A light source module includes a circuit board, light emitting diode chips mounted on the circuit board by flip-chip bonding or a surface mounting technology (SMT), and a diffusor covering the circuit board and the light emitting diode chips.

Field
Aspects of the present invention relates to a light source module, and more particularly, to a light source module have a slim structure and excellent light efficiency and heat radiation characteristics, a manufacturing method thereof, and a backlight unit including the same.
Discussion of the Background
A general backlight unit has been widely used in a display device or a surface illuminator for providing light to a liquid crystal display.
A backlight unit included in a liquid crystal display is may be a direct-type backlight unit and an edge-type backlight unit, depending on a position of a light emitting device.
The direct-type backlight unit, which has started to be intensively developed for liquid crystal displays of 20 inches or more, includes a plurality of light sources disposed on a lower surface of a diffusing plate, to directly radiate light to a front surface of a liquid crystal display panel. Since the direct-type backlight unit has higher light use efficiency than that of the edge-type backlight unit, it is mainly used in large screen liquid crystal displays that need high luminance.
The edge-type backlight unit, which is used in a liquid crystal display having a relatively small size, such as a monitor of a laptop computer and a desktop computer, has advantages of good light uniformity, a long lifespan, and a slim profile.
Recently, in a middle or large sized display device, an interest in clear image quality and appearance quality depending on slimness has increased.
However, in the direct-type backlight unit included in the middle or large sized display device, which uses a scheme of directly radiating light from a portion under a display panel, an interval between a light source configured of a plurality of lamps or a plurality of light emitting diodes and the display panel should be sufficiently maintained, there was a limitation in slimming the direct-type backlight unit. In addition, in accordance with an increase in a size, a general direct-type backlight unit has gradually used a high output light source, which causes a problem in heat radiation.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form any part of the prior art nor what the prior art may suggest to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Light source module and manufacturing method thereof, and backlight unit


A single lens bullet-shaped laser beam shaper capable of redistributing an arbitrary beam profile into any desired output profile comprising a unitary lens comprising: a convex front input surface defining a focal point and a flat output portion at the focal point; and b) a cylindrical core portion having a flat input surface coincident with the flat output portion of the first input portion at the focal point and a convex rear output surface remote from the convex front input surface.

There is an increasing demand for laser beams with uniform intensity distribution for such applications as material processing, lithography, medical applications, laser printing, optical data storage, micromachining, isotope separation optical processing and a variety of laboratory applications. In particular, in the field of particle accelerators, laser beam shapers can be used in photon-injectors to provide a quasi-flat drive laser which then produces quasi-flat electron bunches whose emittance can be preserved along the beam line.
The basic principle of laser beam reshaping by a pair of aspheric lenses was proposed by Frieden (B. R. Frieden, "Lossless conversion of a plane laser wave to a plane wave of uniform irradiance," Appl. Opt. 4, 1400-1403 (1965)) and Kreuzer (J. L. Kreuzer, "Coherent light optical system yielding an output beam of desired intensity distribution at a desired equiphase surface," U.S. Pat. No. 3,476,463 (4 Nov. 1969), and later by Shealy and co-workers (P. Rhodes and D. Shealy, "Refractive optical systems for irradiance redistribution of collimated radiation: their design and analysis", Appl. Opt. 19, 3545-3553 (1980); C. Wang and D. L. Shealy, "Design of gradient-index lens systems for laser beam reshaping," Appl. Opt. 32, 4763-4769 (1993).
Since then, much has been done to optimize designs and experimental results (W. Jiang, D. L. Shealy, and J. C. Martin, "Design and testing of a refractive reshaping system," in Current Developments in Optical Design and Optical Engineering III, R. E. Fischer and W. J. Smith, eds., Proc. SPIE 2000, 64-75 (1993). W. Jiang and D. L. Shealy, "Development and testing of a laser beam shaping system," in Laser Beam Shaping, F. M. Dickey and S. C. Holswade, eds., Proc. SPIE 4095, 165-175 (2000). S. Zhang, "A simple bi-convex refractive laser beam shaper", J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 9 945-950; J. A. Hoffnagle and C. M. Jefferson, "Beam shaping with a plano-aspheric lens pair," Opt. Eng. 42, 3090-3099 (2003).
According to the literature in this field, all refractive shaping systems can be divided into four types (C. Liu and S. Zhang, "Study of singular radius and surface boundary constraints in refractive beam shaper design," Opt. Express 16, 6675-6682 (2008); J. A. Hoffnagle and C. M. Jefferson, "Refractive optical system that converts a laser beam to a collimated flat-top beam," U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,168 (25 Sep. 2001); J. A. Hoffnagle and C. M. Jefferson, "Design and performance of a refractive optical system that converts a Gaussian to a flattop beam," Appl. Opt. 39, 5488-5499 (2000); S. Zhang, G. Neil, and M. Shinn, "Single-element laser beam shaper for uniform flat-top profiles," Opt. Express 14, 1942-1948 (2003); D. L. Shealy and J. A. Hoffnagle, "Laser beam shaping profiles and propagation," Appl. Opt. 45, 5118-5131 (2006); A. E. Siegman, Lasers, University Science. Type-1 is the conventional Galilean design, which can be considered as a Galilean telescope with radially varying magnification. The type-2 design of Keplerian, was proposed and patented by Hoffnagle and Jefferson J. A. (Hoffnagle and C. M. Jefferson, "Refractive optical system that converts a laser beam to a collimated flat-top beam," U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,168 (25 Sep. 2001); J. A. Hoffnagle and C. M. Jefferson, "Design and performance of a refractive optical system that converts a Gaussian to a flattop beam," Appl. Opt. 39, 5488-5499 (2000)).
Two convex surfaces are adopted in this system so the beam converges first and then diverges between two lenses. This configuration is most commonly used because it is easier to fabricate a convex surface than a concave surface. Shapers of type-3 and type-4 are concave-convex and convex-convex single lens shaping systems respectively. The analysis in S. Zhang, G. Neil, and M. Shinn, "Single-element laser beam shaper for uniform flat-top profiles," Opt. Express 14, 1942-1948 (2003) shows that a single lens shaper can be obtained by taking the alternative solution of his well-established differential equation. In a type-4 design, the first aspheric surface refracts and converges the input light beams inside the lens. The light rays toward the edge of the beam are bent at a bigger angle than those toward the center of the beam. All rays diverge from each other after the focal plane. The rays refract on the second surface again and get collimated. Referring to the work by Kreuzer, analysis of the design procedure for type-4 shaper produces a similar lucid sag expression which also applies to other types. It has now been determined that a shaper of any type can be designed by solving the sag expression numerically together with the Energy Conservation Law which is another essential condition for shaping systems. Usually, a round flat-top output profile with sharp edges is assumed when solving the differential equation. The sharp edges result in severe diffraction effects which lead to degradation of beam uniformity. With the new method to be presented in this paper, any flat-top or other output profile can be easily chosen. For example, diffraction effects can be effectively suppressed by selecting a continuous roll-off beam profile, like super-Gaussian. Here, the design of a new single lens shaper with two convex aspheric surfaces will be presented. Using convex surfaces reduces fabrication difficulty and allows for large apertures to suppress diffraction while the single element choice simplifies overall configuration and eases optical alignment. Most importantly, this new design converts a Gaussian laser beam to a super-Gaussian beam which alleviates severe diffraction effects and increases the working distance of the shaped output laser beam.


