A method for the preparation of triorganochlorosilane with the general formula EQU R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 SiCl,. where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently selected from a group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon groups, wherein said method is characterized by the reaction of hydrogen chloride with triorganohydrosilane with the general formula EQU R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 SiH,. where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as previously described, in the presence of a Group 8 transition metal or complex thereof.

The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of triorganochlorosilane.
Triorganochlorosilane is used as an intermediate for silicone products such as silicone rubbers, silicone oils, and so forth. Triorganochlorosilane is also used as a silylating agent for the protection of functional groups on precursors during the synthesis of organic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, agrichemicals, dyes, and so forth.
Methods for the preparation of triorganochlorosilane from triorganohydrosilane include the reaction of triorganohydrosilane with chlorine.
Specifically, triorganochlorosilane carrying a non-methyl substituent on the silicon is generally synthesized by first reacting SiH-containing diorganochlorosilane with an organometallic compound (e.g., Grignard reagent, etc.) to yield the triorganohydrosilane and then reacting the triorganohydrosilane with chlorine to afford the triorganochlorosilane.
There has recently been recognition of the extreme usefulness of highly sterically hindered silylating agents with a better protective group inertness than trimethylchlorosilane, for example, trialkylchlorosilanes such as tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane, triisopropylchlorosilane, and triethylchlorosilane. As a result, such silylating agents are being used with increasing frequency. As explained above, silylating agents carrying such substitutents can be synthesized starting from a dialkylhydrochlorosilane. The necessary alkyl group is first introduced onto the silicon atom, and the Si-H group on the resulting trialkylhydrosilane is then chlorinated with chlorine. A drawback to this method is the inconvenience associated with the handling of chlorine, and sulfuryl chloride (SO.sub.2 Cl.sub.2), a well-known chlorine equivalent, is therefore used in some cases in place of chlorine.
However, the chlorine and sulfuryl chloride (chlorine equivalent) used in this prior-art method exercise a poor reaction selectivity. This results in the synthesis of both trialkylchlorosilane (chlorination of the silicon-hydrogen bond) and chloroalkyl-containing silane by-products (chlorination of carbon-hydrogen bonds on the alkyl group), and the yield of the desired trialkylchlorosilane is therefore diminished. In addition, these chloroalkylsilane by-products do not currently have any value insofar as practical applications are concerned, and their disposal as industrial wastes is problematic from the standpoint of environmental preservation.
The present invention was developed as the result of extensive investigations by the inventor in order to solve the problem described above. The preparative method in accordance with the present invention makes possible the high-yield synthesis of triorganochlorosilane without the generation of by-products.

Method for the preparation of triorganochlorosilane


A radial-ply tire has a tread provided with at least one block isolated by longitudinal and transverse grooves. A central wavy sipe and a peripheral wavy sipe are disposed on the block, each of the wavy sipes running zigzag along a centerline, wherein the central wavy sipe makes a smaller angle with the centerline therefore than the peripheral wavy sipe with the centerline therefore.

This invention relates to a radial-ply tire with a block pattern tread.
For a radial-ply tire, a variety of tread patterns has been proposed. The block pattern in which a plurality of longitudinal grooves running in a circumferential direction of the tire and a plurality of transverse grooves intersecting the longitudinal grooves form a number of islands or blocks is found typically in a mud-and-snow tire and the tire with such a tread pattern exhibits its potential to the fullest extent on ice or snow and muddy roads.
In the radial-ply tire with such a block pattern tread, it has been proposed to lower bending stiffness of the block by providing it with a plurality of sipes. Reducing the stiffness of the block in this manner enables the block to softly contact a road surface so that further improvements can be accomplished in ice and wet performances.
However, when the sipes are linear, block segments isolated by these linear sipes are able to move independently so that lateral stiffness of the block is markedly compromised. Hence, the distortion of the blocks is increased so much that a vehicle with the tire totters at a high speed.
To overcome this disadvantage, it is effective to form each sipe in a wavy pattern. When a plurality of wavy sipes is formed in the block, each block segment as isolated by such sipes certainly comes into contact with an adjacent segment of the same block irrespective of a direction of distortion, so that the distortion of the respective block segments is delimited as compared with the case of linear sipes, resulting in an improved stiffness of the block as a whole. As a consequence, not only ice and wet performances of the tire are improved but a satisfactory high-speed running performance can be obtained.
When wavy sipes of the same pattern are formed at equal intervals in the respective blocks of a radial-ply tire, it is impossible to insure a uniform contact of each block with a road surface. Thus, bending stiffness of any block segment that lies in a peripheral region of the block is then lower than that of a segment of the same size which lies in a central region of the block. This is because, whereas the central block segment has an adjacent block segment on either side, the block segment in the peripheral region has no adjacent segment on one side.
To insure uniformity of rigidity within each block with the foregoing taken into consideration, it is considered effective to increase density of sipes in the central region over that in the peripheral region. In such an arrangement, the block is more finely divided in the central region of high sipe density than in the peripheral region of low sipe density so that bending stiffness of the central segment only is relatively reduced to keep a balance.
However, when the sipe density in the central region is thus increased over that in the peripheral region, side edges of the block are worn (toe-and-heel wear) earlier than the center of the block so that an uneven wear within the block reduces tire life. In addition, tire vibrations are amplified.
The object of this invention, which has been accomplished against the above background, is to provide a radial-ply tire whose tread has a pattern of blocks as divided by a plurality of longitudinal grooves running in the circumferential direction of the tire and a plurality of transverse grooves intersecting the longitudinal grooves and each of the blocks being provided with a plurality of zigzag or wavy sipes, which tire has been improved in that distribution of stiffness in the respective blocks is rendered uniform while variation in wear within the respective blocks and tire noise are successfully reduced.


A nonvolatile semiconductor memory includes a plurality of word lines WL; a plurality of bit lines BL; memory cell transistors having a charge storage layer arranged in the column whose charge storage state is controlled by one of the word lines; memory cell transistor rows MSGm, MSGn functioning as select gate lines by injecting a charge into the charge storage layer of a memory cell transistor to form an enhancement mode transistor. Any one of a first select gate transistor or a second transistor, or both may be formed by a memory cell transistor functioning as a select gate transistor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a nonvolatile semiconductor memory cell matrix providing divided write/erase for high-density memory cell transistors having a floating gate or MONOS structure, a method for operating thereof, and a monolithic integrated circuit and a nonvolatile semiconductor memory system.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the related art, for example, an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), which electrically writes and erases data, is known as a nonvolatile semiconductor memory, as described in Riichiro Shirota, "A Review of 256 Mbit NAND Flash Memories and NAND Flash Future Trend", Non-Volatile Semiconductor Memory Workshop (NVSMW), 2000, pp. 22-31.
An EEPROM, especially in the case of a NAND, has memory cell transistors at respective intersections of word lines in a row direction and bit lines in a column direction arranged to form a memory cell array. As the memory cell transistor, such as a MOS transistor having a stacked-gate structure where a floating gate and a control gate are overlaid is generally used.
A typical memory cell of the NAND flash memory is disclosed in Riichiro Shirota, "A Review of 256 Mbit NAND Flash Memories and NAND Flash Future Trend", Non-Volatile Semiconductor Memory Workshop (NVSMW), 2000, pp. 22-31. The NAND flash memory has a structure where a plurality of memory cell transistors connected in series to form a NAND string, on both sides of which select gate transistors are arranged. Furthermore, an element isolation region is disposed parallel to the element active area region of the memory cell transistor to form a memory cell array. Generally, the gate length of the select gate transistors is the same or longer than the gate length of the memory cell transistors to prevent degradation of cutoff characteristics of the transistors due to a short-channel effect. Moreover, the select gate transistor is usually constituted by an enhancement mode MOS transistor.
The high-density of the memory cell transistors of the NAND flash memory is realized by increasing the number of NAND columns. In other words, while the select gate transistors, and the bit-line and/or source-line contact portions are an overhead of the memory cell array, in order to decrease the rate at which the select gate transistors occupy, a higher density is achieved by increasing the number of memory cell transistors contained in a NAND column and thus decreases the rate of the overhead. However, if the number of memory cell transistors contained in a NAND column increases, a problem occurs that a unit of data in writing/erasing also becomes larger because data is rewritten for each NAND column. Hence, a method where the NAND column is divided by providing the select gate transistor in the memory cell string, and the like have been proposed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2000-222895 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,227. In addition, a self-boost (SB) write method and the like have been proposed by K. D. Suh, et al., "A 3.3V 32 Mb NAND Flash Memory with Incremental Step Pulse Programming Scheme", IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, Vol. 30, No. 11, November 1995, pp. 1149-1156, as a method of controlling a channel-voltage when writing.
With the method where NAND columns are divided, while the increase of the overhead associated with the bit line and source line previously mentioned can be avoided, the region of the high-density memory cell inevitably increases because the overhead region of the select gate transistor itself increases. In addition, since positions of the select gate transistors are fixed from the stage of designing the memory, the degree of freedom in changing the unit in writing/erasing when using the memory is small.

Nonvolatile semiconductor memory cell matrix with divided write/erase, a method for operating the same, monolithic integrated circuits and systems


The disclosed technology includes switching between a normal or standard-lens UI and a panoramic or wide-angle photography UI responsive to a zoom gesture. In one implementation, a user gesture corresponding to a “zoom-out” command, when received at a mobile computing device associated with a minimum zoom state, may trigger a switch from a standard lens photo capture UI to a wide-angle photography UI. In another implementation, a user gesture corresponding to a “zoom-in” command, when received at a mobile computing device associated with a nominal wide-angle state, may trigger a switch from a wide-angle photography UI to a standard lens photo capture UI.

