This disclosure describes a single shell, double dome combustor design configuration with the intermediate dividing wall between the two annuli removed, thereby reducing weight and cost, and improving durability. An annular daisy type mixer is positioned between the domes to improve the mixing of air and combustor gases prior to the exiting of the gases from the combustor to the turbine vanes. The daisy mixer positioned downstream of the domes to provides effective, low pressure loss mixing at a a controlled axial rate, by creating effective cross-flow barriers to avoid uncontrolled fuel/air ratio transfer between the inner and outer annuli, and thereby allows a concentric and controlled axial air admission in conjunction with the individual swirlers.

This invention is an improvement over the state of the art double dome combustor used in gas turbine engines.
Many gas turbine engines incorporate annular combustors to obtain the benefits of compactness, performance, weight, cost and durability. In those combustors of the single annular type where there is only a single annular array of fuel injectors and swirlers in the front section of the combustor, there is a relationship of dome height to combustor length (L/H) which largely governs the length of the combustor. The L/H ratio of modern combustor designs generally falls into the 2.0 to 2.5 range. The L/H ratio affects such characteristics as combustor exit temperature distribution including the circumferential integrated temperature profile and the pattern factor, and this is of particular importance to the stationary inlet turbine vane.
Generally speaking the exit temperature distribution is enhanced with higher L/H combustor ratios because longer lengths enhance mixing, and hence uniformity; however there are opposing consideration of engine weight, cost and durability which argue in favor of low L/H ratios, or shorter combustor designs. Shorter designs require less cooling air by virtue of the reduced surface area to be cooled, and are generally favored for engines which put a premium on high thrust to weight ratios.
It has been demonstrated that a double annular combustor can provide a number of benefits over the single annular combustor. Basically, a double annular combustor, also known as a double dome combustor, comprises two concentric single dome annular combustors. The benefits of the double dome combustor include:
1. Length. The combustors are shorter due to the potential of halving the L/H ratio.
2. Operability. By implementing two annular arrays of fuel injectors which is basic to the double annular design, the fuel may be staged so that the combustor operates with stability over a broader range of fuel/air ratios.
3. Emission Reduction. The short length and fuel staging flexibility allows better control for the reduction of gaseous emissions including hydrocarbons, CO and NOX.
The state of the art of double dome combustor apparatus is represented by a number of U.S. patents:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,492 issued to King on Sep. 7, 1988 discloses a dilution air dispensing apparatus for a double dome combustor with dilution air dispensing holes that are staggered on the opposite walls of the centerbody. The wakes on the downstream side of the jets provide avenues of access for the deflected combustion gases to continue their travel across the combustor and into the regions downstream of the opposite domes. The gases then mix with the remaining undeflected gases from the domes and with the spent dilution air before reaching a combustor exit plane. This dilution method is common to essentially all combustors on the inner and outer shells.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,173,118 issued to Kawaguchi on Nov. 6, 1979 discloses a fuel combustion cylinder having a double concentric combustion cylinder which includes a rich mixture zone, a lean mixture zone and a dilution zone.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,306,333 issued to Mock on Feb. 28, 1967; Mock patent is directed to a combustor of the flame tube type and toroidal or smoke ring type of gas circulation in the primary zone.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,694 issued to Wood et al on Dec. 9, 1980 describes a combustor for a gas turbine engine which has a central duct partially surrounded by an annular duct. Each duct has an array of swirl vanes at their upstream ends and fuel inlet apertures are located downstream of the respective arrays of swirl vanes.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,606,421 issued to Goddard on Aug. 12, 1952, 3,820,324 issued to Grindley et al on Jun. 28, 1974, 3,851,465 issued to Verdouw on Dec. 3, 1974, 4,113,425 issued to von Linde et al on Sep. 12, 1978, and 4,195,475 issued to Verdouw on Apr. 1, 1980 provide additional background information on the state of the field of art.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,720,058 issued to Collinson et al discloses a combustor with three annular sets of injectors.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,194,358 issued to Stenger discloses a double annular combustor having means to separate the gases.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,536 issued to Rudolph discloses a mixer apparatus for mixing core and fan streams.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,758 issued to Caruel et al discloses a double annular combustor with an internal wall between the combustors.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,305,255 discloses a double annular combustor without an internal wall.
As pointed out in King U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,492, combustor length of advanced engines were being reduced for the purpose of reducing overall engine length and weight. The double dome combustor served as a means for reducing combustor length while meeting other important design criteria; however, in short double dome combustor designs, some amount of centerbody dilution air is needed. This additional centerbody dilution air, along with the dilution air from the combustor inner and outer walls, provides cooling to the center portion of the combustor exit stream, and is also necessary to achieve the desired temperature gradient variation (profile shape) across the combustor exit stream. The circumferential variations in temperature must also be limited; however, this condition is particularly difficult due to the shortness of the combustor and the very limited length which is available for mixing between the locations where dilution air is admitted and the combustor exit.
In accordance with King, some of the described problems were alleviated in the double dome combustor by inclining a pair of dilution jets in a slightly downstream direction from the dome and staggering the dilution holes located on opposite walls of the centerbody to produce what King described as a powerful aerodynamic mixer. The blockage effect created by the inclined jets caused a portion of the approaching combustion gases to accelerate and to turn toward the regions downstream of the adjacent or opposite domes.
The present invention is an improvement over the prior art double dome combustors and over the King apparatus in that it provides a daisy-type mixer downstream of the domes to increase the mixing perimeter of the region between the two combustion areas and to provide complete mixing of the gases before reaching the exit plane of the combustor, at low pressure loss. Daisy mixers are very efficient in accomplishing lateral mixing of streams of unequal temperature at expenditure of low pressure loss. They require less pressure drop than the typical dilution jets, and hence the efficiency of the engine in enhanced.

Double dome, single anular combustor with daisy mixer

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air Force


Cables boxes and cable distribution systems securely store and route network cables of different types and/or security classifications. More specifically, a service cable box can include one or more chambers that can secure secondary network cables of one or more types and/or classifications. The service cable box can have secure and unsecure connection chambers. Accordingly, the service cable box can segregate network connections of different types and/or security classifications and can selectively provide secured access thereto.

1. The Field of the Invention
This invention relates to systems, methods, and apparatus for securing network cabling and/or network or electrical connections at a network endpoint.
2. Background and Relevant Art
Security concerns in data and communication infrastructures have increased in importance as more individuals, businesses, government, and military organizations increase reliance on data and communication networks. As an example, both government and military agencies often require physical security standards for sensitive information facilities, such as the DCID 6/9 and NSTISSI standards (both of these standards are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). Providing secure cabling and cabling connections, is often an important part securing data and a network infrastructure.
Communication devices, such as computers, telephones, fax machines and other devices, often receive and transmit information through cables. For instance, fiber optic cables, copper cables, and other communication cables may carry information to and from the communication devices. Cable boxes are often connection points that organize the cables within a communication network. Many office buildings have at least one cable box, such as between the point at which a data cable enters a building and the point at which a data cable terminates at a communication device.
Cable boxes can include, for example, consolidation boxes and service cable boxes. An installer or a network architect can position the consolidation boxes in a ceiling, floor, or inside a wall. Consolidation boxes can provide network access and service to many different end users. Cable bundles, also known as "trunk lines" and "primary cables," can contain many individual cable strands. Cable bundles may enter into the consolidation box and can separate into smaller bundles or individual cables and proceed to several different service cable boxes. Smaller bundles or individual cables are also known as "branch lines" and "secondary network cables."
Unlike most consolidation boxes, service cable boxes may service a single end user or a small number of end users. Secondary network cables from a consolidation box may enter a service cable box through a designated entry port and connect to a connector module. Connector modules can connect to the ends of the secondary network cables. The connector modules may contain one or more connectors, such as network ports. A service network cable connected directly to a communication device can have a cable plug on an open end, which can couple to the connector on the connector module.
Typically, in order to maintain security, conventional cable boxes (including both consolidation boxes and service boxes) have a capability to accept only one type of classified network. Thus, a facility with several different classified networks may need separate cable boxes for each classified network. In such situations, the network architect can install multiple cable boxes in order to maintain security. Depending on the design of a particular facility, accommodating separate cable boxes for each network can be difficult or impossible.
Furthermore, conventional network systems often include both power/electrical cables and data cables. Unfortunately, including both data boxes and power or electrical boxes may increase installation and maintenance costs. Additionally, multiple different types of boxes can limit the availability of interior space for accommodating other components.
Accordingly, there are a number of disadvantages with conventional service cable boxes that can be addressed.


A polymerization to form a branched polyolefin, in which polymerization an ethylene copolymerization catalyst and an ethylene oligomerization catalyst form a series of ethylene oligomers that are α-olefins are both present, gives an improved polyethylene if the oligomerization catalyst has a relatively high Schulz-Flory constant.

