared with alternative devices.
Hitherto, substantially two methods for manufacturing metal/rubber composite systems have been available to the person skilled in the art for stabilizers, bushings, axle bearings, especially in the chassis area, stops, buffers, especially for supporting arms for aggregate bearings, or sleeve bearings, especially torsion-bar shoulder bearings and/or the like. According to a first method, metal parts inserted in a vulcanizing tool are first surrounded with an unvulcanized elastomer, e.g., sprayed around, whereupon the vulcanizing yields a metal/rubber composite. In order that useful bond is found between rubber and metal, an adhesion system is usually required which is to be applied to the metal parts to be used in a first step. Such a method is described, for example, in EP 0 684 404 A1. This method, also known as vulcanisation, usually requires long cycle times since the metal part must initially be heated to a pre-determined temperature. Since the metal part must be inserted in the vulcanizing tool, a special vulcanizing tool usually needs to be made for each newly shaped composite component. In addition, only a comparatively small number of tool calibres can be realized. It is also disadvantageous that in order to be able to insert the metal parts reliably and reproducibly in the vulcanizing tool, a considerable expenditure on apparatus is required. Furthermore, the demolding process of the finished composite components does not always proceed problem-free, especially since the vulcanisation takes place at high pressures so that a considerable proportion of waste must usually be accepted. Finally, the surface of the metal parts in the vulcanizing tool is frequently damaged, e.g., in the form of pressing edges. In order to nevertheless achieve usable metal/rubber composite systems, great care must be taken both when inserting the metal part into the vulcanizing tool and during the demolding process. As a result, very long processing times on the vulcanizing press are additionally obtained. Thus, not only the vulcanizing duration but also the tool handling as such contribute to long cycle times. In addition, an increased liability to corrosion is observed for metal parts provided with unvulcanized elastomer sleeves. The vulcanizing method is particularly expensive, for example, if a sleeve bearing is to be manufactured. Sleeve bearings are usually composed of a rigid outer sleeve and a rigid inner sleeve mounted coaxially therein at a distance, which are bonded by a sleeve of elastomer material.
In a second so-called postbonding method an already partially vulcanized rubber shaped part is used. The rubber shaped part is fixed and pressed on a metal part using a clamping device while generating the highest possible pre-stress before a bond is produced between metal and rubber in an annealing furnace while completely vulcanizing the rubber shaped part. In this method also, the metal part is usually provided with an adhesive layer. Such a postbonding method is described for example in DE 199 19 573 A1 for the manufacture of a torsion bar shoulder bearing. A reliably adhering bond is however only obtained if the heating period at a pre-defined temperature is not too short and is in the range of at least 20 to 40 min. In practice, however, the tempering times are frequently even 60 to 90 min. This necessarily results in relatively long cycle times. In order to be able to work profitably with the method according to DE 199 19 573 A1, high numbers of pre-assembled metal/rubber systems which are each to be fixed and pressed with a plurality of separate clamping devices, regularly need to be inserted in the furnace. In addition to a high expenditure on equipment, a high work expenditure which is incurred, for example, by the assembly and dismantling of the clamping devices, generally cannot be avoided. It is also disadvantageous in the method according to DE 199 19 573 A1 that only suitable are those elastomer shaped parts which when demolded, are cross-linked free from bubbles on the one hand and on the other hand, are not yet completely vulcanised so that free vulcanisation valences are still present in the elastomer. On the whole, therefore, the postbonding method is very expensive and cost-intensive, especially for manufacturing larger numbers of items.
In the field of manufacturing cables or metal wires coated with rubber, further methods unsuitable for the manufacture of shaped parts are known. Thus, for example, according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,695,228 unvulcanized rubber is used in tire manufacture, especially in the manufacture of tire cores, where a metal wire provided with unvulcanized rubber is guided through a metal coil attached in a pressure chamber, which generates a high-frequency induction field. In this way, a rubber coating is obtained with a high degree of vulcanisation in the vicinity of the metal wire and a low degree of vulcanisation in the outer edge region of the rubber coating. This outer region is accordingly sticky and easily adheres to any surfaces so that the coated wires cannot easily be handled separately and generally are not handled separately. In addition, the use of a pressure chamber to produce this coated wire necessarily limits the geometry and size of the coating bodies which can be used. The method according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,695,228 is thus not suited for the mass production of individual parts. Technical rubber shaped parts are not accessible in this way.
Induction heating is also used, for example, to activate at adhesive material. WO 96/21550 discloses the activation of an adhesive between a metal part and a rubber part surrounding this by means of an induction field.
Furthermore, the activation of an adhesive via an induction field during the manufacture of bonded plastic and metal profiles is also known from DE 31 08 221 A. Moreover, induction fields are also used to bond surfaces of thermoplastic plastics with one another or with other materials such as paper or cardboard. Thus, CH 463088 A discloses a method in which a metal foil, especially an aluminium foil, is inserted between two surfaces to be bonded, for example, between two plastic surfaces and is then inductively heated so that a thermoplastic plastic foil or thermoplastic plastic lamination is formed. Such foils or laminates are especially suitable for water-vapour and aroma-proof packaging but not for the manufacture of shaped parts, especially sleeve bearings.
According to DE 30 38 069 A1, an induction field can also be used in the manufacture of disposable cannulas of disposable syringes by melting a metal cannula tube in a plastic attachment by temporally producing heating current heating in the region of the cannula tube adjacent to the attachment to melt the plastic of the attachment on the cannula tube.
In addition, according to JP-04267131A a glass-fiber-reinforced nylon gearing is fixedly attached to a steel shaft by applying a high-frequency induction field in which fusion takes place in the contact region of the gearing with the shaft.

