A betting exchange system receiving a plurality of bet requests backing a given outcome, each backing bet request specifying a price and a size at which an originator of the request is prepared to bet that the given outcome will occur. The betting exchange system receiving a plurality of bet requests laying the given outcome, each laying bet request specifying a price and a size at which an originator of the request is prepared to bet that the given outcome will not occur. The betting exchange system aggregating backing bet requests specifying the same price, aggregating laying bet requests specifying the same price, automatically matching a received backing bet request with individual or aggregated laying bet requests to complete a betting transaction, and automatically matching a received laying bet request with individual or aggregated backing bet requests to complete a betting transaction.

A number of companies provide Internet based betting services. The majority of these are simply an extension of conventional betting services, offering fixed odds betting in which customers only have access to one side of the market, i.e. they can only efficiently back, or "buy", a particular outcome to occur at odds set by the bookmaker. However, it is often far easier to decide what is not going to occur rather than trying to decide what will occur. In this situation, though, customers are not able to place a bet to support their view. While it is true that they can try to simulate laying, i.e. "selling" the outcome by backing all other possible outcomes, this is highly unlikely to be profitable due to the overround charged by the bookmaker. The overround is the extent to which the bookmaker's total book exceeds 100% and represents the bookmaker's primary source of profit. In the UK, a typical overround is 10-15%.


An aircraft passenger convenience apparatus comprising: a seat assembly; a support device attached to the seat assembly; and a platform having a top and bottom, the platform at least partially supported by the support device. In the preferred embodiment, the support device is selectable between at least a tray support and an armrest position. Also in the preferred embodiment, the seat assembly includes a seat back.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an aircraft passenger convenience apparatus and, more particularly, to a platform apparatus for an aircraft passenger convenience assembly.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Many commercial airlines feature triple economy class seats that can be converted to double business class seats by installing a cocktail tray over the center position. Traditional convertible seat designs feature mechanisms for stowing and deploying the cocktail tray assembly that required the tray to be stored in the seat back, or overhead compartment, and for the center armrests to be removed or completely dislocated.
Traditional designs prevent the center armrests from being as fully functional as they would be on a non-convertible seat assembly, and stowage of the cocktail tray either interferes with passenger comfort, or takes up valuable space in the overhead compartment. In addition, these mechanisms often add considerably to the complication of the design and the weight of the seat assembly, resulting in increased cost, decreased reliability and increased fuel consumption. Thus, there remains a need for a new and improved lightweight convertible seat assembly, with fully pivoting center armrests, that don't require complex mechanisms to shift, and won't compromise the comfort of the middle seat position.


The present disclosure relates to network nodes and methods performed at the network nodes for accessing data acquired in a communication system. In an aspect of the present disclosure, a method performed at a network node is provided to access data acquired in a communication system. The method includes acquiring data from which at least one information set is to be derived, determining that said at least one information set cannot be derived from the acquired data, and submitting a request for assistance to derive said at least one information set from the acquired data. The method further includes receiving, in response to the submitted request, information enabling deriving of said at least one information set.

In the art, technologies exist enabling a network node to request a service from another network node. A general example is a node which has access to data and wishes to communicate with another network node in order to process this data.
Typical examples of technologies used for such service requests combine the well-known Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stack which is widely used over the Internet, together with application-layer protocols such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-based Representational State Transfer (REST).
A problem in the art is that a network node which acquires data for processing from another node (e.g. for rendering or analysis) may not be able to properly access the data to be processed, for example due to a format that the processing network node cannot adequately interpret.


A distance from a center position of the light source to a rear focal point of a projection lens is smaller than a focal length of the projection lens. The light source is constituted by a line segment light source extended in a vehicle width direction. An opening portion is formed at a rear portion of a first reflector. A second reflector reflects light directed to a rear side from the light source to a front side to be proximate to an optical axis.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vehicle headlamp which is so-called a projector type headlamp.
2. Related Art
Generally, a vehicle headlamp of a projector type is constituted such that a projection lens is arranged on an optical axis extended in a longitudinal direction of a vehicle, a light source is arranged on a side rearward from a rear focal point thereof, and light from the light source is reflected to be proximate to the optical axis by a reflector.
Disclosed in JP-A-2004-127830 is a vehicle headlamp of a projector type in which a light source thereof is constituted as a line segment light source extended in a vehicle width direction.
Further, disclosed in JP-A-2000-348508 is a vehicle headlamp of a projector type including a mirror member having an upward directed reflecting face extended from a vicinity of a rear focal point of a projection lens to a rear side such that a portion of reflected light from a reflector thereof is reflected to an upper side.
When the vehicle headlamp constituting the light source by the line segment light source extended in the vehicle width direction is adopted as described in JP-A-2004-127830, an inverted projected image of the light source formed by the projection lens can be constituted by an image substantially in a transversely prolonged rectangular shape extended to be long in a horizontal direction and therefore, a transversely prolonged light distribution pattern having a small nonuniformity in light distribution can easily be formed. Further, when constituted in this way, there can easily be constructed a constitution in which a light source bulb is inserted to be fixed by the reflector from a side direction of the optical axis, thereby, a front and rear length of a lamp piece can be shortened to achieve thin-sized formation thereof.
Further, when the vehicle headlamp including the mirror member as described in JP-A-2000-348508 is adopted, a light distribution pattern having a clear cut off line as an inverted projected image of a front end edge of the upward directed reflecting face at an upper end portion thereof can be formed and reflected from the reflector can effectively be utilized as a front irradiating light.
However, according to the vehicle headlamps described in JP-A-2004-127830 and JP-A-2000-348508, a solid angle of a reflecting face of the reflector relative to the light source cannot be increased so much and therefore, a problem that there is a limit in increasing an efficiency of utilizing a light flux of the light source is posed.


