A vehicular rear suspension system includes an upper arm, a lower arm, and a control arm, each of which is connected to a knuckle. A straight line passing through a ball joint and a rubber bushing joint intersects the road surface at an intersection point that is positioned behind a ground contact point of the rear wheel in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body. The ball joint connects the upper arm to the knuckle, and the rubber bushing joint connects the lower arm to the knuckle. Longitudinal elastic coefficients of the three arms are set in a predetermined relationship. Therefore, the intersection point at which an elastic kingpin intersects the road surface is positioned without fail behind a point of action of a lateral force when turning in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body to achieve a lateral force toe-in and enhanced steering stability of the vehicle.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vehicular rear suspension system which includes a knuckle rotatably supporting a rear wheel via an axle, a trailing arm extending from a joint on a vehicle body in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle body and connected to the knuckle, and three lateral arms extending from joints on the vehicle body in the lateral direction of the vehicle body and connected to the knuckle.
2. Description of the Related Art
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 7-186649 discloses a multi-link suspension system which includes a trailing arm, a leading arm, an upper arm, a lower arm, and a control arm.
In the known multi-link suspension system, high caster rigidity and high longitudinal compliance are achieved by imparting a modulus of elasticity that is relatively high in the tensile direction and relatively low in the compressive direction to an elastic bushing. At least one of a connecting part between the leading arm and a knuckle and a connecting part between the leading arm and a vehicle body is provided with the elastic bushing.
In a suspension system equipped with three lateral arms, that is, an upper arm, a lower arm, and a control arm, the position of an elastic kingpin is determined based on the arrangement and the rigidity of each lateral arm in the lateral direction of a vehicle body. In particular, the rigidity of the lateral arms in the lateral direction of the vehicle body is determined based on the elastic coefficient of rubber bushing joints connecting opposite ends of the lateral arms to the vehicle body and a knuckle. However, where the elastic coefficient changes from a designed value, the position of the elastic kingpin is displaced from a designed position. Furthermore, when a lateral force acts from the road surface on a rear wheel during turning of the vehicle, rear wheel toe-out occurs, leading to a degradation in steering stability.


A optical system for a viewing instrument with a variable direction of view is disclosed generally comprising shaft, first and second reflectors located at the distal end of the shaft, where the first reflector rotates about an axis angularly offset from the longitudinal axis of the shaft, and an entrance pupil positioned in the optical path created by the reflectors and preceding the reflecting surface of the second reflector. In certain embodiments, the entrance pupil comprises an aperture stop positioned between the first and second reflectors. In some embodiments, the system includes negative and positive lenses located adjacent the entrance and exit faces of the first reflector.

Viewing instruments, such as endoscopes, are generally well known in the art. Generally, an endoscope is a medical device for insertion into a body passageway or cavity that enables an operator to view and/or perform certain surgical procedures at a site inside a patient's body. As is known, endoscopes may be either rigid or flexible, and generally include a long tubular member equipped with, for example, some type of system for transmitting images to the user, and in some cases, a working channel for a surgical instrument. The endoscope has a proximal end that remains external to the patient, from which the operator can view the site and/or manipulate a surgical instrument, and a distal end having an endoscope tip for insertion into the body cavity of the patient.
Generally, these instruments employ some form of objective lens system, which focuses the image onto some form of image guide, such as a fiber optic bundle or relay lenses, thereby transmitting the images from inside the body cavity of the patient to the user's eye located at the proximal end of the endoscope, or to a camera likewise connected to the scope for subsequent display on a monitor and/or storage on an image capture device. Generally, these objective optical systems attempt to simultaneously maximize the field of view, maximize the image quality, provide telecentric image transmission to the image guide, and minimize the size and cost of the system.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,354,734 to Nakahashi discloses an objective optical system with a telecentric design that has been very effective in providing a wide field of view in a compact, low-cost assembly. A number of retrofocal optical systems have been proposed, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,037,938 to Yamashita et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,295 to Yamashita et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,059,344 to Yamashita, U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,725 to Nisioka, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,155 to Nagaoka. However, all of these disclosures pertain to objective systems for endoscopes that have fixed viewing directions, and are not appropriate with endoscopes having a variable direction of view.
The operating principles of such a variable direction of view scope are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0054895 by Hoeg, et al., the specification of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Generally, such a scope has a view vector with an attendant view field that has at least two degrees of freedom. The first degree of freedom permits rotation of the view vector about the longitudinal axis of the endoscope's shaft, which allows the view vector to scan in a latitudinal direction, while the second degree of freedom permits rotation of the view vector about an axis perpendicular to the scope's longitudinal axis, which allows the view vector to scan in a longitudinal direction. In some cases, a third degree of freedom is also be available.
A number of such variable direction of view scopes have been proposed that use adjacent fixed and variable prisms to provide the variable direction of view, such as, for example, the designs disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,880,148 to Kanehira et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,577 to Forkner, U.S. Pat. No. 6,648,817 to Schara et al., German Patent DE 299 07 430, WIPO Publication No. WO 99/42028 by Hoeg, WIPO Publication No. WO 01/22865 by Ramsbottom.
A typical example of a basic dual reflector system is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1A. A pivotable reflector 10, usually a prism, reflects received light to a fixed reflector 12, also a prism, which further reflects the light into an optical train 14 for transmission to the viewer. In this way, the reflectors 10, 12, define an optical path comprising three segments 16, 18, 20. A view vector 22 exists in coincidence with the first optical path segment 16. By rotating the pivotable prism 10 about a rotational axis 24 coincident with the second optical path segment 18, the view vector 22 can be swept around in a plane normal to the rotational axis 24 (i.e., normal to the page). Even though this design is optimally compact, the use of only the rotating and fixed prisms 10, 12 results in an unacceptably small field of the view and is not telecentric.
Therefore, improved versions of the basic dual reflector design, employing additional optical mechanisms for improving the field of view, have been proposed. An example of such a system is shown in FIG. 1B. As illustrated, the design involves a simple retrofocus arrangement having a negative lens 26, an aperture stop 28 placed on the reflective face of the fixed prism 12, and a positive lens group 30. While this design provides an improved field of view, it is still not telecentric, does not provide sufficient chromatic and geometric correction, and is not optimally compact, as evidenced by the increased size of the pivotable prism 10. Additionally, the increased prism size also causes the scanning range to be limited, as the rotating prism 10 would be obstructed by the lens group 30. Finally, the reflecting surface (i.e., hypotenuse) of the fixed prism 12 is not the optimal place for the aperture stop 28.
Therefore, a continuous challenge presented by these systems is producing a suitable objective optical system that adequately accommodates this sort of dual reflector design. At the same time, there remains, in addition to the performance of the particular objective system, the ever-present desire to minimize the space required by the optics, including both the rotating and non-rotating prisms, as well as any other elements employed, as it is generally desired to produce scope diameters that are as small as possible in order to facilitate insertion and retraction. Because a dual prism design, such as those noted above, entails the use of two prisms positioned side-by-side transverse to the longitudinal axis of the scope, the scope diameter is usually somewhat large.
Therefore, it is desirable to design the system in such a way that the size of the optics can be minimized, while still providing the advantages of telecentricity, a large scanning range, a large field of view, and good image quality in a cost-effective manner. To date, this has been difficult to accomplish, as these interests often conflict. For example, decreasing the size of the optical elements typically reduces the amount of light admitted by the system and adversely affects the image brightness. As another example, increasing the field of view typically exacerbates optical aberrations and degrades image quality.
One of many critical design parameters in the optical system of such instruments is the entrance pupil, which is the location where the diameter of the light beam is minimal. This is also the location where an aperture stop can be optimally located to best condition the image and control image brightness and other image quality parameters. Most of the proposed designs noted above do not even mention the existence of an entrance pupil or aperture stop anywhere in the optical systems, while the design of Ramsbottom, for instance, apparently has the entrance pupil and accompanying aperture stop at the reflective face of the fixed reflector. This is not ideal, as this location of the aperture stop negatively affects both system size and performance—the system should be designed to accommodate larger diameter light flow on either side of it.
What is desired, therefore, is an optical system for a variable direction of view instrument that maximizes the field of view. What is further desired is an optical system for a variable direction of view instrument that maximizes the image quality and provides telecentric image transmission to the image guide. What is also desired is an optical system for a variable direction of view instrument that minimizes both the size and cost of the instrument.

Optical system for variable direction of view instrument


Novel compositions of nucleotide analog prodrugs for the treatment of viral infections and cancer are herein disclosed. The prodrugs have a biocompatible polymeric carrier conjugated to the nucleotide analog via an amino-phosphate linkage. The amino group is provided by the carrier, which either inherently possesses a primary amine, or is modified with reactive groups that incorporate the primary amine onto the carrier. The carrier can be a polyamino acid, a polyvinylic polymer, a polysaccharide or combinations thereof, such as polylysine, HPMA, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch, or polyethylene glycol; the nucleotide analog can be ribavirin araA, AZT, acyclovir, 5-FUDR, araC or ddI. Methods of treating a viral infection of cancer using these prodrugs are also disclosed. The prodrugs endow the nucleotide analogs with substantially enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduces toxicity in comparison to the nucleotide analog alone.