Polymerization of olefins, especially ethylene, to form polyolefins is an important commercial process. Millions of tons of such polymers are produced annually. Among the useful grades of polyethylene is Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), which is usually made by a high pressure process to yield a polyethylene that has excellent processability, see for instance N. Maraschin, Ethylene Polymers, LDPE, in J. L Kroschwitz, et al., Ed., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, H. Mark, 3rd Ed., Vol. 2, Wiley Interscience, (2003) pp. 412-441, which is hereby included by reference. Such LDPE usually has short chain branching and is also believed to have long chain branching (LCB), although the lengths of these long chains is not known. It is believed that the good processability of LDPE is due to the presence of these long chain branches.
There are other grades of polyethylenes that, while not usually having LCBs, are also useful. Although they generally do not process as well as LOPE, they have other superior properties that render them useful. Such grades of polyethylene (PE) include Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). LLDPE can have short chain branches, see for instance D. M. Simpson & G. A. Vaughan, Ethylene Polymers, LLDPE, in J. I. Kroschwitz, et al., Ed., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, H. Mark, 3rd Ed., Vol. 2, Wiley Interscience, (2003) pp. 441-482 (this reference also has a good comparison and description to the properties of LOPE), which is hereby included by reference. HOPE may be linear or have a small amount of short chain branches, see for instance E. Benham, Ethylene Polymers, LDPE, in J. L Kroschwitz, at al., Ed., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, H. Mark, 3rd Ed., Vol. 2, Wiley Interscience, (2003) pp. 382-412, which is hereby included by reference.
It has been a longstanding goal to produce other PEs such as HDPE or LLDPE that process similarly to or better than LDPE, while retaining the other superior physical properties possessed by these PEs.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,338, which is hereby included by reference, describes a process in which an ethylene copolymerization catalyst is combined with an ethylene oligomerization catalyst that produces α-olefins to produce branched PE similar to LLDPE. No specific mention is made of using an oligomerization catalyst with a high Schulz-Flory Constant ("SFC"), nor is it stated that the processability of such a polyolefin can be improved by use of an oligomerization catalyst with a high SFC.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,550 describes PEs made by the process of U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,338. The PEs described in this patent were not made using oligomerization catalysts with high SFCs.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,946 describes the production of α-olefins using iron complexes of certain diimines of 2,6-diacylpyridines or 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehydes. Nothing is said of using the resulting α-olefins in situ to produce a copolymer.
Other references that report simultaneous oligomerization and polymerization of various olefins are World Patent Application 90/15085, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,616,529, 5,753,785, 5,856,610, 5,686,542, 5,137,994, and 5,071,927, C. Denger, et al., Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., vol. 12, pp. 697-701 (1991), and E. A. Benham, et al., Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 28, pp. 1469-1472 (1988). None of these describe using oligomerization catalysts with high SFCs. These references also describe various catalysts for producing α-olefins, although none are mentioned as giving a series of α-olefins having a relatively high Schulz-Flory constant.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Ethylene polymerization process and polyolefin


While a client reproduces a moving picture, and fast-forward reproducing is carried out in the process of reproducing a moving picture based on a frame, the client transmits a search request to a server. The server searches for the frame of I picture based on a condition in the search request in the fast-forwarding direction (reproducing direction) from the frame. The server uses a search table it has. As a result of the search, the server sequentially extracts frames of I picture and transmits them to the client. The client reproduces the frames every time it receives one of them. Therefore, a network AV system allows the memory capacity of a client to be reduced as much as possible and capable of special reproducing such as fast-forward reproducing and reverse-reproducing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a network AV system, and more specifically, to a network AV system including a server and a client connected to the server through a network.
2. Description of the Related Art
A moving picture reproducing device such as a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) player is capable of special reproducing such as fast-forward reproducing to reproduce a moving picture while fast-forwarding it, reverse-reproducing to reproduce a moving picture while reversing it. When moving picture data in a DVD is compressed by MPEG2, the moving picture data Vm consists of a plurality of frames as shown in FIG. 16. The plurality of frames can be divided into three kinds (I picture, B picture, and P picture) depending on how they are compressed. For fast-forward reproducing, for example, the DVD player extracts frames of I picture among the plurality of frames for reproducing.
Recently, network AV systems using a client-server system have been provided. WO 03/102919 discloses a network AV system having a server including a database that stores a plurality of pieces of moving picture data and a client connected to the server through a LAN (Local Area Network). The client requests the server to provide desired moving picture data, and the server distributes the requested moving picture data to the client in response. The client reproduces the moving picture based on the moving picture data distributed from the server. In the network AV system, the moving picture data is all stored in the server, and therefore the client does not have a hard disk for storing moving picture data. The client simply needs a minimum necessary memory for temporarily storing moving picture data distributed from the server. The network AV system of this kind is desirably capable of fast-forward reproducing and reverse-reproducing.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-111048 discloses a method of allowing the network AV system to carry out special reproducing such as fast-forward reproducing and reverse-reproducing. According to the disclosure of Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-111048, the client stores information related to moving picture data (information such as the array positions of the plurality of frames constituting the moving picture data) stored in the server. The client specifies a frame to be reproduced based on the information related to the moving picture data and requests the server to distribute the specified frame. In this case, the client needs a memory to store information related to the moving picture data, and therefore the memory capacity of the client cannot be reduced.


A semiconductor leadframe and a semiconductor package using same. More particularly, a semiconductor leadframe offering improved solder joint strength between a semiconductor package and a motherboard is disclosed. The leadframe comprises a plate-type frame body; a chip paddle on which a semiconductor chip may be mounted; a plurality of internal leads located radially and spaced at regular intervals about the perimeter of the chip paddle; external leads extending outward from the internal leads and with their terminals connecting to the frame body; and dam bars at the juncture of each external and internal lead for additional support and to ensure that the external leads remain exposed during subsequent encapsulation processes. The leadframe of the present invention providing additional solder joint strength through the use of internal leads having different lengths or surface areas.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to semiconductor packages and to the leadframes encapsulated therein, and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a leadframe for semiconductor packages which exhibits improved solder joint strength upon being mounted to a motherboard.
2. History of Related Art
It is conventional in the electronic industry to encapsulate one or more semiconductor devices, such as integrated circuit dies, or chips, in a semiconductor package. These plastic packages protect a chip from environmental hazards, and provide a method of and apparatus for electrically and mechanically attaching the chip to an intended device. Recently, such semiconductor packages have included metal leadframes for supporting an integrated circuit chip which is bonded to a chip paddle region formed centrally therein. Bond wires which electrically connect pads on the integrated circuit chip to individual leads of the leadframe are then incorporated. A hard plastic encapsulating material, or encapsulant, which covers the bond wire, the integrated circuit chip and other components, forms the exterior of the package. A primary focus in this design is to provide the chip with adequate protection from the external environment in a reliable and effective manner.
As set forth above, the semiconductor package therein described incorporates a leadframe as the central supporting structure of such a package. A portion of the leadframe completely surrounded by the plastic encapsulant is internal to the package. Portions of the leadframe extend internally from the package and are then used to connect the package externally. More information relative to leadframe technology may be found in Chapter 8 of the book Micro Electronics Packaging Handbook, (1989), edited by R. Tummala and E. Rymaszewski. This book is published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.
Once the integrated circuit chips have been produced and encapsulated in semiconductor packages described above, they may be used in a wide variety of electronic appliances. The variety of electronic devices utilizing semiconductor packages has grown dramatically in recent years. These devices include cellular phones, portable computers, etc. Each of these devices typically include a motherboard on which a significant number of such semiconductor packages are secured to provide multiple electronic functions. These electronic appliances are typically manufactured in reduced sizes and at reduced costs, as consumer demand increases. Accordingly, not only are semiconductor chips highly integrated, but also semiconductor packages are highly miniaturized with an increased level of package mounting density.
According to such miniaturization tendencies, semiconductor packages, which transmit electrical signals from semiconductor chips to motherboards and support the semiconductor chips on the motherboards, have been designed to have a small size. By way of example only, such semiconductor packages may have a size on the order of 1×1 mm to 10×10 mm.
In further description of the above-described semiconductor package design aspects, reference is now made to FIGS. 1–3 where a prior art leadframe 100 and semiconductor package 200 are shown. Referring specifically now to FIG. 1, a typical prior art leadframe 100 is shown and described. The leadframe 100 has a plate-type frame body 120 with an opening 125 at its center and a chip paddle 110 located within the opening 125 on which a semiconductor chip (not shown) is subsequently mounted. About the perimeter of the chip paddle 110 and extending inwardly from the frame body 120 toward the opening 125, a plurality of internal leads 130 are located radially and spaced at regular intervals. The chip paddle 110 is connected to the frame body 120 by tie bars 150 which may be extended inwardly from the ends of at least two internal leads 130, as shown here, or from the frame body 120 itself. The internal leads 130 extend outward into external leads 135 which are in turn made integral to the frame body 120. Dam bars 140 are provided to separate the internal leads 130 from the external leads 135 during the encapsulation process and to prevent encapsulation material (not shown) from covering the external leads 135. It is particularly notable that in the prior art leadframe 100, each of the internal leads 130 are all substantially the same length L.
Referring still to FIG. 1, the reference numerals 111, 131 and 151 denote half-etched portions of chip paddle 110, the internal leads 130 and the tie bars 150, respectively. These half-etched portions will generally be about half as thick as the remainder of the part. During the subsequent encapsulation process for forming a semiconductor package, encapsulation material flows under these portions of the part to ensure a better seal for the internal components.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a semiconductor package 200 using the prior art leadframe 100 is presented. As shown, the semiconductor package 200 includes a semiconductor chip 105 having a plurality of bond pads or input/output pads 106 on its upper surface along its perimeter, and a chip paddle 110 which is bonded to the bottom surface of the semiconductor chip 105 via an adhesive. The chip paddle 110 also features a half-etched portion 111 along its perimeter. A plurality of internal leads 130, each of which has a half-etched portion (not shown) are radially located about the perimeter of the chip paddle 110. The input/output pads 106 of the semiconductor chip 105 are electrically connected to the internal leads 130 via conductive wires 115. As shown here, the semiconductor chip 105, the chip paddle 110, the internal leads 130, and the conductive wires 115, are all sealed within an encapsulation material 10 to create a semiconductor package 200. Referring back to FIG. 1, the external portions of the leadframe 100, namely the dam bars 140 and the external leads 135, which are not encapsulated are then trimmed off. The tie bars 150 may also be cut or singulated following encapsulation to completely separate the chip paddle 110 from the frame body 120.
Referring now to FIG. 3, note that following encapsulation, the chip paddle 110, the internal leads 130, and the tie bars 150 remain externally exposed on the underside of the semiconductor package 200. The semiconductor package 200 is subsequently placed in electrical communication with the host device by fusing or soldering the exposed bottom surfaces or lands of the internal leads 130 to a motherboard (not shown).
Referring still to FIG. 3, the internal leads 130 on the underside of the semiconductor package 200 are regularly spaced at a distance G1 from each other. The internal leads 130 are all of substantially the same length L and are arranged at regular distances G1 to prevent the internal leads 130 which are closest to the corners from forming a short circuit upon soldering. Typically, the internal leads will have a fixed length L of about 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm. Unfortunately, as the other internal leads 130 which are not located near the corners are formed at the same length, the resulting semiconductor package 200 will typically exhibit very poor solder joint strength at the interface with the motherboard. Solder joint strength tends to vary proportionally with the amount of surface area placed in direct contact with the motherboard. Consequently, a lead having a larger surface area should exhibit greater solder joint strength than a lead with a smaller surface area.