In a wavelength division multiplexing optical transmission system, in order to know an influence amount of a temperature dependency of a dispersion slope, a method of monitoring a dispersion variation amount in two or more of wavelength channels is provided. Further, a method of compensating a wavelength dependency of a temperature dependency of the dispersion by providing an appropriate dispersion individually to the channels or summarizingly for all of bandwidths based on the monitored dispersion variation amounts is provided. According to the present invention, in the WDM optical transmission system, a deterioration in a transmission characteristic by influence of a temperature variation of the dispersion slope can be reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a dispersion monitoring method and apparatus as well as a dispersion slope temperature dependency compensation method and apparatus, more specifically, relates to a method of monitoring a dispersion variation amount on a transmission optical fiber in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical transmission system and a compensation method of a dispersion of a transmission line.
2. Description of the Related Art
At present, research/development has been promoted on optical communication of high speed/large capacity for carrying a photonic network in the future. In realizing such an optical communication, there is compensation of a dispersion of a transmission line as one of important problems. As shown in FIG. 1, in an optical transmission system, an optical signal (A in the figure) generated from a transmitter 1 is transmitted to a transmission optical fiber 2 and is transmitted to a receiver 5 while being optically amplified by optical repeaters 3 at certain distances. The optical signal immediately after transmission is deteriorated in a waveform thereof by dispersions of the transmission optical fiber 2 and the optical repeaters 3 (B in the figure). When the optical signal is directly received, an error is produced in reading the signal by interference between contiguous optical pulses. Further, the more increased the velocity of the optical signal, the more reduced the 1 time slot (time width occupied by 1 bit) and therefore, the more increased is the influence on a transmission characteristic by a dispersion D (ps/nm). Therefore, there is a demand for a dispersion compensation means 4 for compensating the dispersion of the transmission line (transmission optical fiber and optical repeater).
What poses a problem here is that a dispersion of the transmission optical fiber is varied by temperature. In the case of a 1.3 μm zero dispersion fiber (single mode fiber: SMF) or a dispersion-shifted fiber, it is known that the dispersion is changed by the following equation by shifting a zero dispersion wavelength by a temperature change ΔT(deg) (K. S. Kim and M. E. Lines, "Temperature dependence of chromatic dispersion in dispersion-shifted fibers: Experiment and analysis", J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 73, No. 5, pp. 2069-2074, 1993).ΔD=Z·S·L·ΔT  (1)where ΔD(ps/nm) designates a dispersion change amount, Z(nm/deg) designates a temperature constant of zero dispersion wavelength shift, S(ps/nm2/km) designates a dispersion slope (wavelength differential of dispersion) and L(km) designates an optical fiber length.
Heretofore, a variation amount of the dispersion by the temperature change has been regarded as constant without depending on the wavelength. Therefore, according to an adaptive dispersion equalization technology which has been proposed until present time, the variation of the dispersion is equalized among respective channels by the same amount (T. Inui et al. "Adaptive dispersion slope equalizer using a nonlinearly chirped fiber Bragg grating pair with a novel dispersion detection technique", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, no. 4, P. 549 (2002), H. Ooi et al., "40-Gbit/s WDM automatic dispersion compensation with virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) variable dispersion compensators", IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E85-B, no. 2, p. 463 (2002)).
A reverse dispersion fiber (RDF) which has been developed recently (K. Mukasa et. al., "Novel network fiber to manage dispersion at 1.55 μm with combination of 1.3 μm zero dispersion single mode fiber", ECOC'97, 1, p. 127 (1997)) is a fiber in which a dispersion/a dispersion slope are provided with signs reverse to the sign of the 1.3 μm zero dispersion optical fiber (single mode fiber: SMF) and absolute values thereof are near to those of SMF. By combining RDF with SMF, a transmission line in which both of dispersion and dispersion slope are near to zero can be realized. Therefore, a transmission line combined with SMF and RDF is used in WDM transmission (K. Yonenaga et al., "Dispersion-compensation-free 40 Gbit/s×4-channel WDM transmission experiment using zero-dispersion flattened transmission line", OFC'98, PD20 (1998), E. Yamada et al., "106 channel×10 Gbit/s, 640 km DWDM transmission with 25 GHz spacing with supercontinuum multi-carrier source", Electron. Lett., vol. 37, p. 1534 (2001)), and in ultra high speed OTDM transmission (M. Nakazawa et al., "1.28 Tbit/s−70 km OTDM transmission using third- and fourth-order simultaneous dispersion compensation with a phase modulator", Electron Lett., vol. 36, p. 2027 (2000)). Further, RDF is utilized not simply as a transmission medium but a fiber for Raman amplification by utilizing the fact that a core diameter thereof is smaller than that of SMF or a dispersion-shifted fiber (H. Kawakami et al., "Highly efficient distributed Raman amplification system in a zero-dispersion flattened transmission line", OA&A'99, ThB5 (1999), E. Yamada et al., "106 channel×10 Gbit/s, 640 km DWDM transmission with 25 GHz spacing with supercontinuum multi-carrier source", Electron Lett., vol. 37, p. 1534 (2001)).
Although it has been known that the dispersion of the optical fiber is provided with temperature dependency, the temperature dependency of the dispersion slope has not been investigated. However, it has been known that a fiber having negative dispersion/dispersion slope as in RDF is provided with temperature dependency of the dispersion slope, that is, the wavelength dependency of the temperature dependency of the dispersion which cannot be disregarded. When a high speed/wide bandwidth WDM transmission line is constructed by SMF and RDF without taking the characteristic into consideration, a dispersion having a different value among channels is produced by temperature change exceeding an allowable dispersion value depending on channels.
<Temperature Dependency of Dispersion Slope of RDF>
FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B schematically show respective dispersion curves (dispersion vs wavelength) of SMF and RDF. In the case of the fiber having a negative dispersion slope of a dispersion as in RDF, structural dispersion is adjusted by devising a refractive index profile and dispersion on a side of a long wavelength is increased in a negative direction. Therefore, when dispersion vs wavelength of the fiber is plotted, whereas dispersion vs wavelength of SMF substantially becomes a linear line, that of RDF becomes a line having a radius of curvature. This can be expressed also as an absolute value of a quartic dispersion (wavelength differential of dispersion slope) is larger than that of SMF.
In this case, when changes of dispersions at wavelengths λ1 and λ2 in the case of changing temperature of the fiber from T1 to T2 are observed, when the dispersion curves are shifted by temperature change, in the case of SMF of FIG. 2A, magnitudes of change amounts ΔD1SMF and ΔD2SMF at λ1 and λ2 are almost the same. In contrast thereto, in the case of a fiber having a dispersion characteristic having a radius of curvature as in RDF, as shown in FIG. 2B, magnitudes of change amounts ΔD1RDF and ΔD2RDF at λ1 and λ2 are clearly different from each other. The fact represents that the wavelength dependency which cannot be disregarded is present in the temperature dependency of the dispersion of RDF (the fact may be regarded as the dispersion slope of RDF is provided with temperature dependency).
FIG. 3 shows curves produced by measuring temperature dependency constants of dispersions with regard to SMF and RDF and the temperature dependency constants are plotted with respect to four wavelengths. An inclination of a linear line produced by connecting the four points becomes equivalent to temperature dependency constants of the dispersion slopes. Whereas the value is 1.79×10−6 ps/km/nm2/deg for SMF, the value for RDF is 1.48×10−5 ps/km/nm2/deg which is larger than the value of SMF by one order of magnitude.
<Influence Effected by Temperature Dependency of Dispersion Slope>
When a wavelength bandwidth of an optical signal in an optical transmission system is defined as Δλ(nm) and a temperature dependency constant and a length of a dispersion slope of a transmission optical fiber are defined respectively as αT(ps/nm2/km/deg) and L(km) and a temperature variation is defined as ΔT(deg), a dispersion change amount difference ΔD(ps/nm) is represented by the following equation.ΔD=αT·L·ΔT·Δλ  (2)
Therefore, for example, when a transmission line is provided with a value αT=1.48×10−5 (ps/nm2/km/deg) similar to that of RDF and the optical fiber length is set to L=1000 (km), the temperature change is set to ΔT=50 (deg) and the wavelength bandwidth is set to Δλ=100 (nm), the dispersion change amount difference becomes ΔD=74.0 (ps/nm). That is, even when the dispersion is set to 0 in a total range of the wavelength bandwidth of 100 nm at an initial time of operating a WDM transmission system and a variation amount of the dispersion is compensated by an adaptive type dispersion equalizer by the same amount over a total wavelength bandwidth, by the temperature dependency of the dispersion slope, a difference of a dispersion of 62.5 (ps/nm) is produced between channels of the shortest wavelength and the longest wavelength. In this case, application to a WDM transmission system (allowable dispersion of about 40 ps/nm) of 40 Gbit/s/ch becomes difficult.
As described above, a dispersion of a value which differs among channels is produced by a temperature change in WDM transmission of high speed/wide bandwidth by the temperature dependency of the dispersion slope provided to the optical fiber. Therefore, even when the variation amount of the dispersion is compensated by the adaptive type dispersion equalizer by the same amount over a total wavelength bandwidth, there poses a problem that the variation amount exceeds the allowable dispersion value depending on channels.

Dispersion monitoring method and apparatus and dispersion slope temperature dependency compensation method and apparatus

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation


Implantable systems, and methods for use therewith, are provided for using an implantable sensor for detecting body position and/or body movement, and using what is learned therefrom to improve accuracy of an implantable sensor that is sensitive to at least one of body position and/or body movement. Also provided are implantable systems, and methods for use therewith, that detect body position and/or body movement in order to monitor a condition and/or detect specific episodes. Other embodiments are also provided.

More and more implantable sensors are being used, developed, or proposed. Such implantable sensors can be used to detect physiologic, cardiac and other related parameters of a patient for the purpose of monitoring such parameters and/or using such parameters as feedback for adjusting other parameters of implantable devices, such as for adjusting pacing parameters of pacemakers. However, many such implantable sensors are sensitive to a patient's body position and/or body movement. Examples of such implantable sensors include photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors, left atrial pressure (LAP) sensors, impedance sensors and cardio-mechanical sensors (CMES), but are not limited thereto.
Data collected by an implantable sensor that is sensitive to body position and/or body movement may provide inaccurate readings, which can adversely affect its monitoring and/or feedback capabilities. For example, determinations of patient condition status and alarms that are based on such sensor readings can become inaccurate, resulting in incorrect adjustments to sensor-based therapy and/or false positives and false negatives.
Therefore, there is a need to prevent the above mentioned potential problems associated with implantable sensors that are sensitive to a patient's body position and/or body movement.
Sensors, such as accelerometers and position sensors are available for detecting body movement and/or body position. Typically, accelerometers provide feedback regarding a patient's activity level, so that pacing rates can be adjusted to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Since these sensors are already incorporated into many implantable devices, it would be beneficial and relatively simple to use them for additional purposes.

Use of implantable body position and body movement sensors


There is provided a battery presence/absence detection mechanism (80) which operates according to the presence/absence of a battery (4) in a battery housing (3). When the battery (4) does not exist in the battery housing (3) or is removed from the same during the course of advancement of film, a battery presence/absence detection lever (801) and first and second battery presence/absence transmission levers (802, 803) operate so as to pivot a first winding lock lever (701) of a double winding prevention mechanism (70) to a position where it prevents the pivotal movement of a ratchet pawl (202) in a first direction. The double winding prevention mechanism (70) is attracted to and held in a reset state in which a film advance lever (10) cannot be actuated, by a magnet (703B) of a lock control means (703) via a second winding lock lever (702). It is possible to prevent wasteful advancement of film and to enable stable advancement of film even if a battery is at the end of its life or is removed from a camera.