As camera-equipped mobile computing devices (e.g., smartphones and tablets), increase in popularity, advances in software and hardware have enabled functionality on these devices traditionally reserved to conventional cameras and desktop computing devices. For example, many camera-equipped smartphones now come bundled with photo-capture software including wide-angle or panoramic photography capture modes. Moreover, many smartphone processors are now powerful enough to assemble multiple captured photos into a seamless composite image in a timely fashion.
As camera software on mobile computing devices evolves to include such features, it is important that updates to the user interface ("UI") of the software and mobile computing device maintain pace to ensure they are both usable and intuitive to discover. However, as many mobile computing devices feature a presence-sensitive display as a primary means of user input, traditional camera controls schemes relying on dedicated buttons and other physical widgets may not be feasible or wieldy on a mobile computing device.

User interface for wide angle photography


Methods of re-establishing a connection between a radio network node and a core network having a control plane entity and a user plane entity in a communication network and of detecting faulty communication paths or re-started entities in such networks are provided. A control-plane entity sends an event in accordance with a media gateway control protocol to the user-plane entity that orders the user-plane entity to notify the control-plane entity when user-plane traffic is received from another network node or when a faulty path or re-started peer is discovered. In response to an order by the control-plane entity, a connection between the radio network node and the user-plane entity can be re-established. Heartbeat messages and heartbeat acknowledgment messages are sent through a communication path, and if a heartbeat acknowledgment message has not been received, the control-plane entity is notified of the faulty path. The heartbeat acknowledgment messages may include re-start counter values that are used to discover re-started peers.

