An insulation system for the fuselage walls of an aircraft. The insulation is a formed-in-place, sprayed-on foam that is applied against a barrier material that is draped against the inside of the exterior skin of the fuselage and over any inwardly projecting structural members attached to the exterior skin. No substantial portion of the barrier material passes underneath any laterally projecting portions of the structural members, so that the subsequently solidified, semi-flexible foam (i.e. insulation) can be removed at a later time for necessary inspections of the aircraft, without being trapped behind these lateral projections. The foam is preferably fire retardant and hydrophobic. An additional protective layer may also be sprayed on to the outside surface of the insulating foam.

This invention relates to insulation as applied to the inside of the exterior walls of transport aircraft. More particularly, this invention relates to a system for applying spray-on foam mixtures to the interior side of the external skin of the aircraft whereagainst the foam solidifies in place. Still more particularly, the invention includes draping a flexible barrier material between the sprayed-on foam and the external skin and structural and other members that protrude inwardly therefrom prior to application of the foam, which foam then completely covers all surfaces of such skin and members. Even more particularly, the invention relates to forming a semi-permeable layer on the outside of the foam to exclude liquid water therefrom.
Modern aircraft experience large temperature differentials between the inside and the outside of the fuselage that require the employment of insulation to moderate the interior temperature of the aircraft. A difficult challenge is created by exterior temperatures that are below those desired within the fuselage. A commercial airliner at cruising altitude experiences exterior temperatures significantly below freezing, often as low as -40.degree. C. The passengers and crew of the aircraft produce significant levels of humidity within the fuselage. This water vapor tends to condense on cold surfaces presented either on the interior cabin wall, within the insulation in the space between the interior cabin wall and the exterior skin of the aircraft, or on the inside of the exterior skin.
Condensation on the interior cabin wall is undesirable from a passenger comfort aspect. Condensation within the insulation is undesirable because it decreases the efficiency of the insulation and because the added weight from the condensed water increases the cost of operation of the aircraft and decreases its payload capacity. Condensation on the inside of the exterior skin can result in corrosion of the skin and the various structural members attached thereto resulting in decreased lifetime for the various components and the need to check for and repair or replace the corroded components. Corrosion on the inside of the exterior skin produced by condensation of this type and by other causes requires that these areas be able to be inspected at regular intervals. These inspections in turn require that the insulation system be readily removable in order that the inside of the exterior skin as well as the various attached structural members can be viewed and, as necessary, replaced or repaired.
The condensation problem could be largely eliminated if an optimized insulation system could be used. The most common insulation system in use today includes fiberglass bats or blankets that are enclosed by water-impermeable membranes, typically mylar, which are in turn perforated with small holes to prevent ballooning problems within the walls with the inevitable changes in pressure that occur as the airplane ascends and descends from altitude. These fiberglass blankets must be custom made for each aircraft type and, for each type, many individually different patterns must be used in order to effectively fill the open spaces between the interior cabin wall and the exterior skin while avoiding interference with the various structural and other assemblies also inside this space. Hence, these thermal blankets are expensive and difficult to install and maintain.
The thermal blankets work well when initially installed. However, the necessary perforations in the exterior membrane allow water vapor to enter into the blankets. It is estimated that this water vapor can increase the weight of the thermal blanket three fold within a three year period of typical airline service. For example, the thermal blankets in a twin jet aircraft, such as those in the MD-80 series, have been documented to retain, on average, between 330 and 1500 pounds of water. The DC-10/MD-11 trijet aircraft have been documented to retain, on average, between 660 and 2400 pounds of water. Because the wet insulation has a higher thermal conductivity than dry insulation, the heat transfer rate increases, thereby reducing the insulating effect of the blanket. It has been estimated that this added water weight increases the amount of fuel necessary to operate a twin jet aircraft by about $14,000 per year and that this absorbed water accounts for about 5% of the overall corrosion repair costs for the airplane.
The industry has searched for alternative insulation systems to overcome the above-described drawbacks and shortcomings of the conventional thermal insulation blankets. Many have turned to various types of foam systems. One such solution is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,398 to William R. Johnson for "Thermal Insulation for Aircraft Fuselage." This system employs a variety of preformed rigid foam panels to provide the necessary thermal and noise insulation for an airliner. The foam used therein is a self-skimming type that minimizes the intrusion of water into the foam. The pre-formed panels have molded-in stand offs such that the foam panels only contact the exterior skin in the small areas of the stand offs, thereby allowing any water that condenses on the inside of the exterior skin to drain off to a central collection point. Although an improvement in certain respects over the fiberglass thermal blankets, this system still requires a large number of different shapes and sizes of preformed foam panels. Since each requires its own separate mold, the cost of this system is quite high.
Another solution is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,504 to Haynes et al. for a "Semi-Rigid, Light Weight Fiber Glass/Polyimide Foam Sandwich Blanket Insulation." This blanket insulation system constitutes an evolutionary advancement over conventional fiberglass blankets, and includes fiberglass layers which are alternated with semi rigid layers of polyimide foam. The polyimide foam adds structural rigidity to the fiber glass bats, enhances the sound absorption, and allows for easier installation. However, it does not significantly mitigate the water absorption problem, and it is similar to the conventional thermal blankets with respect to method and cost of fabrication.
Also of interest is U.S. Pat. No. 5,251,849 to Milton J. Torres for "Strain Reduced Airplane Skin." Although not directed toward providing insulation for an aircraft fuselage, this reference teaches the use of a formed in place polyisocyanuarte solid closed cell foam material to increase the strength of the airplane structure. Because of their low density, lack of flammability, relative imperviousness to water, and strength, other foams such as polyurethane or silicone can be used. Since the foam produces a rigid, structural component, it cannot be removed once it is formed in place. However, this reference does not even mention, much less address the absolute requirement of being able to visibly inspect the inside surface of the exterior skin and the various attached structural elements, such as frames and stringers. Employment of a structural foam in the manner taught in this reference precludes the possibility of making these mandatory, visible corrosion inspections. In contrast, a primary advantage of the system of the present invention is that the foam used is somewhat flexible and can be easily removed for inspections.
Based on the above and foregoing, it can be appreciated that there presently exists a need in the art for a system and method capable of providing an effective and low cost insulation system for an aircraft fuselage, which overcomes the above-described drawbacks and shortcomings of the presently available technology. The present invention fulfills these needs in the art.

Insulation system for transport aircraft


A force-on-pedal sensor of the present invention includes a cylindrical substrate (11) whose one end is closed having: a hole part (11d) at a center of its side section (11c); and a strain resistance element (13) via an insulating layer (12) at its side section (11c), a coil spring (15) coaxially inserted from an open end of the substrate (11), an inputting shaft having a stepped part (14a) contacted with one end of the coil spring (15) and inserted in the hole part (11d) in such a manner that a part of the inputting shaft (14) is protruded from the hole part (11d), and a stopper at a position where the inputting shaft (14) is protruded.

FIGS. 4, 5A and 5B are a detailed sectional view and general views of a conventional force-on-pedal sensor and pedal-pressure detecting device using the same.
As shown in FIG. 4, spring 23 is positioned between first cover member 21 and second cover member 22 both of which have a U-like glass shape in section, and they are disposed on sensor head 31.
Bellows 32 is formed beneath sensor head 31, and filled with liquid 38. Sensor chip 35 is positioned so as to be immersed in liquid 38, and electrically coupled with terminal 37 via bonding wire 36.
As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, pedal section 4 is formed at one end of lever section 5, and force-on-pedal sensor 1 is formed at the other end thereof. Lever section 5 is linked with push-rod 3 using second shaft 10. Arm 7 is formed so as to be contacted with force-on-pedal sensor 1 at load applied point 52, where first shaft 6 operates as a working point and second shaft 10 operates as a supporting point.
An operation of the force-on-pedal sensor is discussed hereinafter with reference to FIG. 4. When force-on-pedal is applied on first cover member 21, the force-on-pedal is transmitted through spring 23 to second cover member 22 and pushes sensor head 31. This pushing force is transmitted to sensor chip 35 by liquid 38, whereby the force-on-pedal is detected. Thus, the force-on-pedal is outputted as an electric signal through bonding wire 36 and terminal 37.
An operation of the pedal-pressure detecting device is discussed hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B. When the force-on-pedal is not more than 200N, second shaft 10 does not contact a circumference of hole 9, and a load is applied to force-on-pedal sensor 1 from load applied point 52 via arm 7. The load applied at load applied point 52 is attenuated rather than a load applied to first shaft 6 because of leverage formed by arm 7, second shaft 10 and first shaft 6. An attenuation ratio is determined by a ratio of a distance between load applied point 52 and second shaft 10 to a distance between second shaft 10 and first shaft 6.
As shown in FIG. 5B, when the force-on-pedal exceeds more than 200N, second shaft 10 contacts the circumference of hole 9, so that no more load is applied to force-on-pedal sensor 1.
An example of the force-on-pedal sensor mentioned above is disclosed in Unexamined Japanese Patent Publication No. 2002-205628. However, the conventional force-on-pedal sensor has a complicated structure because it is required an airtight characteristic to seal liquid 38, so that structural reliability is low.
In addition, if bellows 32 is injured in assembling, liquid 38 is leaked and a detecting function of the sensor is impaired, therefore handling is not easy.
The present invention is directed to solve the problems pointed out above and provides a force-on-pedal sensor having a simple structure, high structural reliability and easy-handling.

