A scanning optical apparatus includes, for example, a determination unit, a correction unit, a creating unit, and a drive control unit. The determination unit determines an amount of correction of an image clock for controlling an output timing of a beam for each pixel constituting one line in a main scanning direction of the beam. The correction unit corrects the image clock in accordance with the amount of correction that is determined. The creating unit creates an image signal that is utilized for driving a light source in accordance with the image clock that is corrected. The drive control unit controls driving of the light source in accordance with the image signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a scanning optical apparatus, an image forming apparatus, and an image clock correction method that is applied to a scanning optical apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
A scanning optical apparatus that is utilized with an image forming apparatus or the like scans a beam along a main scanning direction. The main scanning direction is the axial direction (lengthwise direction) of a photosensitive member. Particularly in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, a scanning optical apparatus modulates a beam with an image signal, and a polygonal mirror, which is driven by a motor, rotates and deflects the modulated beam to scan a scanning plane on a photosensitive member.
In this kind of image forming apparatus, it is desirable that the magnification ratio in the main scanning direction is always an ideal magnification ratio. However, a so-called "shift of variable magnification ratio" occurs due to a mounting error when mounting a scanning optical apparatus onto an image forming apparatus, limits of accuracy of the instrument in use (refractive index fluctuations) or errors when assembling an optical component such as a reflection mirror or an f-θ lens. A shift of the variable magnification ratio is undesirable because it becomes a cause of image distortion. In particular, a color image forming apparatus forms a color image by multiple-transferring toner images of each color on a transfer member. Therefore, if the amount of a shift of the variable magnification ratio is different for each color, it becomes a cause of color misalignment. As a results, the image quality deteriorates undesirably.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-111972 discloses a technique of dividing the main scanning direction in a plurality of areas, adjusting the position of the image clock for each area, and correcting the magnification ratio components of the areas which differ from one another due to optical components or the like.

Scanning optical apparatus, image forming apparatus and image clock correction method


Mechanisms are disclosed for detecting protocols independently of the ports used by streams associated with the protocols or applications that may send out such streams. The detecting may entail using a content filter that is hosted on a networking stack, where the content filter may be composed of a stream buffer and handlers for detecting the protocols. The handlers may be further used to modify streams incoming to a port or streams outgoing from an application. The handlers can modify the streams in a variety of ways, including reading, inserting, replacing, deleting, and completing data in the streams according to some policy criteria, such as those set by parental controls. Individual handlers may be selected from a plurality or set of handlers so that they can be matched up to the appropriate streams.

Current content filtering mechanisms, such as those based on parental controls, may use network protocol detection and manipulation that is port and/or application specific. In such a set-up, assumptions can be made regarding content filtering based on the type of application a user is using, or a designated port that is being used for sending and/or receiving data. Thus, if a user is using a web browsing application, for instance, an assumption can be made that the protocol may be HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) or FTP (File Transfer Protocol). Similarly, if some specific port is being used to send and receive data subscribing to a specific protocol, such as HTTP or FTP, an assumption can be made that any current or future traffic sent through this port will subscribe to the same protocol used in the past.
However, it would be advantageous to provide mechanisms that allow for protocol-level content filtering at least in an application and port agnostic manner-which may allow for a more complete solution for protocol filtering, given that any instance of a protocol can be handled that either enters or exists at a system. Moreover, it would be advantageous to provide mechanisms that can handle multiple protocol detection and manipulation scenarios.


A hold open rod includes an inner member, an outer member configured to have the inner member slide in and out of the outer member, and a locking mechanism configured to selectively lock the inner member and the outer member with respect to each other. The locking mechanism includes a locking plug configured to move axially along an axis of the inner member and the outer member to a locking position and an unlocking position, a locking dog configured to move radially between a locking position and an unlocking position as a result of a camming action with the locking plug as the locking plug moves axially, and a lock transfer bar operatively connected to the locking plug and configured to move the locking plug to the locking position and the unlocking position when the lock transfer bar is moved.

Hold open rods are well known in the automotive industry, the aviation industry, and other industries. Hold open rods hold open a door, a hatch, and like structure after being opened manually or automatically. Hold open rods support a considerable amount of weight, particularly in the aviation industry. It is desirable that the hold open rod functions correctly and does not malfunction in supporting this weight.
Generally, the hold open rod includes two cylindrical telescoping tubes, a first tube disposed inside a second tube, an inner and outer tube, respectively. In a fully retracted position, the inner tube is generally located almost entirely within the outer tube. The inner tube can be extended to a designated position to hold open the door, the hatch, or the like. At this extended position, the tubes are locked in place, holding open the door for a period of time. Such locking prevents the inner tube from retracting into the outer tube and also allows the tubes to withstand the weight of the door or hatch. The locking mechanism can typically only be released by an operator.
The hold open rod is typically configured to be fully extended or fully retracted. There is no ability to have a robust intermediate lock position. Moreover, previous lock mechanisms have had poor performance due to stepped diameter constructions of the inner tube. These stepped portions were required and increased manufacturing cost and operational failures. Additionally, these stepped portions resulted in an undesirable sloppy fit.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an improved locking mechanism that provides robust intermediate locking functionality, holds large loads, and the like.


In a direct injection spark ignition internal combustion engine that performs an Atkinson cycle operation in which the time to close intake valves is retarded, the tumble flow in the engine cylinder is intensified by fuel injected from a fuel injection valve during a time period from an intake stroke bottom dead center to closing of the intake valves.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a direct injection spark ignition internal combustion engine and a method for controlling a direct injection spark ignition internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
During homogenous combustion, if the tumble flow created in each cylinder on an intake stroke can be intensified, the tumble flow remains until the latter half of a compression stroke and then is smashed by the piston, whereby a turbulent flow is created in the cylinder, and this turbulent flow increases the combustion speed. In direct injection spark ignition internal combustion engines, the thrust force of the fuel injected into each cylinder can be utilized to intensify the tumble flow.
Meanwhile, a direct injection spark ignition internal combustion engine is proposed which performs the Atkinson cycle (Miller cycle) operation in which the time to close the intake valves is retarded so as to reduce the pumping loss and thus the fuel consumption (For example, refer to Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-52551 (JP-A-2004-52551).
In typical Atkinson cycle direct injection spark ignition internal combustion engines including the one described above, the fuel injection time is set to a point before the intake stroke bottom dead center. In such engines, although fuel is injected before the intake stroke bottom dead center, the tumble flow in each cylinder can be intensified by setting the fuel injection direction appropriately, and the intensified tumble flow remains until the latter half of the compression stroke. However, if the turbulent flow in the cylinder is intensified by further intensifying the tumble flow in the latter half of the compression stroke, the combustion speed of homogenous combustion increases and thus the combustion state improves accordingly.

Direct injection spark ignition internal combustion engine and method for controlling same


A MEMS microphone package device includes a MEMS microphone chip as an integrated circuit chip. An acoustic sensing structure is embedded in the integrated circuit chip. An adhesive structure adheres on outer sidewall of the microphone chip. A bottom portion of the adhesive structure protrudes out from first surface of the microphone chip and adheres on a surface of a substrate, having interconnection structure, to form a first seal ring. A space between the acoustic sensing structure and the substrate and sealed by the first seal ring forms a second chamber. A cover adheres to top portion of the adhesive structure, covering over the cavity on the second surface of the microphone chip. The top portion of the adhesive structure forms as a second seal ring. A space between the cover and the second surface of the microphone chip and sealed by the second seal ring forms a first chamber.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to MEMS microphone package device and MEMS packaging method.
2. Description of Related Art
The Silicon MEMS microphone chip, such as MEMS microphone, has been proposed to form a microphone with rather reduced volume and then can be easily implemented into the large system.
FIG. 1 is a drawing, schematically illustrating a conventional MEMS microphone after packaging. In FIG. 1, a Silicon MEMS microphone chip 52 and an integrated circuit chip 56 are implemented on the substrate 50 with proper wire bonding. The substrate functions as a circuit board for communicating between the Silicon MEMS microphone chip 52 and the integrated circuit chip 56. The Silicon MEMS microphone chip 52 can sense an acoustic source received from an acoustic aperture 62 of a cap 58 and convert the acoustic source into electric signal. In order to process the sensing signal, the integrated circuit chip 56 receives the sensing signal through the substrate 50 for subsequent processing. The Silicon MEMS microphone chip 52 has a chamber 54, serving as a back chamber. The cap 58 disposed over the substrate 50 can form a chamber 60, serving as a front chamber with sufficient volume, so that an acoustic sensing structure of the Silicon MEMS microphone chip 52 having a diaphragm structure can vibrate or sense with the acoustic source.
Due to different designs of the Silicon MEMS microphone chip 52, the Silicon MEMS microphone chip 52 may sense the acoustic source from the other side. In this situation, the acoustic aperture 62 in FIG. 1 may be changed to the substrate 50. FIG. 2 is a drawing, schematically illustrating a conventional MEMS microphone after packaging. In FIG. 2, the Silicon MEMS microphone chip 52 is designed to receive the acoustic source from the side, which is attached to the substrate 50. Then, the acoustic aperture 62 is formed in the substrate 50. In this type of Silicon MEMS microphone chip, the chamber 54 now is serving as a front chamber, and the chamber 60 is serving as a back chamber. The front chamber receives the acoustic source.
For the conventional MEMS microphone, it needs the Silicon MEMS microphone chip 52 and the integrated circuit chip 56 as two chips. Further the package size is relatively large.

Microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) microphone package device and MEMS packaging method thereof


A device for holding down solar panels with a holding-down bolt and for releasing the solar panels after shearing off with a pyrotechnical striking pin device is arranged on the outer side of the solar panels. After severing with the striking pin and after lifting out of the striking pin device with a spring, the holding-down bolt pivots out of spacers, which are connected to the solar panels via crossbolts, as a result of which the solar panels can be freely unfolded.

Prior-art holding-down devices are arranged within the surface of the panels occupied by the solar cells. The area occupied by solar cells must be interrupted at the holding-down devices, as a result of which the solar panels cannot be fully utilized with solar cells. Furthermore, the cabling of the solar cells must be laid around the cutouts for the holding-down devices. The manufacture of the prior-art solar panels is also expensive because the holding-down devices with their distance bushes and guide bushes must be introduced into the panels. In addition, a capturing bush for the shorn-off holding-down bolts is currently necessary above the panel surface, as a result of which solar cells are shaded. Another drawback of the prior-art design is that when the solar panels are folded up, the main part of the holding-down bolt remaining after shearing off must be pivoted out through the guide bushes in the panels without contact. This requires an exact kinematic movement process and, corresponding to the unfolding analysis, a correspondingly large hole diameter for the guide bushes.

Device for holding down and releasing solar panels


A catalyst component for olefin polymerization comprising magnesium, titanium, halogen and electron donor, wherein the electron donor is selected from at least one of the diol diester compounds, when the diol diester comprised contains a certain amount of isomer with Fischer projection formula as shown in Formula (II), the activity and stereospecificity of the catalyst are greatly improved, especially in the production of polymers with high melt index, the isotactic index of the obtained polymers is improved substantially.

It is well known that, the solid Ti catalyst component comprising magnesium, titanium, halogen, and electron donor as basic ingredients can be used in the polymerization of olefins, and especially used in the polymerization of alpha olefins having three or more carbon atoms for obtaining polymers with a higher stereoregularity in a higher yield. Electron donor compound is one of the essential ingredients of the catalyst component. With the development of the internal electron donor compound, new catalysts for polyolefin are developed constantly. At present, a large amount of electron donor compounds have been disclosed, for instance, polycarboxylic acid, monocarboxylic ester or polycarboxylic ester, anhydride, ketone, monoether or polyether, alcohol, amine and derivatives thereof.
A kind of 1,3-diol diester compound is disclosed in CN1453298A and CN1580034A. A catalyst with excellent comprehensive properties can be obtained by using said 1,3-diol diester compound as electron donor in the catalyst for olefin polymerization,. When the catalyst is used for propylene polymerization, higher polymerization activity and higher stereospecificity can be obtained, and the molecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer is wide as well. However, the acitivity and stereospecificity of the catalyst are not satisfactory. And especially in the production of polymers with high melt index, the isotactic index of the obtained polymers is not high enough, and thus an further improvement is needed.
As to the 1,3-diol diester compound disclosed, when the four groups connected to one carbon atom are different from each other, there are two spatial connection modes for the four groups connected to the carbon atom. The two connection modes are mirror images of each other, as left hand and right hand, and can not be completely superimposed onto each other. This kind of compound is known as "chiral compound". The inventor surprisingly finds that, if the diol diester compounds as shown in Formula (I) with several conformational isomers are used as internal electron donor to prepare the catalyst, the activity and stereospecificity of the catalyst would be satisfactory only when the catalyst contains a certain amount of isomer with Fischer projection formula as shown in Formula (II). And especially in the production of polymers with high melt index, the isotactic index of the obtained polymers is increased substantially.

Catalyst component for olefin polymerization reaction and catalyst comprising same

BEIJING RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, CHINA PETROLEUM & CHEMICAL CORPORATION


A liquid crystal display device and a controlling method thereof are provided. The liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel screen divided into a plurality of areas; a plurality of backlight sources to selectively irradiate light respectively to the divided areas of the screen; and a controller to obtain at least one intermediate brightness value associated with data for at least one of the divided areas and to control a brightness of at least one of the backlight sources corresponding to the at least one divided area according to the at least one intermediate brightness value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device, and more particularly to a liquid crystal display device that is adapted for enabling an active control of backlight brightness for each of areas included in a screen. The present invention also relates to a method of controlling the liquid crystal display device.
2. Description of the Related Art
A liquid crystal display device is mostly fabricated in a transmission type where a backlight unit 12 is installed at the rear surface of a liquid crystal display panel 11 as shown in FIG. 1. The liquid crystal display panel 11 of the transmission type liquid crystal display device, as shown in FIG. 1, controls the transmissivity of the light incident from the backlight unit 12 in accordance with video data to display an image.
The backlight unit 12 includes a lamp, a light guide panel to convert a linear light from the lamp into a planar light, and an optical sheet such as a diffusion sheet and a prism sheet to increase the uniformity and efficiency of the light. The lamp of the backlight unit 12 generates a discharge within a discharge tube between an anode and a cathode in accordance with a tube current from an inverter 14 to generate a white light.
The inverter 14 converts a DC power from a power source 13 into an AC power and boosts the AC power to generate the tube current.
Generally, the brightness of the backlight unit 12 is fixed. Because of this, the liquid crystal display device has lower brightness than the related art cathode ray tube CRT, its maximum brightness is fixed, and its contrast ratio is low. Thus, there is a problem in that the display quality of the related art liquid crystal display device is low.

Liquid crystal display with controllable backlight for increased display quality and decreased power consumption


A cross-member supporter for foldable furniture enables at least two construction members to selectively be supported in strongly extended cross structure or be folded in parallel compact structure for easy storage and carrying purposes. The cross-member supporter includes a supporter body having at least two vertical connecting holes and two inclined supporting holes provided therethrough. The two inclined supporting holes are inclined in opposite direction. The two inclined supporting holes are respectively extended from top to bottom through the two vertical connecting holes to form two supporting through slots. An axis of the vertical connecting hole of each of the supporting through slots is intersected with an axis of the respective inclined supporting hole, wherein each of the supporting through slots defines an upper supporting groove and a lower supporting groove which are inclined in opposite direction. The two elongated stems are penetrated through and pivotally connected at the two supporting through slots respectively. Thereby, each of the elongated stems can be inclinedly rested and supported by an upper groove surface and a lower groove surface of the respective inclined supporting hole so as to form a cross construction.

Cross-member construction is the most popular structure in foldable furniture. As shown in FIG. 1, a conventional cross-member construction is illustrated as a simple foldable stool or footstand. It comprises a first U-shape member 11 having two parallel stems 111, 112 respectively connected with two parallel stems 121, 122 of a second U-shape member 12 by means of cross-member construction, wherein a middle position of each of the stems 111, 112, 121, 122 provides a hole so that a connecting means 13, such as rivet or bolt and nut, is able to pivotally connect two corresponding stems 111 & 121 or 112 & 122 in such middle position by penetrating through the holes thereon. Accordingly, the two connecting stems 111 & 121 or 112 & 122 form a cross-member construction.
Such conventional cross-member construction enables the two stems 111 & 121 or 112 & 122 to selectively stretch apart from each other to form a X-shaped structure as shown in FIG. 1 or fold towards each other along the arrows shown in FIG. 1. It is well known that the conventional connecting means 13 can only pivotally connect two stems together but fails to provide any supporting to the two stems. In order to support the two U-shape members 11, 12 in position to form the X-shaped structure, at least a foldable supporting frame 14 must be mounted between the two stems. However, such supporting frame 14 can only limit the stretching distance between the two stems 111, 121. The weight of the sitter is almost fully supported by the rivets 13 connecting the stems and the supporting frame. In other words, such conventional cross-member construction fails to support heavy loading. Oppositely, the connecting means 13 of the conventional crossmember construction is easier to be damaged because it bears most of the loading stress.
Moreover, the user must also manually help to fold up the supporting frame 14 before folding up the foldable furniture. Sometimes, if the user fails to ensure the supporting fame 14 being fully stretched out, the cross-member construction will become very weak and may cause danger to the sitter. Besides, the manufacturer has to process excess step to install the supporting frame 14 that may unreasonably increase the manufacturing cost.

