Techniques for code analysis are provided. User code is received, and an import statement is identified in the user code. A first empty object is generated based on the import statement, and the first empty object is named based on the name of an import reference included in the import statement. A knowledge graph is generated based at least in part on the first empty object.

The present disclosure relates to code abstraction from underlying computer code, and more specifically, to building a knowledge graph using a lightweight, generic code abstraction of computer code from multiple software applications.
Traditional software program analysis involves parsing syntax of computer code into tokens, and using the tokens to build an abstraction of the code. The code abstraction is used to analyze a software program.
An abstract syntax tree (AST) is a common code abstraction used to analyze software applications. Building an AST involves the parsing of code from a software application to create a tree depicting the structure of the code. ASTs treat programming constructs, such as flow control statements and expressions, as nodes of the tree, while operators and operands are treated as the leaves of the tree.
ASTs may be used to perform code analysis techniques such as control flow analysis and data flow analysis. One issue with using ASTs for code analysis is the lack of precision in tracking the control flow and data flow of the code. For example, in programming languages supporting higher order functions, such a function nesting a lower order function, may not semantically reveal the call of a lower order function, particularly when the lower order function is referenced in a loosely typed language. Hence, in this instance, a data flow analysis could not precisely track the data flow of the lower order function, and thereby fail to reveal complete relationships between calls in the code.
Another issue with using ASTs for code analysis is the lack of scalability. Code analysis is complicated by the use of a wide selection of rich application programming interfaces (APIs) used in modern programs. Data manipulation in modern programs often interweaves API calls from multiple sources. Control flow analysis and data flow analysis of these API calls involve an analysis of the underlying code, which may be voluminous and complicated.
Alternatively, code analysis may involve modeling APIs with long, formal descriptions capturing the semantics of the underlying code. In either case, a computer system may lack the resources to analyze the underlying code, particularly when the code analysis is scaled across a large number of programs, due to the size and complexity of the code.

Generation of knowledge graphs based on repositories of code

International Business Machines Corporation


A dynamic eye tracking system to track movement of an eye including the steps of detecting if a neighbor exists about the eye over a predetermined amount of time and forming a boundary for the neighbor. Eye candidates are tracked and a determination is made if the eye candidates are beyond the boundary defined by the detected neighbor.

Driver state monitors are intended to track the movement of the eye and determine if the driver is becoming distracted or drowsy. In the motor vehicle environment for example, a camera can be used to generate an image of the driver's face and portions of the image can be analyzed to assess a driver's gaze or drowsiness. If such a condition exists, the system can detect the condition and provide an appropriate signal that can set off an alarm to either awaken the driver or alert the driver.
Eye position tracking in two dimensional grey scale image sequences must be at small time intervals to be useful for monitoring purposes. The eye position tracking must also be precise in tracking the eye center in two dimensional images and avoid drift during position tracking due to light changes in outdoor conditions. Other obstacles may also cause the monitoring to be ineffective. Major head motion such as turning the head, closure of the eye lid such as blinking, blink frequency, existence of glasses and sunglasses may all be conditions that may cause a monitoring system to fail by mistracking the eye position.
One of the most challenging problems in computer vision remains the eye position tracking problem. Image processing, computer vision and pattern recognition tools like mathematical morphological operators, contour extraction, interest point detector, eigen analysis and Kalman filter have been utilized in target tracking in visible and infrared imagery. In eye position tracking, it is common to extract the iris area and track it in successive frames with contour-based methods like active contour. Methods like bottom-hat morphological operators are usually employed in extracting the dark facial features in a face image. When dark feature like iris-eye and eyebrow are merged together into one big dark area due to shadow then the bottom-up morphological operator is not helpful. Another way being introduced to work around this issue is inverse receptive hole extractor (IRHE). Tracking methods like Kalman filter and correlation based techniques have some limitations when tracking the eye position in closed and open states as well for any facial feature complexity (dark-features vs. light-features, with and without glasses, with and without eyebrow, eye makeup, etc.). They tend to lose tracking of the eye or track the eye neighbors when the eye goes from open to closed. In particular, computer vision analysis systems such as Receptive Extraction or Inverse Receptive Hole Extraction (IRHE) techniques along with IRIS Extraction programs and Appearance-based Approach techniques have greatly improved tracking. These IRHE advances are disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 11/300,621 filed on Dec. 14, 2005 by Riad Hammoud and entitled "Method of Locating a Human Eye in a Video Image" and are incorporated herein by reference.
Other methods as disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 11/150,684 filed on Jun. 10, 2005 by Riad Hammound and Andrew Wilhelm and entitled "System and Method of Detecting an Eye" and U.S. Ser. No. 10/828,005 filed on Apr. 10, 2004 by Riad Hammoud and entitled "Object Tracking and Eye State Identification Method" are also incorporated herein by reference. However, even with other systems such as Single Template Correlation and Four Moving Parts Systems, these methods performed poorly in the tracking subjects with cluttered eye region of first order (for example, eyebrow or eyeglasses being present). Tracking subjects with a cluttered eye region, that is, an eye region where eyeglasses or eyebrows are in close proximity may result in tracking the eyebrow or the eyeglasses rather than the eye which can result in errors in measuring driver state such as driver fatigue or driver distraction.
What is needed is a dynamic improved eye position tracking system which takes into account located and tracked neighbors such as eyebrows or eyeglass frames to determine a constrained search window in which the eye must be located which improves the eye position tracking.


A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a pharmaceutically active agent, which is insoluble or sparingly soluble in water and a sterol phosphocholine surfactant.