Pedaling force sensor and pedaling force detection device using the sensor

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A bearing system for brushless DC motors is disclosed. The bearing system has an electromagnetic force generator in a bearing so as to generate an electromagnetic force or a magnetic force. The bearing system thus magnetically attracts the shaft when eccentricity of the shaft in the bearing is reduced during a high speed operation of the shaft, thus allowing the shaft to keep desired eccentricity in the bearing and increasing dynamic pressure of oil in the bearing and preventing a formation of an oil whirl, and improving dynamic characteristics of the motor such as low operational vibrations and noises during a high speed operation of the motor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, in general, to brushless DC motors and, more particularly, to a bearing system capable of allowing the gap between the shaft and bearing of a brushless DC motor to keep desired eccentricity when the shaft is operated at high speeds, thus maintaining a dynamic pressure at a position between the shaft and bearing and preventing a formation of an oil whirl during a high speed operation of the motor, and improving a motor's dynamic characteristics, such as low operational vibrations and noises. The present invention also relates to a brushless DC motor using such a bearing system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As well known to those skilled in the art, small-sized precision motors, typically used in office machines, are required to be designed to rotate at high speeds and provide dynamic characteristics of low operational vibrations and noises in order to meet the necessity of high speed operation and provide a large capacity of such office machines. Therefore, it is a recent trend to change bearings for such motors from ball bearings into hydrosintered or hydrodynamic bearings with excellent dynamic characteristics.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a spindle motor using a conventional hydrodynamic bearing. As shown in the drawing, a bearing 1a is vertically and concentrically arranged on the base panel of a motor housing 1 through a fitting process, while a shaft 2 is rotatably and downwardly inserted into the bearing 1a. A core 1b, with a coil 1c, is arranged around the bearing 1a, thus forming a stator of the motor. The top end of the shaft 2 is coupled to a cap-shaped rotor 3, thus being rotatable along with the rotor 3. A cylindrical magnet 3a is attached to the inner surface of the rotor's sidewall, thus surrounding the stator 1b. When the motor is started, electric power is applied to the coil 1c of the core 1b, thus allowing the magnet 3a to generate magnetic force. The rotor 3 is thus rotated along with the shaft 2 at high speeds.
In an operation of the above spindle motor, the shaft 2 is rotated inside the bearing 1a at high speeds. In such a case, oil, filled in the gap between the bearing 1a and the shaft 2, generates a hydrodynamic pressure and effectively supports the shaft 2 in a radial direction during a high speed rotation of the shaft 2. When the shaft 2 is rotated at high speeds as described above, the rotor 3, carrying a disc (not shown) thereon, is rotated at high speeds, thus allowing data stored in the disc to be reproduced.
However, such a conventional hydrodynamic bearing for spindle motors is problematic in that it generates an oil whirl, thus being unstable during an operation of the motor. Such an oil whirl is formed as bearing eccentricity of the gap between the bearing 1a and the shaft 2 is gradually reduced at a speed higher than a predetermined level. That is, an increase in the rotating speed of the shaft 2 causes the Sommer Felt number to be reduced, thus gradually reducing eccentricity of the shaft 2 in the bearing 1a. Such a reduction in the eccentricity of the shaft 2 is caused when the oil, rotated along the shaft 2, has a given speed distribution. Such a reduction in eccentricity is typically formed in genuine circular hydrodynamic bearings free from dynamic pressure grooves. Therefore, the conventional hydrodynamic bearings reduce a motor's dynamic characteristics, such as low operational vibrations and noises, during a high speed operation of the motor.
In an effort to overcome the above problems experienced in the above spindle motors, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. Hei. 7-110,028 discloses a hydrodynamic bearing. However, the above Japanese patent is problematic in that it is very difficult to form the dynamic pressure grooves on both the shaft and the bearing surface. Another disadvantage experienced in the above Japanese bearing is that the bearing reduces work efficiency while assembling the shaft with the bearing.

Bearing system and brushless DC motor using such system


A bioreactor system features a vessel capable of being temperature controlled comprised of two or more cylindrical chambers separated by a common porous membrane. The chambers are capable of being mounted for rotation about a common horizontal axis, essentially creating a micro gravity environment, for the purpose of creating an interface between the chambers while maintaining fluid culture medium in at least one of the chambers and enabling cells to grow in the wells or pores disposed between the chambers. The device is formed by a tubular vessel having an inner surface and an outer surface, a first open end, a second open end and a longitudinal axis.

There has been long needed a device wherein problem cells, such as cancer cells like melanoma cells, can be grown in one chamber, and tissue to be effected by the problem cells (the target cells), grown in another, so that the interaction between the problem cells and the target cells can be observed. Normal tissue growth at the air/liquid interface, such as for skin, can be accomplished using this device. Additionally, there has been need for a device which operates in micro gravity to grow tissues and cells, in order to effectively and cheaply observe the growth of those cells.


The present invention relates to a tag anti-collision Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system and a method for tag identification. The method for tag identification consists of a first step of initializing a queue (Q) field and storing a prefix of a candidate queue (CQ) field in the queue field; a second step of transmitting a query including the prefix stored in the queue field to the RFID tags, and deleting the transmitted prefix from the queue field; a third step of inserting a prefix, in which prefixes 0 and 1 are inserted into a rear portion of a prefix of a previously transmitted query, into the queue field if two or more tags respond to the previously transmitted prefix and, therefore, the tags cannot be identified, and inserting the prefix of the previously transmitted query into the candidate queue field and deleting an unnecessary prefix stored in the candidate queue if there is no response or only one tag responds with respect to the previously transmitted prefix; and a fourth step of determining whether a prefix stored in the queue field exists, and returning to the second step if there is a prefix stored in the queue field.

A RFID system is an automatic identification system. A RFID reader recognizes an object through wireless communication with a tag that is attached to the object and that has an unique ID and information. Such a RFID reader must rapidly identify tags. As a reader and tags communicate through a single shared wireless channel, the signals thereof collide with each other. Such a collision interferes with the fast identification of tags or causes cases in which the reader cannot identify all objects.
As a result, in a RFID system including one reader and low-functional tags, anti-collision protocols which are capable of decreasing the frequency of collisions and rapidly identifying tags regardless of the occurrence of collisions is required.
Collisions are classified into reader collisions and tag collisions. The reader collisions are a confusion phenomenon occurring when neighboring readers simultaneously attempt to acquire information from a tag. The tag collisions are a phenomenon in which tags simultaneously try to respond to one reader, thereby preventing the reader from identifying the tags.
Reader collisions can be easily resolved because readers can detect collisions and communicate with one another. In contrast, since low-functional passive tags cannot determine the presence of neighboring tags or detect collisions, a tag anti-collision protocol significantly governs the identification ability of a RFID system.
Tag anti-collision protocols may be mainly categorized into an aloha-based protocol and a tree-based protocol.
The aloha-based tag anti-collision protocol employs a method in which tags select an arbitrary time and transmit their own IDs to a reader. This decreases the frequency of occurrence of tag collisions by decreasing the probability thereof, but cannot completely prevent the occurrence of collisions. Furthermore, a tag starvation phenomenon, in which a specific tag is not identified by a reader for a long time due to collisions, may occur.
The tag starvation phenomenon is a great disadvantage in an application system, such as logistics management, in which accuracy is important, therefore the aloha protocol is a representative probabilistic collision prevention protocol.
The tree-based tag anti-collision protocol, such as a binary tree protocol and a query tree protocol, employs a process of tracking the occurrence of collisions and detecting the existence of lags. The tree-based tag anti-collision protocol causes a long identification delay, but the tag starvation phenomenon does not occur.
The tree-based protocol divides a group of colliding tags into two sub groups, and then causes a reader to identify the IDs of tags without a collision therebetween. A binary tree protocol divides the group of colliding tags into two sub groups according to a randomly selected number using a counter with a random number generator. The tags which select 0 transmit their IDs. However, in this method, tags require a random number generator and a counter function.
Furthermore, in the query tree protocol, a reader transmits a query having a prefix several bits long, and a tag having an ID matched to a corresponding prefix responds. Colliding tags are classified according to the prefix of the reader. In this case, since the tags do not require additional memory other than memory for IDs, the query tree protocol is referred to as a memoryless protocol. In the query tree protocol, there is an advantage in that the function of a tag is simple, but there is a problem in that a long identification delay may be caused depending on the method of distribution of the IDs of tags which must be identified by a reader due to the use of prefixes.
Meanwhile, there are many modified protocols for the decrease of the long identification delay in the query tree protocol, but the frequency of the occurrence of collisions cannot be decreased merely by decreasing the time required for tag ID transmission.

Tag anti-collision RFID system and method for tag identification


A data distribution system and method are described herein to improve the distribution of market information to subscribing client devices. Market information updates are provided to subscribing devices over a communication link every time a change in the market occurs. If a bandwidth limitation is reached on the communication link, the preferred embodiments switch to a second mode of transmission such that the market information updates are provided only at predetermined intervals. The preferred embodiment monitors the bandwidth consumption to determine what mode of transmission to apply, and in response, it can dynamically change between modes of transmission. By dynamically adjusting the mode of transmission to comport with the current network bandwidth, the preferred embodiments may provide a network friendly, data intensive, and fast response market information feed.