Method for manufacturing composite systems made of metal polymer shaped parts


A system and method to compress application control data, such as weights for a layer of a convolutional neural network, is disclosed. A multi-core system for executing at least one layer of the convolutional neural network includes a storage device storing a compressed weight matrix of a set of weights of the at least one layer of the convolutional network and a decompression matrix. The compressed weight matrix is formed by matrix factorization and quantization of a floating point value of each weight to a floating point format. A decompression module is operable to obtain an approximation of the weight values by decompressing the compressed weight matrix through the decompression matrix. A plurality of cores executes the at least one layer of the convolutional neural network with the approximation of weight values to produce an inference output.

Computing systems are increasing based on homogeneous cores that may be configured for different executing applications. Thus, such cores may be adapted for many different operations and be purposed for various parallel programming tasks. The cores are typically fabricated on a die. Such dies may be fabricated so they may be divided to allocate the needed processing power. The processing performed by such dies thus relies on many cores being employed to divide programming operations. One example of such division may be a streaming model of programming multiple cores that employs different threads that are assigned to different cores.
The multiple cores may be programmed for applications such as image classification using machine learning, as the cores may be configured to provide outputs from determinations of weights and different input feature data. The multiple cores are beneficial for such an application because parallel operations may be assigned to different cores for simultaneous execution. For example, groups of cores may be assigned to each layer of the neural net to apply weights to the input feature data to classify the image.
Deep learning is a branch of machine learning. Like machine learning, deep learning involves a training process and an inference process. Training is the process to capture the features of a given training dataset. The outcome of training is a trained model, convolutional neural network (CNN), deep neural network (DNN) or other computer modeled outcome. The captured features are reflected as the weights of each layer in the model. For example, in image classification applications, a model may be trained by a training set of images with specific features. The weights for the captured features are learned by the model and stored.
Given the trained model, inference is the process to make predictions on an unknown dataset based on the weights determined during the training process. Thus, once the weights are obtained from the training process in an image classification model, they are stored and made available for analysis of an unknown set of images. Using the weights determined in training in relation to detected features of the unknown set of images, the unknown images may be classified by the model.
In complex applications, such as image classification, deep learning models learn the deep knowledge about features of training dataset of images. Sophisticated CNNs have been developed to accurately classify images based on multiple input data. These CNNs have relatively large number of layers and each layer has large dimensions based on the complexity of image classification. The consequence is that more storage space and computation power are needed for the inferences produced from such sophisticated CNN models. For example, a ResNet50 convolutional neural network model has 50 layers. There are about an average of 6,656K weights for each layer in the ResNet 50 convolutional neural network model. The overall number of weights for the models is over 23 million values. If each weight is represented as a 32-bit single precision floating-point number, the ResNet50 model requires about 26M bytes of storage space to save the weights for the processing cores that execute the model.
Such predictions based on the stored weights usually occur on a multi-core network edge device because for security and bandwidth purposes, there is no need to transfer data over the cloud for computation. Further, the computation performed on edge based devices results in a much shorter response time in comparison to cloud-based servers. However, typically edge devices have limited storage space and computation capability. Thus, the amount of storage space needed for the stored weights for evaluating an unknown dataset becomes a critical impediment to rapid operation by edge devices in a multi-core system. As explained above, numerous weight values are typically used for each of the layers in a convolutional neural network model and therefore overwhelm the limited storage space available for an edge device that executes the model.
In order to effectively run such a model on an edge device, each layer of the model must be compressed before it is saved on an edge device. The compressed layers are then decompressed before running the inference process on the edge device.
Thus, there is a need for reducing the amount of storage space for operational data such as weights required for an artificial learning application. There is also a need for compressing the weights of a convolutional neural network model to produce an approximation of the weights that may be used to maintain the performance of inference outputs without re-training the model. There is a further need for compression and decompression of weights for layers of a convolutional neural network model that allows maintaining prediction accuracy of the model at an acceptable level on an edge device.