The present invention relates to a manual film advance device used with a camera, and more particularly to a manual film advance device for use with a camera, such as a Blowny film camera, comprised of a manual film advance mechanism, as well as to a focal-plane shutter and a quick-return mirror which are charged in conjunction with the advancing action of the manual film advance device.
A manual film advance mechanism is generally used for a Blowny film camera, and a focal-plane shutter and a quick-return mirror are charged in conjunction with the film advance mechanism.
Such Blowny film camera is comprised of a film advance stop mechanism, a double film-advance inhibiting mechanism, and a film feed mechanism. The film advance stop mechanism converts into the rotation of a roller the extent to which a film is advanced by actuation of the film advance lever. When a predetermined amount of rotation (corresponding to the amount of rotation required to advance one frame of the film) has been achieved, the film advance stop mechanism prevents the film from being advanced in excess of one frame by stopping a film take-up spool even if the film advance lever has not been actuated all the way to the end of its range. After the film has been advanced one frame by the actuation of the film advance lever, the double film-advance inhibiting mechanism inhibits actuation of the film advance lever until a shutter is released. A rear cover of the camera body is closed after a start mark provided on the reverse side of a Blowny film loaded in the camera has been brought in alignment with an index marked on the body of the camera. The actuation of the film advance lever allows the film feed mechanism to advance the film from the start mark to a position one frame before where the first frame of the film would be placed at the aperture of the camera body, without actuating the focal plane shutter and the quick-return mirror.
If the film advance stop mechanism, the double film-advance inhibiting mechanism, and the film feed mechanism of a conventional Blowny film camera are all mechanically built from levers and gear trains, they become structurally complicated. Further, the number of constituent parts is also increased, thereby adding to the cost of the camera.
The angle through which the film advance lever is actuated is constant, whereas the diameter of the film take-up spool which is rotated in conjunction with the actuation of the film advance lever increases as the film is taken up. If the film advance inhibiting mechanism is operated by detecting the extent of advancement of film through use of only mechanical means, the film advance stop mechanism including a mechanism to detect the extent of advancement of film becomes further complicated. The precision of the parts affects the operation of the film advance stop mechanism, which in turn makes it impossible to ensure stable advancement of film.
The foregoing problem can be solved by electrically detecting the extent of advancement of film through use of a photo-interrupter or the like, and electrically controlling the film advance stop mechanism or the double film-advance inhibiting mechanism by utilization of a resultant electrical detection signal.
However, electrical control of the film advance stop mechanism or the double film-advance inhibiting mechanism requires a power supply, for which a battery is commonly used. As a matter of course, the battery has a life. If the battery is at the end of its life or if the battery is removed from the camera, the film advance stop mechanism or the double film-advance inhibiting mechanism does not work, thereby permitting wasteful advancement of film.

Manual film advance device for use in a camera


A tool having a selectively positionable latch which governs access to an interior working region of the tool is described. The latch is selectively positionable between a closed position and an open position. For tools having multiple indenters for performing crimping operations, the latch can also include an indenter.

Crimping tools are known which include multiple members or "indenters" that, upon activation of the tool, are urged against a member to be crimped such as a wire lug. Typically, such tools include four (4) indenters that are each directed radially inward. Upon tool activation, three (3) of the indenters are radially displaced toward the crimp target. The fourth indenter is stationary. The general assembly for this type of tool is described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,154,981.
After the '981 patent, some tools of this type included a latch which could be selectively opened or closed to govern access to the region at which crimping occurs. In certain versions of these tools, the positionable latch incorporated the fourth indenter.
Although satisfactory in certain regards, tools of this type have relatively thick nose regions resulting from the size of the latch. As a result, such tools have limited ability to be used in compact or "tight" spaces. In addition, the relatively large swing radius of the latch in such tools further limits their use. Accordingly, a need remains for a crimping tool that avoids these problems.


This invention relates to chemical modification of biologically active proteins which alters the chemical, physical and biological properties of the proteins. More specifically, this invention relates to the additions of various carbohydrate moieties by chemical means to bacterially produced recombinant interleukin-2 molecules.

Some of the major advances in the area of carbohydrate chemistry are the development of methodologies to chemically synthesize complex oligosaccharides of defined sequences. The combination of the chemical and enzymatic syntheses of these materials affords greater possibilities to obtain oligosaccharides that cannot be made by means of chemical synthesis alone. Since there are commercially available monosaccharides, it is now possible to begin the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides with a starting sugar residue containing an appropriate tether and add many more complex sugars units as desired. Once the synthesis is completed, the oligosaccharide can be conveniently coupled via tethers to proteins. The methodology for synthesizing carbohydrate-tether conjugates has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,137,401. The general methodology for coupling ligands to proteins has been described by Inman et al., Immunochemistry 10, 165-174 (1973) and Stowell et al., Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry 37: 225-281, (1980).
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a protein secreted by lymphocytes which belongs to the class of immune modulating substances called lymphokines. IL-2 has been shown to modulate a number of immunological activities of lymphoid cells including cytotoxic T-cell activity, activation of natural killer (NK) cells, activation of B-cells, and generation of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells (cells that kill tumor cells but not normal cells). (Grimm et al., J Exp. Med., 155: 1823-1841 (1982); Mazumder et al., J. Exp. Med., 159: 495-507 (1984), Grimm et al., Lymphokines, 9:279-311 (1984)). Recently, treatment of cancer patients by administration of recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) and autologous LAK cells has demonstrated the potential use of rIL-2 as an immunotherapeutic agent (Rosenberg et al., N. Eng. J. Med., 313: 1485-1492 (1985)). Rosenberg points out that in many patients, the administration of therapy was limited by the toxicity of rIL-2, and greater antitumor effects might occur if larger doses of rIL-2 and LAK cells could be administered. Rosenberg further teaches that rIL-2 can cause some of the side effects by possibly stimulating helper T cells to secrete other lymphokines, that may be toxic (Rosenberg et al., N. Eng. J. Med., 313:1485-1492 (1985)), Rosenberg et al., N. Eng. J. Med., 316:889-897 (1987).
Glycoproteins may be defined as "conjugated proteins containing as prosthetic group(s) one or more heterosaccharide(s), usually branched, with a relatively low number of sugar residues, lacking a serially repeating unit and bound covalently to the polypeptide chain." (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1989, ed G.D. Fasman, CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida, 33431).
There are three classes of linkages between the carbohydrate and an amino acid of the protein portion in nature. One type has a N-glycosyl link to the amide nitrogen of asparnagine. A second type has a glycosidic bond between N-acetylgalactosamine and a serine or threonine hydroxyl, and a third has an attachment of the carbohydrate to the protein via the hydroxyl of hydroxylysine. (Carbohydrate Biochemistry and Metabolism, 1984, K. L. Roehrig, The AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport, Conn.).
Carbohydrates attached to proteins have been found to be essential in recognition or binding and to protect proteins against changes in temperature and pH (Schwartz et al., Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 40, 287-379 (1982)).
Natural IL-2 is a glycoprotein, with an estimated molecular weight of about 16,500 and contains carbohydrate O-linked to the threonine, the third amino acid from the amino terminal end (Conradt et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 153(2), 255-261 (1985). The gene responsible for the synthesis of human IL-2 has been cloned and sequenced (Taniguchi et al., Nature, 302: 305-310 (1983); Deves et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 11: 4307-4323 (1983)). The large quantities of IL-2 that are required for various clinical trials are currently produced as a result of cloning the gene for IL-2 and expressing it in E. coli (Ju et al., J. Biol. Chem., 262: 5723-5731 (1987). Even though the bacterially produced recombinant material lacks carbohydrates that are present on the natural material, it is functionally active. However, some of the physical properties of the bacterially produced material (rIL-2) are different from the native IL-2. The rIL-2 is produced as insoluble refractile bodies within the bacteria and therefore denaturants are required during its purification. In the absense of a detergent, purified rIL-2 has very limited solubility at neutral pH (Katre et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 1487-1491 (1987). Due to rapid clearance, it also has a short circulatory serum half-life when administered to animals.
To delay the rate of in vivo clearance, EP 154,316 discloses chemically modified lymphokines, including rIL-2, containing polyethylene glycol bonded directly to at least one primary amino group of a lymphokine.
To overcome the limited solubility at neutral pH and the short circulatory half-life of rIL-2 purified from E. coli, Katre et al. and WO87/00056 describe the modification of the rIL-2 by conjugating it with monomethoxy polyethylene glycol. The modified rIL-2 had enhanced solubility decreased plasma clearance and increased antitumor potency in a particular animal tumor model.
In this invention, various mono- and oligosaccharide-tether-conjugates have been attached by chemical means via an amide bond to the amino group of one or more of the 11 lysines in rIL-2, a biologically active protein. For the purposes of the disclosures of this invention, the process of attaching a saccharide(s) to at least one lysine in the rIL-2 molecule is considered glycolysation and the product is termed lysine-glycosylated rIL-2.
The glycoslated rIL-2 preparations of this invention were more readily soluble in water than unglycosylated IL-2 while retaining their biological activity. One biologically active glycosylated rIL-2 preparation was tested and found to be thermally more stable than rIL-2 when heated up to 90.degree. C. Surprisingly, several glycosylated rIL-2 preparations which resulted from the method of this invention lost most of their T lymphocyte activating ability, while retaining most or all their biological activity, i.e., the ability to enhance NK cell and LAK cell activities.


