A device for controlling a choke valve of a carburetor for an engine, includes a choke closed state hold device for holding, in a closing position, a choke lever connected to the choke valve of a carburetor and urged by a spring in a direction for opening the choke valve, when the choke lever is turned to the closing position, the choke closed state hold device releasing the choke lever from the held state by a throttle operation of the carburetor after a start of the engine. The choke closed state hold device includes a lock arm provided continuously with a throttle lever and a locked arm provided continuously with the choke lever, the lock arm and the locked arm elastically surmounting each other when the choke lever is turned to the closing position in a state where the throttle lever is in the opening position corresponding to a full open position of the throttle valve, so that the lock arm prevents the locked arm from turning back. Thus, the choke closed state hold device is constituted only by the lock arm and the locked arm respectively provided continuously with the throttle lever and the choke lever, and there is no need for a lock lever specially supported axially on the carburetor as in the conventional arrangement. Therefore, the number of components is reduced, and the construction is simplified, so that the manufacturing cost of the choke valve control device can be reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improvement in a device for controlling a choke valve of a carburetor annexed to an engine, the device having a choke closed state hold means for holding, in a closing position corresponding to the completely closed position of the choke valve, a choke lever connected to the choke valve and urged by a spring in a direction for opening the choke valve, when the choke lever is turned to the closing position, the choke closed state hold means releasing the choke lever from the held state by a throttle operation of the carburetor after a start of the engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
Such a carburetor choke valve control device is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 42-25.
In the conventional carburetor choke valve control device, the choke closed state hold means is constituted by a throttle lever connected to a throttle valve, a choke lever connected to a choke valve, a lock lever which, when the throttle lever is in the opening position corresponding to the fully opening position of the throttle valve, holds the choke lever in the closing position by locking the choke lever with an acceleration lever while being axially supported on the carburetor, when the choke lever is turned to the closing position, and a lock spring which urges the lock lever in the locking direction. The conventional carburetor choke valve control device therefore has a large number of components and is comparatively complicated in construction, leading to a hindrance in reducing the manufacturing cost.

Device for controlling choke valve of carburetor


The present invention generally relates to liquid compositions and methods for treating oral inflammation by administering a liquid composition to the oral cavity. The liquid composition is prepared from a powder containing calcium glycerophosphate, one or more sodium phosphate salts, sodium chloride, and optionally sodium bicarbonate and silica. The powder is mixed with a quality of water to form a liquid that is supersaturated with calcium ions and phosphate ions and is essentially free of visible particles and precipitate.

Human saliva plays a number of roles in the oral cavity, including aiding in the prevention and healing of infections in the mouth and the remineralization of teeth. Saliva is made up of many inorganic and organic components, including electrolytes, proteins, immunoglobulins, enzymes, mucins, urea, and ammonia. The inorganic components include sodium bicarbonate, which aids in the buffering capacity of saliva. Saliva also includes calcium and phosphate ions in supersaturated states which allow for the maintenance of tooth mineral integrity and promotion of soft tissue healing. It is believed that calcium plays a role in preventing oral infection, protecting the oral mucosa and healing wounds in the mouth. Phosphate helps to modulate pH balance in the mouth, protecting the teeth and repairing mucosal damage.
A commercially available powder product manufactured by Invado Pharmaceutical, LLC and sold under the trademark NeutraSal® is indicated for the dryness of the mouth (hyposalivation, xerostomia); dryness of the oral mucosa due to drugs such as antihistamines or atropine or other anticholinergic agents that suppress salivary secretion; and as part of an oral hygiene program for patients with dry mouth. Relief of dryness of the oral mucosa in these conditions is associated with amelioration of pain. The NeutraSal® product that has been provided commercially is a powder containing about calcium chloride dihydrate, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate salts, and sodium bicarbonate. The commercial product is provided in packets containing 538 mg of powder, and the directions state that the powder should be mixed in 30 ml of tap, distilled or purified water, thereby forming a liquid that is supersaturated with both calcium and phosphate ions. The NeutraSal® powder contains a theoretical concentration of calcium ions between 20,000 ppm and 25,000 ppm and a theoretical concentration of phosphate ions (as phosphate) between 45,000 ppm and 60,000 ppm (calculated based on the weight percentage of each component of the dry power).
A commercially available product from Jazz Pharmaceuticals that provides an electrolyte solution as a mouth rinse to moisten, lubricate and clean the oral cavity including the mucosa of the mouth, tongue and throat is sold under the trademark Caphosol®. Caphosol® is said to contain dibasic sodium phosphate 0.032% w/w, monobasic sodium phosphate 0.009% w/w, calcium chloride 0.052% w/w, sodium chloride 0.569% w/w, and purified water qs ad. Caphosol® is not provided as a powder; instead it is provided in two separately packaged aqueous solutions, a phosphate solution (Caphosol® A) and a calcium solution (Caphosol® B) which, when both ampule solutions are combined in equal volumes, form a solution supersaturated with respect to both calcium and phosphate ions.
Additional information regarding oral rinses may be found in Tung U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,267; Tung U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,768; Johansen et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,785; Johansen et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,352; Zahra et al. US Pat. Publication No. 20090130232; Ishibashi et al. US Pat. Publication No. 20060159632, Sampathkumar U.S. Pat. No. 4,716,035, Turner U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,913; Papas A S et al, "A prospective, randomized trial for the prevention of mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation", Bone Marrow Transplantation (2003), 31: 705-12; Carl & Emrich, "Management of oral mucositis during local radiation and systemic chemotherapy: A study of 98 patients", J Prosthet Dent (1991), 66: 361-69; Corral, L G et al, "Antimicrobial activity of sodium bicarbonate" J Food Science (1988) 53; 3: 981-982.
Weldon US Publication No. 2011/0086108 was assigned to the original assignee as the present invention (Invado Pharmaceuticals LLC). It discloses stable powders which, when dissolved in water, form a non-pressurized carbonated solution supersaturated with calcium and phosphate ions, and also containing the presence of carbon dioxide and sodium bicarbonate. The resulting solution can be used as an oral rinse for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory processes of the soft tissues of the mouth, throat and oral cavity, which may result from infection or trauma to the oral mucosal tissue.
Levin, "The Beneficial Effects of a Supersaturated Calcium Phosphate Rinse on the Oral Cavity in Xerostomia Patients" (May 2014), discusses the beneficial effects of supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse for the xerostomia patient. Both calcium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate ions found in supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse play significant roles in healing and protecting tissues of the oral cavity. Supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse is not a cure for xerostomia, but it is a powerful adjuncts in the care and treatment of the wide variety of symptoms and severities of dry mouth associated with xerostomia patients.

Formulations of calcium and phosphate for oral inflammation


A novel method for pulsed-plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition ("PPECVD") is described. A power-modulated energy waveform is provided to a gas in a reactor chamber to generate a pulsed-plasma for PPECVD. The power-modulated energy waveform is amplitude-modulated by a beat frequency caused by interfering signals. The product of the interfering signals is a continuous, amplitude modulated signal, in which a beat frequency waveform may have either a sinusoidal form or a non-sinusoidal form. Beat frequency is selected such that a characteristic thickness of a material to be deposited may or may not be not be deposited in a single period of the beat frequency.

In semiconductor integrated circuit fabrication, deposition reactors employ a gas to deposit a film on a substrate. In chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, a solid film is formed on a surface of the substrate. This film deposition occurs by a thermally activated reaction of gaseous species which are absorbed onto the surface of the substrate. However, the relatively high temperatures employed in CVD limit its applicability to certain process steps in the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits.
To avoid the relatively high temperatures of CVD, plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) was developed. Advantageously, with PECVD relatively low pressure and low temperature may be employed with relatively high electron energies with respect to heavy particle energies. This may be better understood by an understanding of a plasma.
A plasma is a collection of electrically charged particles and neutral particles. The charged particles of plasma have equal densities. In other words, the density of negatively charged particles (electrons and negative ions) is equal to the density of positively charged particles (positive ions). Plasma also comprises neutral particles or radicals. The radical is an atom or a molecule with unsatisfied chemical bonding having an equal number of electrons and protons. In a PECVD process, high electron temperatures are employed to increase the density of disassociated species within plasma. These disassociated species or radicals are available for deposition on a substrate assembly surface. Owing to a small mass, hot electrons do not create a high temperature process, as compared with a thermally activated CVD process. An enhanced supply of reactive free radicals makes deposition of high quality films possible at low temperatures as compared with a thermally activated CVD process. Moreover, high-density plasma may be employed to facilitate deposition. A high-density plasma is typically defined as having an ion-electron density on the order of 10.sup.10 -10.sup.13 ions-electrons per cm.sup.3 operating at 1 mtorr, where neutral to ion ratio is on the order of 100:1 to 1:1.
However, PECVD processes are somewhat problematic with respect to depositing conductive films. Such PECVD films tend to be relatively rough, and such films have a relatively high bulk resistance (>250.mu..OMEGA.-cm). To overcome limitations in the character of PECVD deposited conductive films, a pulsed-plasma-enhanced CVD (PPECVD) process was developed. In such a process, a pulsed-plasma is provided by turning power "on" and "off". PPECVD allows for depositing reacting species onto a substrate and allows for departure of by-products from a substrate. Thus, a pulsed-plasma leads to a shift in dynamic equilibrium, which alters the average density of intermediate ion species present in the reaction chamber. These reaction kinetics have been employed for controlling depositing of conductive films with desired characteristics. However, control of such pulsed-plasmas is dependent on turning plasma power "on" and "off".
It has been suggested by others, that such pulsing is inefficient with respect to power consumption and transients. It has been suggested that by using interfering frequencies, a beat frequency may be introduced which facilitates amplitude modulation of a bias or driving signal for modulated plasma generation. Such beat frequency introduction has the advantage of potentially offering more control as compared to rapidly turning a plasma on and off, and may be used for PPECVD. It would be desirable to employ such a PPECVD approach in a manner, which provides greater control of deposition for selected deposition of species and separation of heavy ion species.