At one time, there were only open-outcry exchanges where traders, or more specifically buyers and sellers, would come together to trade in person. With the advent of electronic trading, traders may participate at their client devices from remote distances by communicating over physical networks with electronic exchanges that automatically match bids and offers.
In particular, subscribing traders are connected to an exchange's electronic trading platform by way of a communication link and through an application program interface to facilitate real-time electronic messaging between themselves and the exchange. The electronic trading platform includes at least one electronic market, which is at the heart of the trading system and handles the matching of bids and offers placed by the subscribing traders for that market. The electronic messaging includes market information that is distributed from the electronic market to the traders. Once the traders receive the market information, it may be displayed to them on their trading screens. Upon viewing the information, traders can take certain actions including the actions of sending buy or sell orders to the electronic market, adjusting existing orders, deleting orders, or otherwise managing orders. Traders may also use software tools on their client devices to automate these and additional actions.
Although the amount or type of market information published by an electronic exchange often differs, there are some standard pieces of information. For instance, market information usually includes the inside market, which is generally the current lowest sell price (sometimes referred to as the best ask) and the current highest buy price (sometimes referred to as the best bid). Market information may also include market depth, which generally refers to quantities available in the market at the top buy price levels and quantities available in the market at the top sell price levels. Of course, the number of price levels or market depth provided to a trader usually depends on the electronic market. Electronic exchanges may limit the number of price levels or market depth offered because market information can become bandwidth intensive. For instance, an electronic market might offer "5" levels of market depth, which includes the quantities available at the top "5" buy prices and the quantities available at the top "5" sell prices. In addition to providing order book information such as price and quantity information, electronic exchanges can offer other types of market information such as the open price, settlement price, net change, volume, last traded price, the last traded quantity, and order fill information.
Electronic exchanges often struggle to balance the amount and timeliness of market information with the bandwidth limitations of physical networks to deliver a network friendly, data intensive, fast response market information feed. On one hand, a tremendous amount of market information may be generated by an electronic market to adequately characterize a given market, especially when changes in the order book are happening at a rapid rate. Most often, traders want access to as much of this information as possible so that they can make better-informed trades. On the other hand, limitations on the amount of market information passed to the traders are often inherent in the design of physical networks that connect traders to the electronic market.
Generally, to strike a balance, there are two models to how electronic markets deliver market information to client devices. In addition, slight variations of these two models are sometimes used.
The first model involves sending a snapshot update at a programmed time interval. A snapshot update is a message that contains market information such as the inside market and market depth. An advantage of the first model is predictable network bandwidth requirements and normally consistent network performance. A drawback of the first model is that it generally gives a slow response to changing market conditions.
The second model involves sending incremental updates every time the inside market or market depth changes in the order book. An advantage of the second model is that it gives rapid response to changing market conditions as long as the network bandwidth is not surpassed. In particular, once the network bandwidth is surpassed, incremental price updates are generally queued in a first in, first out (FIFO) manner. Unfortunately, a deep queue (a queue with lots of lined-up incremental updates) may result in receiving old incremental updates at the client before receiving new incremental updates.
Despite the attempts made by electronic exchanges to improve the distribution of market information, the disadvantages of the two models arise out of their advantages. For example, according to the first model, a predictable network bandwidth requirement results in a slow response time to changing market conditions. In another example, according to the second model, a fast response time to changing market conditions results in an increased chance of a congested network.
Thus, a need exists for a data distribution system and method that is readily adaptable to communicating market information in a more dynamic way.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

System and method for improved distribution of market information

Trading Technologies International, Inc.


A drip irrigation tube having a plurality of sequentially placed emitters formed on an interior wall of the tube. Each emitter employs a series of parallel flowpaths axially positioned along the tube to provide for closer proximity of inlet ports to discharge chambers thereby providing for closer spacing of the emitters. Overlapping of the inlet portion of the sequentially positioned emitters with the outlet portion of any preceding emitter provides for even more compact positioning of the emitters along the tube.

Conventional drip irrigaters are pressure-reducing devices which are employed to provide a continuous and relatively low-volume water supply to the roots of plants normally at a predetermined drip flow rate. Communication of water to the plants in this fashion has been found to be an excellent means for water conservation while at the same time providing the plants with a water supply that can be tailored in flow, duration, and frequency to the plants being fed.
Various drippers have been developed over the years, with a favored design employing a long tubular hose made of a thermoplastic polymer or some other durable flexible material for communicating water. The conduit or hose employs a plurality of outlet ports or drippers at predetermined distances from one to the other for the irrigation task at hand. Water or water and fertilizer or chemicals the plants require is communicated under pressure through the pipe or hose, wherein it outflows from the drippers or other disbursing components at a predetermined continuous drip rate.
Conventionally available drip irrigaters generally employ a water inflow into a hose that is communicated to a turbulent flow section usually formed by a labyrinth, zig-zag or other pattern, via a plurality of inlet ports from the hose fluid supply. The labyrinth features a plurality of capillaries that give the labyrinth an operative shape, cross section and length, to output water at a predetermined flow rate that is desirable.
From the turbulent flow through the labyrinth, water flows to a discharge chamber which acts as a reservoir to accumulate water returned to a laminar flow, which thereafter water flows to one or a plurality of outlet ports located in the outer surface of the pipe and in the direction of the root of the thirsty plant. A constant drawback of this type of arrangement of irrigaters is the dependence of a single feed communicating water from the hose supply from the inlet ports to the outlet ports and the conventional single-file arrangement of inlet ports, labyrinths, discharge chambers, communicating with downline outlet ports. Also, the requirement to use a labyrinth passageway having water capillaries of respectively narrow diameter to regulate flow increases the dependence of the device on the single labyrinth communicating with the single feed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,191 (Chapin) discloses an elongated fluid distribution hose that features an overlapping hose wall which nests a labyrinth. While Chapin allows for multiple input paths from the interior of the hose to the formed labyrinth between the two walls, it is essentially still linear in construction and thereby limits the space where emitters or drippers might be place in proximity to each other due to the sequentially inline positioning of the filters, labyrinths and discharge chambers.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,308,902 of (Huntley) features a drip irrigation hose that provides emitters with different discharge rates. Huntley, however, employs single fed labyrinths that are situated in-line on the hose and because of the lengths required for the various pressure levels require an in-line or linear arrangement thus limiting the potential spacing of the drippers or emitters to each other.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,382,530 (Perkins) describes a pressure compensating drip irrigation tape using a flexible tube communicating an internal fluid flow to a plurality of secondary flowpaths. All of the secondary flowpaths of Perkins however are linear and thereby limit the proximity of the emitters or drippers to each other based on the size of the labyrinth and reservoir required to feed each dripper at the desired constant rate.
As such, there is an unmet need for a drip irrigation hose or tube system that allows for the drippers to be spaced closer together than the conventional in-line flowpath design of labyrinths will allow. Such a system should provide multiple inputs and hence multiple filters for the inflow of fluid to the labyrinths to prevent clogging. Such a system, providing multiple inflows of fluid to the labyrinth should also provide for turbulent flows to help decrease water pressure. Still further, such a system should provide the additional benefit of lowering or eliminating the disparity of fluid flow rate amongst the sequentially spaced emitters along a drip irrigation conduit.
With respect to the above description, before explaining at least one preferred embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangement of the components and/or steps set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The various apparatus and methods of the invention herein described and disclosed are capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways which will be obvious to those skilled in the art once they review this disclosure. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for designing of other devices, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present disclosed device. It is important therefore that the objects and claims be regarded as including such equivalent construction and methodology insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Further objectives of this invention will be brought out in the following part of the specification wherein detailed description is for the purpose of fully disclosing the invention without placing limitations thereon.

Drip irrigation system employing parallel adjacent flowpaths


In a wireless communication system which includes a synchronization signal generator which generates a synchronization sequence, an RF transmitter which transmits the synchronization signal, and one or more receiver that receives the signal, where the synchronization sequence employs M PN codes of the same length that are repeated in a pseudo-random fashion for N code periods. Each receiver incorporates M filters matched to the M PN codes whose outputs are post detection combined in a manner consistent with the pseudo-random code transmission sequence to provide signal detection and synchronization. In another aspect, the synchronization sequence employs M time-shifted versions of a PN code that are repeated in a pseudo-random fashion for N code periods and each receiver incorporates a filter matched to the unshifted PN code and whose output samples are post detection combined in a manner consistent with the pseudo-random code transmission sequence to provide signal detection and synchronization.