A self-packaging safety syringe set (2) uses a unitary molded set of enclosure units (8, 104) sized for housing conventional cartridge-needle units (12) therein. The set of enclosure units are connected to one another by frangible connections (64, 66; 130, 138). The cartridge-needle unit has a hollow barrel (14) with a needle assembly (24) mounted to one end and a piston (16) mounted therein. Each enclosure unit includes a body section (38, 106), a stem section (44, 108) frangibly connected to one end of the body section, and an end cap (52, 110) connected to the other end of the body section. The frangible connection (48, 118) is broken to remove the stem section to expose the needle (26) for use. The removed stem section is used to drive the piston within the barrel. After use, the barrel is pulled back through the body section so that the needle is completely housed within the body section. At that point radially inwardly extending spring fingers (84, 132) engage a shoulder (76) on the hub (34) of the needle assembly to keep the needle assembly from being withdrawn from the body section to permit a safe disposal of the used syringe. The syringe set needs no special packaging and no holders for the cartridge-needle units, the enclosure units serving as both.

Many medications are provided in fixed dosage cartridge-needle units. Cartridge-needle units include a glass barrel to which a needle assembly is mounted at one end. The barrel is filled with a medicine. The medicine is held within the barrel by a piston at one end and, typically, a rubber diaphragm at the needle end. The needle assembly is typically mounted to a necked down region of the barrel by a hub. The inner end of the needle is mounted within the hub to a position just opposite the rubber diaphragm. To activate the cartridge-needle unit, the barrel and needle assembly are pushed towards one another so that the inner end of the needle punctures the diaphragm to allow the medicine within the barrel to flow through the needle.
Cartridge-needle units are commonly used with a reusable holder. Holders have a body within which the cartridge-needle unit is placed. The holder includes a stem or plunger which is mounted, typically threaded, to the piston. The sheath covering the needle is removed and the injection is given. After use, the plunger is uncoupled from the piston and the used cartridge-needle unit is removed from the body and disposed of.
While the use of cartridge-needle units has many advantages, there are drawbacks as well. Several cartridge-needle units are generally packaged in a tamper resistant container. Often the container will use a metal shield at the plunger ends of the barrels to keep unscrupulous individuals from surreptitiously gaining access to the contents of the unit. The special packaging used is relatively costly and increases the actual cost of each cartridge-needle unit. Further, the present systems are not well suited for preventing inadvertent needle sticks, a serious health concern.

Multiple-celled safety package, needle guard and safe disposal module for prefilled medication cartridge


An improved, heat resistant seal assembly for deformation compensation of rotary kilns having a plurality of integrated seal segments interconnected to form a biased expandable constrictive ring around a rotating drum, the seal segments being attached to a portion of a stationary in-feed or out-feed hopper of a kiln assembly, each seal segment assembly having a plurality of friction wear pads, the seal assembly forming a long lasting expanding and contracting sealing ring that prevents the buildup of material particles and escaping heat and gas from degrading the biasing components or interfering with kiln deformation compensation.

Rotary kilns generally are defined as an inclined, large diameter, elongated rotating drum having a stationary in-feed hopper and exhaust stack at the upper end and a stationary out-feed materials collection hopper at the lower, or fired, end. Seals are generally provided at each end for the obvious reasons of maintaining heat, gas, and material particles within the kiln.
Known rotary kiln seals routinely utilize some form of biased heat and abrasive resistant material to bridge the gap between the rotary drum and the stationary in-feed and out-feed housings. Since the rotary drum radius constantly varies relative to its longitudinal centerline due to non-uniform heat within the drum, material weight, etc., the diameter of the drum is distorted. Allowing the drum seals to be displaced as necessary and still maintain a good seal is essential in order to compensate for such distortion. Further, since the seals are often subjected to high heat, friction, and abrasion, the seal material is usually a composite of materials.
A great many of the rotary kiln seal systems are not intended to provide a complete 100% seal. Such seals that allow some leakage of gas and material particles do so in order to allow for some atmospheric intrusion to improve combustion. It has been found that leakage of heat and material particle build-up around and between the seal segments prevents or disrupts any distortion compensation capabilities that may be used. The economics involved in cleaning and replacing seal components is a major factor in kiln maintenance. Therefore, there is a need for a rotary kiln distortion compensation seal arrangement that provides long life and is effective against high heat and material particle buildup.


A new canopy attachment for mounting to a bicycle. The inventive device includes a canopy and a pair of side frames. Each side frame comprises an elongate cross bar and a pair of elongate legs. For each side frame, the upper end of one of the legs is pivotally coupled to one of the ends of the cross bar of the side frame and the upper end of another of the legs is pivotally coupled to another end of the cross bar of the side frame. The lower ends of legs of each side frame are adapted for attachment to a frame of a bicycle. The cross bar of one of the side frames is detachably coupled to one of the sides of the canopy while the cross bar of another of the side frames is detachably coupled to another of the sides of the canopy.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to bicycle accessories and more particularly pertains to a new canopy attachment for mounting to a bicycle.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of bicycle accessories is known in the prior art. More specifically, bicycle accessories heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
Known prior art bicycle accessories include U.S. Pat. No. 4,045,077; U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,196; U.S. Pat. No. 3,284,130; U.S. Pat. No. 5,072,987; U.S. Pat. No. 1,357,239; and U.S. Pat. No. Des. 355,403.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not disclose a new canopy attachment. The inventive device includes a canopy and a pair of side frames. Each side frame comprises an elongate cross bar and a pair of elongate legs. For each side frame, the upper end of one of the legs is pivotally coupled to one of the ends of the cross bar of the side frame and the upper end of another of the legs is pivotally coupled to another end of the cross bar of the side frame. The lower ends of legs of each side frame are adapted for attachment to a frame of a bicycle. The cross bar of one of the side frames is detachably coupled to one of the sides of the canopy while the cross bar of another of the side frames is detachably coupled to another of the sides of the canopy.
In these respects, the canopy attachment according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of mounting to a bicycle.


Disclosed herein is the compound (S)-2-(1-cyclopropylethyl)-5-(4-methyl-2-((6-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)thiazol-5-yl)-7-(methylsulfonyl)isoindolin-1-one of the following structure:

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family are central signaling elements in a diverse array of cellular functions, including growth, proliferation, migration and survival. PI3Ks function by phosphorylating the 3-hydroxyl position on the inositol ring of phosphoinositide lipids, and can be divided into three classes based upon domain structure, the type of lipid substrate they act upon, and mode of regulation [Biochim Biophys Acta, 1436 (1998), 127-150]. Class I PI3K catalytic subunits can be further subdivided into class 1A (isoforms α, β, δ) and class IB (γ isoform) based on their catalytic subunit. Class IA PI3Ks form heterodimers with a regulatory subunit (p85α/p55α/p50α/p85β or p55γ). Whereas PI3K α and β isoforms are ubiquitously expressed, PI3Kδ is largely restricted to myeloid and lymphoid cells, and can feature downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases, T & B cell receptors, toll-like receptors and co-stimulatory molecules [Okkenhaug, Ann Rev Immunol, 31 (2013), 675-704]. PI3Kγ expression is also largely restricted to immune cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and mast cells), as well as low levels in endothelium, airway smooth muscle cells and the heart [Curr Opin Cell Biol, 17 (2005), 141-149]. PI3Kγ is activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via association with either p101 or p84/p87 adaptors, which potentiate activation by βγ-subunits of hetero-trimeric GTP-binding proteins [Curr Biol, 15 (2005), 566-570]. Class 1 PI3Ks convert phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) to form PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in vivo [Biochim Biophys Acta, 1179 (1993), 27-75 and Science, 296 (2002), 1655-1657]. The PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 generated at the plasma membrane serves as a docking site for pleckstrin-homology (PH)-domain containing proteins such as protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), which can then influence a broad array of proteins and thereby effect many different cellular responses [Cell, 129 (2007), 1261-1274]. PI3Kδ kinase dead knock-in mice and PI3Kγ knockout mouse strains are viable and fertile and have been studied in a wide variety of preclinical models—identifying the δ isoform as having multiple roles in adaptive immunity and the γ isoform as a biochemical compass for migrating cells, particularly those of the innate immune system [Science, 287 (2000), 1049-1052 and Science, 297 (2002), 1031-1034]. The adaptive immune system relies on the presentation of antigen by professional presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells) to T lymphocytes in lymph nodes which drain the site of antigen entry/discovery. PI3Kδ signaling is key to T lymphocyte stimulation, as demonstrated in kinase-dead knock-in animals which show defective signaling through the antigen complex and also costimulatory molecules [EMBO J. 1999; 18(5):1292-302]. Interestingly, humans with activating PI3Kδ mutations are also characterized by defective immunity, indicating the fine balance of PI3Kδ signaling necessary for effective functional responses [Clin Exp Immunol. 2016; 183(2):221-9]. PI3Kγ has been shown to be essential in the lung-specific development of DCs, as well as in effective trafficking to lymph nodes [Immunity 2015, 43, 674-689 and EMBO J. 2004, 23(17), 3505-15]. Once presented to a T cell with the appropriate affinity, a process of clonal expansion and differentiation into different subtypes occurs. CD4 T cell subsets can be broadly dived into Th1, Th2 and Th17 which help B lymphocyte responses and recruit granulocytes, or T reg cells which dampen the immune response. We and others show PI3Kδ to be essential for cytokine production from T cell subsets—an important feature of subset maturation [Blood. 2010, 115; 2203-2213]. PI3Kγ plays a lesser role in the T cell differentiation process, yet has been shown to be needed for optimal responses [Eur J Immunol. 2013, 43, 3183-3196]. Although the γ isoform is reportedly central to the migration of lymphocytes to sites of inflammation via chemokine/GPCR stimuli, it is also recognized that PI3Kδ may contribute through interaction with integrins—evidence supported by our findings of more effective dual inhibition of CD4 T cell movement [J Leuk Biol. 2008, 84; 814-823]. CD4 T cell 'help' for B cells to generate antibody responses is perturbed in the absence of PI3Kδ, both with respect to reduced cytokine production and signaling via co-stimulatory CD40, though seemingly less so via the B cell receptor itself [J Immunol. 2010. 185; 4042-4052]. Interestingly, a decrease in marginal zone B cells in rodents lacking PI3Kδ can lead to aberrant control of class switching and paradoxically enhanced IgE production [J Immunol. 2012, 188; 3700-3708].
Dysregulation of the adaptive immune system can result in chronic inflammation or autoimmunity, in which T cell subsets react inappropriately to innocuous antigen sampled from the environment (eg. grass pollen allergy) or from 'self' (eg. rheumatoid arthritis). There is evidence for PI3Kγ driving the priming and survival of such populations, particularly in central nervous system (CNS) related inflammatory disorders, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) [PLoS One. 2012, 7(9)]. However, PI3Kδ has been shown to feature at the heart of aberrant T/B lymphocyte responses [Biochem Biophys Acta. 2015. 1851; 882-897].
Cells of the innate immune response, including neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages and mast cells, offer the first line of host defense against invading pathogens, yet it is often their extended/perpetual activation via dysregulated T cells which underlie the hallmark chronic inflammation in pulmonary diseases such as asthma and COPD. Early responders to damage/infection are neutrophils, where pro-inflammatory mediators and chemotactic factors activate and draw them to the site of injury, where they act to engulf bacteria by phagocytosis, then use a powerful serine protease—neutrophil elastase—to kill the pathogen. Yet neutrophil elastase can also cause problems for its host by degrading extracellular matrix proteins and coagulation, complement and immunoglobulin factors. Usually controlled by al-antitrypsin, neutrophil elastase evades regulation at inflammatory sites to induce further damage and release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-8. Neutrophil influx/activation is seen in numerous diseases, including hereditary emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury and rheumatoid arthritis. Both PI3Kδ and γ isoform signaling are important in the generation of reactive oxygen species within neutrophils [Blood. 2005. 106, 1432-1440]. Whereas in vitro and in vivo studies have shown PI3Kγ to be central in the homing of neutrophils to sites of inflammation and their degranulation and elastase release [Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2010, 346, 183-202]. Eosinophils also derive from the bone marrow and circulate at low levels in the blood in healthy individuals. Stimulation by IL-5, potentially from activated T cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) or other eosinophils, will enhance circulating eosinophil numbers [FASEB J. 2006 March; 20(3), 455-65 and Anderson et al. Allergy. 2016 DOI: 10.1111/all. 12861]. Our data from stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or enriched ILC populations suggest a role for PI3Kδ in the release of IL-5 from both populations. In diseases such as allergic inflammation or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), eosinophils leave the circulation and migrate to tissues, often in response to the GPCR chemokine ligand eotaxin. Evidence from animal model-based research has suggested deficiency of PI3Kγ impaired the migration of eosinophils both in vitro and in vivo [Immunology. 2009, 126(3), 413-22], with further supporting data demonstrating a protective phenotype of knockout mice within an OVA/alum model of asthma [J Leukoc Biol, 77 (2005), 800-810]. Human in vitro data also show a role for PI3Kγ in chemotaxis, adhesion and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) release in response to eotaxin stimulation [Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2014 April; 27(2), 164-9].
Macrophages are found in tissues throughout the body and form one of the first lines of defense to injury and pathogens, and are increased in diseases such as COPD. Since β1- and β2-integrin dependent monocyte adhesion and migration require PI3Kδ, its inhibition should impair the increased monocyte infiltration observed in COPD [Microcirculation. 2006. 13:6, 439-456]. PI3Kδ expression and signaling is increased in the lungs of patients with COPD. Selective inhibition of PI3Kδ restored glucocorticoid responsiveness ex vivo [J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 125(5), 1146-53]. Early experiments in PI3Kγ knockout mice demonstrated that macrophages derived from mutant animals failed to produce PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in response to stimulation with various chemotactic substances and that subsequent movement was inhibited [Science. 2000, 287(5455), 1040-6]. Macrophages can be further divided into proinflammatory (M1) and the "alternatively activated" anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages, which often play sequential roles in inflammation and repair/remodeling respectively. Chemokines are the major mediators of chemotaxis in both subsets, yet the pattern of GPCR expression which control cell movement differ. Chemokines CCL19 or CCL21 induced activation of both MEK1-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT cascades in M1 but not in M2 macrophages, although pan PI3K inhibition via wortmannin was able to block migration, presumably through lack of PI3Kγ activity [J Leukoc Biol. 2015, 97(1), 61-9]. Furthermore, a skewing toward M2 activated macrophages was sensitive to PI3Kδ inhibition when modeled in IL-4-stimulated murine systems [Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 41, 1742-1753]. Lastly, PI3Kγ knockout mice show abrogated atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage proliferation (but not polarization or apoptosis) in lesions [PLoS One. 2013 Aug. 22; 8(8):e72674].
Two types of mast cells have been identified—T-type, which express only tryptase, and the TC-type, which express both tryptase and chymase. In humans, the T-type mast cells are located primarily in alveolar tissue and intestinal mucosa while the TC-type cells predominate in skin and conjunctiva. Tryptase and chymase appear to be important mediators of allergic diseases, being involved in processes of inflammation, bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion and tissue remodelling. Mast cell activation by IgE and survival via c-kit stimulation is reliant upon PI3Kδ signaling [Nature 2004. 431, 1007-1011]. PI3Kγ has been shown to play a key role in both the localization/retention of mast cells to sites of inflammation [J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013, 132(4), 959-68]. Furthermore efficient degranulation requires secondary paracrine stimulation of adenosine via PI3Kγ, thus indicating a true partnership between PI3Kδ and γ isoforms for mast cell-mediated pathology in pulmonary diseases such as asthma [Immunity. 2002 March; 16(3), 441-51]). Beyond effects on adaptive or innate immunity, there is emerging data suggesting roles for PI3Kγ and δ isoforms in lung structural cell biology. Airway smooth muscle cell expression of PI3Kγ has been linked with the desensitization of β2 adrenergic receptors following agonism—a common treatment for bronchoconstriction in asthma. The mechanism appears to be via the sequestration of internalized receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum, thus inhibition of PI3Kγ may return some efficacy of β2 agonists which has been lost through long term use [PLoS One. 2015, 10(5), e0125803].
Fibrosis is a hallmark of most chronic lung diseases, although location and severity can vary dramatically. Fibroblast mesenchymal transition (FMT), in which fibroblasts differentiate in response to TGFβ into myofibroblasts is key to this pathologic process. Emerging data from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis immunohistochemical sections showed increased PI3Kγ, yet no change in α, β or δ isoforms. Furthermore, PI3Kγ selective inhibition (via siRNA or AS252424 treatment) could decrease both FMT and fibroblast proliferation in vitro, thus suggesting a potential role for the γ isoform in lung tissue fibrosis [Lab Invest. 2013, 93(5), 566-76].
Both PI3Kγ and δ isoforms have been identified as important signaling mediators in cancer. PI3Kγ upregulation has been shown to be oncogenic in cancers such as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and ductal carcinoma [Clin Cancer Res. 2010, 16(20), 4928-37], and has had roles in both tumor growth and metastasis shown in rodent oncology models [Oncogene. 2012, 31(18), 2350-61]. An indirect role for PI3Kγ has been demonstrated in promoting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment which contributes to the evasion of cancer cells from the immune system—a process which underlies relapse to current checkpoint and anti-angiogenic inhibitor therapies. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are central to said immune evasion, through signaling mechanisms which feature PI3Kγ not only downstream of GPCRs but also cytokine and growth factor receptors [Cancer Cell. 2011, 19(6), 715-27 and Cell Rep. 2015, 11(4), 577-91]. Results indicate that upregulated PI3Kγ conveys the metastatic signal initiated by GPCRs in breast cancer cells, and suggest that PI3Kγ may be a novel therapeutic target for development of chemotherapeutic agents to prevent breast cancer metastasis. [Biochem. Pharm. 2013, 85, 1454-1462]. Furthermore, where active T reg immunity confers a tumourigenic environment, recent findings suggest a unique sensitivity to PI3Kδ inhibition, and thus the potential for therapeutic inhibition in tumours where T regs are dominant [Nature. 2014. 510; 407-411]. Yet PI3Kδ is also reported to be essential for tumour clearance by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) [PLoS ONE. 2012. 7; e40852]. We and others have shown CTL migration to be sensitive to PI3Kγ inhibition, and thus may impact the killing of cells which present antigen from within (e.g. virus infected cells, cancer) [J Immunol. 2008. 180; 2081-2088]. Therefore, class IA PI3Kδ downstream of receptors for cytokines, growth factors, immunoglobulins, integrins and antigen receptor complexes, together with class IB PI3Kγ activity downstream of GPCRs, reveal important roles for both isoforms either individually or in concert, within a wide array of immune cell and responses. Pulmonary PI3Kγδ dual inhibition may treat complex multi-cellular diseases characterized by lung tissue adaptive immune T cell activation and consequent granulocyte influx and activation, such as is found in asthma, COPD and beyond [Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 June, 1851(6), 882-97].
J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 8559-8581 highlights the roles of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ as targets in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and summarize the efforts toward the development of small molecule inhibitors of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ as well as dual inhibitors. WO2012052753 discloses 6-(2-((4-amino-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-5-yl)-N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)hex-5-ynamide as a dual PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ inhibitor. WO2013052699 disclose compounds capable of selectively inhibiting PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ. WO2013012915, WO2013012918, WO2013032591, WO2014124757, WO2015001491 and WO2015010641 disclose compounds capable of selectively inhibiting PI3Kδ and/or PI3Kγ. WO2015198289 disclose substituted chromene derivatives as selective dual inhibitors of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ.
J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 7831-7399 discloses selective inhibitors of PI3Kδ for the treatment of respiratory indications via inhalation.
An object is to provide novel dual inhibitors of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ useful in therapy. A further object is to provide dual inhibitors of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ displaying selectivity over the PI3K class 1A isoforms α and β.