Cross-member supporter for foldable furniture


According to one aspect of the invention, a semiconductor package is provided including a package substrate having an upper surface and a lower surface, wherein electrical contacts on the lower surface of the substrate are coupled to corresponding electrical contacts on a printed circuit board by a plurality of solder balls; a semiconductor die having a non-active surface and an active surface, wherein the active surface is electrically coupled to the upper surface of the package substrate by a plurality of solder bumps; and an integrated heat spreader and ring stiffener coupled with the non-active surface of the semiconductor die by a phase change material which is retained by a miniature dam ring while in a liquid state, wherein heat generated by the die is transferred to the heat spreader, and wherein the heat spreader has a protrusion formed thereon which matches the outermost size of the die.

The amount of heat generated by a semiconductor device, for example, a silicon chip, is related to the number of transistors deployed on the device, the amount of power passed through the transistors, and the clock speed at which the semiconductor device is operated. Thus, as the number of transistors fabricated onto a single semiconductor device increases, the amount of heat generated by the device increases. Likewise, as the amount of power passed through the transistors increases, or as the speed at which the clock operating the semiconductor device increases, the amount of heat generated by the device also increases.
Since advances in semiconductor fabrication technology continue to yield ever more densely packaged high power transistors which are operated at faster and faster clock speeds, the problems associated with semiconductor device heat generation and dissipation are becoming more acute. In performance-driven applications, the highest clock speed options are generally preferred. However, since the highest clock speed options require more power and create more heat in a device, the difficulties associated with thermal buildup and dissipation are particularly prevalent.
One major problem associated with high power semiconductor devices is that as an increasing amount of heat is generated, the junction temperature of the transistors on the device increases proportionately. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the failure rate of a semiconductor device is directly related to the junction temperature at which the device is operated. In other words, the higher the junction temperature, the greater the likelihood the device will fail. Accordingly, it is desirable to fabricate semiconductor devices in various package configurations which better facilitate heat transfer, and thus extend the life and reduce the failure rate of the devices.
In describing how generated heat is removed from a high power semiconductor device, it is convenient to consider the problem in two parts. First, there is a case-to-ambient thermal dissipation path, frequently called the external thermal path. The case-to-ambient path is dominated by a mechanism for transferring generated heat from the device directly out into the ambient environment.
Next, there is a junction-to-case thermal dissipation path, often called the internal thermal path. The junction-to-case path typically has a region directly in contact with the die in which heat flows predominantly in a vertical direction, i.e., in a direction normal to the active surface of the die, and then a region with a heat spreader in which lateral heat flow dominates. A heat spreader is any thick, thermally conductive plate used for laterally transferring heat on the package surface and for convectively removing heat away from an electrical device. Since the heat spreader diffuses heat laterally, the area through which heat can flow from the die to the ambient environment is effectively increased.
One problem with a conventional heat spreader is that the interface material used to attach the heat spreader to the back of the device creates additional thermal resistance in the heat transfer path between the die and the heat spreader. For example, a thick layer of epoxy is frequently used to attach the non-active surface of a semiconductor die to the bottom surface of a heat spreader. However, since epoxy has a very low thermal conductivity, it creates a large resistance for heat flow. Therefore, thermal dissipation capabilities for the package are reduced. Conversely, if the thermal resistance between the device surface and the heat spreader is reduced, the thermal performance of the package is improved due to the low resistance of the heat path.
Since high thermal resistance in the interface between a semiconductor die and a heat spreader can have a negative impact on both the performance and lifespan of a semiconductor package, it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a high performance heat spreader which overcomes the above-mentioned difficulties by reducing thermal resistance and improving heat transfer processes. It is a further object of the invention to provide a heat spreader having a protrusion on the lower surface thereof which matches the size of a semiconductor die to which it is interfaced in such a manner that thermal resistance in the interface is reduced and better heat transfer characteristics are realized. Still further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in view of the following disclosure.

High performance heat spreader for flip chip packages


Methods for preventing and/or reducing side effects of an anti-cancer agent in a subject in need thereof are disclosed. The method comprises administering to the subject, who is under an anti-cancer agent treatment, a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of isolated deoxyelephantopin and/or an analog thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Botanicals have been used for treatment of various human diseases throughout history and they play a role in disease prevention. Natural occurring agents, e.g., curcumin and resveratrol possess chemopreventive characteristics such as anti-inflammatory, cell-cycle modulator, antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activities that are in current ongoing clinical trials for various cancers. Elephantopus scaber L. is a traditional medicinal plant, which has been claimed for anti-cancer effects. Scientific reports have showed germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), such as isodeoxyelephantopin, identified from the plant possesses anti-leukemia KBM-5 cell activity through potentiating tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) mediated apoptosis. Deoxyelephantopin (DET), another SL from Elephantopus plant inhibited HeLa cell activity in vivo. Very recently, we demonstrated that DET possesses potent activity against mammary tumor growth and metastasis in syngeneic mice. Moreover, DET exhibits a more profound effect than paclitaxel on survival rate of mammary tumor-bearing mice; however, whether DET is efficacious for melanoma is unknown.
Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer and an increasingly common cancerous disease worldwide. Despite recent advances, the outcomes of chemotherapy for patients with metastatic melanoma are remained unsatisfactory because of the relative drug resistance of metastatic cells and the low survival rates of cancer patients. Besides, chemotherapeutic drugs are usually cytotoxic with strong side effects. Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), CP) is a first line chemotherapy drug, effective in the treatment of a wide variety of neoplastic diseases, such as ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, testicular cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, etc. Unfortunately, it is also known that CP caused many adverse drug reactions, e.g., renal toxicity, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and peripheral nerve damage in cancer patients. It is estimated that the development of 30% of new drug candidates is halted because of unforeseen toxicity profiles and side effects in clinical studies. The pressing need for development of new therapeutic or preventive agents for melanoma has spurred the search for bioactive phytocompounds with novel modes of action or little side effects.
Therefore, a previously unaddressed need exists in the art to address the aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies, especially in connection with development of antimelanoma phytocompounds with little side effects.

Use of deoxyelephantopin (DET) and analogues thereof for reducing side effects of an anti-cancer agent


A pneumatic tire having an improved noise performance without deteriorating the drainage performance and having in a tread portion at least one circumferential main groove 3 which extend continuously in the tire circumferential direction, wherein the circumferential main groove 3 has a pair of groove walls 6, and in at least one of the groove walls 6 are provided at intervals in the tire circumferential direction a plurality of fine grooves 9 each of which extends in the tire radial direction and is provided in at least a part of its inner surface with a non-flat portion 10 extending in a wave-like form in its length direction.

The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire having a good noise performance improved without deteriorating a drainage property.
Pneumatic tires are usually provided on its tread portion with one or a plurality of wide circumferential main grooves which extend in the circumferential direction of tire. However, such circumferential grooves are easy to generate columnar resonance during running, so the tires tend to be poor in noise performance. If the width of the circumferential grooves is decreased for the purpose of improving the noise performance, the drainage performance is deteriorated. Like this, the noise performance is repugnant with the drainage performance.
Various proposals to improve these performances have been made. For example, JP-A-2003-146024 discloses a pneumatic tire in which for the purpose of improving the wet grip performance without impairing the noise performance, at least one corner between the tread surface and the wall of a circumferential main groove is cut off to form a slant groove wall, and fine grooves having a width of 0.3 to 1.2 mm and a depth of 0.3 to 1.5 mm are provided in the slant groove surface at intervals of 1.4 to 3.0 mm.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a pneumatic tire having an improved noise performance without deteriorating the drainage performance.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a heavy duty pneumatic tire having excellent noise and drainage performances.
These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the description hereinafter.

Pneumatic tire with tread having radially extending fine grooves


The present invention is directed to a method of operation and a control program for a central unit (e.g., CPU) in an automation system repeatedly executing a control program that is stored in the central unit and comprises at least two subprograms. A single instance of execution occurs within a cycle time which is stipulated by the control program. The central unit executes only one of the subprograms—the activated subprogram—at a time. The cycle time is independent of the activated subprogram, is shorter than the time required in order to execute all of the subprograms, and is at least as long as the longest time period required in order to execute one of the subprograms once.

The present invention also relates to a control program for carrying out such a method of operation, in a central unit of an automation system and in an automation system itself.
Automation systems, their central units, and also methods of operation and control programs for central units are general knowledge.
In the prior art, it may be that the control program comprises at least two subprograms, with only one of the subprograms being activated at a time and the central unit executing only the activated subprogram. One example of such a situation involves, by way of example, an automation system controlling an industrial technical process which can be divided into consecutively executable sub-processes.
In the prior art, the following procedures are known for controlling such an industrial technical process. The control program stored in the central unit comprises at least two subprograms. All of the subprograms are equivalent from the point of view of the central unit. In particular, the control program does not provide the central unit with prior knowledge of how many and what subprograms are active at what time.
In this case, the cycle time stipulated by the control program needs to have been determined to be of a length such that it is at least as long as the time which is required in order to execute all of the subprograms.
In this case, it is admittedly possible to change the subprograms dynamically. Since the dynamics of the control program are determined essentially by the cycle time, however, only relatively low dynamics can be provided.
Alternatively, it is known practice to create a separate control program for each subprogram. In this case, the cycle time for each subprogram may be individually chosen to be short enough for it to suffice just for executing the respective subprogram. However, changing from one subprogram to another subprogram requires that the execution of the subprogram currently being executed be interrupted, that the new subprogram to be executed be subsequently loaded into the central unit, and that the central unit be restarted.
It may also be conceivable to combine the subprograms into a common control program and to assign each subprogram a separate cycle time optimized for the respective subprogram. In this case, although the response of the controlled process would be as dynamic as possible, the varying cycle time would mean that a deterministic response would no longer be ensured.