A still image capturing device includes an image sensor comprising a plurality of pixel elements. An electronically actuatable shutter device includes a plurality of individually addressable and actuatable shutter elements. A shutter element substantially corresponds to one or more pixel elements. A memory stores an exposure threshold and one or more exposure patterns. A processor controls the plurality of shutter elements according to the exposure threshold or according to an exposure pattern.

Still image capturing devices are used to visually memorialize scenes, events, or items. Still image capturing devices, such as digital cameras, include a lens, a shutter, and an image sensor, such as film or an electronic image sensor. In addition, most modern cameras include a processor and/or other control electronics that function to control shutter speed, aperture, flash, focus, etc.
The shutter and the image sensor are the main components of a still digital image capturing device and operate together in order to produce a digital image. In operation, the shutter is opened briefly to expose the image sensor and thereby form an image. The operation of the shutter is very important, and the quality of the captured image depends on a proper exposure time based on lighting, movement of the subject, focus distance, etc.
The original prior art shutter approach was a mechanical shutter. The mechanical shutter has been widely used for a number of years and is generally in the form of an iris-type shutter. However, the prior art mechanical shutter has many drawbacks, including weight, large size, susceptibility to dirt and wear, and the difficulty of precisely controlling shutter exposure times over a wide range of conditions. In addition, the mechanical shutter exposes the entire image essentially at once (disregarding the difference in exposure durations between the center of the image and the edges in an iris-type mechanical shutter). The prior art mechanical shutter cannot independently vary the exposure duration of a region of the image.
In some prior art cameras, the mechanical shutter is electronically activated by a motor or other electrical actuator. This may produce a more accurate shutter control, but consumes a lot of electrical power, is inflexible, and still exposes the entire film at once and for an essentially constant duration.
The prior art cannot expose individual pixel elements or different pixel regions for varying times. Such capability may be desirable due to the fact that illumination of a subject is rarely uniform, except perhaps in a studio setting.
FIG. 1 shows an image 100 that is subdivided into regions A, B, and C. These regions may represent areas of differing image intensity. For example, region A may be a bright region, such as an area containing the sun in an outdoor scene, region B may be an area of a subject of medium light intensity such as a main subject of the image, and region C may be a darker foreground region. Region C may be the most difficult region to capture on an image, as the low light level may result in loss of image detail. In the prior art, these three regions are all treated equally, and are substantially uniformly exposed during an image capturing process. As a result, image capturing in the prior art often is less than satisfactory and may include regions of both over-exposure and under-exposure.
Therefore, there remains a need in the art for improvements in still image capturing devices.

Image capturing device capable of single pixel exposure duration control

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A system for inspecting ophthalmic lenses and including transport, illumination, imaging and image processing subsystems. The transport system moves a multitude of ophthalmic lenses along a predetermined path to move each of those lenses, one at a time, into a lens inspection position, and the illumination subsystem generates a series of light pulses and directs a respective one light pulse through each ophthalmic lens. The imaging subsystem generates a set of signals representing selected portions of the light pulses transmitted through the ophthalmic lenses, and the image processing subsystem receives those signals from the imaging subsystem and processes those signals according to a predetermined program to identify at least one condition of each of the lenses.

This application relates to copending application Ser. No. 07/995,281 filed herewith for "A Method and System for Automatically Inspecting Ophthalmic Lenses," now abandoned, to copending application Ser. No. 07/994,565 filed herewith for "Illumination and Imaging Subsystems for a Lens Inspection System," now abandoned, to copending application Ser. No. 07/995,654 filed herewith for "A Method of Inspecting Ophthalmic Lenses," and to copending application Ser. No. 07/995,622 filed herewith for "An Apparatus for Carrying Ophthalmic Lenses" now abandoned.
This invention generally relates to systems for inspecting ophthalmic lenses, and more particularly, to a high speed, automated system for inspecting contact lenses.
Contact lenses are, typically, made with a high degree of precision and accuracy. Nevertheless, on rare occasions, a particular lens may contain some irregularity; and for this reason, contact lenses are inspected before sale to the consumer to be certain that the lenses are acceptable for consumer use.
In one type of prior art lens inspection system, an illuminating beam is transmitted through a lens and then focused on a screen to produce thereon an image of the lens, and an operator looks at that image to determine if the lens contains any irregularities. If any irregularity or flaw is found that makes the lens unsuitable for consumer use, the lens is either removed from the inspection system or otherwise identified so that it is not subsequently sold to a consumer.
This prior art inspection system is very effective and reliable; however, the system is also comparatively slow and expensive. This is primarily because a human operator must focus on the lens image produced on the screen and check that whole image for any irregularities. It is thus believed that the prior art system can be improved upon; and in particular, it is believed that the cost of the lens inspection can be reduced and the speed of the inspection can be increased by providing an automated system to perform these inspections.


The technology disclosed herein may detect, avoid, or protect against “use after free” or “double free” programing logic errors. An example method may involve: receiving a plurality of requests to allocate memory, the plurality of requests comprising a first request and a second request; identifying a chunk of memory; generating a plurality of pointers to the chunk of memory, the plurality of pointers comprising a first pointer and a second pointer; providing the first pointer responsive to the first request and the second pointer responsive to the second request; and updating pointer validation data after providing the second pointer, wherein the pointer validation data indicates at least one of the plurality of pointers is valid and at least one of the plurality of pointers is invalid.

Most modern computer systems include memory management features that enable programs to dynamically request memory during runtime. The program may use the memory for storing data and the amount of memory used by a program may change over time. The program may submit requests for additional memory and requests to release memory and a memory manager may respond by performing memory allocation and deallocation respectively. Memory allocation may involve identifying available memory and enabling the memory to be used by the program. Memory deallocation may involve releasing previously used memory so that it can be subsequently reused. The memory manager may handle repeated requests for memory allocation and deallocation for multiple processes.

Free detection with double free protection


A spine fixation device is described that includes an alignment plate having top and bottom surfaces for temporary attachment to a pair of adjacent vertebrae on a body, at least two surgical screws, and at least one spacer. The alignment plate is adapted not to move transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the spine. The plate includes at least two openings spaced from each other a distance such that at least two of the openings open onto adjacent vertebrae, and has a predetermined angle formed therein so as to position adjacent vertebrae at a predetermined angle. The adjacent vertebrae are thus fixedly secured at the predetermined angle by the plate.

