Provided is a display device capable of preventing a liquid crystal from being left outside a microcavity. The display device includes: a substrate; a pixel electrode formed on the substrate; a roof layer formed on the pixel electrode so as to be spaced apart from the pixel electrode with a plurality of microcavities therebetween; a light blocking member positioned between two microcavities of the plurality of microcavities, overlapping with a first edge of one microcavity of the two microcavities, and not overlapping with a second edge of the other microcavity; an injection hole exposing a part of the microcavity; a liquid crystal layer filling the microcavity; and an encapsulation layer formed on the roof layer so as to cover the injection hole to seal the microcavity.

(a) Field
The invention relates to a display device, and more particularly, to a display device capable of reducing or effectively preventing a liquid crystal from being outside a microcavity.
(b) Description of the Related Art
The liquid crystal display which is one of the most common types of flat panel displays currently in use, includes two sheets of display panels with field generating electrodes such as a pixel electrode, a common electrode and the like, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the display panels. The liquid crystal display generates an electric field in the liquid crystal layer by applying a voltage to the field generating electrodes, determines alignment of liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer through the generated electric field, and controls polarization of incident light, thereby displaying images.
The two sheets of display panels of the liquid crystal display may include a thin film transistor array panel and an opposing display panel. In the thin film transistor array panel, a gate line transferring a gate signal and a data line transferring a data signal are formed to cross each other, a thin film transistor connected with the gate line and the data line, a pixel electrode connected with the thin film transistor, and the like may be disposed. In the opposing display panel, a light blocking member, a color filter, a common electrode and the like may be disposed. In some cases, the light blocking member, the color filter and the common electrode may be disposed on the thin film transistor array panel.
However, in a liquid crystal display in the related art, two sheets of substrates are used, and respective constituent elements are formed on the two sheets of substrates. As a result, there are problems in that the display device is relatively heavy and thick, has a relatively high cost and has a long process time.


A wavelength-doubling optical parametric oscillator (OPO) comprising a type II nonlinear optical medium for generating a pair of degenerate waves at twice a pump wavelength and a plurality of mirrors for rotating the polarization of one wave by 90 degrees to produce a wavelength-doubled beam with an increased output energy by coupling both of the degenerate waves out of the OPO cavity through the same output coupler following polarization rotation of one of the degenerate waves.

This invention relates to the production of wavelength-doubled light by a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (OPO).
Wavelength doubling is a potentially useful way to obtain light at a wavelength (2λ) twice as long as the wavelength (1λ) of a pump laser. For example, the Nd:YAG fundamental wavelength at λ=1064 nm can be doubled to λ=2128 using an OPO. If conversion efficiency from λ to 2λ of 30%-50% could be obtained, wavelength-doubled Nd:YAG lasers might offer a well-developed, affordable alternative to costly 2-μm lasers such as Tm:YAG or Tm:Ho:YAG. A wavelength-doubled Nd:YAG laser could then serve as the "pump" source for crystal nonlinear optics (NLO) in materials that absorb wavelengths shorter than 2 μm. For example, an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on the mid-IR nonlinear crystal ZGP pumped by a wavelength-doubled Nd:YAG laser might allow affordable access to wavelengths in the important 4-8 μm spectral region. The cost of such an Nd:YAG-based system may be competitive with, or even cheaper than, systems pumped by Tm:YAG of Tm:Ho:YAG lasers having comparable performance specifications.
Kalmani et al. (G. Kalmani, A. Arie, P. Blau, S. Pearl, and A. V. Smith, "Polarization-mixing optical parametric oscillator," Optics Lett. 30 (2005) pp. 2146-2148) describes an optical parametric oscillator that uses polarization rotation in a linear retarder in combination with Type II degenerate parametric down-conversion in a periodically poled KTP (KTiOPO4) crystal pumped by a 1064-nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser to produce a single, linearly polarized beam at precisely the degenerate wavelength of 2128 nm. This approach uses a planar cavity design with intra-cavity polarization and retardation optics.
A. V. Smith and D. J. Armstrong (U.S. Pat. No. 6,775,054) report a device for optical parametric amplification utilizing four mirrors oriented in a nonplanar configuration where the optical plane formed by two of the mirrors is orthogonal to the optical plane formed by the other two mirrors and with the ratio of lengths of the laser beam paths approximately constant regardless of the scale of the device. A conversion efficiency of greater than 45% is reported.

Wavelength-doubling optical parametric oscillator


The invention provides secA1 polypeptides and DNA (RNA) encoding secA1 polypeptides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques. Also provided are methods for utilizing secA1 polypeptides to screen for antibacterial compounds.

It is particularly preferred to employ Staphylococcal genes and gene products as targets for the development of antibiotics. The Staphylococci make up a medically important genera of microbes. They are known to produce two types of disease, invasive and toxigenic. Invasive infections are characterized generally by abscess formation effecting both skin surfaces and deep tissues. S. aureus is the second leading cause of bacteremia in cancer patients. Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, septic thrombophlebitis and acute bacterial endocarditis are also relatively common. There are at least three clinical conditions resulting from the toxigenic properties of Staphylococci. The manifestation of these diseases result from the actions of exotoxins as opposed to tissue invasion and bacteremia. These conditions include: Staphylococcal food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome.
The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus infections has risen dramatically in the past 20 years. This has been attributed to the emergence of multiply antibiotic resistant strains and an increasing population of people with weakened immune systems. It is no longer uncommon to isolate Staphylococcus aureus strains which are resistant to some or all of the standard antibiotics. This has created a demand for both new anti-microbial agents and diagnostic tests for this organism.
SecA is an essential component of the bacterial protein secretion apparatus. This enzyme has been found in a wide variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. SecA proteins from different bacterial species are highly homologous and there is no known mammalian homologue making SecA an ideal target for therapeutic intervention. The proposed model of SecA activity (1,2) is based on the fact that SecA binds open-folded preproteins and interacts with a specific receptor complex at the cytoplasmic membrane. See Economou, A. and Wickner, W. (1994) Cell 78, 835-843; and Economou, A. et al. (1995) Cell 83, 1171-1181. ATP hydrolysis then provides the driving force for translocation of the preprotein by a unique mechanism involving transient insertion of SecA across the cytoplasmic membrane. This mechanism of bacterial translocation requires interaction of SecA with itself (SecA is functional as a dimer (Driessen, A. J. M. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 13190-13197)), ATP (van der Wolk, J. P. W. et al. (1995) Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 18975-18982), preprotein, membrane phospholipids (Breukink, E. et al. (1995) Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 7902-7907; Chen, X et al. (1996) Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 29698-29706; van der Does, C. (1996) Molecular Microbiology 22, 619-629), SecB (Breukink, E. et al., supra) and the integral membrane components of the bacterial secretion apparatus (Snyders, S. et al. (1997) Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 11302-11306). These numerous interactions provide us with many opportunities to inhibit the activity of this enzyme. Prom the above discussion we would expect inhibitors of SecA-mediated protein secretion to be broad spectrum and bactericidal without affecting eukaryotic protein secretion. For recent reviews of Sec dependent preprotein translocation see Wickner,W and Leonard,M. R. (1996) Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 29514-29516; and den Blaauwen, T. and Driessen, J. M. (1996) Arch Microbiol 165, 1-8.
Clearly, there is a need for factors, such as the novel compounds of the invention, that have a present benefit of being useful to screen compounds for antibiotic activity. Such factors are also useful to determine their role in pathogenesis of infection, dysfunction and disease. There is also a need for identification and characterization of such factors and their antagonists and agonists which can play a role in preventing, ameliorating or correcting infections, dysfunctions or diseases.
The polypeptides of the invention have amino acid sequence homology to a known S.aureus NCTC 8325 secA protein.