Method of operation and a control program for a central unit in an automation system


The invention relates to a temperature-stable transistorised tuned-circuit oscillator. Provided for the purpose of temperature stabilisation of the tuned-circuit voltage is a transistor T2, which is thermally coupled to the tuned-circuit coil L and controls a current source Q in the circuit of the oscillator L, C1, T1, in such a way that temperature-induced variations of the data of the tuned-circuit coil L are compensated.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a transistorized tuned-circuit oscillator, especially in a proximity switch, having a current source, which is arranged in the circuit of the tuned-circuit transistor, is controlled by a temperature sensor, which drives the current source high with rising temperature and vice versa in order to stabilize the tuned-circuit voltage.
2. Description of Related Art
It is known that the oscillation behaviour of tuned-circuit oscillators depends on the ambient temperature. Inductive proximity switches which have a tuned-circuit oscillator require a high sensitivity, because otherwise the switch does not react sufficiently precisely to small changes in position of the target to be detected. Owing to the temperature dependence of the tuned-circuit coil, there is a change in the resonant impedance of the tuned circuit, with the result that the switching points of the proximity switch are not temperature-stable. It has been attempted to compensate for this temperature dependence by means of a temperature-dependent resistor (NTC resistor) arranged in the feedback branch of the tuned-circuit transistor. Such a temperature compensation has a plurality of disadvantages:
a) Compensation by means of the temperature-dependent resistor is not optimum, because the temperature-dependent impedance characteristic of the tuned-circuit coil is linear, whereas the resistance characteristic of the temperature-dependent resistor obeys an e function.
b) At +/-20%, the initial tolerances of the temperature-dependent resistor are quite large, and its long-term stability is relatively poor.
c) The temperature-dependent resistor is situated in the RF-carrying feedback branch and therefore has to be arranged in the immediate vicinity of the tuned-circuit oscillator. Thermal coupling to the coil, which is the precondition for good temperature compensation, would therefore lead to resistor connecting leads too long for RF.
d) The generally customary trimming resistor for setting the switching interval, which is in series with the temperature-dependent resistor, influences the compensation effect of the temperature-dependent resistor.
e) Since the trimming resistor carries RF, it must likewise be arranged in the vicinity of the tuned-circuit oscillator. Consequently, it cannot be arranged with long connecting leads at the rear end of the tuned-circuit oscillator, which s constructed as a hybrid circuit, which would be favourable for simple laser trimming.

Temperature-stable tuned-circuit oscillator, especially in a proximity switch

Christian Lohse Beruhrungslose Schalttechnik


A device for actuating a reciprocating recovery apparatus for recovery of underground fluid. The actuating device has a centrally aligned input component, that transversely receives an output component through a central aperture, and is engaged with a driving mechanism. Torque is increased about the central output component as a series of axially aligned, but centrally offset, lobes push a corresponding driver disc around the central output at reduced velocity and increased torque. Each driver disc moves in eccentric fashion, yet remains engaged with a corresponding, centrally aligned take off member, each of which is further in combination with the central output component.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a device for actuating a reciprocating recovery means for recovery of underground fluid. In particular, the present invention relates to a device having an output that rotates with increased torque relative to its input. Torque is increased as a series of discs eccentrically move about a centrally aligned input and alternatingly engage an output. The eccentrically moving discs are engaged with centrally aligned components through a combination of seeded bearings, acting in concert to provide for an extremely efficient, exceptionally powerful system.
2. Background Information
Applicant's invention is envisioned as being particularly useful when placed in combination with a reciprocating recovery means, most likely a common "Pumpjack." That is, the present device is thought to present tremendous improvement when substituted for a standard gear box used in combination with a Pumpjack. The invention is particularly beneficial in that it eliminates the problems associated with known pumpjack actuating means. Namely, the present invention greatly improves the operating efficiency of a standard recovery means and reduces the mechanical inefficiencies associated with such recovery means.
Most commonly, underground fluid recovery is hindered by mechanical inefficiencies during operation. These inefficiencies are primarily a result of sliding part friction among component pieces and wear and tear of these pieces. Perhaps the single greatest source of efficiency loss is the standard gearbox used in combination with a Pumpjack. Typically, these gearboxes are driven by an electronic motor and have a "crank arm" extending to support a counterweight. The gearbox configuration is such that its rotation actuates the crank arm and the counterweight attached thereto between a top and bottom position. The gearbox is in combination with the Pumpjack itself though some connecting rod, so that as the crank arm, extending from the gearbox, actuates between a top and bottom position, the Pumpjack acuates accordingly in one-to-one fashion.
As a result of this configuration, gearboxes associated with standard Pumpjack operation are subject to tremendous stress. Eventually, these stresses wear down the gears within the gearbox. Once these gears wear down, a system breakdown is not far behind.
Applicant's invention provides a refreshing solution to the most common problems associated with standard gearbox-Pumpjack combinations. In fact, the device of the present invention eliminates the use of meshed gears all together. Rather, the torque required to actuate the Pumpjack is achieved though a series of eccentrically rotating discs, "driver discs." These discs are driven by a centrally aligned input member and alternatingly engage an output component, which rotates with reduced speed and increased torque. Internal components engage one another through some rollable means, such as bearings or dowels. Several bearings or dowels are simultaneously in contact with component parts and act in concert during device operation. As a result, sliding friction is virtually eliminated and the device's ability to withstand sheer or "shock" forces is tremendous.
First and foremost, the present device presents a tremendous increase in working efficiency. As mentioned, operation of the device involves a centrally aligned input member, driven by some electric motor means as known in the art. Through a novel combination of eccentrically moving discs, and the employment of radially aligned seeded bearings, a torque increase is achieve with virtually no sliding part friction. The output member is axially aligned with the input member to produce uniform rotation, and may be in connected to a typical crank arm-counterweight combination.
Applicant's device is very compact, yet tremendously powerful. The device achieves an amount of torque previously not possible in such a small space. As a result, the device may easily be substituted for any standard gearbox without undue burden. With use of the present device, a super-linear increase in torque is achieved with only a linear increase in size. That is, torque increases with the square of the radius of the device. As such, a tremendous torque increase can be achieved with only a minimal increase in "footprint."
In addition, the device of the present invention is mechanically efficient. Through use of only "rolling" components, sliding friction is virtually eliminated. As these rolling components are symmetrically aligned, and are simultaneously in contact with one another, sheer or "shock" forces are distributed evenly among the component pieces. These attributes, alone and in combination, greatly reduce operating energy, heat production, and wear and tear. Finally, operating life of the device is increased by virtue of the efficient rotation interface between the central member and driver discs, and the output component.
Applicant's invention is extremely cost effective. Because of the mechanically efficient nature of, and the even distribution of sheer forces within, the system component pieces can be made of standard grade materials. Also, the current device is the product of a straightforward manufacturing process. The manufacturing cost associated with the present device is on the order of a thousand dollars, which represents a tremendous saving in view of the tens of thousands of dollars spent on typical gearboxes. Finally, as will be further discussed, the primary components of the present device may be laminated. This characteristic allows for a much cheaper and faster production process.
In view of the limitations of known products, there is a great need for a device for actuating a reciprocating recovery means for recovery of underground fluid that is compact, powerful, friction-free, durable, mechanically efficient, and cost-effective. Applicant's invention, by its novel design and straightforward manufacture process, provides an improvement in view of currently available products.

Device for actuating a reciprocating recovery means for underground fluid


In one example, a communication device is described, which includes at least one antenna and a wireless communication module communicatively coupled to the at least one antenna. The wireless communication module may include a processing unit to search another device within a signal range via the at least one antenna and establish a short-range wireless communication with the other device via a first radio frequency (RF) channel associated with a frequency band. Further, the processing unit may establish a long-range wireless communication with the other device via at least one second RF channel associated with the frequency band to transmit and receive data to and from the other device.

Wireless communication devices, such as tablets and laptops, may have antennas for transmitting and receiving signals. A wireless communication device may transmit/receive a radio frequency (RF) signal to/from other devices via the antennas. A wireless communication device may couple with other devices, such as docking stations and peripheral devices, to communicate data. For example, a laptop computer may establish a connection with an external display or virtual reality (VR) glass to exchange data. In another example, a laptop computer may couple with a docking station in order to communicate data between the laptop computer and another device or to connect with multiple devices such as input/output (I/O) devices, external displays, and the like.