This invention relates generally to the field of surgical devices and methods of fixing adjacent vertebrae in the spine. More specifically, the present invention is a device, and a method of using such, which fixes adjacent vertebrae together to prevent movement of the vertebrae with respect to each other. The device may be used during surgical operations or as and implant for permanent spinal fixation.
The history and art surrounding surgical articles and methods to aid in the fusion of adjacent vertebrae is aptly chronicled in U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,909 to Michaelson. Although a recap of that history is not necessary here, an understanding of the Michaelson apparatus and method is necessary to appreciate the present invention.
The Michaelson apparatus and method are believed to represent the current state of the art in temporary fixation of adjacent vertebrae during surgical procedures. As such the Michaelson invention appears to be widely used for spinal fusion operations. Essentially, the primary embodiment of the Michaelson apparatus is a hollow sleeve with teeth at one end. When used in surgeries from the anterior aspect of a patient, the sleeve is driven into adjacent vertebrae over the anterior aspect of the intervertebral space between the vertebrae, which are to be fused. The teeth, when driven into the adjacent vertebrae, work to help stabilize the anterior portions of the two vertebrae and the intervertebral space during the various drilling and surgical operations taking place through the hollow sleeve and within the intervertebral space.
In use, however, the teeth may allow some unwanted relative movement of the vertebrae because they do not stabilize both the anterior and posterior aspects of the vertebrae. This is especially a concern during drilling operations where creating holes with parallel sides in the intervertebral space and the adjacent vertebrae end planes is crucial. For example, when the known apparatus is attached to the anterior aspect of the adjacent vertebrae and drilling is commenced in the intervertebral space from the anterior aspect towards the posterior aspect, the force of the drill may cause a vertebral end plate of the adjacent vertebrae to separate at the posterior aspect of the vertebrae. Because of this movement, the side of the hole drilled in the vertebrae and end plates will taper and will not be parallel when the drill is removed from the hole.
It is believed that this tapering of the walls of the drilled hole can be significant and detrimental. This degree of inaccuracy may lead to misalignment of the fused vertebrae, as well as the exertion of excessive pressure on parts of the implant plug inserted into the hole to fuse the vertebrae. This later consequence is of particular concern where a relatively fragile bone cage plug is used because the irregular pressures can damage the plug. By fixing the adjacent vertebrae in all relative planes the present invention provides for the complete relative stabilization of the adjacent vertebrae, thus ensuring accuracy and precision of surgical procedures performed on the vertebrae. The present invention may also be used as a vertebral implant, permanently stabilized adjacent vertebrae after a surgical procedure, or as a means of correcting a problem with a patient's spine.


A medical device for treating canker sores, wherein a flexible RF electrode means comprising a therapeutic agent delivery means, is inserted into the mouth; the electrode means being placed against and/or surrounding the canker sore region; RF energy is applied for a predetermined time and temperature to the canker sore tissue through the electrode means to cause internal lesions; and delivering a therapeutic agent to heal the tissues thereafter for a pre-determined duration.

Surgical procedures are usually used for the treatment of cellular tissues requiring direct contact of the target tissue with a medical instrument. Surgical procedures often lead to substantial trauma by exposing both the target and the intervening tissues. Furthermore, precise placement of a treating probe is difficult because of the location of the target tissue in the body, or the proximity of the target tissue to easily damage critical body organs, nerves, or other components.
Destruction of cellular tissues in situ has been used in the treatment of many diseases and medical conditions alone or as an adjunct to surgical removal procedures. It is often less traumatic than surgical procedures and may be the only alternative, wherein other procedures are unsafe. Ablative treatment devices have an advantage of using a destructive energy that is rapidly dissipated and reduced to a non-destructive level by conduction and convection, to forces of circulating fluids and other natural processes.
Devices using microwave energy, radiofrequency energy, ultrasonic energy, cryogenic, laser energy, and tissue destructive substances have been used to destroy malignant, benign, and other types of cells and tissues from a wide variety of anatomic sites and organs. Tissues treated include isolated carcinoma masses and, more specifically, organs such as the prostate, glandular and stromal nodules characteristic of benign prostate hyperplasia. These devices typically include a catheter or cannula which is used to carry a radiofrequency electrode or microwave energy antenna through a duct to the zone of treatment and applying energy diffusively through the duct wall into the surrounding tissue in the targeted directions.
Canker sores are also known as aphthous ulcerations or recurrent aphthae, which are painful sores usually formed in the mucous membrane of the mouth. The sores first appear as small red lesions that quickly whiten and then break down to form shallow ulcers. Many people, especially small children with less immunity to ulcerations, experience the pain and discomfort of canker sores for a period from several days up to a couple of weeks. While the cause of canker sores has not been identified, several pharmaceutical approaches have been taken. However, they only coat the surface of the canker sores by a relieving agent and mask the problem for temporary relief of pain and stress.
Price, Jr. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,095 entitled "Method of treating canker sores" teaches a method by which a fluoroquinolone is topically applied to the ulcerous area. Similarly, Alliger in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,799 entitled "Method of treating small mouth ulcers" teaches a method of using a simple alpha hydroxy organic acid. Marcus et al. in U.S. Pat. 5,182,104 entitled "Topical virucidal composition for treatment of mucocutaneous tissue" teaches a method of topically applying composition with a virucidal impact on mucocutaneous tissue, inactivation of herpes virus and human papilloma virus as manifested in cold sores, canker sores, warts, fever blisters lesions, and aptheous ulcerations. Leeds in U.S. Pat. No. 4,466,956 entitled "Method of therapy for oral herpes simplex" discloses serial application of povidone-iodine and then application of anti-inflammatory agent. Hodosh in U.S. Pat. No. 4,191,750 entitled "Method for treating canker sores" discloses a method of applying a nitrate of potassium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium or strontium. However, all the above-mentioned topical treatments are not effective because the therapeutic agent is easily swept away in the mouth of a patient. None of above-mentioned patents discloses the method for treating canker sores by heating the therapeutic fluid and forcing the heated fluid to contact the canker sores for a prolonged period treatment.
Of particular interest to the present invention are RF therapeutic protocols which have been proven to be highly effective as used by electrophysiologists for the treatment of tachycardia; by neurosurgeons for the treatment of Parkinson's disease; and by neurosurgeons and anesthetists for other RF procedures such as Gasserian ganglionectomy for trigeminal neuralgia and percutaneous cervical cordotomy for intractable pains. Radiofrequency treatment, which exposes a patient to minimal side effects and risks, is generally performed after locating the sore sites for treatment. Radiofrequency energy, when coupled with a temperature control mechanism, can supply precise energy to the device-to-tissue contact site to obtain the desired temperature for creating a lesion. It can also be used to heat the therapeutic fluid for therapeutically treating the canker sores for the optimal effect.
Imran in U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,218 entitled "Catheter having needle electrode for radiofrequency ablation" teaches a method using a needle electrode that is attached onto a catheter for radiofrequency ablation. Though a needle-like electrode is beneficial to ablate a tissue point for deep lesion, it is not disclosed that the needle electrode could possibly hold the heated therapeutic fluid for prolonged contact with the target tissue.
Edwards et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,662 entitled "Method for reducing snoring by RF ablation of the uvula" teaches a medical ablation method for reducing snoring wherein a flexible RF electrode wire is inserted into the uvula and RF energy is applied to the uvula tissue to cause internal lesions. Edwards et al. does not disclose a catheter to ablate an area, having capability for simultaneously delivering radiofrequency energy and a therapeutic agent.
While a radiofrequency procedure using an existing electrode device has had promising results, the device is exposed to the target tissue without prolonged therapeutic treatment by the therapeutic agent, resulting in inefficient treatment of canker sores. Therefore, there is a need for an improved device system and methods using the controllable radiofrequency energy for generating the needed heat to treat the canker sores and also to heat the therapeutic fluid. During RF energy delivery, the therapeutic agent, such as an anti-inflammatory agent or virucidal drug, is delivered to the lesion sites. By having a device with temperature control means and substance delivery capability, the canker sores can be treated therapeutically.