1. Golomb, S. W. et al, Digital Communications With Space Applications, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964.    2. Titsworth, R. C., "Optimal Ranging Codes," IEEE TRANS. SPACE ELEC. TELM., March 1963.    3. Dixon, R. C., Spread Spectrum Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.    4. Harris, R. L. editor, Introduction to Spread Spectrum Techniques, Ministry of Defense, Christchurch, Hampshire, UK    5. Schilling, D. L., U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,967, Nov. 9, 1993    6. Magill, D. T., U.S. Pat. No. 6,049,576, Apr. 11, 2000.
Spread spectrum (SS) communications is presently being used for a number of commercial applications and is expected to proliferate as the demand for untethered communications increases.
The SS User Terminals (UT) must achieve time and frequency synchronization with the received signal in order to despread and demodulate the signal data. This generally involves a two-dimensional search in time and frequency. Typically in a direct sequence system, a "sliding correlator" dwells at a selected frequency until the time uncertainty has been fully searched and is then stepped to another frequency if the signal was not found.
Considerable work has been done to formulate "acquirable" codes with characteristics that minimize the time required for the search process. The JPL component codes (1,2) are a well known example.
Dixon (3) discusses using a special code sequence at the beginning of a transmission as a "synchronization preamble." This is typically a short sequence that is repeated multiple times.
The Outbound (OB) link in a star configured network such as a cellular or satellite mobile telephone network is transmitted continuously and must be readily acquired by UT's at any time. In this case, it makes sense to introduce a synchronization sequence that is repeated periodically as part of a data framing structure.
The length of the sync sequence is generally determined by the amount of signal energy required for reliable signal detection and synchronization at a reasonable power level (the available signal energy is proportional to sync sequence length). However, if the sync sequence is constructed as a PN sequence, acquisition time generally increases with burst length. If matched filter detection is used, the filter bandwidth decreases with burst length, and more frequency bins must be searched.
One way to meet the sync energy requirement without using a code of excessive length is to form the required length sequence by repeating a short sequence several times. Davies (4) comments that once the short code is acquired, the time uncertainty is equal to the period of the code. The code itself may then be modulated with a pattern, each bit having the duration of the code, whose detection at the demodulator is the signal to make a transition to a different, longer, PN code. Thus, we have a synchronization sequence composed of a short, high rate code modulated by a low rate sequence. Schilling (5) suggests a sync code generator running at the data clock rate Mod(2) added to a sync chip code at the chipping rate. Magill (6) suggests a construction which employs Neuman-Hofman (N-H) codes for the high and low rate sequences to give desirable correlation properties.
A matched filter may be employed to detect the short high rate code. In this case, a correlation peak occurs every code period. Noncoherent post detection combining (PDC) can be used to enhance the output SNR over the length of the sync sequence. In this scheme, the desired correlation peak at the PDC output is only slightly larger than the adjacent peaks that are offset by a multiple of the code period as shown in FIG. 1. For example, if the sync code consists of 24 repetitions of a short code, the maximum correlation peak, which occurs when the sync burst is property aligned with the PDC time window, is less than 0.4 dB above the adjacent peaks. Thus, it is difficult to select the desired peak even at good signal to noise ratios. In this case, an ambiguity of an integer number of code periods exists. At this point, a coarse track operation could be implemented (on the detected correlation peak), to refine the frequency estimate. A coherent matched filter for the low rate code could then be enabled to resolve the code period ambiguity.
Note that the bandwidth of the coherent matched filtering required for ambiguity resolution in this scheme is very narrow (24 times narrower than the short code matched filter). This requires that a very accurate frequency estimate be made before the sync burst can be fully acquired, and multiple frequency bins may have to be examined.

Rapid acquisition synchronization sequences for direct sequence spread spectrum systems using code time offsets


Data for a 3D sheet metal part model is stored in a file. The stored data includes features of the part and manufacturing information. When different manufacturing processes are used, different geometry can be created. The file can store multiple processes for manufacturing the part and the geometry associated with each process. Thus, when manufacturing the part, the user can view information for multiple stored processes because all of the information is stored together. In addition, both 2D and 3D data is stored for the part.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of computer-aided design (CAD) for sheet metal parts. More particularly, the present invention relates to capturing a designer's intentions in sheet metal part models.
2. Background Information
Even with the present improvements in product data management technologies, and the widespread use of computing systems and broadband communication networks, we do not see the same level of advancements in shop floor manufacturing processes. Paper process instruction sheets still convey processing instructions to shop floor operators. Thus, current CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) systems cannot determine processing (e.g., final NC data) that reflects the designer's intent from received CAD data. It would be desirable to store and display process attributes on a computer model at the appropriate locations so that detailed processing instructions are conveyed visually and more accurately to the shop floor operators.
Moreover, when designing a new 3D object on a computer-aided design (CAD) system, it would be useful to capture the designer's intentions (semantics). There is also a need for calculating multiple flat layout designs for a target part based upon different manufacturing processes, which may each modify the flat layout design, in addition to the target part's geometry.

Representation of sheet metal part models


A portable storage device within which earbud cords are able to be neatly stored and easily accessed to untangle the world from earbud cords, providing consumers with a more user friendly means of listening to music while exercising or engaging in normal daily activities without the user becoming tangled in cords, as well as providing a unit for storing and transporting earbuds in a pocket or purse without risking damage to these loose cords.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of cord retraction and storage devices and more specifically relates to a headphone cord retraction system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many individuals in modern society enjoy listening to music. The way we listen to music has changed drastically in recent years. The days of playing scratchy 45's on a turntable are gone forever and it seems like even the revolutionary compact disc is quickly becoming a relic of the past. Millions of consumers now play their music on a device called an MP3 player. An MP3 player is a digital audio player or "DAP"; a portable electronics device that stores, organizes and plays audio files. Some DAPs, such as Zune audio players and iPods® are referred to as portable media players as they have image viewing or video playing support software. Most DAPs are powered by rechargeable batteries and are convenient for portable use.
Although many MP3 players can be connected to stereo systems enabling consumers to enjoys a surround sound experience, most consumers who own these devices listen to their music through headphones that are connected to the player via elongated power cords. These systems may feature earbuds which are inserted into the ears; music played through an MP3 player is crystal clear and can be enjoyed at even top volume without compromising sound integrity. Perhaps the only drawback associated with listening to music through a set of earbuds has to do with the earbud's power cords. Typically, consumers will tuck an MP3 player into a pocket, or utilize an arm band holder to store the player during use; the wiring dangling as an obstruction which is not typically desirable.
Unfortunately, the elongated power cords which connect the headphones to the player then dangle freely about and can become easily tangled. Whether one enjoys listening to music while working at a job site, exercising at the gym, or if one is using their earbuds to converse on their cellular telephone, these elongated cords can become easily knotted and pulled loose from the sound producing source. As many consumers would readily attest, there is little more frustrating than having to continuously stop in the middle of a satisfying workout or other such activity to unwind cords from weight and tension bars for example.
Further, after using their MP3 player, most consumers are faced with the challenge of what to do with their earbud's when storing the device. If left loose, earbud cords can become a tangled mess, especially if stored in a pocket or gym bag. As can be imagined, attempting to enjoy a favorite podcast while working out, only to spend several minutes untangling earbud cords can be an extremely frustrating experience. Further, storing delicate headphones in such an unsecured fashion can result in them coming loose, as well as becoming frayed, pinched and otherwise damaged when placed in a gym bag, purse or back pack for transport.
Various attempts have been made to solve problems found in retraction systems for managing earphone or headphone cords art. Among these are found in: U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,957 to Robert C. Cummins; U.S. Pat. No. 6,626,390 to Wilma Albert et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,883 to Tonny Chen. This prior art is representative of retraction systems for managing earphone or headphone cords.
Ideally, an headphone cord retraction system should provide a convenient a tangle-free means to store headphones/earbuds and associated wiring and, yet would operate reliably and be manufactured at a modest expense. Thus, a need exists for a reliable headphone cord retraction system to avoid the above-mentioned problems.