Wireless communication module supporting short-range and long-range wireless communications

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A radiation detector assembly, in some aspects, includes a detector substrate and a detector matrix array disposed on the detector substrate. A scintillator material is disposed on the detector matrix array and a moisture resistant layer is disposed on the scintillator material. The moisture resistant layer includes a plurality of sub-layers. The assembly also includes a protective cover disposed over the detector substrate and the moisture resistant layer, and an adhesive material disposed between the detector substrate and the cover. The adhesive material in some configurations is disposed so that it is not in contact with the moisture resistant layer.

This invention relates generally to the field of radiation detector assemblies and more particularly to the detector assemblies having coatings for improved longevity. Such radiation detector assemblies are particularly suitable for use in digital X-ray detector assemblies such as those used in medical or industrial inspection applications.
In an X-ray detector assembly, an amorphous silicon detector substrate is coated with a vapor phase deposited X-ray scintillator material. The scintillator material generates photons isotropically from the absorption of the X-rays. A reflective layer is required above the scintillator layer to reflect photons, which are emitted in a direction away from the detector substrate, back towards the detector substrate.
One important factor in medical imaging applications is the detector spatial resolution. Photons, which are generated in the scintillator material over one detector pixel, must be counted only by that underlying pixel to obtain a high image resolution. Photons that are scattered to adjacent pixels reduce the clarity of the image. To reduce photon scatter, the scintillator material is vapor deposited in columnar or needle form. Individual needles are separated from one another and they possess aspect ratios (length/diameter) of 100 or greater. Photons traveling down the scintillator needles tend to be contained within the individual needle due to the higher refractive index of scintillator material over air, provided that the individual scintillator needles remain separated. The Cesium Iodide (CsI) scintillator material is known to be a very hydroscopic salt. Exposure of the CsI scintillator material to moisture can cause the CsI scintillator material to absorb the moisture, which further causes the individual CsI scintillator needles to coalesce, thereby reducing the detector image quality.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Direct scintillator coating for radiation detector assembly longevity


A coating composition capable of forming a transparent coating having a high refractive index, excellent dyeing properties and scratch resistance on a transparent solid material, the coating composition comprising:. (A) 100 parts by weight of an epoxy group-containing silicon compound or a partial hydrolysis product thereof, PA0 (B) 0 to 100 parts by weight of an organosilicon compound or a partial hydrolysis product thereof, PA0 (C) a metal oxide sol containing 0 to 130 parts by weight of at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of antimony oxide, tin oxide and titanium oxide, PA0 (D) 0.25 to 30 parts by weight of a polybasic carboxylic acid or an acid anhydride thereof, or a bisphenol compound, and PA0 (E) 0.01 to 30 parts by weight of a curing catalyst, or, PA0 a molded article formed by coating a transparent solid material with the above coating composition as a coating layer-forming component.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a composition which forms a highly scratch-resistant and transparent coating having a high refractive index on a surface of a transparent solid material, and in particular, it relates to a transparent coating composition for use on a plastic lens.
2. Related Art
A plastic material is utilized as a transparent solid substitute for glass due to its light weight and excellent processability. Since, however, the plastic material is softer than glass, it is easily scratched. It is therefore known to form a transparent coating layer on a surface of a transparent solid material such as a transparent plastic material, or the like, in order to protect the surface of said transparent solid material and impart the surface with wear resistance. For example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 37142/1988 discloses a method of coating on a transparent solid material with a metal oxide such as antimony oxide, or the like and an organosilicon polymer, and Japanese Patent Publication No. 56093/1989 discloses a method of coating a transparent solid material with antimony oxide or aluminum acetate and a partial condensate of organosilicon.
Japanese Patent Publication Tokkai No. 80359/1983 discloses a coating composition for use on a transparent solid material, which is obtained by adding alkyl, a vinyl or phenylsilanol partial condensate, a partial condensate of epoxy-based silanol and a crosslinking agent selected from polyfunctional carboxylic acid, a polyfunctional carboxylic acid anhydride and polyfunctional imide to colloidal silica.
Further, Japanese Patent Publication Tokkai No. 306477/1989 discloses a coating composition for use on a transparent solid material, which comprises antimony oxide, alumina sol, titania sol, etc., and epoxy group-containing silane, etc.
When the coating composition disclosed in any of the above prior art is coated on a transparent glass or plastic material having a high refractive index, interference fringes are observed due to a slight nonuniformity in the thickness of the coating layer when light is reflected, since the refractive index of the coating layer is relatively low. In particular, when the above transparent solid material is a lens for spectacles, the lens appearance is impaired and such a lens has no commercial value.
The coating layers obtained by the above prior art cannot be said to be excellent in dyeing properties. When a transparent solid material having such a coating layer is applied to sunglasses or window glass, therefore, there have been cases where the coating layer cannot be dyed with a conventional dye.