Nucleoside analogs are a class of compounds that have been shown to exert antiviral and antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo, and thus, have been the subject of widespread research for the treatment of viral infections and cancer. Nucleoside analogs are molecules that antagonize or mimic the action of naturally occurring nucleosides. In general, nucleoside analogs consist of purine, pyrimidine or similar heterocyclic derivatives of adenine, cytosine, thymine, or guanine, and a glycoside or glycoside analog structure. Examples of nucleoside analogs include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, ribavirin, 3TC, AZT, araC, araA, DAPD ((-)-.beta.-D-2,6-diaminopurine dioxalane) and 5-FUDR. Several of these compounds are shown below. ##STR1##
Nucleoside analogs are therapeutically inactive compounds and are converted by host or viral enzymes to their respective active anti-metabolites, which, in turn, inhibit polymerases involved in viral or cell proliferation. The activation occurs by a variety of mechanisms, such as the addition of one or more phosphate groups and, or in combination with, other metabolic processes. For example, in the cell, the inosine of ddI is converted to adenine (ddA) and phosphate groups are then added to yield the active anti-metabolite ddATP.
Nucleoside analogs suffer from a variety of problems that limits their use in antiviral therapy.
1. Poor Solubility and Cell Penetration
Nucleoside analogs must be able to penetrate cell membranes and gain access to the intracellular space to be effective as therapeutics. Some nucleoside analogs traverse cell membranes by diffusional processes, which are governed by the charge and lipophilicity of the molecule. Others enter the cell by interaction with transporters for nucleosides present in the cell membrane. However, some nucleoside analogs exhibit poor membrane permeability and are poorly soluble in water, thus, limiting their ability to penetrate cells.
2. Attack by Deaminases
A second problem associated with nucleosides analogs having an amine group on the base (i.e., adenine or cytosine) is deamination by host deaminases. For example, deaminases convert araA into arahypoxanthine, which has little antiviral effect.
3. Dependence on Host or Viral Enzymes for Phosphorylation
Nucleoside analogs are dependent on host or viral enzymes for the phosphorylation into the active anti-metabolites to occur. In the absence, or low activity of these enzymes, the nucleoside is poorly converted into the bioactive form.
Administration of the phosphorylated form, i.e., the nucleotide analog, could bypass one or more of the phosphorylation steps performed by the cell, a step in the conversion of the nucleoside into the bioactive form. In addition, nucleotide analogs are structurally and metabolically closer to the therapeutically active phosphorylated form(s). However, the phosphate group is highly charged, which makes the nucleotide analog less membrane-permeable than the nucleoside analog. Secondly, host enzymes, such as phosphatases, hydrolyze the nucleotide analog back to the nucleoside analog, which then must undergo re-phosphorylation. For these reasons, nucleotide analogs are little used in pharmacology.
4. Toxic Effects
When administered to patients, nucleoside analogs have shown toxicity to liver, bone marrow, and the nervous system. In the case of antiviral therapy, nucleoside analogs have been rarely curative, and the side effects that arise during chronic administration of the drug often cause therapy to be discontinued or altered. In the case of cancer therapy, where intent is to kill the cancer cells, the compound and protocol (dose, method of administration, timing of doses) must be carefully designed and monitored to minimize the damage to non-cancerous tissues.
The following various approaches have been attempted to overcome the membrane permeability problem and improve the therapeutic efficacy of the nucleotide analog with limited success.
Low Molecular Weight Prodrugs
Prodrugs of nucleotide analogs are inactive forms of the nucleotide analog which are converted in vivo into the bioactive form. Low molecular weight prodrugs (molecular weights below 5 kilodaltons) consist of various low molecular weight groups reacted with the oxygen atoms of the phosphate group at the 5' OH position. These low molecular weight groups obscure or eliminate the charged oxygen atoms of the phosphate group, thereby allowing cell uptake to occur. (Lefebvre I, et al. J. Med Chem, 1995; 38:3941-3950, incorporated herein by reference). Once inside the cell, these multiple groups must be removed before any antiviral activity is achieved. McGuigan (McGuigan et al, WO 90/05736 Publ. Nov. 23, 1898) synthesized a series of prodrugs of AZT substituted with di and tri ester phosphonate alkyl chains (C1-C18). However, these derivatives were poorly active.
Different Types of Linkages between the Phosphate and the Nucleoside Analog
Phosphonate nucleotide analog prodrugs have a phosphorus atom (--P--) firmly attached to the glycoside portion of the nucleoside analog by a --P--C-- linkage rather than with a --P--O--C-- diester linkage. Though stable to phosphatases, phosphonate nucleotide analogs are highly charged, poorly absorbed after oral administration, and are poorly membrane permeable. Depending on the linking groups used, the cleavage of the --P--C-- linkage can produce toxic intermediates (Krise et al (Krise J P, Stella V. J., Prodrugs of phosphates, phosphonates and phosphinates, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 1996, 19:287-310, incorporated herein by reference).
Receptor Directed Nucleotide Conjugates
Enriquez et al., (U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,991) overcame the membrane permeability problem by coupling nucleotide analogs to molecules recognized by certain receptors. These conjugates were selectively delivered to and internalized by cells bearing the particular receptor. Such conjugates concentrate the drug in receptor positive cells, for example hepatocytes in the liver, and limit its concentration, and toxic effects in non-receptor bearing cells. (Enriquez et al Bioconjugate Chemistry, 1995, 6:195-202.) However, they are limited by the requirement for a receptor on the cell surface. If a pathogen, e.g. virus, is not confined to receptor positive cells, receptor targeting can have limited effectiveness. Furthermore, certain neoplastic cells can lose receptors upon transformation, and cannot internalize the prodrug.
Polymeric Conjugates
High molecular weight polymers have been attached to nucleoside analogs as an attempt to improve the plasma stability and reduce the toxicity of the nucleoside analog. For example, when natural or synthetic polymers are linked to nucleoside analogs via chemically unstable linkages, such as esters, the linkage is subject to hydrolysis in the plasma, resulting in extracellular the release of the nucleoside analog. After release, the nucleoside is subject to enzymatic degradation in the blood as discussed previously. When Usher et al. (PCT WO 95/00177) coupled dextran to AZT, the conjugate was significantly less effective than the unconjugated AZT.
When highly chemically stable linkages between the polymer and the nucleoside analog are used (e.g., ether linkages), the drug may never be released. Instead, the conjugate can be excreted intact or stored for a long period of time, which can lead to toxicity.
Lipid Carrier Conjugates
Yarvin et al (U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,794) attached various antiviral and antineoplastic agents to lipid carrier in an attempt to enhance the rate at which these agents cross the cell membrane. However, these hydrophobic molecules tend to form micelles, which are rapidly cleared by the liver.
The prodrugs of nucleotide analogs that have been prepared to date lack a combination of plasma stability, intracellular lability (releasability) and therapeutic efficacy. Hence, there is a need for prodrugs of nucleotide analogs that are stable in plasma after administration, are capable of traversing cell membranes and releasing a therapeutically available form of the nucleotide analog intracellularly. There is a need furthermore for prodrugs that are capable of treating viral or cancer based diseases with therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity.

Polymeric carriers linked to nucleotide analogues via a phosphoramide bond


A cyclone dust collecting device using a corona discharge is provided. The cyclone dust collecting device includes a cyclone chamber rotating air drawn in from the outside to separate contaminants from the air, a discharge pipe guiding the air separated from the contaminants to the outside of the cyclone chamber and including a discharge electrode part with at least a part made of a conductive material and a power supply unit supplying a power to the discharge electrode part for the discharge electrode part to perform a corona discharge.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vacuum cleaner. More particularly, the present invention relates to a cyclone dust collecting device for a vacuum cleaner, which separates contaminant from drawn-in air by using a cyclone dust collecting system.
2. Description of the Related Art
When a suction motor is driven, a vacuum cleaner draws in contaminant-laden air via a suction assembly from a surface and separates contaminants from the drawn-in air so as to clean the surface. To separate the contaminants, a dust collecting device is employed. Recently, a cyclone dust collecting device has been popularized which separates contaminants from drawn-in air by using a centrifugal force generated by rotating the drawn-in air.
The conventional cyclone dust collecting device is more convenient to use and more sanitary when compared to a dust bag; however, it has a poor separation efficiency of fine contaminants in the drawn-in air. To solve this problem, a cyclone dust collecting device with an improved separation efficiency of fine contaminants has been developed by generating a corona discharge in a cyclone dust collecting device and ionizing fine contaminants so that the ionized fine contaminants are electromagnetically separated from the drawn-in air. The conventional cyclone dust collecting device using the corona discharge generally has a separate discharge electrode part of a needle shape in a cyclone chamber. However, the discharge electrode part may be damaged due to the movement of air and contaminant in the cyclone dust collecting device so that the durability of the vacuum cleaner decreases and safety of a user cannot be guaranteed. Additionally, the amount of electric charge varies in a radial direction or an axial direction around the discharge electrode part, which limits the fine contaminant collection efficiency.