Devices and means for treating canker sores


A color television image display apparatus wherein an image quality control signal is generated with regard to every field of an input video signal in accordance with sampled data obtained therefrom and then is supplied to an image signal processor to execute automatic adjustment of the image quality is equipped with a delay circuit having a delay time substantially equal to the time required for generation of the image quality control signal, and the video signal is supplied via such delay circuit to the video signal processor so that both the image quality control signal and the video signal to be controlled by such image quality control signal are inputted to the video signal processor substantially without a timing difference therebetween.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a color television image display apparatus equipped with an automatic image quality control means.
2. Description of the Prior Art
For the purpose of continuously achieving an optimal image state in television, technical development is progressing with regard to a television monitor having a function of automatically controlling the luminance, color saturation and so forth to optimal conditions in every field of a video signal. When the image being displayed in a television monitor changes momentarily among light, dark, colorful and nearly monochromatic states, it is impossible to achieve a desired optimal image condition continuously if the controls for the luminance, color saturation and so on are set at fixed positions. Therefore, a predetermined unitary amount of the video signal is analyzed and then the luminance control and others are adjusted in a manner to attain the best condition.
For example, as shown in FIG. 2, a video signal fed via a TV tuner 1 and an IF (intermediate frequency) amplifier 2 is supplied to an image quality control signal generator which comprises an A-D (analog-to-digital) converter 3 and an arithmetic processor 4 consisting of a microcomputer.
The arithmetic processor 4 sets, in each field of the video signal, sampling points denoted by S.sub.Pl -S.sub.Pn in FIG. 3 and supplies sample timing signals to the A-D converter 3. In accordance with such sample timing signals, the A-D converter 3 executes analog-to-digital conversion of the luminance signal, for example, and then outputs n digital data (voltage value data of the luminance signal) in every field to the arithmetic processor 4. Then the arithmetic processor 4 calculates one field of the luminance data and generates an image control signal S.sub.Al of the luminance amplification level in accordance with the result of such calculation (discrimination data determined by the lightness, darkness and so forth of the image). The image control signal S.sub.Al thus generated is supplied to a video signal processor 5 where the luminance amplification level is controlled, and the processed signal is outputted to a CRT display unit 6. Since such process is executed with regard to every field, it follows that an optimal image quality is ensured continuously.
According to the image quality control signal generator, it is possible to perform simultaneous adjustment of the color saturation, sharpness and so forth in addition to the luminance control by the same circuitry, hence achieving enhancement in the overall quality of the image being monitored.
However, in the conventional television image display apparatus mentioned above, there occurs a time loss which is required in the A-D converter 3 and the arithmetic processor 4 for generating an image quality control signal S.sub.Al to execute automatic image quality adjustment. Suppose now that, in an exemplary case where the arithmetic processor 4 consists of a 4-bit single chip microcomputer, a time of 0.1 second or so is required until an image quality control signal S.sub.Al(n) is outputted after sampling the data of one field F.sub.n. Then, at the instant the image quality control signal S.sub.Al(n) is inputted to the video signal processor 5, the video signal of a field F.sub.(n+5), which is posterior by 6 fields to the relevant field F.sub.n sampled for generating the image quality control signal S.sub.Al(n), is inputted to the video signal processor 5. Although it is a slight time delay, such delay causes a failure in adjusting the image quality of the field F.sub.n to be adjusted by the image quality control signal S.sub.Al(n).
Consequently, there arises a problem that when the image is suddenly changed, the image quality is deteriorated for a moment.

Timing compensator for video signal processor


A current estimation section of a motor control apparatus carries out the following processing. When an AC motor is controlled under a current feedback control scheme (sine wave control mode or overmodulation control mode), a β-axis current iβ is calculated based on a current detection value iw_sns in a sensor phase and a current command value iv* in one other phase. When the AC motor is controlled under a torque feedback control scheme (rectangular wave control mode), the β-axis current iβ is calculated based on a differential value Δiα of an α-axis current. Then a sensor phase reference current phase θx is calculated to estimate a U-phase current. Thus it is possible to use the current feedback control scheme and the torque feedback control scheme together.

In recent years, electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles mounted with an AC (alternating current) motor as a drive power source for the vehicle receives attention in light of social demands for improved fuel economy and reduced exhaust emissions. For example, some hybrid vehicles are so configured that a DC (direct current) electric power supply such as a secondary battery and an AC motor are connected with each other through a power conversion device such as an inverter. A DC voltage of the DC power supply is converted into an AC voltage by the inverter to drive the AC motor. The AC motor is controlled by a control apparatus in a manner disclosed in, for example, the following patent documents.    Patent document 1: JP-A-2004-159391    Patent document 2: JP-A-2010-124544    Patent document 3: JP-A-2008-86139
With respect to a control apparatus for an AC motor mounted in such a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle, it is known that a current sensor for detecting a phase current is provided only in one phase and not provided in other phases. The number of current sensors, the size of the vicinity of the three phase output terminals of the inverter, and the cost of a control system for the AC motor are thereby reduced. For example, a current estimation value in the phases (for example, U-phase and V-phase) other than a sensor phase (W-phase) is calculated based on a current detection value in one "sensor phase" (for example, W-phase) detected with a current sensor, a d-axis current command value and a q-axis current command value, and an electrical angle of the AC motor (for example, patent document 1 and 3).
As a control mode for an AC motor, a rectangular wave control mode is proposed (for example, patent document 2). In this control mode, a voltage utilization factor can be enhanced more than in a sine wave PWM control mode or overmodulation PWM control mode. Rectangular wave refers to a waveform, in which one cycle of current corresponds to one pulse.
The sine wave PWM control mode and overmodulation PWM control mode are equivalent to a current feedback control scheme. In this scheme, feedback is performed so that a d-axis current and a q-axis current calculated based on a detected value from a current sensor follow a d-axis current command value and a q-axis current command value. Meanwhile, in the rectangular wave control mode, the phase of a rectangular wave voltage is controlled by taking the following measure: an estimated torque is calculated from a d-axis current and a q-axis current calculated based on a detected value from a current sensor and feedback is performed so that this estimated torque follows a torque command value. This is thus equivalent to "torque feedback control scheme."
The rectangular wave control mode is employed especially in a high rotation operation range, in which weak field control is required for suppressing counter electromotive force. In this mode, an absolute value of a weak field current as a negative d-axis current is minimized. Further, it is possible to minimize the number of times of switching of an inverter to reduce switching loss. Because of these characteristics, it is effective to switch the control scheme in drive control for a motor-generator or the like of a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle based on the operating state, such as number of rotations and output torque, of a motor, that is, the voltage required for driving the motor. For example, the sine wave control mode is used in a low rotation range, the rectangular wave control mode is used in a high rotation range and the overmodulation control mode is used in an intermediate rotation range between the low rotation range and the high rotation range.
In AC motors mounted in hybrid vehicles or electric vehicles, the number of rotations and output torque vary more widely than in AC motors in other technical fields. Therefore, it is desired to ensure that the current feedback control scheme and the torque feedback control scheme can be used together. Therefore, it is desired to use the current feedback control scheme and the torque feedback control scheme together.