This invention relates to methods and apparatus for telecommunication and in particular to use of Media Gateway Control protocol mechanisms in a packet-switched communication system having a split control-plane/user-plane architecture to enable control-plane nodes to re-establish connections toward peer nodes when packets are received in the user plane from other peer nodes and to discover communication failures in the user plane.
In a packet data communication system, information is exchanged as packets of digital data, or datagrams. Each data packet includes address information that enables the system to direct each packet on its own way through the system from a sender to a receiver. Thus, a packet data communication system does not maintain a continuous connection between a sender and a receiver. Packet data communication systems are sometimes called "connection-less" and packet-switched systems, distinguishing them from traditional telephony systems in which continuous connections are established between senders and receivers. Thus, traditional telephony systems are sometimes called "connection-oriented" and circuit-switched systems.
General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet-switched communication system that is standardized by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). See for example "Digital Cellular Telecommunications System (Phase 2+) (GSM); General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage 2", 3GPP TS 03.60 ver. 7.6.0 Release 1998; and "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service Description; Stage 2", 3GPP TS 23.060 ver. 3.3.0 Release 1999 (April 2000). GPRS is also described in H. Granbohm et al., "GPRS—General Packet Radio Service", Ericsson Review No. 2, pp. 82–88 (1999) and in L. Ekeroth et al., "GPRS Support Nodes", Ericsson Review No. 3, pp. 156–169 (2000).
GPRS operates with circuit-switched, cellular mobile telephone systems such as the Global System for Mobile (GSM) system, also standardized by ETSI and 3GPP, and the U.S. time division multiple access (TDMA) cellular system defined by the TIA/EIA-136 standard promulgated by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and Electronic Industries Association (EIA). By adding GPRS functionality to GSM and TDMA public land mobile networks (PLMNs), network operators can give their subscribers resource-efficient access to external Internet protocol-based (IP-based) networks like the Internet.
As depicted in FIG. 1, a GSM-style PLMN includes a number of interconnected network nodes, in particular, a mobile switching center/visitor location register (MSC/VLR), a home location register (HLR), and base station subsystems (BSS). The BSS handles radio communication with subscribers' mobile stations (MSs) via an air interface Um. The HLR is a database of information about the subscribers that is accessed by the MSC/VLR via a D-interface and that is accessed by a serving GPRS support node (SGSN) via a Gr-interface. The MSC/VLR routes circuit-switched calls to and from the MSs, communicating with the BSS over an A-interface. It will be appreciated that these nodes are typical of a circuit-switched network such as a PLMN, whether GSM or not. Data transfer and signaling interfaces are indicated in FIG. 1 by solid lines and signaling interfaces are indicated by dashed lines.
Packet data services and GPRS add nodes in a packet-switched portion of the communication network for handling packet data traffic; these nodes interwork with the circuit-switched portion of the communication system depicted in FIG. 1. For example, an SGSN is connected to the BSS via a Gb-interface and resides at the same hierarchical level in the network as the MSC/VLR. A gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is the interconnection point to a packet data network (PDN) via a Gi-interface and is connected to the SGSN via a Gn-interface (which may be an IP backbone). User data to the Internet, directed for example, from a terminal equipment (TE) connected to a mobile terminal (MT), is sent encapsulated over the IP backbone. In FIG. 1, R is a reference point between a non-ISDN compatible TE and an MT. In this application, the end-user's equipment is called a mobile station (MS) whether it is a combination of a phone (MT) and a device such as a computer (TE) or just a phone.
The SGSN and GGSN can be combined into one physical node and deployed at a central point in the network, or a network may include several GGSNs and SGSNs as shown. Packet data streams and short text messages are handled in FIG. 1 by a Short Message Service—Gateway MSC (SMS-GMSC) and an SMS—Interworking MSC (SMS-IWMSC) that communicate with the HLR via a C-interface and with the MSC/VLR via an E-interface. As seen in FIG. 1, the SMS-GMSC and SMS-IWMSC exchange short messages with a short message switching center (SM-SC), and the SMS-GMSC communicates with the SGSN via a Gd-interface. It will be appreciated that the nodes depicted in FIG. 1 are typical of a packet-switched network, whether a GPRS network or not.
Most of the interfaces depicted in FIG. 1, and in particular the Gs- and A-interfaces, exchange messages with the help of the Signaling System Number 7 (SS7) that is standardized by ETSI and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), among others. SS7 in GSM and GPRS uses a message transfer part (MTP) protocol to deliver messages and a signaling connection control part (SCCP) protocol for extended addressing. The SCCP protocol provides for each message to have an SCCP header that has a sub-system number for telling the node receiving the message which application should have the message. An SGSN, for example, typically has different sub-system numbers for communication with the HLR and with the MSC/VLR. An MSC usually derives the node type of a communicating peer node based on the sub-system number that may be stored in a database or included in an earlier message.
In a GPRS network, packet data channels (PDCHs) are mapped onto respective timeslots, thereby utilizing the same physical channel structure as ordinary circuit-switched GSM/TDMA channels. All radio resources are managed from a base station controller (BSC) in the BSS, which also includes Base Transceiver Stations (BTS); the pool of physical channels for a given cell can be used as either circuit-switched channels or packet-data channels. By packet multiplexing, the allocated PDCHs can be shared by every GPRS user in the cell, and the number of PDCHs in a cell can be fixed or dynamically allocated to meet fluctuating traffic demands. To support efficient multiplexing of packet traffic to and from mobile stations, or mobile terminals (MTs), packet data traffic channels (PDTCHs), packet associated control channels (PACCHs), and packet data common control channels (PDCCHs) are specified for the air interface Um, although PDCCHs are not always used.
As noted above, an SGSN serves every GPRS subscriber that is physically located within the SGSN's service area. To a large extent, the SGSN does for the packet data service what the MSC/VLR does for circuit-switched service. The mobility management functions for GPRS terminals that are performed by an SGSN include attach/detach, user authentication, ciphering, location management, and so on, and an SGSN supports combined mobility management for at least some mobile terminals by interworking with the MSC/VLR. An SGSN also manages the logical link to mobile terminals that carries user packet traffic, SMS traffic, and layer-3 signaling between the network and the GPRS terminals. An SGSN also routes and transfers packets between mobile terminals and the GGSN; handles packet data protocol (PDP) contexts (the PDP context defines important parameters, such as the access point name, quality of service, the GGSN to be used, and so on, for connection to the external packet data network); interworks with the radio resource management in the BSS; and generates charging data.
As noted above, the GGSN accommodates the interface to external IP-based networks. Access-server functionality in the GGSN is defined according to standards from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The GGSN functions as a border gateway between the PLMN and external networks, sets up communication with external packet data networks, authenticates users to external packet networks, routes and tunnels packets to and from the SGSN, and generates charging data.
The MSC/VLR also supports integrated mobility management for mobile terminals. GPRS attach and PDP-context activation must be executed in order for GPRS users to connect to external packet data networks. The mobile terminal makes itself known to the network by means of GPRS attach, which corresponds to IMSI attach used for circuit-switched traffic. Once the terminal is attached to the network, the network knows its location and capabilities. For some mobile terminals, circuit-switched IMSI attach and packet-switched GPRS attach can be performed at the same time.
GPRS attach is depicted by FIG. 2. In step 1, the mobile terminal requests that it be attached to the network. The terminal's request, which is sent to the SGSN, includes parameters that indicate its multi-timeslot capabilities, the ciphering algorithms it supports, whether it wants to attach to a packet-switched service or to both packet- and circuit-switched services, etc. In step 2, authentication is made between the terminal and SGSN, which may fetch relevant data from the HLR. In step 3, subscriber data from the HLR is inserted into the SGSN; and in step 4, information is passed to the terminal that indicates the terminal is attached to the network.
Before the mobile terminal can communicate with an external PDN (e.g., an IP network), a PDP context must be activated. The PDP context includes parameters that describe the characteristics of the connection to the external PDN, e.g., the address allocated to the MS, access point name (APN), QoS, and so on. PDP contexts may be primary or secondary, in which a secondary PDP context uses the same MS IP address and is connected towards the same APN (i.e., external net) as its respective primary PDP context. A composite PDP context contains one primary and zero or more secondary PDP contexts.
PDP-context activation is depicted in FIG. 3. In step 1, the mobile terminal requests PDP-context activation. In step 2, the SGSN validates the request based on subscription information received from the HLR during GPRS attach. In step 3, the APN is sent to a domain name server (DNS) from the SGSN to find the IP address of the relevant GGSN. In step 4, a logical connection is created between the SGSN and the GGSN (i.e., a GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) tunnel is formed). In step 5, the GGSN assigns a dynamic IP address to the mobile terminal, if required, from the range of IP addresses allocated to the PLMN or externally, from a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) server (a fixed IP address from the HLR could also be used). A RADIUS client is included in the GGSN to support Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) authentication to external networks with RADIUS servers. After an acknowledgment of the PDP context activation is returned to the MS (step 6), communication between the user and the external PDN (e.g., an Internet Service Provider (ISP) network or a corporate network) can commence (step 7).
Many network operators see an advantage in physically splitting node(s) in a network like that depicted in FIG. 1 into control plane node(s) and user plane node(s), thus better enabling independent scalability of signaling traffic and data traffic. In particular, the number of end-users is scalable independently of the end-user traffic. By connecting each user-plane node to several control-plane nodes and vice versa, it is possible to use the total network capacity more efficiently. Moreover, it is possible to dispose common user-plane nodes between the circuit-switched and the packet-switched portions of the communication network to reduce the necessary network resources even further and to provide a better migration path when circuit-switched equipment is replaced packet-switched equipment. Also, this enables cheaper replacement of the network nodes handling user-plane traffic as technology evolves.
The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a combined circuit-switched and packet-switched communication system. The circuit-switched portion has a split control-plane/user-plane architecture, and therefore physically splitting nodes in the circuit-switched portion of this system is already possible. The packet-switched portion does not have a split architecture, although a logical split already exists in the current specifications of the packet-switched portion and thus it may be just a matter of time before a split architecture is defined.
When a split architecture is implemented, a protocol for communications between control- and user-plane entities must be defined. Two such protocols are the H.248 and Media Gateway Control (MEGACO) protocols, which are similar enough that they will be called the H.248/MEGACO protocol in this application. The H.248/MEGACO protocol defines, in an open and flexible way, a generic framework for information exchange between control-plane and user-plane entities as well as application-specific packages that can be tailored to the different needs of an application like GPRS. The H.248 protocol is being developed by Study Group 16 of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) (see Draft Recommendation H.248, ITU (Jun. 15, 2000), which is incorporated here by reference). The MEGACO protocol is being developed in the IETF's MEGACO working group (see N. Greene et al., "Megaco Protocol version 0.8", RFC 2885, IETF (August 2000) and T. Taylor, "Megaco Errata", RFC 2886, IETF (August 2000), which are the successors to N. Greene et al., "Media Gateway Control Protocol Architecture and Requirements", RFC 2805, IETF (April 1999)).
In these standardization protocols, the call/application function located in the control plane is called a Media Controller (MC) and the bearer/resource function located in the user plane is called a Media Gateway (MG). An MG normally converts media provided in one type of network to a format required in another type of network, and an MC controls the parts of a call state that pertain to connection control for media channels in an MG. For example, an MG may terminate bearer channels from a circuit-switched network (e.g., DS0 channels in a PSTN) and media streams from a packet-switched network (real-time transport protocol (RTP) streams in an IP network).
FIG. 4 depicts such a network that has two nodes and a split architecture. The nodes 402, 404 include respective MCs 406, 408 and respective MGs 410, 412. Communications on the interface between the media controllers, i.e., the control-plane entities, are conducted according to a call/application control protocol. Communications on the interface between the media gateways, i.e., the user-plane entities, are conducted according to a bearer/resource protocol. Communications on the interface between the control-plane and user-plane entities can be conducted according to the H.248/MEGACO protocol.
The H.248/MEGACO protocol is also organized according to user-plane concepts of Contexts, Terminations, Streams, and Descriptors, which can be better understood with the help of FIG. 5. P Contexts and Terminations relate to resources in the user plane. A Termination represents a physical or logical endpoint of flows of information, or media, and encapsulates media stream parameters as well as modem and bearer parameters. A Termination may include zero or more Streams and is identified by a TerminationID. Two Terminations are shown in FIG. 5. A Context logically groups one or more Terminations and is identified by a ContextID. A Context describes the topology (who hears/sees whom, i.e., the flow of media among Terminations) and the media mixing and/or switching parameters if more than two Terminations are involved in the Context. One Context that groups two Terminations is shown in FIG. 5. Each user plane entity (i.e., a media gateway in a split architecture like that shown in FIG. 4) can contain, or handle, several Contexts from several MSs. In general, Terminations are added/removed from Contexts by Add and Subtract commands.
Terminations have properties that have unique PropertyIDs, and related properties are grouped into Descriptors, which may be input or output parameters of commands. For example, a Stream describes a flow of media through a Termination in an MG. A Stream may include a received and/or a sent media flow, and is identified by a StreamID. Four bi-directional Streams are depicted in FIG. 5. The Streams 502, 504 are interconnected in the Context and hence they have the same StreamID. Similarly, the Streams 506, 508 are interconnected in the Context and hence they too have the same StreamID. Several Streams can be set up in one Termination, and FIG. 5 shows each Termination having two Streams. User data received by a media gateway is described by a Local Descriptor and user data sent by a media gateway is described by a Remote Descriptor.
The H.248/MEGACO protocol defines an Events Descriptor that describes events, conditions, parameters, etc. to be detected by an MG and what to do when such events are detected. The Events Descriptor typically contains a RequestID and a list of events that the MG is requested to detect and report. The RequestID is used to correlate the request with the notifications that it may trigger. Each event in the Descriptor typically contains an Event name, an optional StreamID, and other optional parameters. When an event is processed against the contents of an active Events Descriptor and found to be present ("recognized") in that Descriptor, the MG typically sends a Notify command to the MC. For example, conditions that might be monitored are the transferred information volume (e.g., the number of sent/received octets/packets) and the time duration of a communication session, which can be used as bases for charging a subscriber for the service provided.
The H.248/MEGACO protocol provides another Descriptor called a SignalsDescriptor, which is a parameter that contains a set of Signals that an MG applies to a Termination. There are three types of Signals: on/off, which is a Signal that lasts until it is turned off; timeout, which is a Signal that lasts until it is turned off or a specified time period elapses; and brief, which is a Signal having such a short duration that it will stop on its own unless a new Signal is applied that causes it to stop. Production of a Signal on a Termination is stopped by detection of an Event on the Termination, among other things. Signals are identified by SignalIDs and optionally by relevant StreamID, signal type, and duration, among others. A Media Controller can send a Signal to a Media Gateway to order the Media Gateway to perform an action, like send a message to its peer (in the user plane).
In GPRS, establishing a PDP context implies establishing a communication session in an MS, the radio network, an SGSN, and a GGSN. If no user-plane traffic is transmitted through this session for some time, the radio network may decide to release (or order release of) the connection between the radio network (or the MS) and the SGSN, while the connection between the SGSN and GGSN should remain. When user-plane traffic is transmitted again, the control plane nodes must re-establish the connection between the radio network (or the MS) and the SGSN. How this functionality can be achieved in a split architecture needs to be defined.
In addition, the current specifications of GPRS includes a "heartbeat" mechanism implemented by Echo Request and Echo Response messages. Every node/entity must send a message (Echo Request) to all its communication peers. If no reply (Echo Response) is received (possibly after some re-transmissions), the path towards this peer is considered faulty. If a reply is received and a re-start counter of the peer is different from the previously received counter value, the peer is considered re-started. This heartbeat mechanism is applied in both the control plane and the user plane. If a re-start or a path failure is discovered, all sessions (PDP contexts) towards the relevant peer might be released, or at least the involved MSs should be notified. The control plane entity is in charge of both the release process and the notification to the MS.
How this kind of heartbeat mechanism can be applied to a user plane entity, and how the user plane entity can report fault situations to the control plane in a split architecture need to be defined. A similar heartbeat mechanism can also be applied in the traditionally circuit-switched part of the network when that part uses packet bearers, e.g., IP packets.
In view of the effort being expended to develop the H.248/MEGACO protocol, it could be beneficial to use that protocol in a wide variety of communication environments, including GPRS for example. Aspects of this effort are described in "Feasibility Study for Transport and Control Separation in the PS CN Domain", 3GPP TR 23.873 ver. 1.1.0 (January 2001), which is incorporated here by reference. Further aspects are described in U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 09/903,364 and Ser. No. 09/903,365, both filed on Jul. 11, 2001, by F. Bjelland et al. Nevertheless, how the H.248/MEGACO protocol might be used in a packet-switched network like GPRS/UMTS or GPRS/TDMA has not been defined. One contributor to this problem may be that the split architecture is not yet standardized for GPRS.