DNA encoding the SecA1 polypeptide of Staphylococcus aureus


A miniaturized fingerprint sensor has a holographic phase grating glued to a base surface of a trapezoidal prism which operates on light totally internally reflecting from a finger-coverslip interface protecting the exterior surface of the grating, diffracting the reflected light to propagate back through the base surface and out the top parallel surface of the prism in a converging beam having an optical axis normally oriented (.perp.) with respect to such parallel base and top surfaces of the prism. A mirror folds the emerging converging light beam directing it into a camera system. The converging light beam emerging from the top surface of the trapezoidal prism contains high contrast, detailed images of ridges, valleys and pores of a finger-surface interface oriented in a plane normal to the optical axis. The holographic phase grating diffracting reflected light from the finger-surface interface into a converging light beam not only eliminates image distortion due dimensional compression, and aberrations, but also eliminates `hot spots` in the reduced image before capture. The converging beam from the holographic phase grating also allows shorter optical lengths and significant dimensional miniaturization of such sensors. Fingerprint images of a quality that allows resolution of pores on the finger surface ridges are reliably obtained making the invented fingerprint sensor ideally suited for providing input to fingerprint recording, recognition and verification systems.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to generation and capture of high contrast, detailed optical fingerprint images, and in particular, to a miniaturized optical sensor combining a trapezoidal right angle prism with a holographic phase grating to produce a fingerprint image without dimensional or spatial distortion. The invention further relates to a method of constructing the holographic phase gratings for the invented miniaturized fingerprint sensor.
1. Description of the Prior Art
Total internal reflection has been used for a long time to optically sense ridges and valleys of a finger surface, i.e., to optically capture a fingerprint. H. J. Caulfield and D. R. Perkins, (Caulfield et al) in U.S. Pat. No. 3,716,301 teaches the use of a prism sensor based on total internal reflection in their holographic finger print recognition system. S. Igaki, S Eguchi, F. Yamagishi, H. Ikeda and T. Inagaki (Igaki et. al.) in a paper published in Applied Optics, Vol. 31, pp. 1794-1802 (1955), disclose a parallel plate sensor using total internal reflection in a flat glass plate to transport a captured fingerprint image in combination with a holographic grating both which retrieve the image reflecting within the plate and which corrects to a degree for dimensional aberration in that image. The device described by Igaki et. al. works in a scattering mode rather than absorption. Accordingly, image contrast is reversed with respect to that obtained by Caulfield et al., and a pair of cylindrical lenses are required for correcting astigmatism in the captured image.
More recently, M. Metz, C. Flatow, Z. Coleman and N. J. Phillips (M. Metz et. al.) have developed an edge lit hologram for capturing a fingerprint images not based on total internal reflection.See Laser Focus World, May, 1994, pp. 159-163 and a paper entitled "The Use Of Edge-lit Holograms For Compact Fingerprint Capture" published in the Conference Proceedings of "Card-Tech Secure-Tech 1995" held Apr. 10-13, 1995, in Washington D.C., pp. 221-228.
The primary disadvantage of existing prism fingerprint sensors is that the fingerprint is compressed in one orthogonal dimension with respect to the other by a factor equal to the cosine of the angle at which the image plane is inclined relative to the normal. To explain, any image in a plane viewed at an angle 45.degree. to the normal is compressed in one dimension by cos. (45.degree.), i.e. by 1/.sqroot.2. Right angle isosceles (45.degree.) prisms are typically described for obtaining fingerprint images.!
Another serious drawback of existing prism fingerprint sensors is that the image plane of the fingerprint emerges from the various sensors inclined with respect to the optical axis. Accordingly, it usually necessary to optically and/or computationally reorient the image to a plane normal (.perp.) to the optical axis for optimal resolution.
The glass plate sensor of S. Igaki et al utilizes a holographic grating to diffract internally reflected light propagating within a glass plate at an angle greater than the critical angle so that the wave can emerge from the plate into the air. S. Igaki et al specifically point out that to create such a grating, one of the two interfering light waves for constructing the hologram must meet the conditions of total internal reflection, that is light cannot enter the holographic recording plate from the air. S. Igaki et al then describe a complicated procedure for creating a suitable holographic grating involving a different wavelength of light. Finally, the glass plate holographic grating sensor described by S. Igaki et al has astigmatism because the spherically divergent waveforms scattered from a fingerprint ridges are diffracted by fringe planes of a holographic grating creating by planar waveforms.
In co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/499,673 filed Jul. 7, 1995 entitled "A PRISM FINGERPRINT SENSOR USING A HOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL ELEMENT", the Applicant and Thomas M. Corboline describe a fingerprint sensor which includes a holographic phase grating optically coupled with and forming a right angle surface of a prism which diffracts light totally internally reflecting from its external surface to propagate normally (.perp.) back into the prism. In the areas where the ridges of the finger surface are in contact with the grating surface the illuminating light is refracted and absorbed. In the areas corresponding to valleys and pores of the finger surface not in contact with the grating surface, the illuminating light is totally internally reflected. The reflected light is diffracted by the holographic phase grating and emerges from the transmission surface of the prism producing a high contrast, detailed image of the ridges, pores and valleys of the finger surface sensor surface interface oriented in a plane normal to the optical axis. The particular advantage conferred is that the holographic phase grating eliminates image distortion due to dimensional compression. And, because the waveform of the image within and emerging from the invented sensor is planar, there is no necessity for additional optics, other than a good camera lens, to correct image aberrations before recording the image electronically or in film. Nor is there any necessity for optically or computationally correcting or enhancing the recorded images thereafter.
However, the light emerging from the invented sensor with the fingerprint image from the transmission surface of the prism is more or less collimated. For most applications the image must therefore be converged or imaged upon, for example, a 1/3 inch diagonal CCD light sensitive surface using a lens. If the converging/imaging lens is placed close to the transmission surface of the prism, not all the light rays reflected from the grating surface are captured and converged. As a result, the image is brighter in its central region than its periphery causing a hot spot. Such phenomena effectively limits the extent to which the invented sensor with collimated light output can be miniaturized.

Miniature fingerprint sensor using a trapezoidal prism and a holographic optical element


The invention relates to a cooking appliance (10) comprising a cooking chamber (11) with heating elements (12) and a water supply (30) that has a water outlet (33) and is fed by an outer water supply line (40). The water supply (30) is provided with at least one intermediate water storage tank (45) with a pre-determined inner volume (46) that can be filled with water and is fed by the outer water supply line. The filling and emptying of the inner volume (46) of the at least one intermediate water storage tank (45) can be temporarily blocked by means of a three-way valve or two-way valves. The water from the inner volume (33) of the at least one intermediate water storage tank (45) can be emptied via the water outlets (33) in order to generate steam in the cooking chamber (11). The emptying of said at least one intermediate water storage tank is especially periodical or clocked. The intermediate water storage tank can be embodied as a lifting cylinder that is filled and emptied by the lifting movement of a piston (48).

To an increasing extent, cooking appliances are also being equipped with a steam generating system in order to improve the results of the cooking process with the help of the humid air thereby ensuing in the cooking chamber. Such cooking appliances are, for example, combination steamers, baking-ovens, steaming appliances or hot-air ovens. They serve, in particular, for the purposes of preparing food for consumption. It is preferred hereby that the steam be produced by injecting water directly into the cooking chamber. To this end, water is supplied to the cooking chamber and distributed therein in different forms and is thereby evaporated by the hot environment.
In accordance with the concepts known from DE 101 58 425 C1, DE 39 09 283 C2 or EP 0 233 535 B1 for example, water supply pipes are employed for this purpose, said pipes conveying the water to a point close to the hub of the fan wheel in a rotary blower. Due to the fact that the fan wheel is rotating about its hub, the water is, for example, fed from the hub to the impeller blades of the fan by centrifugal force and there, the water is decomposed into drops of as small a size as possible and these then evaporate in the hot atmosphere of the cooking chamber. The rotation of the fan wheel thus leads to the atomisation process.
It is also desirable for the rate of flow of the water being supplied to be regulated or controlled. To this end, DE 39 09 283 C2 describes a hot-air oven in which the water supply is equipped with a solenoid valve. Moreover, provision is made for the temperature in the exhaust air flue to be measured. The solenoid valve is thus operated for controlling the supply of water in dependence on the temperature-measured in the exhaust air flue. However, if the water flow is switched off completely, undersaturation and thus impairment of the cooked item can occur due to losses or absorption of the steam by the cooked item.
In order to avoid this effect, the users try to get round this disconnection process by not using the system.
Furthermore, a proposal is known from DE 202 00 618 U1 which enables the quantity of water to be reduced, this thereby avoiding the dangers ensuing if the flow of water is completely switched off. Here, the water supply is equipped with a controllable water dosage means for dosing the quantity of water flowing through the arrangement. The result of this is that the rate of flow of the water is no longer maintained at approximately the same level but is reduced after reaching saturation. This reduction enables a substantial saving of energy to be achieved during the cooking process.
As in DE 39 09 283 C2, adjustable solenoid valves are also employed in other cases in order to switch on or switch off the flow of water to the cooking chamber. These valves are usually regulated by an electronic control system. The rate of flow is comparatively small and amounts in practice, to between 3 and 25 litres per hour, corresponding approximately to 1 cm3/s to 7 cm3/s in dependence on the size of the oven.
However, there are large fluctuations of pressure in the public water supply network and the pressure varies very widely from place to place. In practice, the pressure in the pipes may be between 0.2 and 1.0 MPa, i.e. between about 2 and 10 bar.
However, a constant rate of flow would be a prerequisite for maintaining a uniform and reproducible quantity of steam and thus obtaining reproducible results from the cooking process. If the rate of flow for generating the steam varies, this has an effect on the temperature in the cooking chamber since substantial quantities of energy must be expended in order to evaporate the amount of water that has been introduced. Too large a variation in the rate of flow means a large change in value of a disturbance variable which rapidly leads to excessive demands on the temperature regulator. A deviation from the preferred temperature, particularly in the steam mode of operation, then leads to the results of the cooking process being unsatisfactory. In the event that the amount of water supplied is too small, the amount of steam produced may be so low that this will have negative effects on the result of the cooking process.
In the present state of the art for example, mechanical water pressure regulators are employed in order to maintain the variable water input pressure at a constant initial value. However, these pressure regulators have the disadvantage that the initially set pressure values alter during the operational period and, due to their method of construction, they exhibit inertia which prevents rapid readjustment of the pressure in the face of a rapidly changing input pressure.
Furthermore, the regulators and the valves being utilised need to be initially adjusted.
Moreover, a disadvantage of the state of the art is that the initially set rate of flow can only be altered to a limited extent by the electronic control system. The rate of flow can in fact be reduced by applying clock pulses to the solenoid valve, but it cannot be increased without further measures.