Coating composition and article coated thereby


An encoding system is disclosed, which includes an input terminal for receiving an input signal, a signal converting portion for converting the input signal into frequency-domain signals and grouping several frequency-domain signals into blocks, an analyzing portion for analyzing the input signal and the frequency-domain signals and obtaining an allowable error, a selecting portion for selecting one of a plurality of quantizing portions that quantizes frequency-domain signals of each block corresponding to the allowable error, a plurality of quantizing portions for quantizing frequency-domain signals corresponding to selection information and calculating amplitude information and codes, at least one pulse quantizing portion for encoding only part of the frequency domain signals, a multiplexing portion for multiplexing the amplitude information, codes, and selection information, and an output terminal for outputting the multiplexed signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system for effectively encoding and decoding a speech signal, an audio signal, and so forth.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a digital encoding system for a speech signal, an audio signal, and so forth, the signal transmission or recording rate is decreased by removing redundancy in the signal. An encoding system, referred to as MPEG/Audio Layer I, as defined in a related art reference, ISO/IEC (International Organisation for Standardisation/International Electro-technical Commission) 11172-3, will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
A conventional encoder shown in FIG. 3 is composed of an input terminal 1, a signal converting portion 2, an analyzing portion 3, a selecting portion 4, quantizing portions 51 to 53, a multiplexing portion 6, and an output terminal 7. The quantizing portions 51 to 53 differ from each other in the number of quantization steps. In this example, the quantizing portion 51 has three quantization steps. The quantizing portion 52 has seven quantization steps. The quantizing portion 53 has 15 quantization steps. Quantizing portions with more steps than 15 steps are provided in the related art reference, but are omitted in this document for simplification.
This system is based on a sub-band encoding system where an input signal is divided into a plurality of frequency-domain signals, and each frequency-domain signal is independently encoded. Generally, speech and audio signals have larger amplitudes at lower frequencies, the necessary rate to transmit can be decreased by assigning more bits at lower frequency and fewer bits at higher frequency.
In practice, a digitized audio signal, for example, PCM audio samples, is supplied from the input terminal 1. Whenever 32 samples of an audio signal are input into the encoder, the signal converting portion 2 divides the input audio signal into frequency bands and converts the signals into 32 frequency-domain samples. Also the signal converting portion 2 stores 12 sets of frequency-domain signals in a buffer thereof, wherein a set of frequency-domain signals is the 32 frequency-domain samples obtained by one conversion. The 12 sets of frequency-domain signals of each frequency are referred to as one block (32.times.12=384 samples/frame).
The analyzing portion 3 calculates an allowable error at each frequency band in quantizing the frequency-domain signals. For example, when an objective signal to noise (S/N) ratio is used in evaluating the coding quality, the allowable error is kept constant for each frequency-domain signal. When an audio signal is encoded, not only an objective value such as S/N ratio, but a subjective evaluation such as by test listening is high considered. Thus, the encoding of noise may be controlled using a psychoacoustical analysis technology so that the deterioration of the listening quality of the reproduced sound is minimized. Consequently, based on at least one of the input audio signal and the frequency-domain signals, the allowable error should be obtained.
The selecting portion 4 selects one of the quantizing portions 51 to 53 that quantizes frequency-domain signals for each block.
Each of the quantizing portions 51 to 53 receives a block of frequency-domain signals, calculates amplitude information for the frequency-domain signals of each block, encodes the frequency-domain signals with the amplitude information, and outputs the amplitude information and codes of the encoded frequency-domain signals. The amplitude information is obtained up to a value of 2 dB as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Relation between amplitude index and amplitude Amplitude Index Amplitude ______________________________________ 0 2.0 1 1.587 2 1.260 3 1.0 4 0.794 5 0.630 6 0.5 7 0.397 8 0.315 . . . . . . 62 0.00000120 ______________________________________
In practice, each of the quantizing portions 51 to 53 detects the maximum absolute amplitude values of the frequency-domain signals in each block and rounds the values up to the nearest quantized value provided using the amplitude information indexes. In this example, 63 amplitude information indexes are provided. To send the amplitude information, six bits are required.
In this example, the quantization characteristic is linear. Assuming that the magnitude value of a frequency-domain signal is C, the value by the amplitude information is L, and the number of quantization steps is S, with coefficients A and B corresponding to the number of quantization steps S in Table 2, EQU {A.times.(C/L)+B}.times.(S+1)/2/!
is calculated. The fragments under decimal point of the result calculated are rounded off and the significant high order N bits are obtained. Thereafter, by inverting the most significant bit of the N bits, a code of the frequency-domain signal is obtained.
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Relation amony number of quantizing steps S, coefficients A and B, and bits N Number of Steps S N A B ______________________________________ 3 2 0.75 -0.25 7 3 0.875 -0.125 15 4 0.9375 -0.0625 ______________________________________
In a dequantizing portion of a decoding apparatus shown in FIG. 4, the most significant bit of the code is inverted and a result Q is obtained. By calculating {2.times.(Q+1)/S}.times.L}, a dequantized signal of the frequency-domain signal can be obtained.
Next, real quantizing and dequantizing processes in an example in which the amplitude values of the frequency-domain signals of one block are 0.10, -0.15, -0.03, 0.20, 0.05, 0.44, 0.05, -0.11, 0.32, -0.40, 0.92, and 0.04 will be described.
In this block, since the maximum amplitude value is 0.92, the nearest amplitude value, 1.0 (amplitude index=3) is selected using Table 1. Corresponding to the above-described calculation, codes obtained in the 15-step quantizing process are 8, 6, 7, 9, 7, 10, 7, 6, 9, 4, 14, and 7. The dequantizing portion dequantizes these codes and obtains 0.133, -0.133, 0.0, 0.267, 0.0, 0.4, 0.0, -0.133, 0.267, -0.400, 0.933, and 0.0.
The 15-step quantizing unit 53 requires four bits for sending a code of one frequency-domain signal. Thus, to send codes of 12 frequency-domain signals of one block, the 15-step quantizing unit 53 requires 48 bits. To send amplitude information, the 15-step quantizing unit 53 also requires six bits. Thus, the 15-step quantizing unit 53 requires a total of 54 bits.
When the quantizing portion selecting portion 4 selects the three-step quantizing portion, codes 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, and 1 are obtained. The dequantized values are 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -0.677, 0.677, and 0.0.
Thus, the number of bits necessary for sending one block is a total of 30 bits composed of 12 two-bit codes each of which represents a three-level quantized value of each frequency-domain signal and six bits that represent the amplitude information of the block.
As with the dequantizing calculation, the magnitude of the quantizing error is proportional to {(amplitude value L)/(number of quantizing steps S)! of each block. Therefore, as the number of quantizing steps S is increased, the quantizing accuracy of frequency-domain signals can be improved. However, when the number of quantizing steps S is increased, the number of bits N that represent each code is also increased. Thus, the transmission rate increases. consequently, while the quantizing portion selecting portion 4 is adjusting the magnitude of the quantizing error of each frequency-domain signal so that it is proportional to the allowable error defined by the analyzing portion 3, the quantizing portion selecting portion 4 selects a quantizing portion in such a manner that the number of bits necessary for encoding all frequency-domain signals is in a range corresponding to the transmission rate.
The multiplexing portion 6 multiplexes the quantizing portion selection information and an output of a quantizing portion for each block, forms a bit stream, and supplies it through the output terminal 7.
The conventional decoding apparatus is composed of an input terminal 11, a demultiplexing portion 12, a three-step dequantizing portion 81, a seven-step dequantizing portion 82, a 15-step dequantizing portion 83, a signal inverse converting portion 13, and an output terminal 14.
The decoding apparatus receives a multiplexed signal from the input terminal 11. The demultiplexing portion 12 demultiplexes the multiplexed signal into quantizing portion selection information and an output of a quantizing portion. With the quantizing portion selection information, a dequantizing portion corresponding to the quantizing method on the encoding side is selected from the three-step dequantizing portion 81, the seven-step dequantizing portion 82, and the 15-step dequantizing portion 83. Each of the dequantizing portions 81 to 83 separates the output of a quantizing portion into amplitude information and codes of frequency-domain signals. As described above, with the amplitude information, the codes of the frequency-domain signals are dequantized and the frequency-domain signals of each block are reproduced. The signal inverse converting portion 13 inversely converts the frequency-domain signals into a time-domain signal and supplies the resultant signal through the output terminal 14.
In the prior art reference, a quantizing portion that is in common with a block is used. Thus, when the amplitude distribution of the frequency-domain signals is not equal, e.g., when a few of the frequency-domain signals in the block have large projecting amplitudes, such as the eleventh band which has an amplitude value of 0.92 in the sample above, the distribution of quantized codes becomes irregular and the encoding efficiency deteriorates.

Encoding system and decoding system for audio signals including pulse quantization


A drive device includes a base and a driven member placed on the base. The driven member is capable of rotation on the base and has a circular surface following the direction of rotation. A roller member contacts the outside or inside of the circular surface of the driven member and is supported to be capable of rotation together with the driven member. A vibration actuator contacts the roller member and drives the roller member to rotate. A pressing member presses the vibration actuator in a direction substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the driven member. The pressing member presses the vibration actuator against the roller member, which in turn is pressed against the driven member.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a drive device for driving a member to rotate using a vibration actuator. The present invention also relates to an information recording and processing device for performing reading and/or writing of information by causing an information recording medium to rotate using the drive device.
2. Description of Related Art
In the past, when rotatably driving a disk such as a turntable using a vibration actuator, a disk shaped vibration actuator that rotated was used.
This vibration actuator is provided at least with a disk (rotor) and an elastic member (stator) for driving the disk to rotate. A piezoelectric element caused vibration in the elastic member, and a pressing member pressed the disk into contact with the elastic member. These constituent elements are stacked in sequence in the direction of the axis of rotation of the disk.
However, in this type of structure, because the disk, elastic member, piezoelectric element, and pressing member, and the like, are stacked in sequence in the direction of the axis of rotation of the disk, the space in the direction of the axis of rotation of the disk must be made large. Therefore, when the vibration actuator is incorporated into an information recording and processing device (e.g., a disk drive), it becomes difficult to make the size of this processing device compact in the direction of the aforementioned axis of rotation.
Also, because the disk is pressed in the direction of the axis of rotation by the pressing member, its position may change in the direction of pressing (i.e., as the pressing member is compressed or expanded in the pressing direction). Therefore, there is the possibility that the depth of focusing of the head for reading/writing the information by projecting a light beam on the surface of the disk may change.

Drive device and information recording and processing device


A system and method for check anti-fraud security includes a system installed with an optional printer for printing the check base identification, a camera/scanner/reader coupled to the production printer for imaging/scanning/reading check base identification and MICR line information of the check, a data processing equipment to generate the unique check identification based on the imaged data, a database in communication with the camera/scanner/reader for storing the unique identification information, and a check validation infrastructure in communication with the database for validating the check in accordance with the database when the check is issued to a recipient; and further includes a corresponding method for identifying a check base stock, imaging check base identification and MICR line information of the printed check, generating the unique check identification, storing the unique check identification information in a database and validating the check in accordance with the database when the check is issued to a recipient.

Despite increased security measures for check base stock, check fraud continues to be a growing worldwide problem. The current increased security measures generally increase the costs of checks as well as cause verification induced delays at cashing points that adversely affect the check recipients and the checking customers. Unauthorized users typically alter and forge checks in a number of ways, such as, for example, by using color printers and/or copiers, stealing base stock and/or security inks, bribing check printer operators, and the like.
Checks continue to be a common payment form in the United States of America ("USA"), where about 70 billion checks are issued annually. Check fraud in the USA has grown from about 13 billion dollars per year in 1997 to about 19 billion dollars per year in 2001. One reason for the current magnitude of the check fraud problem is that check security has heretofore been directed towards physical elements on the paper, without identifying and registering the base stock in an information system.
For descriptive purposes, the following terms are predefined:
"Planilla" or "Base"—Cut sheet security base stock, typically with 3, 4, 5 or 7 checks per sheet. "Continuous Check Forms"—Security base stock with traction perforations in different formats.
"Check base ID"—A data set (numeric, alphanumeric explicit or coded) that identifies each security paper check during the check production process.
"MICR line" The line printed in magnetic ink characters (E13B or CMC 7) near the bottom edge of the check that typically has the bank id, account number and check number with other data.
"Package" A delivery unit of base stock paper.
"Check"—One fully identified check.
"Checkbook"—Finished production unit. A book, containing several checks, inserts and other relative forms, which is delivered to the account holder as required.
"Valid Check ID"—The unique identification of a produced check.
"Invalid Check"—Any check that does not have a matching unique identification within the Valid Check Database.
"Live Check"—A check in the possession and responsibility of the account holder and considered to be at risk of alteration, theft and cloning.
"Live Check Database"—A database containing identification data for the valid checks at risk.
"Positive Pay"—A protection procedure in which the account owner sends the issued check information to the bank or check clearing service provider on a daily basis. Fraudulent checks are identified when their data is compared to the issued check file. Checkbolt has the tools to allow an easy and interactive report through e-mail or Internet for a relatively low volume of checks and through automatic file transfer protocol ("FTP") tools for larger volumes of checks.
"Electronic signature"—The data resulting from an algorithm or a mathematical function that is calculated once a check is complete and ready to be issued for payment. It is a function of its amount, payment instructions and unique identification.
The Life of a Check
Checks are produced in specialized print shops that use as raw material security paper and special inks. The process starts at the printing presses to produce the check base stock, i.e. the security paper with the bank/customer desired background image. The production of the base stock might require the use of several steps with different equipment. The produced base stock sometimes is stored before continuing with the check production process and all the movements in and out of these secure storage areas must be controlled. In the pre-marking stage of the process, the base stock is converted into a blank check by printing the name and address of the account owner and the MICR line that contains at least the bank id, account number and the check number. Once the blank checks are printed, they are finished in checkbooks or fan fold packages. Usually at this stage there is a quality assurance station. The produced checkbooks are delivered using secure transportation to the bank and from there to the customer. There are cases were the customer orders the checkbooks directly from the print shop and they are delivered directly to him. The account owner uses the checks to make different payments by filling in a blank check with the amount to be paid, the name of the beneficiary or payee and signing it. When the account owner opened the check account, the name and address as well as the valid signatures and pay instructions were registered at the Bank. When the check is presented for cashing it should be validated in many ways to verify ifs correctness and authenticity: authentic document without alterations, valid and standing account, enough funds to cover it correct signature(s), etc.