Communication management in networks having split control planes and user planes


A head-mounted display device with which a user can visually recognize a virtual image and an outside scene simultaneously includes an image pickup unit configured to pick up an image of the outside scene and acquire an outside scene image, an augmented-reality processing unit configured to analyze the acquired outside scene image and generate additional image data for augmented reality according to a result of the analysis, a display element configured to generate image light using the generated additional image data, and a light guide unit configured to form a virtual image before the eyes of the user using the generated image light. The augmented-reality processing unit acquires an overlapping region where a display region for the virtual image and an image pickup region of the image pickup unit overlap in the outside scene image and generates the additional image data using the overlapping region.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a head-mounted display device and a control method for the head-mounted display device.
2. Related Art
There is known a technique called augmented reality (AR) for adding information to a real environment and presenting the information using a computer. The augmented reality is installed in a smartphone, a head mounted display (hereinafter referred to as "head-mounted display device"), and the like. FIGS. 1A and 1B are explanatory diagrams for explaining the augmented reality. FIG. 1A shows a state in which the augmented reality is realized by a non-transmissive head-mounted display device. The head-mounted display device picks up an image of an outside scene using a camera, recognizes an image CP obtained by the image pickup, and generates information to be added and presented (in an example shown in the figure, objects OB). The head-mounted display device causes a liquid crystal screen to display an image obtained by superimposing the picked-up image CP and the generated objects OB. Consequently, a user of the head-mounted display device can experience the augmented reality. In the example explained herein, the augmented reality is realized using the non-transmissive head-mounted display device. However, the augmented reality can be realized by the smartphone and the like. For example, JP-A-2011-203823 discloses a non-transmissive head-mounted display device implemented with the technique of the augmented reality.
As another document disclosing the related art, there is JP-2010-146481.
FIG. 1B shows a state in which the augmented reality is realized by an optically transmissive head-mounted display device. Like the non-transmissive head-mounted display device, the optically transmissive head-mounted display device recognizes the image CP obtained by image pickup and generates information to be added and presented (the objects OB). Thereafter, the optically transmissive head-mounted display device causes a liquid crystal screen to display only the generated objects OB. A user visually recognizes both of the objects OB displayed on the liquid crystal screen and displayed as a virtual image VI and an outside scene SC seen through a lens in front of the user. Consequently, the user can experience the augmented reality. A region obtained by the image pickup shown in a first drawing from the left in FIG. 1B is referred to as "image pickup visual field" as well. A region displayed as the virtual image VI shown in a second drawing from the left in FIG. 1B is referred to as "video visual field" as well. A region recognizable as the outside scene SC shown in a third diagram from the left in FIG. 1B is referred to as "real visual field" as well.
In some cases, the size of a region where the virtual image VI is projected before the eyes of the user (a portion where the real visual field and the video visual field overlap) and the size of a region where image pickup can be performed by a camera (the image pickup visual field) do not coincide with each other. When the sizes of the regions do not coincide with each other, in the optically transmissive head-mounted display device, a shift occurs between the objects OB displayed as the virtual image VI and the outside scene SC seen through the lens before the eyes and gives a sense of discomfort to the user. Specifically, for example, when the region where image pickup can be performed by the camera (the video visual field) is broad, in the optically transmissive head-mounted display device in the past, the objects OB corresponding to the broad range are generated and displayed before the eyes of the user as the virtual image VI. In such a case, the user feels a sense or discomfort because of inconsistency that occurs between the outside scene SC in the region where the virtual image VI is projected before the eyes of the user (the portion where the real visual field and the video visual field overlap) and the objects OB.

Head-mounted display device and control method for the head-mounted display device


A system and method for automatically configuring customer premises equipment, the system including a search module configured to select a set of configuration values and to create a discover packet including the set of configuration values. The discover packet is transmitted to attempt a connection with a network access device. If no response packet is received from the network access device, the search module selects another set of configuration values and creates another discover packet. If a response packet is received from the network access device, the search module stores the correct configuration values from the header of the response packet into a configuration register. A memory stores a subset of all possible configuration values including commonly used values.

1. Technical Field
The present system and method relate generally to electronic networks, and more particularly to a system and method for automatically configuring customer premises equipment.
2. Description of Background Art
Customer premises equipment (CPE), such as a digital subscriber line (DSL) broadband modem, requires certain configuration information at the time of installation for use with a particular broadband service. For some types of customer premises equipment, the configuration information includes asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) circuit values. ATM is a network technology that allows cells, which are fixed size data packets, to travel on a specific channel. ATM circuit values include virtual path identifier (VPI) values, virtual channel identifier (VCI) values, and ATM encapsulation types. The VPI is an eight-bit or twelve-bit field in an ATM cell header that indicates end-to-end routing information of the cell. The VCI is a sixteen-bit field in an ATM cell header that identifies the channel inside the virtual path over which the cell is to travel. ATM encapsulation type refers to the method used to preserve, or encapsulate, other network protocols, for example TCP/IP, over ATM. ATM encapsulation types include logical link control (LLC) and VC-based multiplexing (VCMUX).
Although ATM circuit values are required to configure customer premises equipment, service providers do not always provide customers with complete configuration information. Moreover, even with the correct configuration information, customers may not correctly enter the configuration information. In either case, not having or not correctly entering the configuration information results in an inability to connect the customer premises equipment to the service provider.
Additional details regarding DSL technology generally are described in Understanding Digital Subscriber Line Technology by Starr, Cioffi, and Silverman, Prentice Hall 1999, ISBN 0137805454 and in DSL—Simulation Techniques and Standards Development for Digital Subscriber Line Systems by Walter Y. Chen, Macmillan Technical Publishing, ISBN 1578700175, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Customer premises equipment autoconfiguration


Provided is a bipolar all-solid-state sodium ion secondary battery that can increase the voltage without impairing safety. A bipolar all-solid-state sodium ion secondary battery includes: a plurality of all-solid-state sodium ion secondary batteries 1 in each of which a positive electrode layer 3 capable of absorbing and releasing sodium, a solid electrolyte layer 4 made of a sodium ion-conductive oxide, and a negative electrode layer 5 capable of absorbing and releasing sodium are laid one upon another in this order; and a current collector layer 2 provided between the positive electrode layer 3 of each of the plurality of all-solid-state sodium ion secondary batteries 1 and the negative electrode layer 5 of the adjacent all-solid-state sodium ion secondary battery 1 and shared by the positive electrode layer 3 and the negative electrode layer 5.

Lithium ion secondary batteries have secured their place as high-capacity and light-weight power sources essential for mobile devices, electric vehicles, and so on. In the current lithium ion secondary batteries, organic electrolytic solutions are mainly used as electrolytes. Therefore, their voltage obtained in the form of a unit battery is as low as about 3.7 V. Hence, in order to obtain a high voltage, a plurality of unit batteries need to be connected in series. However, when a plurality of unit batteries are connected through connecting portions, there arises a problem that electric resistance of the connecting portions causes the voltage to significantly decrease. In addition, because a battery having a connecting portion means that the battery includes a large amount of portion not contributing to the increase in voltage, this presents a problem that the volume energy density and the weight energy density (hereinafter, referred to collectively as the "energy density") decrease.
A bipolar battery has been proposed as a solution to these problems. Patent Literature 1 below discloses, as an example of a bipolar battery, a lithium secondary battery including a polymer electrolyte layer containing an electrolytic solution. This bipolar battery includes power-generating elements in each of which a positive electrode composite material layer, a polymer electrolyte layer, and a negative electrode composite material layer are laid one upon another in this order. The plurality of power-generating elements are connected in series with a current collector layer in between.
Unlike the above, Patent Literature 2 below discloses a secondary battery in which a sulfide-based solid electrolyte is used.

Bipolar all-solid-state sodium ion secondary battery


A method for managing output bump/clunk in a neutral state in a strong hybrid vehicle includes calculating a motor torque for an electric traction motor connected to a third node of a planetary gear set. The motor torque is calculated as a product of a predetermined inertia of the electric traction motor, the calculated acceleration of the engine, and a gear ratio of the planetary gear set. The calculated motor torque is commanded from the electric traction motor via a controller in a direction opposite the calculated acceleration of the output shaft, including transmitting a motor torque command to the electric traction motor for the duration of the neutral state. The vehicle includes the engine, a damper assembly, the transmission, and the controller.

Strong hybrid vehicles use an internal combustion engine and one or more electric traction motors to provide input torque to gear sets of a transmission. The available modes of a strong hybrid may therefore include an engine-only mode, one or more electric-only/electric vehicle modes, and multiple hybrid or electrically variable transmission modes. In some strong hybrid designs, there is no method for opening the mechanical path between the engine and an output shaft of the transmission. Neutral is achieved in such designs by counter rotating one of the electric traction motors at idle to nullify engine speed. This is known as "geared neutral". As a result, a condition referred to as driveline output bump may result when operating the transmission in neutral due to transient torque disturbances from the engine. The terms "output bump" and "clunk" are conventionally used in the art to describe the perceived sound and/or feel of any undesirable engine output torque oscillations.

Output bump management in a strong hybrid vehicle


A steering wheel for a motor vehicle has a gas bag module (12) including a covering cap (14) and a gas bag (22). At least one vent opening (18) for diverting the gas is provided in the covering cap (14), in a foam (16) surrounding the steering wheel skeleton or in the hub region (20) of the steering wheel.