Leadframe and semiconductor package with improved solder joint strength


A system includes a multi-stage turbine. The multi-stage turbine has an interstage seal extending axially between a first turbine stage and a second turbine stage. The interstage seal has an upper body that extends from an upstream seating arm to a downstream seating arm. The upstream and downstream seating arms are designed to constrain movement of the interstage seal along a radial direction of the multi-stage turbine. The interstage seal also has a lower body that extends from a seating end to a hook end. The seating end is designed to constrain movement of the interstage seal along the radial direction. The hook end has a protrusion that extends crosswise relative to a base of the lower body. The hook end is designed to constrain movement of the interstage seal along the radial direction and an axial direction of the multi-stage turbine.

The subject matter disclosed herein relates to gas turbines, and more specifically, to interstage seals within gas turbines.
In general, gas turbine engines combust a mixture of compressed air and fuel to produce hot combustion gases. The combustion gases may flow through one or more turbine stages to generate power for a load and/or compressor. A pressure drop may occur between stages, which may allow leakage flow of a fluid, such as combustion gases, through unintended paths. Seals may be disposed between the stages to reduce fluid leakage between the stages. Unfortunately, the shape of the seal may increase the spacing required between stages of the turbine. In addition, the shape of the seal may make access to internal components of the turbine more difficult. Furthermore, the seal may require additional components, such as spacers, to ensure proper axial and radial alignment of the seal.


The invention relates to a device on a knitting machine equipped with slider needles for controlling the laying in of a thread (28) into the open needle hooks (5.2). In order to avoid that the thread is not laid into the hooks correctly or that a thread which has already been laid into the hook, jumps out of the hook (5.2) during the closing movement of the slider parts (6) on account of vibrations or the like, the slider parts (6) of the slider needles are provided with inclined faces (6.5) which project when the hooks (5.2) are closed into the thread spaces (32) formed by these hooks and the needle and slider parts (5,6). In this way the thread portions between the thread guide (29) and the slider needles are pressed deeply into the thread spaces (32) during the closing movement of the slider parts (6), so that the thread sections laid into the following slider needles with hooks still open come securely into the respective thread spaces (32) or are retained therein FIG. 3).

The invention relates to a device on a knitting machine being equipped with slider needles having needle and slider parts, for controlling the laying in of a thread into thread spaces which are defined by the needle and slider parts as well as by hooks on the needle parts. The invention also relates to a slider needle for a knitting machine having such a device.
Devices on knitting machines equipped with slider needles for ensuring the laying in of the thread into the thread spaces provided therefor and defined in particular by the hooks of the needles are known. They consist of specially formed sinkers and associated cam tracks (DE-A1 3 629 791) and can additionally be combined with special thread guides (EP-A1 0 357 566). Such devices are needed especially with high-speed circular knitting machines equipped with slider needles. The reason is that slider needles do not, in contrast to latch needles, have any pivoted latches which could participate in the secure laying in of the thread into the thread spaces. Also the thread parts between the thread guides and still open thread spaces can flutter so strongly on account of changes in the thread tension or unavoidable vibrations of the knitting machine that they do not get laid into the thread spaces correctly or spring out of the thread spaces, even if already laid into them, during the closure thereof subsequently being effected with the slider parts.
The use of special sinkers and cam tracks is expensive in construction and not always desirable. This applies in particular in connection with high-capacity circular knitting machines, in which the possibility afforded by the slider needles of achieving high knitting speeds is to be fully exploited and in which accordingly any additional sinker movement and any additional sinker mass impede attainment of this object.

Device on a knitting machine with slider needles and a slider needle for knitting machines

SIPRA Patententwicklungs-und Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH


The present invention discloses a composition for high refractive index plastic lens consisting of a monomer mixture wherein a particular aliphatic thiol compound is added to a polyisocyanate represented by general formula (1): ##STR1## wherein each X represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; each R represents a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group; m represents an integer of 0-4; and n represents an integer of 2-4, and a polythiol of formula (2): ##STR2## and a high refractive index plastic lens made of a urethane-containing resin obtained by polymerizing said composition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a composition for a high refractive index plastic lens having excellent heat resistance, low water absorption and excellent surface hardness and used in various optical lenses such as eyeglass lens and the like. The present invention also relates to a lens comprising a resin obtained by polymerizing said composition.
2. Prior Art
Plastic lenses are lightweight, fragmentation-resistant and dyeable as compared with inorganic lenses, so that they have gained rapid acceptances in recent years as optical elements such as eyeglass lenses and camera lenses. Resins widely employed these days for such purposes include a resin obtained by the cast polymerization of diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) (hereinafter called "DAC"). This DAC resin has various advantages such as lightweightness, superb dyeability and good workability in cutting, grinding, etc., and can respond to fashion requirements. A lens made of the DAC resin, however, has a smaller refractive index than inorganic lenses. In order for the DAC lens to have optical properties similar to those of glass lenses, it is necessary for the DAC lens to have increased central thickness, peripheral thickness and curvature, unavoidably resulting in large overall thickness. Therefore there has been a desire for the development of a resin for a lens, having a higher refractive index.
Polyurethane lenses are known as a resin lens having a higher refractive index than the DAC lens. The present inventors proposed a polyurethane lens made of a polymer between a xylylene diisocyanate compound and a polythiol compound in U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,733. This lens is in wide acceptance as optical lenses such as eyeglass lens. The present inventors also proposed a polyurethane lens of even higher refractive index in U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,055. These polyurethane lenses, however generally have poor heat resistances as compared with lenses made of a resin obtained by radical polymerization of olefin group, e.g., a DAC resin and tend to cause lens deformation in the post-treatments of lens, for example, the dyeing and surface coating of lens wherein a heat treatment is conducted generally at 60.degree.-90.degree. C. In these polyurethane lenses, therefore, the heat treatment temperature must be kept low.
With respect to the method to improve the heat resistance of polyurethane resins, there are known Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 275901/1990 and EP 408459. The polyurethane resin described in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 275901/1990, however, has a refractive index in the range of about 1.57-1.61, which is low and insufficient. The polyurethane resin obtained by the method of Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 275901/1990 shows high water absorption and, when made into a lens of small central thickness, leads to deformation caused by water absorption at the lens center in some cases. Further, the resin has a low surface hardness and, when molded into a lens, tends to have scars. Also, since the heat resistance of the polyurethane resin described in EP 408459 is higher, it is difficult to dye it by an ordinary method when made into a lens. It is further disclosed in EP 408459 that when there is used, as the thiol component, pentaerythritol which is the same as tetrakis(mercapto-methyl)methane used in the present invention, use of xylylene diisocyanate as the isocyanate component is not preferable.
Further in these prior techniques, the thiol component used for heat resistance improvement becomes a solid in some cases. For example, tetrakis(mercapto-methyl)methane (this is preferably used in the present invention) is a solid having a melting point of 72.degree.-73.degree. C. and, when used singly as the thiol component as in EP 408459, makes the handling very complicated in the molding of lens. Also, the compound represented by general formula (3): ##STR3## described in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 275901/1990 has a high viscosity ordinarily and therefore, when tetrakis(mercaptomethyl)methane as the component (c) is added in an increased proportion, crystals appear, making the handling complicated and reducing the workability. Moreover, the restriction in proportion of tetrakis-(mercaptomethyl)methane added makes impossible the sufficient improvement in heat resistance.