Servicios Especializados Y Tecnologia Informatica, S.A.


This invention discloses a watch comprising a housing comprising a watch case and a fixed attached watch glass, a first annular flange and a second concentric annular flange arranged outside the first flange, thereby defining a groove containing at least one moveable element, wherein said watch glass is attached to one of said flanges and where said watch glass is attached to the first flange, that said watch further comprises a cover element having a top ring with first connection means enclosing a cover glass, that said second flange is provided with second connection means releaseably cooperating with said first connection means and that said cover glass covers said watch glass and said groove.

Watches evolved in the 17th century and have changed their appearance over time affected by the whims of fashion. For a multiplicity of years, the watches have been considered as not only a practical element for telling the time but also as a piece of jewelry. Therefore, watches do not only compete according to their function but also according to their appearance. Different types of decorations on watches were designed over the years and watches can be acquired for every occasion.
As an example of a decoration a watch can be provided with precious stones able to move inside the watch as described in CH 609517. CH 609517 discloses a watch with a housing delimited by a glass and a wall parallel to the glass where the watch contains moveable elements. The elements are able to slide parallel to one another in all directions depending on the movements of the wrist of the wearer of the watch. Each movable element consists of a precious stone arranged in a stone housing. When moving the wrist the user of the watch is able to change the appearance of the watch.
However in CH 609517, the user is bound by the number and colour of stones present in the watch since the user cannot remove or replace the stones by himself. The user is therefore not able to change the appearance of the watch by himself according to his mood or different occasions.

Watch with removable cover element and movable elements


In a rotary electric machine, a first group of first and second sets of three-phase windings of a stator coil is disposed in part of substantially circumferentially spaced slots of a stator core, and a second group of third and fourth sets of three-phase windings of the stator coil is disposed in another part of the slots. The first to fourth sets include first to fourth three-phase windings, respectively. Output ends of the first to fourth three-phase windings and input ends of the second and fourth windings are disposed at one of opposing end surface sides of the stator core. The output ends of the first and second three-phase windings of the first and second sets included in the first group are separated from the output ends of the third and fourth three-phase windings of the third and fourth sets included in the second group.

Rotary electric machines have been used for vehicles. One type of the rotary electric machines is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,583 corresponding to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-247787. The rotary electric machine disclosed in the U.S. Patent Publication has a stator coil consisting of a pair of first and second sets of three-phase windings. The three-phase windings of the first set have junctions serially connected to each other in delta (Δ) configuration, and the three-phase windings of the second set have output and input ends; these input ends are respectively connected in series to the junctions of the delta-connected three-phase windings of the first set.
Use of the above structured first and second sets of three-phase windings allows the number of turns of each winding to be freely set. For example, the number of turns of each winding of the first and second sets is different from that of turns of each winding of normally star-connected three-phase windings.
The U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,583 also discloses a stator coil having a configuration with first and second groups of first and second sets of three-phase windings. In this U.S. Patent Publication, a modification of the configuration such that the first group of the first and second sets of three-phase windings is shifted from the second group of those of three-phase windings by an electric angle of π/6 radian in phase is disclosed. This modification permits magnetic noise caused from the first and second groups of three-phase windings to decrease.
Another one type of the conventional rotary electric machines is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,974 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,617,723, which correspond to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-180048. The rotary electric machine disclosed in these U.S. Patent Publications consists of first and second sets of normally star-connected three phase windings.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,583, wiring configuration of the three-phase windings of the first and second sets of the pair of the stator coil is schematically illustrated in FIG. 6 of the Patent Publication as an example. Specifically, in FIG. 6 of the Patent Publication, arrangement of connections between the junctions of the three-phase windings of the first set of the pair and the input ends of the three-phase windings of the second set thereof by leads is illustrated.
The U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,583, however, provides no specific examples of wiring configuration for the three-phase windings of the first and second sets of each of the first and second groups of the stator coil.
Accordingly, there is a need for providing such a specific example of wiring configuration for the three-phase windings of the first and second sets of each of the first and second groups of the stator coil in order to increase the usefulness of the stator coil set forth above.
Particularly, because the number of three-phase windings of the first and second sets of each of the first and second groups of the stator coil is larger than that of three-phase windings of the first and second sets of the pair of the stator coil, a more simplified wring configuration is needed.

Rotary electric machine and stator coil rotary electric machines


The present invention discloses a method and a system for filtering goods review information. The method comprises: acquiring a plurality of predetermined advertisement spam samples, each advertisement spam sample comprising a review text and a user identification; establishing an advertisement spam user identification library comprising the user identifications of the plurality of advertisement spam samples; and acquiring a new review comprising a user identification and a review text, and determining the new review as an advertisement spam review if the user identification of the new review is included in the advertisement spam user identification library. An advertisement spam review is identified according to a user identification that publishes the review in the present invention. A new method is provided in the technical field of identifying an advertisement spam review for solving the problem that messy spam reviews are difficult to identify.

With the rapid development of the electronic commerce, more people choose to purchase goods on line and submit reviews on them, generating a large amount of goods review information. All review information about a product will be shown as references for other users before purchase. However, some review information is generated by users for other purposes, or generated randomly, mainly in forms of advertisement reviews and messy spam reviews. Examples are provided as follows:
1. Advertisement reviews such as:
Example 1: The product is good, accords with the descriptions, and is of good quality. The product is worth its price. I like it very much, and it is exactly what I want. After buying it, I got to know that there is an internal time-limited access for the product, and the time-limited price is much cheaper. It is still the product sold in the shop (copy the link below and open it in the browser within the limited time) url.cn/XXXXX.
Sample 2: I am going to transfer the second-handed totally new Converse size 38). Please contact QQ XXXXXXXX if you need.
Sample 3: Please help promoting that you will get a discount if you buy in this preferential group for electronic commerce: XXXXXXXX. You can get various preferential policies for free. Online shoppers may follow it for saving as much as you can.
II. Spam reviews including scrambled text such as (shown using Chinese characters):
Sample 1: fdafasd32rg.
Sample 2: fadf I tya gag lol.
Sample 3: yggdfb am Is afd3tagz.
The aforesaid two kinds of reviews are not reviews about a product itself. Besides, these reviews serve the purpose of interfering with other users intending to purchase the product. So presentation of such reviews is meaningless and need be identified and filtered.
There exist mainly two kinds of technical solutions for advertisement spam identification, which are, respectively, an identifying and filtering method based on a manually established dictionary, and a machine learning classifying, identifying and filtering method based on statistics. The two methods are as follows:
(1) The identifying method based on a manually established dictionary: extracting a portion of sample review data, checking and determining manually, summarizing and extracting a series of keywords representing advertisement reviews to compile dictionaries; performing a boot check on a new review text using these dictionaries; if a review includes one or more keywords from the dictionaries, determining the review as an advertisement review. From the aforesaid examples, the following keywords are extracted: time-limited accesses, QQ numbers, please contact, preferential group, and the dictionary is compiled with these keywords. The method is mainly used for identifying and filtering advertisement reviews.
(2) The machine learning classifying and identifying method based on statistics: extracting a portion of sample review data manually, and marking these sample data as corpus; if a piece of review information belongs to advertisement or spam reviews, marking it with 1, otherwise marking it with 0. Upon completion of marking all the samples, using these data as a training set for text classification, and selecting a text classification algorithm, e.g., Naive Bayes Algorithm, Libsvm Classification Algorithm, etc. to construct a classifier, then classifying a new review text automatically; if it is classified into the category marked with 1, it means that the review belongs to advertisement or spam, otherwise it belongs to normal reviews. The filtering accuracy of the method is proportional to the amount of sample marking. That is, the greater the amount of marking is, the better the accuracy is.
Although the two existing technical solutions have significant effect on identifying and filtering advertisement or spam reviews, they have certain defects.
Concerning the first method, i.e., the filtering method based on a manually established dictionary, the method has relatively good effect on identifying advertisement reviews, but has the following main defects: (1). The establishment of the dictionary is totally depended on manpower, requiring manpower to observe a large amount of advertisement reviews. Besides, it is relatively subjective to extract typical advertisement keywords, causing the establishment of the dictionary to be inaccurate, incomplete and unscientific, and thereby leading to an uncontrollable accuracy and recall rate. If the established dictionary includes some keywords that are not sufficiently representative of an advertisement, a relatively low accuracy of identification would be caused. If the number of the representative keywords included in the established dictionary is insufficient, a relatively low recall rate would be caused. That is, there could be a lot of new advertisement reviews in reality, but the number of those identified is relatively small. (2). It is impossible to identify and filter a spam review, because the main form of a spam review is an unpredictable linguistically irregular text. For example, in the three samples of the aforesaid spam reviews, representative characteristic keywords are not obvious, so it is difficult to establish a set of dictionaries dedicated for identifying spam reviews.
As for the second method, i.e., the machine learning classifying and identifying method based on statistics, it turns identifying and filtering advertisement spam reviews into a problem of classifying two categories. Compared with the first method, the method not only has relatively significant effect on identifying advertisement reviews, but also has certain effect on identifying spam reviews. But the method mainly has the following defects: (1). There has to be sufficient markings on sample corpus used as a training set, requiring a large amount of manpower. (2) Although the method has certain effect on identifying spam reviews, the accuracy is relatively low for the following reasons: a spam review is irregular linguistically, and its word characteristic after word segmentation is relatively ordinary and not typical during the preprocessing stage. Besides, these words are generated randomly, and have no definite meanings linguistically. So the identification rate of spam reviews is relatively low.