This invention relates to novel detergents or surfactants based on amphipathic phosphocholine compounds to improve pharmaceutical formulations and their use as pharmaceutical excipients. Phosphocholine surfactants are used for the aqueous solubilization of active agents which are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water. Since phosphocholine is an endogenous component of cell membranes, these surfactants are expected to be biocompatible and biodegradable. Unlike many other surfactants, these phosphocholine surfactants are solid at room temperature and therefore have improved storage properties as dried powders or lyophilized formulations.
There is a tremendous need for biodegradable and biocompatible surfactants in the pharmaceutical industry. Current surfactants used for parenteral delivery, often elicit an anaphylactoid reaction. Most surfacants are not composed of endogenous components; therefore, the body often recognizes these molecules as xe2x80x9cforeignxe2x80x9d and an immune response prevails. Phosphocholine is a natural zwitterionic component of all cell membranes. Surfactants composed of phosphocholine conjugated to a hydrophobic molecule would therefore be safe and biocompatible.
Parenteral delivery of insoluble or poorly soluble drugs is problematic. For example, intravenous administration of paclitaxel or cyclosporin A is accomplished by forming emulsions with Cremophor(copyright)EL. The poly(oxyethylene)-40-castor oil in Cremophor(copyright)EL can result in hypotension, dyspnea, angioedema, or generalized urticaria. These hypersensitive reactions can lead to life-threatening conditions, and it is recommended that all patients be premedicated with corticosteroids, diphenhydramine, and H2 antagonists to avoid severe hypersensitivity.
In another example, the anesthetic, propofol, is administered commercially as an emulsion containing soy bean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. Microbial contamination is one of the greatest concerns with the current formulation of propofol, which can result in life-threatening illness or death from fever, infection or sepsis. This is especially problematic for post-operative or intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Although U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,520 discloses a method to minimize microbial contamination by the addition of the preservative edeate, this formulation is not an antimicrobial preserved product by USP standards and extrinsic contamination remains problematic.
Cyclodextrins are also used in increasing the solubility of a compound 100- to 1000-fold. This is the upper limit of their usefulness and is related to the thermodynamic equilibrium binding constant, which is 105. Additionally, cyclodextrins are only useful in solubilizing compounds with low molecular weights, and the compound must be partially soluble (around 1 xcexcg/ml).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,066 of Pittrof and Steffen describes the formation of mixed micelles for aqueous solubilization of active substances using phosphatides which are phospholipids comprised of glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphocholine. The critical micellar concentration (cmc) of phosphatides decreases as the length of the fatty acyl chain increases (Jones and Chapman, 1995), such that for all practical purposes, there is no appreciable concentration of monomeric species of natural membrane phosphatides with C16 to C18 acyl chains. While the use of phosphatides disclosed by Pittrof and Steffen is significant, phosphatides are large molecules and since they contain two fatty acyl chains in conjunction with a zwitterionic head group (phosphocholine), they form a variety of lyotropic mesophases in aqueous media. This potentially limits the ability of phospholipids, such as the phosphatides disclosed by Pittrof and Steffen, to solublize a wide variety of pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, these mixed micellar emulsions are meta-stable and precipitation or crystallization of the insoluble drug can occur, which when administered intravenously, can increase the risk of an embolism.
Methods for increasing the bioavailability of several steroid phosphocholine conjugates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,063. The surfactant properties of one steroid phosphocholine conjugate, namely cholesterol-phosphocholine, is described by Lyte, M. et al. (1979) Chem. Phys. Lipids 24, 45-55 and Ayengar, N. K. N. et al. (1979) Chem. Phys. Lipids 25, 203-208.
Therefore, a need exists for new surfactants to solubilize pharmaceutical agents for various routes of administration. Additionally, biocompatible surfactants that will not cause adverse side effects, and could be used in the delivery of pharmaceutical agents representing a plethora of therapeutic areas, including, but not limited to, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and small molecule drugs.
This invention relates to novel amphipathic phosphocholine derivatives which function as biodegradable and biocompatible surfactants, and their use as excipients in pharmaceutical formulation.
It is an object of the present invention to provide compositions of matter which substantially increase the aqueous solubility of pharmaceutically active agents comprising a micellar or amorphous complex of a phosphocholine surfactant and the agent. The pharmaceutically active agent may include but not limited to, antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral, antineoplastic drugs, analgesics, and anesthetics. The most preferred agents are those which are insoluble or poorly soluble and administered intravascularly, such as etoposide, paclitaxel, propofol, and cyclosporin.
All patent applications, patents and literature reference cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates to the unexpected discovery that the intrinsic aqueous solubility of various phosphocholine-conjugates varies from 1 mg/ml to greater than 500 mg/ml. This range of solubility is due in part to the formation of unique hydrated micellar structures.
This invention also relates to the unexpected discovery that many phosphocholine conjugates of sterically hindered alcohols, such as secondary and tertiary alcohols or alcohols in which neighboring groups are within van der Waals radii of the alcohol are not rapidly hydrolyzed by serum enzymes; whereas, phosphocholine conjugates of primary and phenolic alcohols are susceptible to enzymatic cleavage. This discovery predicts that phosphocholine-conjugates can function as both biodegradable and biostable surfactants, depending on the chemical nature of the phosphocholine linkage. Non-limiting examples of such sterically hindered alcohols are steroid phosphocholines and cholesterol phosphocholine.
A phosphocholine surfactant is defined herein as a compound in which phosphocholine is attached to a hydrophobic molecule by the formation of a covalent phosphoester bond. Non-limiting examples of the hydrophobic molecule are one of a number of steroids, such as cholesterol; xcex2-sitosterol[24-ethylcholesterol]; stigmasterol[3-hydroxy 24-ethyl 5,22-cholestadiene]; ergosterol[5,7,22 ergostatrien-3-ol]; 3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholane; 3,12-dihydroxy-5xcex2-cholane; or aliphatic derivatives, such as dodecanol; tetradecanol; hexadecanol; octadecanol; eicosanol; docosanol; tetracosanol; 11-hexadecenol; 9-hexadecenol; 9-octadecenol; or 9,12-octadecadienol. These compounds can be purchased from numerous commercial sources such as Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.), Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.), Acros Chemicals (Pittsburgh, Pa.) or Fluka Chemical Corp. (Milwaukee, Wis.).
The solubility of a phosphocholine-conjugate is mediated by the formation of a hydrated micellar structure. Unlike liposomes which are metastable thermodynamic structures, micelles are self-associating and thermodynamically stable. Therefore, phosphocholine-based surfactants are potentially useful as new excipients. In addition to solubilization, phosphocholine-surfactants may also function as absorption enhancers by affecting membrane stability and/or disruption. Phosphocholine-surfactants also have the physical chemical property of being solid. This is an advantage over many current surfactants which are liquids or oils, since a pharmaceutical agent can be mixed with the phosphocholine-surfactant and then lyophlized to dryness for storage. The drug could then be reconstituted prior to administration. This would give rise to a more stable pharmaceutical formulation.
The present invention provides a means for improving the usefulness of any drug which suffers from poor aqueous solubility. The method of the invention is advantageously applicable to a variety of drugs. Examples of the variety of therapeutic classes of drugs that can be effectively solublized with phosphocholine surfactants include, but not limited to:
Anti-neoplastic agents, for example, paclitaxel and other taxanes, etoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, topisomerase I inhibitors such as camptothecin, irinoctecan (Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Mich.), topothecan (Smith, Beecham, Philadelphia, Pa.), CPT11 (Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, N.J.);
Antiviral agents, including nucleoside analogs and protease inhibitors, such as nelfinavir (Agouron, La Jolla, Calif.), Saquinavir (Roche, Nutley, N.J.), Crixivan (Merck West, Point, Pa.), Ritonavir (Abbott, N. Chicago, Ill.);
Antibiotics, particularly mitomycin, bleomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, plicamycin, dactinomycin, and amphoteracin;
Anesthetics, such as propofol and barbituates, for use in general anesthesia or sedation;
Analgesics, such as morphine, codeine, and Ziconotide (Neurex Menlo Park, Calif.);
Therapeutic peptides or peptidomimetics, composed of D-amino acids, L-amino acids, or amino acid analogs, acting as enzyme inhibitors, receptor ligands, or disruptors of protein-protein interactions, such as cyclosporin A;
Therapeutic polypeptides or proteins, such as leptin, growth hormone, calicitonin, vasopressin, renin, prolactin, thyroid and parathyroid hormones, corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing factor, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin, atrial peptides, isolated from natural sources or produced by recombinant DNA technology;
Nucleic acids, such as anti-sense oligonucleotides or nucleic acids for gene therapy, composed of ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides or nucleotide analogs.
Unless otherwise specifically noted, the compounds described herein can be purchased from numerous commercial sources, such as Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.) Calbiochem-Novabiochem (San Diego, Calif.), Research Biochemicals, Inc. (Natick, Mass.) or Alexis Corp. (San Diego, Calif.).
In one preferred embodiment, the phosphocholine surfactant is of the formula:
wherein R contains about 4 to 24 carbon atoms, may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be a straight chain aliphatic or branched chain aliphatic group; and Z is selected from the group consisting of choline, ethanolamine, N-methyl ethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine, serine, threonine or tyronine.
A particularly preferred compound of this type is
wherein R is the saturated fatty acid lauric, myristic, palmitic or stearic or the unsaturated fatty acid palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic or arachidonic.
In another preferred embodiment the phosphocholine surfactant is of the formula:
wherein R contains about 4 to 24 carbon atoms, may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be straight chain aliphatic or branched chain aliphatic group, including but not limited to, xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94(CH2)3xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2; and Z is selected from the group consisting of choline, ethanolamine, N-methyl ethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine, serine, threonine, or tyrosine.
A particularly preferred compound is
wherein R is H.
In yet another preferred embodiment the phosphocholine surfactant is of the formula:
wherein R contains about 4 to 24 carbon atoms, may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be straight chain aliphatic or branched chain aliphatic group, including but not limited to, xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94(CH2)3xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2, xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94(CH2)2xe2x80x94CH(CH2CH3)xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2, or xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94CH(CH2CH3)xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2; and Z is selected from the group consisting of choline, ethanolamine, N-methyl ethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine, serine, threonine, or tyrosine.
A particularly preferred compound is
wherein R is xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94CH(CH2CH3)xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2 or xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94(CH2)2xe2x80x94CH(CH2CH3)xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2, corresponding to the structures of the steroids stigmasterol or xcex2-sitosterol, respectively.
In another preferred embodiment the phosphocholine surfactant is of the formula:
wherein R contains about 4 to 24 carbon atoms, may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be straight chain aliphatic or branched chain aliphatic group, and Xxe2x95x90H or OH; and Z is selected from the group consisting of choline, ethanolamine, N-methyl ethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine, serine, threonine, or tyrosine.
A particularly preferred compound is
wherein
R is H;
X is H.
In another preferred embodiment the phosphocholine surfactant is of the formula:
wherein R contains about 4 to 24 carbon atoms, may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be straight chain aliphatic or branched chain aliphatic group, including but not limited to, xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94(CH2)3xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2, or xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90C(CH3)xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2; and Z is selected from the group consisting of choline, ethanolamine, N-methyl ethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine, serine, threonine, or tyrosine.
A particularly preferred compound is
wherein R is xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90C(CH3)xe2x80x94CH(CH3)2, corresponding to the steroid ergosterol.
As mentioned above, the compositions of matter of this invention comprise a pharmaceutically active agent and a phosphocholine surfactant. The relative amounts of agent and phosphocholine surfactant will vary depending on the chemical property of the agent, its relative solubility, and the effect of the surfactant on the agent. In general, the ratio of the weight of agent to the weight of the surfactant will be in a range between 1:1 to 1:10,000. A weight ratio in a range of 1:10 to 1:500 is most preferred as it is believed to be effective for the solubilization of a number of compounds.
The choice of the combination of surfactant/pharmaceutical agent and ratio can be determined by routine experimentation known to those in ordinary skill in the art. For example, a 10% (weight/volume) aqueous solution of each surfactant is made and various amounts are added to a known weight of the pharmaceutical agent and mixed. The final volume of the mixture is adjusted with water or saline so that the final concentration of the agent is appropriate for administration. The turbidity of the solution is measured by standard methods, such as light scattering or spectrophotometry. Mixtures with the least turbidity are those in which solubilization of the agent is optimal.
The compositions of matter according to this invention may be provided as a powder comprising the active agent and the surfactant. If the composition is to be administered parenterally, for example by intravenous route (IV), the composition of matter will be rendered sterile prior to such administration. Any of the several known means of rendering such pharmaceutical preparations sterile may be used.
The compositions of matter according to this invention may also be used in oral administration. If so, formulations can be in the form of tablets, capsules, pills, ampoules of powdered agent, or oily or aqueous suspensions or solutions. Tablets or other non-liquid oral compositions may contain acceptable excipients, vehicles, diluents, fragrances, or flavors known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions, to make the medication palatable or pleasing to use. The formulation can therefore also include diluents such as lactose or calcium carbonate; binding agents such as gelatin or starch; and one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring, or preserving agents. Moreover, such oral preparations may be coated by known techniques to further delay disintegration and absorption in the intestinal tract.
Compositions or matter for ocular administration are for placement in the lower conjunctival fromix from which the drug diffuses through a membrane over a seven day period at a constant rate. Such systems are described in The United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary, USP23/NF18, 1995, p. 1949, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.
Compositions of matter for transdermal administration are also within the scope of the invention. Such systems are described in the United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary, p. 1949, 1995.
Compositions of matter for rectal administration may be administered in the form of a suppository as disclosed in the United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulatory, p. 1948, 1995.
Compositions of, matter for pulmonary administration (by inhalation or aerosol) may be administered in the form of an aerosol spray using, for example, a nebulizer such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,251, issued Nov. 25, 1986, U.S. Pat. No. 3,703,173, issued Nov. 21, 1972, U.S. Pat. No. 3,561,444 issued Feb. 9, 1971 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,627 issued Jan. 13, 1971. The aerosol material is inhaled by the subject to be treated.
Other systems of aerosol delivery such as the pressurized metered dose inhaler (MDI) and the dry power inhaler as disclosed in Newman, S. P. in Aerosol and the Lung, Clark, S. V. and Davis, D. eds., pp., 197-224, Butterworthe, London, England, 1984, can be used when practicing the present invention.
Aerosol delivery systems of the type disclosed herein are available from numerous commercial sources including Sisons Corporation (Bedford, Mass.), Schering Corp.(Kenilworth, N.J.) and American Pharmacoseal Company (Valencia, Calif.).
The compositions of matter described herein may also be liquid preparations, for administration as a spray, drops, or syrups. The preferred diluent is water, in which the pharmaceutically active agent and ancillary agents, along with the phosphocholine surfactant are dispersed by any method usually employed for suspension or emulsification, such as ultrasonic treatment or stirring.
The pharmaceutical formulation or dosage forms of the present invention need not constitute an xe2x80x9ceffective amountxe2x80x9d of the pharmaceutical agent for treating the various disorders as such effective amounts can be reached by administering a plurality of such formulations or dosage forms.
The present invention is further described below in specific examples which are intended to further describe the invention without limiting the scope thereof.