Method and system for compressing application data for operations on multi-core systems


A mobile terminal and display controlling method thereof are disclosed. The present invention includes receiving an input of a 1st touch action on a prescribed point on a screen, receiving an input of a 2nd touch action to select a specific object from a plurality of objects displayed on the screen while a touch by the 1st touch action is maintained, and displaying the specific object selected by the 2nd touch action with reference to an input point of the 1st touch action while the touch by the 1st touch action is maintained.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile terminal, and more particularly, to a mobile terminal and display controlling method thereof. Although the present invention is suitable for a wide scope of applications, it is particularly suitable for receiving a multi-touch via a touchscreen.
Discussion of the Related Art
Generally, terminals can be classified into mobile/portable terminals and stationary terminals. The mobile terminals can be classified into handheld terminals and vehicle mount terminals again according to possibility of user's direct portability.
As functions of the terminal are diversified, the terminal is implemented as a multimedia player provided with composite functions such as photographing of photos or moving pictures, playback of music or moving picture files, game play, broadcast reception and the like for example.
To support and increase of the terminal functions, it may be able to consider the improvement of structural part and/or software part of the terminal.
According to a related art, a mobile terminal can receive a multi-touch using a touchscreen provided to a mobile terminal.
However, the related art fails in providing a method of controlling an operation of a mobile terminal in various ways in case of receiving an input of one of multiple touches by maintaining another one of the multiple touches.

Mobile terminal and display controlling method thereof


The present invention provides a new folio pocket system that securely holds inserted supplemental material. The inserted supplemental material, such as a computer diskette or a CD-ROM disk, is held in a pocket created by and between a first sheet and a second sheet attached thereto, where the second sheet has at least one cutout opening therethrough that defines an opening in the pocket through which the supplemental material may be inserted into the pocket. In use, the preventer means and components of the pocket prevent the inserted supplemental material from unintentionally sliding out of the pocket. Additionally, the folio pocket system of the present invention may be included as a part of a folio, binder or report cover system.

The use of folio pockets of different designs and configurations is well known in the prior art. For example, a number of different slit and pouch pocket designs can be found in numerous folios available in any stationary store or catalog.
For example, one common folio pocket design is a simple bottom flap that is integrally formed with a folio cover at the bottom edge. This bottom flap folds up and is coupled to the cover to form the desired pouch pocket for the receipt of papers or other supplemental materials. This prior art pocket, however, does not ensure that the supplemental materials therein will remain in the pocket when the folio is handled by the user or placed in a briefcase or book bag.
Another design known in the art is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,460,413 to Kaplan et al., who disclose a folder package design wherein the folder has a closed pocket in its rear portion that encapsulates a computer diskette. In the Kaplan design, the folder prevents the diskette from being removed without cutting a slot in the folder. Once a slot is cut, however, the folder no longer prevents the diskette from sliding out of the pocket.
While the folio pockets of the prior art fulfill their respective objectives and requirements, the prior art folio pockets do not describe or suggest a folio pocket system that provides means for securely holding a diskette or other supplemental materials and preventing the inserted diskette or other supplemental materials from sliding out of the pocket. In this respect, the folio pocket system according to the present invention represents a substantial improvement over the concepts and slit pocket designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides a novel folio pocket system primarily developed for the purpose of securely holding supplemental materials in a pocket that includes means for preventing the inserted material(s) from sliding out of the pocket. Therefore, it can be appreciated that a need exists for a new folio pocket system that securely holds supplemental materials in a pocket and prevents the materials from sliding out. In this regard, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.