The current application is directed to methods for assessing patient risk and managing chronic pain patients in order to improve functional outcomes, decrease mortality and morbidity, and to emphasize the cost effectiveness of chronic pain treatment. Nurse case managers working with physician consultants who have experience in dealing with complex non-cancerous chronic pain diagnoses, substance abuse, mental health conditions, and drug diversion are employed. Chronic pain case management services may be employed, often along with specialized drug-dispensing devices.

Most nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and physician prescribers of chronic pain opiate drugs do not have any formal training in the diagnosis, treatment, or safe medication management and monitoring for patients on high dosage narcotic preparations. Many chronic pain specialists often do not even own a comprehensive textbook on chronic pain medicine. Their practices are often quite limited in scope and consist simply of prescribing patients the opioid drugs they request. These chronic pain specialists often have minimal knowledge of relevant anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, mental health, substance abuse, and drug-diversion-related issues. Verifiable functional improvement in their patients is limited and many of their patients have no true improvements in their medical, occupational, or social lives with treatments that often consist solely of high-dosage narcotic regimens. Further complicating matters is the fact that a disproportionately high number of patients in these practices are involved in substance abuse and/or commercial drug diversion activities, along with having high rates of accidental overdose death and criminal commercial drug diversion activities.
On the other hand, there are a growing number of highly trained interventional chronic pain specialists with fellowship training in performing invasive chronic pain procedures. Unfortunately, a very large percentage of invasive chronic non-cancerous pain treatment procedures have never been scientifically proven to be any more effective than placebos. Complicating matters is the fact that many of these procedures are not inexpensive. These well-trained interventionists often recommend expensive unproven procedures as the mainstay of chronic non-cancerous chronic pain treatment and then delegate narcotic and other controlled substance prescribing to employed and/or contracted midlevel providers that may have their own DEA licenses, but who have no formal training or certification in chronic pain management or addiction medicine/mental health.
Safety measures for prescription opioids and other controlled substances that would help address epidemic-level drug-related problems, including death from accidental overdose, brain damage, drug DUI and motor vehicle accidents, and massive criminal controlled substance drug diversion activities in the that supply the major gateway drugs leading to drug addiction, are becoming an area of research and development interest. Drug overdose has become the number one cause of accidental death in the USA. Our country is currently experiencing an ever-growing epidemic of accidental deaths due to Rx drug overdose, and most of these deaths involve narcotic (opioid) pain pills. The CDC has declared this Rx poisoning epidemic to be a national healthcare emergency and it involves persons who ingest narcotic pain pills for the purposes of pain control and/or recreational use. Tragically, many accidental narcotic overdose victims do not die, but rather suffer severe permanent brain damage as a result of the respiratory depression produced by toxic doses of narcotics. The excess costs to the healthcare system and society caused by minimally controlled Rx drug abuse and drug diversion are in the hundreds of billions of dollars per year. One of the major contributing factors to this problem is that most opioid prescribing nurses, physicians, and PAs normally write prescriptions for 30-day (or longer) supplies of pain medicines to patients who are at elevated risk for accidental overdose, drug abuse, and/or commercial drug diversion. Too many patients receive large monthly supplies of powerful narcotic drugs and then either take toxic doses of these pills or sell these pills to criminal commercial drug dealers for a large profit. As a result, wrongful death lawsuits against prescribing nurses, physician assistants, and physicians are on the rise. More importantly, the current situation has caused tragedy for hundreds of thousands of U.S. families.
One example of commercial drug diversion is a patient who pretends to have a painful condition and gets a careless medical provider to prescribe oxycontin 80 mg tablets three times per day. This equals 240 mg of oxycodone per day or 7,200 mg per month. The average price for illicit oxycodone in many locales is $1/mg, which means that the commercial drug diverter can easily make over $4,000 per month tax free on each Rx. Many diverters see half a dozen careless providers each month and are able to net over $20,000 per month tax free. Drug diversion is especially prevalent in the Medicare and Medicaid patient populations, which means that taxpayers are directly subsidizing criminal diversion rings and heroin producers and heroin dealers. To date, law enforcement has been unable to curtail the rapidly growing business of commercial drug diversion in the USA. In short, criminal commercial diversion is so widespread because it is such an easy way to make huge amounts of tax-free dollars. Law enforcement cannot even begin to control the problem. Medical and mid-level regulatory boards are also unable to effectively deal with this problem because their investigative budgets have been greatly reduced and many simply do not have enough qualified investigators. Meanwhile, intensive lobbying efforts by the pharmaceutical industry and the "grassroots" pain patient advocacy that they heavily fund have had a chilling effect on the development of effective mandatory counter diversion measures in the U.S. Some conscientious narcotic drug prescribers try to utilize controlled substance Rx's with smaller numbers of pills for their high-risk patients in order to increase patient and societal safety; however, this requires patients to go to both the doctor's office and the pharmacy every few days and this causes difficulties for patients insofar as transportation and co-payments to doctors and pharmacists.
Methadone clinics also have serious problems with patient drug abuse, overdose and commercial diversion, in that they normally allow compliant patients to stop coming to the clinic every morning to get their daily dose of this narcotic maintenance drug. These reliable patients are then given week-long or even multiple week supplies of bulk liquid methadone that is often implicated in accidental drug overdoses and/or criminal commercial drug diversion. Many methadone clinics have grossly inadequate anti-diversion policies and procedures. Finally, children depend upon criminals that commercially divert narcotic pain drugs to fuel their own drug abuse, addiction, and overdose tragedies. This is because 15-year-olds cannot obtain powerful narcotic prescriptions from physicians or nurses without the written consent of their parents, and most parents will not consent to their 14-year-olds being placed on long-term high-dose narcotic drug regimens for relatively minor conditions, as is the case for many adults. A 14-year-old might be able to sneak a bit of opioid drugs from his or her parent's medicine chest, but to become addicted to opiates, humans normally must ingest high doses of narcotic drugs for a couple of months. There simply are not enough powerful narcotic drugs to become addicted to in the typical family's medicine chest. However, young people do sometimes accidently overdose and die by ingesting unsecured narcotics and other controlled substances from the family medicine cabinet.
Studies of young heroin addicts in the USA reveal that the majority of them first became addicted to Rx pain pills and then were switched to cheaper heroin by their drug dealers when they could no longer afford to buy the more expensive diverted pain pills. Today, thanks to uncontrolled diversion of opioid/narcotic drugs, we have the largest heroin addiction epidemic among young people in our country's history. Most of the growth in criminal-drug-diversion-related youth heroin addiction appears to be in the Caucasian population.