The invention relates to a steering wheel for a motor vehicle, the steering wheel comprising a gas bag module.
Various gas bag modules are known, in which vent openings are provided. By means of the vent openings, an excess pressure in the interior of the gas bag, which may occur during the filling of the gas bag or on penetration of a vehicle occupant into the gas bag, is to be reduced.
From the European patent application EP 0 614 787 A1 a gas bag restraint system is known, in which a controlled escaping of the filling gas is made possible through a seal gap formed between the steering wheel hub and a distributor chamber surrounding the steering wheel shaft.
In the German patent application DE 100 32 791 A1 and in the German utility model DE 201 07 297 U1, gas bag modules with vent openings provided in the gas generator carrier are shown. The gas is diverted into the hub region of the steering wheel, in order to make possible an escape of the gas into the interior of the module.
In the gas bag modules shown in the German utility model DE 299 06 477 U1, vent openings are provided in the gas generator carrier and in the module housing.
In order to compensate the stability losses of the corresponding components, in particular of the gas generator carrier, caused by the vent openings, these components must either be constructed so as to be more stable, or additional reinforcement components must be used, whereby the costs for the components and the assembly increase.
It is an object of the invention to achieve a reliable escape of the gas introduced into the gas bag, without additional components and without additional assembly expenditure.

Steering wheel for a motor vehicle with a gas bag module


A method of correlating nameserver addresses is implemented in a multi-tier name server hierarchy comprising a first level authority for a domain, and one or more second level authorities to which the first level authority delegates with respect to a particular sub-domain associated with the domain. Preferably, the first level authority is IPv4-based and at least one second level authority is IPv6-based. The first level authority responds to a request issued by a client caching nameserver (a “CCNS”) and returns an answer that includes both IPv4 and IPv6 authorities for the domain. The CCNS is located at an IPv4 source address that is passed along to the first level authority with the CCNS request. According to a feature of this disclosure, the first level authority encodes the CCNS IPv4 source address in the IPv6 destination address of at least one IPv6 authority. Then, when the CCNS then makes a follow-on IPv6 request (with respect to the sub-domain) directed to the IPv6 authority, the IPv6 authority knows both the IPv6 address of the CCNS (by virtue of having received it in association with the request) as well as its IPv4 address (by virtue of the encoding). The IPv6 authority maintains the IPv4-IPv6 correlation. Over time (i.e., as other CCNSs make requests), the IPv6 authority builds up a database of these CCNS IPv6-IPv4 associations.

1. Technical Field
This application relates generally to Internet addressing.
2. Brief Description of the Related Art Internet resources are located using so-called Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4) is the current Internet addressing scheme. The world, however, is running out of v4 IP addresses as reported by the service organizations that maintain them. In particular, IANA has reported that it will be out of IPv4 addresses to allocate as of July 2011, and ARIN, RIPE and APNIC report that they will be out of addresses to hand out as of April 2012. Moreover, before the addresses run out completely, they will become expensive to obtain.
The next generation Internet addressing scheme is IPv6. A key feature of IPv6 is that IP addresses are 128 bits long, as opposed to the 32 bits that are used for IPv4 addresses. This is a substantial increase in address length. IPv6 addresses generally are written as eight groups of four-digit hexadecimal numbers. Further information about IPv6 addresses is available in Internet Request for Comment (RFC) 4291. Domain name service (DNS) extensions to support IPv6 are described in RFC 3596.
Distributed computer systems are well-known in the prior art. One such distributed computer system is a "content delivery network" or "CDN" that is operated and managed by a service provider. The service provider typically provides the content delivery service on behalf of third parties. A "distributed system" of this type typically refers to a collection of autonomous computers linked by a network or networks, together with the software, systems, protocols and techniques designed to facilitate various services, such as content delivery or the support of outsourced site infrastructure. Typically, "content delivery" means the storage, caching, or transmission of content, streaming media and applications on behalf of content providers, including ancillary technologies used therewith including, without limitation, DNS query handling, provisioning, data monitoring and reporting, content targeting, personalization, and business intelligence.

Method and apparatus for correlating nameserver IPv6 and IPv4 addresses


An optical projection device including an illumination system, a reflective light valve and a projection lens is provided. The adjustable reflection sheet is disposed behind the adjustable rod integrator along the light transmission path of the light beam. In addition, the reflective light valve is disposed behind the adjustable reflection sheet along the light transmission path of the light beam. The adjustable rod integrator can shift the light transmission path of the light beam so as to be incident to the reflective light valve. Moreover, the projection lens is disposed behind the reflective light valve along the light transmission path of the light beam. The adjustable reflection sheet can shift the light transmission path of the light beam so as to pass through the stopper of the projection lens.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical projection device and the adjusting method thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to an optical projection device for projecting an image with high brightness and high contrast, and the adjusting method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Recently, projectors such as liquid crystal projectors and digital light processing (DLP) projectors are gradually replacing the conventional cathode ray tube (CRT) display, since the conventional CRT display is large and heavy. In contrast, the projector is lighter, thinner and portable, and can be connected to digital products for displaying images. Therefore, manufacturers have developed a variety of inexpensive multi-functional projectors. In addition, the projectors can also be used for presentation at school, company or other public places, even for displaying movies for entertainment at home. Therefore, it is highly desirable to improve the quality of the projectors for improving the display quality of image in order to have a competitiveness edge of the market.
As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional optical projector 100 includes an illumination system 110, a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) 120 and a projection lens 130. The illumination system 110 includes a light source 112, a rod integrator 114, a lens 116 and a reflection sheet 118. The light source 112 provides a light beam 112a, and the rod integrator 114, the lens 116 and the reflection sheet 118 are disposed along the light transmission path of the light beam 112a. The lens 116 is disposed between the rod integrator 114 and the reflection sheet 118. The DMD 120 is disposed behind the reflection sheet 118 along the light transmission path of the light beam 112a. The projection lens 130 is disposed behind the DMD 120 along the light transmission path of the light beam 112a, wherein the projection lens 130 includes a stopper 132.
In the optical projector 100 described above, the light beam 112a provided by the light source 112 sequentially passes through the rod integrator 114, the lens 116 to reach the reflection sheet 118. The reflection sheet 118 reflects the light beam 112a towards the DMD 120. Thereafter, a plurality of micro mirrors constituting the DMD 120, at "ON" state, reflects the light beam 112a towards the projection lens 130. On the contrary, the micro mirrors constituting the DMD 120, at "OFF" state, diverge the light beam 112a from the projection lens 130. Thereafter, the projection lens 130 projects the light beam 112a on the screen 300 to form an image on the screen 300.
In general, since a variety of errors may occur, for example, due the size of light source 112, rod integrator 114, lens 116, reflection sheet 118 and DMD 120 used, the oblique angle of the micro mirrors of DMD 120, the position of stopper 132 of the projection lens 130, and the relative position between various components of the projector. It should be noted that the cumulative error of various errors described above degrade the quality of the image projected by the projector 100, and thereby indirectly decrease the yield of the optical projector 100. Hereinafter, the influence of the oblique angle of the micro mirrors of the DMD 120 and the position error of the lens 116 will be described as an example.
FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate the relationship between the oblique angle of micro mirrors of the DMD 120 and the imaging position of the image. Referring to FIG. 2A, the oblique angle θ of the micro mirror 122 of the DMD 120 (as shown in FIG. 1) is 12° under normal condition. When the micro mirror 122 is at "ON" state, the light transmission path of the light beam 112a includes path A and path B. At this moment, the light beam 122a is incident on the stopper 132 of the projection lens 130. On the other hand, when the micro mirror 122 is at "OFF" state, the light transmission path of the light beam 112a includes path A and path D, and the angle between path B and path D is 48°.
Now, referring to FIG. 2B, if the oblique angle θ of the micro mirror 122 of DMD 120 is only 11° and when the micro mirror 122 is at "ON" state, the path B′ diverges from the path B, and when the micro mirror 122 is at "OFF" state, the angle between path D′ and path B is only 46°. Because the light beam 112a cannot be precisely incident on the stopper 132 of the projection lens 130, the brightness of the image is reduced. In addition, the angle between path D and path B, which is 48° under normal condition, is reduced to 460 (the angle between path D′ and path B) when the oblique angle of the micro mirror 122 of the DMD 120 is slightly deflected from 12° to 11°. Therefore, when the micro mirror 122 is at "OFF" state, the stray light of the light beam 112a having large diffraction effect can be easily incident into the projection lens 130. Thus, the contrast of the image is also reduced.
Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 4A, if the mounting position of the lens 116 is accurate, misalignment of the light beam 112a being incident to the DMD 120 will not occur. On the other hand, referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4B, if the mounting position of the lens 116 is diverged from the desired position, misalignment of the light beam 112a being incident to the DMD 120 may occur.
As described above, since a diversion of the lens 116 from the desired mounting position causes misalignment of the light beam 112a being incident to the DMD 120, the horizontal position (Y-axis) or the vertical position (Z-axis) of the rod integrator 114 is generally adjusted to change the direction of the light beam 112a so as to be incident to the DMD 120. Alternatively, the oblique angle of the reflection sheet 118 is adjusted to change the direction of the light transmission path of the light beam 112a so as to be incident to the DMD 120.
However, the two adjusting method described above may only adjust the direction of the light transmission of the light beam 112a so as to be incident to the DMD 120, but can not adjust the angle of the light beam 112a so as to be incident to the projection lens 130. In addition, the errors due to the components described above may also be cumulated, thus the light beam 112a cannot be precisely incident to the stopper 132. Therefore, the conventional optical projector 100 can only project an image without shadow, but cannot project an image with high brightness.