For a spring sliding on the drawbar, the coil spring is used; the removal work for keeping the inner diameters of the coil springs aligned is performed such that the clearance between the outer diameter of the drawbar and the inner diameter of the coil spring becomes a minimum; and the coil springs are caused to be guided integrally with the drawbar. By doing so, the movement of the center of gravity of the spring that is caused by repeated rotational operation of the main spindle or repeated tool clamping operation will be reduced and the amplitude by vibration will be made smaller.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a clamping mechanism for a tool holder.
2. Description of the Related Art
Year after year, in order to improve machining efficiency, revolution speed of the main spindle of a machine tool has become faster, and it has become a common practice to exceed 20,000 rpm in maximum speed. In such a main spindle at high speed revolution, how low vibration during the main spindle revolution can be kept in terms of noise, reliability and machining precision becomes important.
As the main spindle speed becomes faster, the structure capable of keeping rotational vibration of the main spindle low has been requested even for a tool clamping mechanism to be provided within the main spindle.
FIG. 5 is a view showing a structural example of a main spindle mechanism using a conventionally-known clamping mechanism. In FIG. 5, a clamping mechanism 1 (1a to 1e) is provided within a main spindle 2. The main spindle 2 is rotatably mounted on a housing 5 via a bearing 6.
The clamping mechanism 1 is composed of: a drawbar 1a; a steel ball 1b; a nut 1c coupled to the drawbar 1a; a seat plate 1d and a disk spring 1e.
The tool holder is composed of the main body 4a of a tool holder for holding a tool such as a cutter 4b, a pull stud 4c, and a tool shank 4d. The tool shank 4d is inserted into an end portion open end of the main spindle 2 by an automatic tool exchanger and the steel ball 1b is extended by the pull stud 4c at the upper end to thereby mount the tool.
The clamping mechanism 1 is capable of assuming two states: a tool holding state for holding the main body 4a of tool holder; and an unclamped state in which the tool holder has been unclamped. The clamping mechanism 1 draws, in the tool holding state, the main body 4a of tool holder into the main spindle 2 side for holding by transmitting a repulsion force of the disk spring 1e compressed to the pull stud 4c via the nut 1c, the drawbar 1a and the steel ball 1b.
Also, when unclamping the main body 4a of tool holder, a roller 7 is operated and a ring 3b coupled to the nut 1c via a rod 3a is pressed down against the repulsion force of the disk spring 1e. Thereby the nut 1c, the drawbar 1a and the steel ball 1b advance (descend) together, and the steel ball 1b moves to an air gap 2a within the main spindle 2 to unclamp the pull stud 4c.
Such conventional structure as described above presents no problem particularly when the revolution speed of the main spindle is comparatively low, but when the main spindle speed reaches such high speed revolution as to exceed 20,000 rpm, a problem that the rotational vibrations (vibration acceleration, vibration amplitude) could not be kept low has come to the surface.
As a main cause for vibrations during revolution of the main spindle, assembly precision of the main spindle including the bearing, mass imbalance of the main spindle rotating part, resonance of the structure and the like are conceivable.
The clamping mechanism preferably keeps the rotational vibrations low due to the mass imbalance of the main spindle rotating part not to be increased or no resonance to be caused at specific main spindle speed, and long operational life is desirable.
In order to realize their ideal states, however, the conventional clamping mechanism has the following problems.
The disk spring for drawing up the tool holder to hold it is capable of being installed within a small space, and has an advantage of being able to exhibit a high spring force, but on the other hand, has the following problems.
(1) Since a guide clearance between the inner diameter of the disk spring and the outer diameter of the drawbar cannot be made sufficiently small, the position of its center of gravity changes due to repeated clamp/unclamp operation of the tool holder and repeated revolution/stop of the main spindle.
For the reason, even if the vibrations have been kept low by accurately modifying the mass imbalance of the entire main spindle in initialization, the maintenance and the like, discrepancy in an adjusted state due to balance modification against mass imbalance will be caused by repeating the clamp/unclamp operation or the revolution/stop of the main spindle thereafter, so that the amplitude of the vibrations will become large again.
(2) Frictional resistance to be caused among a plurality of disk springs provided causes non-uniformity to expansion and contraction strokes of the individual springs. When the expansion and contraction strokes become non-uniform, there will locally exist some disk springs having large stress amplitude among a plurality of dish springs as one set. The repetition life of the compression/release operation will become short.
(3) Since the disk spring is flat in shape, a length to guide in the axial direction in an inner diameter portion of the disk spring is short. For the reason, sliding of the disk spring in the axial direction is not smoothly performed, but an inner diameter portion of the disk spring and an outer diameter portion of the drawbar wear each other, possibly suffering damage.
As a method for solving problems resulting from the disk spring of the above-described problems (1) to (3), there has been proposed a clamping mechanism using a coil spring (See, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-296404).
In the clamping mechanism using the coil spring, however, the guide clearance between the inner diameter of the coil spring molded and the drawbar guide cannot be made small, every time the clamp/unclamp operation of the tool holder is repeated, and every time the revolution/stop of the main spindle is repeated, the position of the center of gravity changes. For the reason, even if the vibrations have been kept low by accurately modifying the mass imbalance of the entire main spindle, there is a problem that if the clamp/unclamp operation or the revolution/stop of the main spindle is repeated thereafter, the adjusted state due to balance modification will be out of order and the amplitude of the vibrations will become large again. Also,
(4) In addition to the above-described problems, there is a problem that the position of the tool clamping mechanism always becomes unstable during revolution at high speed.
Since usually the clamping mechanism requires an operation for expanding and contracting the mechanism for the clamp/unclamp operation of a tool, the clamping mechanism is constructed to be sliding-guided with a fixed clearance with respect to the inner wall of the main spindle. This clearance causes the drawbar and the laminated disk springs to vibrate in the direction of diameter, so that the position of the tool clamping mechanism always becomes unstable, and vibrations occur. These vibrations become remarkable as the main spindle speed increases.
As a method for keeping low the vibrations of the drawbar of the above-described problem (4) in the direction of diameter, a method for providing the drawbar and the inner wall of the main spindle with thrust bearings has been disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open No. 5-63701. According to this method, it is considered possible to guide a draw bar on the inner wall of the main spindle with high accuracy without bending the drawbar during revolutions of the main spindle at high speed.
In order to make a smooth operation of the thrust bearing and the guidance of the drawbar compatible, however, there is a necessity for a minimal (for example, several μm) press-fit allowance between the outer diameter of the drawbar, the outer diameter of the ball and the inner diameter of the main spindle respectively. In order to provide such a press-fit allowance, it is necessary to manage the respective part dimensions with exceedingly high precision, leading to a problem that the cost will be increased.