(S)-2-(1-cyclopropylethyl)-5-(4-methyl-2-((6-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino) thiazol-5-yl)-7-(methylsulfonyl)isoindolin-1-one as a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor

Abstract: and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, which inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity.


An embodiment of the present invention provides a protective layer which includes an aggregate of long chain molecules wherein each long chain molecule is randomly oriented and consistently entangled to adjacent long chain molecules throughout the aggregate of long chain molecules. Additionally, the layer is essentially free from voids and essentially free from residual stresses. By way of example and not limitation, the long chain molecule may be a plastic or liquid crystal polymer. Additionally, a method for forming the protective layer is disclosed herein. The method includes the steps of disposing an aggregate of long chain molecules in a liquid state onto a substrate such that each long chain molecule is randomly oriented, maintaining the liquid state of the aggregate of long chain molecules such that each long chain molecule is consistently entangled to adjacent long chain molecules throughout the aggregate of long chain molecules, and solidifying the aggregate of long chain molecules from the liquid state to a solid state.

As is well known, metallic and composite structures mounted upon the exterior of ships, aircraft, and other objects subject to the environment can experience significant degradation and damage due to their exposure to erosion-corrosion attack. In this regard, such structures are constantly subjected to oxidation, moisture, erosion, fouling, salt spray, wear, ultraviolet radiation, impact, high/low temperatures, and chemicals, among other things, that can cause such structures to experience significant degradation and damage over time. As a consequence, such structural components must be constantly repaired or replaced to thus prevent the possibility that a given vessel or aircraft will be damaged permanently, if not destroyed.
In an attempt to prevent damage to a substrate caused by its exposure to the environment, a variety of coating agents and methods of applying the same to such components have been developed to improve the durability of the substrate and coating. To this end, liquid crystal polymer coatings (LCP coatings) have been utilized. In this regard, LCPs have been coated on substrates via spraying. However, merely spraying LCPs onto a substrate without preheating the substrate to maintain the liquid crystal polymer in a plastic state upon contact thereon will form a LCP coating with voids contained therein. Additionally, merely spraying LCPs onto a substrate without preheating the substrate to maintain the liquid crystal polymer in a plastic state upon contact thereon will reduce the adhesion between the substrate and the LCP coating. In relation to the voids, the same reduces the effectiveness of the coatings barrier properties. Additionally, the voids behave as starting points for cracks that may propagate due to foreign object impact from the environment. As such, voids in the layer of liquid crystal polymer reduce the life of the protective coating.
Another method of applying a liquid crystal polymer is to bond a film of the polymer onto the substrate. However, in general, the liquid crystal polymer film is not useful for bonding onto contoured surfaces because the film is not stretchable. Furthermore, film form of liquid crystal polymers have long chain molecules in orderly arrangement.

Combustion, HVOF spraying of liquid crystal polymer coating on composite, metallic and plastics


Integrated circuits and methods of forming field effect transistors are disclosed. In one aspect, an integrated circuit includes a semiconductor substrate comprising bulk semiconductive material. Electrically insulative material is received within the bulk semiconductive material. Semiconductor material is formed on the insulative material. A field effect transistor is included and comprises a gate, a channel region, and a pair of source/drain regions. In one implementation, one of the source/drain regions is formed in the semiconductor material, and the other of the source/drain regions is formed in the bulk semiconductive material. In one implementation, the electrically insulative material extends from beneath one of the source/drain regions to beneath only a portion of the channel region. Other aspects and implementations, including methodical aspects, are disclosed.

One common integrated circuit device is a field effect transistor. Such includes a pair of source/drain regions having a semiconductive channel region received operably therebetween. A conductive gate is received proximate the channel region, and is separated therefrom by a gate dielectric. Suitable voltage applied to the gate can enable or cause current flow between the source/drain regions through the semiconductive channel region.
Integrated circuitry can be fabricated relative to one or both of bulk semiconductor substrates, such as monocrystalline silicon wafers, and semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. SOI forms a semiconductive layer, for example monocrystalline silicon, onto an insulator, for example silicon dioxide. One manner of forming SOI circuitry, at least in part, includes epitaxially growing monocrystalline silicon selectively from a monocrystalline silicon surface. Unfortunately in some instances, epitaxially-grown silicon tends to form crystalline stacking faults, also known as dislocations, which can result in undesired leakage within or between the ultimately fabricated devices. Accordingly, the invention was motivated towards minimizing or eliminating stacking faults in the fabrication of field effect transistors involving epitaxially growing a silicon-comprising material.
While the invention was motivated in addressing the above identified issues, it is in no way so limited. The invention is only limited by the accompanying claims as literally worded, without interpretative or other limiting reference to the specification, and in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.

Integrated circuits and methods of forming a field effect transistor


A marine vessel, typically a power boat, lifting system includes a remotely operated transmitter module, a receiver module, a level sensing module, a motor control module, and motors are integrated to automatically position a cradle to the desired position relative to the waterline of the marine vessel. The lifting system is initialized by a signal input, a button pushed and released, from either the remote transmitter or the motor control module to begin movement of the lifting cradle to a desired position. The received signal initiates the motors, and a light to indicate energized motors through a visual signal, to move in the desired direction, either lifting or lowering the cradle. The level sensing module returns a signal to the motor control module to terminate the motors, and thus the visual indicator, when the desired cradle position has been reached.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system for positioning a cradle for lowering and lifting a marine vessel relative to the height of the surface of a water body, especially when the height of the water body fluctuates over time, as with tidal action, and discounts the height of the water body as it relates to wave action.
2. Background of the Invention
Boat lifts and davits are well known to those who are skilled in the art. Parkins et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,769,568, describes one of the more common layouts for a lifting cradle used to lift a marine vessel. When lifting or lowering a marine vessel, the operator typically must depress a control button, either remotely or while at the motor controls, and keep this button depressed until the proper level of the cradle has been achieved.
Recently those skilled in the art have added limit switches, or other sensors, to the motors to terminate the motors when the proper, fixed position has been achieved. However, the operator must still keep the control button depressed until the final desired position is achieved.
In regions where periodic and continuous changes in the water surface level is common, such as by tides or in rivers, these pre-defined and fixed positions will not allow the marine vessel to launch or to be retrieved unless precise conditions are met.
Endres et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,247, describe a boat lift control system in which a plurality of elevations may be preprogrammed into the system corresponding to, for example, low tide, high tide, etc. The system is activated by a button, designated as 'up'\or'down', and moves the lifting cradle to the next higher, or lower, position than the starting point, respectively, which may not be the desired position. The system is activated again and the lifting cradle continues on to the next preprogrammed position. This process continues until the desired position of the lifting cradle is achieved.
However, these preprogrammed states are not always useful. A typical situation would involve an outgoing tide, which results in a water surface level between two of the preprogrammed states. Use of the preprogrammed states would result in the lift either being too high or excessively low for efficient loading, launching or retrieving of the vessel.
Water level sensors are well known to those skilled in the art. Most often a water level sensor is developed and used to simply report when a given depth of water has been achieved and signals this condition to the user. Barrows, U.S. Pat. No. 5,515,025, and Jones, U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,251, describe water level sensors that determine the level of water relative to the boat trailer and then provide a signal to the user. However, these inventions are, admittedly, biased by wave action and changes to the angle of inclination of the trailer. Either of these situations could result in the marine vessel not seating properly and not providing the desired loading/launching/retrieving effect.