Cyclone dust collecting device for vacuum cleaner


Multiple cookies of a client device are used to form an identifier of the client device such that a change in one or even several browser cookies does not defeat proper device recognition. The cookies are included in the identifier such that individual cookies can be parsed for separate comparison with corresponding cookies of known devices. However, to protect privacy of all devices, individual parameters of the constituent cookies are represented with irreversible hashes of the respective parameters. Recognition involves quantification of a degree of correlation between the cookies and corresponding cookies of each of the known devices. To quantify the degree of correlation, the observed stability and uniqueness of each cookie, and each cookie attribute, is considered.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to computer network security and, more particularly, to methods of and systems for identifying a computing device by data stored thereon.
2. Description of the Related Art
From the perspective of a server engaged in Internet transactions, it is advantageous to be able to recognize a client computing device that the server has interacted with previously. The importance of this information can be seen in common Internet transactions today. For example, users can log in to a given site and, through information gleaned from a quick retrieval of cookies stored on the user's device, the site's server can tailor its interaction to the user's known expectations and preferences. Similarly, a user's experience with a virtual shopping cart during on-line shopping may be enhanced if the server hosting the shopping cart can recognize whether multiple HTTP requests from multiple-link clicks originate from the same device.
Technically speaking, HTTP (hypertext transport protocol)—the protocol by which web browsers and web servers primarily interact—is stateless. That means that any HTTP request and any HTTP response thereto are fully self-defining and not contingent on (or influenced by) HTTP requests or responses previously exchanged. In other words, the exchange of an HTTP request and an associated HTTP response do not change any "state" in the communication between the client device and the server.
To implement features that require a state, such as a virtual shopping cart, the client device and the server are required to cooperate to effect an ongoing or dynamic state in their interaction. The way in which this is accomplished most often is through the use of cookies, which are omnipresent in online transactions today.
In the context of computer communications, a cookie is a unique item of data that stores state information. Each time the browser of a client computer transacts with a web site, the web site server may transmit a cookie to the browser that provides unique identifying data for storage on the client device. On a subsequent visit to the same web site, the site can request that the client device report the unique, identifying data recorded on the cookie and thereby recover a state of interaction between the client and server from a previous transaction. For example, if a server asks a client device to store a cookie labeled ABC123, the server can then recognize the same client device whenever the client device reports that its cookie for that server is ABC123.
Cookies have been used very effectively to maintain a state during interaction between a server and a client device. There are, however, other situations where recognition of a particular computing device is highly desirable, but for which cookies are simply inadequate. In particular, cookies don't work when the user doesn't want her device to be recognized or when the device needs to be identified across multiple sites. For example, if a user has been banned from a social networking site for malicious activity, the user can avoid detection by way of cookies by simply deleting all of the cookies associated with the social networking site. Similarly, a different social networking site would not be able to identify the user as one who has behaved maliciously if a cookie from the first site was the only indicator of such prior activity.
What is needed is a more persistent and reliable way to identify a particular computing device through exploitation of cookies.


The present invention can increase the types of noises that can be dealt with enough to enable speech recognition with a speech recognition rate of high accuracy.

Because the performance of a speech recognition system is remarkably deteriorated by the influence of noise, a method for providing noise-resistance is needed in actual operation of the speech recognition system. The cause of the performance deterioration of a speech recognition system owing to noise is that an input signal used in actual operation does not coincide with voice data used at the time of learning an acoustic model. For the purpose of suppressing this disagreement between the data, if roughly classified, two methods exist as means for providing noise-resistance for the use in speech recognition. One is a method of approximating a distribution produced by an input signal to an acoustic model, by the use of suppression of noise components in the input signal or removal of noise components included in the input signal. Hereafter, this method is referred to as a noise suppression method. The other is a method of approximating an acoustic model to a distribution produced by an input signal, by the use of adaptation of the acoustic model to the same noise environment as that the input signal. Hereafter, this method is referred to as an acoustic model adaptation method.
A noise suppression device described in Patent Document 1 comprises a spectrum transformation means, an S/N estimation means, a suppression coefficient data table, a suppression amount estimation means and a noise suppression means. Then, the noise suppression device operates as follows. The spectrum transformation means transforms an input voice signal including noise from the time domain to the frequency domain. Then, on the basis of the output transformed by the use of the spectrum transformation means, the S/N estimation means estimates an S/N ratio (signal-noise ratio) of the input voice signal. The suppression coefficient data table stores S/N ratio values, frequency components and predetermined values of a suppression coefficient α, in a manner to relate them to each other. From the suppression coefficient data table, the suppression amount estimation means extracts a value of the suppression coefficient α corresponding to the S/N ratio estimated by the S/N estimation means. Then, on the basis of the extracted value of the suppression coefficient α, the noise suppression means suppresses a noise component included in the output transformed by the use of the spectrum transformation means
A speech recognition device described in Patent Document 2 suppresses a high noise with a large suppression amount on an input voice signal and detects a voice interval and a noise interval from the input signal suppressed the high noise. Then, the speech recognition device also suppresses a low noise with a low suppression amount on the input signal and generates a noise model from the signal of the part specified by the above-mentioned noise interval within the signal suppressed this low noise. The speech recognition device synthesizes this noise model with a clean voice model. Using the model synthesized as above, the speech recognition device recognizes a voice with respect to the signal of the part specified by the above-mentioned voice interval within the signal suppressed the low noise.
A speech recognition device described in Patent Document 3 suppresses an echo signal included in an input signal on the basis of a signal supplied to a speaker, and, further, suppresses a background noise of the surroundings from the input signal. Then, on the basis of the noise-suppressed signal, the speech recognition device determines a voice interval and a noise interval. Then, on the basis of the signal determined to be a noise interval, the speech recognition device learns a noise model and, by synthesizing the noise model with a clean voice model, generates a noise-superposed voice model. On the basis of the above-mentioned signal determined to be a voice interval and the noise-superposed voice model, the speech recognition device recognizes a voice.
A speech recognition device described in Patent Document 4 stores waveform signal data on a plurality of types of ambient noises for training. Then, from the waveform signal data on ambient noises, the speech recognition device generates a Gaussian mixture model which is a plurality of mixtures in one state in a manner to maximize an output likelihood. Then, from a predetermined Hidden Markov Model (HMM) without noise and the above-mentioned Gaussian mixture model, the speech recognition device generates an acoustic model. This acoustic model satisfies the following conditions. Firstly, in every combined state of individual states, the acoustic model includes a mixed Gaussian distribution for each state which is represented by the sum of linear couplings of individual Gaussian distributions weighted by respective predetermined weighting coefficients. Secondly, this acoustic model is generated on the basis of a Hidden Markov Model in which the mixture weightings of the above-mentioned Gaussian mixture model is adapted by the use of environmental voice data at the time of speech recognition.
Here, also described below are Patent Document 5 and Non-patent Document 1 which will be used in the section "EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION".    [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-330597    [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-321539    [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-3617    [Patent Document 4] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-177781    [Patent Document 5] Japanese Patent Publication No. 4282227    [Non-patent Document 1] Hiroshi Matsumoto, "Speech Recognition Techniques for Noisy Environments" The second Forum on Information Technology (FIT2003), pp. 1-4, September 2003.

Speech recognition device, speech recognition method, and computer readable medium

Abstract: A speech recognition device of the present invention performs processes of: storing, in a manner to relate them to each other, a suppression coefficient representing a noise suppression amount and an adaptation coefficient representing an adaptation amount of a noise model, where the noise model is generated on the basis of a predetermined noise and is to be compounded (synthesized) to a clean acoustic model generated on the basis of a voice including no noise; estimating noise from an input signal; suppressing from the input signal a portion of the estimated noise of an amount specified by a suppression amount specified on the basis of the suppression coefficient; generating an adapted acoustic model which is noise-adapted, by compounding (synthesizing) the clean acoustic model with a noise model generated on the basis of the estimated noise in accordance with an adaptation amount specified on the basis of the adaptation coefficient; and recognizing voice on the basis of the noise-suppressed input signal and the generated adapted acoustic model.


A monitoring receiver having a memory, a control section, a counter and transmitting and receiving section. An operator can input a blocking time period, blocking criteria and a blocking threshold into the receiver. The control section causes a comparator to compare the blocking threshold with a counted number of times a local security systems contacted the monitoring receiver. The monitoring receiver blocks the transmissions when the counted number exceeds one of the blocking threshold values. The monitoring receiver generates a list of all local security systems that are being blocked which is stored in memory and transmitted to an automation system or a remote computer.

Security systems, such as for homes and businesses, have become commonplace as people seek to protect themselves and their property. A security system includes any life, safety and property protection system. The security system typically includes a central control panel that communicates with a number of sensors via a wired or wireless path. The control panel has the ability to notify local emergency services and/or a remote monitoring station of an alarm condition via a telephone dialer to the remote monitoring facility or local emergency services. A communication network device, such as a modem, allows the control panel to send and receive information via a communication link to a communication network. The communication network is usually a telephone network and the communication link is a telephone line, however, the control panel can also send and receive information via a computer network, such as the Internet. The computer network may include a DSL or cable modem, and a network interface card, for example. In addition, a dial-up telephone connection may be used. Other communication paths such as long-range radio or a cellular telephone link have been used. The dialer is typically hardwired to the control panel and activated by the control device.
The central monitoring station is staffed with operators to monitor incoming communications and to determine when an alarm is set by a monitored security system. The operator contacts emergency services such as fire or police personnel in the appropriate municipality by telephone to report the alarm.
In response to a received message, the central monitoring station processes the message and performs the necessary response. The messages from the respective security systems may include identifiers that identify the security systems. Generally, the remote facility can maintain data regarding the identity of one or more security systems that are to be notified when a specified occurrence is detected at one or more other security systems.
The central monitoring station includes receivers and transmitters for communicating with different security systems via one or more networks. The receivers receive messages via a communication link from the local individual security systems. Each receiver is connected to an automation system. The automation system is typically an automation computer. The receivers are connected to the automation computer by an automation computer port.
The control panel at the local security systems periodically transmits status information to the receiver at the central monitoring station. These periodically updated transmissions are called status reports. The status reports typically occur at a predetermined interval, which can be controlled by a configuration computer located at the central monitoring station. Additionally, the local security system can call the receiver periodically to transmit other types of information. The control panel transmits both the status (test) reports and the calls to the receiver using a dialer in the control panel. However, sometimes the dialer malfunctions and continuously transmits calls and reports to the receiver. This causes an increased flow of traffic into the receiver and into the automation system.
Therefore, there is a need to prevent this increase in the flow of traffic in the case where the dialer is malfunctioning or in the case where the local security system transmits-information, data or calls the receiver at a higher rate then expected.