Method for pulsed-plasma enhanced vapor deposition


An information retrieval apparatus includes a display which displays document information, an input unit which adds additional information to the document information displayed the display, a first storage which stores mark symbol information specifying a particular symbol used for marking, a detector which detects an input from the input unit and decides whether or not the input additional information is identical to or similar to the mark symbol information stored in the first storage, a second storage which stores the mark symbol information and the additional information which is decided that it is similar to the mark symbol information by the detector, associating with the mark symbol information, and a retrieval unit which retrieves the mark symbol information and the additional information associated with the mark symbol information from the second storage, and a retrieval result by the retrieval unit is displayed on the display.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information retrieval apparatus and an information display apparatus, and an information retrieval method.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, in the case where a portion having a specific meaning is retrieved from among a specific file and a file group, such a portion is retrieved by a keyword representing that meaning. Here, in the case where retrieval is made using a pen input system-based apparatus, which includes such as a tablet PC, after a keyword has been entered using a handwritten character recognition technique or using a software keyboard, keyword retrieval is made.
In the pen input system-based apparatus, there is an input system "POBox" of retrieving and presenting candidates for input character strings from a dictionary (including character strings that consist of a plurality of characters) with handwritten characters being a retrieval key. (Toshiyuki Masui. POBox: An Efficient Text Input Method for Handheld and Ubiquitous Computers. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC'99), pp. 289-300, September 1999.) This system is intended to simplify an input. In this system, it is possible to assume that a character or part thereof is inputted by handwriting, thereby executing a retrieval targeted for a dictionary and presenting candidates. Further, in a broader sense, general handwritten character recognition or character input support software using kana-kanji conversion can also be a retrieval apparatus targeted for a character dictionary as in the system described above.
Further, in the pen input system-based apparatus, an operation using a software keyboard is also general, and there has been proposed an apparatus for retrieving and presenting input candidate character strings when a key on the software keyboard has been pressed (JP-A 2002-342320 (KOKAI)).


A method for fabricating a semiconductor apparatus includes providing a semiconductor substrate, stacking a conductive layer, a variable resistance layer, and a sacrificial layer on the semiconductor substrate, etching the conductive layer, the variable resistance layer, and the sacrificial layer to form a pillar structure including a lower electrode, a variable resistor device, and a sacrificial layer pattern, removing the sacrificial layer pattern, and forming an upper electrode over the variable resistor device in a hole which is formed by removing the sacrificial layer pattern.

1. Technical Field
Various embodiments relate to a semiconductor apparatus having variable resistance characteristics, and a method for fabricating the same.
2. Related Art
With the rapid development of mobile and digital information communication and consumer-electronic industries, studies on existing electronic charge-controlled devices may encounter limitations. Thus, new functional memory devices other than the existing electronic charge-controlled devices need to be developed. In particular, next-generation memory devices with large capacity, ultra-high speed, and ultra-low power need to be developed to satisfy demands for large capacity memories in main information apparatuses.
Currently, variable resistive memory devices using a resistance material as a memory medium have been suggested as the next-generation memory devices. Typical examples of resistance variable memory devices include phase-change random access memories (PCRAMs), resistive RAMs (ReRAMs), magneto-resistive RAMs (MRAMs), and spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive RAMs (STTMRAMs).
A variable resistive memory device may include a semiconductor substrate having a switching device, a lower electrode, a variable resistor device, and an upper electrode. As the design is scaled down, the lower electrode, the variable resistor device, and the upper electrode may be formed in a small hole. For example, the variable resistor device may be formed through a process of forming an insulating layer on the semiconductor substrate including the lower electrode, forming a hole in the insulating layer, gap-filling the hole with a variable resistance material, and performing a recess process on the variable resistance material.
However, in the variable resistive memory device of related art, in the above-described process of gap-filling a hole with a lower electrode material, a variable resistor device, and an upper electrode and recessing the material is repeated, height variation among cells may increase and defects such as voids or seams may occur.

Semiconductor apparatus and method for fabricating the same


A lightguide optical element (LOE) configured for polarization scrambling is provided. The LOE includes a transparent substrate having a first refractive index, the substrate having a pair of parallel external surfaces configured to propagate light within the LOE through total internal reflection (TIR), and a plurality of mutually parallel partially reflective internal surfaces, those being non-parallel to the pair of parallel external surfaces and configured to couple out said light to a viewer. The LOE further includes a first coating on at least one external surface of the substrate, the first coating being of a coating material having a second refractive index higher than the first refractive index; The LOE further includes an antireflective (AR) coating on at least one external surface of the substrate over the first coating.

The present invention relates to light-guide compact collimating optical devices (LCCDs) and to optical systems which include one or more of these devices. The term "light-guide" refers to any light-transmitting body, preferably light-transmitting, solid bodies, also known as optical substrates. One of the important applications for compact optical devices is in the field of Head Mounted Displays (HMD), wherein an optical module serves both as a reflecting optical element and a combiner, in which a two-dimensional image is imaged to infinity and reflected into the eye of an observer. The image can be obtained directly from a spatial light modulator (SLM), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicone (LCOS) module, an organic light emitting diode array (OLED), micro-LED a scanning source or similar devices, or indirectly, by means of a relay lens or an optical fiber bundle. The image comprises an array of elements (pixels) imaged to infinity by a collimating lens and transmitted into the eye of the viewer by means of a reflecting or partially reflecting surface acting as a combiner for non-see-through and see-through applications, respectively. Typically, a conventional, free-space optical module is used for these purposes. This optical module will be referred to herein as a Lightguide Optical Element ("LOE").
Typically, the LOE is positioned in front of the viewer's eye. A collimated beam of light rays entering the LOE is reflected between the parallel surfaces by total internal reflection ("TIR"). Coated facets partially reflect the rays towards the viewer's eye.
Typically, the light entering the LOE is either S-polarized or P-polarized. The coatings on the facets reflect light having the same polarization state. Since there is only one polarization state involved, the TIR reflection will maintain this polarization state. However, in applications where the light entering the LOE is unpolarized, every TIR reflection causes a phase shift which will change the polarization state of some of the rays. This in turn can lead to a corresponding change in the amount of light reflected by the facets, which is undesirable.

Lightguide optical element for polarization scrambling


A faucet having a swivel joint for adjusting the position of an outlet of the faucet. A flow coupler is fixed to a first faucet tube and a sleeve is removably and pivotally linked to the flow coupler by a fastener. A second faucet tube is then removably linked to the sleeve allowing the second faucet tube and sleeve to pivot about the flow coupler to adjust the outlet of the faucet.

The present invention relates to a joint for use in a plumbing fitting. More particularly, it relates to a swivel joint for adjusting the position of an outlet of a faucet.
Many faucets include the ability to swivel, rotate or pivot. For example, the spout of a kitchen faucet is generally designed to rotate about the mounting base to provide greater access to the sink. More elaborate faucets include multiple joints providing multiple pivot axes. Pot filler faucets typically incorporate a plurality of joints allowing the outlet of the faucet to reach a substantial distance to fill a pot placed on a nearby stove or range.
Typical swivel joint construction attempts to maintain joint serviceability, while simultaneously minimizing flow intrusion and the overall structure. Convenient serviceability, however, often results in bulky joints having restricted flow paths. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,425,149 illustrates a joint having reasonable serviceability. However, the joint structure is significantly larger than the structure of the adjacent tubes and creates a relatively narrow passageway from one tube to the next.
Alternatively, reducing the joint structure and attempting to maximize the flow passageway often leads to joints having limited serviceability. As an example, U.S. Pat. No. 381,008 provides a joint having a relatively consistent outer appearance. However, the telescoping joint is incapable of being serviced without significant deconstruction of the overall joint assembly.
Thus, a need continues to exist for a faucet having a swivel joint providing convenient joint serviceability, limited flow restriction, and efficient joint construction.


A system for providing dual 10 GB uplinks in the front side of a single rack unit switch that stacks two MSA X2 I/O devices in a limited space. In one embodiment the two X2 I/O devices are mounted on opposite sides of a single circuit board positioned above the motherboard.