A load drive circuit, successfully suppressed in unnecessary electromagnetic wave generation through suppressing transition time in the drive voltage waveform even under a reduced effective load, and a display device using this circuit are provided, wherein the circuit comprises a drive circuit inversively amplifying a signal, used for driving a load, input through an input terminal, and output from an output terminal; a first current source connected to the input terminal of the drive circuit and being capable of controlling current output; and a first switch circuit connected between the input terminal of the drive circuit and a first reference potential point.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a load drive circuit and a display device, and in particular to a drive circuit and a display device successfully reduced in unnecessary radiation in operation of any display panel, which acts as a load, such as plasma display electro-luminescence display and liquid crystal display (LCD).
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 10 is a schematic drawing of a three electrode surface discharge AC-driven plasma display panel, and FIG. 11 is a sectional view for explaining the electrode structure of the plasma display panel shown in FIG. 10. In FIGS. 10 and 11, reference numeral 207 denotes a discharge cell (display cell), 210 denotes a rear glass substrate, 211 and 221 denote dielectric layers, 212 denotes a fluorescent material, 213 denotes a diaphragm, 214 denotes address electrodes (A1 to Ad), 220 denotes a front glass substrate, and 222 denotes X electrodes (X1 to XL) or Y electrodes (Y1 to YL). Reference symbol Ca denotes capacitance between the adjacent address electrodes, and Cg denotes capacitance between the opposing address electrodes (X electrode and Y electrode).
A plasma display panel 201 comprises two glass substrates of the rear glass substrate 210 and the front glass substrate 220, and the front glass substrate 220 has the X electrodes (X1, X2, . . . , XL) and the Y electrodes (scanning electrodes: Y1, Y2, to YL) disposed thereon as sustaining electrodes (including bus electrode and transparent electrode).
The rear glass substrate 210 has the address electrodes (A1, A2, . . . , Ad) 214 disposed thereon so as to cross normal to the sustaining electrodes (X electrodes and Y electrodes) 222, and the display cell 207 causing discharge light emission with the aid of these electrodes is formed in each area which falls between the X electrode and Y electrode having the same number (Y1-X1, Y2-X2, . . . ), and on the intersection with the address electrode.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing an entire configuration of a plasma display device using the plasma display panel shown in FIG. 10, and more specifically showing an essential portion of a drive circuit for the display panel.
As shown in FIG. 12, the three electrode surface discharge, AC-driven plasma display device comprises the display panel 201, a control circuit 205 for generating a control signal for controlling the drive circuit of the display panel in response to an externally-input interface signal, an X common driver (X electrode drive circuit) 206 for driving the panel electrodes using the control signal from the control circuit 205, a scanning electrode drive circuit (scan driver) 203 and Y common driver 204, and an address electrode drive circuit (address driver) 202.
The X common driver 206 generates sustaining voltage pulse, the Y common driver 204 similarly generates sustaining voltage pulse, and the scan driver 203 effects scanning by independently driving the individual scan electrodes (Y1 to YL). The address driver 202 applies an address voltage pulse to the individual address electrodes (A1 to Ad) corresponding to display data.
The control circuit 205 has a display data control section 251 for supplying an address control signal to the address driver 202 upon receiving of clock CLK and display data DATA, a scan driver control section 253 for controlling the scan driver 203 upon receiving of vertical synchronizing signal Vsync and horizontal synchronizing signal Hsync, and a common driver control section 254 for controlling common drivers (X common driver 206 and Y common driver 204). The display data control section 251 has a frame memory 252.
FIG. 13 is a drawing showing an exemplary drive waveform of the plasma display device shown in FIG. 12, and shows outlines of voltage waveforms applied to the individual electrodes in the all-write period (AW), all-erasure period (AE), address period (ADD) and sustaining period (sustained discharge period: SUS).
In FIG. 13, drive periods directly related to image display are the address period ADD and sustaining period SUS, where a pixel to be displayed is selected in the address period ADD, and the selected pixel is then kept in an emission state so as to allow image display in a predetermined brightness. It is to be noted that FIG. 13 shows drive waveforms of the individual sub-frames for the case where one frame is composed of a plurality of subframes (sub-field).
First, in the address period ADD, all of the Y electrodes (Y1 to YL), which are scanning electrodes, are applied with an intermediate potential −Vmy en bloc, and then sequentially applied with a scanning voltage pulse of −Vy level as being switched from −Vmy. In this process, pixels on the individual scanning lines can be selected by applying an address voltage pulse of +Va level to the individual address electrodes (electrode A: A1 to Ad) in synchronization with the application of the scanning pulses to the individual Y electrodes.
In the succeeding sustaining period SUS, all of the scanning electrodes (Y1 to YL) and X electrodes (X1 to XL) are alternately applied with a sustaining voltage pulse of +Vs level, so as to induce sustained emission at the previously selected pixels, and to allow display at a predetermined luminance through such successive application. It is also made possible to effect gradation display by controlling the number of times of light emission by combining basic operations expressed by such series of operation waveforms.
The all-write period AW is provided for applying a write voltage pulse to all of the display cells in the panel so as to activate the individual display cells and to keep the display characteristics uniform, and is inserted at certain constant intervals. The all-erasure period AE is provided for erasing previous display contents before the address operation and sustaining operation for image display are newly commenced, through application of an erasure voltage pulse to all of the display cells on the panel.
FIG. 14 shows an exemplary circuit diagram of the address drive circuit used for the address driver 202 of the plasma display device shown in FIG. 12. The address electrode drive circuit shown in FIG. 14 is disclosed typically in Patent Document 1 below. The address electrode can be assumed as a capacitive load 100 as shown in the drawing, because most of the current components flow through the address electrodes (A1 to Ad) are charge-discharge current for parasitic capacitance of the electrodes.
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-249916
Assuming now that the number of the address electrodes (A1 to Ad) of the display panel reaches as much as 3072 (1024 pixels×RGB), the circuit is configured so that the outputs of 24 drive ICs, each having 128 address electrode drive circuit shown in FIG. 14 integrated therein, are connected to the address electrodes. The connection to the address electrodes is made typically through a flexible substrate on which the drive ICs are mounted in a unit of a single chip or two or more chips.
In the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 14, a single address electrode corresponds to the capacitive load 100. A low-side output element (N-channel MOSFET) 101 is connected between the ground, which is a low-voltage-side reference potential, and the capacitive load 100. A high-side output element (P-channel MOSFET) 102 is connected between a drive power source 107, capable of supplying high-voltage potential Va which corresponds to high-level of the address drive voltage, and the capacitive load 100.
As an exemplary circuit for driving the high-side output element 102, FIG. 14 shows a level shift circuit 108. The level shift circuit 108 drives the high-side output element 102 with the aid of an inverter circuit which comprises a P-channel MOSFET 103 and an N-channel MOSFET 104. The P-channel MOSFET 103 is driven by flip-flop operation of another inverter circuit which comprises a P-channel MOSFET 105 and an N-channel MOSFET 106.
Operation in the address period ADD (FIG. 13) will be explained referring to a timing chart shown in FIG. 15. FIG. 15 shows timing relations between output voltage Vo of the address electrode drive circuit and input voltages VG1 to VG6 of the individual drive elements 101 to 106. In a rise-up period AT of output voltage Vo, the low-side output element 101 is cut off by inverting input voltage VG1 from high level to the low level, and the high-side output element 102 is turned on by inverting input voltage VG4 into the high level and input voltage VG6 into the low level. This adjusts output voltage Vo to high voltage potential Va. On the contrary, in the decay period TB of output voltage Vo, the high-side output element 102 is cut off by inverting input voltage VG4 into the low level and input voltage VG6 into the high level, and the low-side output element 101 is turned on by inverting input voltage VG1 into the high level. This adjusts output voltage Vo to the ground level (0V).
The rise-up time and decay time as seen in the waveform of output voltage Vo shown in FIG. 15 refer to times for charging and discharging the load capacitance 100 with the output currents from the high-side output element 102 and low-side output element 101. It is to be noted herein that the adjacent address electrodes on the display panel 201 shown in FIG. 11 are switched between high-voltage potential Va and the ground level depending on image to be displayed. The load capacitance 100 in this case therefore can largely vary and affect as follows. For the case where the adjacent electrodes placed on the left and right sides of a target address electrode are switched at the same time in the same direction (i.e., together from the ground level to high-voltage potential Va), the load capacitance 100 will have a minimum value as being contributed only by capacitance Cg without including capacitance Ca between the adjacent electrodes which are in no need of charge nor discharge. On the contrary, for the case where the left and right adjacent electrodes are switched at the same time in the opposite directions (i.e., one varies from the ground level to high-voltage potential Va, and the other varies from high-voltage potential Va to the ground level), the capacitive load 100 will have a maximum value of Cg+4Ca because both capacitances Ca between the adjacent electrodes will be supplied with doubled electric charge. Ratio of variation in the load capacitance 100 therefore reaches three times or more in general. Output currents from the high-side output element 102 and low-side output element 101 must be designed as being sufficiently large so as to successfully obtain a drive speed necessary for the display panel 201. This, however, results in a sharp change in the waveform of output voltage Vo under the minimum load and consequently in a drastic decrease in the transition time, and therefore raises a problem of increase in unnecessary electromagnetic radiation ascribable thereto. Interference of any other electronic instruments caused by unnecessary electromagnetic wave is known as EMI (electromagnetic interference), and is necessarily suppressed to a level allowable by any specified standards. In general procedures for suppressing unnecessary radiation, lack of suppressive measures in the initial stage of the design will unfortunately increase costs for any additional electromagnetic shield or filter elements.

Load drive circuit and display device using the same


An individual-cylinder air-fuel ratio estimation model is designed so as to consider the mixing of gases exhausted from adjacent combustion cylinders, and a movement by which a mixed gas arrives at the position of an air-fuel ratio sensor, in order that influences ascribable to the intervals (combustion intervals) of the adjacent combustion cylinders may be reflected on the estimation values of individual-cylinder air-fuel ratios. In evaluating the mixing of the gases which are exhausted from the adjacent combustion cylinders, there are considered the lengths and shapes of the exhaust manifolds of the respective combustion cylinders. In evaluating the movement by which the mixed gas arrives at the position of the air-fuel ratio sensor, there are considered a distance or volume from the confluence to the position of the air-fuel ratio sensor, and the exhaust gas quantities of the respective combustion cylinders.

In recent years, in order to lessen the air-fuel ratio dispersion among the cylinders of an internal combustion engine and enhance an air-fuel ratio control precision, there has been proposed a technique wherein, as disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3,217,680, a model describing the behavior of the exhaust system of the internal combustion engine is set, the detection value of a single air-fuel ratio sensor installed in a confluent exhaust pipe (the air-fuel ratio of gas flowing through the confluent exhaust pipe) is inputted to the model, and the air-fuel ratios of the individual cylinders (individual-cylinder air-fuel ratios) are estimated by an observer for observing the internal state of the confluent exhaust pipe, and also, the air-fuel ratios of the individual cylinders are feedback-controlled to target values on the basis of the estimation values.
In an internal combustion engine, for example, a V-type engine as includes a plurality of banks (cylinder groups), confluent exhaust pipes are disposed for the respective banks, and air-fuel ratio sensors are installed in the respective confluent exhaust pipes. With the construction, the air-fuel ratios of individual cylinders are estimated on the basis of the detection values of the corresponding air-fuel ratio sensor every bank. In this regard, however, the combustion intervals (intervals of exhaust strokes) of the plurality of cylinders disposed in one bank do not become equal intervals. The reason therefor will be explained by taking a V-type 8-cylinder engine as an example. The V-type 8-cylinder engine consists of two banks, in each of which four cylinders are disposed. When the whole engine (all of eight cylinders) is viewed, the combustion intervals are equal intervals (90° CA intervals). As shown in FIG. 2, however, when only the four cylinders #1, #3, #5 and #7 of one bank are viewed, the combustion intervals (intervals of the exhaust strokes) change in the three sorts of 90° CA, 180° CA and 270° CA, and hence, they become unequal intervals. In case of the long combustion interval (270° CA), gas arriving at the position of the air-fuel ratio sensor does not contain gas exhausted from any other combustion cylinder. In case of the short combustion interval (90° CA), however, it is considered that the air-fuel ratio will have changed due to the mixing of the gas exhausted from the other combustion cylinder, into the gas arriving at the position of the air-fuel ratio sensor.
Nevertheless, the individual-cylinder air-fuel ratio estimation model in the prior art has been built by modeling the behavior of the exhaust system of the engine whose combustion intervals become the equal intervals as in an engine having an exhaust system of one loop. Therefore, even when the model is applied to the V-type 8-cylinder engine or the like whose combustion intervals become the unequal intervals, there is the problem that the individual-cylinder air-fuel ratios cannot be precisely estimated.
Besides, in case of an exhaust system in which the lengths of the exhaust manifolds 12 of individual cylinders (hereinbelow, termed "exhaust pipe lengths") are unequal lengths as shown in FIG. 6, the distances of movements by which the exhaust gases of the individual cylinders arrive at an air-fuel ratio sensor 16 are different, and hence, the exhaust gases of the individual cylinders might fail to arrive at the air-fuel ratio sensor 16 in the order of combustions. Nevertheless, the individual-cylinder air-fuel ratio estimation model in the prior art has been built concerning the exhaust system in which the exhaust pipe lengths of the individual cylinders are identical. Accordingly, there is the problem that the individual-cylinder air-fuel ratios cannot be precisely estimated in the case of the exhaust system in which the exhaust pipe lengths of the individual cylinders are unequal.