Optical projection device and adjusting method thereof


A method tracks non-rigid objects in a video acquired of a cluttered scene by a camera. The method uses a particle filter. The tracking includes the following steps: motion transition estimation, contour deformation detection, and contour regulation. The method uses a dynamic affine transform model and employs the particle filter to estimate the parameters of the model. The method generates a probabilistic map of deformation for tracking the contour of the object followed by a projection step to constrain or regulate the contour in a contour subspace.

Object tracking is an essential component of many computer vision applications such as robotics, video surveillance and video analysis. Generally, object tracking uses correspondences, motion, or contours of objects in successive frames of a video. Contour tracking is preferred when non-rigid objects are tracked. Unlike rigid object tracking, non-rigid object tracking considers contour variations due to translational and non-translational motion of the objects. Accurate contour information is an important descriptor in many object recognition applications such as military target detection, surveillance abnormal event analysis and object metrology.
Correspondence based tracking establishes correspondence between features on objects, I. Haritaoglu, D. Harwood and L. Davis. "W4: Who? When? Where? What? A real time system for detecting and tracking people," AFGR, 1998; B. Lucas and T. Kanade, "An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision," International joint conference on artificial intelligence, pages 674-679, 1981; and A. Yilmaz, X. Li and M. Shah, "Contour-based object tracking with occlusion handling in video acquired using mobile cameras," IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 26(11), pp. 1531-1536, November 2004.
One method integrated temporal difference and template correlation matching for object tracking, A. J. Lipton, H. Fujiyoshi and P. S. Patil, "Moving target classification and tracking from real time video," DARPA, pages 129-136, 1998. Another method adapts a mean-shift to track objects using histogram similarities in local kernels, D. Comaniciu, V. Ramesh and P. Meer, "Real-time tracking of non-rigid objects using mean shift," CVPR, volume 2, pages 142-149, 2000. Other modalities can also be integrated within an object representation, F. Porikli and O. Tuzel, "Human body tracking by adaptive background models and mean-shift analysis," Proceedings of IEEE Intl. conference on computer vision systems, workshop on PETS, 2003.
Motion based tracking estimates the movement of objects. Often, the objects are assumed to be planar shapes such as ellipses and rectangles, M. J. Black and D. J. Fleet, "Probabilistic detection and tracking of motion discontinuities," Proc. of IEEE international conference on computer vision," pages 551-558, September 2000; T. Jebara and A. Pentland, "Parameterized structure from motion for 3D adaptive feedback tracking of faces," Proc. of IEEE computer society conf. on computer vision pattern recognition, pages 144-150, June 1997; and J. Shao, S. K. Zho and R. Chellappa, "Tracking algorithm using background-foreground motion models and multiple cues," IEEE International conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing, March 2005.
Contour based tracking locates object contours in consecutive frames of a video. In a B-spline contour tracking process, a particle filter is used, M. Isard and A. Blake, "Contour tracking by stochastic propagation of conditional density," Proceeding of ECCV, pages 343-356, 1996. The particle filter was initially used as a probability propagation model, N. J. Gordon, D. J. Salmond and A. Smith, "Novel approach to non-linear/non-Gaussian Bayesian state estimation," IEEE proceedings on radar and signal processing, 140:107-113, 1993. When the particle filter is applied to rigid objects, good results can be obtained. However, that particle filter based method cannot extract an exact contour of a non-rigid object during tracking. Therefore, that method is less efficient when applied to non-rigid object tracking and video sequences with heavily cluttered backgrounds. A fixed ellipse is used to delineate an object of interest. The result can hardly reflect any information on shape deformation, which is regarded as important information in many computer vision related applications, such as military target detection, surveillance abnormal event analysis and object metrology.
It is favorable for tracking methods to provide accurate contours. One method applies a particle filter to non-rigid object contour tracking, P. Li, T. Zhang and A. E. C. Pece, "Visual contour tracking based on particle filters," Image Vision Computing, 21(1):111-123, 2003. However, that method still is not an appropriate model for discriminating actual object boundaries from all edge points present in a video.
Snakes, also known as dynamic contours, are another common approach that evolves the object contour to minimize energy equations of an external energy and an internal energy. However, snake based methods are restricted to a relatively small range of scenarios due to the fact that the snakes rely on intensities inside objects to remain substantially uniform. In addition, the computational complexity of snakes is a drawback for real-time applications.
A level set method is another method that deals with topological changes of a moving front. The level set method uses partial differential equations (PDE) to describe object motion, contour and region-based information. However, level set methods are also computationally complex.

Subspace projection based non-rigid object tracking with particle filters

Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.


A method for controlling an actuating device in an automated shifting system of a motor vehicle. The position of the actuating device is determined by a path measurement system. The actuating device can be controlled by a pressure regulation device, including a pressure medium reservoir, at least two pressure lines and a switching valve for connecting a first pressure line to a pressure medium line leading to the pressure chamber of the actuating device, and a pressure regulating device for adapting the pressure level of the main pressure line to the control pressure level of the actuating device. By appropriately controlling the pressure regulation device before the piston of the actuating device moves in the intended direction, it is moved in the direction opposite to the intended movement direction. When this movement direction is registered the movement direction is changed to the intended movement direction.

With regard to their main components, automated shift systems consist of conventional, sometimes even manually actuated shift systems in which the actuation of the shifting and/or starting clutch, between the drive engine and the transmission, and the selection and shifting of transmission gears is carried out automatically byway of corresponding actuating devices. These actuating devices are usually in the form of hydraulically or pneumatically actuated piston-cylinder arrangements or electric actuators, which act upon the control elements for the transmission functions.
In such piston-cylinder arrangements, a piston is fitted to move axially in a cylinder. The piston delimits a pressure chamber filled with a pressure medium and the piston can be in direct contact with the cylinder. Otherwise, sealing mechanisms can be arranged between the cylinder and the piston. When the piston-cylinder arrangement is actuated, the piston moves axially in the cylinder and as a result of adhesive sticking can be excited into uncomfortable and acoustically perceptible vibrations. To avoid such vibration, which is also referred to as the stick-slip effect, the surface of the piston is provided with a special lubricant. A disadvantage of this is that the stick-slip effect cannot be permanently eliminated by lubricating the surface of the piston and in particular not over the lifetime of a piston-Cylinder arrangement.
In the case of automated shift systems with a pneumatically or hydraulically actuated clutch or with foot-operated clutches with a pneumatic or hydraulic transfer path and pneumatic or hydraulic amplification, various influences can lead to stick-slip effects when the clutch is actuated including component wear, binding or contamination. Such influences can be present not just in the piston/cylinder arrangement, but also throughout the clutch actuation system. In addition, these influences can result in an increase of the hysteresis that exists when the clutch is released. The stick-slip effect can be manifested as a brief adhesion of the friction lining of a clutch disk to the opposed friction surfaces of the clutch pressure plates, followed by release of the static friction or when a piston-cylinder arrangement is actuated. It may result from adhesive binding between the cylinder and the piston. Static friction can also occur on contact surfaces in the mechanical transmission path where the direction changes or at bearing bolts. In the case of a gear change transmission designed as a claw transmission "tooth-over-tooth positioning" can take place. When clutch teeth are in a condition of mutual contact under stress and the vehicle's clutch is engaged so that the increasing torque turns the teeth relative to one another, the clutch teeth may mesh. Particularly in the case when a "tooth-over-tooth position" is resolved when at rest, when the clutch is brought from the disengaged condition to the locking position, increasing hysteresis can result in uncontrollable engagement movements of the clutch since the shifting force of the piston-cylinder arrangement must be reduced compared with the clutch force. If a clutch is in the locking position, then a small mount of torque is transmitted by the clutch.
DE 100 49 913 A1 discloses a transmitting cylinder for a hydraulic clutch or brake system. This transmitting cylinder consists of a housing in which a piston is arranged and can move axially. The piston delimits a pressure chamber filled with a hydraulic fluid and at least one sealing element is arranged between the housing and the piston. Preferably, the sealing element is positioned in a rotationally fixed manner on the housing of the transmitting cylinder. When the transmitting cylinder is actuated, the piston and the at least one sealing element are rotated relative to one another, preferably with the piston rotating relative to the sealing element. By way of this changed direction of movement when the piston is actuated, there occurs at the contact surface, between the sealing element and the surface of the piston, a modified transition from static to sliding friction, which largely avoids the stick-slip effect.
DE 100 49 913 A1 also discloses a second embodiment of the transmitting cylinder in which at least in a displacement zone of the at least one sealing element, the piston has a structured surface. In this way, the adhesive contact, between the sealing element and the piston surface can be minimized so that the excitation of vibrations, due to transitions from static to sliding friction, can also be minimized or eliminated.
For controlling hydraulic or pneumatic actuating means, pressure-generating and control devices are needed which, in accordance with the prior art, comprise a hydraulic or pneumatic pump as the pressure generating device, a pressure reservoir, a hydraulic or pneumatic control unit with control values and sensors, which are connected to a central control and regulation device and which can be actuated by the latter in accordance with control and regulation functions stored therein.
The disadvantages of the prior art are that with conventional piston-cylinder arrangements the stick-slip effect cannot be lastingly eliminated by lubricating the piston surface so that in the known solutions it is either necessary to superimpose rotational movement on the axial movement of the piston or to carry out costly machining of the piston surface to minimize or eliminate the excitation of vibration that results from the transitions from static to sliding friction. In addition, stick-slip effects that occur in a shift and/or starting clutch have an adverse action on the transfer behavior of the clutch.
The purpose of the present invention is to indicate a method for the control of an actuating device by which the disadvantages of the prior art are minimized or eliminated.