Single rack unit (1 RU) switches, or pizza boxes, are ubiquitous in offices and businesses and there has been a push by manufacturer's to add more and more features while driving down costs. Current 1 RU switches provide 48 ports for connecting to end-devices. Additionally, the units must provide uplinks to connect to backbone or core routers or switches. Generally, two uplinks are required to provide redundancy.
The dimensions of the front face of a single RU switch are only 1.75″×17.5″. The actual space available for 48 ports and uplinks is smaller because the product itself includes a bezel facing that includes graphics and other items comprising a user interface that is similar to previous products.
Previous uplink I/O devices, such as the GBIC (Gigabit Interface Converter) or the SFP (Small Form Factor Pluggable) module, have a relatively small form factor and sufficient space is available on the front face of the 1 RU switch for both the 48 ports and the dual uplinks. However, with the advent of 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 GE) the uplink I/O device size has increased.
One type of 10 GE uplink I/O device is the MSA (Multi-Source Agreement) X2, which is defined in the X2 MSA specification which is hereby incorporated by reference. The X2 system utilizes a side rail support system which is mounted on a PCB (printed circuit board) with a connector disposed to receive the connector end of the X2 transceiver. The X2 transceiver is inserted into a switch and guided by the rail system so the X2 transceiver connector mates with the PCB connector. The module includes a bezel on the front which is used to hold a gasket for EMI protection.
Because of the increased size of the X2 10 GE I/O device it has not been possible to provide two 10 GE uplinks in a 48 port 1 RU switch.

Dual-stacked 10 Gigabit X2 uplinks in a single rack unit switch


A telescoping camera crane has mechanical drive and camera platform leveling systems, allowing for water resistant or submerged operation. Telescoping sections of the crane arm are driven by a hydraulic system, for smooth and near silent extension and retraction movement. The telescoping sections of the crane arm have a slight upward curvature, to compensate for deflection the arm, thereby improving performance. Electronic and mechanical stopping systems allow the camera platform to be smoothly, accurately, and reliably positioned. Camera platform levelling and stabilizing systems keep the camera level.

The field of the invention is camera cranes.
Camera cranes are often used in motion picture and television production. The motion picture or television camera is typically mounted on a crane arm supported on a mobile base, dolly, or truck. The mobile base may be pushed and steered by hand. Larger units, which have more weight carrying capacity, and longer reaches, typically have electric driving motors powered by onboard batteries. Some mobile bases also including conventional gasoline or diesel engines, may also serve as over the road vehicles.
Camera cranes generally have a crane arm supported on a base, with a camera platform at one end of the arm, and a counter weight at the other end. The crane arm can be pivoted by hand to raise and lower the camera, and also to pan to the left or right side. A leveling system is often included to maintain the camera platform in a level orientation, as the elevation angle of the arm changes. Some mobile bases may include a self leveling or an extendible center post or column, which the crane arm can be mounted on.
With the development of high definition digital television cameras, and remote controlled motion picture cameras, filming can be achieved without a camera operator behind the camera. Rather, the remotely-controlled camera may be suspended on a crane arm, with the camera operator monitoring the image captured by the camera via a remote monitor.
Due to the variety of filming or video locations, the camera crane arm should advantageously be portable and lightweight. On the other hand, the arm must be rigid enough, when assembled, to resist bending and sagging, and to avoid excessive whipping motion of the camera during crane arm movement. Most camera cranes are made up from modular segments or sections, and have a fixed length. The segments are joined together until an arm of desired length is formed. With these types of arms, the length can be changed only by adding or removing segments. This is a time consuming process, as segments and leveling arms are bolted into place or removed. In addition, each time the length of the arm is changed, the arm must be rebalanced, by adding or removing counter weights. More importantly, crane arms having a fixed length cannot achieve various camera movements.
As a result, telescoping camera cranes have been developed. These types of cranes have a telescoping arm that can extend and retract. This allows for a much broader range of camera movement. While existing telescoping camera cranes have had varying degrees of success, existing designs have several disadvantages. Generally, the telescoping camera cranes available now use various electrical systems. Consequently, these cranes tend to have performance problems if used in rain or wet conditions. Attempts to avoid or reduce these problems by wrapping or tenting the electrical components provide mixed results. Of course, these types of cranes also cannot be used underwater. In addition, these types of cranes tend to be very large, heavy, and bulky. This makes transportation and set up time consuming and difficult. As production time is usually extremely expensive, time saving features are highly significant.
Moreover, under certain conditions, these types of telescoping cranes can cause unintended or undesirable camera movements, due to bending, flexing, twisting, or vibration of the crane arm. Noise generated from moving parts in these types of cranes, when the arm is extended or retracted, can also disrupt filming or recording.
Accordingly, various engineering challenges remain in designing an improved camera crane.


A spring assembly comprises an edge wound wave spring and a shim. The spring comprises a plurality of axially spaced, axially compressible wave-like turns extending between a first end portion and a second end portion. The first end portion comprises a plurality of closely arranged parallel turns. The shim comprises a shim body and at least one mounting lug projecting radially from the shim body. The mounting lug is received between adjacent turns of the first end portion of the edge wound wave spring for retaining the shim to the edge wound wave spring.

Adjustable spring assemblies are used in a wide range of applications. One typical application is as a preloading spring in a torque limiting device. In a known construction of torque limiting device, drive is transmitted from an input shaft to an output shaft through a plurality of drive balls. The drive balls are received in pockets defined between elements rotationally coupled to the input and output shafts respectively. The elements are resiliently biased towards one another by means of a preloading spring, typically a compression coil spring. The pockets are ramped such that if the torque applied to the input shaft exceeds a predetermined value, set by the loading of the preloading spring, the drive balls may move up the ramped surface of the respective element and move the opposed element axially against the force of the preloading spring. This axial movement may be used to apply a braking force to the system, for example through friction plates, thereby limiting the torque transmissible through the system.
In order to operate consistently, the preloading force applied by the spring must be accurately set. This is normally achieved by the use of a shim arranged between the spring and an opposed surface. Typically a unit is initially assembled with a shim and the unit tested. If the preload is not correct, then the unit must be disassembled and the shim machined, for example ground, to change its thickness. The unit is then reassembled and re-tested, and the process repeated until the appropriate preload is achieved. This may be time consuming.


A printing apparatus includes an ejection unit including a piezoelectric element that is displaced according to a driving signal, and a nozzle capable of ejecting the liquid; a driving signal supply unit that supplies the driving signal; a detection unit that detects change of an electromotive force of the piezoelectric element; a determination unit that determines an ejection state of the liquid in the ejection unit based on the detection result of the detection unit; and a decision unit that is capable of performing a first process of deciding a waveform of the driving signal for inspection such that the liquid is not ejected from the nozzle when the driving signal for inspection is supplied to the piezoelectric element and a second process of correcting the waveform decided in the first process and deciding the corrected waveform as a waveform of the driving signal for inspection.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a printing apparatus and a method of controlling a printing apparatus.
2. Related Art
An ink jet printer allows an ink filled into an ejection unit to be ejected and forms an image on a recording medium by allowing a piezoelectric element provided in the ejection unit to be driven by a driving signal.
However, when the ink in the ejection unit is thickened, ejection abnormality occurs and the image quality of the image to be printed is degraded in some cases. Further, in a case where the ink in the ejection unit includes bubbles or paper dust is adhered to the vicinity of a nozzle of the ejection unit, ejection abnormality occurs and the image quality of the image to be printed is degraded in some cases. Accordingly, it is preferable to inspect an ejection state of the ink in the ejection unit for realizing high grade printing.
JP-A-2013-028183 discloses a technique of detecting residual vibration generated by allowing the piezoelectric element to be driven by the driving signal and inspecting the ejection state of the ink in the ejection unit based on detection results.
However, the inspection of the ejection state of the ink in the ejection unit is performed using residual vibration when the piezoelectric element is driven such that the ink is not ejected from the ejection unit. In a case where the inspection of the ejection state is performed without allowing the ink to be ejected, the inspection can be performed when the ejection unit is located in a position in which the ink can be ejected to the recording medium while the printing process is performed or the like. Therefore, it is possible to detect ejection abnormality in real time and to prevent the printing process from being delayed by the inspection.
However, in order to perform the inspection of the ejection state without allowing the ink to be ejected, it is necessary to set a waveform of a driving signal such that the piezoelectric element is driven to a degree that the ink is not ejected from the ejection unit. For this reason, there is a problem in that the ink is ejected in the inspection so that the recording medium is stained with the ink in a case where the waveform of the driving signal is not appropriately set.
Particularly, even in a case where the waveform of the driving signal is set such that the ink is not ejected, the ink is ejected when the piezoelectric element is driven by the driving signal if the viscosity of the ink or the temperature of the ejection unit is changed.