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A converter system is comprised of an analog-to-digital converter (1) and a digital-to-analog converter (2). A first base number of a number system used in the analog-to-digital converter is less than 2, and a second base number of a number system used in the digital-to-analog converter is less than two. The first base number does not equal the second base number. For example, both are within a range from 1.90 to 1.99. In a calibration method the output of the digital-to-analog converter is switched to the input of the analog-to-digital converter, and a controller (3) provides digital values to the input of the digital-to-analog converter, and receives corresponding digital values from the output of the analog-to-digital converter.

Digital-to-analog (D/A) and analog-to-digital (A/D) converters are used generally in electronics, especially in computer interfaces, to convert an analog signal into digital form, and vice versa. In rapid and accurate converters, it is customary to use a binary weight system in which the base number is 2: EQU U=(C+B.sub.1 2.sup.-1 +B.sub.2 2.sup.-2 + . . . +B.sub.n 2.sup.+n)E, (1)
where U is the value of an analog signal, E is a reference voltage used in the converter, and B.sub.1 . . . B.sub.n are binary values (0,1) C is a constant and n is the number of the bits/weights of the converter.
The binary weights 2.sup.-k of the converters are usually realized by weight or reference elements forming a so-called weighing network. In practice, the weighing network and the weight elements are usually realized by means of resistors, capacitors and transistors. The accuracy of the converter thereby depends on how accurately the relationship between the values of the weight elements is the right one. This involves very high requirements for the converter manufacturing technique, and in many cases converters have to be tuned after manufacture. Further, as the values of the weight elements vary in time (drifting), the accuracy limit of converters is usually about 12 bits. Converters having a greater accuracy than that have to be calibrated or tuned intermittently during use.
Converters usually have to be calibrated by adjusting the values of the weight elements and the reference voltages.
In addition, when great speed and accuracy are to be achieved, the time required for the converter to settle to the required accuracy causes problems. For this reason, the most accurate conventional converters are usually also slow.

A/D converter and D/A converter employing a rodix smaller than a two, and calibration thereof


Provided are a vinylcyclopropane that exhibits volume expansion upon homopolymerization and that enables improved solvent solubility, a monomer composition that contains the vinylcyclopropane, a polymer of the vinylcyclopropane, a polymer composition that contains the polymer, and an article that is obtainable through curing of the monomer composition. The vinylcyclopropane is represented by general formula (I) shown below.

Vinyl monomers (acrylic materials, etc.) and thermosetting resins (epoxy resins, phenolic resins, etc.) are conventionally used as adhesive materials.
However, volume shrinkage occurs during polymerization of such vinyl monomers and thermosetting resins, which leads to problems such as residual internal stress, cracking, and reduced adhesive strength.
The use of cyclic monomers as adhesive materials is being investigated with the aim of resolving the problems described above. Cyclic monomers are known to exhibit a smaller degree of polymerization shrinkage than vinyl monomers of equivalent molecular mass. Known examples of such cyclic monomers include vinylcyclopropanes, vinyloxiranes, 4-methylene-1,3-dioxolanes, cyclic ketene acetals, benzocyclobutenes, spiro orthocarbonates, spiro orthoesters, vinylcyclopropane cyclic acetals, cyclic allyl sulfides, and cyclic vinyl sulfones.
Among such cyclic monomers, vinylcyclopropanes are attracting particular attention. For example, a technique that involves using a polymer (homopolymer or copolymer) of a multifunctional vinylcyclopropane monomer (structural formula (1) shown below) as a dental material has been investigated (for example, refer to PTL 1). PTL 1 discloses that a copolymer of urethane dimethacrylate used as a vinyl monomer and a bis(vinylcyclopropane) used as a multifunctional vinylcyclopropane has improved mechanical properties and polymerization shrinkage compared to a copolymer of urethane dimethacrylate and dodecanediol dimethacrylate and a copolymer of urethane dimethacrylate and 1,1-bis(phenoxycarbonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane.