Apparatus for estimating air-fuel ratios and apparatus for controlling air-fuel ratios of individual cylinders in internal combustion engine


A process for tinning plated wire involves first the placing of the wire in a suitable chemical flux for a period of time, the wire is then immersed for a period of time into a static solder pot having molten solder therein, the wire is then re-immersed into the chemical flux for a period of time, and finally the wire is immersed for a period of time into an ultrasonic solder pot having molten solder therein, the wire when removed from the ultrasonic pot being sufficiently tinned such that the solder has formed a suitable intermolecular bond to the plating in accordance with typical bonding criteria.

Copper wire used in electronic applications is sometimes plated to protect the copper wire from corrosion. However, the plating material (e.g., nickel) will not easily form a proper intermolecular bond with solder, e.g., tin/lead type S, composition Sn60 or Sn63.
Criteria for acceptable bonding of the solder to the wire are set out in MIL-STD-202 Method 208, paragraph 4.6. Also set forth, in paragraphs 4.4 and 4.5, is a procedure for applying flux and solder to the wire. The procedure involves preparing the wire for subsequent solder application by cleaning the wire with a chemical flux, e.g., a rosin base flux (paragraph 4.4). The flux-treated wire is then immersed in a static solder pot containing molten solder (paragraph 4.5). In the case of plated wire, however, this method may not allow for proper cleaning of the plating, which, in turn, may not allow the solder to properly wet the wire. This problem is particularly pronounced with nickel plated wire. Wetting refers to the formation on the plating of a relatively uniform, smooth, unbroken and adherent film of solder.
An alternative method for bonding the solder to the wire involves the single step of immersing the wire in an ultrasonic solder pot, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,544 to Sabatino, issued Oct. 14, 1975. The ultrasonic agitation improves the intermolecular bonding process over that of the static solder pot. In this process, the wire is immersed in the pot without having been first immersed in flux. However, manufacturers of ultrasonic pots recommend against placing wire with flux chemical thereon into the pot due to the fact that the flux may corrode the pot and cause its premature failure. Also, this ultrasonic process has been found unacceptable in meeting the solderability criteria of MIL-STD-202 Method 208, paragraph 4.6.

Process for tinning electrically conductive wire


A method for storing data in an electronic device, using tags to mark events carried out in the electronic device during a certain time period. The method involves defining a tag which is assignable to data related to events which are carried out and stored using the electronic device; defining a time period for using the tag; and configuring the electronic device to assign the tag to data related to all events stored using the electronic device during said time period. The tag may be used for all events of only one type, such as pictures captured using a digital camera. Alternatively, the tags may be used for a plurality of types of events, such as for captured pictures or videos, received virtual business cards, calls dialed or received, messages sent or received, and so on. Data associated with an event related to a certain occasion may then be searched and accessed using a tag register.

The use of electronic devices such as computers, mobile phones, and audio/video equipment has had enormous development in the world in the last decades. A lot of effort has been made in making smaller electronic devices, in particular for portable use, such as mobile phones, laptop computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), mp3 players, and so on. Much help has been obtained from the miniaturization of electronic components and the development of more efficient batteries. In mobile communications, the communication systems have gone from analogue to digital, and at the same time the dimensions of the communication mobile phones have gone from briefcase size to the pocket size phones of today, in only a couple of decades. Still today, mobile phones are getting smaller and smaller and the size is generally considered to be an important factor for the end customer.
Regarding mobile phones as well as portable computers and PDA:s, the end users have a number of conflicting requirements. Basically, the device should be as small and light-weight as possible. Furthermore, it should provide more and more advanced functions, have a long battery time, and have a user-friendly interface. Still, there is only so much space in an electronic device, and in order to be competitive the elements of the device must be carefully packaged. The compact size of e.g. mobile phones also means that the user interface, typically a display and a set of keys, is limited. In order to access the different functions and stored items, different types of menu systems are often employed. Still, it may sometimes be difficult to find certain items if it is less than obvious under which menu label to search.
In the field of digital photography, the concept of tagging has gain a lot of interest in the past. A tag is like a keyword or category label, which can be assigned to a digital photo, and is helpful for finding photos which have something in common. Typically, it is possible to assign as many tags as you wish to each photo. Furthermore, if photos, i.e. image files, are stored where they are accessible by more than one person, such as on a network server, it may also be possible for different users to add different tags to the photos.
If, on the other hand, a user wants to recall if a certain phone call has been placed of answered, it is generally possible to search a call register for a trace of the call, unless it has been deleted. Similarly, if a user is anxious to check if and when a message was sent or received, the message inbox and outbox, respectively, may be investigated.
A problem related to the issue of tracing past events carried out by means of an electronic device is that different types of events have to be investigated in different ways, and through different menu channels. This makes searching for event records time-consuming and increases the risk of missing what you are looking for.


A donor film and a thermal imaging method, the film including a base layer; a first light-to-heat conversion layer on the base layer; and a second light-to-heat conversion layer on the first light-to-heat conversion layer and to which an organic material is deposited, wherein the first light-to-heat conversion layer and the second light-to-heat conversion layer respectively absorb light of different wavelengths.

1. Field
Embodiments relate to a donor film and a thermal imaging method using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
A thermal imaging process using laser beams may include a laser induced thermal imaging (LITI) method or a hybrid patterning system (HPS). For example, the thermal imaging process using laser beams may include techniques using thermal imaging components for imaging or transferring an organic material or an inorganic material to another member or substrate by using a donor film, that is a thermal imaging donor component.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Donor film and thermal imaging method using the same


Various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide methods and systems to automatically identify popular television programs based on the viewing of broadcast television programs by at least some of the subscribers of a television distribution system. One or more of the popular television programs identified are stored and offered to one or more of the subscribers on-demand. Subscribers can obtain delivery of at least one of the stored popular television programs for viewing on a subscriber television.

Subscribers to broadcast television sometimes desire to view television programming at times other than when the programming is broadcast. Digital video recorders (DVRs) use high capacity magnetic disk storage to record and time shift television (TV) programs. These DVR devices have leveraged the growth of microprocessor technology and added smart functionality such as program guides and automated recordings by schedule or by title of the desired television program. Further, these devices have changed the way people watch television. The consumer now worries less about the scheduling of television programs, relying instead on the DVR to record shows of interest so that the consumer can watch shows at their leisure. As successful as DVR devices have been, however, typical existing models have certain limitations such as, but not limited to, the inability to simultaneously record multiple programs, limited storage capacity, and the need for users to remember to set the DVR to record the television programs of their choice.

System and method for providing popular TV shows on demand


An isolated cis-acting cellular nucleic acid molecule from a histone gene which suppresses splicing and facilitates transport of unspliced RNA and RNA from intronless DNA from a cell nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell is described, as well as expression vectors and recombinant host cells containing the nucleic acid molecule and methods of use therefor.