Method for activating an actuating means


A yoke assembly for connecting and securing to each other rolls forming a nip in an extended nip press, whereby at least one of the rolls of the extended-nip press includes loading means for loading the endless-loop blanket of one roll against the other one of the extended-nip press rolls so as to establish the nip. The rolls are dismountably connected to each other and the yoke assembly includes rotatable connecting members for detachably connecting the rolls to each other by their bearing blocks. The connecting member includes a first clamping surface adapted slidably rotatable on the respective mating surface of a first roll bearing block so that the first clamping surface and the respective mating surface of the first roll bearing block to be connected therewith form a pivotal joint about which the connecting member can be rotatably disengaged from the mating surface of a second roll bearing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a yoke assembly and a method in accordance with the preambles of appended base claims for connecting and securing the rolls of an extended-nip press to each other.
2. Description of Background Art
Generally the press zone, or nip, in an extended-nip press is formed by two substantially parallel to each other aligned rolls that in the present case are a shoe roll and a backing roll. The shoe roll comprises a rotating endless-loop blanket of a flexible, liquid-impervious material, a rigid roll support beam mounted in a stationary fashion so as to extend axially through the interior of the endless blanket, at least one loading shoe supported by the support beam and having a concave top face, and loading means for pressing the concave top face of the loading shoe against the flexible endless blanket so that the endless blanket forms a press nip zone in cooperation with the backing roll. Both the shoe roll and the backing roll are rotatably mounted by their both ends in bearing blocks.
An extended-nip press is characterized by a high line load in the nip. At its maximum, the line load may be as high as 2000 kN/m. Hence, a conventional screw-loaded connection between the rolls is not generally practicable. Therefore, it is known in the art to adapt the bearing blocks of one roll in a close vicinity of the bearing blocks of the opposed roll so that the rolls may be connected and secured to each other by means of connecting members linking the bearing blocks to each other.
E.g., patent publication FI 101633 discloses a yoke assembly and method for connecting the rolls of an extended-nip press to each other. In the arrangement of cited patent publication, the bearing blocks of the extended-nip press rolls are joined to each other by connecting members. The connecting member described in the publication is adapted to rotate relative to the bearing block so that the end of the connecting member is locked in a wedged fashion to the other bearing block. The displacement, or outdistancing, of the connecting member from the bearing block, whereto the connecting member is joined, is effected by means of a hydraulic cylinder. In the construction according to cited publication, both roll ends are provided with two connecting members that are lockable to either side of the bearing block relative to the cross-machine center axis of the press rolls.
Both ends of the connecting member are provided with a pivot point allowing the connecting member to rotate pivotally in either one of the bearing blocks, whereby it is possible to select the upper or, alternatively, the lower bearing block to act as the pivot point. This construction suffers from several shortcomings including a need for wide elbowroom and incompatibility with the renovation requirements of existing machines.
Also patent publication U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,547 discloses an interconnection assembly for the rolls of an extended-nip press based on connecting members that are clampable to the bearing blocks. The roll interconnection arrangement described in cited publication comprises U-shaped connecting members that engage with the mating surfaces of the bearing blocks of the rolls. Additionally, each one of the connecting members is provided with pivot points about which the connecting member can be rotated to disengage from and engage with a mating surface provided on the bearing block. As described in cited publication, at both ends of the connecting members of the assembly is also adapted a hydraulic actuator having the end portions of the connecting members connected to its ends, whereby the hydraulic actuator facilitates the rotation of the connecting members about their pivot points. Inasmuch the arrangement of cited publication employs separate pivot points for implementing the rotation of the connecting members, the construction suffers from the need for wide elbowroom when the assembly is being disengaged. Furthermore, this embodiment is very critical as to its manufacturing tolerances in regard to trouble-free operation. Moreover, the roll nip must be initially driven quite wide to allow unrestricted opening of the press.

Coupling construction and method for joining and locking the rolls of extended-nip press


An improved data recovery circuit based on an oversampling technique to select the best data sample to be kept as the data to recover that is only based on accumulating the data edges (or transitions). The incoming serial data stream with jitter is oversampled in an oversampling circuit by means of the multiple phases of a reference clock (clk) to produce data samples. Each sample is compared to the sample(s) collected with the next clock phase(s) in an edge detector circuit to determine the presence of a data edge and the edge information is stored and accumulated in a data edge memory. A selection determination circuit uses the memorized edge information to indicate which sample is the farthest from the data edges. A selection validation circuit validates the selection to avoid false determination due to jitter and skew.

The present invention relates to high speed serial communications/data transfers between integrated circuits or systems and more particularly to a method and circuit for implementing the best data sample selection in a data recovery circuit based on an oversampling technique when the incoming data stream suffers from jitter and is skewed with respect to the reference clock.
In the field of high speed serial communications/data transfers between integrated circuits or systems, data recovery circuits are extensively used. Let us assume the presence of a separate oversampling circuit generating a plurality of data samples during each bit period. We also assume the presence of an edge detector circuit able to detect the occurrence of a data transition between two consecutive data samples. The best sample to represent the recovered data is the sample which is the farthest from the data edges (or data transitions).
FIG. 1 shows a typical eye diagram for a high speed serial data link. Data jitter or phase error (skew) between clock and data thus significantly reduce the useful sampling window. One can notice that the reliable sampling window (hatched area) corresponding to the zone where the data bit is guaranteed to be stable can be significantly shorter than the bit period T. Furthermore, circuit process deviations, operating temperature and power supply variations can also have a negative impact on sampling window width and thus on the targeted circuit accuracy.
The selection of the best sample generally relies on a training pattern specific to the data communication protocol in consideration. The training pattern is used during a calibration step to determine which clock phase is the best to recover the data and this calibration step is repeated whenever required. As a consequence, a data recovery circuit built for a given communication data protocol is generally not suitable to recover data sent using a different data communication protocol since it will be unable to recognize the training pattern and thus to select the best data sample.
On the other hand, the duration of the training patterns is relatively short compared to the data duration and therefore are not representative of the jitter affecting the data. Moreover, when there is a low number of physical links, it is possible to use phase locked loop oscillators (PLLs) to individually recover the data stream by locking the PLL frequency on the data stream frequency and by generating a sampling clock positioned right in the middle of the data bit. However as soon as there is a large number of data links to handle, it becomes impossible to implement as many PLLs as data links. Finally, the different data link signals may be skewed together by a relatively large amount of time for layout or fabrication process reasons so that it is not possible to reliably sample each data link using a same clock phase.
Consequently, there is a need for an improved data recovery circuit that would be independent of any data communication protocol and capable to support jitter undesirable effects and skew, i.e., the phase difference between any data link signal and an arbitrary synchronous reference clock.

Data recovery circuits using oversampling for best data sample selection

International Business Machines Corporation


A data transmission circuit includes an input line selection unit configured to transfer data of a selected input line among a plurality of input lines to an output line, a data sensing unit connected to the plurality of input lines and configured to sense the data of the selected input line, and a data amplification unit configured to amplify data of the output line in response to a data sensing result of the data sensing unit.