Phosphocholine surfactants and their use


Provided are a method and apparatus for efficiently transmitting and receiving information regarding a Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) event. In the method of receiving event information, a notice regarding a part of a plurality of status changes of a service is requested for an event indicating at least one of the status changes of the service, and information regarding the part of the status changes is received in response to the request. Accordingly, a control point can receive an event message that contains only necessary status parameters.

1. Field of the Invention
Aspects of the present invention relate to the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) standard, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for efficiently transmitting and receiving information regarding a UPnP event.
2. Description of the Related Art
Since a personal computer (PC) can automatically recognize peripherals using a Plug and Play function, a user can easily install peripherals. UPnP is a technique of extending the Plug and Play function all over a network and allows devices (PCs, peripherals, home appliances, etc.) to automatically recognize each other when they are connected to the network. According to the UPnP standard, network devices are largely classified into controlled devices (CD) and control points (CP). A CD, which is also referred to just as a device, provides a service, and, a CP controls the CD to use the service.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating operations of UPnP networking. Referring to FIG. 1, UPnP networking includes an addressing operation 11, a discovery operation 12, a description operation 13, a control operation 14, an eventing operation 15, and a presentation operation 16.
In the addressing operation 11, the IP addresses of UPnP network devices (a device and a CP) are designated according to an automatic Internet protocol (Auto IP) method or a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) client method.
In the discovery operation 12, the CP detects the device over a network according to a Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) after the IP addresses of the device and the CP are designated in addressing operation 11.
In the description operation 13, if the CP detects the device over the network in the discovery operation 12, the CP obtains a description regarding the device to determine the service that the device will provide.
In the control operation 14, if the CP obtains the description of the device in the description operation 13, the CP controls the device by calling an action according to a Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), based on the description of the device.
In the eventing operation 15, the device transmits an event message to indicate that at least one of the statuses of the service has changed, according to a Generic Event Notification Architecture (GENA).
In the presentation operation 16, the CP is connected to a presentation Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the device in order to provide a user with a presentation of the device. Therefore, the user can control the device or recognize the current status of the device using the presentation URL of the device.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating operations in a conventional UPnP eventing process. Referring to FIG. 2, the conventional UPnP eventing process includes the following operations.
First, in order to learn of a change in service that a device 2 provides, a CP 1 transmits to the device 2 an event subscription request message requesting a subscription to an event that indicates a change in service. Next, after receiving the event subscription request message from the CP 1, the device 2 transmits to the CP 1 an event subscription response message indicating that the CP I has subscribed to the event successfully.
Next, the device 2 transmits an initial event message that contains current values of status parameters indicating statuses of the service. Next, when an event occurs due to a status change of at least one of the services, the device 2 transmits an event message that contains the current values of the status parameters indicating the statuses of the service to the CP 1 subscribing to the event.
As described above, conventionally, if the status of at least one of the service of the device 2 changes, the device 2 transmits an event in units of service. Then, all of CPs subscribing to the event that indicates a status change of each service, receive an event message that contains information regarding the statuses of the service, i.e., the current values of all of a plurality of status parameters thereof.
That is, each control point may receive even an event message containing unnecessary status parameters. In this case, the control point filters the event message or a specific status parameter, thereby increasing network traffic and the load on the control point. In particular, this problem becomes more serious in the case of a home network with a narrow bandwidth or a control point with low hardware performance.

Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving information regarding UPnP event


A level shifter has a pair of P-type MOS transistor switches, a pair of N-type MOS transistor switches, an inverter and a plurality of triggers. The triggers are connected to gates of high-voltage devices (N-type MOS transistor switches) and substrates of the high-voltage devices, so that the triggers can produce a trigger signal for a period of time after receiving a low voltage control signal in order to change voltages on the substrates at transition and further reduce threshold voltages of the substrates to increase transition speed of the shifter circuit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the level shifter and, more particularly, to a level shifter for high-voltage level conversion.
2. Description of Related Art
Level shifters are generally applied for low voltage signal to high voltage signal conversion. For example, a large scale liquid crystal display (LCD) requires 20 to 40V signal to turn on thin-film transistors (TFTs) but an input signal applied to the LCD Driver IC is 3V. In this case, a level shifter is applied for the voltage conversion.
FIG. 1 is a circuit of a typical level shifter. As shown, the level shifter includes two PMOSs 11, 12, two NMOSs 13, 14 and an inverter 15. The sources of the PMOSs 11, 12 are connected to a node 16 for providing with an external high voltage HVDD. The sources of the NMOSs 13, 14 are connected to a node 17 for providing with an external low voltage VSS. The drains of the PMOS 11 and NMOS 13 are connected to a node ND1 while the drains of the PMOS 12 and NMOS 14 are connected to a node ND2. Also, the node ND1 is connected to the gate of the PMOS 12 while the node ND2 is connected to the gate of the PMOS 11. In addition, an output terminal OUT is connected to the node ND 1, and an input terminal IN is connected to the gate of the NMOS 14 and also to the gate of the NMOS 13 through the inverter 15. As such, input control signals from the input terminal IN can control the PMOSs 11 and 12 and the NMOSs 13 and 14 on/off, and accordingly the output terminal OUT outputs the high voltage HVDD or the low voltage VSS.
For meeting low input voltage (such as 3V) and high output voltage (such as 40V), the NMOSs 13, 14 typically are high-voltage devices. To achieve this, width/length ratio W/L for the NMOSs 13, 14 is raised while that for the PMOSs 11, 12 is lowered. However, the drain capacitance on the NMOSs 13, 14 becomes more as the W/L is raised too high, and the operating current becomes smaller as the W/L of the PMOSs 11, 12 is lowered. Such a way causes longer transition time on a level shifter and more power consumption.
Further, since the NMOSs 13, 14 have to use high-voltage devices, their threshold voltages are higher. If input voltage is reduced to very low, saturation currents on the NMOSs 13, 14 become smaller so that the voltage shifter is more difficult on level transition and circuit design.
FIG. 2 is a circuit of another typical level shifter, which is similar to that of FIG. 1 except that a PMOS 25 between the PMOS 21 and NMOS 23 and a PMOS 26 between the PMOS 22 and NMOS 24 are added as impedance for current limit. However, the NMOSs 23, 24 still require larger area and current limit provided by the PMOSs 25, 26 is limited.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide an improved level shifter to mitigate and/or obviate the aforementioned problems.