In eukaryotic cells, most transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase II contain introns that are removed by splicing before transport to the cytoplasm. Unspliced mRNAs are usually excluded from the cytoplasm. Although the molecular basis for the nuclear retention of unspliced transcripts is generally unclear, it seems likely that either the process of splicing positively affects RNA transport, or the presence of spliceosomes on transcripts negatively affects RNA export from the nucleus. Based on experiments in a yeast system, it has been proposed that intron-containing mRNAs are retained in the nucleus due to association with spliceosomes (Legrain & Rosbash, Cell 57:573-583 (1989)). In mammalian systems, similar observations have been made. Chang and Sharp reported enhanced cytoplasmic accumulation of unspliced mRNAs when splice sites present in nascent transcripts were incapable of efficient spliceosome formation (Chang & Sharp, Cell 59:789-795 (1989)).
Splicing is not always a prerequisite for efficient cytoplasmic accumulation of mRNAs. In retroviruses, for example, alternative splicing of a single viral pre-mRNA generates multiple RNA products, a significant fraction of which are partially spliced or fully unspliced. These intron-containing mRNAs encode viral structural proteins, and their cytoplasmic accumulation is essential for the viral life cycle. In the case of HIV-1, efficient cytoplasmic accumulation of singly spliced and unspliced viral mRNAs requires a viral regulatory protein, called Rev, which interacts with the Rev-responsive element (RRE) present in the target transcripts (reviewed in Cullen, Microbiol. Rev. 56:375-394 (1992)). However, HIV RRE only works in some cell types; for example, it does not work in mouse cells.
For simple retroviruses, such as the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, cytoplasmic localization of unspliced viral mRNAs involves the interaction of a cis-acting RNA element with an unidentified cellular factor(s) (Bray et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1256-1260 (1994)). Thus, specific interactions between positive cis-acting RNA elements and appropriate viral or cellular factors appear to facilitate the cytoplasmic accumulation of intron-containing retroviral mRNAs.
Some viral genes naturally lack introns. Examples include the hepatitis B virus (HBV) (reviewed in Yen, Semin. Virol. 4:33-42 (1993)) and the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) (McKnight, Nucleic Acids Res. 8:5949-5964 (1980)) genes. Unlike the intronless variants of the highly intron-dependent gene transcripts that usually fail to accumulate in the cytoplasm (Jonsson et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 20:3191-3198 (1992); Nesic et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3359-3369 (1993); Neuberger & Williams, Nucleic Acids Res. 16:6713-6724 (1988)), these intronless viral transcripts can efficiently accumulate in the cytoplasm without undergoing the process of splicing (Yen, Semin. Virol. 4:33-42 (1993); McKnight, Nucleic Acids Res. 8:5949-5964 (1980); Liu & Mertz, Genes Dev. 9:1766-1780 (1995)). Recent studies have indicated that the cytoplasmic accumulation of unspliced HBV transcripts is facilitated by a specific cis-acting RNA element that interacts with cellular factors (Donello et al., J. Virol. 70:4345-4351 (1996); Huang & Liang, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:7476-86 (1993); Huang & Yen, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3864-3869 (1995)).
In contrast to viral intronless gene expression, much less is known about the expression of cellular intronless genes, which include the genes coding for histone proteins (Kedes, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48:837-870 (1979)), .beta.-adrenergic receptor (Koilka et al., Nature 329:75-79 (1987)), .alpha.-interferon (Nagata et al., Nature 287:401-408 (1980)) and c-jun (Hattori et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:9148-9152 (1988)). The existence of a cis-acting element in the c-jun message has been suggested (unpublished results, cited in Liu & Mertz, Genes Dev. 9:1766-1780 (1995)).
In many applications, e.g., in research laboratories, transgenic research and gene therapy, genes are expressed from vectors that are designed to make large amounts of the desired mRNA. In a common formulation, a DNA segment obtained by making a complementary copy of a desired mRNA (a cDNA molecule) is inserted into an expression vector downstream of a promoter and just upstream of a polyadenylation signal. Frequently, when this is done in its simplest form, very little expression is observed because much or most gene expression in eukaryotic cells appears to require the splicing of introns in order to allow cytoplasmic accumulation of mRNA. While the reason for this almost general requirement for splicing is unclear, most expression vectors attempt to alleviate this problem by incorporating an intron either upstream or downstream of the coding region contained in the DNA insert. One of the most commonly used introns is the SV40 small t antigen intron. However, this intron can lead to aberrant splicing, and splicing to "cryptic" sites lying within the cDNA of interest (Huang and Gorman, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1805-1810 (1990)), resulting in lower than optimal levels of mRNA.

CIS-acting cellular nucleic acid molecules


A thermally-adaptive comforter which gives the user a greater amount of control over the temperature of their sleeping environment. The invention accomplishes this objective by providing a comforter with hatches which allows the user to vary the thermal conductivity of the comforter in certain areas. The comforter includes a plurality of hatch covers, having different colors or designs, which are placed over hatch openings. The hatch covers are detachably fastened to the comforter so that the hatch covers may be rearranged to change the appearance of the comforter. This feature of aesthetic design variability allows the user to change the appearance of the comforter as desired.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of blankets and bedding. More specifically, the invention comprises a comforter with detachable hatches which provides enhanced temperature control and aesthetic design variability.
2. Description of the Related Art
The human body generates a substantial amount of heat. Humans have long since taken advantage of this source of energy for comfort by using blankets and clothes to insulate the body and prevent the rapid loss of body heat to the environment. Those skilled in the art know the rate of conductive heat transfer is directly proportional to the thermal conductivity of the object through which heat is conducted. Heat transfer can therefore be slowed by using insulation with a lower conductivity. In terms of bedding materials, one can use thicker blankets or blankets with lower thermal conductivity, like down comforters.
Quilts, comforters, and blankets are widely used bedding materials that generally serve to insulate a sleeper from cooler ambient conditions and provide a more comfortable condition for sleeping. When not in use, these bedding materials often serve a decorative function as the pattern and color scheme chosen represent one's design taste.
Prior art bedding materials, however, have various limitations. Conventional comforters provide a constant, inadaptable amount of insulation. For some individuals it is difficult to achieve the desired temperature condition by adding or removing blankets. For example, one blanket might provide too little insulation while two blankets might provide too much. In addition, in beds shared by multiple occupants, each occupant may desire to sleep at a different temperature or have a different amount of insulation.
It is therefore desirable to provide a bedding material with adaptable insulation that can accommodate the desired temperature conditions for multiple bed occupants. In addition, it is likewise desirable to provide a bedding material with changeable aesthetic design characteristics.

Thermally-adaptive comforter with aesthetic design variability


Inlet vortex ingestion is deterred when testing an engine (12) in a test cell (10). Ramp structures (26) are installed on the walls blocking 30% to 50% of the flow area. The apex (42) of these ramps is located adjacent the engine inlet (24) with the upstream faces (46) at about a 45.degree. angle.

Gas turbine engines for aircraft are normally guaranteed for thrust performance. A newly manufactured engine must be tested to determine compliance with the guarantee, for example, a production test "green" run. Thrust measurement is also important during development. Furthermore, later in life, thrust performance testing of an engine is required to evaluate its current status, particularly after a major engine overhaul.
An indoor test cell offers several advantages in performing a test. Such test is less affected by variable wind or unreliable weather conditions and the noise can be attenuated to avoid excessive disturbances.
Certain corrections must be applied to the various test readings in a test cell in order to determine the equivalent outdoor operation. Preferably these corrections should be as low, stable and repetitive as possible to avoid introduction of error. One of the corrections involved is that of the inlet momentum correction.
It is known that under certain conditions inlet vortices can form which are then ingested into the gas turbine engine. This can result in an engine surge event and prevent useful testing from being conducted. In some cases this can even result in compressor blade damage.
Within a bounding stream line the air is accelerated into the entrance of the gas turbine. The secondary airflow between this streamline and the cell walls decelerates with static pressure increase. At a deceleration velocity ratio on the order of 0.4 or 0.5 separation at the cell wall occurs. The separation is non-uniform. This provides sufficient shear gradient in the direction transverse to the flow to promote the formation of a vortex. This vortex may then be ingested into the engine.
Two methods are known to avoid the damaging effects of vortex formation. One approach involves the streamlining of the duct upstream of the engine with a fairing approaching the shape of the outer streamline perimeter directing all of the air flow to the engine inlet. This inherently accelerates the air flow to the full inlet velocity before it enters the engine, thereby requiring a substantial performance inlet momentum correction. Little or no bypass air is required with this approach.
Such a structure is expensive to build, and forces on the structure must be isolated from the measured force. Specific adaption must be made for each engine being tested. Furthermore, this structure can not be easily moved or removed for access to the engine or for changing the engines.
A more customary solution is the provision of adequate bypass flow or secondary flow around the engine. The exhaust from the gas turbine engine enters an exhaust collector passage. This operates as an inductor to draw air into the passage in addition to the exhaust from the gas turbine engine. Accordingly, excess flow is supplied beyond that needed by the gas turbine engine.
Because of this excess flow the velocity ratio is higher and there is less deceleration of the secondary air and a reduced potential for separation at the walls. Furthermore, any separation that does occur is convected downstream of the gas turbine inlet and is not ingested therein.
Experience has shown that bypass ratios greater than 0.75 or 0.8 are acceptable. In order to test an engine of a given thrust and having a particular air flow, at least 1.8 times the engine required flow must be handled by the test cell. For a given test cell size it follows that larger engines have two problems. One, the extremely high air velocities create considerable noise and excessive forces on the various structure required for the test cell. Second, the approach velocities increase requiring substantial thrust correction.
In accordance with prior art concepts the only solution to such a problem is to build a new and larger test cell.
It is an object of the invention to establish a structure which permits the testing of larger higher thrust engines in a given size engine test cell.


A gear-shift lever module with various sensors integrated on one circuit board may include a module housing, the integrated circuit board disposed in the module housing, a position sensor, a manual mode switch and a connector. The position sensor senses a shift position of a gear-shift lever and is disposed on the integrated circuit board at a position corresponding to a hinge portion at a lower end of the gear-shift lever. The manual mode switch is disposed on the integrated circuit board at a position corresponding to a manual mode of the gear-shift lever and senses the manual mode by being pressed by the gear-shift lever when the gear-shift lever is positioned for the manual mode. The connector is electrically connected with the position sensor and the manual mode switch.

Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a gear-shift lever module that can considerably reduce a disconnection, a short circuit, and/or other damages by modularizing electric devices, using one integrated circuit board.
Description of Related Art
Gear-shift lever modules of the related art have four stages consisting of park, reverse, neutral, and drive and are changed into a manual mode in the drive state in accordance with the intention of a driver before automatic shifting, so they can shift gears up and down one by one. However, these gear-shift lever modules have a problem in that the structures are very complicated because a sensor that senses them, a switch, and a fixing portion are separated and connected by wires.
Accordingly, there is a problem in that when a problem such as a disconnection or a short circuit is generated, a gear-shift lever fails to fully perform its function in driving and it may cause an unexpected serious problem such as sudden acceleration.
Further, components are separately assembled and cables are connected in the process of producing the selection lever of automatic transmissions of the related art, and accordingly, defects are frequently generated or the amount of work increases due to difficulty in assembly, so the manufacturing cost increases.
The information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.