However, materials based on vinyl monomers (acrylic materials, etc.) exhibit noticeably high polymerization shrinkage. Consequently, when the multifunctional vinylcyclopropane monomer described in PTL 1 is copolymerized with a material based on a vinyl monomer (acrylic material, etc.), there is a problem that polymerization shrinkage cannot be sufficiently suppressed, and it is thought that in such a situation, a monomer that exhibits as large a degree of volume expansion as possible is beneficial.
Compounds represented by structural formulae (2) to (4) shown below are also known multifunctional vinylcyclopropanes (for example, refer to NPL 1 and 2).
The compound represented by structural formula (2) shown below (volume change upon homopolymerization: −2.8%) and the compound represented by structural formula (4) shown below (volume change upon homopolymerization: −3.8%) have bulky substituents and exhibit a smaller degree of polymerization shrinkage than the compound represented by structural formula (3) shown below (volume change upon homopolymerization: −7.0%).
However, the fact that the compound represented by structural formula (2) shown below and the compound represented by structural formula (4) shown below do not exhibit volume expansion upon homopolymerization is a problem.
Up until the present time, a vinylcyclopropane that has a multifunctional structure and that also exhibits relatively large expansion has not been commonly known.

Furthermore, a monofunctional vinylcyclopropane that has adamantyl groups and that is represented by structural formula (5) shown below is a known example of a monofunctional vinylcyclopropane having bulky substituents that is a compound exhibiting excellent volume expansion (for example, refer to NPL 3).

However, the poor solubility of the compound represented by structural formula (5) in solvents such as acetone is problematic. Accordingly, a complicated process is required in production in order to obtain a polymer, which means that the aforementioned compound suffers from a problem of being disadvantageous in terms of convenience as a monomer.
Furthermore, a monofunctional vinylcyclopropane having an alicyclic compound introduced as a bulky substituent is known and variation of the number of ring members has been investigated (for example, refer to PTL 2 and 3).
Monomers described in PTL 2 and 3 suffer from a problem that despite polymerization shrinkage being mitigated, they do not exhibit volume expansion upon homopolymerization
As described above, a compound that exhibits volume expansion upon homopolymerization, maintains mechanical properties, and is highly convenient in production has yet to be developed and there is strong demand for development of such a compound.

Vinylcyclopropane, monomer composition, polymer, polymer composition, and article


A clamping device, in particular a cable clamping device for telecommunications technology and data systems technology. The clamping device is of a generic type which ensures that objects having different diameters are clamped simply and reliably and without the risk of an impermissibly high degree of pinching of the object to be clamped. The clamping device includes a clamping member, which is formed from a basic body and at least one clamping arm and into which the object to be clamped is inserted. The clamping member is pushed into a sleeve having cutouts in which at least one of the clamping arms of the clamping member engages. By rotating the sleeve with respect to the fixed basic body at least one of the clamping arms reduces the clamping inside diameter of the clamping member.

Known clamping devices such as pipe clips or cable clamps permit the clamping of pipes, hoses or cables only for a small range of diameters in each case. Only narrow diameter ranges can be dealt with by one clamping device. The clamped objects are not protected against being crushed; the extent of pinching is determined by the operative and is not limited by the clamping device.
DE 43 34 615 Cl describes an electric plug-in connector to which a shield contact can be clamped in order to provide continuous shielding of the cable up to the plug-in connector. The cable shield is connected in this case in a conducting fashion to the shield contact via a crimped connection. The crimped connection is undertaken by means of a crimping ring or a cable tie. It is possible to achieve only inadequate adaptation to different cable diameters by this means, as well.


A simple method and device enabling a unit dose from a reservoir is provided. The dose is drawn into the reservoir and is then expelled from the device by depressing a plunger. The plunger has features which divide the dose into discrete intervals. As the plunger is moved during delivery, the features on the plunger and features connected to a barrel interact to provide for intermittent stops to the delivery. Other aspects of the device provide for reduced dead space, safety and selective interconnection with other devices. Thus, the device divides the dose.