Power consumption on programmable logic devices can be minimized by taking account of gate leakage effects. A logic design system may analyze a logic design to determine which signals are most often high and which signals are low. A logic designer may also provide information on signals to the logic design system. The logic design system may include a gate leakage optimizer and other computer-aided design tools to produce configuration data for programmable logic devices. The programmable logic device may have logic gates formed from stacks of transistors. The configuration data may be used to configure the programmable logic devices so that signals that are usually high are routed to transistors that are high in the stacks, thereby reducing gate leakage and power consumption while maintaining satisfactory performance for the device.

This invention relates to logic design systems for programmable logic devices, and more particularly to systems and methods for configuring programmable logic to minimize leakage current.
Programmable logic devices are a type of integrated circuit that can be programmed by a user to implement a desired logic design. In a typical scenario, a logic designer uses a logic design system to design a logic circuit. The logic design system uses information on the hardware capabilities of a given programmable logic device to help the designer implement the logic circuit using the resources available on that given programmable logic device.
As semiconductor fabrication methods improve, it is becoming possible to fabricate transistors and other integrated circuit components with increasingly small dimensions. It is generally desirable to shrink component sizes as much as possible to reduce costs and improve performance. However, as transistor gates become smaller, they become less effective at turning transistors off. This can lead to undesirable gate leakage effects that increase the power consumption of an integrated circuit.
Hardware-based approaches can help reduce gate leakage. However, hardware-based approaches can result in an increase in circuit overhead and complexity.
It would therefore be desirable to provide improved ways in which to reduce power consumption due to gate leakage effects in programmable logic devices.

Programmable logic device design tools with gate leakage reduction capabilities


A method for setting a gear in a transmission of a power tool, the power tool including an electric motor as well as a controller for setting the rotational speed of the electric motor. A transmission includes an operating device for selecting a gear in the transmission, a shift fork as well as an actuator, the operating device including a signal transmitter as well as a sensor for receiving a signal of the signal transmitter. The method includes: setting the operating device from a first position to a second position for selecting a gear in the transmission; detecting a signal by the at least one sensor according to the second position of the operating device; transmitting a signal to the controller; setting the rotational speed of the electric motor from a first value to a second value by the controller; positioning the operating device from the second position into a third position; detecting a signal by the sensor according to the third position of the operating device; transmitting a signal to the actuator; and setting the shift fork from a first position to a second position with the aid of the actuator for the purpose of changing from a first gear into a second gear.

For power tools, in particular power tools which include a rotating tool, a precise coordination of the rotational speed of the tool to the tool being used is of enormous importance.
In particular, the size, the volume and the weight of the tool used are important factors. Too low a rotational speed for too large a tool results in too slow and inefficient a work progress, so that the work process as a whole takes longer. In contrast, too high a rotational speed may result in damage to the power tool or the tool.
In core drills, the precise coordination or adaptation of the rotational speed of the tool, i.e. the drill bit, to the size of the drill bit or the diameter of the drill bit is particularly important.
Core drills use cylindrical drill bits, which are able to cut holes into mineral materials, e.g. concrete or masonry, with the aid of a diamond-studded cutting edge. To be able to vary the rotational speed and torque of the drill bit for different applications, core drills usually also include a transmission which has at least two gears. The rotational speed as well as the torque of the drill bit are settable with the aid of the different gears.
Maintaining a preferably constant peripheral speed of the drill bit during the core drilling operation is extremely important for the proper and efficient course of the core drilling operation and, in particular, for a material-friendly use of the drill bit and the core drill. However, a relatively fine device coordination to the particular drill bit diameter is required for this purpose. Nevertheless, the correct coordination of the rotational speed, the torque and the correct gear to the diameter of the drill bit used in each case, with the characteristic (e.g. degree of hardness) of the material to be processed constantly changing at the same time, often presents serious problems for the user of the core drill. The core drilling operation may thus either become inefficient and slow or damage to the drill bit may occur.
In the core drills available on the market or in the core drills according to the prior art, a fine-tuning of the size (diameter), the rotational speed, the torque of the drill bit or the selected gear of the core drill is, however, either not provided at all or is implemented in a complex manner for the user of the core drill.

Electromechanical gear selection device comprising an actuator


A method and a system for diagnosing positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) systems are disclosed. In one example, the method diagnoses a PCV system based on a pressure that may be observed during engine cranking. In another example, the PCV system is diagnosed during vehicle driving conditions after the engine exits cranking.

Gases may be present in an engine crankcase when combustion gases from engine cylinders bypass engine pistons and enter the crankcase as an engine rotates. The gases may be combusted by the engine by recirculating the gases by way of a positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system. In particular, the PCV system may include hoses that are external to the engine, and the hoses may allow the gases to be reintroduced to the engine in or upstream of the engine's intake manifold. The gases may then be combined with fresh air and fuel in the engine's cylinders where the combined mixture may be combusted. The PCV system may reduce pressure in the engine's crankcase so that there is less possibility of the gases passing through engine seals and entering the atmosphere. Nevertheless, it may be possible for a breach to occur within a hose so that operation of the PCV system degrades. Therefore, it may be desirable to provide a way of determining if a PCV system breach is present within a vehicle.
The inventors herein have recognized the above-mentioned disadvantages and have developed a method for operating an engine, comprising: storing a signal indicative of a pressure into memory of a controller for a predetermined amount of time in response to cranking an engine; and indicating a presence or absence of a positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system breach in response to a length of the signal and an amplitude range of the signal.
By indicating degradation of a PCV system in response to a length of a signal and an amplitude range of the signal, it may be possible to provide greater separation between data that indicate PCV system degradation and data that indicate an absence of PCV system degradation so that PCV system diagnostics may be more reliable. In particular, combining signal length and signal amplitude range to evaluate PCV systems for degradation may allow PCV system data to be separated into four data quadrants so that data indicating PCV system degradation may be clearly separated from PCV system data indicating no PCV system degradation.
The present description may provide several advantages. In particular, the approach may provide reduce false positive and false negative PCV system degradation indications. In addition, the approach described herein provides for PCV system diagnostics during engine cranking and after engine cranking so that PCV systems may be evaluated even for hybrid vehicles where the engine may be operated only for a short period of time.
The above advantages and other advantages, and features of the present description will be readily apparent from the following Detailed Description when taken alone or in connection with the accompanying drawings.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.

System and method for diagnosing a crankcase ventilation system


The parameters of a rotor bearing assembly are readily changed to facilit evaluation, determination and establishment of optimum bearing clearance and rotor bearing adjustment to minimize noise and vibration, by an arrangement which includes seating of solid deflection pads positioned within a carrier on replaceable adjustment shims and retention of the pads and shims seated in adjusted positions by means of hold-down screws.

The provision of a bearing assembly for the rotor of an electric motor or the like is generally well known in the art, including those which feature bearing pads releasably secured to a carrier within which the bearing pads are spaced from each other with predetermined orientations. Utilization of the foregoing types of rotor bearing technology has not been associated with adjustments to minimize generation of noise and vibration under different environmental conditions.
It is therefore an important object of the present invention to provide a rotor bearing system through which noise and vibrations produced by dynamic forces under different environmental conditions may be evaluated and minimized by relatively simple and less costly adjustments.

Adjustable electric motor bearing system

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


According to one embodiment, a radiation detection device includes a chassis, a radiation detection panel, a support plate and a circuit board. The chassis includes an incident face cover and a side face portion covering a side face perpendicular to the incident face cover. The radiation detection panel is housed inside the chassis and is configured to detect radiation incident through the incident face cover. The support plate is housed inside the chassis and is fixed to the side face portion to support the radiation detection panel on a rear face on an opposite side to an incident face of the radiation. The circuit board is housed inside the chassis and is disposed on an opposite side to the radiation detection panel of the support plate. At least a part of a drive circuit configured to drive the radiation detection panel is mounted on the circuit board.