High refractive index plastic lens and composition therefor


A technique to control segregation of impurities when reforming crystallinity and crystallization of a semiconductor film by using a laser beam irradiation is provided. The present invention is to irradiate the substrate with applying ultrasonic vibration while keeping the end portion of the substrate in space. The substrate on which a semiconductor film is formed is kept onto the stage provided with opening pores, and floated by spouting gas from opening pores. Supersonic vibration can be efficiently provided to the substrate by irradiating with a laser beam with ultrasonic vibration while keeping the end portion of the substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a semiconductor film having a crystal structure and a method for fabricating a semiconductor device using the semiconductor film. Specifically, the present invention relates to a technique to increase crystallization and crystallinity by irradiating a semiconductor film with a laser beam. In addition, the present invention relates to a laser processing device which is used for the semiconductor film and the semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Related Art
A crystallization technique to form a polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) by exposing an amorphous silicon film deposited on a glass substrate to a laser beam has been known. A pulsed excimer laser oscillator is a light source which is typically used for the crystallization technique. It is considered that silicon is instantaneously heated and melted due to the irradiation of a pulsed laser beam, and crystallization is occurred in the subsequent cooling process. In consequence, it is known that polycrystallization in which several crystal grains having different plane directions are collected is formed.
In crystallization of amorphous silicon using an excimer laser which is typically used, a silicon is selectively heated through irradiating with a pulsed laser beam with a pulse width of several ten nanosecond to several hundred nanosecond, thereby the silicon is crystallized without thermally damaging a glass substrate. The crystallization technique has attracted attention as a technique to form a semiconductor layer with a thin film transistor (TFT) which is used for a liquid crystal display device.
As shown in FIG. 5, a polysilicon film often used previously is formed by the following steps: forming a base insulating film 11 such as silicon nitride or silicon oxide over a glass substrate 10, irradiating an amorphous silicon film with a thickness of 50 nm formed over the base insulating film with an excimer laser beam at a laser pulsed frequency of 300 Hz (pulse width of 30 nsec), and then crystallizing the amorphous silicon film. Still, projections having a shape like mountain chain such as a projection 14 are formed onto the surface of the polysilicon film 13.
In the case of forming a TFT, a gate insulating film with a film thickness of approximately 100 nm is formed thereon. A decline of withstand pressure for an gate insulating film is caused due to the higher concentration of electric field at the projection area and the increased gate leak current. As the measure, there is a technique for preventing projections due to the segregation of impurities from generating onto the surface of the substrate by preventing the segregation of impurities with applying ultrasonic vibration to the substrate during crystallization by means of exposing the film to a laser beam. (Reference 1, Japanese patent Laid-Open 11-204433)
As previous experimental knowledge, it is known that a large grain size of crystallization is provided through crystallizing an amorphous silicon film in the atmosphere including oxygen by exposing the film to a laser beam.
A pulsed excimer laser is condensed into a linear shape through crossing optical lens to scan an amorphous silicon film. Thus, the whole surface of the amorphous silicon onto the glass substrate can be crystallized. However, the semiconductor film irradiated with the laser beam becomes high temperature and a state of solvent, and then, reacts with oxygen and nitride in the atmosphere. The resulted substance get into the film and the surface of the film, namely, exogenous impurities are mixed into the film and the surface of the film. Accordingly, the impurities causes a crystal defect or become a factor of damaging a quality of the crystallization due to the segregated impurities in the grain boundary.
Since these mixing of impurities occur unintentionally, the crystallized semiconductor film processed with a laser beam includes a local characteristic dispersion. Therefore, that becomes characteristic dispersion of a TFT formed by using the above semiconductor film, and a problem that characteristic dispersion among plural TFTs elements in the same substrate surface is caused.
In the above-described reference 1, it is described that segregation of impurities can be prevented and the occurrence of the projections onto the surface of a substrate due to the segregation of impurities can be prevented by applying ultrasonic vibration to the substrate. However, in the case of using a method to connect a ultrasonic vibration source with a stage on which a glass substrate is mounted, ultrasonic vibration source can not adhere to the stage because of a curve on the glass substrate, and ultrasonic vibration can not propagate efficiently. The tendency becomes increasingly prominent as the size of the glass substrate becomes bigger.

Method for fabricating semiconductor film and semiconductor device and laser processing apparatus

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


A removable emergency light that can be removed from the wall and used as a flashlight. The light is hard wired into a standard power supply and will turn on during a power failure. When the power supply is functioning, batteries in the light are charged. The removable emergency light provides a light source that can be easily located during a power failure, removed and used in multiple locations as desired. The removable emergency light is sized to fit in a standard gang box and can be used with any standard electrical plan.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates generally to removable emergency lighting, more particularly to a removable emergency light that can be used as a flashlight in case of a power outage.
2. Prior Art
Emergency safety lighting is commonly used to provide light when a power outage occurs. The lights are able to function during a power outage by using batteries that energize a light bulb. This process illuminates the area directly around the light.
Emergency lighting is mainly used in commercial buildings to direct occupants to an exit in the event of a power outage. Emergency lighting is not required or normally used in a personal residence because occupants will usually use a flashlight; also, the cost of placing emergency lighting in a residence is prohibitive because emergency lighting requires special housing and wiring. There are several problems with using a flashlight during a power outage. One is finding a flashlight in the dark and, two, even when a flashlight is found it may not have batteries and would be useless.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,378 (1997) teaches a flashlight light that can be plugged into a standard wall socket. Such a device poses a hazard to children who would be attracted to the socket by the flashlight. Because the flashlight sticks out from the wall; it would be in a position to be easily damaged by movement along the wall. Also having a flashlight on the wall may not be compatible with the interior design space.
Patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,969,181 (2005) teaches safety lighting that can be hidden and recessed in a wall. Such devices are too costly for the average homeowner and would not provide light to illuminate an area were it was not installed, such as a closet or cabinet.
The prior art lacks an emergency light that can be placed in a standard 22.5 cubic inch, single gang electrical box; be easily wired into a standard electrical system; and be removed in a time of emergency.


A tamsulosin controlled release tablet is formed using a water-swellable matrix-forming composition as a release controlling mechanism. The matrix forming composition comprises (i) a pH-sensitive swellable hydrophilic polymer, which is a cross-linked polyacrylic acid polymer, and (ii) a pH-insensitive swellable hydrophilic polymer. The tablet optionally contains a water insoluble binder as well.