Marine vessel lifting system with variable level detection


A transceiver includes a switching unit configurable for isolating an input of a receiver from an output of a transmitter during a local calibration mode. A known signal present at the output at a first power level during the calibration mode will also be present at the input at a second power level lower than the first power level and will be converted by the quadrature demodulator. A compensation factor is estimated for compensating the receiver section for imbalances in the in-phase and quadrature phase signals resulting from conversion of the known signal. Remote calibration is implemented using a method for remotely compensating for I-Q imbalance wherein a data packet having a known signal is transmitted to a receiver for conversion by a quadrature demodulator and compensation factors are estimated for compensating for imbalances in the in-phase and quadrature phase signals resulting from conversion of the known signal.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention relate to digital transceivers for use in communication systems, and in preferred embodiments, to systems and methods for providing compensation for I-Q imbalance in digital transceivers.
2. Description of Related Art
In communication systems, quadrature up and down-conversion are needed to perform frequency translations. In general, the transmitter uses a quadrature up converter to convert a signal to a higher frequency while the receiver uses a quadrature down converter to convert a signal to a lower frequency. An example of a quadrature converter 102 is shown in FIG. 1., Quadrature converter 102 includes two mixers 104, 106 and an oscillator 108. The paths that are associated with the x and y inputs to mixers 104 and 106, respectively, are referred to as the I-channel and Q-channel. The oscillator 108 provides a cosω0t signal input to mixer 104 and a ksinω0t signal input to mixer 106, where k is an arbitrary constant. The output of the quadrature converter 102 may be viewed as a complex signal xcosω0t+jkysinω0t.
The quadrature converter may be used in multiple configurations. One common configuration is shown in FIG. 2, which shows quadrature down-converter 202. Quadrature down-converter 202 includes two mixers 204, 206 and an oscillator 208. For the configuration of the quadrature down-converter shown in FIG. 2, the inputs to mixers 204, 206 are x=y=r(t)cos(ωit), where ωi is the input carrier frequency. The oscillator 208 provides a cosw0t signal input to mixer 204 and a ksinw0t signal input to mixer 206, where k=−1. The output of quadrature down-converter 202 then becomes r(t)cos(ωit)e−jω0t.
In the configuration shown in FIG. 2, the quadrature down-converter 202 may be viewed as a single sideband mixer because the quadrature oscillator behaves like a complex sinusoid e−jω0t that has spectral content only at −ω0. A real sinusoid would have spectral content at ω0 as well as at −ω0. The positive frequency component causes images to be folded in-band at the mixer output. In-band signal refers to the lower portion of the frequency content around DC (i.e. where the frequency equals zero Hz).
An image is defined as the spectral components located at 2ω0−ωi and −2ω0+ωi as shown in FIG. 3A, where the results of double sideband mixing are illustrated. In FIG. 3A, a real sinusoid cosω0t is used instead of e−jω0t. FIG. 3A shows desired signals and images before mixing (top of FIG. 3A) and after mixing (bottom of FIG. 3A). It can be seen in FIG. 3A that, after mixing, the images are folded in-band at the mixer output.
FIG. 3B illustrates single sideband mixing and similarly shows desired signals and images before mixing (top of FIG. 3B) and after mixing (bottom of FIG. 3B). As can be seen in FIG. 3B, a single sideband mixer has the advantage that it reduces half of the spectral products and therefore eliminates the effect of image folding in-band. Folding of image in-band is a problem especially if the value of ωi−ω0 is small. Such a situation arises in a low-IF super-heterodyne receiver. In a direct-conversion receiver, where ωi=ω0, an image does not exist. Thus, the single sideband mixer may function as a quadrature down converter in low-IF or direct-conversion receivers.
Yet another configuration of a quadrature converter is shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 shows quadrature up-converter 402. Quadrature up-converter 402 includes two mixers 404, 406, an oscillator 408 and an adder 410. For the configuration of the quadrature up-converter shown in FIG. 4, x is set to I and y is set to Q and the Q-channel output is either added to or subtracted from the I-channel output. In the case of quadrature up-converter 402, the output is real and has the form I cosωtxt±Q sinωtxt. Quadrature up-converter 402 functions as a quadrature modulator that modulates the baseband I and Q signals to a carrier frequency of ωtx. Such a quadrature modulator is frequently used to generate digital modulations, such as phase shift keying (PSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), frequency shift keying (FSK), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and spread spectrum.
Many other configurations of quadrature converters exist. For instance, as shown in FIG. 5, two quadrature converters may be cross-coupled to form a converter 502. Converter 502 includes four mixers 504, 506, 508 and 510, an oscillator 512 and two adders 514, 516. Both the input and the output of converter 502 are complex signals. Thus, with the converter 502, true single sideband processing may be performed because the negative image of both the input as well as the output may be eliminated.
In practice, it is not possible to generate a perfect complex sinusoid using analog circuits due to process variation and asymmetry in layouts. In general, the I and Q channels will have different amplitudes and phases whereby the output of the quadrature converter will have xa cos(ω0t+α)+jykb sin(ω0t+β), where a is the gain of the I-channel, b is the gain of the Q-channel, α is the phase of the I-channel, and β is the phase of the Q-channel. In the case of a single sideband mixer configuration as shown in FIG. 2, the output may be represented by
                                                                        (                                                      a                                                                                ⅇ                                              -                        jα                                                                              +                                      b                                                                                ⅇ                                                                        -                          j                                                                                β                                                                                )                                                          u                                                  (                  t                  )                                                      2                                          ⅇ                                          -                                  jω                  0                                                          t                                      +                                                            (                                                      a                                                                                ⅇ                      jα                                                        -                                      b                                                                                ⅇ                                              j                                                                                β                                                                                )                                                          u                                                  (                  t                  )                                                      2                                          ⅇ                                          +                                  jω                  0                                                          t                                                          Equation                                                            (          1          )
where u(t) is the input to the mixer. It is apparent that an unwanted signal
                    (                              a                                                                                ⅇ              jα                                -                      b                                                                                ⅇ                              j                                                                                β                                                    )                          u                          (          t          )                      2          ⅇ                  +                  jω          0                          t      has been generated. In a super-heterodyne receiver, this unwanted signal corresponds to signal contents at −ωi and −2ω0+ωi as shown in FIG. 3B. In a direct-conversion receiver, this unwanted signal corresponds to the negative sidebands of the received baseband signal r(t). In both cases, the desired signal has been distorted. The amount of desired signal relative to the distortion is referred to as the image-reject ratio and may be expressed by
                    20                                      log            10                                          (                                          1                +                                  γ                  2                                +                                  2                                                        γcos                                                              (                      ϕ                      )                                                                                1                +                                  γ                  2                                -                                  2                                                        γcos                                                              (                      ϕ                      )                                                                                )                                              Equation                                                            (          2          )
where γ=b/a is the amplitude mismatch and φ=β−α is the phase mismatch. These two parameters constitute the I-Q imbalance in the receiver.
At the transmitter, a quadrature modulator is typically used. With imbalanced phase and amplitude, the output of the modulator, assuming subtraction at the output, will have aI cos(ωtxt+α)−bQ sin(ωtx+β), which may be represented by
                                                        (                                                a                                                                                I                                                                                ⅇ                    jα                                                  +                                  j                                                                                b                                                                                Q                                                                                ⅇ                                          j                                                                                β                                                                                )                        2                                          ⅇ                                          jω                tx                                          t                                      +                                            (                                                a                                                                                I                                                                                ⅇ                                          -                      jα                                                                      -                                  j                                                                                b                                                                                Q                                                                                ⅇ                                                                  -                        j                                                                                β                                                                                )                        2                                                        ⅇ                                                -                                      jω                    tx                                                                  t                                      .                                              Equation                                                            (          3          )
The distortion due to the imbalance is clear in Equation 3 because the ideal transmitted baseband signal is I+jQ while the actual baseband signal has become aIejα+jbQejβ. Similarly, the parameters γ=b/a and φ=β−α constitute the I-Q imbalance in the transmitter.
To distinguish between the imbalance parameters at the receiver and transmitter, parameters associated with the receiver will have a subscript r and those associated with the transmitter will have a subscript t. For instance, γr=br/ar and φr=βr−αr denote the gain and phase mismatches at the receiver whereas γt=bt/at and φt=βt−αt denote the gain and phase mismatches at the transmitter. Ignoring the higher order frequency terms, the following general model may be derived for the signal at the receiver output given both transmitter and receiver imbalance
                                                                        G                c                                                          a                r                                                          a                t                                                                            ⅇ                                      j                                                              (                                                                        α                          t                                                -                                                  α                          r                                                                    )                                                                                (                                      1                    +                                                                  γ                        r                                                                                ⅇ                                                  -                                                      jϕ                            r                                                                                )                                                                          (                                  I                  +                                      j                                                                                γ                      t                                                            Q                                                                                ⅇ                                              jϕ                        t                                                                                )                                      4                                          ⅇ                          j                                            (                                                                            ω                      IF                                                            t                                    +                                      Δ                                                                                ω                                    +                                      Δ                                                                                θ                                                  )                                                    +                                                            G                c                                                          a                r                                                          a                t                                                                            ⅇ                                      -                                          j                                                                    (                                                                              α                            t                                                    -                                                      α                            r                                                                          )                                                                                (                                      1                    -                                                                  γ                        r                                                                                ⅇ                                                  jϕ                          r                                                                                )                                                                          (                                  I                  -                                      j                                                                                γ                      t                                                            Q                                                                                ⅇ                                              -                                                  jϕ                          i                                                                                )                                      4                                          ⅇ                          -                              j                                                  (                                                                                ω                        IF                                                                  t                                        +                                          Δ                                                                                ω                                                                                t                                        +                                          Δ                                                                                θ                                                        )                                                                                Equation                                                            (          4          )
where Gc is the gain of the transmission channel, ωIF=ωtx−ω0 is the IF frequency, Δω is the frequency offset, and Δθ is the phase offset. This model is used extensively to determine the appropriate compensation factors in the receiver and transmitter to reduce the distortions due to I-Q imbalance.
I-Q imbalances introduce distortions in the transmitter and receiver. Imbalances are the result of asymmetry in circuit layouts and non-uniformity in IC fabrication processes (such as threshold mismatch and device mismatches). Typical RF transceivers operating at a few GHz may achieve 2 degrees and 2% of phase and amplitude mismatches even with careful layouts. While the mismatches seem small, they introduce additional distortions in RF systems so that bit-error rate is increased. Also, the mismatches worsen for higher carrier frequencies, for example millimeter wave. I-Q imbalance is especially detrimental to high-performance RF systems that use high-order modulations. Such high-performance RF systems include wireless local area networks such as IEEE 802.11a, broadband personal area networks such as IEEE 802.15.3, fixed wireless access such as Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) and IEEE 802.16, and 2.5G/3G cellular systems.