Heretofore, as a diagnostic detector detecting radiation, particularly X-ray, an X-ray image detector based on active matrix has received remarkable attention. By exposing the X-ray to a planar detector, an X-ray radiograph or a real-time X-ray image is outputted as a digital signal. Because of a solid detector, expectation is particularly large in image quality and stability as well. For this reason, a lot of universities and manufactures have undertaken research.
In initial practical realization, the detector collecting still image with relatively high radiation has been developed for generally radiographing chest, and recently has been commercialized. By clearing a higher technical hurdle, application is progressed toward commercialization for a field of circulatory organs or digestive organs. In the field, a real-time moving image is necessary to be realized with 30 frames or more per second under fluoroscopic radiation. In the future, important development items are not only a conventional X-ray image detector limiting the installation site as a detection system but also a portable X-ray detector allowing X-ray image diagnosis at any place where the diagnosis is needed and a product allowing auxiliary radiographing of the X-ray image detector in a fixed detection system.
A radiation detection device detecting radiation, particularly X-ray, is used in a wide field such as non-destructive inspection, medical diagnosis and chemical research of structure analysis or the like.
While there are radiation detection devices, a radiation detection device including a radiation detection panel is well known as a high-definition device having high sensitivity, the radiation panel having an optical detector on which a fluorescent material layer converting radiation to light is directly formed. The photodetector includes a photoelectric conversion element unit that a plurality of photosensors and a plurality of TFT (Thin Film Transistor) as switching elements are disposed. The switching element in each pixel is connected to a gate line as a row and a signal line as a column. The gate line and the signal line are disposed in a lattice pattern, and connected to each pixel disposed in the lattice pattern.
By stacking fluorescent material converting X-ray to visible light on a planar photodetector, the incident X-ray from the outside is converted to the visible light inside the fluorescent material and the generated visible light is incident on the planar photodetector. At this time, the incident visible light is converted to a charge in a photodiode inside the planar photodetector. This charge is stored inside the photodiode or inside a capacitance element connected in parallel.
X-ray image information converted to a charge is transmitted outside the substrate through the switching element (TFT) connected to the photodiode. The TFT connected to the gate line having the potential changed becomes the conduction state through the change of the gate line potential. The stored charge in the photodiode connected to the TFT which becomes the conduction state or inside the capacitance element is output to the outside through the TFT. The charge output to the outside is output to the outside of the glass substrate through the signal line connected to the TFT.
The charge signal output to the outside of the glass substrate is input to an integrating amplifier connected to each signal line. The charge information input to the integrating amplifier is converted to a potential signal to be output. The potential signal output from the integrating amplifier is converted to a digital value by an analog/digital converter and finally compiled as an image signal to be output to the outside of the X-ray image detector. The radiation detection panel is supported on one face of a plate-like support plate and a circuit board driving the radiation detection panel is supported on another face of the support panel. These radiation detection panel and the circuit board are electrically connected on a flexible circuit board.
By combining a metal and a resin component so that the support plate supporting the radiation detection panel and the circuit board connected to the radiation detection panel are protected from the outside and become together, a chassis of the radiation detection device is constituted. In particular, in the portable X-ray image detector, a thin type/light weight is achieved, and replacement with a film medium incorporated into the conventional cassette and radiographing the X-ray image is made.

Toshiba Electron Tubes & Devices Co., Ltd.


An exhaust system (1) is provided for an internal combustion engine (4), especially in a motor vehicle, with two separate exhaust gas lines (2, 3) with a first sound transmission feature (7), which couples the two exhaust gas lines (2, 3) with one another, and with a control (9) for activating and deactivating the first sound transmission connection (7) as a function of at least one operating parameter of the internal combustion engine (4). To improve the muffling behavior, a second sound transmission connection (8) is provided, which couples the two exhaust gas lines (2, 3) with one another downstream of the first sound transmission connection (7), and makes possible, depending on the particular operating parameter, three switching states (SZ), namely, a first switching state, in which both sound transmission connections (7, 8) are deactivated, a second switching state, in which only one sound transmission connection (7, 8) is activated, and a third switching state, in which both sound transmission connections (7, 8) are activated.

In passenger cars with high-performance internal combustion engines, which are preferably designed as V-engines, the exhaust gases are frequently sent from the two cylinder banks via two manifolds in two exhaust gas lines to a common end muffler or to two separate end mufflers. The two exhaust gas lines extend here in the vehicle on the underbody in a tunnel, which has heat protective shields at regularly spaced locations upwardly and to the side. The ground clearance represents an imaginary limit of the tunnel in the downward direction. Furthermore, a middle muffler, which must be arranged in the middle area of the system, can frequently be found for acoustic reasons. A separate middle muffler can be assigned here to each exhaust gas line. A common middle muffler can likewise be assigned to both exhaust gas lines. At any rate, the particular middle muffler must likewise be accommodated in the tunnel, which regularly leads to problems in terms of the space available for installation, because the particular middle muffler must have a certain minimum volume in order to be able to assume its acoustic function.
An exhaust system, which has two separate exhaust gas lines for removing exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, is known from EP 1 400 666 A1. The prior-art exhaust system comprises, furthermore, a switchable sound transmission means, which couples the two exhaust gas lines with one another for transmitting airborne sound. The sound transmission means can be activated and deactivated by means of a control means, and this takes place as a function of at least one operating parameter of the internal combustion engine. For example, the rpm (revolutions per minute) and/or the load of the internal combustion engine are suitable operating parameters here.
The prior-art exhaust system is advantageously operated such that the sound transmission means is active at low rpms. Mufflers that are assigned to the exhaust gas lines are designed acoustically for interfering frequencies, which appear at low rpms. The sound transmission means is deactivated at higher rpms, as a result of which the effective interfering frequencies are reduced by half based on the specific assignment of the separate exhaust gas lines to individual cylinders of the internal combustion engine. Effective muffling can thus be achieved for two rpm ranges, which are related to one another via the interfering frequencies. The drawback is the limitation of the muffling action to only two rpm ranges. Furthermore, the activation of the sound transmission means at low rpms may lead to a reduction of the available engine torque because of disadvantageous effects on the charge cycle operation in the cylinders of the internal combustion engine.


A reactive metal optical security device for implementation in an optical network and/or system to provide a mechanism for disrupting the optical network and/or system. The security device includes a mirror comprising a reactive metal stack and configured to reflect an optical signal and receive an electrical signal. The security device further includes a semiconductor chip configured to send the electrical signal to the mirror.

Optical networks and/or systems often comprise and transmit valuable information. The valuable information can be the target of unauthorized users. For example, an unauthorized entity may try to intercept and obtain such valuable information by intruding upon the optical networks and/or systems. In order to prevent such intrusions, the optical networks and/or systems are commonly monitored and managed for integrity to guard against intrusions and other security breaches.
Many high-speed data networks and systems transmit data on an optical backbone, but all have to convert signals into the electrical domain in order to perform required logical functions and security features. Although the latency associated with this conversion presents delays in the associated microprocessor, optical busses can sometimes mitigate bubbles appearing in the processor pipeline waiting for data being fetched in response to a request. However, in the instance of a surreptitious fetch, the path must be broken immediately to avoid a compromise of system integrity.
Accordingly, there exists a need in the art to overcome the deficiencies and limitations described hereinabove.

Reactive metal optical security device and methods of fabrication and use


A method, an apparatus, and a computer program product for wireless communication are provided. The apparatus receives information from a network for discarding a data packet, identifies a data packet to be transmitted, determines whether the identified data packet is associated with at least one packet filter of a traffic flow template (TFT), and discards the identified data packet based on whether the identified data packet is associated with the at least one packet filter of the TFT. In an aspect, the apparatus identifies a data packet to be transmitted, determines whether the data packet is associated with at least one packet filter of the TFT, deactivates a link flow associated with the data packet based on whether the data packet is associated with the at least one packet filter of the TFT, and provides information to a device to discard the data packet associated with the deactivated link flow.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to selectively discarding packets to be transmitted in a packet data network.
2. Background
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. Emerging telecommunication standards are designed to better support mobile broadband Internet access by improving spectral efficiency, lower costs, improve services, make use of new spectrum, and better integrate with other open standards using, for example, OFDMA on the downlink (DL), SC-FDMA on the uplink (UL), and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology. However, as the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, there exists a need for further improvements. Preferably, these improvements should be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.

Method to drop packets selectively in packet data networks


A method for improving engine intake manifold pressure control of an internal combustion engine is described. According to one aspect of the description, the manifold pressure may be controlled to reduce fuel consumption and engine emissions during at least some operating conditions.

One method to control intake manifold pressure of an internal combustion having a variable event valvetrain is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,439,175. This patent describes methods to control an electronic throttle and timing of electrically actuated valves during periods of engine operation when intake manifold pressure reduction is requested. In one example, the throttle plate position of an electronic throttle located up stream of the intake manifold is adjusted so that a requested pressure is created in the intake manifold. Intake valve timing can then adjusted in accordance with intake pressure so that the desired cylinder air amount is inducted. Intake manifold pressure reduction requests may originate from the vehicle brake system, fuel purge system, or the crankcase ventilation system. The intake pressure is scheduled as a function of engine coolant temperature and whether or not a pressure reduction request is present.
The above-mentioned method can also have several disadvantages. Specifically, the method does not recognize that it may be beneficial to control manifold pressure as engine speed varies, it merely controls manifold pressure based on peripheral system pressure reduction requests and engine coolant temperature. As a result, the engine efficiency may not be as high as desired, at least during some operating conditions. Further, the method may allow engine emissions to increase during some operating conditions. In particular, operating an engine at certain conditions can change the flow dynamics through the engine, and thereby alter the ability of the engine to capture residuals (i.e., combusted exhaust gases used to produce internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)) in the cylinder or to control flow from the intake valve to the exhaust valve during periods of valve overlap. If fuel flows from the intake manifold to the exhaust manifold or if some exhaust residuals are not allowed back into the cylinder then emissions of hydrocarbons and NOx can increase. Further, fuel economy may decrease. The above-mentioned method may not be capable of recognizing or compensating for these conditions.
The inventors herein have recognized the above-mentioned disadvantages and have developed a method of controlling intake manifold pressure that offers substantial improvements.