Medical dispending safety system that monitors drug ingestion


An embodiment of a shutter assembly is described that comprises a support structure with a number of stations and operatively coupled to a motor configured to translate each of the stations to a position in front of a detector, wherein a first station comprises a first aperture, a first charged particle filter, and a first window; and a second station comprises a second aperture larger than the first aperture, a second charged particle filter, and a second window thinner than the first window.

It is generally appreciated that embodiments of Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) systems are configured to detect X-ray photons emitted from a material exposed to an electron beam, where the detected X-ray photons are generally used to characterize the elemental composition of the material. It is also generally appreciated that depending on the application the electron beam can produce back scattered electrons (e.g. charged particles), heat, metal vapor, etc. that can create noise in detected signals and cause damage to components of the EDS, such as the detector elements.
Embodiments of (EDS) instruments can be used in applications such as, for example, with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) or Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), where a "shutter assembly" may be employed to reduce or eliminate noise signals produced by the EDS instrument, as well as to protect components such as detector elements from potentially damaging conditions such as heat, metal vapor, etc. For example, a SEM or TEM generally has a single, standard mode of operation, and the shutter system employed is typically configured to optimize the parameters used for that mode of operation. Thus, there is no need for the shutter system to be configurable for different conditions. In the presently described example, parameters for the shutter system such as the window material and/or thickness, aperture size, etc., are fixed in the SEM or TEM instrument.
Embodiments of EDS instrument may also be used with Electron-Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM) instruments. An EBAM instrument may utilize one or more manufacturing applications to produce a product, such as what is referred to as electron beam melting or electron-beam powder bed fusion technology. An example of an EDS instrument used with and EBAM instrument in described in US Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/003,575, filed Apr. 1, 2020, titled "Wide field-of-view charged particle filter", which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, for all purposes.
An EBAM instrument utilizing and EDS system may be capable of various modes of operation that includes one or more modes of operation substantially as a SEM where the electron beam operates using a moderate level of total power, maximum beam current, and accelerating voltage (e.g. about 10-30 keV) producing a moderate degree of heat, light, and X-ray emissions. The modes of operation also typically include one or more of the manufacturing modes referenced above where the electron beam operates using a high level of total power, maximum beam current, and accelerating voltage (e.g. about 60-100 keV) capable of producing substantial degrees of heat, light, metal vapor, and X-ray emissions that can be potentially damaging to one or more components of the EDS system, such as the detector. For example, a typical SEM max may use about 2 μA at 30 keV to produce about 60 mW of total power, where an EBAM manufacturing mode may use about 50 mA at 60 keV to produce about 3 kW of total power. It will also be appreciated that operational parameters of EBAM systems may vary and that systems may be capable of a range of accelerating voltages from very low to very high.
Therefore, a need exists for a shutter assembly with different stations, each configured to balance protection of the EDS components with accurate detection of X-ray photons for a different mode of operation.

THERMO ELECTRON SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LLC


Methods for searching for information based on user's intention and for providing information include an editor meeting searcher's intention detected using analysis results for keywords and searches contents having metadata associated with metadata input through the editor. As a result, a search may be formed by detecting searcher's intention from information input by a searcher, inducing a detailed metadata input based on the detected intention, and using the input metadata.