Method and receiver for blocking a runaway dialer at a local security system


A problem solving unit obtains a solution in a symbol process in response to a given problem. A neural network learning control unit makes a neural network unit perform a learning process on a solution output from the problem solving unit. After completing the learning process in response to the given problem, the neural network unit provides an output as a hint on solving the problem to the problem solving unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a data processing unit, more specifically to a problem solving apparatus for processing symbols, and provides a learning function for the problem solving apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the field of artificial intelligence, most problem solving methods being developed are based on a trial-and-error search concept. That is, a problem is solved by searching for one solution in a space where the solution can exist. The present invention is based on a problem solving apparatus operated by a tree searching method in the symbol process.
The tree searching method in the symbol process is described below by referring to a simple example.
FIGS. 1A and 1B show an 8-tile puzzle. In this puzzle, there is an empty space of one frame and eight numbered tiles which are freely movable in the up, down, right, and left directions in a 3.times.3-block frame. When one of the numbered tiles above, below, right, and left of the space is moved into the space, the previous position of the moved number tile becomes the space. In other words, when the number tile is moved, the space appears to have moved.
In the 8-tile puzzle, a problem is that, for example, a starting pattern as shown in FIG. 1A is to be converted into a goal pattern as shown in FIG. 1B. Assuming that moving the space once is regarded as one step, a solution is obtained by tracing a path to the goal pattern shown in FIG. 1B in the smallest possible number of steps.
FIG. 2 shows an example of the result of the tree searching process to solve the problem shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
In the tree structure, one state of the arrangement of the numbered tiles in the 8-tile puzzle is referred to as a "node". That is, FIG. 1A shows the arrangement at a starting node, FIG. 1B shows the arrangement at a goal node. In the tree structure, each node has only one parent node except the starting node, which is a specific node having no parent node.
In the tree search, the efficiency of the searching process is greatly affected by the order from the starting node to the child nodes, that is, by how the nodes are expanded.
The order can be determined by, for example, a breadth-first method, a depth-first method, etc.
FIG. 2 shows a result of the breadth-first method. In the breadth-first method, nodes are sequentially expanded in the order in which the nodes were generated. In FIG. 2, the three child nodes 2, 3, and 4 are generated from the starting node 1. That is, the nodes are first generated in the horizontal direction by priority, and the nodes in the first row (depth 1), second row (depth 2), . . . are generated in this order.
On the other hand, the last generated node is first expanded in the depth-first method. That is, nodes are generated in the order from the starting node 1 to nodes 2, 5, 10, 20, 11, 21, . . . That is, the nodes are expanded in the vertical direction by priority.
In FIG. 2, the goal node is obtained as a child node to node 26, and the solution path to the problem shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B in the 8-tile puzzle is indicated by bold lines. By moving the space 5 times (in 5 steps), the starting pattern (FIG. 1A) is converted into the goal pattern (FIG. 1B), and the goal node cannot be reached with a smaller number of times of moving the space.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the conventional problem solving apparatus operated in a symbol process.
In FIG. 3, a problem is generated by a problem generating apparatus 101, and the generated problem is provided for the problem solving apparatus 100.
The problem solving apparatus 100 performs the problem solving process as shown in FIG. 2 until a solution can be obtained through a tree search, and comprises a node expanding apparatus 102 and a node evaluating apparatus 103.
The node expanding apparatus 102 generates a child node from a parent node, that is, it expands nodes.
The node evaluating apparatus 103 evaluates the node expanded by the node expanding apparatus 102 as to whether or not the node refers to a goal node.
The processes of the node expanding apparatus 102 and node evaluating apparatus 103 are repeated until the solution is successfully obtained.
However, if a random searching method is followed by either the depth-first method or breadth-first method in the tree search, then the process of detecting a path to the goal node refers to a wasteful process. When the number of nodes expanded before the optimum path is detected is too large, a considerably long time and a large amount of stored information are spent on the search.
Conventionally, a solution can be obtained in a reduced search space and in a reasonable time by introducing information indicating the rule of thumb, that is, information referred to as heuristic knowledge. The word "heuristic" means "serving to discover". The heuristic information is used to help a goal node be reached in the search by extending the most probable node first from experience.
In using the above described method, it is necessary for a user to appropriately detect the required heuristic knowledge and provide it to a problem solving apparatus, involving a great expenditure of labor and time.
Furthermore, in solving a problem already solved, the conventional problem solving apparatus again requires the process time spent in practically solving the problem first. That is, a problem similar to a problem solved already, requires the same process time, without shortening it.

Neural network for providing hints to problem solving apparatus using tree search method


An injection molded plastic instrument panel P.S.I.R. hidden door milling method including applying a stiff tape, having a hardness greater than a hardness of the plastic instrument panel, to a plastic instrument panel surface to be milled to prevent flexing of the surface during milling. The method may further include milling the surface along a generally width-wise central location of the tape, and removing the tape upon completion of the milling, with the method thereby minimizing burrs along edges of the milled surface. The invention also provides an injection molded plastic instrument panel P.S.I.R. hidden door, and a plastic automotive panel made by method described herein.

a. Field of Invention
The invention relates generally to the manufacture of automotive components, and more particularly to a method of weakening a single layer injection molded instrument panel for a Passenger Side Inflatable Restraint (PSIR) hidden door seam, without the seam having characteristic burrs, generally present due to known milling weakening methods.
b. Description of Related Art
When milling soft single layer injection molded instrument panels (primarily of Thermoplastic Polyolefin but also including any blended Poly Propylene material, hereafter referred to as "plastic") in order to weaken the panel for the Passenger Side Inflatable Restraint (PSIR) hidden door seam, the instrument panel PSIR seam may be milled using a milling cutter, as is known in the art. As illustrated in FIG. 1, conventional milling techniques however can produce burrs 4 along the milled surface 6 of the plastic panel 8. These burrs are objectionable, primarily for reasons of eye safety, in that, during passenger air bag deployment, the burrs may become a source of flying projectiles.
The primary reason for the burrs is due to the lack of surface support for the plastic during milling as the milling cutter's edge passes. The plastic near the surface (on the side being milled) flexes due to the lack of supporting material above it, thus preventing the complete cutting of this surface material. The partially uncut surface material may thus include the burrs described above, which are undesirable for the reasons noted above.
For example, U.S. Publication No. 20030184063 discloses a portion of an instrument panel cover (40) around the fracture-opening section (46) (hereinafter referred to as an "opening surrounding portion") that is welded to the reinforcement edge portions (45b) and (45c) of the frame member (45). The opening surrounding portion is prevented from following the opening displacement of the fracture-opening section (46), so that when air bag (43) inflates, the fracture-opening section (46) quickly fractures along fracture grooves (40c) into fracture-opening subsections (46a) and (46b). Therefore, the fracture surfaces (peripheral end surfaces) of the fracture-opening subsections (46a) and (46b) are prevented from having sharp edges or burrs.
JP 03110112 teaches that in order to prevent the creeping of a burr to the rear of a core, and to improve workability by forming a recess to the opening-section corresponding section of the core of a top force, a core (10) for an instrument panel is injection molded from a comparatively hard synthetic resin, and sealing materials (15a-15d) consisting of an air-permeable foaming material are covered in conformity with the shapes of various opening sections such as (11a-11g). The core (10) is set to a top force (22), to which recesses (25) are shaped in response to the core opening sections (11), and a skin (19) to a bottom force (21), and a foaming resin material (30) is introduced into cavities (23) and foam-molded. Residual air and a foamed gas are forced to escape through the sealing materials (15) by cubic expansion, and one part (30A) of the materials flow into the sealing materials (15A) by blowing pressure. The permeation of the sealing materials (15A) of the foaming material and the generation of burrs from the opening sections (11) are prevented by bulging into the recesses (25) and the rise of internal pressure with the bulging.
Further, European Patent Application No. 1388467, European Patent No. 893224, U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,633 and UK Patent Application No. 0758242 disclose other methods for preventing or minimizing burrs in PSIR weakening seams.
As readily evident, while the above-identified Patents and Publications disclose methods for minimizing burrs, the methods nonetheless are clearly complex and thus expensive to implement.
It would therefore be of benefit to provide an economical and efficient method of milling a plastic instrument panel for a PSIR hidden door seam, with the milling resulting in a clean cut surface having virtually no burrs along the edges of the milled surface.