Printing apparatus and method of controlling printing apparatus


A display method includes obtaining three-times magnified image data, which is made up of sub-pixels and with which a raster image to be displayed currently is magnified by three in the first direction. A filtering process on the three-times magnified image data is based on factors that are weighed in accordance to the degrees of contribution to luminance of the three primary colors of R, G, and B. The weighted data are allocated to sub-pixels of the three-times magnified image data that have been subject to the filtering process. The sub-pixels are formed by the three light-emitting elements that form a pixel to thereby enable the display device to perform display.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention concerns a display equipment, which performs display at sub-pixel precision based on an original image. The image not a vector image but is a raster image (pixel precision: in the case of a font, not a vector font but a raster font), and art related to this display equipment. To be more specific, this invention concerns a filtering technique to be used in the process of performing sub-pixel display.
2. Description of the Related Art
Display equipment that employs various types of display devices is well known and used in the past. Included among such display devices are color LCD's, color plasma displays, and other display devices, in which three light-emitting elements, which respectively emit light of the three primary colors of R, G, and B, are aligned in a fixed order in a first direction to form one pixel. A plurality of such pixels are aligned in the first direction to form one line. A plurality of such lines are aligned in a second direction, which is orthogonal to the first direction, to form the display screen.
There are also many display devices, such as the display device in a portable telephone, mobile computer, etc., which have a relatively narrow display screen and in which detailed display is difficult to achieve. When the display of a small character, photograph, or complex picture, etc. is attempted with such a display device, part of the image tends to become smeared and unclear.
Literature (titled: "Sub Pixel Font Rendering Technology") concerning sub-pixel display, which makes use of each pixel being formed of the three light-emitting elements for R, G, and B to improve the clarity of the display on a narrow screen, is being disclosed on the Internet. The present inventors have checked this literature upon downloading it from a website published by Gibson Research Corporation.
This art is described with reference to FIGS. 23 to 28. In the following description, the image of the alphabetic character, "A", is used as an example of the image to be displayed.
Referring to FIG. 23, each single line is composed of a plurality of pixels, each of which is formed from three light-emitting elements aligned along the direction of the line. The horizontal direction in FIG. 23 (the direction in which the light-emitting elements of the three primary colors of R, G, and B are aligned) is referred to as the first direction. The orthogonal, vertical, direction is referred to as the second direction. Any order of alignment of the light-emitting elements besides R, G, and B is possible. The prior art and the present invention are applied likewise even if the order of alignment is changed.
A pixel (set of three light-emitting elements) is aligned in a single row in the first direction to arrange a single line. A plurality of lines are aligned in the second direction to arrange the display screen.
With this sub-pixel technology, the original image is, for example, an image such as shown in FIG. 24. In this example, the character, "A", is displayed over an area of seven pixels each in the horizontal and vertical directions. Where each of the R, G, and B light-emitting elements is handled as a single pixel in order to perform sub-pixel display, a font, which has a definition of three times that of the above-described image in the horizontal direction, is prepared, as shown in FIG. 25, over an area of 21 (=7×3) pixels in the horizontal direction and 7 pixels in the vertical direction.
Then as shown in FIG. 26, a color is determined for each of the pixels in FIG. 24 (i.e. not the pixels of FIG. 25 but the pixels of FIG. 24). However, since color irregularities occur if display is performed as it is, a filtering process, using factors such as shown in FIG. 27(a), is applied. Factors concerning the luminance are shown in FIG. 27(a). The luminance values of the respective sub-pixels are adjusted by multiplying a factor, for example, of 3/9 in the case of the central target sub-pixel, of 2/9 in the case of an adjacent sub-pixel, and of 1/9 in the case of the sub-pixel next to the adjacent sub-pixel.
These factors are now described in more detail with reference to FIG. 28. In FIG. 28, the "*" indicates that the sub-pixel may be any of the three primary color light-emitting elements for R, G, and B. The determination of the factors is started from the first stage at the top and proceeds to the second stage and the third stage. The factor of the central target sub-pixel is determined at the center of the third stage.
In proceeding from the first stage to the second stage, energy is distributed uniformly among the three primary color light-emitting elements for R, G, and B, that is, the factor of the first stage is just ⅓. Likewise, energy is distributed uniformly in proceeding from the second stage to the third stage, that is, the factor of the second stage is also just ⅓.
Since the central sub-pixel is reached from the first stage via a total of three paths at the center, left, and right sides of the second stage, the synthetic factor (in which the factors of the first and second stages are synthesized) of the central sub-pixel is ⅓×⅓+⅓×⅓+⅓×⅓= 3/9. Also, since a sub-pixel adjacent the central pixel is reached via two paths, the synthetic factor thereof is ⅓×⅓+⅓×⅓= 2/9. Since there is only one path for a next adjacent sub-pixel, the synthetic factor thereof is ⅓×⅓= 1/9.
(1) First Problem
However in actuality, each of the three primary color light-emitting elements of R, G, and B differ in the degree that they contribute to luminance. Part of this difference is due to source brightness, and part is due to the response of the eye to different colors.
Thus when a filtering process for sub-pixel display by the prior art is performed, although color irregularities are eliminated, the entire image becomes blurry and the display quality is poor.
(2) Second Problem
With the prior art, since the denominator of a factor is 9, a factor cannot provide an integer aliquot in general (aliquot refers to a number that contains an exact number of some other number, i.e., one number exactly divisible by another number without a remainder). Thus when a factor is approximated by an integer, the error is too great to ignore.
Thus in performing the filtering process for sub-pixel display by the prior art, floating decimal point computation is necessary. Floating decimal point computation disables high-speed integer computation and makes it difficult to incorporate the process into hardware.
(3) Third Problem
Also conventionally, an anti-aliasing process is performed to improve the visibility of an image in a narrow display area. However, since the anti-aliasing process blurs the image as a whole in an attempt to alleviate jaggedness, image quality is degraded by the blurring of the image.
With regard to this point, visibility is improved by the application of the above-described sub-pixel technique.
However, there have been demands for even better visibility in the display results achieved by the application of the sub-pixel technique.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


This invention relates to a process for purifying a polypeptide, a capture tag useful for purifying a polypeptide and a periodate-cleavable amino acid derivative useful for purifying a polypeptide. The polypeptide to be purified comprises a vicinal-amino-thiol, vicinal-amino-hydoxyl, vicinal-diol or vicinal-diamino group. The purification process comprises attaching the polypeptide to a purification matrix by contacting the polypeptide with a purification matrix comprising aldehyde or ketone groups under conditions which favor formation of a heterocyclic ring system, washing the purification matrix, and releasing the polypeptide from the purification matrix.

The Need for Longer Synthetic Polypeptides
With the recent advances in knowledge coming from gene sequencing and direct protein identification projects, there is a great need for proteins and polypeptides to study function. Ideally, such proteins are made chemically since this approach allows not only rapid access, but also full flexibility of incorporation of reporter groups (fluorophores, stable isotope labels, etc.) and other components which are not coded for genetically. Several chemically synthesized polypeptides and proteins are already (and others are being evaluated as potential) in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic agents (drugs). The chemical synthesis of polypeptides is now routine: for the solution approach, see e.g. Sakakibara, S (1999) Biopolymers 51:279-296 "Chemical synthesis of proteins in solution", and Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1998) 95:13549-13554; for the solid phase approach, see Methods in Enzymology vol. 289 "Solid phase peptide synthesis" and e.g. Miranda L P & Alewood P F (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:1181-1186 "Accelerated chemical synthesis of peptides and small proteins", and Kochendoerfer, G G & Kent, S B (1999) Curr Opin Chem Biol 3:665-671 "Chemical protein synthesis". Nonetheless, it is currently difficult to synthesize and purify polypeptides greater than about 60 residues in length, so that longer polypeptides are generally not synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Instead, two or several shorter polypeptides are synthesized and these are deprotected, purified, coupled together in pairs in solution and the final product is then repurified. In general, peptides possessing N-terminal Cys are used in a coupling reaction referred to as <<native chemical ligation>> (Cotton, G J & Muir T W (1999) Chemistry & Biology 6:R247-R256 "Peptide ligation and its application to protein engineering").
Methods capable of facilitating ligation at residues other than Cys would be most useful since they would extend the range of polypeptides accessible to total chemical synthesis. Such methods are being developed by various groups, and it is now possible to ligate using an N-terminal Gly, homo-Cys (which becomes Met upon alkylation), and His. The ability to synthesize routinely by solid phase methodology polypeptides of 100-120 residues (i.e. entire small proteins, or fragments for chemical ligation) will have a major impact on the proportion of proteins coded for by the genome which are synthetically accessible, and modular chemical synthesis (fragments) and resin splitting permits easy access to variants and labelled versions.
The Problem of Deletions Arising from Incomplete Coupling
It would be useful to be able to synthesize longer polypeptides directly by SPPS, thus avoiding the time and effort needed to synthesize, purify and ligate several shorter fragments. Also, if longer polypeptides could be made in good yield and purity then even longer polypeptides could be made by ligating two or more of such longer fragments. Unfortunately, as is well known, the chemistry used to add amino acid residues during SPPS is not quite quantitative, and so each cycle gives rise to an impurity (which is the first member of a set of impurities, growing with every succeeding cycle) which contains a deletion at that cycle. Thus, with every cycle, there is a small loss of yield of correct (full-length) product, and in particular there is an increase in the complexity of the range of deletion peptides present. For example, if the coupling reaction achieves 99% yield at each step, after 100 such reactions there will be 0.99100×100%=37% correct (full-length) product, and 63% (in molar terms) of an astronomical number (2100=1030) of impurities lacking at least one amino acid residue. Practically, this astronomical number is actually limited by the Avogadro number: since most syntheses are performed on a millimole scale, the number of impurities is limited to about 1020. If the coupling reaction is 95% efficient, the yield after 100 steps falls to 0.95100×100=0.59%, and the mixture of (theoretically) 1020-1030 impurities now accounts for 99.41% (on a moles basis). Clearly, it is important to force coupling (and deprotection) reactions to be as quantitative as possible in order to obtain good yield, and it is also important to be able to purify wanted full-length product from a myriad of impurities. This problem of deletions arising from incomplete couplings is well known (Methods in Enzymology, vol 289, devoted to Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis).
Capping Reduces Complexity
Synthesis and subsequent purification of polypeptides can be facilitated by a strategy involving <<capping>> and <<affinity isolation>>, both of which are now explained. By driving couplings to completion (quantitatively <<capping>> the last trace of free amine with a high concentration of a powerful and unhindered reagent such as acetic anhydride), crude product complexity is reduced as the capped chains are terminated and cannot give rise to further (exponential) complexity through deletions during further cycles. In the final cycle, after capping of this cycle as after every previous cycle, the last residue to be added is to be found uniquely on full-length material, not on the capped (truncated, terminated) chains. This capping (with an irreversible acyl group such as acetyl) does not increase yield, which remains at 37% for 100 steps at 99%, but it drastically cuts the complexity of the impurity profile. If capping achieves complete termination of deletion chains at each cycle, the final product is contaminated with 101 impurities (the most abundant of which is present at 1% and arose at the first cycle, and the least abundant is present at 0.37% and arose at the 100th cycle) instead of 1020-1030. This approach (capping) to the problem of deletions arising from incomplete couplings is well known (Methods in Enzymology, vol 289).
Isolation Relying on Special Properties of the Amino-Terminal Residue
Solid phase synthesis of long polypeptides proceeds from C-terminus (attached to the resin via a linker) to N-terminus. When isolating the full-length polypeptide from the capped impurities (truncated chains) present, it is better to rely on unique properties (all or nothing) of the N-terminal residue or group than to try a brute-force separation based on general factors such as size, hydrophobicity, charge, etc., which do not differ greatly between one long polypeptide and another. An approach to isolation which relies on the properties of the N-terminal residue is also useful when isolating recombinant DNA-derived polypeptides or polypeptides from natural sources.