Recently, a demand to develop a technology of fusing information and contents providers, expansion of consumers, and various information providing media is increased. An example of a representative fusion technology may include a fusion technology of wired and wireless broadcasting and communication technologies, an integrated information web service technology, and a user interface technology development convenient for various user layers. In the detailed contents of the technology, a development of an information market technology is expected so as to meet the taste and intention of the user of the information contents and suggest and provide the information contents by a convenient and various method by automatically analyzing the quality and meaning analysis of contents and information provided or to be provided by a computer.
For example, Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2006-0043333 (SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING INTENTION OF DATA AND RESPONDING TO DATA BASED ON INTENTION) discloses a system facilitating data handling. The system is a system including a component receiving data and a data manager that determines the intention of the data, re-systematizes at least a subset of data based on the intention and automatically provides the re-systematized data to a user. The data manager is a system that analyzes the data, sorts the data into at least a set having relevant features, extracts features from at least one of the sets of data to form the subset of data. Alternatively, the data manager is a system that uses at leas one of metadata, attributes, contents, contexts, keywords, histories, heuristics, inference, rules, damarcation, time, date, related handling costs, related handling gains, and sources of the data so as to facilitate the analysis of data, wherein the features is extracted at least partially on the basis of one of a syntactic structure, syntactic attributes, a linguistic structure, and linguistic attributes. The linguistic feature is a system that includes at least one of words generated from a sentence, a word bigram generated from a sentence, and a word trigram generated from a sentence.
Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-0028593 (METHOD FOR ISOLATING HARMFUL WORD) discloses a method for isolating harmful word including allowing a computer user to input member information and access a management server, allowing the computer user to input information for registration/transmission in/to an information input screen displayed by the management server, allowing a module for isolating a harmful word of the management server to determine whether a harmful word is included in the information input by the computer user, and allowing the management server to isolate the connection with the computer user or register/transmit the information according to the determination results of the module for isolating a harmful word. Assuming that the harmful word means jargons, slang, ones related to sexual insulation or personality insulation, the Korean Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-0028593 includes a processing module that continuously performs chatting, when the transmitted message does not include the harmful words. The Korean Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-0028593 is described based on whether the message in chatting includes the harmful words.
Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2006-0062300 (MULTISTAGE TEXT FILTERING METHOD FOR ISOLATING HARMFUL SITE) discloses a multistage text filtering method for isolating a harmful site that includes dividing texts to be used as data for isolating a lewd site according to a degree of lewdness and the texts as at least one set and then databasing the texts, collecting the texts from an accessing web site, and performing at least one multi-stage filtering by comparing the texts with the texts in the set to determine whether the accessing web site is isolated, thereby isolating the harmful site according to the degree of lewdness within the texts.
Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2006-0062300 (A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING IMPROVED SPAM MESSAGE FILTERING) discloses a method for providing spam message filtering including: a wireless network server that receives a message to be transmitted from a caller terminal to a user terminal, a Corpus DB that stores usage examples of natural language sentences and their affiliated information and is a large scale language DB (database), a vocabulary analyzing unit that detects reception of the message in the wireless network server and extracts at least one noun type keyword from a sentence included in the received message, a Corpus search device that selects any one of the extracted noun type keywords and searches the frequency of spam used in each sentence included in each user category of the Corpus DB and a general frequency used in sentences included in a category other than the user category, when at least one spam frequency and general frequency are inputted, a probability calculation unit that calculates a probability that a sentence including a selected noun type keyword is included in the user category, and a filtering controller that controls the vocabulary analyzing unit and the Corpus search device to make the probability calculation unit calculate the probability that each noun type keyword is included in a spam message, determines whether the received message is a spam message, and transmits the determining result to the radio network server.
Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2008-0000416 (FILTERING SYSTEM FOR HARMFUL MESSAGE AND METHOD THEREOF AND RECORDING MEDIUM THEREOF) discloses a technical field for classifying harmful message with a filtering system for filtering harmful message on internet community. Methods thereof are provided to achieve high marketability in an anti-spam market by offering an intelligent spam filtering technology. The filtering system for harmful message comprises a database for storing messages received from clients, a message receiver that receives the messages, a word extracting unit that extracts a plurality of words from the received messages, and an evaluation unit that determines whether the messages are harmful by using the extracted words, stores it in a database, and the evaluation unit uses the word evaluation value stored in the database to determine whether the massage is a harmful message and the message is sorted into a plurality of harmful message.
Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0484944 (SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATICALLY TAGGING SEMANTICS OF MORPHEME BASED ON LOCAL SYNTAX RELATION AND SEMANTIC CO-OCCURRENCE DICTIONARY) discloses an automatic morpheme semantics tagging system based on a local phrase relationship and a semantic co-occurrence dictionary including a short sentence recognizer that recognizes a short sentence by using a basic syntax generation rule, a dependency syntax rule, an electronic morpheme meaning dictionary, a semantics frame and a declinable phrase co-occurrence dictionary generated via a morpheme analysis of an original sentence, an auxiliary word case recovery module that performs a case recovery for an auxiliary word by using a semantics frame and a declinable phrase semantics co-occurrence dictionary, an argument noun meaning determination module that determines a meaning on an argument noun using the declinable phrase semantics co-occurrence dictionary, a noun phrase meaning determination module that determines a meaning on a noun within a noun phrase and a compound noun using a noun phrase meaning co-occurrence dictionary configured of noun/preposition/noun and co-occurrence information of noun/noun. The automatic morpheme semantics tagging system uses the syntactic structure information in view of a linguistic aspect to use the syntax context information that is more accurate co-occurrence information than the existing other semantic ambiguity devices, thereby proposing a method of solving the meaning ambiguity of noun.
Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0757951 (SEARCH METHOD USING MORPHEME ANALYZING IN WEB PAGE) discloses a searching method through morpheme analysis of a web page including displaying the contents of the connected website to the tab browser, If a client user is connected to a website through the tab browser, discriminating a frequency of repeated sentence or words by performing a context morpheme analysis for the contents displayed to the tab browser of a client by an analysis server, selecting the sentence and words having a frequency of a predetermined value or more among the identified words as keywords that are important words, outputting the selected important words as a title of each tab browser, searching the title of each tab browser as a query word of a portal site and outputting the search results as contents of each tab browser, in an analyzing server providing information to the client such as notebook, mobile phone, PDA, or the like. The patent calculates the number of sentences and the number of words that appears in the text with one methodology of the search system by the morpheme processing to output the tab browser title as the keyword.
Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0691400 (METHOD FOR ANALYZING MORPHEME USING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND MORPHEME ANALYZER FOR EXECUTING THE METHOD) discloses a method for analyzing morphemes including obtaining morpheme analysis object and additional information associated with the morpheme analysis object from data for index, generating a key based on the additional information, and performing the morpheme analysis on the morpheme analysis object using the key.
Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2007-0029389 (METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING ADVERTISEMENT SERVICE USING CORE KEYWORD AND RECORD MEDIA RECORDED PROGRAM FOR REALIZING THE SAME) discloses a recording medium that is typically implemented with command words executable by a digital processing device in order to provide a keyword advertisement service using a core keyword and may be read by a digital processing device, including extracting the keyword by analyzing morphemes of contents text, determining core keywords through interfacing with an advertisement keyword DB server, receiving an advertisement list matching the core keyword through the interfacing with the advertisement DB server, and inserting at least one of the advertisements included in the advertisement list into the contents text.
Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2006-0011333 (SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING LOCAL INFORMATION BY MESSAGE ANALYSIS) discloses a system for providing local information including: a database that stores advertisement information of each area and business type, a message recognizing unit that analyzes a short message stored or a text message stored, a voice recognizing unit that analyzes the stored voice message, a location information collecting unit that checks a current location of a subscriber terminal, a service controller that requests whether a message related to a service subscriber has been stored from the message recognizing unit and the voice recognizing unit, checks a received message analysis result, requests current location information of the subscriber terminal from the location information collecting unit, and provides a desired business type and area information according to the message analysis result to the subscriber terminal, and an SMS generation unit that searches information of the database, adds a searched result in a short message, and transmits it to the subscriber terminal.
Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2007-0015752 (SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AD TRIGGERING MESSAGING SERVICE BASED ON MOBILE MESSAGING SERVICE) discloses a system for AD triggering messaging service including a message server transmitting the contents of the message to the receiving terminal after transmitting the predetermined AD message to the caller terminal when detecting the AD triggering identifier by analyzing a message transmitted from a caller terminal.
Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0775680 (METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING ADVERTISEMENT CONTENTS BY USING CHATTING IN MOBILE TERMINAL) discloses a method of transmitting and receiving message through a messenger between a mobile communication terminal and a server through a wireless communication network, including determining whether the mobile communication terminal connected to the server selects any virtual chatting partner of chatting partners, extracting chatting scenario of AD contents good according to the user preference information of the mobile communication terminal in the server to transmit the message according to the scenario rule to the mobile communication terminal, transmitting a response message for the message of the server in the mobile communication terminal, analyzing the message of the mobile communication terminal received in the server and transmitting the message requesting the AD contents information recommendation permission according to the user's intention and the scenario rule to the mobile communication terminal, transmitting the AD contents information to the mobile communication terminal when transmitting the message permitting the AD contents information recommendation from the mobile communication terminal in the server, and adjusting the character state of the messenger to correspond to the user's intention by analyzing the message of the mobile communication terminal in the server prior to the transmitting of the message to the mobile communication terminal.
Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0597435 (SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CLASSIFYING QUESTION BASED ON HYBRID OF INFORMATION SEARCH AND QUESTION ANSWER SYSTEM) discloses a system and method for classifying a question based on a hybrid of an information search and question answer system including a questioned work name processor that recognizes the work name included in the inputted question, a question language analyzer that converts each word into a semantic code through a morpheme analysis process, an object name recognition process, and a word meaning tagging process, a rule-based question classifier that classifies the answer type requested from the question by using an LSP (Lexico-Semantic Pattern) code of the question and a predefined question classification rule, a statistics-based question classifier that classifies the LSP code of the question by using statistics information constructed in a learning document tagging the answer type, and a questioned answer type determiner that finally determines the answer type of the user question by using a result of both classifiers.
Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0361166 (SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SEARCHING INFORMATION) discloses a system and method for searching information including a processing device that codes input words and searches the data base based on the coded words to search the information corresponding to the code words when inputting words indicating information to be searched or a field to which the corresponding information belongs after a data base that sorts a plurality of information according to field, allocates codes to each sorted field, and codes words indicating a plurality of information included in the corresponding field in association with a code of each field accesses a user searching data via a network using a communication device, wherein the information stored in the database is sorted into the plurality of information regions, the information regions are each allocated with an information sorting code which is sorted into at least one detailed information region, the detailed information regions are coded in association with the information sorting code of the corresponding information regions, the words having meanings equal or similar to each other among the words indicating the corresponding information are stored by the same code, each word code is arranged in a set order.
Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2005-0092955 (SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ONLINE AD INCLUDING COPY OF ADVERTISER FIT FOR CONTENTS) discloses a system and method for advertising online including a first storage device in which information to be advertised is stored; a second storage device in which original contents are stored; at least one server that fetches the original contents from the second storage device, analyzes the original contents by a natural language processing mechanism, and fetches the information to be advertised corresponding to the analysis results from the first storage device and inserts a portion of the information among the advertisement information into the original contents, a third storage device in which the contents inserted with the advertisement information is stored by the at least one server.
Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0669534 (METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXTRACTING SUMMARY OF DOCUMENT BY UTILIZING SENTENCE ABSTRACTION AND ABDUCTION RULES) discloses a method of summarizing a document using sentence abstraction and abduction rules: including sentence inputting that inputs and stores document contents to be summarized, syntax analyzing that analyzes and stores a syntax for data stored in the step; sentence main component extracting that sequentially reads the syntax data at the step and stores ontology data; sentence abstracting that understands each of the selected main components as an abstraction meaning by comparing the ontology data value at the step with a recognition upper range information that is a predetermined sorting reference for meanings included in each of the selected main components; topic sentence selecting that reads the stored value at the step and input the read stored value to an abduction rules program movable device unit to select a plurality of topic sentences having abduction between syntaxes and store each identification value for the plurality of selected topic sentences; summary writing that reads corresponding values of abstraction meaning understood for the stored and selected main components at the step and combines and stores the read values as a grammar summary sentence; a summary sentence outputting that determines whether there is the output control signal and if so, outputs an displays the data value stored at the step through the operation of the output unit.
Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0836878 (APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ALLOCATION OF SUBJECT OR FIELD IN INFORMATION SEARCH SYSTEM) is an apparatus for allocating a subject or a field in an information search system that is connected to a user terminal, a web portal site, a web site, searches information, and provides the searched information, the information search server including a search engine that performs information search for a document based on an index word corresponding to a query word or a document; a database that stores and manages information searched in the search engine; a thesaurus matching unit that extracts the index words from an original sentence stored in the database and performs thesaurus matching by the index word to perform the subject or filed allocation for the original sentence; a folksonomy processor that extracts terminologies from a definition sentence stored in the database and allocates the subject by the extracted terminologies and uses folksonomy to allocate a field.
In addition, the information search system used by a large information search portal such as Google, Yahoo, or the like, is based on a search key type of a "word" unit. Although a 'phrase' input may be performed, a current technology connects an N-gram based index key by a logical operator (AND, OR, NOT) rather than a language processing method according to a high technology of the "phrase" to propose the search results, such that there is a limitation in improving the reproduction and accuracy of the information search. In particular, a 'mobile information search' technology has been in the limelight as a next generation information search field and a new web search technology is being proposed and discussed as a "semantic web' technology. However, there is no special successful example up to now.