Automotive P.S.I.R. milling burr control tape


A multilayer antenna of planar construction comprises an electrically conductive ground face and a conductive radiation face which is arranged with lateral spacing from the ground face and extends substantially parallel thereto. A dielectric carrier is arranged between the ground face and the radiation face. Above the radiation face there is a carrying means. Above the carrying means there is provided an electrically conductive patch element. The carrying means has a thickness or height which is less than the thickness or height of the patch element.

Patch antennas or what are known as microstrip antennas are sufficiently well known. They conventionally comprise an electrically conductive base, a dielectric carrier material arranged thereabove and an electrically conductive radiation face provided on the upper side of the dielectric carrier material. The upper radiation face is generally stimulated by a supply line extending transversely to the aforementioned planes and layers. The connection cable used is usually a coaxial cable, the outer conductor of which is electrically connected to the ground conductor at a terminal, whereas the inner conductor of the coaxial cable is electrically connected to the radiation face located at the top.
Multilayer antennas of planar construction have, for example, become known in the form of what are known as stacked patch antennas. This type of antenna allows the bandwidth of such an antenna to be increased or resonances to be ensured in two or more frequency ranges. Antennas of this type may also be used to improve the antenna gain.
The prior publication IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-27, NO. 2, MARCH 1979, pages 270 to 273, describes a multilayer patch antenna allowing resonance in two frequency ranges. The patch antenna accordingly has, for example, in addition to the bottom ground face and the radiation face arranged offset with respect thereto and stimulated via a supply line, a patch face arranged above, and laterally offset with respect to, the radiation face. The carrier material between the ground face and the radiation face and also between the radiation face and the patch face located thereabove consists, in each case, of a substrate having a uniform dielectric constant.
A patch antenna comprising carrier layers having different dielectric constants has become known, for example, from the prior publication IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 47, No. 12, DECEMBER 1999, pages 1780 to 1784. Foam is used as the upper carrier layer for the upper metallic face (patch face). The distance between the upper patch face and the radiation face located therebelow corresponds to the distance between the radiation face and the lower ground face.
The prior publication IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 47, No. 12, DECEMBER 1999, pages 1767 to 1771, among other documents, demonstrates that antenna gain may be increased using multilayer patch antennas.
Finally, a generic antenna having a multilayer construction has become known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,694 A. The antenna comprises a lower ground face, a dielectric carrying member located thereon and having a radiator face located on its upper side. Above the radiator face there is arranged a further dielectric member on which there is provided, on the side remote from the lower ground face, an electrically conductive patch face.
A drawback of all previously known antenna arrangements of this type is the comparatively complex construction. For, in the use of conventional commercial patch antennas having a ground face, an electric carrying member (substrate) located thereon and a radiation face located thereabove, it is invariably complex to supplement an antenna of this type to form a multilayer antenna. Depending on the use of conventional commercial patch antennas, which comprise at least a lower ground face, a substrate made from a dielectric material, for example ceramics, and a radiation face located thereon, a dielectric carrier layer, possibly of variable thickness, would then have to be produced in each case and, for example, positioned and secured on the radiation face of the conventional commercial patch antenna in order then to arrange the electrically conductive patch face on the upper side of this additional dielectric carrying layer. A different, but also highly complex, construction would involve, for example, equipping an antenna housing, below which a conventional commercial patch antenna is integrated, with an additional electrically conductive patch face; however, this would also require complex additional constructional measures.
The exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation provides an improved multilayer antenna of planar construction, in particular a patch antenna, which, to achieve the electrical characteristics known per se, is provided with a patch radiator provided above the radiation face and which is also of simpler overall construction and/or has improved electrical characteristics.
The solution according to exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementations allows numerous advantages to be achieved.
A basic non-limiting advantage (and one that is highly surprising) is that the exemplary illustrative non-limiting antenna has significantly improved antenna characteristics compared to simple, normal patch antennas. This is all the more surprising in view of the fact that the radiation structure provided at the very top of the patch antenna is arranged at an extremely small distance above the radiation face of the patch antenna and may therefore, in an exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, even have longitudinal and transverse extensions which are greater than the radiation face located therebelow. After all, in such a case, the uppermost patch face would be expected adversely to influence the radiation pattern.
A further basic advantage of the exemplary illustrative non-limiting antenna is that conventional commercial patch antennas having a ground face and a radiation face and a dielectric located therebetween—preferably, for example, what are known as ceramic patch antennas—may be easily used without having to be constructionally altered. All that is required is to fasten the three-dimensional electrically conductive structure of the uppermost patch face to a conventional commercial patch antenna using a suitable adhesion and/or fastening layer.
In other words, an additional carrier structure or hood is not required in order to hold this patch face.
In an exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, an adhesion layer, in the form of a double-sided adhesive tape or in the form of a comparable adhesion means, is used as an adhesion structure between a conventional commercial patch antenna and the uppermost conductive three-dimensional patch element, allowing simple fastening of the uppermost patch element to a conventional patch antenna.
In an exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, the distance between the three-dimensional patch element and the radiation face of a patch antenna is greater than 0.5 mm, in particular greater than 1 mm, for example about 1.5 mm. Although the distance may be even greater, such a small distance between the three-dimensional patch element and the radiation face of a multilayer patch antenna is, in principle, entirely sufficient.
The three-dimensional structure of the patch element may, for example, be provided by what is known as a volume member which, in addition to its two-dimensional extension (comparable, for example, to conventional metal plates or metal layers), also has a significantly greater height or thickness of one or more millimeters.
However, alternatively, it is also possible, for example, for a three-dimensional patch element of this type, arranged above the radiation face, to be equipped with a wholly or partially peripheral edge or web edge, providing effectively a three-dimensional structure. This opens up the possibility for the patch element provided with a three-dimensional structure to be formed by a metal sheet or punched part in which edge portions, which revolve from a two-dimensional element and are oriented transversely and preferably perpendicularly to the plane of the patch element, are upwardly positioned. In the corners, the individual flange or edge portions do not necessarily have to be electrically or electrogalvanically connected to one another. The given electrical connection of a positioned edge element to an adjacent edge element is provided via the central portion, oriented substantially parallel to the radiation and ground face located therebelow, of the patch element.
The aforementioned three-dimensional structure (which is referred to as a "three-dimensional" structure because it has a significantly greater material thickness or material height than metal plates or metal foils used according to the prior art) does not necessarily require the entire member to be configured as what is known as a volume member or the aforementioned peripheral edge necessarily to encircle the entire edge portion of the patch structure. Edge or web elements provided only in certain sections are also sufficient. Recesses or even, for example, a concave deformation of the patch face facing the radiation face located therebelow may also be provided in the patch face itself. However, recesses, which protrude, for example, from the peripheral edge into the patch face, may also be formed in the patch face.
Also possible is the use, for example, of a dielectric member which is made from plastics material and is coated with an electrically conductive layer. On use of a "volume member" of this type having a thickness or height of, for example, more than preferably 0.5 mm or 1 mm, in particular more than 1.5 mm, said member should be provided, at least on a side located parallel to the radiation face, preferably on the side located adjacent to the radiation face and on its peripheral wall or edge portions, with an electrically conductive layer. The upper side, remote from the radiation face of the patch antenna, of the electrically non-conductive member may also, if required, be equipped with an electrically conductive layer.

Multilayer antenna of planar construction


A piezoelectric-driving optical lens is disclosed, which comprises: a lens, having a barrel with a friction ring annularly mounted on the outer wall of the barrel as the outer diameter of the friction ring is larger than that of the barrel; a plurality of piezoelectric stators, arranged surrounding the lens and abutted against the friction ring, for providing a rotation driving force to the lens for focusing or zooming function; and a seat, for receiving the lens and the plural piezoelectric stators; wherein, the plural piezoelectric stators can actuate simultaneously to output a maximum driving torque.