Tamsulosin is a known chemical compound having alpha-adrenergic blocking activity that is useful for treatment of cardiac insufficiencies and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Tamsulosin is the common name for (R)-5-[2-[[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]propyl]-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide. It is disclosed in EP 34432 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,478.
Several medicaments comprising tamsulosin, specifically tamsulosin hydrochloride, are currently marketed. The first commercially available medicament comprising tamsulosin (OMNIC, FLOMAX, marketed since 1993) were gelatin capsules filled with pellets comprising tamsulosin. In Japan, an orally-disintegrating tablet based on a WOWTAB technology (Harnal D), is also on the market.
Recently a tablet formulation was introduced on the market in Europe (Omnic OCAS, Mapelor OCAS), having a prolonged release of the active component. The tablet is purported to have less or no food effect in comparison to the capsule formulations. This marketed tablet medicament uses the so called OCAS drug delivery system which enables gradual release of a drug as the tablet travels through the digestive tract, including the colon. It appears that the relevant patent covering the OCAS delivery system is a patent family based on WO 94/06414 (EP 661045, U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,441).
In general, the OCAS system comprises a drug, a hydrogel-forming polymer and a highly water soluble hydrophilic additive (a "hydrophilic base"), which is important in aiding rapid water penetration into the core. The concept is that the preparation absorbs water as it enters and passes through the upper digestive tract such that the water-swellable polymer undergoes substantially complete gelation (i.e. at least 70%). As the preparation continues down the digestive tract, its gelled surface continues to constantly erode, thereby maintaining a release of the drug even in the lower digestive tract, e.g., in the colon.
The stability and the rate of formation of the gel layer, as well as the rate of its erosion after prolonged hydration are important factors in designing an OCAS tablet. Too little hydrophilic base can lead to insufficient gelation such that release in the colon is compromised. Too much hydrophilic base can result in a gel that is too fragile and/or release of the drug that is too rapid. In addition to these gelation/viscosity issues, the hydrogel-forming polymer should also preferably be selected so as to provide sufficient mechanical strength so that the tablet can essentially retain its shape during its travel in spite of the contractile forces of the digestive tract.
In view of the above, the hydrogel-forming polymer which can be used in the OCAS system as the matrix-forming agent is preferably a polymer showing a high viscosity on gelation, e.g., a viscosity of not less than 1000 cps in 1% aqueous solution (at 25° C.). Because viscosity of the gel depends in part on the molecular weight, the hydrogel-forming polymer is preferably a substance having a high molecular weight of not less than 2 million and more preferably of not less than 4 million. A preferred hydrogel-forming polymer according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,441 is a poly(ethylene oxide), especially one having a molecular weight of not less than 2 million.
The actually marketed OCAS tablet comprising tamsulosin (or "TOCAS" tablet) comprises a high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) as the hydrogel-forming polymer and a polyethylene glycol as the solubility enhancing hydrophilic base. The TOCAS tablets are film coated, which coating contains hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.
WO 2004/078212 teaches that manufacturing a tablet based on poly(ethylene oxide) with a molecular weight of 2,000,000 or higher as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,441, is difficult. For instance, the polymer becomes very sticky when exposed to moisture. Additionally, granulating the polymer turned out to be problematic. And because the intended/preferred drug, tamsulosin hydrochloride, is used in low doses, the patent publication teaches that direct compression and dry granulation are unsuited because of content uniformity concerns; e.g., the drug concentration may not be uniform throughout the tabletting blend which leads to variable dosage strengths. To address these manufacturing issues, WO 2004/078212 proposes "sizing" particles of poly(ethylene oxide) by spraying an aqueous solution or suspension of a sizing agent onto the particles and drying the particles. The sizing agent is typically a portion of the polyethylene glycol used as the hydrophilic base. Generally the drug, which is preferably tamsulosin HCl, is included in the aqueous solution/suspension of the sizing agent. The resulting poly(ethylene oxide)-containing granulate is purported to be readily incorporated into a finished dosage form such as a tablet by conventional techniques.
It would be desirable to find an alternative delivery system for providing tamsulosin release throughout the whole digestive tract. Furthermore, it would be advantageous to find a tablet delivery system for the continual tamsulosin release throughout the whole digestive tract that can be prepared by a simple direct compression of the drug and matrix components.

Tablet composition with a prolonged release of tamsulosin


A monitoring assembly has a body which is capable of being attached to an article to be monitored, a first sensor having a secured state and an unsecured state and capable of being attached to an article to be monitored, and a first elongate cord extending between the first sensor and body and having at least one conductor and a) mechanically connecting the first sensor to the body and b) defining a conductive path between the first sensor and the body. The first sensor is in the unsecured state with the conductive path between the first sensor and the body interrupted.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to security systems and, more particularly, to a system for preventing unauthorized removal of portable consumer articles from a specified area.
2. Background Art
Prevention of theft of merchandise is an ongoing concern of business owners. This is particularly a problem with portable electronic articles such as cameras, tape and CD players, etc. This problem is even more acute in showrooms where portable electronic articles are displayed to be handled and operated by prospective customers.
As one example, video cameras are commonly mounted in a display area and hooked up to video monitors. The prospective customer is allowed to pick up different cameras and normally operate the camera. While this display technique is effective in allowing the prospective customer to test the feel of a camera and identify its operating characteristics and features, it also offers a temptation to a would-be thief.
Heretofore, various systems have been devised to prevent unauthorized removal of such displayed articles. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,667, commonly assigned with this invention, a mechanical restraint system is disclosed. A rigid body is mounted to the article to be monitored and fixedly captures an end of a cable. The other cable end can be suitably anchored at the display location. While this type of system has proven highly effective, the gauge and constitution of the cable may make it prone to being severed by a sophisticated thief who is then free to remove the associated article from the premises without detection.
An electronic version of the system shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,667 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,124, also commonly assigned with the present invention. In the latter system, an electrically conductive path is established between the article being monitored and an apparatus for producing an audible and/or visual alarm signal. Attachment of the body to an article being monitored sets a switch to close the conductive loop. The loop is interrupted by the action of either removing the body from the article or severing the conductor/wire which defines the conductive path. This system has also been highly commercially successful.
While the latter system has been effective in preventing the unauthorized removal of consumer articles, the configuration of some articles which are being monitored introduces additional requirements. Some articles have separable parts, each of which is individually valuable. For example, digital cameras are generally constructed with a main body and a separable lens assembly. Attachment of the security system to the camera body alone leaves unprotected the lens which could be easily separated and removed from the premises without detection.
To defeat this activity, separate electrical and/or mechanical tethers could be employed, one each for the lens and camera body, and each extending back to a stationary anchoring base. In multiple camera displays, a maze of wires may result at the display area. This may introduce set up problems, potentially resulting in the improper activation of the security system. The numerous tethers may produce an unsightly appearance at the display area. Still further, the tethers may become entangled and may interfere with the inspection and operation of the article by a prospective purchaser.


A mobile communication terminal includes a wireless communication device for wireless communication, an image displaying device for displaying an image, and a sound outputting device for outputting sound. The mobile communication terminal generates an execution variable that changes progression of a game being played by a user of the mobile communication terminal, through the mobile communication terminal, the execution variable being calculated based, at least in part, on incoming communications history data. The incoming communications history data lists data characterizing each of a number of previous incoming communications to the wireless communication device. The terminal executes the game using the generated execution variable.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile communication terminal, a game server, and a game program, which have a constitution for changing an operation in response to an incoming history.
2. Related Background Art
Some mobile communication terminals, such as a cellular phone, a PHS (Personal Handy Phone System) and the like, heretofore have not only a mobile communication function performed via a base station, but also a function accompanied with the communication such as a function for changing ringing tones and image to be displayed in a waiting time (standby image) and the like. Also, some mobile communication terminals have a function for acquiring a program and data from a server via the Internet and thereby executing a game, and a function for transmitting and receiving an e-mail. Among this type of mobile communication terminals, there have been ones which include a function by which a progress of game changes depending on a present position of the user (for example, see Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2002-281566).

Mobile communication terminal, game server and game program


A toolhead for use on a multi-axis machine tool consists of a support assembly equipped with a pivoting spindle designed to accept a removable tool-holder, and centered on a machining axis about which a tool clamped to the tool-holder can be driven in rotation. Also forming part of the toolhead is a depth stop affording an active surface substantially transverse to the machining axis and positionable against a surface of a workpiece. The depth stop is mounted to the support assembly and capable of movement along the machining axis between a first position, distanced from the spindle, and a second position of proximity to the spindle. Transducers incorporated into the toolhead are able to sense the position of the active surface relative to the support assembly, and thus used to control the depth to which the workpiece is penetrated by the tool.