Atheris Laboratories, Dr. Reto Stocklin et Sylvie Stocklin Associes


The present invention provides improved methods and compositions for sealing a pipe string in a well bore. The methods basically include the steps of preparing a hardenable epoxy sealing composition which hardens into a resilient solid mass having high bond strength comprising an epoxide containing liquid, an organosilane compound and a hardening agent, placing the epoxy composition in the annulus between the pipe and the walls of the well bore and allowing the epoxy composition to harden.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to improved methods and compositions for sealing pipe strings in well bores, and more particularly, to such methods and compositions wherein the sealant is corrosion resistant, highly resilient and has high bond strength.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Hydraulic cement compositions are commonly utilized as sealants in subterranean well construction and repair procedures. For example, hydraulic cement compositions are used in primary sealing operations whereby strings of pipe such as casing and liners are sealed in well bores. In performing primary cementing, a hydraulic cement composition is pumped into the annular space between the walls of the well bore and the exterior surfaces of pipe disposed therein. The cement composition is permitted to set in the annular space thereby forming an annular sheath of hardened substantially impermeable cement therein. The cement sheath supports and positions the pipe in the well bore and bonds the exterior surfaces of the pipe to the walls of the well bore whereby the undesirable migration of fluids between zones or formations penetrated by the well bore is prevented.
When conventional cement compositions are utilized for sealing pipe strings in well bores, they set into brittle solid masses. Consequently, the solid cement often does not have sufficient resiliency to resist loss of pipe and/or formation bond, cracking or shattering as the result of pipe movements caused by expansion, contraction, impacts or shocks. The bond loss, cracking or shattering of the set cement allows leakage of formation fluids through at least portions of the well bore by way of the annulus therein which can be highly detrimental.
Hardenable epoxy resin compositions have heretofore been used for sealing pipe strings in well bores which penetrate subterranean zones containing corrosive fluids. For example, waste fluids such as salt water, acidic materials, caustic materials, organic materials, chemical by-product materials and the like are often disposed of by injecting them into disposal wells. Such disposal wells penetrate subterranean formations which accept large volumes of waste and are naturally separated from other subterranean formations. When a disposal well or other well where hydrocarbons are produced along with corrosive fluids is completed in the conventional manner whereby a string of steel pipe is cemented in the well bore utilizing a hydraulic cement slurry, both the cement and steel pipe are often subjected to severe corrosion. A result of such corrosion in disposal wells can be that the liquid waste materials leak into and contaminate formations containing useful fluids such as hydrocarbons or potable water. In other wells where hydrocarbons are produced with corrosive fluids, the corrosion can result in leakage of fluids between formations and/or to the surface.
In order to prevent the corrosion of metal pipe strings in disposal and other similar wells, it has heretofore been the practice to seal the pipe strings in well bores with a hardenable epoxy resin composition. Epoxy resin compositions are highly resistant to degradation by acids and other corrosive fluids and their use at least reduces the corrosion of metal pipe strings and the chances that corrosive fluids will find their way to the surface or into other subterranean locations. However, like set cement compositions, hardened epoxy resin compositions have often lacked sufficient resiliency as well as the necessary bond strength to resist failure as a result of pipe movements.
Thus, there are needs for improved methods and compositions for sealing pipe strings in well bores whereby the hardened compositions can withstand the effects of contact with corrosive fluids and also have the resiliency and high bond strength required to withstand pipe movements without failure.

Methods and compositions for sealing pipe strings in well bores


This invention provides an iterative process to maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding. The iterative process uses an auxiliary function which is defined in terms of a complete data probability distribution. The auxiliary function is derived based on an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. For a special case of trellis coded modulators, the auxiliary function may be iteratively evaluated by a combination of forward-backward and Viterbi algorithms. The iterative process converges monotonically and thus improves the performance of any decoding algorithm. The MAP decoding minimizes a probability of error. A direct approach to achieve this minimization results in complexity which grows exponentially with T, where T is the size of the input. The iterative process avoids this complexity by converging on the MAP solution through repeated maximization of the auxiliary function.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to iterative decoding of input sequences.
2. Description of Related Art
Maximum a posteriori (MAP) sequence decoding selects a most probable information sequence X1T=(X1, X2, . . . , XT) that produced the received sequence Y1T=(Y1, Y2, . . . , YT). For transmitters and/or channels that are modeled using Hidden Markov Models (HMM), the process for obtaining the information sequence X1T that corresponds to a maximum probability is difficult due to a large number of possible hidden states as well as a large number of possible information sequences X1T. Thus, new technology is needed to improve MAP decoding for HMMs.


The present invention provides production methods for aqueous dispersion slurry of inorganic particles which are so stable as not to increase in viscosity, gel or sediment even if stored for a long time and whose average particle diameter is 0.01 to 2 .mu.m. As such production method, 2 production methods are available:. A production method (A) having a preliminary dispersion process in which the inorganic particles are added to ad dispersed in an aqueous medium and a main dispersion process in which dispersed slurry out of the preliminary dispersion process are collided with each other under a pressure of 100 to 3,000 kg/cm.sup.2 ; and PA1 A production method (B) in which the inorganic particles are added to an aqueous medium within a kneading tank of a kneader in which mixing blades rotate around respective subsidiary spindles and the subsidiary spindles revolves around a spindle and dispersed at a solid concentration of 30 to 70 wt %.

As raw materials for cosmetics, paint, coating materials and polishing slurry for semiconductor wafers, raw materials of high purity with a minimal concentration of impurities, such as inorganic particles synthesized by a vapor phase method, such as fumigation, (hereinafter referred to as "vapor phased inorganic particles") have been used. However, as the vapor phased inorganic particles are intensive in secondary coagulation, when the vapor phased inorganic particles are dispersed in the water, coagula of such vapor phased inorganic particles should be destroyed and fused in the water. If the coagula are not completely destroyed or fused, problems, such as increase in viscosity of the aqueous dispersion slurry as the time passes, gelation and consequent loss of fluidity, and sedimentation and separation of the coagula. As a result, the aqueous dispersion slurry of inorganic particles can no longer be applied to those uses as described above.
As a method of dispersing the vapor phased inorganic particles in an aqueous medium, a method using dispersion equipment of high-speed mixing type (e.g., whirling blender, and high shearing mixer) as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,535 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 3-50112) has been known. Also, a method using equipment combining a powder introduction type mixer/disperser (e.g., jet stream mixer) with a toothed colloid mill, a dissolver or a skim mixer (Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.; Catalog No. 19: How to Handle Aerosil, p. 38) has also been known. However, both of these methods are disadvantageous in that a long-time processing is required and that vapor phased inorganic particles can not be completely destroyed or fused.
As regards the method of dispersing pulverized silica or fumed silica in an aqueous medium, a method of pulverizing and dispersing the vapor phased inorganic particles using a high-pressure homogenizer to 100 nm or less in average secondary particle diameter has been disclosed in the Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 9-142827 (opened on Jun. 3, 1997) and in the Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 9-193004 (opened on Jul. 29, 1997), which were opened after the date of application of the Japanese Patent Application No. 9-132881 over which the present invention claims priority. However, these publications contain no description of the dispersion of inorganic particles other than the pulverized silica and the fumed silica.
Under these circumstances, development of a method of producing the aqueous dispersion slurry of various inorganic particles has been wanted.