Nowadays, ultrasonic motors, also known as piezoelectric motors, and other piezoelectric actuators are commonly used in conventional cameras, digital cameras and camera phones, that are functioned as the drives of optical lenses for focusing the same and are becoming one of the most important elements for optical products. One such example is the Helimorph® piezoelectric actuator of 1 Ltd., England. It is a coil-like bimorph piezoelectric ceramic actuator. The actuators have some properties of compact, low power consumption, silent operation and high displacement to act as the mechanism for focussing. However, while manufacturing the coil-like Helimorph® piezoelectric actuator from a raw bimorph piezoelectric ceramic, a great amount of procedures are required to be accomplished manually, that are not preferred to be done by automatic machinery since the referring manufacturing procedures are difficult and highly delicate that manual operation can reduce the risk of low yield and instable quality. As the manufacturing of the coil-like bimorph piezoelectric ceramic actuator requires many man powers, it is difficult to apply the aforesaid coil-like piezoelectric actuator massively in industries relating to conventional cameras, digital cameras and camera phones.
Moreover, it is highly common and had already a prior art for a conventional camera to adopt piezoelectric motors or other piezoelectric actuators in its configuration. Such applications can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,705, U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,836, U.S. Pat. No. 4,829,209, U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,659, U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,834, U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,580, U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,982, and so on. As the sizes of those conventional film-using cameras are usually large enough, they will have no problem accommodating the prior-art piezoelectric motors within their configurations. Nevertheless, as digital cameras are gradually replacing the conventional film-using cameras and cellular phones with auto-focus camera are becoming more and more popular, the aforesaid prior-art piezoelectric motors are becoming too bulky and no longer suitable to fit in those two products since the sizes of the two are usually smaller that that of a conventional camera. Hence, it is noted that the size of the prior-art optical lens module is the major restriction preventing the miniaturization of digital camera and camera phone.
There are already a few patents, dissertations and researches relating to the development of compact piezoelectric-driving optical lens for digital cameras and camera phones. However, the structures of all those compact piezoelectric-driving optical lens are too complicated to be manufactured in batch processes.
Please refer to FIG. 1, which is an exploded perspective view of an piezoelectric lens assembly, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,710,950, entitled "Piezoelectric actuator for digital camera optical system". The lens assembly, as shown in FIG. 1, consists of a support tube 9 and a lens tube 10. Lens tube 10 holds the lens and is mounted coaxially within support tube 9 while being supported within the support tube 9 for movement in an axial direction. The circuit board for the piezoelectric drive is a flexible printed circuit board 14 arranged about the outer cylindrical surface 15 of the support tube 9. A plurality of piezoelectric elements, as the piezoelectric element 11 illustrated in FIG. 1, and their associated components are connected and supported directly by the flexible circuit board 14. The assembly of flexible circuit board and a resilient insulating sheet 15 is held in place on support tube 9 by a split ring shaped spring 16. Support and motion for the lens tube 10 is provided by the plural piezoelectric elements. However, the autofocus capability of the lens assembly is entirely dependent on the displacement of the lens tube 10, and consequently, it is bulky and difficult to provide an accurate circuit control.
Please refer to FIG. 2, which is a perspective view of a lens driving device, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,507, entitled "Lens driving device". The cylindrical stationary barrel 7 is mounted on the base 35 while the cylindrical rotary barrel 6, also mounted on the base 35, is disposed surrounding the stationary barrel 7. The focus lens 1, fitted in a lens frame 3, is movably mounted within the stationary barrel 7 in a manner that the bosses 11 thereof are projected outward. The barrels 6 and 7 are provided with the linear guide slots 6a and 7a for receiving the bosses 11 so that the lens 1 may be shift forward and backward along the guide slots 6a and 7a. Moreover, the driving member 30, also mounted on the base 35 while enabling its teeth-like segments 31 to be arranged substantially adjoining the barrel 6 so that the segments are in contact with the barrel 6. The piezoelectric actuator 10, being arranged in the form of a ring around the rotary barrel 6, is contracted or expanded radially in response to an input signal from the outside. As the piezoelectric actuator 10 repeats radial contraction toward the barrel and radial restoration from the same, the drive member 30 is driven to repeat contraction and restoration in response to radial contraction of the piezoelectric actuator 10, pushing the inclined segments 31 outward, so that the segments 31 rotate the rotary barrel 6 along the inclination of the segments 31 and thus drive the lens 1 to move axially inside the stationary barrel 7. However, the cost of the lens driving device is expensive since the structure of aforesaid lens driving device is still very complicated, not to mention the difficulty of manufacturing the driving member 30, and the piezoelectric actuator 10 must be polarized in segment.
Please refer to FIG. 3, which shows a lens driving apparatus, disclosed in Korea Pat. Appl. No. 1020040078265, entitled "Transfer unit, in which a lens and an actuator are formed in one body". The lens driving device is substantially a cylinder 19 having a guide rod 12, a piezoelectric member 13 and a supporting block 14 arranged therein. However, as certain mass is required in the aforesaid lens driving device for causing inertial force, not only the weight of the lens driving device is increased, but also the diameter of the cylinder is increased.
As the structures of all those aforesaid prior-art piezoelectric optical lenses are very complicate, not only they are difficult to manufacture, but also they are not easy to be assembled that is especially true for the assembling of the piezoelectric stators. Hence, the driving force provided thereby is diminished. Moreover, as some minute parts thereof can not be fabricated by machine, the consumption of man-power and cost are increased. Thus, although the sizes of aforesaid prior-art piezoelectric-driving optical lenses are reduced, they have no competitive advantage over cost reduction and thus are not feasible for commercial marketing.
Therefore, it is in need of a piezoelectric-driving optical lens, which is compact, solid, simple-in-structure, ease-to-manufacture, ease-to-assemble, and capable of exerting a comparatively larger torque.

Industrial Technology Research Institute


Method for the memory self-test of embedded memories (2, 3, 4) in semiconductor chips (1), a memory address range (8) being assigned to a memory (2) to be tested and addresses from the same memory address range of the memory to be tested being allocated to at least one memory self-test controller register (6R2) of a memory self-test controller for storing memory test configuration data.

Advances in semiconductor design and fabrication methods enable increasing miniaturization of electronic circuits. Complete systems comprising microprocessors, communication logic and, in particular, memories can be found on a single semiconductor chip in this case. Such systems-on-a-chip (SOC) have a multiplicity of technologies that previously had a high space requirement as separate components on a circuit board.
Whereas in the past semiconductor chips were dominated by logic functions and separate memories were provided externally, modern integrated circuits increasingly require embedded memories on the semiconductor chip itself. Embedded memories may be present in semiconductor chips as different memory blocks in different sizes and forms. As a result of the integration of memories on a semiconductor chip, it is possible to save space and the speed of memory accesses can be increased as a result of obviating interfaces and speed-retarding factors such as circuit boards.
Embedded memories in a system-on-a-chip have to be very reliable and tested accordingly. Therefore, a memory self-test controller is usually provided in a system-on-a-chip having embedded memories, said controller being tailored to the embedded memories provided in the system. Such a memory self-test controller (BIST—built-in self-test) then carries out a memory self-test for example after the fabrication of the corresponding semiconductor chip or else each time the SOC is started up.
By way of example, the U.S. Pat. No. 6,681,354 B2 describes a semiconductor chip self-test apparatus that is controlled by means of an internal configurable bus. In this case, an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) carries out a memory test program in externally triggered fashion. After the end of the test, the corresponding FPGA is used to carry out further functions.
FIG. 1 schematically shows a semiconductor chip SOC having embedded memories M1, M2, M3 and a memory self-test controller BIST according to the prior art.
The semiconductor chip SOC or the system on a semiconductor chip has embedded memories M1, M2, M3 coupled to a bus system L, S, A. The embedded memories M1, M2, M3 each have addressable memory cells which are addressed via an address line A, and are written to or read from via a write/read bus or line L, S. The respective access direction of addressing A, reading L and writing S of the memories M1, M2, M3 is illustrated only by way of example in the figure.
Furthermore, a central chip controller device CPU is provided, which is likewise coupled to the bus system L, S, A for the purpose of addressing, writing and reading of the memories.
A memory self-test controller BIST is additionally provided, which is coupled to the memories M1, M2, M3 via the address bus and the write/read bus. The memory self-test controller BIST can be controlled by an external self-test control signal STS.
The external self-test control signal STS informs the memory self-test controller BIST that a memory self-test is to be carried out. This is generally done after production, but may also be done when the system on the semiconductor chip SOC is started up. After the memory self-test has been carried out by the memory self-test controller BIST, the latter returns a result FS for evaluation to an external test apparatus. The initiation of the memory self-test and the evaluation of the test results FS may also be effected by the chip controller device CPU, as indicated by the dashed lines.
Each of the embedded memories M1, M2, M3 is assigned a memory address range in the address space. This is illustrated schematically in FIG. 2.
The memory address range of a respective memory is defined by a beginning address and an end address. By way of example, the memory cells provided in the embedded memory M1, M2, M3 can be addressed by memory addresses lying between a beginning memory address AM1, AM2, AM3 and an end memory address EM1, EM2, EM3. Furthermore, addresses for registers BIST1, BIST2, BIST3 of the memory self-test controller BIST are kept available in the address space. By way of example, instructions or program codes for the memory test to be carried out are written to the registers BIST1, BIST2, BIST3 of the self-test controller BIST. The registers BIST1, BIST2, BIST3 also include the respective status of the tested memory M1, M2, M3 or the respective test result. Depending on how many embedded memories M1, M2, M3 are provided on a semiconductor chip, it is necessary in each case to provide and define address ranges for the memory self-test controller registers BIST, BIST2, BIST3. The data width and the storage capacity of the respective registers also depend on the embedded memories M1, M2, M3.
A corresponding method for the memory self-test and a semiconductor chip having embedded memories and a memory self-test controller according to the prior art are complex because parts of the address space are occupied by the registers of the self-test controller. Furthermore, a corresponding self-test controller according to the prior art can only be used for one type of semiconductor chips having embedded memories. The self-test controller thus has to be adapted if the memory configuration changes for example through the number or size of the memories.

Method and apparatus for the memory self-test of embedded memories in semiconductor chips


Apparatus and a method for promoting the healing of a bone having a fracture site or fusion site is provided. The apparatus includes a brace coupled to the site and adapted for stabilizing the site. Firmly coupled to the brace is an electronic circuit emitting an energy for stimulating the healing of the site, where the brace and the electronic circuit form substantially an integral unit.