The present invention relates to a toolhead for multi-axis machine tools.
A toolhead embodied according to the invention is able to perform drilling, countersinking or other machining operations automatically and to extremely close tolerances, given an approximate knowledge of the surface being machined. In particular, the toolhead disclosed will countersink to a controlled depth on surfaces lying at any height relative to the feed direction of the tool.
The invention can be associated to advantage with numerically controlled multi-axis machine tools as used especially in the aircraft-building industry for drilling and countersinking holes in the outer panels of wing structures and fuselage sections, destined to accommodate rivets. In practice, the heads of the inserted rivets must remain perfectly flush with the outer skin of the aircraft in order to ensure they will not generate turbulence, which would occasion a marked increase in aerodynamic resistance. The present invention finds application nonetheless, and to similar advantage, in other sectors of industry such as that of motor vehicle manufacturing.
The prior art embraces devices able to control drilling or countersinking depth, as disclosed in patent IT 1220732, for instance, which are set up by performing a mechanical adjustment before each machining job, also devices by which machining depth can be monitored continuously and controlled entirely in automatic mode, as disclosed by way of example in application BO2003A 000043 for Italian patent, both of the references mentioned being filed in the name of the present applicant.
Disadvantageously, devices of the prior art type noted above are integrated into the tool-holder mounted to the spindle of a toolhead.
In the case of patent IT 1220732, more exactly, the device in question comprises a tool-holder with a shank that can be attached to the spindle of a machine tool, also a stop cage mechanism associated with the tool-holder by way of a pair of bearings and presenting a pair of cylinders with piston rods that project from both ends. Each rod is connected at one end to a collar, through which the tool is insertable when penetrating the work, and at the opposite end to a mounting plate. The collar is translatable relative to the tool-holder, in a direction parallel to the tool axis. The mounting plate associated with the ends of the rods remote from the tool carries respective micrometer screws that can be locked fast in a selected position by means of stops. Two microswitches are fixed to the toolhead, near the spindle, their axes coinciding with those of the two micrometer screws. The two microswitches are also wired to suitable devices piloting the tool feed movement of the spindle. To control the depth of the countersink, the position of the screws is adjusted in such a way that the distance between the tip of the screw and the corresponding microswitch is equal to the distance between the face of the collar and the tool, plus the countersink depth. During operation, the spindle of the machine continues to advance until the screws engage and trip the microswitches. At this point, the devices piloting the movement of the spindle will cause the tool to retract.
The applicant finds that prior art devices as outlined above are improvable in a number of ways.
More particularly, in the case of fully automatic multi-axis machines with numerical control, the integration of a drilling depth control device into a tool-holder will dictate the use, conventionally, of a number of single tool-holders corresponding to the number of operations carried out on the piece, given that after each operation the tool-holder is released from the spindle, by appropriate means, and replaced with a tool-holder carrying the tool for the next operation. A machine therefore has to be equipped with a plurality of tool-holders, each incorporating the depth-control device, which in comparison to standard tool-holders are much more expensive, and much heavier.
Moreover, given that the sensor serving to detect the displacement of the stop cage device in prior art embodiments is installed on the toolhead, near to the spindle, the setting of the sensor needs to be checked after every tool change, and this has the effect of slowing down operations even if the check is run automatically.
Also, the bearings coupling the stop cage to the tool-holder operate in a dust-laden environment and must therefore be shielded; consequently, spindle speeds must not exceed 16000 rev/min or thereabouts otherwise these components could overheat.
Given the situation outlined, the main object of the present invention is to provide a toolhead for a multi-axis machine tool substantially capable of overcoming the above noted drawbacks.
In particular, the object of the invention is to set forth a toolhead for multi-axis machine tools such as will perform depth-controlled machining operations on surfaces located at whatever height relative to the feed direction of the tool.
It is also an object of the invention to provide a toolhead for multi-axis machine tools that will allow such depth-controlled machining operations to be performed using standard tool-holders.
A further object of the invention is to provide a toolhead on which tool changes can be effected automatically, swiftly and reliably.


A process for the catalytic dehydrogenation of a first unsaturated hydrocarbon to form a second unsaturated hydrocarbon which has one olefinically unsaturated bond more than the first unsaturated hydrocarbon and otherwise an unchanged carbon skeleton, which process comprises contacting in a first step a feed comprising the first unsaturated hydrocarbon with a first dehydrogenation catalyst having a temperature parameter T1 and a selectivity parameter S1, and contacting in a second step a reaction product of the first step comprising the first unsaturated hydrocarbon and the second unsaturated hydrocarbon with a second dehydrogenation catalyst having a temperature parameter T2 and a selectivity parameter S2, such that T1<T2 and S1<S2.

Processes for the catalytic dehydrogenation of an unsaturated hydrocarbon (hereinafter "first unsaturated hydrocarbon") to form an unsaturated hydrocarbon which has one olefinically unsaturated bond more than the first unsaturated hydrocarbon and otherwise an unchanged carbon skeleton, (hereinafter "second unsaturated hydrocarbon") are well known in the art. An example of such a dehydrogenation is the dehydrogenation of an alkylaromatic compound to yield, as the desired, main product, the corresponding alkenylaromatic compound. Another example is the dehydrogenation of a mono-olefin to yield as the desired, main product a corresponding conjugated di-olefin. The dehydrogenation catalysts customarily used in such processes are iron oxide based catalysts.
In such processes the dehydrogenation does not occur without side reactions, which decreases the yield of the desired second unsaturated hydrocarbon and therefore changes the economy of the process unfavourably.
For example, in the dehydrogenation of an alkylaromatic compound, one such side reaction is the formation of coke on the catalyst, of which in additional effect is that it decreases the catalyst lifetime. Other side reactions involve the formation of an alkynyl-aromatic compound, a methylaromatic compound, and a de-alkylated aromatic compound. For example, in the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, the desired, main product is styrene and undesired byproducts are coke, phenylacetylene, toluene and benzene.
In view of the applicability and use of the alkenylaromatic compound, the alkynylaromatic compound is frequently at least partly removed from the product of the dehydrogenation. This removal requires a separate process step, typically involving hydrogenation to the alkenylaromatic compound, using a selective hydrogenation catalyst.
Analogous side reactions may occur in the dehydrogenation of a mono-olefin.
In the past, much work has been carried out with the object of improving the activity and the selectivity of dehydrogenation catalysts, and the efforts are still going on. However, so far it has proved to be very difficult to improve the activity of a dehydrbgenation catalyst without compromising the selectivity and to improve the selectivity without compromising the activity. Thus, the work has led to the development of so-called high activity dehydrogenation catalyst and so-called high selectivity dehydrogenation catalysts.
Compared with high selectivity dehydrogenation catalysts, high activity dehydrogenation catalysts may be operated advantageously at a relatively low temperature. Alternatively, they may be operated at relatively high space velocity, saving reactor volume and catalyst inventory for a certain reactor throughput. However, these advantages are at the cost of selectivity. Compared with high activity dehydrogenation catalysts, high selectivity dehydrogenation catalysts offer a relatively high selectivity, but they are operated at a relatively high temperature or at a relatively low space velocity.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,223,743 discloses a dehydrogenation process wherein the dehydrogenation feed is contacted first with a high selectivity dehydrogenation catalyst and subsequently with a high activity dehydrogenation catalyst, with the object of improving the conversion and yield of the desired dehydrogenation product. The teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 3,223,743 has found worldwide application in commercial dehydrogenation units. U.S. Pat. No. 3,223,743 is incorporated herein by reference.
As used in this patent document, the term "conversion" means in a quantitative sense the fraction, in % mole, of the first unsaturated hydrocarbon which is converted. The term "selectivity" means herein the fraction, in % mole, of converted first unsaturated hydrocarbon which yields the second unsaturated hydrocarbon.
The performance of dehydrogenation catalysts may be measured by catalyst testing methods. As used herein, the term "temperature parameter" means the test temperature, in ° C., at which the catalyst provides under isothermal testing conditions a conversion of 70% mole, and the term "selectivity parameter" means the selectivity then achieved. It is noted that, as the temperature parameter is a temperature at which a certain conversion (viz. 70% mole) is achieved, the temperature parameter is lower as the activity of a catalyst is higher.
High activity dehydrogenation catalysts have a relatively low temperature parameter and relatively low selectivity parameter. High selectivity dehydrogenation catalysts have a relatively high temperature parameter and relatively high selectivity parameter.

Process for the dehydrogenation of an unsaturated hydrocarbon


A method and apparatus for use in a computer system comprising an email system that generates and receives email messages. The email system manages a first plurality of email messages comprising at least some of the email messages generated and received by the email system. The email system also has a global address catalog that comprises information and provides an index into the first plurality of email messages. The computer system further comprises an extension system that interfaces with the email system and manages a second plurality of email messages comprising at least some of the email messages generated and received by the email system. The method comprises creating an extender catalog, for indexing into the second plurality of email messages, that comprises at least some information that is different than the information in the global address catalog.

Conventional message management systems provide capabilities for the collection, organization, monitoring, storage, and retrieval of incoming and outgoing email messages. Some message management systems also enable administrators to set criteria for storing email messages, and/or attachments associated therewith, by copying and/or moving them to secondary storage locations, and may include centralized storage and retrieval capabilities that can automatically move email messages and/or attachments between main and secondary storage. Some email message management systems can also capture and index incoming and outgoing emails, and allow users and administrators to search emails.
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a conventional system 100 in which a message management system 105 enables email archive searching. The message management system 105 includes an email archiver 134 and an email archive searcher 120. The email archiver 134 retrieves incoming and outgoing emails from an email server 132 and archives the email messages in an email archive 130. Email archive 130 refers to a store of emails, which may be stored on any type of storage, and need not be limited to a long-term form of storage (e.g., tape). For example, the email archive may be stored on magnetic tapes, compact discs, hard disks and/or any other form of storage.
System 100 also comprises a global address catalog (GAC) 110 containing a list of messaging identities in an organization. The GAC 110 may be used by the message management system 105 to present a list of display names for the messaging identities in the organization, and a user may select one or more of the display names whose associated emails (in the email archive 130) the user wishes to search for. The email archive searcher 120 may resolve the display names into one or more associated email addresses using information contained in the GAC 110, and execute a search of the email archive 130 for emails received at and/or sent from the associated email addresses. The email archive searcher 120 may output search results 140 of the email messages (in the email archive 130) that have been received at and/or sent from the email addresses associated with the selected display names.