MKN Maschinenfabrik Kurt Neubauer GmbH & Co.


A system for supporting and rotating substrates in a process chamber comprising a first exhaust vacuum pump for exhausting the process chamber, a shaft vertically extending into the process chamber to support wafers in it, bearings for supporting the shaft rotatable, a mechanism for rotating the shaft together with the wafers, a bearing casing for covering the bearings and communicated with the process chamber, a second exhaust vacuum pump for exhausting the bearing casing, and a controller for controlling the first and second exhaust vacuum pumps in such a way that the bearing casing is exhausted by the second exhaust vacuum pump before the process chamber is exhausted by the first exhaust vacuum pump.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system having a process chamber such as the heat process and load lock chambers of the vertical type and serving to support and rotate substrates such as semiconductor wafers, which are to be processed, in the process chamber. The present invention also relates to a method of supporting and rotating the substrates in the process chamber.
2. Description of the Related Art
When the heat-diffusing, heat-oxidizing or CVD film forming process is to be applied to the semiconductor wafers, the heat process apparatus of the vertical type is usually used. In the case of the heat process apparatus of the vertical type, a wafer boat is rotated round a vertical shaft in a process tube so as to enable a certain processing rate to be achieved. A boat supporting and rotating system has a double-magnet structure in which an outer (or drive) magnet and an inner (or driven) magnet are combined with each other to seal the process chamber from outside. When the outer magnet is rotated in this case, the inner one is also rotated following the outer magnet. In short, the boat supporting and rotating system is intended to use the magnetic interaction of the outer and inner magnets to transmit rotation force to the wafer boat. The wafer boat is rotated together with the inner magnet in this case.
Rare earth magnets are used as these inner and outer ones. They have a strong coercive force and an excellent heat resistance, but they are fragile and easily broken. They are therefore nickel-plated to prevent particles from being caused from them. When impact is added to them, however, the layer of nickel-plate is peeled off from them and metal contamination is caused accordingly. When magnetic material is thus exposed, it is eroded by erosive process gas and the amount of particles thus caused is increased accordingly.
In order to prevent oil contamination, the boat supporting and rotating system uses ceramics bearings which make it unnecessary to use lubricating oil in the bearing casing. However, each of these ceramics bearings is a combination of materials of different kinds. Particles are thus easily caused. When the process tube is exhausted after the wafer boat is carried into it, particles in the bearing casing of the boat supporting and rotating system are scattered into the process tube to thereby contaminate the wafers. In the case of the conventional boat supporting and rotating system, therefore, particles scattered into the process chamber cause metal contamination. This causes the productivity of the apparatus to become low.

System and method for supporting and rotating substrates in a process chamber


A device (10) for raising and lowering an impaired person between the ground and a higher level for boarding and deplaning from an airplane. The device (10) comprises a wheeled frame (12) and a hydraulic lift for raising and lowering the person (14). The hydraulic lift (14) extends upwardly from the wheeled frame (12). The device (10) also comprises a platform (16) oriented transversely in relation to the hydraulic lift (14), the platform (16) being adapted for supporting the impaired person or a wheelchair in which the person reposes. The device (10) also has a protective enclosure (18) mounted upon the platform (16) which surrounds the impaired person.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a device for elevating an occupied wheelchair and, more particularly, is concerned with a device for raising and lowering an occupant between ground and a higher level for boarding and deplaning from an airplane.
2. Description of Background Art
An impaired person may be incapable of transitioning without assistance from ground level to the door of an airplane. This is particularly so in rural locations, where a commuter airline may be serviced by ground-based facilities which do not include moving ramps or walkways.
In such situations, the need has arisen for providing a device for raising and lowering an impaired person, who may be wheelchair-bound or stretcher-bound between the ground and a higher level for boarding and deplaning from an airplane.

Device for raising and lowering an impaired person


Ribbon cables have lower capacitance, higher impedance, and faster propagation velocities with microporous fibril thermoplastic dielectric insulation, because they have great amounts of air adjacent to the conductors and the improved electrical performance is due in part to the improved crush resistance. Crystallizable thermoplastic polymers having good fibril structure and crush resistance include polyolefins such as polypropylene and polymethylpentene. A layer of metal adhered to the dielectric insulation provides improved transmission line properties.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an improved electrical cable and process for making the subject cable having a low dielectric constant, and in particular, a flexible shielded ribbon cable having multiple conductors with improved transmission line characteristics, improved crush resistance and good mechanical characteristics for mass termination.
2. Description of Prior Art
There already exist in the marketplace multiconductor flexible, mass terminable cables having transmission line characteristics such as controlled impedance, crosstalk, propagation delay, etc. It is well known that by lowering the effective dielectric constant of the cable by including air in the dielectric, the signal speed can be increased.
Providing porosity in a dielectric suitable for cables is known. Foam type insulations are known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,529,340, where the foam coated conductors were placed in a sheath which is shrunk onto the foam covered conductors. Another patent is U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,423, disclosing a foam insulation said to contain a large percentage of air trapped within the material. In this patent, foam covered conductors are embedded within an insulating material which completely surrounds the foam insulation. The insulating material is used to hold the conductors in a parallel configuration and provides strength to the cable when subjected to compression.
Another patent describing a foamed insulative material for conductors includes U.S. Pat. No. 5,110,998, issued May 5, 1992 describing an ultramicrocellular foamed polymer structure formed from suitable polymers including the class of synthetic, crystalline and crystallizable, organic polymers, e.g. polyhydrocarbons such as linear polyethylene, polypropylene, stereo-regular polypropylenes or polystyrene, polyethers such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamides both aliphatic and aromatic, and the list goes on, but concludes the polymers should have a softening point of at least about 40.degree. C. The high degree of orientation of the closed polyhedral cells, of this foamed material, contributes to the strength of the structures. The foamed structure is described for use as an insulative material for individual conductors smaller than 1.27 mm and annular insulation thickness less than 0.51 mm. The insulative material is flash spun over a moving wire in air at ambient temperature and pressure or by an extrusion spinning method. The crush resistance of the material is described in column 3 lines 64 to column 4 line 9. The recovery rate is not considered sufficient to provide good electrical properties to signal wire and the material is not suitable for making ribbon cable.
Further, W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. sells cable made with "Gortex".TM." dielectric films, a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Polytetrafluoroethylene is not a conventional thermoplastic and is not easily processed and is costly. Various patents have been assigned to W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. of Newark, Del. including U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,953,566 and 4,187,390 relating to the process for making a porous polytetrafluoroethylene polymer; 4,443,657 which relates to the manufacture of a ribbon cable using two layers of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as insulation, and 4,866,212 relating a coaxial electric cable formed of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,006 describes a shielded ribbon cable comprising a plurality of conductors encased in a low-loss plastic or elastomer insulation such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, tetrafluoroethylene polymer, fluorinated ethylene propylene and EPDM rubber, and a shield wrapped around the cable and adhered to the insulation. The shield material preferably had a maximum resistivity (minimum conductivity) of 3.5 milliohms per square and examples of the shielding material included a copper foil, an aluminum foil/polyester laminate or an expanded copper foil mesh. The shield was cigarette wrapped about the insulation with the shield bonded to the insulation to provide an effective uniform transverse and longitudinal dielectric constant.
Another patent which teaches the construction of a shielded ribbon cable is U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,784 which describes an electrical shield having a continuous metallic foil having a plurality of transverse folds to provide a shielded cable with greater flexibility and less subject to cracking. This patent discloses one type of shielding material usable for the cable of the present invention.
High speed cables of the prior art generally utilize expanded PTFE dielectrics such as those sold by W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. or foamed perfluoro polymers. Such cable structures have reduced crush resistance as compared to solid dielectrics. This reduced crush resistance results in reduced transmission line characteristics as a result of damage caused by normal routing or handling of cables made from these conventional dielectrics.
Because of the very high processing temperatures, cables made in ribbon format with polytetrafluoroethylene generally have silver plated or nickel plated conductors to avoid the oxidation of the conductors during processing. Use of either causes significant cost increase. In addition, if nickel is used, difficulty in soldering to the conductors is encountered.
It should be noted that lamination and fusion of thermoplastic insulations to make ribbon cables has been taught in the prior art such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,844 assigned to David J. Crimmins, et. al. and U.S. Pat. No. 2,952,728 assigned to Kyohei Yokose, et. al. The Crimmins patent teaches lamination of solid dielectrics around variably spaced wires. This method will not work with air filled dielectrics without collapsing the air filled structure. Similarly, The Yokose patent teaches lamination of solid dielectrics around conductors. However, the tool or roller design employed will cause excessive melting and destruction of the fibril structure of the material in the present invention. Both of the methods employed in the prior art would not work with the materials presented herein. The process and materials of the present invention teach lamination without significant destruction or collapse of the air filled structure adjacent the conductors.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,443,657, assigned to W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc., demonstrates a means of bonding sheets of PTFE using a sintering process. The softness of the unsintered core dielectric forces the inventor to place a solid layer of insulation over the top of the unsintered core resulting in significant reductions in electrical performance of the finished cable due to the solid dielectric.
The crush resistance of dielectrics which contain large percentages of air voids has long been a problem in the use of high speed dielectrics. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,730,088 assigned to Junkosha Co., LTD., Japan, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was reinforced by use of a laser beam or a hot metal rod. The piercing of the soft insulation by the beam or rod caused a unique phenonema to occur to the porous PTFE called sintering. In this case, the sintering causes the soft dielectric to form a solid skin of PTFE on the inside wall of the created hole. Since sintered PTFE has many times the structural strength of the unsintered porous dielectric, the cylinders so created act like beams to resist crushing forces. An alternate method disclosed, used heated rolls to put grooves in the surface of the insulation. Both methods sole purpose is to increase the crush resistance of the insulation. Both disclosed solutions suffer from the creation of discontinuities in the dielectric which add to signal speed variation as the electrical fields encounter these discontinuities.
The product disclosed in the present application also has improved crush resistance over unsintered expanded polytetrafluoroethylene without the time consuming and expensive process of forming sintered cylinders or grooves in the dielectric. This product, in addition to having the improved electrical properties at substantially reduced cost and with improved crush resistance, does not have the dielectric discontinuities associated with the formation of sintered shapes as with prior art. The process used to form this product also can be accomplished at substantially reduced temperatures permitting conductors to be used with or without plating which provides additional cost reduction. The unique crush resistant properties of the subject product result since the polymers employed to make the insulation do not have the uncharacteristic changes called sintering but rather have the improved properties immediately upon cooling thus eliminating costly and time consuming sintering processes.
The prior art demonstrates that many attempts have been made to provide electrical cables with lower dielectric constant and/or fixed shield-wire spacing to improve electrical characteristics. The prior art cables sacrifice durability and crush resistance to achieve lower dielectric constant and faster propagation velocities. This is in part due to the necessity to employ polymer structures which are inherently soft or weak in their structural integrity. Examples being the foamed materials and porous polytetrafluoroethylene polymer.
The present invention provides an improved cable construction which can have lower dielectric constants and higher propagation velocities and maintain the same uniformity along the cable, even though it is flexed since the dielectric is more crush resistant and the shield is maintained in spaced position at the areas where the cable is flexed. In addition the processing of the product is done at lower temperature permitting the use of conductors with or without plating.