Traditionally, syringes are filled by inserting the needle into a vial. The dose is drawn from the vial, pulling the liquid drug dose from the vial into the syringe. The dosage is then expelled from the device by depressing the plunger. If it is desired to divide the total dose into discrete intervals, it must be accomplished manually, or via complicated and costly systems. In the actual usage of devices of this type, multiple doses are given to the same patient at various locations. With a conventional syringe the practitioner must stop depressing the plunger based on visual feedback (from the scale on the syringe). Consequently, it is difficult to perform the repeat dose injections with a high degree of accuracy and/or precision. Furthermore, intradermal injections which can be performed at repeated sites are difficult to perform and adding the difficulty of manually dividing the dose at each site has historically been difficult. Medication pens were developed to produce multiple injections, but are complicated and comprised of many parts. For example, a pen like device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,745. This pen device is complicated and performs multiple injections but with significant cost. Furthermore, medication pens are not readily adapted for use with fill at time of use systems, especially systems which require reconstitution steps. What is needed is a device and technique for expelling repeated doses from a fill able single syringe to perform multiple injections without having to solely rely on visual feedback from the scale of the syringe, or complicated devices with multiple parts. Furthermore, what is needed is a system that divides the dose that is compatible with conventional reconstitution practices. Attached are the results of a general background search which was conducted for the dose dividers.


An occlusion device for occluding a cavity defined by a body is provided, and includes first and second laterally-expandable portions each formed of a woven tubular fabric and having opposed proximal and distal ends. The first portion is insertable into the cavity so as to be substantially disposed therein upon lateral expansion thereof. A connective element tethers the distal end of the first portion and the second portion, and is cooperable therewith to form a collapsible assembly extending along an insertion axis. Retention members, operably engaged with each of the first and second portions and spaced apart about a laterally outward surface thereof, are adapted to engage the body, after insertion of the collapsed assembly, second portion-first, into the cavity, and subsequent lateral expansion of the first and second portions, so as to retain the assembly substantially within the cavity. An associated deployment method is also provided.

1. Field of the Disclosure
Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to implantable medical devices, more particularly to implantable medical devices configured to occlude vessels, cavities, appendages, or the like, within a body, and deployment methods associated therewith.
2. Description of Related Art
A variety of devices and/or techniques, along with materials for and methods of manufacturing such devices, have been developed to occlude a vessel or an opening in an organ (e.g., heart) of a patient.
Such devices, however, may not be particularly suited to address specific physiological conditions such as, e.g., occlusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA), in order to reduce the risk of embolisms when the patient is undergoing atrial fibrillation. During atrial fibrillation, the left atrial appendage may be a significant source of the undesirable formation of thrombus-embolis. Also, occlusion of the left atrial appendage by surgical techniques may not always be possible and/or advisable. Further, some such devices applied to occlude the left atrial appendage may sometimes be at risk of being undesirably expelled from the left atrial appendage due to, e.g., forces generated by atrial fibrillation. In addition, some such devices may be configured so as to undesirably prevent some subsequent alternate treatments of the condition such as, e.g., ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation.
As such, there exists a need for an occlusion device and associated deployment method capable of addressing the above-noted and other factors involved in therapies for atrial fibrillation of the left atrial appendage and/or other vessels, cavities, appendages, or the like, within the body.