Method and apparatus for managing messaging identities


When a text name is selected on an index during editing other text data, the text data which is processed for editing is automatically stored in a text store area in a RAM. At this time, the text data corresponding to the newly selected text name is read out in the text store area and is displayed on the display.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a word processing apparatus capable of reading out text data during editing of other text data, and more particularly, to a word processing apparatus capable of automatically storing the text data which is processed for editing when the other text data is read out.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, a general word processor for English and for Japanese comprises a display for displaying text data in a plurality of lines and further comprises various functions for inputting and editing the text data.
According to the word processing apparatus, when an operator wants to store the text data which is processed for editing, the operator operates a menu open key, so that a menu is displayed. The operator selects a store operation for storing the text data from the menu. After this, the operator inputs the text name of the text data to be stored and operates a return key. Then, the text name and the text data corresponding to the text name are stored into an interior memory or a floppy disk installed in the word processing apparatus.
Moreover, when the operator wants to read out text data stored in the interior memory or the floppy disk onto the display, the operator operates the menu key, so that the menu is displayed. The operator selects a read out operation from the menu, the index for showing the text names of text data stored in the interior memory or the floppy disk is displayed on the display. The operator then selects the text name of the text data to be read out on the index and operates the return key. Then, the selected text name and the text data corresponding to the text name are read out from the interior memory or the floppy disk onto the display.
However, according to the word processing apparatus mentioned above, it is difficult to view stored data while editing other data, that is, when the operator wants to read out text data while the operator edits other text data. At this time, suppose that the operator wants to store the text data which is processed for editing. Then, the operator has to operate the key for storing the text data which is processed for editing into the interior memory or the floppy disk, and further, has to operate the key for reading out the other stored text data. Therefore, it is difficult for an operator to execute the above-mentioned operations. Moreover, it is possible that the operator will make an error in the store operation. So, there is the possibility that the edited text data will be deleted.


Systems and methods for social graph data analytics to determine the connectivity between nodes within a community are provided. A user may assign user connectivity values to other members of the community, or connectivity values may be automatically harvested, calculated, or assigned from third parties or based on the frequency of interactions between members of the community. Connectivity values may represent such factors as alignment, reputation, status, and/or influence within a social graph within the network community, or the degree of trust. The paths connecting a first node to a second node may be retrieved, and social graph data analytics may be used to determine a network connectivity value from all or a subset of all of the retrieved paths and/or one or more connectivity statistics value associated with the first node and/or the second node. A parallel computational framework may operate in connection with a key-value store to perform some or all of the computations related to the connectivity determinations. Network connectivity values and/or other social graph data may be outputted to third-party processes and services for use in initiating automatic transactions or making automated network-based or real-world decisions.

This invention relates generally to networks of individuals and/or entities and network communities and, more particularly, to systems and methods for determining trust scores or connectivity within or between individuals and/or entities or networks of individuals and/or entities.
The connectivity, or relationships, of an individual or entity within a network community may be used to infer attributes of that individual or entity. For example, an individual or entity's connectivity within a network community may be used to determine the identity of the individual or entity (e.g., used to make decisions about identity claims and authentication), the trustworthiness or reputation of the individual, or the membership, status, and/or influence of that individual in a particular community or subset of a particular community.
An individual or entity's connectivity within a network community, however, is difficult to quantify. For example, network communities may include hundreds, thousands, millions, billions or more members. Each member may possess varying degrees of connectivity information about itself and possibly about other members of the community. Some of this information may be highly credible or objective, while other information may be less credible and subjective. In addition, connectivity information from community members may come in various forms and on various scales, making it difficult to meaningfully compare one member's "trustworthiness" or "competence" and connectivity information with another member's "trustworthiness" or "competence" and connectivity information. Also, many individuals may belong to multiple communities, further complicating the determination of a quantifiable representation of trust and connectivity within a network community. Similarly, a particular individual may be associated with duplicate entries in one or more communities, due to, for example, errors in personal information such as name/information misspellings and/or outdated personal information. Even if a quantifiable representation of an individual's connectivity is determined, it is often difficult to use this representation in a meaningful way to make real-world decisions about the individual (e.g., whether or not to trust the individual).
Further, it may be useful for these real-world decisions to be made prospectively (i.e., in advance of an anticipated event). Such prospective analysis may be difficult as an individual or entity's connectivity within a network community may change rapidly as the connections between the individual or entity and others in the network community may change quantitatively or qualitatively. This analysis becomes increasingly complex as if applied across multiple communities.

Systems and methods for conducting more reliable assessments with connectivity statistics


An information delivery system includes terminals receiving data via a satellite-communication system, and a user center having a destination-conversion table which lists a satellite-system receiver ID with respect to each ground-network address of the terminals, and, upon receiving a request for data delivery via an intra-network, obtaining satellite-system receiver IDs from ground-network addresses indicated as destinations of the data delivery by referring to the destination-conversion table so as to deliver requested data and a reception-control program to the destinations via the satellite-communication system. The terminals use the reception-control program to check the data-reception conditions when receiving the requested data and the reception-control program, and send a request for a repeat of the data delivery to the user center via the intra-network if the data-reception conditions are not satisfactory.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to information delivery systems, and particularly relates to an information delivery system which delivers information from an information center to respective terminals.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional satellite communication systems are used for transmitting broadcasting signals towards a large number of anonymous users as used in a broadcasting satellite system, and every receiver (user) receives the same information, which is in turn displayed on a screen.
Another usage of satellite communication systems is to transfer a large amount of data to a specified base center.
In such conventional satellite communication systems, information is either transmitted to a large number of anonymous receivers or transferred to a specified base. Such usage of the conventional satellite communication systems covers a weak point of ground networks such as Internet and Intranet. When a large amount of data is attempted to be downloaded through a network such as Internet or Intranet, such an attempt will turn out to be impractical because of a prohibitingly lengthy time required for the downloading, and will create a large amount of traffic, which may seriously affect main business communications with regard to accounting, sales, telephoning, etc. In consideration of this, integration of a satellite communication system with a ground network system should prove to be beneficial.
FIG. 1 is an illustrative drawing showing an information delivery system which integrates a satellite communication system with the Internet and a public telephone network.
The information delivery system of FIG. 1 includes a terminal 101, a public telephone network 102, a user center 103, Internet 104, a terminal 105, a satellite-data-communication ground base 106, and a communication satellite 107.
An example to be described here is a case in which the same information needs to be delivered from the terminal 105 to a plurality of terminals inclusive of the terminal 101 which are scattered around in a large area. In a case of a business corporation, the plurality of terminals including the terminal 101 may be computers installed in its branches and local offices, and a corporate information center updates data of databases all at once with respect to these branches and local offices. Such a case is hereinafter referred to as a push-type service.
In the case of the push-type service, the terminal 105 requests broadcasting from the satellite-data-communication ground base 106 by transmitting a destination file and a real file to the satellite-data-communication ground base 106 via Internet 104 and the user center 103. The real file includes the contents of information which is to be delivered to the terminal 101, and the destination file indicates a destination to which the real file is to be delivered.
The satellite-data-communication ground base 106 delivers the real file to the indicated terminal 101 via the communication satellite 107 in accordance with conditions set forth in the destination file. When errors are found in the received data, the terminal 101 issues a request for a repeat of data transmission to the satellite-data-communication ground base 106 via the public telephone network 102. Upon receiving the request, the satellite-data-communication ground base 106 sends the same data again to the terminal 101 via the communication satellite 107. After data transfer is repeated a predetermined number of times, the satellite-data-communication ground base 106 notifies the terminal 105 of results of data transfer since the terminal 105 initially requested broadcasting.
FIG. 2 is an illustrative drawing showing another type of service using an information delivery system which integrates a satellite communication system with a public telephone network.
The information delivery system of FIG. 2 is basically the same as that of FIG. 1, and the same elements as those of FIG. 1 are referred to by the same numerals. FIG. 2 is used for explaining a case in which the terminal 101 issues a request to receive data via the communication satellite 107 when the terminal 101 needs to download a large amount of data. Such a case is hereinafter referred to as a pull-type service.
In the case of the pull-type service, the terminal 101 sends a request for data transmission to the satellite-data-communication ground base 106 via the public telephone network 102. The satellite-data-communication ground base 106 obtains an IP (internet protocol) address of the terminal 101 and an IP address to which a connection needs to be established, and establishes a connection to the user center 103 which has the above IP address. The user center 103 transfers a real file to the satellite-data-communication ground base 106 as this real file is requested.
The satellite-data-communication ground base 106 obtains a satellite-network address of the terminal 101 based on the IP address of the terminal 101, and delivers the real file to the terminal 101 via the communication satellite 107. When errors are found in the received data, the terminal 101 issues a request for a repeat of data transmission to the satellite-data-communication ground base 106 via the public telephone network 102. Upon receiving the request, the satellite-data-communication ground base 106 sends the same data again to the terminal 101 via the communication satellite 107.
The push-type service of FIG. 1 has drawbacks in terms of security, reliability, and costs because a request for a repeat of data transmission is made via a public telephone network. Even when the number of receiver terminals in need of another data transfer is small and only a small amount of data transfer is needed, data transfer will be repeated by using the communication satellite 107, which incurs a large cost as fees from use of the satellite. When a satellite network is congested, further, another data transfer may need to wait at the end of a queue. Further, results of data transmission are not notified unless all the data delivery including a repeat of data transfer is completed, so that an intermediate report cannot be obtained.
The pull-type service of FIG. 2 also has drawbacks in terms of security, reliability, and costs because a request for data transmission and a request for a repeat of data transmission are made via a public telephone network. Further, the communication satellite 107 is always used for data transmission, thereby resulting in an accumulated large fee for use of the satellite.
Accordingly, there is a need for an information delivery system which delivers information to terminals via a communication satellite at a low cost while maintaining security.
Accordingly, it is a general object of the present invention to provide an information delivery system which can satisfy the need described above.
It is another and more specific object of the present invention to provide an information delivery system which delivers information to terminals via a communication satellite at a low cost while maintaining security.
In order to achieve the above objects according to the present invention, an information delivery system includes terminals receiving data via a satellite-communication system, and a user center having a destination-conversion table which lists a satellite-system receiver ID with respect to each ground-network address of the terminals, and, upon receiving a request for data delivery via an intra-network, obtaining satellite-system receiver IDs from ground-network addresses indicated as destinations of the data delivery by referring to the destination-conversion table so as to deliver requested data and a reception-control program to the destinations via the satellite-communication system. The terminals use the reception-control program to check the data-reception conditions when receiving the requested data and the reception-control program, and send a request for a repeat of the data delivery to the user center via the intra-network if the data-reception conditions are not satisfactory.
In the information delivery system described above, a public telephone network is not used, so that tight security can be maintained. Further, an intra-network which is already in place can be used in place of the public telephone network, thereby eliminating costs charged for use of the public telephone network.
According to one aspect of the present invention, an information delivery system includes a user center having a destination-conversion table which lists a satellite-system receiver ID with respect to each ground-network address of terminals and an information-definition table which specifies data to be delivered via a satellite-communication system, and, upon receiving a request for data delivery via an intra-network, obtaining one or more satellite-system receiver IDs from one or more ground-network addresses indicated as one or more destinations of the data delivery by referring to the destination-conversion table, so as to deliver requested data to the one or more destinations via the satellite-communication system only if the requested data is specified in the information-definition table.
In the information delivery system described in the above, if the requested data is not specified in the information-definition table, the requested data can be delivered via the intra-network. Since data delivery is made by using an appropriate route after selecting one of the satellite-communication system and the intra-network, costs for use of the satellite-communication system can be reduced.
Other objects and further features of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Information delivery system using satellite communication