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company


An integral truck bed liner and mat assembly for installing into a bed region of a pickup truck for protecting the painted surfaces of the bed region from damage while at the same time providing a non-slip surface area for stored cargo items. The integral truck bed liner comprises a base liner, a pair of opposed upstanding liner walls which extend upward perpendicular to the base liner, a header liner having opposite ends, the header liner affixed at each end to one of the upstanding liner walls and also extending upward from the base liner. A base mat which has a serrated top surface is secured to the base liner, the serrated top surface providing traction so that when cargo items are placed upon it when the device is installed into the bed region of the truck, the cargo items will not shift or slide while the vehicle is underway, but rather will remain safely stationary.

Removable liners for pick-up truck beds are well known the art. These devices typically have been used to protect the painted surfaces of the truck bed from scratches, dents and the like so that the vehicle may be used to haul cargo without causing damage thereto. In addition, these devices are utilized to protect the truck bed against the harmful effects of the weather, and to provide a neat, clean aesthetic appearance to the vehicle. These devices typically comprise a thin, hard plastic material which is affixed to the bed and bed-side walls of the truck to insulate these surfaces from damage caused by sliding cargo.
While standard bed liners do indeed serve their intended purpose of protecting the painted surfaces of the truck bed, they nevertheless prove troublesome in that they allow cargo which is placed thereupon to slide around the truck bed interior. To combat this problem, truck bed mats have been developed which, when placed upon the unprotected bed floor, provide a non-slip surface which prevents cargo items from sliding and shifting thereupon. Truck users often find themselves installing a truck bed liner and then purchasing a separate truck bed mat and placing the mat upon the slick surface of the bed liner. While cargo items are accordingly prevented from sliding upon the surface of the bed mat, the slick properties of the liner allow the bed mat unit to slide about in the truck bed interior. What is needed is an integral bed liner-mat assembly which, while protecting the painted surfaces of the truck bed interior also prevents cargo items from shifting and sliding within the bed interior.
While these prior art units may be suitable for the particular purpose employed, or for general use, they would not be as suitable for the purposes of the present invention as disclosed hereafter.


An illumination apparatus includes: a solid-state light source; a Peltier element configured to cool the solid-state light source; a light amount sensor configured to detect an amount of a light emitted from the solid-state light source; a power consumption monitor configured to monitor power consumptions of the solid-state light source and the Peltier element; and a power controller configured to control powers supplied to the solid-state light source and the Peltier element. The power controller controls the powers supplied to the solid-state light source and the Peltier element, on the basis of the light amount detected by the light amount sensor and a sum of the power consumptions of the solid-state light source and the Peltier element.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an illumination apparatus, a display apparatus and a projection display apparatus, each including a solid-state light source and a light valve which modulates a light emitted from the solid-state light source.
2. Description of the Related Art
There has heretofore been known a display apparatus including: a solid-state light source such as an LED (Light Emitting Diode) and an LD (Laser Diode); and a light valve which modulates a light emitted from the solid-state light source. Here, the solid-state light source generates heat when power is supplied thereto. As an operating temperature of the solid-state light source is increased, an amount of a light emitted from the solid-state light source is reduced.
Therefore, there has been proposed a display apparatus including a cooling device, such as a Peltier element, which cools a solid-state light source in order to suppress reduction in a light amount due to an increase in an operating temperature of the solid-state light source (see, for example, claims 6 and 7, Paragraph [0024] and the like in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-149943).
To be more specific, in the display apparatus described above, cooling power of the cooling device is controlled so as to allow the amount of a light emitted from the solid-state light source to approach a target light amount. Therefore, the amount of the light emitted from the solid-state light source is maintained constant.
Recently, from the viewpoint of environmental consideration and the like, reduction in power consumption of the display apparatus has been demanded.
However, in the display apparatus described above, the cooling power of the cooling device is merely controlled to keep constant the amount of the light emitted from the solid-state light source. Therefore, measures to meet the demand for reduction in power consumption are insufficient.

Illumination apparatus, display apparatus and projection display apparatus


A switching circuit (30) in a portable telephone connects a gate of a field-effect transistor (Q1) to a voltage below the transistor's gate threshold voltage when the voltage at a first power source terminal (B) falls below a threshold voltage, thus disconnecting the first power source terminal (B) from a portable telephone power input terminal (B+) and connecting a second power source terminal (A) to the power input terminal (B+). The threshold voltage is set at a voltage above the minimum supply voltage of the portable telephone. The first power source terminal may be connected to a main battery and the second power source terminal may be connected to an adapter such as a battery eliminator adapter, hands-free adapter, or mobile transceiver adapter. This switching circuit prevents a call in progress from being disconnected when power sources are exchanged during a GSM burst.