Compensation of I-Q imbalance in digital transceivers


A password security system, hosted by a server, whose method of operation may include receiving a client hash value from a client where the client hash value is computed by hashing a password to generate a first hash value, and hashing the first hash value combined with a user input of an answer to a challenge to generate the client hash value. A server hash value is computed using password data for the user that is stored in a data store coupled to the server and a server-side answer that is stored in the data store. A determination is made whether the server hash value matches the client hash value and data access is granted to the user in view of a determination that the server hash value matches the client hash value, and data access is denied to the user in view of a determination that the server hash value does not match the client hash value.

A user can use a client to access Internet data, which is hosted by a server, using a secure or an insecure network connection. For example, the user may wish to reserve an airline flight using the Internet and may access the web page of an airline to search for a flight and to purchase a ticket. The user may submit a user name and password via the web page to the server to login for access to the airline's data. A web page that uses the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) passes data to the server as plain text. The connection between the client and the server may be an insecure HTTP connection, meaning that there is a possibility that the user name and password can be intercepted by an attacker as it is passed to the server. On the other hand, a data provider may implement a secure HTTP connection, which is an encrypted connection between a client and the server. Typically, an encrypted HTTP connection is based on a form of certificate system. Encrypted HTTP connections, such as HTTPS connections, are well known in the art and are used for systems, such as online banking, etc. Encrypted HTTP connections, however, are more expensive to implement and can add additional operating costs. In addition, secure HTTP connections are still subject to a 'man in the middle' attack if not implemented and administered properly.
As an alternative to the high costs of implementing a secure HTTP connection, some web pages include Javascript on the client-side to perform a one-way hash function on a password. When a client performs a one-way hash function on a password, the client generates a hash value (also known as a 'hash'). A server can store a hash value for the password and can receive a hash value from a client. The server can authenticate the password if the hash values are the same. Although hashed passwords can be cryptographically strong, they are still susceptible to attacks. For example, short passwords or weak passwords can be subject to dictionary or brute force attacks. Moreover, even if the password cannot be reversed by an attacker, the attacker can easily eavesdrop on an insecure HTTP connection and intercept a hash value and impersonate a user by reusing the hash value to login to a server.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A template for growing Group III-nitride semiconductor layers, a Group III-nitride semiconductor light emitting device and methods of manufacturing the same are provided. The template for growing Group III-nitride semiconductor layers includes a growth substrate having a first plane, a second plane opposite to the first plane and a groove extending inwards the growth substrate from the first plane, an insert for heat dissipation placed and secured in the groove, and a nucleation layer formed on a partially removed portion of the first plane.

This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show an exemplary semiconductor light emitting device described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. H08-083929, in which the semiconductor light emitting device includes a growth substrate 100, a nucleation layer (or a seed or buffer layer) 200 grown on the growth substrate 100, a first semiconductor layer 300 grown on the nucleation layer 200, an active layer 400 grown on the first semiconductor layer 300 and adapted to generate light by electron-hole recombination, a second semiconductor layer 500 grown on the active layer 400, a first electrode 700 for supplying either electrons or holes to the second semiconductor layer 500, and a second electrode 800 for supplying the other of the electrons or the holes to the first semiconductor layer 300. After the growth of the semiconductor layers 200, 300, 400 and 500 is completed, an opening 110 is formed in the growth substrate 100 and an electrical connection 810 is also formed by plating such that the second electrode 800 is electrically connected to the first semiconductor layer 300. This electrical connection 810 not only provides an electrical pass to the growth substrate 100 typically made of a non-conductor (e.g., an Al2O3 substrate), it also serves as a heat dissipation pass. However, it is not easy to form the electrical connection 810 by plating in the growth substrate 100 that typically varies from 80 to 180 μm in thickness.
FIG. 3 shows an exemplary semiconductor light emitting device described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008-0315240, in which the semiconductor light emitting device includes a growth substrate 100 with an opening 100 formed therein, semiconductor layers 200, 300, 400 and 500 grown on the growth substrate 100, a first electrode 700 for supplying either electrons or holes to the second semiconductor layer 500, and a second electrode 800 for supplying the other of the electrons or the holes to the first semiconductor layer 300, with the second electrode 800 being electrically connected to the first semiconductor layer 300 through an electrical connection 810 on the rear side of the growth substrate 100. For current spreading, a current spreading electrode 600 is preferably formed nearly on the entire surface of the second semiconductor layer 500. This semiconductor light emitting device is different from those semiconductor light emitting devices illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 in that the semiconductor layers 200, 300, 400 and 500 are grown after the opening 110 is first formed in the growth substrate 100. It is possible to control the growth conditions of the semiconductor layers 200, 300, 400 and 500 so as to form an opening 900 in the semiconductor layers 200, 300, 400 and 500 during their growth process. At the opening 900, an ohmic electrode 820 is formed at the first semiconductor layer 300 and electrically connected to the second electrode 800. It is also possible to control the growth conditions to grow the semiconductor layers 200, 300, 400 and 500 without forming the opening 900 above the opening 110. In this case, the opening 900 can be formed by etching after the growth process is completed. This prior art also presents many plating techniques for forming a stable electrical connection 810.
FIG. 20 shows an exemplary submount or supporting substrate for a semiconductor device described in Korean Patent Registration No. 10-1432728, in which the supporting substrate for a semiconductor device includes a silicon base 2000 adapted for coupling with and for supporting a semiconductor device 300, a conductive part 15 for conductivity and heat dissipation, and an insulation layer 1600 for insulating the conductive part 15 and the silicon base 2000. To keep abreast of the high-power and/or integration (downsizing) trend in the semiconductor device industry nowadays, a supporting substrate for a semiconductor device is needed to withstand the high temperature, high heat environment. However, when a semiconductor material (e.g., the silicon base 2000) is employed as explained in this document, parasitic capacitance may be generated between the base and the conductive part 15 during the high-power (high-voltage, high-current) usage periods, causing a current leakage. For this reason, the insulation layer 1600 is absolutely necessary. Considering that the melting point of silicon is not that high (e.g., around 1414° C.), it is not easy for the substrate to retain stable physical properties in high temperature operations, and the substrate may rather experience cracking due to a difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the base and the conductive part 15. Moreover, the conductive part 15 in this example is usually obtained by plating. However, the metal itself used for plating thermally expands, and it is difficult to densely pack such a plating substance into a long, narrow groove 14. As a result, a defect may occur, post processes may become more complicated, and higher manufacturing costs may incur. Therefore, there is a need to overcome these disadvantages and drawbacks.

Template for growing group III-nitride semiconductor layer, group III-nitride semiconductor light emitting device, and manufacturing method therefor