The miniaturization of electronic circuits prompted revolutionary advances in many areas of our lives. Some prominent examples range from lap top computers and pocket televisions to global positioning systems and prostheses that provide users with sensory feedback. The advances in electronics have also inspired research and development in the area of orthopedic bone growth stimulation, including the promotion of spinal fusion and healing. This is typically done by implanting electrical current generators in the vicinity of a bone fracture in a patient's body to create a DC electric current around the bone fracture. Studies have shown an improved rate of bone growth and fusion when the fractured bone is stimulated in this manner. Other promising stimulation methods include the use of transmitting ultrasound waves through the fracture site.
In addition to bone growth stimulation as outlined above, electronics implanted in the body may also play a role in patient health monitoring. For example, the progress of bone growth may be determined by measuring the amount of electrical resistance of the bone. It is also contemplated that ultrasound imaging is achievable by implanting ultrasound transmitters and receivers at opposed sites and aimed at the locality of interest. A more detailed description of such an ultrasound imaging system may also be found in the above-identified related patent applications.
Conventional methods of implanting electronic circuits, however, give rise to the disadvantage of possible migration of the electrical components, including electronic circuit packages, electrodes and battery packs causing potential shorting of device output. Also, because fracture and fusion sites are mechanically unstable it is common medical practice to provide internal stabilization. Therefore, a need has arisen for apparatus and a method for providing bone growth and fusion stimulation while stabilizing the fracture or fusion site.

Apparatus and method for bone fixation and fusion stimulation


A reactive navy to black dye composition comprises component A and component B, wherein component A is selected from one or more compounds of formula (I), component B is selected from one or more compounds of formula (II); D1 and D2 are each independently a group represented by the following formula (a) or (b) or (c); R1-R12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, linear or branched C1˜C4 alkyl, C1˜C4 alkoxy and sulfo; m, n=0-3, and every R3 is each independently selected from the group consisting of amino, sulfo, ureido, C1˜C4 alkanoylamino, C1˜C4 alkoxy and C1˜C4 alkyl, every R6 is each independently selected from the group consisting of amino, hydroxyl and sulfo; X1-X3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1˜C4 alkyl, C1˜C4 alkoxy, —SO2Y1, —NHCO(CH2)pSO2Y2 and —CONH(CH2)qSO2Y3, and at least one of D1 and D2 contains a fiber-reactive group, p, q=1-3, and Y1˜Y5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of —CH═CH2, —C2H4OSO3H and —CH2CH2Cl. A reactive navy to black dye product comprising the dye composition, has the properties of good washing fastness, high degree of fixation and dye-uptake, good build-up, clear remanent dyeing liquor, and the like.

Reactive black KNB has become the most widely used black reactive dye due to its low price, good fastness and easy washing. However, the dye has low substantativity to fiber, and its dye-uptake and degree of fixation are not high. In view of the shortcomings of the reactive black KNB, dye researchers have done a lot of work in the research and development of reactive black dyes in recent years. In the actual application process, existing color matching products of the reactive black dye, such as described in patents CN102245712A, CN1730566A, CN1745147A, and the like, still have problems such as poor build-up, low dye-uptake and degree of fixation, and difficulty in cleaning the dyed fabric.

Reactive navy to black dye composition and dye product thereof

SHANGHAI KEHUA DYESTUFF INDUSTRY CO., LTD.


Computer-implemented methods and systems for mapping real world actions to a virtual world associated with a parallel reality game are provided. The virtual world has experiences that relate to real world actions. The method includes accessing a data source associated with one or more real world actions; and modifying game data associated with the parallel reality game to generate experiences in the virtual world based at least in part on the data associated with the one or more real world actions. Generating experiences in the virtual world based on data associated with real world actions improves the link between the parallel virtual world and the real world, enhancing illusion that the virtual world is another dimension of the real world that the player can interact with through the parallel reality game.

Computer-based and/or electronic gaming systems are known that provide a shared virtual environment for many players to interact in a virtual world. With increased availability and connectivity to the Internet, many players from all over the world can interact in the virtual environment and perform various game objectives. Such gaming systems typically do not have a virtual world geography that parallels the real world. Location-based games use the real world as their geography. Some location-based games add virtual locations on a map that parallels the real world geography. Such games, however, are typically focused on real world objectives. These games typically do not include a virtual world that parallels the real world and that acts as a virtual game environment in which many players can interact and perform various game objectives in the parallel virtual world by navigating and performing actions in the real world.
A parallel reality game providing a shared virtual world that parallels at least a portion of the real world allows players to interact in the virtual world by navigating the real world. However, when actions in the real world are not suitably tied to the virtual world, controlling the parallel reality game by navigating the real world can feel contrived, discouraging game play.

Mapping real world actions to a virtual world associated with a location-based game


The description relates to a tolerance compensating device for rotating bolts and swiveling bolts, in particular a tolerance compensating device for non-engaging tongues, that is, for example, for pull-turn bolts or swiveling bolts of closures for mounting in thin walls such as sheet-metal cabinets with a frame and door. The closure has a housing which holds a pull-turn bolt so as to be axially displaceable and rotatable or a housing which supports a swiveling bolt, which bolt is provided near its free end with a bore hole in which a back-engaging device is held to as to be displaceable perpendicular to the back-engagement plane. According to the invention, the back-engaging device has a spring which forces the back-engaging device in direction of the back-engagement surface in the closed position of the closure.

a) Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to a tolerance compensating device for rotating and swiveling bolts. In particular, the invention relates to a tolerance compensating device for non-engaging tongues, that is, for pull-turn bolts or swiveling bolts of closures for mounting in thin walls, such as sheet-metal cabinets with a frame and door, wherein the closure has a housing which holds a pull-turn bolt so as to be axially displaceable and rotatable or a housing which supports a swiveling bolt, which bolt has a bore hole near its free end in which a back-engaging device is held to as to be displaceable perpendicular to the back-engagement plane.
b) Description of the Related Art
WO 00/31365 discloses a rotating bolt closure with a pull device in which the bolt is provided at its free end with an internal thread in which a back-engaging device formed as a screw is held so as to be adjustable perpendicular to the back-engagement plane. Adjustment is provided by means of a lock nut. This adjustment is complicated because a lock nut must be loosened, then the back-engaging device must be moved to the appropriate distance by turning, and then the lock nut must be tightened again.
WO 007/73605 shows a swivel lever closure in the drawing accompanying the Abstract. The swivel lever itself forms the back-engaging device. There is no possibility provided for adjustment.

Tolerance compensating device for rotating and tilting bolts


A motor driving apparatus and a driving method thereof, and a mobile terminal in which a terminal voltage value of a terminal is detected at a terminal voltage detection unit, and is held in a holding circuit. A difference between the terminal voltage value detected this time and the terminal voltage value detected last time and held in the holding circuit is calculated in a difference circuit, and the calculated difference voltage value is compared with a reference voltage value determining a rated frequency in a comparator. A synchronizing reference voltage value of a reference voltage source is controlled by a control circuit on the basis of each comparison result in the comparators and a frequency of a synchronizing reference signal specified as a basic operation time unit at the time of synchronous driving is corrected so that a stable synchronous operation condition can be obtained before a rotor of a brushless motor steps out from a synchronous operation.

Conventionally, as a brushless motor driving apparatus of a sensorless system, there has been known a configuration that, for a duration of a rated operation, compares a back electromotive force generated in a non-drive conditioned motor coil phase with a neutral voltage of star-connected three-phase motor coils, waits (a zero-cross detection) for a time that a polarity determined by the comparison is inverted, and with the polarity-inverted time as a rotor position detection signal, and further after an addition of an appropriately set delay time, performs a transition to a next driving condition (See Japanese Patent Application Publication Laid-open No. HEI 9-47078, for instance). This brushless motor driving apparatus is operative, at a starting time of the motor, to start the motor by switching a driving phase forcibly with no rotor position detected by a synchronizing signal obtained from a driving apparatus-side oscillator in a period from a start to a low speed region.
However, the brushless motor driving apparatus according to the related art of the above configuration requires that sensing be performed continuously until a zero-cross signal indicating an inversion of the polarity determined by the comparison between a detected value of the back electromotive force and the neutral voltage is obtained, so that there is no denying a weakness to an external noise in a period before the zero-cross signal is obtained. Further, the above period necessitates a suppression of noise generation and hardly changes an output driving condition, so that a performance, such as an efficient change of a driving duty with a load amount, also is hardly increased.
Further, no generation of the back electromotive force at the starting time leads to a need for a dedicated starting circuit, and, in addition to this circuit, back electromotive force detection amplifiers equivalent in number to phases and some function circuits, such as an offset correction circuit for the above amplifiers, a noise removal circuit and a driving phase correction circuit are also required. Accordingly, a circuit configuration is easily complicated as a whole of the apparatus. This means that a power saving, a cost reduction and a downsizing of the brushless motor driving apparatus are hardly achieved.
Furthermore, there is also the need for a connection to extract the neutral voltage, so that in the case of the three-phase motor, for instance, the number of connections to connect the coils to the driving apparatus basically comes to four. When the driving apparatus is integrated into a motor apparatus, the smaller number of connections increases a degree of freedom of a circuit arrangement. In the brushless motor driving apparatus according to the related art, an attempt to carry out three connections, when being made, raises problems such as a degraded driving efficiency and a degraded operation stability caused by an addition of the correction circuit for correcting a zero-cross detection error or an acceptance of the detection error as it is. Thus, a use of the four connections is supposed to be indispensable, resulting in a restriction on the degree of freedom of the circuit arrangement when the driving apparatus is integrated into the motor apparatus.
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems and is intended to provide a motor driving apparatus, which may perform stable driving for revolutions with a relatively simple circuit configuration without being affected by an external noise, enables a low power consumption, a downsizing and a cost reduction to be achieved, and, besides, ensures a high degree of freedom of a circuit arrangement, a driving method thereof and a mobile terminal mounted with the driving apparatus.