Portable telephones currently use batteries as their main power source. For example, cellular telephones use an attached or internal portable battery, and transportable telephones, sometimes called bag-phones, use a portable battery. Adapters, such as battery eliminator adapters, hands-free adapters, or mobile transceiver adapters, can be connected to a vehicle cigarette lighter to provide an external power source for augmenting the main battery. Switching from the main battery to the external power source and vice versa interrupts the power supply to the telephone and may cause termination of a cellular telephone call in process under certain conditions. For example, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) applications incorporate a burst mode that pulls 1.6 A or more during a burst. If the cellular telephone power supply is changed during a GSM burst, a telephone call in process may be terminated abruptly due to a failure to complete the power source switch-over during a limited switching period.
The switching period can be lengthened by using a capacitor as a charge storage device. Currently, a large 3300 .mu.F capacitor with dimensions of 48 mm by 12 mm stores a charge during the switch-over. As portable telephones reduce in size, however, incorporating a large capacitor into a telephone is undesirable. Thus, there is a need for a portable telephone that accommodates a power source change during a telephone call without requiring a large capacitor.

External power source to main battery power sources switch


A hanging chair includes a collapsible spreader bar that reduces the size of the product when in a disassembled configuration. The hanging chair includes a flexible seating portion having first and second side edges. A plurality of ropes connect the first and second side edges of the flexible seating portion to the collapsible spreader bar.

Hanging chairs, also known as hammock chairs, are commonly used for leisure and relaxation. Such chairs are typically suspended from a tree, post or other structure capable of supporting a person and generally include a cloth or fabric seating surface. Often, the seating surface is suspended from a spreader bar using, for example, ropes or cables.
Spreader bars known in the art are typically several feet long and often manufactured out of hardwoods or other rigid materials. The length of the spreader bar creates several problems for manufacturers, distributors, retailers and end-users. For example, when shipping items, it is desirable to minimize their overall size. However, the length of the spreader bar in a conventional hanging chair necessitates a large, cumbersome, package that is costly to ship. Conventional hanging chairs, likewise, require a large amount of shelf space in retail stores and are difficult for end-users to store when not in use.
What is needed is an improved hanging chair, which can meet the packaging and storage needs of manufacturers, distributors, retailers and end-users.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Hanging chair with collapsible spreader bar


Glasses comprising Bi203, ZnO B203 and optionally a colorant including an oxide of a metal such as iron, cobalt, manganese, nickel, copper and chromium are suitable to form hermetic seals in solar cell modules, architectural glass windows and MEMS devices. Glass frit and paste compositions suitable for flow and bonding to various substrates—glass, metal, silicon, in the temperature range of 400-500 degrees Centigrade. The broad compositional range in mole % is 25-70% Bi203, up to 65% ZnO, and 1-70% B203. Such glasses do not have batched in alumina or silica. Such glasses lack alumina and silica.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to glass powders in the Bi2O3—ZnO—B2O3 system. Such glasses have low melting points and provide good flow characteristics with low or tunable crystallization tendencies.
2. Description of Related Art
Microelectromechanical systems ("MEMS") devices are microscale machines that perform work or measurements such as an accelerometer, rate sensor, actuator, pressure sensor and the like. Signal lines electrically connect the MEMS device to a microprocessor and/or to other circuitry. MEMS devices are plagued by the possibility that moisture, dirty air, dust and other foreign matter may enter the mechanism and cause premature failure or otherwise impede the operation of the MEMS device.
Sealing glass compositions used in MEMS device fabrication are typically applied using screen printing techniques, in which the sealing glass composition is deposited in the form of a paste that contains a particulate glass frit material (including crystalline additives for expansion modification), a thixotropic binder, and a solvent for the binder. The proportions of glass fits, additives, binder and solvent are adjusted to allow screen printing of a controlled volume of the paste on a designated bonding surface of one of the wafers, typically on the cap wafer. After drying, binder burn out (BBO) and pre-glazing, which removes all of the organic components from the glass frit bonding paste, the cap and device silicon wafers are aligned and then mated so that the glass frit particles contact complimentary bonding surfaces. The wafers are then incrementally heated to remelt, flow and impart wetting of the wafer surfaces by the glass frit so that upon cooling, the glass frit material re-solidifies to form a substantially homogeneous glass bond line between the wafers.
In MEMS bonding low firing temperatures are required to protect the properties of mechanical devices fabricated on MEMS wafers. In many of these applications, leaded glasses have been used as sealing glasses where very low firing temperatures are desired (less than 500° C.). However, environmental concerns typically rule out leaded glasses. Conventional lead-free glass powders do not flow sufficiently at temperatures less than 500° C. Phosphate and vanadate glasses in some situations have softening temperatures suitable for flow in this temperature range. However, such glasses are either not resistant to water attack (phosphate glasses often are water soluble) or crystallize too much before fusing and flow of glass powders. In the photovoltaic industry, there exists a need to develop glass based durable seals between glass plates to enhance the service life time of the photovoltaic devices that are being encapsulated from moisture attack. Currently the crystalline silicon solar cell is encapsulated with Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) polymer in between the glass superstrate and backsheet. The state of the art photovoltaic devices are at present encapsulated with organics as edge seals between glass substrates (for rigid cells). The desired lifetime for these cells is 25 to 30 years with the power output not to decrease below 70% of its initial value at the end of 30 years in the use environment. Often encapsulation with organic seals will not be impervious to moisture for this long period. Therefore more durable low-temperature glass based hermetic sealing technologies have to be developed to realize this desired lifetime with some certainty. Low sealing temperature is required to avoid unduly heating the solar cells being encapsulated. A similar need exists for low temperature glass based sealing technologies for sealing Organic LED devices. Similarly in the building industries there exists a need to replace organic based seals in windows with glass based durable seals to provide superior vacuum insulated glass windows.
In the photovoltaic industry the sealing glass compositions can be applied by a number of techniques such as screen printing, extrusion of pastes onto the glass substrates, ink jet printing (for thin layers), pad printing techniques, and tape casting method. The sealing glass can be either preglazed before the sealing step or can be directly sealed between glass plates in one step. The firing method can be either in conventional furnaces as well as by selective heating methods such as laser sealing, IR or visible light lamp sealing, induction sealing as well as microwave sealing.
Similar methods of paste applications and firing methods can be used in hermetic sealing of windows in the construction industry.
Accordingly, improvements in the art of low melting, high flow glasses, are needed.

Low-melting lead-free bismuth sealing glasses


A method for flicker-free display of a stereo image using video techniques and digital processing, as well as a device for carrying out the method, provides enhanced image resolution and greater clarity by displaying progressively scanned frames twice within a frame period on a display. In a variant, the recording or storing of images on conventional recording media is facilitated by virtue of the fact that a half-image detection procedure is carried out before and/or after recording, thus determining the association of frames concerned with corresponding frames in a left-hand or right-hand channel or the association with each other of two frames in parallel channels.

This application relates to a method and a device for displaying stereoscopic video images. Such methods are known and are associated in practice with a certain outlay in order to ensure that the stereo images displayed are also of satisfactory quality and, chiefly, also to ensure that the right and left frames are displayed in the correct sequence.
In order in conjunction with good resolution to permit an essentially flicker-free display, an American Patent Specification U.S. Pat. No. 5,083,851 proposes to present within 30 ms under computer control for each eye of a viewer two different fields (an even one and an odd one) each. The resolution is substantially improved thereby, the more so as each eye is fed--at least in theory--the complete image information of the respective frame. For this purpose, the method uses a frame store which stores as a whole all four fields of two frames during 60 ms and outputs them twice (during 30 ms in each case) to the display. This known method is represented in FIG. 3 as the prior art.
According to the known method, during 15 ms the left eye is presented with a left even field, and the right eye is presented with a right odd field, whereas in the next 15 ms the left eye is presented with a left odd field and the right eye is presented with a right even field. This process is then repeated once during the next 30 ms before then a new left and a new right frame are read into the frame store. A shutter opens the view onto the display for the left and right eyes alternately, so that during 60 ms the shutter must change its state eight times in order to make the respective frames accessible to the respective eyes. This means a relatively high operating frequency and corresponding quality requirements of the shutter, which is mostly designed as an LCD switching element and is therefore more difficult to operate with increasing operating frequency, since the inertia of the liquid crystal elements has a braking effect. In the case of slight operating delays, crosstalk can easily occur, in which case one eye disadvantageously is also fed field information or parts thereof which are intended for the other eye, and the resolution, which is good per se, could again be ruined. The persistence of a monitor, for example, has a certain significance in this case. In this known method, it is permitted to be only extremely short (at most approximately 4 ms), since an eye requires a field with preferably black image information per displayed field. However, if such a field still persists with its previous picture content, this is as a rule a picture content which is intended only for the other eye. However, since this picture content is on one field whereas the picture content to be correctly displayed is on the other field, it will not be successively overwritten, but possibly not until after 8 ms when the lines of this field are overwritten again. This can lead to discomfort for the viewer. In order to keep this as slight as possible, the persistence of the screen must be reduced, and this can lead to an objective light loss which is precisely extremely undesirable in sensitive applications such as, for example, in operation microscopy.
The more recent DE-C-4 134033 attempts, in the case of a similar method, which in particular aims to manage with conventional video cameras and conventional television sets, to prevent the disadvantages mentioned by dispensing altogether with the display of an even and an odd field per frame and only at all displaying either an even or an odd field per frame. However, the method described there is unsatisfactory for increased demands on the display quality, since the resolution on the television set is unsatisfactory for such demands, all the more so since the entire display is carried out using field technology. In this technology, one field per frame is essentially dispensed with, with the result that for one eye of a viewer respectively only one field (for example, the even one) of a frame (for example, the right one) is displayed, while for the other eye respectively only another field (for example, the odd one) of another frame (for example, the left one) is displayed.
The resolution of the stereoscopic image on the television screen is thus unsatisfactory for many applications in the case of known methods, the shutter frequency is undesirably high in the case of the method first described, the screen brightness is unsatisfactory in the case of some known solutions, and the risk of crosstalk is not completely removed, which can lead in the case of lengthy viewing to headache and discomfort.