Aqueous dispersion slurry of inorganic particles and production methods thereof


The present invention provides a white balance adjustment method and a digital image capturing device using the same. The method according to the present invention comprises the following steps: capturing an image; partitioning the image into one or more blocks; obtaining a first brightness value of each block; obtaining a second brightness value, a R value, a G value and a B value of each block; determining whether each block is a gray block according to the difference value between the first brightness and the second brightness values, the R value, the G value and the B value; and determining whether to proceed with a first white balance procedure or a second white balance procedure according to the quantity of the gray block(s).

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a white balance adjustment method and a digital image capturing device using the same, and more particularly, to a white balance adjustment method that utilizes the brightness difference.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally speaking, the colors that reflect off an object will depend on the color of the light sources. The human brain is able to detect and correct this type of color change. Whether it is a sunny day, a cloudy day, in a room with light bulbs or fluorescent lamps, the human eye can adapt to the changes in color under different light sources and it will not affect the way in which humans perceive white objects. However, the "white color" generated by different light sources is perceived differently by a digital image capturing device. For example, a photo tends to be yellowish if it is taken in a room illuminated with tungsten lamps (light bulbs), and it tends to be lightly bluish or reddish if it is taken in other environments.
In order to make the colors in the photos be consistent with the colors perceived by the human eye, the digital image capturing device has to mimic the human brain and adjust the colors according to the light source. It has to define the white color so that in the photos it is the same as the white color perceived by the human eyes. This type of adjustment is known as "white balance".
Even though at present, the digital image capturing devices may automatically perform white balance adjustments in view of the located environment, it usually define the gray color by obtaining the red (R), green (G) and blue (B) values and does not take the effect of a flash into consideration. Actually, the brightness of the flash will affect the white balance such that the digital image capturing device will not be able to display the image colors at its best.
Therefore, by providing a white balance adjustment method that takes into consideration the effect of the flash on the white balance, the digital image capturing device using the white balance adjustment method of the present invention will be able to display color images with better image qualities.

Method for white balance adjustment and digital image capturing device using the same


Amplibody compositions and methods used to interact with agglomeration proteins are disclosed herein. Compositions herein comprise one or more DNA or RNA molecules having affinity for at least one agglomeration protein. The nucleic acid component is a naturally or non-naturally occuring molecule with twenty or more ribonucleotide bases. For RNA, at least one nucleotide sequence portion of this RNA molecule has affinity to at least one consensus sequence present in the agglomeration RNA-binding protein. The portion of nucleotide sequence of RNA having affinity for agglomeration proteins is a sequence that is derived from either and RNA virus, and RNA agglomeration proteins is a sequence that is derived from either and RNA virus, an RNA phage, a messenger RNA (“mRNA”), a ribosomal RNA (“rRNA), a transfer RNA (“tRNA”), a sequence that is received as a template by one or more RNA dependent RNA polymerases, or a combination thereof. Methods disclosed herein are directed towards detecting the presence of one or more agglomeration proteins in a sample matrix using the amplibody compositions described herein.

Essentially there are two types of nucleic acid found in living cells. One is deoxyribonucleic acid ("DNA"), and the other is ribonucleic acid (♭RNA"). Under normal physiological conditions, both of these nucleic acid molecules are associated with proteins. These proteins can include scaffolding proteins, enzymes, ligases, telomerases, etc. These nucleic acid binding proteins perform functions necessary for normal metabolism and cell/tissue viability.
A significant portion of RNA-binding proteins ("RNP") mediate post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Heterogenous nuclear RNAs ("hnRNA") are the primary transcripts of protein encoding genes. These transcripts (hnRNA) are processed in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and, at least a portion of such hnRNAs, become messenger RNAs ("mRNAs"). From the time hnRNAs emerge from the transcriptional complex, and throughout the time they are in the nucleus, they are associated with proteins termed hnRNA proteins. Members of this family of proteins are required for multiple steps during mRNA metabolism, including pre-mRNA processing and mRNA localization, translation and stability. The majority of proteins associated with RNAs appear to be associated with hnRNAs and mRNAs in hnRNP and mRNA complexes.
However, some disease processes appear to involve the formation of RNA-mediated protein agglomerations. These agglomerations have been shown to be associated with neuronal cell death and brain wasting disease. Spongiform encephalopathies, often involved with certain neuronal cell death and brain wasting syndromes, characteristically have protein plaques or agglomerations made manifest upon dissection. In spongiform encephalopathies, prions are thought to be the etiologic agent. Prion-based diseases result from "infectious proteins" that are involved in protein agglomeration.
It is believed that these protein agglomeration diseases are associated with certain RNA molecules. For example, viral RNPs and their concomitant RNA and protein components define much of the disease processes involved in viral pathogenicity (e.g., HIV, Dengue virus, etc.). With this in mind, bacterial and viral RNP complexes are considered to be attractive diagnostic targets.
A need currently exists for compositions and methods that can be used in the detection of proteins involved in the pathogenic agglomeration process.

Compositions and methods for binding agglomeration proteins


A toner cartridge according to one example embodiment includes a housing having a front, rear, first side, second side, top and bottom forming a toner reservoir. An outlet port is positioned on the front of the housing proximate the first side for transferring toner out of the reservoir. A drive gear is positioned on the front of the housing and has a center proximate the second side for receiving rotational power. A cavity is formed in the bottom of the housing. A latch catch is positioned in the cavity on an inner side of the front of the housing for receiving a latch for securing the toner cartridge in an image forming device. The latch catch is positioned closer to the bottom of the housing than the outlet port and the drive gear and between the center of the drive gear and the outlet port in the side-to-side direction.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present invention relates generally to electrophotographic printers and more particularly to a toner cartridge loading and latching features.
2. Description of the Related Art
In order to reduce the premature replacement of components traditionally housed within a toner cartridge for an image forming device, toner cartridge manufacturers have begun to separate components having a longer life from those having a shorter life into separate replaceable units. Relatively longer life components such as a developer roll, a toner adder roll and a doctor blade are positioned in one replaceable unit (a developer unit). The image forming device's toner supply, which is consumed relatively quickly in comparison with the components housed in the developer unit, is provided in a reservoir in a separate replaceable unit in the form of a toner cartridge that mates with the developer unit. In this configuration, the number of components housed in the toner cartridge is reduced in comparison with traditional toner cartridges.
It is important that the toner cartridge is precisely aligned within the image forming device. If the toner cartridge is misaligned, the exit port on the toner cartridge may not seal against the entrance port on the developer unit potentially causing severe toner leakage which may result in mechanical and print quality defects. Further, if the toner cartridge is misaligned, a drive gear on the toner cartridge may not achieve proper gear mesh with a corresponding drive gear in the image forming device potentially resulting in gear cogging. The toner cartridge must also be rigidly held in place after it is installed in the image forming device in order to prevent the positional alignment of the toner cartridge from being disturbed during operation. The requirement for tight positional control must be balanced with the need to permit a user to easily load and unload the toner cartridge into and out of the image forming device. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that precise alignment of the cartridge and relatively simple insertion of the cartridge into the image forming device is desired.

Toner cartridge having loading and latching features


An optical fiber package comprising an adhesive for coating optical fibers comprising part A and part B wherein Part A is an aqueous polymeric emulsion of 2-ethylhexylacrylate or butyl acrylate and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and Part-B is polyvinylbutyral dissolved in isopropyl alcohol. The said system imparts stability to the optical fiber on long range exposure thereby improving performance.

Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made-up of very pure glass and associated with the transmission of information as light pulses between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fiber carries much more information than conventional copper wire and in general it is not subjected to electromagnetic interference and signal loss during transmission. Optical fibers have shown great promise in communication and networking applications because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is especially advantageous for long distance communications, because light propagates through the fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. Optical fiber can be very delicate. This creates problems in winding and unwinding operation in optical fiber packages such as canisters.
It is well-known that an adhesive binder is often used to stabilize filamentary structure packages, such as electrical cable and metal wire coil packages. In some specialized applications, the adhesive binder is not only to stabilize the package, but also to control the fluent payout of the filament and also to protect the filament for long life durability. An adhesive binder is usually applied on to the optical fiber or to each fiber layer by layer. The adhesive binder must be compatible with the fiber, which may otherwise cause total damage to the fiber during storage and payout, causing increased optical loss in the fiber or total damage such as crazing due to stress corrosion. The binder must also contribute in solving the problems faced in preparing and using optical fiber canisters. Some such problems are non uniform winding, small gaps, voids, bends and the like.
Several polymeric adhesive binders for optical fiber packages are reported in the prior art, such as Israeli patent 92130; Discloses adhesive composition comprising 5% of an adhesive consisting of one-fourth of 3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane and three-fourths of a polydimethylsiloxane, and 95% of carrier which is a trichlorotrifluoroethane or a trichloroethane or a mixture thereof.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,375 discloses adhesive binder composition for optical fiber packages consisting essentially of two parts; "Part A", which is a blend of silicone polymer and epoxy resin, and "Part B", which consist of three components: catalyst for silicone, epoxy curing agent and wetting agent for adhesion improvement. A methacrylic silane wetting agent is added to said components and whole mixture is dissolved in a organic solvent.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,320 discloses interpenetrating polymer network which can exhibit non linear optical properties comprising crosslinked polymer network of epoxy based first polymer and phenoxy silicon based second polymer.
Adhesive composition disclosed in above prior art is associated with some serious problems. Prior art adhesive creates difficulties when fiber has to be unwound or paid out from the canister. On many occasions, when the fiber is unwound, the adhesives adhere to the fiber too strongly to cause increased wind resistance or local impacts, when the fiber is deployed. This results in undesirable tension and bending in the fiber. This causes stress concentration and breakages, which means a total failure of the system.
The adhesive binders reported in the prior art contain strong solvents such as trichlorotrifluroethane, or a trichloroethane or their mixtures, and also mixtures of toluene, methylethylketone. All these solvents, as alone or their mixture dissolves the primary and secondary coating of the optical fiber, which results into light loss, and attenuation of the signal.
There is need for an improved adhesive for use in optical fiber winding and payout operations. Such adhesive should have sufficient bond strength and durability to hold the fiber in place during the long term storage without maintenance, flight, and unwinding operation. Also it must not interfere with the fiber unwinding, and hold the fiber layers in place and must allow the fiber to be paid out from the package easily and regularly.
The present invention provides an optical fibre package comprising an adhesive which effectively improves optical fiber winding, particularly as to their stability on long range exposures and payout properties, and improves the performance of the packages thus obtained. Present invention also eliminates the problems associated with prior art optical adhesive binders.