Occlusion device and associated deployment method


A combustion engine with an EGR apparatus has an EGR path connecting an exhaust path and an intake path. An EGR control valve is mounted in the EGR path for controlling the amount of flow of an EGR gas flowing from the exhaust path to the intake path. The combustion engine also has an oxygen concentration sensor mounted downstream of a joint of the intake path and the EGR path, and in the intake path, for detecting a concentration of oxygen in an intake air. The intake air contains the EGR gas and an air introduced from an atmosphere via the intake path. The combustion engine also has converted actual EGR ratio calculating means for calculating a converted actual EGR ratio on the basis of the concentration of oxygen in the intake air detected by the sensor. The converted actual EGR ratio is a ratio of an actual EGR ratio to an actual air ratio. The actual EGR ratio is a ratio of the amount of the EGR gas to the amount of the intake air.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a combustion engine with an EGR apparatus and particularly relates to a combustion engine with an EGR apparatus having an oxygen concentration sensor mounted in an intake path.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is known in the prior art, an EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) apparatus recirculates a part of an exhaust gas of the combustion engine for controlling the combustion in the combustion engine. An EGR control valve is mounted in an EGR path which recirculates the part of the exhaust gas to the intake path. The opening of the EGR control valve is controlled on the basis of the amount of an EGR gas recirculated to the intake path. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 57-148048 discloses a method for calculating the amount of EGR gas wherein an air flow meter for detecting the amount of an air introduced from an atmosphere and a pressure detector for detecting the amount of an intake air containing an EGR gas and the air introduced from the atmosphere, are mounted in the intake path, and the amount of EGR gas is calculated on the basis of the amount of the intake air and the amount of the air introduced from the atmosphere.
In order to correctly detect the amount of the intake air drawn into the combustion engine, the detected amount of the intake air must be compensated on the basis of the temperature of the intake air and the temperature of the air introduced from the atmosphere. However, when the temperature of the intake air and the temperature of the air introduced from the atmosphere are detected by temperature sensors, it is difficult to correctly detect the temperatures at each moment because the temperature sensors have relatively large time constants. During the transitional operational condition of the combustion engine wherein the change of the temperature is relatively large, the temperature detected by the temperature sensor greatly differs from the actual temperature, therefore, it is difficult to correctly detect the amount of the EGR gas. If the amount of the EGR gas is not correctly detected, the proper combustion is not achieved in the combustion engine and the amount of NOx and smoke in the exhaust gas increases.
Further, when a plurality of sensors such as the air flow meter, the pressure sensor and the temperature sensor are used, the errors of the values detected by respective sensors accumulate and, therefore, the errors of the amount of the intake air and the air introduced from the atmosphere accumulate, the amount of the intake air and the air introduced from the atmosphere being calculated on the basis of the values detected by respective sensors. Further, when a plurality of sensors are used, the complexity of a control system of the EGR apparatus increases, therefore, the cost of the EGR apparatus increases.
When a quick-response temperature sensor whose time constant is relatively small is used, it is possible to detect the temperature which is relatively close to the actual temperature, by means of the quick-response temperature sensor during the transitional operational condition of the combustion engine. However, since the quick-response temperature sensor is expensive, the cost of the EGR apparatus increases.
As is well known, in order to judge the EGR apparatus to be correct or wrong, i.e., in order to judge the failure of the EGR apparatus, an EGR ratio is used, the EGR ratio being a ratio of the amount of the EGR gas to the amount of the intake air. However, when the amount of the EGR gas in not correctly detected, the EGR ratio on the basis of the amount of the EGR gas is also incorrect, therefore, it is impossible to correctly judge the failure of the EGR apparatus.


Apparatus and method for reconstructing a high-density three-dimensional (3D) image are provided. The method includes: generating an initial 3D image by matching a first image captured using a first camera and a second image captured using a second camera; searching for a first area and a second area from the initial 3D image by using a number of characteristic points included in the initial 3D image; detecting a plane from a divided first area; filtering a divided second area; and synthesizing the detected plane and the filtered second area.

1. Field
Apparatuses and methods consistent with exemplary embodiments relate to a multiple-camera system, and more particularly, to reconstructing a high-density three-dimensional image by performing plane detection and smoothing with respect to an initial three-dimensional image that is generated by image matching.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a three-dimensional (3D) image may be defined in two respects. First, a 3D image is constructed using depth information so that a user may feel that a portion of an image jumps out of a screen. Here, depth information refers to information about a distance between a camera and a two-dimensional (2D) image, represented as an image. Thus, the 2D image may be represented as a 3D image by using the depth information. Second, a 3D image is constructed basically to provide various points of view to a user to give a sense of reality.
A stereoscopic image may be obtained by using a binocular camera system or a multi-viewpoint camera system. The binocular camera system uses a left image and a right image captured using two cameras to provide stereoscopic effects to a user. The multi-viewpoint camera system provides various viewpoints to a user by spatially synthesizing images that are captured using two or more cameras.

Apparatus and method for reconstructing high density three-dimensional image