A winding machine has at least two winding stations, each of the winding stations having a clamping device for a bobbin case, a jig motion device, and a contact roller disposed between the clamping device and the jig motion device, the jig motion device having two rotors which are driven in opposite directions and are coupled by a gear, each of the rotors having at least two wings which are arranged in a manner of propellers, rotating in a lower plane of rotation and in an upper plane of rotation, and a distance H is provided between reversing points of a traversing movement, and a plane of a traversing triangle forming an angle with the planes of rotation and the reversing points, while circles of rotation of the rotors of the winding stations overlap each other, also at the winding stations intersecting lines of the planes of rotation together with the plane of the traversing triangle rising in a direction in which the wings of the lower rotor move between the reversing points, in a same direction and at a same angle.

The invention relates to a winding machine.
Wing-type jig motion devices are particularly suitable for employment in connection with high traversing frequencies. In contrast to conventional jig motion devices, the alternating movement of the yarn is not caused by a single yarn guide moving back and forth, but instead by wings rotating in opposite directions which alternately grasp and guide the yarn. Since the wings at the end points of the traversing range are neither accelerated not decelerated, the effect of the inert mass of the yarn guide members is completely removed during yarn reversal.
The tips of the wings of the two rotors moved in opposite directions meet at defined fixed meeting points. The meeting points are distributed on the circle of rotation at even angular distances. The angular distance is a function of the number of wings of a rotor. If, for example, a rotor has two wings, it is 90 degrees. If the rotor has three wings, it is 60 degrees. The position of the polygon formed by the meeting points is a function of the relative phase relation of the two rotors. It is selected in such a way that two neighboring meeting points in the vicinity of the surface of the contact roller lie on a line extending parallel with the axis of the contact roller. These two meeting points are the reversing points of the traversing movement. The wing which respectively is moved in the section between the reversing points guides the yarn. At the end of the section it meets a wing of another rotor, which relieves it of the yarn.
In connection with known winding machines, for example in accordance with DE-OS 33 07 915, the jig motion device has been placed obliquely, so that an acute angle a is created between the two planes of rotation on the one hand and, on the other hand, the plane of the traversing triangle--viewed in the direction of the axis of the contact roller--. The traversing triangle is defined by its three corner points. The two base corner points are the end points of the line in which the yarn runs up on the contact roller. The third corner point is the stationary yarn guide element which, in actual use, is mostly attached above the winding machine. The plane of the traversing triangle defined in this way generally does not exactly match the plane through which the yarn moves in the course of the traversing movement. In connection with wing-type jig motion devices this plane is mostly curved. By means of the oblique positioning of the jig motion device it is achieved that the free yarn length between the wing respectively guiding the yarn and the contact roller arranged underneath it is quite short. This favors the exact placement of the yarn on the bobbin.
In known winding machines the intersecting lines between the plane of the traversing triangle and the two planes of rotation are located parallel with the contact line of the contact roller surface with the traversing triangle, i.e. also parallel with the axis of the contact roller. Corresponding to the different distance of the two section lines from the contact line, the drag length at the reversing point to which the wings of the upper plane of rotation lead the yarn is greater than at the reversing point to which the wings of the lower plane of rotation lead the yarn. In this case the "drag length" is the free yarn length between the wing which guides the yarn to the reversing point and the point at which the yarn runs up on the contact roller. In actual operation the difference existing between the drag length at the reversing points can lead to a bobbin structure of differing quality at the two ends of the bobbin.
In the known machine the two rotors of a winding station are seated eccentrically in respect to each other. This step is used to assure a perfect yarn transfer at the ends of the traverse and is widely used in connection with wing-type traversers. The rotor wings of neighboring winding stations are arranged in the same two planes of rotation. The rotors of neighboring winding stations are driven in opposite directions, and in the one plane of rotation they have a lesser axial distance and in the other axis of rotation an axial distance increased by twice the eccentricity. If three or more winding stations are arranged next to each other, from winding station to winding station the rotors of neighboring winding stations, whose wings lie in one plane of rotation, alternatingly have a lesser axial distance and one that is increased by twice the eccentricity.
The arrangement of all wings in only two planes of rotation is stressed as being advantageous, because this makes it possible to keep both the distance between the wings and the distance between the planes of rotation and the run-up line of the yarn on the contact roller--i.e. the drag length--as short as possible. Because the rotors of neighboring winding stations, whose wings are arranged in identical planes of rotation, are driven in opposite directions, the circles of rotation of neighboring rotors--analogously to gear teeth meshing with each other--can overlap in a maximal area without hitting each other hampering each other. The advantage of achieving a simple gear structure and in particular the synchronization of the traversing movement from one traverse to the next is ascribed to the changing axial distances between the rotors. However, the changing axial distance is a necessary result of the rotation in opposite directions of the wings of neighboring winding stations, whose rotors are seated eccentrically in respect to each other.
It is therefore possible to state in conclusion that the two advantages--short drag length and short distances between neighboring winding stations--are only achieved by tolerating disadvantages, namely different drag lengths at the two ends of the traverse and the different geometry of neighboring winding stations which, in actual operation, can lead to different bobbin structures.
A winding machine with wing-type traversing is known from DE-OS 17 10 068, which apparently has only one single winding station. In this case the axes of rotation of the two rotors form an angle with the axis of rotation of the contact roller, which slightly differs from 90.degree. and whose size is a function of the distance d existing between the two planes of rotation and the traverse H. Therefore the planes of rotation of the two wing arrangements intersect the plane of the traversing triangle at an acute angle in such a way that the drag length at one end of the traverse is of the same size as that at the other end.

Neumag-Neumuenstersche Maschinen Und Anlagenbau GmbH


The invention comprises a user friendly investment strategy platform. This invention allows for a drag-and-drop platform for various sectors, strategies, vehicles, and timing in the form of blocks. This allows a user to generate any desired resource management strategy and the system may deploy the strategy as a simulated resource management action. Furthermore, the system allows for deployment of the resource action live on a resource exchange upon user authorization. The blocks include object codes that are programmed to build out any possible resource management strategy. The invention may also suggest or recommend thresholds, and other templates that allow for customization.

As platforms for resource management increasingly allow for complex management strategies to be implemented by users, the need to easily adapt and project the potential success or failure of various strategies becomes of greater importance. As such, the use of user-friendly systems for resource management simulation and deployment are desired to allow users to develop complex resource management tactics without mandatory knowledge of backend advanced coding languages.

System for backend resource management simulation and live deployment