Method and device for displaying stereoscopic video images


A dental hygiene device comprises a cup member including an attachment member that enables the device to be attached and detached to a suction tube adapted to be inserted into the mouth of a patient during polishing of the patient's teeth. The cup member holds a tooth polishing material that is accessed by a dental hygienist during polishing of a patient's teeth.

Polishing teeth is a common dental procedure wherein a polishing material is applied to a patient's teeth using an implement attached to the handpiece of a dental drill. The polishing implement, commonly referred to as a prophy angle, is periodically tipped into a container of polishing material to collect on the tip of the implement some of this material. The tip of the implement with the material thereon is then brought to bear against a tooth of the patient.

Dental hygiene device and teeth polishing method


The present disclosure relates to a medical imaging method for enabling magnetic resonance imaging of a subject (318) using a set of imaging parameters of imaging protocols, the method comprising: receiving information related to the subject; using a predefined machine learning model for suggesting at least one imaging protocol for the received information, wherein the imaging protocol comprises at least part of the set of imaging parameters and associated values; providing the imaging protocol.

For magnetic resonance imaging, typically many pre-configured imaging protocols ("Examcards") are installed on the imaging systems, usually adapted by the customers to their specific needs. When a new patient is arriving for an examination, a technologist will have to select a matching Examcard to be used from a large database. In many cases, the Examcard then needs to be adapted to the patient, the clinical question, or the preferences of the referring physician. This process is time-consuming, especially for less-trained staff, and a non-ideal choice may lead to non-ideal diagnostic information or unnecessary scans. The time required to select and tune the Examcard is especially relevant in emergency situations, where often minutes or seconds count to perform a diagnosis and choose a treatment.
The US patent application US2015/0199478 refers to CT/x-ray applications and examples and mentions MRI only as one of many imaging techniques. The known method is limited to identify a set of imaging parameters for each individual patient that is likely to produce an image of high quality according to a calculated image quality score.

Method for enabling magnetic resonance imaging of a subject


The invention provides an accurate, effective, and efficient system for content based charging, access barring, and network browsing, for pre-paid and post-paid subscribers of a wireless mobile communication network system comprising a gateway general packet radio service support node with service based content charge module; a separate WAP gateway for post-paid and pre-paid subscribers; IP, domain name and URL white list filtering; call detail records; a mediation gateway; data warehouse; and billing system. Access to the internet or free domain networks are efficiently controlled and content charges are accurately billed for both pre-paid and post-paid subscribers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to mobile internet access. More specifically, the present invention discloses an accurate, effective, and efficient system for content based charging, access barring, and network browsing, for pre-paid and post-paid subscribers of a wireless mobile communication network system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
With the rise in popularity of the internet and the technical advancements of mobile telephones, demand for wireless access to internet content is growing. Wireless access to the internet allows users, for example, to get their email or play online games, similarly to what they are provided with their office or home computer.
Currently, payment for the internet content is either by paying in advance or being billed after. Paying in advance is convenient for users concerned about controlling costs. Service is only provided for the amount paid in advance. This prevents unexpected or undesirable expense to the user. However, paying in advance is often inconvenient as the available balance is difficult for the user to monitor.
Paying after the service is convenient for users as access is fully available. However, use of services that is not carefully monitored can result in a large amount of money due after billing.
Furthermore, for the service and content providers, achieving a balance between convenience and quality of service to the user and proper billing and ease of system maintenance for the providers, is difficult to achieve.
Therefore, there is need for a system that efficiently controls access to the internet or free domain networks and accurately bills content charges for both pre-paid and post-paid subscribers of a wireless mobile communication network system.

Mobile network content based charging and access control system

Far Eastons Telecommunications Co., Ltd.


Poultry leg and thigh deboner comprising a deboning module (37) carried by a conveyor mechanism along a processing path. The deboning module comprises an upright fixed thigh bone support block (61) and a movable leg bone support block (62). A pair of stripper jaws (73) are provided for grasping the distal end of the leg bone (44) and pushing the meat of the leg bone toward the joint (46) between the leg and thigh bone (42). A slot (68) is provided along the upper edge of the thigh bone support block (61) for holding the thigh bone (49) and pushing the meat of the thigh toward the joint (46) as the thigh bone is pushed through the slot. A hollow meat cutter tube (93) is provided for moving around the leg bone and cutting the meat from the joint (46) after the meat has been pushed to the joint.

In automated poultry processing facilities, the birds are feed through a series of processing stations wherein they are killed, defeathered, eviscerated, and subsequently cut up into component parts for packaging and shipment to market. In the cut up operations of the poultry carcasses, it is a common practice to cut the feet from the legs and then to cut the connected leg and thigh segments from the carcass at the torso. The separated leg and thigh segments can then be cut to produce individual leg and thigh parts, which can be packaged separately, or the meat can be removed from the bones of the leg and thigh for commercial use in preparing soups, meat pies, frozen dinners, and the like. This process of removing the meat from the bones is commonly referred to as a "deboning" process.
In the past, several methods have been developed to debone the legs and thighs of poultry, which methods generally employ some type of scraping tool that engages the bone of a leg or thigh and scrapes along its length. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,811,456 discloses a pair of notched scraping blades that closely straddle a bone of the poultry part, such as a thigh, and are moved longitudinally along the length of the bone to progressively scrape the meat from the bone. U.S. Pat. No. 4,488,332 discloses a deboning apparatus comprising a resilient flexible stripping device having a hole therein through which the bone is thrust to pry the meat from the bone. While both of these methods work satisfactorily in deboning a single bone segment, they nevertheless have difficulty in deboning a multi-segmented poultry part, such as a connected leg and thigh.
Consequently, poultry deboning machinery has been developed for deboning connected leg and thigh segments of poultry. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,897,536 discloses a poultry deboning machine comprising a pair of opposed rotating meat stripping rolls adapted to strip or pull the meat from the bones from a connected leg and thigh segment as the leg and thigh segment is pulled between the inner section of the two rotating rolls. U.S. Pat. No. 3,261,054 discloses a leg deboning machine comprising a pair of opposed stripper bars that engage the bones of a leg and thigh segment and scrape along the entire length of the connected leg and thigh as the poultry part is pulled past the stripper bars.
What the two foregoing machines, as well as other machines, have in common is that they debone a leg and thigh part by moving a stripper mechanism from one end of the leg and thigh segment to the other. A common problem encountered by attempting to remove the meat from connected leg and thigh segments by this method is that it is difficult to maneuver the stripping mechanism around the enlarged joint connecting the bones. Either the pressure exerted by the stripper mechanism is insufficient to remove all of the meat from the bones, or the pressure is so great that undesirable pieces, such as cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, are removed along with the meat, or the joint is broken by the force and the leg bone is pulled from the thigh bone along with the meat.
In addition, the commercial valve of the meat is enhanced if it can be removed in one large piece with the skin in tact. Such a cut is known as a "Japanese cut", and it is desirable for preparing certain specialty dishes, wherein vegetables are stuffed in the meat and the skin is enveloped around the vegetables for cooking. However, due to the difficulty in maneuvering the stripping device around the enlarged joint without stripping cartilage from the joint, the meat is often separated in several pieces or the skin is ripped or torn.
Moreover, many automated deboning machines require that once the meat is pulled from the bones, that it be cut to separate is completely from the bone. To accomplish this, a cutting device typically is placed adjacent the bone in a position to engage the meat and cut it from the bone after the meat is pulled off of the bone. However, such an automated cutting step often results in undesirable cartilage or tendons getting cut along with the meat.
Accordingly a heretofore unaddressed need exists for an improved method and apparatus for deboning the legs and thighs of poultry to produce a single chunk of meat relatively free of undesirable cartilage or bone fragments with the skin in tact around the meat.