1. Field
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a data transmission circuit for operating a memory at high speed, a memory including the same, and a data transmission method.
2. Description of the Related Art
A nonvolatile memory is a memory device which maintains data stored therein even though power supply is cut off. As the threshold voltage of a memory cell may change based on the amount of charges stored in a conduction band of a floating gate, data is stored in the nonvolatile memory using the characteristics.
When a program pulse is applied to the floating gate, the threshold voltage of the memory cell increases. Depending on the value of data to be stored in the memory cell through the program pulse, the threshold voltage of the memory cell is changed. Since a plurality of memory cells within the nonvolatile memory have different characteristics, the threshold voltages of memory cells storing the same data do not have one value, but form a predetermined distribution.
Meanwhile, a plurality of memory cells in the nonvolatile memory are connected to corresponding bit lines. Each of the bit lines is coupled to a corresponding page buffer. The page buffer drives the bit line to a predetermined voltage level, senses the voltage of the bit line, and store or output the sensed value, in order to perform a specific operation such as a read or write operation for a selected memory cell. The page buffer includes one or more latches configured to perform an operation of storing data inputted from outside and driving a bit line to a predetermined voltage, or an operation of sensing the voltage of the bit line to store data corresponding to the voltage of the bit line and transferring the stored voltage to the outside.
Among the latches included in the page buffer, a cache latch serves to store data of a selected memory cell during a data read operation, and to drive a line for transferring data to the outside depending on the stored data. Hereafter, referring to FIG. 1, how the data stored in the cache latch of the page buffer is transferred to the outside of the page buffer will be described.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a part of a conventional memory, in order to describe a process in which data of a cache latch is transferred in the conventional memory.
Referring to FIG. 1, the memory includes a plurality of page buffer groups PG0 to PGN, a plurality of data transmission lines IO_0/IO_0B to IO_N/IO_NB, and an output line OUT/OUTB. Each of the page buffer groups PG0 to PGN includes one or more page buffers PB0 to PBM. The plurality of data transmission lines IO_0/IO_0B to IO_N/IO_NB correspond to the respective page buffer groups PG0 to PGN and are configured to transfer data of a selected page buffer among page buffers PB0 to PBM included in each of the page buffer groups PG0 to PGN. The output line OUT/OUTB is configured to transfer data of a selected transmission line among the plurality of data transmission lines IO_0B/IO_0B to IO_N/IO_NB. Each of the page buffers includes a cache latch LAT.
Referring to FIG. 1, an operation of outputting data of a selected page buffer will be described. The memory transfers differential data through the data transmission lines IO_0 to IO_N and OUT to transfer data and the complementary data transmission lines IO_0B to IO_NB and OUTB to transfer complementary data.
The page buffers PB0 to PBM included in one page buffer group are connected to the data transmission lines IO_0/IO_0B to IO_N/IO_NB corresponding to the respective page buffer groups through the respective switches SWB0 to SWBM. Furthermore, the data transmission lines corresponding to the respective page buffer groups are connected to the output line OUT/OUTB through the respective switches SWG0 to SWGN.
During a read operation, a page buffer group including a page buffer having data to be read is selected, and a switch corresponding to the selected page buffer group is turned on to electrically connect a data transmission line corresponding to the selected page buffer group to the output line OUT/OUTB. Furthermore, the page buffer having data to be read is selected, and a switch connected to the selected page buffer is turned on to electrically connect the selected page buffer to the data transmission line. Here, selection signals SEL_PB0<0:M> to SEL_PBM<0:N> to select the respective page buffers PB0 to PBM and selection signals SEL_PG<0:N> to select the respective page buffer groups PG0 to PGN may be generated by decoding an address (not illustrated in FIG. 1) inputted to the memory.
For example, it is supposed that data of the first page buffer PB0 of the first page buffer group PG0 is read. The selection signal SEL_PG<0> is activated to select the first page buffer group PG0, and the selection signal SEL_PB0<0> is activated to select one page buffer among the page buffers PB0 to PBM included in the first page buffer group PG0. When the page buffer group PG0 and the page buffer PB0 included in the page buffer group PG0 are selected, the switch SWG0 is turned on in response to the selection signal SEL_PG<0>, and the switch SWB0 is turned on in response to the selection signal SEL_PB0<0>. Therefore, the cache latch LAT included in the page buffer PB0 of the page group PG0 is electrically connected to the output line OUT/OUTB.
In order for the output line OUT/OUTB to receive data included in the cache latch LAT, the output line OUT/OUTB is precharged to a precharge voltage before the data read operation is started. When the cache latch LAT and the output line OUT/OUTB are electrically connected to each other during the read operation, the output line OUT/OUTB is driven to a predetermined voltage by the cache latch LAT.
Here, the number of page buffer groups connected to one output line OUT/OUTB and the number of page buffers included in one page buffer group approaches several tens to hundreds. Therefore, the loading of the output line OUT/OUTB is significantly large. However, since the output line OUT/OUTB is driven only by the cache latch LAT, it takes a considerably long time to drive the voltage of the output line OUT/OUTB to a voltage corresponding to data which is to be outputted. When it takes a considerably long time to drive the output line OUT/OUTB, it means that the memory has difficulties in operating at high speed.

Data transmission circuit, memory including the same, and data transmission method


An alkali development-type solder resist includes (A) a carboxyl group-containing photosensitive resin obtained by reacting (a) a compound having two or more cyclic ether or thioether groups in the molecule with (b) an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, reacting the product with (c) a polybasic acid anhydride, reacting the resulting resin with (d) a compound having a cyclic ether group and an ethylenic unsaturated group in the molecule, and reacting the product additionally with (c) a polybasic acid anhydride, (B) an oxime ester-based photopolymerization initiator containing a specific oxime ester group, (C) a compound having two or more ethylenic unsaturated groups in the molecule, and (D) a thermosetting component, wherein the dry film obtained by applying the composition has an absorbance of 0.3 to 1.2 per 25 μm of the film thickness at a wavelength of 350 to 375 nm.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an alkali development-type solder resist useful in production of printed wiring boards, the cured product thereof and the printed wiring board prepared by using the same, and in particular, to an alkali development-type solder resist hardenable by a laser-emitting light source at a maximum wavelength of 350 to 375 nm or 400 to 410 nm, and the cured product thereof, and the printed wiring board obtained by using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Printed wiring boards for electronic devices have a solder resist film formed as the outermost layer. The solder resist film is a protective coating material covering the surface of a printed wiring board and preventing adhesion of undesired solder on the circuit surface during application of solder and mounting of components. It is the protective film that protects the copper foil circuit of a printed wiring board from humidity, dust, etc. as a permanent protective mask and also the circuit from electrical problems as an insulator, and is superior in chemical and heat resistance and also resistant to the high temperatures encountered during soldering or gold plating. The solder resist film is generally formed by a photolithographic method of irradiating a patterned high-energy ray through a mask pattern. It is possible to select regions demanding no soldering by using the mask pattern.
A laser direct imaging method of using a laser beam as beam source was commercialized recently as an environmentally friendly photolithographic method for resources and energy conservation. Direct imaging apparatuses are apparatuses drawing a pattern-data image directly on a printed circuit board carrying a laser beam-sensitive photocurable resin composition formed thereon, by direct high-speed laser beam irradiation. It is characteristic in that it demands no mask pattern, allows shortening of the production process and drastic reduction of the cost, and is suitable for multi-kind/small-lot and short-delivery-time production.
In such a direct imaging apparatus, in which all the surfaces in the light-exposing regions are not exposed to light simultaneously as by conventional mask pattern exposure, the light-exposing and non-exposing regions are chosen before exposure of the film, consecutively by on/off of the laser shutter. Thus, it is necessary to expose the film at high speed, to obtain an exposure time close to that obtained by the conventional mask pattern exposure. In addition, the beam sources used by conventional mask pattern exposure were those emitting a light having a wide wavelength range of 300 to 500 nm, such as metal halide lamp, but a semiconductor laser is used instead as the beam source in the direct imaging apparatus, although the beam source and the wavelength may vary according to the application of the photocurable resin composition used, and the wavelength commonly used is 355 nm or 405 nm.
However, conventional solder resists, when exposed to a light at a wavelength of 355 nm or 405 nm in a direct imaging apparatus, do not form films satisfying the requirements, such as in heat resistance and insulating property, demanded for solder resists. This is because conventional solder resists contain a photopolymerization initiator such as benzyl, benzoin ether, Michler's ketone, anthraquinone, acridine, phenazine, benzophenone, or α-acetophenone-based initiator, which does not have a sufficiently high photopolymerization potential only with a single wavelength light for example at 355 nm or 405 nm. Thus, photopolymerizable compositions containing a conventional photopolymerization initiator are extremely limited in their application range.
For this reason, photopolymerization initiators having a high photopolymerization potential even with a single wavelength light at 355 nm or 405 nm and compositions prepared by using the photopolymerization initiator were proposed (see e.g., Patent Documents 1 and 2). However, although these methods have a sufficient photopolymerization potential even with a single wavelength light at 355 nm or 405 nm, they still have problems, for example, that it was not possible to obtain simultaneously high in-depth hardenability and surface hardenability because of its very high photopolymerization rate and that there is a drastic drop in sensitivity because of inactivation of the photopolymerization initiator on the circuit after heat treatment and also exfoliation of the film on the copper circuit.
In addition, direct imaging by using a laser beam, which is generally performed under an atmospheric environment, often is sensitive to reaction inhibition by oxygen, and thus, removal of the surface of some desired region occurs in the developing process of removing an undesired region after exposure, consequently causing a problem of low glossiness. Further, low glossiness of the solder resist, which is used for protection of printed wiring boards, causes problems of unfavorable appearance and also low chemical resistance as well as low electrical properties of the part of the surface where the hardening reaction is insufficient.
Photocurable resins improved in photohardening efficiency by increase in the density of photosensitive groups were proposed (e.g., Patent Document 3), but they are still not compatible with laser direct imaging.
Patent Document 1: Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2001-235858 (claims)
Patent Document 2: WO02/096969 (claims)
Patent Document 3: Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 9-80749 (claims)

Alkali development-type solder resist, cured product thereof, and printed wiring board prepared by using the same


Techniques are provided that include targeting a user of a mobile electronic device with an interest-based advertisement, based at least in part on various call logs on a user device. Techniques are provided in which a set of calls from a user's call log from a mobile device are assigned to one or more categories indicative of potential user interests for the purposed of targeted advertisements. The usage pattern of the user's call log takes into account the time of the day, week, and/or month that the user tends to make particular calls to determine recurring patterns and calculate individual metrics for comparison with other users.

Mobile advertising, including advertising in connection with various mobile electronic devices, poses many challenges. For example, getting the right advertisement to a particular user at the right time can increase impact on the user, relevance, advertisement performance, and revenue. Mobile devices possess the unique characteristics of always being powered on and constantly being carried with individual users, allowing a great deal of inference that could lead to beneficial advertising and social targeting and recommendation based on observed patterns of call logs and other mobile activity. Thus, there is a need for techniques for advertising in connection with mobile electronic devices.

System and method for targeting user interests based on mobile call logs