Motor driving apparatus, driving method thereof and mobile terminal


A process and plant for air separation by cryogenic distillation. Air is cooled in a main exchanger and is sent to a distillation column in which it separates into an oxygen-enriched liquid and a nitrogen-enriched vapor. A stream of pressurized liquid coming from the apparatus vaporizes in the main exchanger. The refrigeration necessary for the process is generated by expansion of air in one or more turbines immediately downstream of the main exchanger. The turbine or turbines produces or produce, as output, a stream which is at least 95 percent liquid, preferably 100 percent liquid.

Air separation by cryogenic means involves the use of cold generation and of a cold source.
It is known to expand, with external work, gases under pressure which are introduced into an expansion machine at temperatures appreciably above their dew point.
FR-A-2,335,809 describes a single-turbine apparatus which provides the process with all the necessary refrigeration. The gas expanded in the turbine may be medium-pressure nitrogen or air. Overpressurized air is liquefied by heat exchange with liquid oxygen under pressure, which vaporizes.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,290 describes a process in which pressurized air, condensed by the vaporization of pumped liquid oxygen, then vaporizes in a turbine so as to produce a two-phase flow.
It is also known to keep an apparatus cold, at least partially, by feeding cryogenic liquids into distillation columns.
Known hydraulic turbines produce a fluid which is generally in liquid form.

Process and plant for air separation by cryogenic distillation

L'Air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'Etude et L'Exploitation des Procedes Georges Claude


The first cladding 52 has a two-layer structure formed of a solid inner layer 62A passed through the center axis of the first cladding 52 and an outer layer 62B enclosing the inner layer 62A and the plurality of cores 51 with no gap. A refractive index n1 of the core 51 is provided higher than refractive indexes n2A and n2B of the inner layer 62A and the outer layer 62B, the refractive indexes n2A and n2B of the inner layer 62A and the outer layer 62B are provided higher than a refractive index n3 of the second cladding 53, and the refractive index n2A of the inner layer 62A is provided lower than the refractive index n2B of the outer layer 62B.

In order to construct an optical communication system using a multicore fiber for a transmission line, an optical amplifier that amplifies communication light is essential. For a typical optical amplifier, it is widely known to use an erbium doped fiber (EDF). On the other hand, Patent Document 1 below is proposed as a multicore EDF.

Amplifying optical fiber and optical amplifier

NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION

OSAKA PREFECTURE UNIVERSITY PUBLIC CORPORATION

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CORPORATION SHIMANE UNIVERSITY


A method and system for blood pressure (BP) estimation of a person is provided. The system is estimating pulse transit time (PTT) using the ECG signal and PPG signal of the person. A plurality of features are extracted from the PPG. The plurality of PPG features and the PTT are provided as inputs to an automated feature selection algorithm. This algorithm selects a set of features suitable for BP estimation. The selected features are fed to a classifier to classify the database into low/normal BP range and a high BP range. The correctly classified normal BP data are then used to create a regression model to predict BP from the selected features. The current methodology uses automated feature selection mechanism and also employs a block to reject extreme BP data. Thus the available accuracy in predicting BP is expected to be more than the existing BP estimation methods.

Measurement of various physiological parameters, such as blood pressure of a person is typically performed in a clinical setting. Blood pressure is one of the important signs about the person's physical attributes and usefully indicates cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the measurement/estimation of blood pressure has gained increasing attention. One can measure blood pressure in one of the two ways, that is, invasive and non-invasive methods. Although the accuracy of invasive method is high, it carries great risks and thus is restricted to a hospital setting in critical care. The most popular non-invasive blood pressure measurement techniques are auscultatory and oscillometric. These two methods involve occlusion of blood flow using an inflatable cuff. The sphygmomanometer is an auscultatory technique. As the auscultatory method is non-invasive, easy, and safe, it is well supported and has been accepted as standard method for clinical measurement despite the inaccuracy due to both observer errors and methodological errors. However, rather than using a stethoscope, a calibrated electronic pressure transducer is used to monitor the pressure oscillations within the cuff. Since it is also non-invasive, easy, safe, and furthermore eliminates the mercury column, the oscillometric technique is used primarily in automated non-invasive blood pressure devices. Common limitations of measurement include the reliance on blood flow and selection of an inappropriate cuff size and position.
With the rapid increase of cardiovascular diseases non-invasive cuff-less measurement methods are more commonly required for routine examinations and monitoring. In this regard, a large number of studies have been conducted and it has been observed that the pulse transit time (PTT) is an important physiological parameter that it is closely related to arterial stiffness and can be used to estimate the blood pressure of the person. PTT can be determined as the time delay from the R wave peak of electrocardiogram (ECG) to a characteristic point of finger photoplethysmogram (PPG) in the same cardiac cycle.
However, one of the main problems in blood pressure estimation analysis is uncertainty. Some of the sources of this uncertainty include imprecision in computations and vagueness in class definition. Various methods in the prior arts have used PTT as a parameter for the estimation of blood pressure, but most fail to distinguish between extreme and normal BP values with high accuracy, therefore there is still scope for the improvement.

Method and system for cuffless blood pressure estimation using photoplethysmogram features and pulse transit time


With channels for the conveying of fibers, fiber slivers or yarns on spinning machines, problems are encountered in their manufacture. The channels must be made with a certain inside contour, where at the same time the quality of the surface inside the channel must be very good. The high surface quality is required in order to ensure trouble-free conveying. A channel is therefore proposed which is made as a tubular component, consisting of a metallic material and which has been produced by forming its interior by a medium under pressure. It is proposed for an open-end rotor spinning device to form the conveying channel separately from the other components of the lid of the rotor housing and to insert the channel into the lid. It is proposed in that case to use a channel according to the design shown above.

The present invention relates to a channel for the guidance or conveying of fibers, fiber slivers or yarns in a spinning machine, an open-end spinning device with such a channel, as well as a process for the manufacture of such a channel. A spinning machine with an open-end rotor spinning device is known from DE-A 37 34 544, in which the rotor housing is closed by means of a rotor lid, whereby the rotor lid and the channel located therein for the conveying of fibers into the spinning rotor are made in one piece by means of a molding or injection molding process. In order to obtain a bent form of the channel, the channel for fiber conveying is designed in such a manner in the open-end spinning device described in DE-A 37 34 544 that its two openings, the input opening for fibers and the output opening, are larger than the area of the channel between them, which is generally called the fiber feeding channel in open-end spinning machines. As a result, the cores which are necessary for the injection molding process which eventually produce the inside of the fiber feeding channel can be pulled out again from the form or from the completed rotor lid after the production of said rotor lid is completed. The molding method, in particular the injection molding method, makes it possible to produce the rotor lid in greater numbers, it being possible to produce the lid at the same time with lower tolerances and nevertheless economically. Such a channel has nevertheless the disadvantage that the design of its inner contour is very much restricted. In addition, the surface quality of the inside contour of the channel is not sufficiently high and must often be machined at high cost. A continuous transition between different cross-sections, e.g. also in the area of a diameter reduction of the channel or an enlargement of the diameter, is not possible or possible only with great difficulty.

Fiber conveying channel for a spinning machine

Rieter Ingolstadt Spinnereimaschinenbau AG


An aluminum frame window includes an outer frame assembly peripherally attached with a water-proof strip assembly, an inner frame assembly fastened to the outer frame assembly on the inside to hold a top-hinged outswinging windowpane and peripherally attached with a water-proof strip assembly, wherein air vents and air fan are made on the top on the inside between the outer frame assembly and the inner frame assembly on the outer frame assembly for ventilation.

The present invention relates to aluminum windows and relates more particularly to an aluminum window which is consisted of an outer frame, an inner frame and a water-proof parting strip assembly and which has means for ventilation.
A window has no longer a simple opening in a wall or roof to let in light or air. It has a great concern with the sense of beauty of a building. In recent years, aluminum frame windows are commonly used in building construction to replace conventional wooden sash windows for the advantage of inexpensive to manufacture and easy to install. An aluminum frame window is generally comprised of a windowpane held in an aluminum frame, which is consisted of four aluminum strips. However, conventional aluminum frame windows are not satisfactory in use. One disadvantage of conventional aluminum frame windows is that they may be squeezed to deform easily. Another disadvantage of conventional aluminum frame windows is that they may be caused to deform by pressure or great temperature changes, in reducing their water-proof and wind force protective capabilities. Still another disadvantage of conventional aluminum frame windows is that they stop ventilation as they are closed. Furthermore, they can not effectively eliminate the problem of water leakage as they are fastened to a respective opening in a wall.

Aluminum frame window with ventilating means

1F., No. 16, Lane 70, Alley 12, Sec. 3, Pa Der Rd.