Method and apparatus for removing meat from poultry legs and thighs


A method for analyzing the internal pressure of a closed container includes inducing vibration in a surface of the container; detecting sound resulting from the vibration; deriving information representing the detecting sound; and determining whether this information corresponds to a predetermined spectral frequency condition and a predetermined spectral amplitude condition. To ensure that the test results are not affected by modulating distortion which may be present in the information, the information is tested for the presence of a modulating distortion, and if so processed to compensate for the effects of this modulating distortion, prior to being tested against the predetermined spectral conditions. Alternatively or in addition, one or both of the upper and lower amplitude limits which define the spectral amplitude condition may be reset periodically to allow for slow changes in manufacturing conditions by accumulating amplitude data from a plurality of containers judged to have an acceptable internal pressure, analyzing this amplitude data to derive an average value and a deviation therefrom, and resetting one or both of the amplitude limits in dependence upon the derived average value and deviation.

This invention generally relates to apparatus and methods for characterizing the internal pressure of closed containers and more particularly to apparatus and methods that detect and compensate for signal distortions in performing such analyses.
Food, beverage, and drug containers, for example, are often sealed under vacuum (e.g., coffee) or internal pressurization (e.g., beer). If biological contamination or seal failure occurs, the product quality may be significantly degraded and may be dangerous to consumers. Accordingly, manufacturers test the internal pressure/vacuum of containers before shipment to identify and remove defective containers.
Two non-intrusive testing techniques are shown in Hayward, U.S. Pat. No. 3,802,252 and Woringer, U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,631, both of which are assigned to Benthos.TM., Inc., and incorporated herein by reference. Systems of the type described in the foregoing patents have been sold under the name TapTone.TM.. In such systems, a conductive surface of a closed container is vibrated without contacting it. This is accomplished using a pulsed magnetic field, and the resulting sound is analyzed to determine the pressure in the container. A microphone senses the resulting acoustic energy and converts it into an electrical signal. In the Hayward scheme, analog electronics are used to determine whether the signal has a detectable level of energy within a pre-tuned frequency band. If a signal is detected within the band, it is inferred that the can is good. In the Woringer scheme, a similar test is performed using digital signal processing (DSP) electronics and software.
Because closed containers are complex vibratory systems which often exhibit nonlinear effects, it is not uncommon to find in the use of such systems that the acoustic return signals have been modulated by vibratory modes of the container other than the fundamental mode typically used to predict internal pressure. When such distortions are present, the information contained in the acoustic signal has been corrupted by misleading information that can lead to false rejections of containers.
Consequently, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide apparatus and methods for detecting and compensating for the presence of extraneous signal modulation in acoustic signatures used to characterize the internal pressure of containers.
It is another object of the present invention to provide apparatus and methodology for dynamically changing the process control limits for judging internal pressure as a function of slowly varying changes in the upstream container filling process to optimize throughput without permitting the passage of reject containers.
Other objects of the invention and will in part appear hereinafter and will in part be obvious when the following detailed description is read in connection with the drawings.

Apparatus and method utilizing signal modulation detection for analyzing the internal pressure of containers


There is provided a projection exposure system operable in a scanning mode along a scanning direction. The projection exposure system includes a collector that receives light having a wavelength ≦193 nm and illuminates a region in a plane. The plane is defined by a local coordinate system having a y-direction parallel to the scanning direction and an x-direction perpendicular to the scanning direction. The collector includes (a) a first mirror shell, (b) a second mirror shell within the first mirror shell, and (c) a fastening device for fastening the first and second mirror shells. The mirror shells are substantially rotational symmetric about a common rotational axis. The fastening device has a support spoke that extends in a radial direction of the mirror shells, and the support spoke, when projected into the plane, yields a projection that is non-parallel to the y-direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a collector for a projection exposure apparatus which is operated in a scanning mode along a scanning direction with a wavelength ≦193 nm, preferably ≦126 nm, more preferably with wavelengths in the extreme UV (EUV)-region. Said collector receives light from a light source and illuminates an area in a plane to be illuminated. The collector comprises a plurality of rotational symmetric mirror shells which are arranged within each other about a common rotational axis.
The invention further also provides an illumination system with such a collector, a projection exposure apparatus with an illumination system in accordance with the invention as well as a method for the exposure of microstructures.
2. Description of the Related Art
Nested collectors for wavelengths ≦193 nm, especially wavelengths in the region of X-rays, have become known from a plurality of documents.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,339 shows a collimator for X-rays, with the collimator comprising several paraboloidal reflectors. The collimator according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,339 is used to form into a parallel beam a isotropically radiated ray beam of an X-ray source.
A nested collector for X-rays has become known from U.S. Pat. No. 1,865,441 which is used—as in the case of U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,339—to collimate isotropic X-rays into a parallel beam of rays.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,930 shows a nested collector for a pinch plasma light source which is used to collect the radiation emitted by a light source and to focus the same in a waveguide.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,547 shows several arrangements of multi-channel optics which are used for concentrating the radiation of a source, especially X-rays, in a point. In order to achieve a high transmission efficiency, the invention according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,547 proposes elliptically shaped reflectors.
An arrangement has been disclosed in DE 30 01 059 C2 for the use in X-ray lithography systems which comprises parabolic mirrors arranged in a nested way between X-ray source and mask. These mirrors are arranged in such a way that the diverging X-rays are shaped into a parallel beam leaving the arrangement.
The arrangement according to DE 30 01 059 is merely used for achieving a favorable collimation for X-ray lithography.
The arrangement of nested reflectors as known from WO 99/27542 is used in an X-ray proximity lithography system in such a way that light of a light source is refocused so that a virtual light source is formed. The nested shells can have an ellipsoidal shape.
A nested reflector for high-energy photon sources is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,072 which is used to shape the diverging X-rays into a parallel beam bundle.
WO 00/63922 shows a nested collector which is used to collimate a neutron beam.
A nested collector for X-rays is known from WO 01/08162 which is characterized by a surface roughness of the inner reflective surface, the individual mirror shells of less than 12 Å rms. The collectors shown in WO 01/08162 also comprise systems with multiple reflections, especially also Wolter systems, and are characterized by a high resolution, as is also demanded in X-ray lithography for example.
In addition to resolution, high requirements are also needed regarding evenness, uniformity and telecentricity with respect to illumination lens systems for EUV lithography, such as in DE 199 03 907 or WO 99/57732.

Collector with fastening devices for fastening mirror shells


A combustor for a gas turbine engine operates with high combustion efficiency and low carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and smoke emissions during low, intermediate, and high engine power operations is described. The combustor includes a mixer assembly including a pilot mixer and a main mixer. The pilot mixer includes a pilot fuel injector, at least one swirler, and an air splitter. The main mixer extends circumferentially around the pilot mixer and includes a plurality of fuel injection ports and a conical air swirler upstream from the fuel injection ports. During idle engine power operation, the pilot mixer is aerodynamically isolated from the main mixer, and only air is supplied to the main mixer. During increased power operations, fuel is also supplied to the main mixer, and the main mixer conical swirler facilitates radial and circumferential fuel-air mixing to provide a substantially uniform fuel and air distribution for combustion.

This application relates generally to combustors and, more particularly, to gas turbine combustors.
Air pollution concerns worldwide have led to stricter emissions standards both domestically and internationally. Aircraft are governed by both Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards. These standards regulate the emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) from aircraft in the vicinity of airports, where they contribute to urban photochemical smog problems. In general, engine emissions fall into two classes: those formed because of high flame temperatures (NOx), and those formed because of low flame temperatures which do not allow the fuel-air reaction to proceed to completion (HC and CO).
At least some known gas turbine combustors include between 10 and 30 mixers, which mix high velocity air with a fine fuel spray. These mixers usually consist of a single fuel injector located at a center of a swirler for swirling the incoming air to enhance flame stabilization and mixing. Both the fuel injector and mixer are located on a combustor dome.
In general, the fuel to air ratio in the mixer is rich. Since the overall combustor fuel-air ratio of gas turbine combustors is lean, additional air is added through discrete dilution holes prior to exiting the combustor. Poor mixing and hot spots can occur both at the dome, where the injected fuel must vaporize and mix prior to burning, and in the vicinity of the dilution holes, where air is added to the rich dome mixture.
One state-of-the-art lean dome combustor is referred to as a dual annular combustor (DAC) because it includes two radially stacked mixers on each fuel nozzle which appear as two annular rings when viewed from the front of a combustor. The additional row of mixers allows tuning for operation at different conditions. At idle, the outer mixer is fueled, which is designed to operate efficiently at idle conditions. At high power operation, both mixers are fueled with the majority of fuel and air supplied to the inner annulus, which is designed to operate most efficiently and with few emissions at high power operation. While the mixers have been tuned for optimal operation with each dome, the boundary between the domes quenches the CO reaction over a large region, which makes the CO of these designs higher than similar rich dome single annular combustors (SACs). Such a combustor is a compromise between low power emissions and high power NOx.
Other known combustors operate as a lean dome combustor. Instead of separating the pilot and main stages in separate domes and creating a significant CO quench zone at the interface, the mixer incorporates concentric, but distinct pilot and main air streams within the device. However, the simultaneous control of low power CO/HC and smoke emission is difficult with such designs because increasing the fuel/air mixing often results in high CO/HC emissions. The swirling main air naturally tends to entrain the pilot flame and quench it. To prevent the fuel spray from getting entrained into the main air, the pilot establishes a narrow angle spray. This may result in a long jet flames characteristic of a low swirl number flow. Such pilot flames produce high smoke, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions and have poor stability.
In an exemplary embodiment, a combustor for a gas turbine engine operates with high combustion efficiency and low carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and smoke emissions during low, intermediate, and high engine power operations. The combustor includes a mixer assembly including a pilot mixer and a main mixer. The pilot mixer includes a pilot fuel injector, at least one swirler, and an air splitter. The main mixer extends circumferentially around the pilot mixer and includes a plurality of fuel injection ports and a conical air swirler that is upstream from the fuel injection ports.
During idle engine power operation, the pilot mixer is aerodynamically isolated from the main mixer, and only air is supplied to the main mixer. During increased power operations, fuel is also supplied to the main mixer, and the main mixer conical swirler facilitates radial and circumferential fuel-air mixing to provide a substantially uniform fuel and air distribution for combustion. More specifically, airflow exiting the main mixer swirler forces fuel injected from the fuel injection ports radially outward into the main mixer to mix with the airflow. As a result, the fuel-air mixture is uniformly distributed within the combustor which facilitates complete combustion within the combustor, thus reducing high power operation nitrous oxide emissions.