Method and system for filtering goods review information

BEIJING JINGDONG SHANGKE INFORMATION CO., LTD.

BEIJING JINGDONG CENTURY TRADING CO., LTD.


A method and apparatus that allows a telecommunications system using cdma2000 1× to easily migrate to using cdma2000 3×. In other embodiments, the invention provides for better spectrum management, allows concurrent usage of a standard cdma2000 1× reverse link with a cdma2000 1× time-division-duplexing (TDD) reverse link, and provides for hardware supplementation—as opposed to total replacement—when additional services are added to an existing code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to communications. More particularly, the invention concerns a method and apparatus for transmitting information in a wireless communication system.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of the radio frequency spectrum used in a common telecommunications system. Frequency range 100 centered around 800 MHz has historically been known as the cellular frequency range and frequency range 102 centered about 1900 MHz is a newer defined frequency range associated with personal communication services (PCS). Each range of frequencies, i.e., the cellular and PCS, are broken into two portions. In the cellular frequency range 100, there is a reverse link portion 104 that is used for communications from a mobile communication device to a base station such as a cellular base station. Portion 106 of cellular frequency range 100 is used for forward link communications, that is, communications from a cellular base station to a mobile communication device. In a similar fashion, portion 108 of PCS frequency range 102 is used for reverse link communications, that is, communications from a mobile communication device to a base station. Portion 110 of PCS frequency range 102 is used for reverse link communications, i.e., communications from a base station to a mobile communication device.
Each of the frequency ranges is broken into bands that are typically associated with different service providers. In the case of cellular frequency range 100, frequency bands 112 and 114 are designated band "A" for reverse link and forward link communications, respectively. A reverse link is the band connecting a mobile station to a base station, and a forward link is the band connecting a base station with a mobile station. In a particular geographic area, a cellular service provider is assigned frequency band "A" in order to carry out mobile communications. Likewise, in the same geographic area another cellular service provider is assigned frequency bands 116 (for forward link communications) and 118 (for reverse link communications) which are designated band "B". The transmit and receive frequencies are separated by 45 MHz and with the minimum separation between transmit and receive bands is 20 MHz. This minimum separation is to avoid interference between the forward and reverse links and to permit diplexers, which separate the forward and reverse link signals in a mobile station to be used.
A few years ago, the US Government auctioned the PCS frequency spectrum to service providers. As with the cellular frequency range, the PCS frequency range is broken into several bands where a different service provider may use a particular frequency band for which it is licensed within a particular geographical area. The PCS bands are referred to as A, B, C, D, E and F. The A band includes reverse link band 120 and forward link band 122. The B band includes reverse link band 124 and forward link band 126. Band C includes reverse link band 128 and forward link band 130. The reverse link and the forward link band of A, B and C bands are each 15 MHz wide. The D band includes reverse link band 132 and forward link band 134. The E band includes reverse link band 136 and forward link band 138. Likewise, band F includes reverse link band 140 and forward link band 142. The reverse link and forward link bands of D, E and F are each 5 MHz wide. Each of the different cellular and PCS bands can support a number of communications carriers in both the reverse link and forward link direction.
As shown in FIG. 1, it is possible to have as many as eight different wireless communication service providers in a particular area—two cellular service providers, each having a total allocated bandwidth of 25 MHz (forward and reverse links), and six PCS service providers, each having a total allotted bandwidth of 30 MHz for the A, B, and C blocks or 10 MHz for the D, E, and F blocks. These providers may employ different technologies for transmitting and receiving telephone calls, data, control commands, or other types of information, singularly and collectively referred to in this application as information signals. For example, a time-division-duplexing technique, a frequency-division-duplexing technique, or a code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) technique might be employed by a provider as described below. Further, if the carrier is using CDMA, then various CDMA releases are available such as IS-95-A and IS-95-B.
Recently, in response to consumers demand for greater service options, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) solicited proposals for Third Generation wireless communications. The Third Generation Proposals strive to expand the capabilities of the preceding technologies to include wireless e-mail, Web browsing, and corporate and local network access, as well as videoconferencing, e-commerce and multimedia. One of the candidate submissions to the ITU was proposed by subcommittee TR45.5 of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and was called cdma2000, which has since been developed and continues to be developed under the name of IS-2000. The proposed cdma2000 system includes three modes of operation: 1×, 3× direct spread (DS) and 3× multi-carrier (MC). Each of these modes can be operated in frequency division duplex (FDD) or time-division duplex (TDD) manner.
The 1×FDDmode operates within a 1.25 MHz bandwidth on both the forward and reverse links, thereby providing for higher capacity in the 1.25 MHz bandwidth and supporting high-speed data transmissions. The spreading rate is 1.2288 Mcps on both the forward and reverse links of 1× systems. The 3×FDDmode operates within a 3.75 MHZ band on both forward and reverse links. The 3× mode forward link employs either a direct spread or a multi-carrier transmission format. In the 3× direct spread mode, a single forward link carrier with a chip rate of 3.6864 Mcps is used; in the 3× multi-carrier mode, the forward link consists of three carriers that are each spread at a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps. The 1×TDD mode operates within a single 1.25 MHz bandwidth for both the forward and reverse links. The 3× direct spread and multi-carrier TDD modes operates within a single 3.75 MHz for both the forward and reverse links.
By using the 3×FDD mode and providing a forward link using the multi-carrier format, a communications system is fully compatible with existing IS-95 system. That is, the cdma2000 forward link structure may be "over-laid" on existing PCS systems. One attribute that makes the forward link multi-carrier system compatible with existing systems is that it preserves orthogonality of signals transmitted in the forward link. The reverse link is not orthogonal, so cdma2000 systems use a direct spreading to 3.6864 Mcps. When used, the time-division-duplex (TDD) mode of operation allows both the forward link and reverse link to be transmitted in a single 1.25 MHz band. The TDD forward link is transmitted in a first time interval and the TDD reverse link is transmitted in a non-overlapping second time interval. The transmissions in both time intervals are direct spread at a 1.2288 Mcps spreading rate.
As mentioned above, Third Generation Systems such as cdma2000 3× are designed for transmitting information that may have very high data transfer requirements, such as email downloading and web browsing. For example, a mobile station user may send a simple message requesting that a page from web site be downloaded to his mobile phone. This simple request requires very little bandwidth when transmitted on the reverse link to the base station, but timely downloading of the web site on the forward link from the base station to the mobile station will require substantial bandwidth. A request for a page may be in the order of a few hundred bytes, but the response from the web server can be several tens of thousands of bytes, particularly if it includes graphics or pictures. However, in the currently proposed Third Generation Systems, the bandwidth allocated to reverse link transmissions is the same as the bandwidth allocated for forward link transmissions.
What is needed is a method and apparatus that will allow for the bandwidth allocated to the forward link to be different than the bandwidth allocated for the reverse link. One version of the method and apparatus should provide for better spectrum management. Further, the method and apparatus should allow the user of a technology such as cdma2000 1× to easily transition to a newer version of the technology, such as cdma2000 3×.

Method and apparatus using a multi-carrier forward link in a wireless communication system