Manifold pressure control for a variable event valvetrain


A sleeve for holding a hard disk drive in portable removable engagement with a PC or laptop computer includes a base and a cover attachable to the base by means of threaded fasteners. The base includes plural holder arms, and when the cover is removed from the base and the hard disk drive advanced into the base, the holder arms move outwardly as the hard drive rides on the arms. When the hard disk drive clears the arms, the arms, which are biased to a hold configuration, move back inwardly to hold the hard disk drive in the base, with the cover then attached to the base. The edge of the cover cooperates with the base to hold the holder arms in the hold configuration and thereby securely hold the hard disk drive in the sleeve.

Computer data in desk-top personal computers (PCs) is ordinarily stored on one of two generic types of direct access memory media, i.e., memory media which can be accessed when the user is on-line with the PC, and these two types of direct access memory media are broadly know as "disks" and "drives". The first type of direct access memory media is familiarly referred to as a "hard disk drive". A hard disk drive may be internal, i.e., it may be mounted within the PC, or external, i.e., it may be located next to the PC, but in either case, hard disk drives require electrical connections to the PC that can be cumbersome and time-consuming to make.
In contrast, a unit of the second type of direct access memory media, familiarly referred to as a "floppy disk", is manually inserted into a portion of the computer familiarly referred to as a floppy disk drive, and a floppy disk can be easily and quickly ejected from the floppy disk drive after data transfer. Thus, a floppy disk can be ejected, i.e., manually urged outwardly from a PC by pushing a button, without requiring that "hard" electrical contacts be unmade. On the other hand, a hard disk drive currently cannot be ejected from a desk-top PC, but must be disconnected from electrical connections in the PC and then removed. Hard disk drives, however, can store much more data than can floppy disks.
Modern PCs typically permit the use of both kinds of memory media, to afford the user of the PC the advantages associated with each. More specifically, as stated above, hard disk drives, which are ordinarily intended to be permanently connected to their respective PCs, have a large data storage capacity. In contrast, floppy disks have much lower data storage capability as compared to hard disk drives, but can easily be ejected from the computer when it is necessary to store data, e.g., confidential military or economic data, apart from the computer, or to transport the data computer-to-computer when a network is not available.
While this arrangement of data storage is useful, it has certain drawbacks. For example, when sensitive military or economic data is to be transferred from the permanent hard disk drive of a PC to a floppy disk for secure storage of the data, the only thing ordinarily "deleted" from the PC hard disk drive after data transfer is the name of the file that contains the data. The data, however, while inaccessible using most software, remains on the hard disk drive, and can be retrieved using specialized software. Thus, once confidential data has been stored on a permanently mounted hard disk drive, both the hard disk drive and it's associated PC must be treated as classified equipage. Understandably, this increases security costs and limits the access of non-cleared users to the PC.
Further, because of their relatively limited data storage capability, floppy disks cannot be used to store large amounts of data. Thus, if a large amount of data is to be transferred from the hard disk drive of a computer, more than a single floppy disk may be required. This increases expenses, tends to be labor-intensive, and requires excessive storage space.
Consequently, when large amounts of data are to be physically moved from a non-secure location to a comparatively secure area for data analysis, the data is ordinarily stored on a hard disk drive which is subsequently disconnected from the so-called host computer and then transported to the secure area. For example, surveillance aircraft tend to collect a large amount of data, and the collected data is stored in relatively bulky hard disk drives that have large data storage capacities. After mission completion, the disk drives are electrically disconnected from their host computers, which as stated above can be cumbersome and time consuming, and then removed from the craft after the mission for data analysis. Furthermore, many large hard disk drives unfortunately are heavy. This is a disadvantage in most computer applications and particularly in applications requiring airborne computer operation, wherein it is generally crucial to minimize the weight and volume of articles that are to be carried onboard the aircraft.
The above discussion focussed on but one application wherein data portability is desirable, but the need for data portability is acute in a wide variety of other applications requiring data transfer between computers. Indeed, regardless of the particular application, a growing need exists to transfer large amounts of data between pairs of the ubiquitous desk-top personal computer. For example, a person who is located at a site remote from his desk-top PC (and its associated hard disk drive on which the person's files and software are stored) may require access to some or all of the data base (i.e., files and software) that is stored on the hard disk drive. When networks or network software are unavailable, the person must take his data base with him. He can do this by disconnecting his hard disk drive from his PC, transporting his hard disk drive with him, and then reconnecting the disk drive to a computer located at the remote site. Alternatively, the person can up-load his data base to a large number of floppy disks one at a time, transport the floppy disks to the remote site, and then down-load the data base from the floppy disks one at a time onto a computer located at the remote site. Unfortunately, both procedures are cumbersome and time-consuming.
In light of the above discussion, the above-referenced parent and grandparent applications, as well as the present invention, recognize a need to provide the portability advantages inherent in floppy disks, without sacrificing the data storage capacity of hard disk drives.
As further recognized by the present invention, owing to the delicate nature of certain components of hard disk drives, particular considerations arise in connection with a portable hard disk drive system wherein the hard disk drive can be easily advanced into and ejected from a PC. For example, certain internal components of hard disk drives rotate very rapidly, and these components must be allowed to "spin down" prior to ejecting the disk drive from the computer. Otherwise, the disk drive could be irreparably damaged. Furthermore, to increase the operational convenience of the PC, provisions should ideally be made for configuring the portable, ejectable hard disk drive as the main drive (i.e., the so-called "C" drive) of the associated PC.
As still further recognized by the present invention, it would be advantageous to provide the capability of easily engaging a removable hard drive from a personal computer having an internal docking station for receiving the drive with a laptop computer, and with another personal computer that does not have an internal docking station.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus that can be associated with a desk-top personal computer and which can hold a portable hard computer disk drive in operable engagement with the computer. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for easily inserting and ejecting a portable hard disk drive into a desk-top personal computer. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a portable hard disk drive housing for a desk-top personal computer which is easy to use and cost-effective to manufacture. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a system with a portable, ejectable hard disk drive which automatically permits the disk drive to adequately spin down prior to ejection from an associated PC, and which provides for convenient operation of the PC. Another object herein is to provide a system for receiving a hard drive in a docking station that is internal to a personal computer (PC), while permitting easy engagement of the hard drive when removed from the docking station with laptop computers and with other PCs that do not have internal docking stations. Further, it is an object to provide a sleeve for securely holding a hard disk drive.


A doorbell circuit detects when one of a plurality of doorbell switches is depressed and provides an audible indication of the particular doorbell switch depressed. The doorbell circuit includes a detector circuit which will function properly with the diode, normally connected in parallel across one of the doorbell switches, connected with either polarity. A power supply is developed for the detector circuit from the doorbell transformer by way of the diode connected in parallel across one of the doorbell switches. The detector circuit includes one or more full-wave rectifiers, which provide a positive DC output signal irrespective of the polarity of the diode connected in parallel across the doorbell switch. Each of the doorbell switches is connected to an amplifier, which, in turn, is connected to a comparator. During conditions when none of the doorbell switches are depressed, the output level of the amplifier will be lower than the threshold level for the comparator to prevent an audible indication from being generated. Once one of the doorbell switches is depressed the amplifier will generate an output signal that is greater than the threshold value for the comparator to cause an audible indication to be generated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic doorbell circuit and more particularly to an electronic doorbell circuit that is adapted to be connected to one or more doorbell switches and a doorbell transformer that can detect when any one of the doorbell switches is depressed irrespective of the polarity of the diode, normally connected in parallel across one of the doorbell switches to provide electrical power from the doorbell transformer to the electronic doorbell circuit.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Electronic doorbell circuits are generally known in the art. Such doorbell circuits are normally coupled to a source of 120 volt AC electrical power and include a doorbell transformer for stepping down the 120 volt source voltage to a lower voltage, for example 16 volts AC or 24 volts AC. A secondary winding of the doorbell transformer is electrically connected to one or more doorbell switches and to a detector circuit for detecting when one of the doorbell switches is depressed to enable different tones or tone combinations to be generated to provide an audible indication of the particular switch depressed. In such known doorbell detector circuits, a diode is normally connected in parallel across one of the doorbell switches to develop a power supply for the detector circuit from the doorbell transformer. The polarity of the diode is determined by the detection circuitry. In known doorbell circuits, the detector circuitry is sensitive to the polarity of the diode, connected in parallel across one of the doorbell switches. With such circuitry, if the polarity of the diode is incorrect, the doorbell circuit will not operate.
Doorbell switches are normally located adjacent to doors and are thus remote from the balance of the doorbell circuitry. Although the diode across the doorbell switch can be preinstalled across the switch, the installer must correctly wire the switch with the proper polarity. As mentioned above, if the diode is installed with the improper polarity, the doorbell circuit will not work properly. As such, improper installation of the switch with the incorrect diode polarity can cause additional time and labor to reinstall the switch. In addition, when the doorbell switch is being replaced by a homeowner with little or no electrical experience, the potential for factory returns of the doorbell is increased, which, in turn, increases the cost of such doorbell circuits.