Method and apparatus for mixing fuel to decrease combustor emissions


A method for processing authentication of a mobile station in a mobile communication system comprises determining whether an authentication state is inactivated, and requesting registration. The method also comprises receiving a result message from a network, and activating the authentication state according to the result message. The authentication state may be checked using a success flag or a fail flag. The success flag may be activated when the result message is a success message. The fail flag may be activated when the result message is a fail message. The activating the authentication state may comprise activating an authentication success state in response to activation of the success flag, and activating an authentication fail state in response to activation of the fail flag. The method may further comprise entering a lock state when the authentication state is activated as an authentication fail state.

Authentication of a mobile station is processed by information exchange between a base station (e.g., a wireless network) and a mobile station to verify the identity of the mobile station.
In a power-on mode, the mobile station performs registration authentication. If the registration authentication is successful, the wireless network transmits an authentication success message to the mobile station. The mobile station may thus be normally operated.
An authorized (e.g., legally produced) mobile station should be successfully authenticated. An unauthorized (e.g., illegally duplicated) mobile station uses an electronic serial number (ESN) and an authentication key of the authorized mobile station to access the wireless network. The authorized mobile station and the unauthorized mobile station both attempt registration authentication. The wireless network then transmits an authentication fail message to the unauthorized mobile station and the authorized mobile station. The authentication fail message may be a lock order message which locks both the unauthorized mobile station and the authorized mobile station, preventing further wireless communications by either mobile station.
Therefore, conventional authentication techniques undesirably lock the authorized mobile station. Furthermore, due to repeated attempts by the authorized mobile station to gain authentication, the load on the wireless network authentication system increases.


A self-acting air bearing includes a housing, a shaft member supported in the housing, a cylindrical member which is installed around the shaft member coaxially and rotatably, and which rotates and generates a dynamic air pressure and thereby the cylindrical member is floatingly supported from the shaft member. In the bearing, concavities and convexes are formed at a same interval in a peripheral direction in either an outer peripheral surface of the shaft member or an inner peripheral surface of the cylindrical member, and a wave of one cycle between a beginning position of the concavity and an ending position of the convex is a harmonic wave. A bearing with high stability at high speed and high accuracy and which has high stability at high speed and low unbalance vibration can be achieved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a self-acting air bearing and process of producing the same, and more particularly to a self-acting air bearing and process of producing the same employed in a laser scanner of a laser printer, a digital copying machine, a laser facsimile machine, etc.
2. Discussion of the Background
Generally, though a small size rotor is supported by an antifriction bearing, if the rotating speed becomes 10,000 rpm or more, problems of vibration, noise and life of a lubricating oil occur. Therefore an air bearing is often employed as a bearing at high speeds of 10,000 rpm or more for high accuracy.
As a self-acting air bearing which generates a pressure for supporting its self-weight by rotation of a rotor, a cylindrical bearing, Tilting-Pad bearing or grooved-journal air bearing is conventionally employed.
A cylindrical bearing is easy to produce or work. When the cylindrical bearing supports a horizontal rotor, an eccentric force is acted by its self-weight. Therefore if a bearing spacing is narrower, since the cylindrical bearing can support stably up to approximately 15,000 rpm, it was employed for supporting a rotor in a broadcasting VTR in some cases. However when it supports a vertical rotor, as whirl instability occurs from low speed, it cannot be employed.
Further, in a Tilting-Pad bearing, a bearing surface is divided into three or four arcs of pads and the pads are softly supported whereby stability of a rotor at high speed is provided. Therefore it is employed in a turbo expansion apparatus for liquid helium. However, since there are problems in that the accuracy of the bearing is low and producing the bearing is complicated, it is not suitable as an air bearing for consumer use or office use which requires high accuracy rotation and low cost.
There is a grooved-journal air bearing for solving the above problems, such as one with herringbone spiral grooves. In this bearing, spiral grooves are formed for involving an air from outside by rotation. Even if the bearing does not have eccentricity, a bearing reaction force is generated in a radius direction by these spiral grooves. Therefore even in a vertical rotor, the bearing can support stably up to high speed which is ten thousand rpm or more of revolution. In this case, etching, rolling or laser working etc. is employed for forming those grooves.
Moreover, a multilobe bearing which is stable up to high speed is employed as liquid bearing in a turbo apparatus, which is not employed as the air bearing. In the multilobe bearing, the cylindrical bearing is divided into two or three arcs and each arc is set closer than the position in cylindrical bearing. A large eccentricity is provided to the bearing in each arc portion thereby the whirl stability can be increased. However, as the bearing is divided, it is not easy to produce or work with high accuracy of .mu.m or less and an area where air pressure generated is small. Therefore it is not employed in an air bearing which requires minute bearing spacing of .mu.m.
From the above reasons, the grooved-journal bearing is often employed as a self-acting air bearing in the laser scanner wherein a vertical rotor is often employed.
However, in the conventional grooved-journal bearing, as the groove is formed by etching, rolling or laser working, etc., manhours for producing or working the bearing is increased and therefore a problem of high production cost occurs. Further, in the conventional grooved-journal bearing, though the rotation is stable, there is a problem that dynamic rigidity with respect to an unbalance vibration of a rotor is lower than in the cylindrical bearing.


A SIP (system in package) with a chip and a memory mode, capable of performing integration test on the memory module even if the memory module does not include any scan chain is provided. The chip has a built-in self-test (BIST) circuit, which generates test pattern signals to test the memory module in response to a mode signal. Under a test mode, after the memory module receives the test pattern signals, the memory module outputs responsive readout signals to the BIST circuit and the BIST circuit determines and outputs a test result and a test record in response to the readout signals. If the test fails, conditions of the faulty memory module are recognized from the test record.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a configuration of SIP (System In Package), more particularly to a test configuration of the SIP for enhancing integration or interconnection scan test of memory modules in the SIP.
2. Description of Related Art
Nowadays electronic devices, such as: mobile phones, PDAs (personal digital assistants) and on the likes are required to be compact and weight-light; therefore, a SIP (System In Package) technique is developed. In SIP, several chips or ICs or memory modules are integrated into one package, such as: ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) and a flash memory (memory module) packaged together to reduce the size as whole. Before being packaged, the ASIC and the flash memory are tested respectively and integrated together when they pass the test. Though the ASIC and the flash memory are good dies before being packaged, they have to be tested again after being packaged. But it is difficult to automatically generate suitable test patterns for the SIP integrating the ASIC and the flash memory.
In prior art, a boundary scan test method is used for interconnection (integration) testing between ASIC and the flash memory in the SIP. To support boundary scan, the ICs must contain scan chain. However, the boundary scan test is not applicable to the flash memory, which does not have the corresponding scan chain circuit. Additionally, it is difficult to automatically create functional patterns for the interconnection test because each creation of pattern is case-specific.
Therefore, a built-in self test (BIST) circuit in the ASIC for automatically generating suitable read/write test patterns based on memory type is required. The testability for the integration of the ASIC and the memory device in SIP is enhanced by this BIST circuit.

Built-in self test for system in package