Water borne adhesive binder for adhering and encapsulating polarization maintaining optical fibre

DIRECTOR GENERAL DEFENCE, RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION MINISTRY OF DEFENSE, GOVT. OF INDIA


A system and method for performing a test for characterizing high frequency operation of PCB boards. More particularly, a system and methodology is provided to implement a time-domain short pulse propagation (SPP) technique on the production line, on large, multi-layer, product-level PCB boards, for large volume testing, by people who are not familiar with advanced, delicate, measurement techniques, who need robust test facilities, and cannot afford the time or expense of other lab-type approaches.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to systems and techniques for modeling and characterizing printed-circuit board wiring, and particularly, to an improved system and method for generating more accurate transmission line models and characterizations for predicting performance of circuits and circuit structures as printed-circuit board transmission data-rates increase.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There currently exists limited techniques for providing time and frequency domain measurements from which transmission line models and material parameters for characterizing high frequency performance of printed-circuit board (PCB) conductor structures (i.e., transmission lines) may be extracted.
One particular technique, known in the art as short-pulse-propagation, SPP, is a time-domain technique that may be employed to model and characterize performance of circuits and circuit structures. As described in the reference to A. Deutsch, R. S. Krabbenhoft, et al. entitled "Practical Considerations in the Modeling and Characterization of Printed-Circuit Board Wiring", Digest of SPI'06, Signal Propagation on Interconnects, May 10-13, 2006, Berlin, pp. 1-4, incorporated by reference herein, the SPP technique requires propagating a short, electrical pulse along two identical transmission lines with different lengths, l1 and l2. In current practice, the short pulse is generated by differentiating the step-source of a sampling oscilloscope.
FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary prior art measurement apparatus 10 for characterizing high frequency performance of a non-production level (test) PCB showing a short pulse generating source 12 feeding test pulse signals to coaxial probes 16 for differential measurement. The prior art set-up depicted in FIG. 1 is a bench-test set-up configured to conduct a time domain transmission (TDT) measurement technique by launching a short, electrical pulse onto a transmission-line structure on the PCB and measuring the pulse signals to compute characterizing data. In one embodiment, using the test set-up 10 shown in FIG. 1, the test pulse signals are obtained by differentiating the step-source of a sampling oscilloscope 12 (e.g., an HP model 54120A) using a passive impulse-forming network 17. In one embodiment, source pulses are, for example, 35 ps and 29 ps (obtained with the Picosecond Pulse Labs pulse generator 4015C and the 5208 network) width and are launched on respective transmission-line structures of different line lengths via test pads formed on the surface of the PCB. High-speed coaxial probes 16 in ground-signal (GS) configuration, (GGB Industries model 40A, 15OLP) are used to connect to the transmission-lines via test pads. In FIG. 1, a 50-GHz sampling oscilloscope 12 uses a detector channel, e.g., with 2.4 mm connectors and 40 GHz flexible coaxial cables 19 (e.g., Gore GD/AJ, 160-mil-diameter) between the probes 16 and the oscilloscope 15.
Although not shown in FIG. 1, the test set-up 10 is further configured to provide at the PCB a parallel-plate device by which a low-frequency capacitance measurement may be made by a low frequency impedance analyzer. More particularly, according to the prior art, the line self and mutual capacitances are able to be measured and modeled, e.g., at 1 MHz as is the effective dielectric constant of region around the lines.
In accordance with the SPP technique using the apparatus depicted in FIG. 1, the transmitted pulses are detected and digitized. A time window technique is applied to the pulses to eliminate unwanted reflections from the measurement probes, any contact pads and vias, and cable connectors. In exemplary embodiments, a rectangular time window is used with a smooth transition to the signal baseline steady-state level since the amplitude resolution is more essential than the spectral resolution for this technique. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is performed on the processed waveforms to obtain the complex propagation constant Γ(f) set forth in equation (1):
                              Γ                                (            f            )                          =                                            α                                            (                f                )                                      +                          j                                                                                β                                                  (                  f                  )                                                              =                                                    1                                                      l                    1                                    -                                      l                    2                                                                                ln                                                  (                                                                                A                        1                                                                                (                        f                        )                                                                                A                        2                                                                                (                        f                        )                                                                              )                                                      +                          j                                                                                Φ                      1                                                                                (                      f                      )                                                        -                                                            Φ                      2                                                                                (                      f                      )                                                                                l                    1                                    -                                      l                    2                                                                                (        1        )            where α(f) and β(f) are the attenuation and phase constant, respectively, of the transmission line as a function of frequency (f), and, Ai(f) and Φi(f) are the respective amplitude and the phase of the transforms corresponding to the lines with lengths of l1 and l2 and l1>l2. As referred to herein, frequency is referred to as a variable "f" or "ω".
From the ratio of the two Fourier transforms, the broadband attenuation and phase constant is extracted. No de-embedding or calibration is needed as in frequency-domain based techniques using Vector-Network Analyzers, VNA. The per-unit-length R(f), L(f), C(f), G(f) parameters (R is resistance, L is inductance, C is capacitance, and G is conductance) for the transmission line structure are then calculated using the dimensions obtained by cross sectioning the PCB hardware. This calculation is performed by using an (electromagnetic) field solver that also requires the metal resistivity information of the T-line structures. This metal resistivity information is obtained in accordance with equation (2) by performing a four-point resistance measurement of the two lines and using the actual dimensions,
                    R        =                              ρ                                                                          l                    A                                    (        2        )            where R is the resistance of the conductor and p is the resistivity, l is the length and A the cross-sectional area of the T-line conductor.
The initial calculation of the per-unit-length R(f), L(f), C(f), G(f) parameters for the transmission line structure is performed with an initial estimation of dielectric constant and dielectric loss. For the low frequency range of 10 KHz to 1 MHz, actual measurements of dielectric loss can be made on a large parallel plate structure embedded on the same PCB structure with the signal layer of interest.
The dielectric constant "∈" at 1 MHz can be reliably measured from the capacitance measurement on the parallel plate structure of the PCB in accordance with equation (3):
                    C        =                                            ɛ              0                                                  ɛ              r                                    A                    h                                    (        3        )            where C is the capacitance, ∈r the relative permittivity, ∈o the absolute permittivity, A the plate area, and h is the thickness of the dielectric. In current practice, for the signal transmission frequency range between 1 GHz to 50 GHz, an initial guess is made. An electromagnetic field solver is implemented to fit a range of values for the complex permittivity using this initial guess. The attenuation and phase are then calculated based on the R, L, C, G values. The calculated and measured values are compared, and, the procedure is repeated until good agreement is obtained. Each time, the dielectric loss is changed.
The field solver generates causal results for C(f) and G(f) based on a Debye model for the complex permittivity:
                              ɛ                                (            ω            )                          =                              ɛ            ∞                    +                                    ∑              i                                                                  ɛ                i                                            1                +                                  j                                                                                ω                                                                                τ                    i                                                                                (        4        )            where ∈i ∈∞ and τi are parameters or the expansion in accordance with the Debye model.
The final C(f) and G(f) are used, together with the measured ∈r and the calculated C at 1 MHz, to obtain a measure of the broadband complex permittivity in accordance with equations (5).
                                                        ɛ              r                                                  (              ω              )                                =                                    (                                                C                                                        (                    ω                    )                                                                    C                                      1                                                                                MHz                                                              )                        ×                          ɛ                              r                                                                                1                                                                                MHz                                                                                tan                                                                                δ                                            (                ω                )                                              =                                    G                                            (                ω                )                                                    ω                                                                                C                                                  (                  ω                  )                                                                                (        5        )            where ω is the frequency and tan δ a measure of dielectric loss.
The broadband characteristic impedance Zo is now obtained from equation (6):
                              Z          0                =                              Γ                                      (              ω              )                                                          G                                            (                ω                )                                      +                          j                                                                                ω                                                                                C                                                  (                  ω                  )                                                                                (        6        )
It is the case that typical VNA based measurements can generally obtain attenuation and phase, especially for high frequency range, but Zo(f) cannot be extracted due to the large discontinuities found in realistic multi-layer printed-circuit-boards, PCBs. As was demonstrated in the reference to T-M. Winkel, et al., entitled, "Comparison of Time- and Frequency-Domain Measurement Results for Product Related Card and MCM Transmission Lines up to 65 GHz", Proc. Dig. IEEE 14th Top. Mtg Elec. Perf. of Electronic Packaging, Austin, Tex., Oct. 24-26, 2005, pp. 21-24, the current de-embedding and calibration techniques cannot compensate for the large end effects, i.e., the capacitance, resistance, inductance of the via, test pads, and probes.
As data rates transmitted on printed-circuit-boards increase from 2 Gbps to 20 Gbps and beyond, there is required more accurate and causal transmission line models for predicting system performance. Non-causal models can cause inaccurate signal integrity and timing prediction and simulator convergence problem. In order to generate broadband causal models (DC to ˜50 GHz) there is needed higher accuracy and higher-bandwidth measurements of dielectric constant ∈r(f) and dielectric loss tan δ(f). Single value ∈r and tan δ that are typically supplied by vendors cannot generate causal models. The current practice for monitoring the integrity of production level printed-circuit boards is to measure the Zo obtained from TDR measurements using a single, hand-held probe. One such prior art probe for TDR measurements is a hand-held probe 80 provided by Polar Instruments Ltd. (Beaverton Oreg.) such as depicted in FIG. 8A with its cover removed. In this embodiment, a Polar generated step source for conducting the TDR measurement has an approximate 120 ps-200 ps rise-time. Additionally, a 10 mil pitch coaxial probe 85 additionally shown in FIG. 7A can also be used for high-speed measurements as these types of coaxial probes may generate 1 ps-35 ps transitions. Further, the hand-held probes 80 include the probe tips 87 depicted in FIG. 7B with a 100 mil pitch as shown in close-up view.
Thus, currently, ∈r and tan δ values are generally supplied only at a few frequencies and measured on simple, non-representative structures. However, it is the case that such measurements are required to be made on multi-layer configurations and the data is needed over a wide frequency range such as from DC to 50 GHz. In addition, as higher-performance systems need the development of lower loss materials, these new materials need to be analyzed in representative, multi-layer structures. Furthermore, concerns to be considered such as losses due to roughness that could become significant, in the order of 5-50% loss increase at 5 GHz, for example. Further considerations to be accounted for include: moisture absorption of new materials that impacts reliability. Further, lead-free compatibility imposes manufacturing constraints that impact electrical characteristics.
Moreover, simple TDR production-level Zo process monitors need to be improved because such techniques overpredict Zo due to losses on the board wiring. Overprediction of Zo affects board design, cost, wireability, and system power. Thus, Zo extraction needs to be extended to broadband phase constant Γ(f) and broadband characteristic impedance Zo(f).
It would be highly desirable to provide an improved test apparatus that can extend this measurement capability to multi-layer production level PCB boards by providing at least two lines of different lengths and utilizing better probes, improved structures, and instrumentation.
It is desired that such improved testability further maintain the ruggedness commensurate with production level testing.