Electronic doorbell with reversible diode


Plasmodium is shown to have an inhibition sensitive sphingomyelin synthase activity necessary for ring and early trophozoite maturation. Inhibitors can therefore be used to identify malarial infection which can differentiate between inhibition sensitive Plasmodium sphingomyelin synthase and mammalian synthase. Inhibitors of interest include 1-phenyl-3-morpholino-2-acylated-aminopropanol-1.

Malaria has been and remains a major infectious disease. It is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum, one of four species infectious to humans, causes the most severe and fatal disease. Despite the numerous drugs which had been used to control malaria, the growing threat of drug resistance forms has created an urgent requirement for new therapeutic modalities.
The blood stage infection which is entirely responsible for the symptoms of malaria, begins with the entry of a merozoite into the erythrocyte. The intra-erythrocytic parasite develops through morphologically distinct ring (0-24 h)and trophozoite (24-36 h) stages to schizogony (36-48 h), where mitosis occurs and 10-16 daughter merozoites are assembled. At the end of schizogony the infected erythrocyte ruptures and the released merozoites reinvade red cells to maintain the asexual cycle.
It is known that P. falciparum sphingomyelin synthase and ERD2 (a receptor for protein retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)) are localized in distinct compartments of the Golgi, which is different from the situation in mammalian cells. While the ER is reorganized by the drug brefeldin A, unlike PfERD2 in P. falciparum, the sphingomyelin synthase site is not reorganized by brefeldin A, indicating that its dynamics are altered in the parasite system.
As distinct from mammalian cells, sphingomyelin biosynthetic activity in P. falciparum has unique features of secretion, such as the development of a tubovesicular membrane reticulum (TVM) beyond the parasite plasma membrane in the cytoplasm of the erythrocyte and the export of a fraction of the sphingomyelin synthase biosynthetic activity to these membranes. The possibility of interfering with the development of the tubovesicular membrane reticulum opens up avenues for therapeutic approaches to the treatment of malaria.

Determining plasmodium in blood by sphingomyelin synthase activity

The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University


Clean corona ionization bars separate contaminant byproducts from corona generated ions by establishing a non-ionized gas stream having a pressure and directed toward an attractive non-ionizing electric field of a charge neutralization target, by establishing a plasma region of ions and contaminant byproducts in which the pressure is sufficiently lower than the pressure of the non-ionized gas stream to prevent byproducts from migrating into the non-ionized gas stream. The ionization bar(s) may be located sufficiently close to the charged neutralization target that a non-ionizing electric field of the target induces at least a substantial portion of the ions to migrate into the non-ionized gas stream and to the neutralization target as a clean ionized gas stream.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the field of static charge neutralization apparatus using corona discharge for gas ion generation. More specifically, the invention is directed to producing clean ionized gas flows for charge neutralization in clean and ultra clean environments such as those commonly encountered in the manufacture of semiconductors, electronics, pharmaceuticals and similar processes and applications.
2. Description of the Related Art
Processes and operations in clean environments are specifically inclined to create and accumulate electrostatic charges on all electrically isolated surfaces. These charges generate undesirable electrical fields, which attract atmospheric aerosols to the surfaces, produce electrical stress in dielectrics, induce currents in semi-conductive and conductive materials, and initiate electrical discharges and EMI in the production environment.
The most efficient way to mediate these electrostatic hazards is to supply ionized gas flows to the charged surfaces. Gas ionization of this type permits effective compensation or neutralization of undesirable charges and, consequently, diminishes contamination, electrical fields, and EMI effects associated with them. One conventional method of producing gas ionization is known as corona discharge. Corona-based ionizers, (see, for example, published patent applications US 20070006478, JP 2007048682) are desirable in that they may be energy and ionization efficient in a small space. However, one known drawback of such corona discharge apparatus is that the high voltage ionizing electrodes/emitters (in the form of sharp points or thin wires) generate undesirable contaminants along with the desired gas ions. Corona discharge may also stimulate the formation of tiny droplets of water vapor, for example, in the ambient air.
The formation of solid contaminant byproducts may also result from emitter surface erosion and/or chemical reactions associated with corona discharge in an ambient air/gas atmosphere. Surface erosion is the result of etching or spattering of emitter material during corona discharge. In particular, corona discharge creates oxidation reactions when electronegative gasses such as air are present in the corona. The result is corona byproducts in form of undesirable gases (such as ozone, and nitrogen oxides) and solid deposits at the tip of the emitters. For that reason conventional practice to diminish contaminant particle emission is to use emitters made from strongly corrosive-resistant materials. This approach, however, has its own drawback: it often requires the use of emitter material, such as tungsten, which is foreign to the technological process, such as semiconductor manufacturing. The preferred silicon emitters for ionizers used to neutralize charge during the manufacture of semiconductor silicon wafers do not possess the desired etching and corrosive resistance.
An alternative conventional method of reducing erosion and oxidation effects of emitters in corona ionizers is to continuously surround the emitter(s) with a gas flow stream/sheath of clean dry air (CDA), nitrogen, etc. flowing in the same direction as the main gas stream. This gas flow sheath is conventionally provided by gas source of gas as shown and described in published Japanese application JP 2006236763 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,917.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,763 Silicon Ion Emitter Electrodes and U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,203 Silicon Ion Emitter Electrodes disclose relevant emitters and the entire contents of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference. To avoid oxidation of semiconductor wafers manufacturers utilize atmosphere of electropositive gasses like argon and nitrogen. Corona ionization is accompanied by contaminant particle generation in both cases and, in the latter case, emitter erosion is exacerbated by electron emission and electron bombardment. These particles move with the same stream of sheath gas and are able to contaminate objects of charge neutralization. Thus, in this context the cure for one problem actually creates another.
There are some important differences between an AC in-line ionizer and an AC or DC/pulsed DC ionizers operating in the ambient air or gas: single emitter of the in-line ionizer is isolated from ambient atmosphere (or gas) and there is no electrical field from a charged object to affect an ionization cell.
In contrast, ambient ionizer emitter(s) "see" electrical field from charged object and this field participates in ion clouds movement. Moreover, the emitter(s) in the ambient ionizer is not isolated from ambient atmosphere or gas. Consequently, in the ambient ionizer vacuum flow alone does not solve the problem of emitter contamination. In fact, vacuum flow inside an ionizer could create a dragging effect (sucking) for a portion of the ambient air which could, in turn, lead to the accumulation of a type of debris around the emitter point known as a "fuzz ball".

Separating contaminants from gas ions in corona discharge ionizing bars


This disclosure relates to improved sketch-based image retrieval (SBIR) techniques. The SBIR techniques utilize a neural network architecture to train a domain migration function and a hashing function. The domain migration function is configured to transform sketches into synthetic images, and the hashing function is configured to generate hash codes from synthetic images and authentic images in a manner that preserves semantic consistency across the sketch and image domains. The hash codes generated from the synthetic images can be used for accurately identifying and retrieving authentic images corresponding to sketch queries, or vice versa.

Generally speaking, sketch-based image retrieval (SBIR) is a technology that aims to match sketches (e.g., free-hand or hand-drawn sketches) with corresponding real-world images (e.g., photographs or other media captured with an imaging sensor). A major challenge with effectively implementing SBIR is that free-hand sketches are inherently abstract, which magnifies cross-domain discrepancies between sketches and real-world images. The current solutions for performing SBIR do not adequately address this issue.
One of the technical difficulties that must be addressed with regard to providing an SBIR solution relates to implementing a retrieval technique that allows the data from the sketch and image domains to be sufficiently generalized in a manner that permits accurate retrieval of relevant search results. This problem is especially difficult for categories having large variances. Another challenge with SBIR techniques relates to minimizing the time required to execute an SBIR query. Similar to other image-based retrieval scenarios, the query time of an SBIR query grows increasingly with the size of the database (e.g., the database that includes the images being searched), and exponentially as the dimensions of sketch/image representations increase. Consequently, many of the current SBIR techniques are unable to execute queries on large datasets within a reasonable amount of time.

Sketch-based image retrieval techniques using generative domain migration hashing

INCEPTION INSTITUTE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, LTD.