System and method implementing short-pulse propagation technique on production-level boards with incremental accuracy and productivity levels

International Business Machines Corporation


A portable electronic device equipped with a camera module and a shutter buffer and a control method using the same. The shutter button is switchable between multiple stages and includes a display screen. A control circuit of the portable electronic device operates the camera module and provides display content to the display screen based on the switch between the multiple stages of the shutter button.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a portable electronic device equipped with a camera module and how to use the portable electronic device to share the captured image(s) to an online social networking platform.
Description of the Related Art
Online social networking services, such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and so on, provide platforms to build social networks or social relations among people who share interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections. Online social networking sites allow users to share ideas, pictures, posts, activities, events, and interests with people in their network. Today, many portable electronic devices have been developed to cater to users of the growing number of online social networking services.

Portable electronic device with shutter button for image capture, and control method thereof


Disclosed are a red light-emitting nitride material, a light-emitting part and a light-emitting device comprising the same. The General Formula of the light-emitting material is: Ma(Al,B)bSicNdOe:Eum, Rn, wherein M is at least one of the alkaline earth metal elements Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Zn; R is at least one of the rare earth elements Y, La, Ce, Gd and Lu; and 0.9≦a<1.1, 0.9≦b≦1, 1≦c≦1.5, 2.5<d<5, 0<e<0.1, 0<m<0.05, 0<n<0.1 and 1<c/b<1.5. The light-emitting material can be effectively excited by a radiation light having a wavelength below 500 nm, and then emits a visible red light having a wide spectrum from 500 nm to 780 nm. The light-emitting material of the present disclosure has the characteristics of high light-emitting efficiency, good temperature properties and a wide half-width etc., and the material can be used alone or in combination with other light-emitting materials for making high performance light-emitting devices.

A red light-emitting material is indispensable as an important component of the three primary colours, red, green and blue. Red light-emitting materials broadly applied at present include Y2O3:Eu3+(Bi3+), Y2O2S:Eu3+(Bi3+), Y(V,P)O4:Eu3+(Bi3+), (Y,Gd)BO3:Eu3+ and (Ca,Sr)S:Eu2+(Tm3+) etc. However, as traditional technologies, including display and illumination etc., have been changed, these traditional red light-emitting materials, which used to be radiant, fail to well meet the needs of the development of new technologies, including three-dimensional (3D) display and white Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) etc., because of changes in application fields and excitation modes.
Since the late 1990s, a category of novel nitrogen/nitrogen oxide light-emitting materials have been developed. Anionic groups of the light-emitting materials of this category contain high negative charge N3−, and excitation spectra of the light-emitting materials move towards longer wavelengths including near ultraviolet and visible light etc. because of the expansion effect of electronic cloud. In addition, substrates of the light-emitting materials are provided with relatively dense network structures having stable physicochemical properties.
A kind of MxSiyNz:Eu (M is at least one of Ca/Sr/Ba, and z=2/3x+4/3y) red light-emitting nitride material was disclosed in a patent document EP1104799A1 in 2001, and representative red light-emitting materials mainly include three materials, i.e. MSiN2:Eu, M2Si5N8:Eu and MSi7N10:Eu, and the like. It is reported in a non-patent document Chem. Mater. 2006, 18: 5578 that the light-emitting intensity of this kind of Sr2Si5N8:Eu red light-emitting nitride material at 150□ is only 86% of that at room temperature.
A kind of MaAbDcEdXe red light-emitting material is invented in a Chinese disclosure patent ZL 200480040967.7. In the formula, a+b=1, and M is one or two elements of Mn/Ce/Pr/Nd/Sm/Eu/Tb/Dy/Ho/Er/Tm/Yb, A is one or two elements of Mg/Ca/Sr/Ba, D is one or two elements of Si/Ge/Sn/Ti/Zr/Hf, E is one or two elements of B/Al/Ga/In/Sc/Y/La/Ga/Lu, and X is selected from one or two elements of O, N and F. The inorganic compound has the same crystal structure as that of CaAlSiN3, and 0.00001≦a≦0.1, 0.5≦c≦4, 0.5≦d≦8, 0.8*(2/3+4/3*c+d)≦e and e≦1.2(2/3+4/3*c+d), wherein a typical composition is CaAlSiN3:Eu. It is reported in a non-patent document Sci. Technol. Adv. Mat., 2007, 8(7-8): 588-600 that the light-emitting intensity of this kind of CaAlSiN3 light-emitting material at 150□ is 89% of that at room temperature, which is higher than that of the Sr2Si5N8:Eu light-emitting material.
A certain amount of Aluminium Nitride (AlN) was introduced based on CaSiN2:Eu in a non-patent document (Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 2010, 7(6):787-802) in 2009 to obtain Cal-xAlzSiN2+z:Eux (0<z<0.3). However, with the introduction of AlN, the light-emitting efficiency of the material is reduced significantly. The external quantum efficiencies of the material excited at 405 nm and 450 nm are only 28.5% and 24.5%, respectively. In addition, it is reported by the document that, Ca0.999SiN2:EU0.001, with a relatively low thermal quenching temperature at about 110□, has bad temperature properties.
The red fluorescent powder involved in the documents above has better temperature properties than those of traditional red sulfide fluorescent powder ((Ca,Sr)S:Eu2+). At the same time, it can be easily learned that the light-emitting intensities of the red light-emitting materials involved in the documents above at 150□ are all lower than 90% of those at room temperature, which remains to be improved. In addition, red light-emitting materials applied in devices to efficiently improve colour rendering indexes are required to have wide half widths while the light-emitting half widths of the light-emitting materials above are generally about 90 nm which is required to be further widened. In addition, although a high colour rendering index can be obtained by a technical solution which improves the colour rendering index by adding a red light-emitting material, the overall light-emitting efficiency of a device is greatly reduced at the same time, which needs to be alleviated by further improving the light-emitting efficiency of the red light-emitting material.

Red light-emitting nitride material, and light-emitting part and light-emitting device comprising the same