A method for intelligent network selection includes collecting, by a subscriber unit or an infrastructure device network state condition information for a plurality of networks when the subscriber unit is currently attached to a first access network. Upon detection of a trigger, the subscriber unit or the infrastructure device selects a second access network using the network station condition information. The subscriber unit detaches from the first access network and attaches to the second access network.

Recently, as trends in telecommunications rapidly move from analog toward broadband operations, the variety of and speed by which features are offered by mobile telecommunication devices continues to significantly improve. The demands placed on today's mobile devices often require total performance with minimal latency while establishing multimedia communications sessions, instant messaging, file transfer, and push to talk sessions for law enforcement and public safety applications among others.
It is desired that broadband public safety devices support multiple access networks simultaneously such as, among others, Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) systems, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, etc. In one particular example, LTE provides end-to end Internet Protocol (IP) service delivery of media to mobile telephone networks and is quickly emerging as the preferred standard for radio technologies within the United States for commercial carriers as well as public safety, security, and defense agencies alike.
Illustratively, in the area of public safety, security, and defense, it is often vital to quickly move first responders that perform a wide range of mission critical operations to a particular incident across a variety of radio access networks to the locale of the incident. However, while exposed to a variety of radio access network systems, many times the User Equipment (UE) assigned to each responder encounters discrepancies in network service that often unacceptably compromises the responder's ability to conduct mission critical operations with minimal latency. For example, often a UE device will appear to the responder as if device operations are stalled or "hanging" while the device searches for a suitable radio access network for service attachment.
Unfortunately, current UE devices are commonly equipped with predetermined static configurations for attaching to subsequent radio access networks that fail to identify the current overall status of that targeted radio access network, including for example such factors as if a target network for future attachment is overloaded, impaired, or will ultimately reject the UE device as having insufficient admission priority. In this disclosure and appended claims the term "target network" means a neighboring candidate network for possible attachment by a UE device upon detachment from its active access network.
More particularly, 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) specification 31.102 in sections 4.2.53 and 4.2.54 defines behaviors of a USIM application for mobile devices (user equipment). For example, the document contains options for attachment priority; either manual (end-user selection) or automatic (attachment selected by device) which use a "PLMN selector with Access Technology". For automatic attachment selection, the USIM contains a prioritized list of PLMN ID (public land mobile network identifier) with a radio access technology identifier (e.g. E-UTRAN, cdma200 HRPD, GSM, etc.). The device iterates through the list, attempting to attach to each access network and locate an access network supporting its preferred core network, which is identified by the PLMN ID. Such a method is an efficient and not suited to certain implementation scenarios, such as in the realm of public safety and mission critical applications.
Thus, there exists a need for methods for intelligent network selection that address shortcomings of network selection based on predetermined static configuration.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of various embodiments. In addition, the description and drawings do not necessarily require the order illustrated. It will be further appreciated that certain actions and/or steps may be described or depicted in a particular order of occurrence while those skilled in the art will understand that such specificity with respect to sequence is not actually required.
Apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the various embodiments so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein. Thus, it will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, common and well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment may not be depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments.

Methods for intelligent network selection


A pad having upper and lower surfaces. The pad has front, back, interior and exterior edges forming a pad periphery. The pad includes an aperture for coupling with foot wear. The pad includes indoor/outdoor carpet formed of a bottom layer of backing material and a top layer of pile. A binding strip around the pad periphery. The binding strip covers portions of the upper and lower surfaces of the pad. The pad also includes over-edge stitching extending downwardly through the binding strip, the carpet and the binding strip. An adhesive on the lower surface of the pad is for coupling to footwear.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a footwear system and more particularly pertains to removably positioning and retaining padding upon upper surfaces of footwear soles for a wearer's sanitation and comfort, the positioning and retaining being done in a safe, convenient and economical manner.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of footwear systems of known designs and configurations is known in the prior art. More specifically, footwear systems of known designs and configurations previously devised and utilized for the purpose of removably positioning and retaining padding upon footwear soles are known to consist basically of familiar, expected, and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which has been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, they do not describe a footwear system that allows for removably positioning and retaining padding upon upper surfaces of footwear soles for a wearer's sanitation and comfort, the positioning and retaining being done in a safe, convenient and economical manner.
In this respect, the footwear system according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of removably positioning and retaining padding upon upper surfaces of footwear soles for a wearer's sanitation and comfort, the positioning and retaining being done in a safe, convenient and economical manner.
Therefore, it can be appreciated that there exists a continuing need for a new and improved footwear system which can be used for removably positioning and retaining padding upon upper surfaces of footwear soles for a wearer's sanitation and comfort, the positioning and retaining being done in a safe, convenient and economical manner. In this regard, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.


At least one image processing apparatus includes a storage unit configured to store configuration information of an image forming apparatus, a return unit configured to return the image processing apparatus from a power saving state when the image processing apparatus detects a predetermined condition, and a request unit configured to transmit a request for acquiring the configuration information of the image forming apparatus to the image forming apparatus when the return unit returns the image processing apparatus from the power saving state. The image forming apparatus includes a transmission unit configured to transmit the configuration information of the image forming apparatus to the image processing apparatus based on the request transmitted by the request unit. Further, the image processing apparatus includes an update unit configured to update the configuration information stored in the storage unit by using the configuration information of the image forming apparatus transmitted by the transmission unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention(s) relate to one or more image forming systems including an image forming apparatus and an image processing apparatus, and methods of using same.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, with an increasing demand for power saving of devices such as an image forming apparatus and an image processing apparatus, there has been provided a technique for shifting a power state of the image forming apparatus to a power saving state according to a certain condition (e.g., the image forming apparatus has not been operated for a certain period of time) (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-223275 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-2500).
In this type of image forming apparatus, the state of the image forming apparatus shifts to a power saving state when a certain period of time has passed after ending printing processing executed by a printer unit and scanning processing executed by a scanner unit, or after ending communication with an external device.
In addition, an image processing apparatus for executing image processing in cooperation with the image forming apparatus may be connected to such an image forming apparatus. The image processing apparatus connected to the image forming apparatus periodically acquires various kinds of image forming apparatus information such as connection unit information, sheet feed stage information, sheet information, and toner information. Then, the image processing apparatus updates the image forming apparatus information stored in the image processing apparatus by itself by using the acquired image forming apparatus information. Further, the image processing apparatus notifies, and makes known, the acquired image forming apparatus information to a computer of a user who uses the image forming apparatus by using the acquired image forming apparatus information.
As described above, because the image forming apparatus and the image processing apparatus periodically communicate with each other, changes in the image forming apparatus information are reflected in the image processing apparatus within a certain period of time if the image forming apparatus information has been updated, and thus uniformity of the information across the entire image forming system can be ensured.
However, the state of the image processing apparatus shifts to a power saving state when the image processing apparatus is not in use. When the image processing apparatus is in the power saving state, the periodic communication between the image forming apparatus and the image processing apparatus is not executed. Therefore, in a case where the image forming apparatus information is changed while the image processing apparatus is in the power saving state, uniformity of the information across the entire image forming system immediately after the image processing apparatus has returned from the power saving state may not be maintained.
In this case, unchanged image forming apparatus information is notified, and made known, to the computer of the user who uses the image forming apparatus, so that the user may create a job based on the unchanged information. In such a case, malfunctions may occur in the image forming system, and thus an output acquired based on that job may be different from the output desired by the user, or the job that cannot be executed by the image forming apparatus may be created.

Image forming systems, and methods of using same


A panel for a display device includes a shorting bar to dissipate an electrostatic charge and the first and second testing bars. Signal lines are divided into the first signal line group electrically connected to the first testing bar and the second signal line group electrically connected to the second testing bar. Floating transistors are formed between the shorting bar and the signal lines of the second signal line group.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display panel, particularly, to a display panel substrate for preventing a test error and a method of manufacturing the substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel includes an array substrate, a counter substrate and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween, and is divided into a pixel region and an interface region. Data lines, scan lines (i.e. gate lines), switching elements and pixel electrodes are arranged on the array substrate in the pixel region. Data pads and gate pads are arranged on the array substrate in the interface region and receive data signals and scan signals from data driver chips and scan drivers chip, respectively.
Upon completing fabrication of the array substrates formed on a mother substrate, an array testing and a visual inspection (V/I) are performed. The array testing performs testing of the lines on the array substrate, and a visual inspection (V/I) performs electrical and optical testing of the array substrate. In general, the pads for the array test are arranged outside the cutting line of the mother substrate, the pads for the V/I are arranged inside the cutting line, and the lines for the array test and the V/I are inside the cutting line.
When the array test is completed, the mother substrate is cut along the cutting line, and then the V/I is performed. The array test and the V/I are performed by a testing method such as a 2G2D method, a 2G3D method, etc. In the 2G2D method, two different signals are applied to the scan lines, and two different signals are applied to the data lines. In the 2G3D method, two different signals are applied to the gate lines, and three different signals are applied to the data lines.

Display device with floating transistor elements on alternating data lines