Information search method and system, information provision method and system based on user's intention


A method and apparatus for handling signaling delay for handover is provided. A wireless device transmits a measurement report based on a first event for a first cell, receives a handover command which commands a handover to the first cell, and checks validity of the handover command based on the first event for the first cell and/or a second event for a second cell other than the first cell.

3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long-term evolution (LTE) is a technology for enabling high-speed packet communications. Many schemes have been proposed for the LTE objective including those that aim to reduce user and provider costs, improve service quality, and expand and improve coverage and system capacity. The 3GPP LTE requires reduced cost per bit, increased service availability, flexible use of a frequency band, a simple structure, an open interface, and adequate power consumption of a terminal as an upper-level requirement.
Work has started in international telecommunication union (ITU) and 3GPP to develop requirements and specifications for new radio (NR) systems. 3GPP has to identify and develop the technology components needed for successfully standardizing the new RAT timely satisfying both the urgent market needs, and the more long-term requirements set forth by the ITU radio communication sector (ITU-R) international mobile telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process. Further, the NR should be able to use any spectrum band ranging at least up to 100 GHz that may be made available for wireless communications even in a more distant future.
The NR targets a single technical framework addressing all usage scenarios, requirements and deployment scenarios including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type-communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), etc. The NR shall be inherently forward compatible.
It has been discussed to support Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) in 5G NR. The NTN is commonly used to support transport, public safety, media and entertainment, eHealth, energy, agriculture, finance, automotive, etc. The expected roles of NTN may be:                to foster the roll out of 5G service in un-served areas that cannot be covered by terrestrial 5G network (isolated/remote areas, on board aircrafts or vessels) and underserved areas (e.g. sub-urban/rural areas) to upgrade the performance of limited terrestrial networks in cost effective manner;        to reinforce the 5G service reliability by providing service continuity for Machine-to-Machine (M2M)/Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices or for passengers on board moving platforms (e.g. passenger vehicles-aircraft, ships, high speed trains, bus) or ensuring service availability anywhere especially for critical communications, future railway/maritime/aeronautical communications: and        to enable 5G network scalability by providing efficient multicast/broadcast resources for data delivery towards the network edges or even user terminal.


Systems and methods for treating an afflicted vessel and/or vessel associated with an afflicted tissue of a mammalian patient are presented herein. In particular, devices for the control of flow rate and/or pressure within a vessel of a mammalian patient, and methods of treating an afflicted vessel and/or a vessel associated with an afflicted tissue using the devices are presented herein.

A variety of afflictions such as peripheral vascular disease, ischemic strokes, and various other infarctions such as myocardial infarctions, pulmonary infarctions, splenic infarctions, limb infarctions, and avascular necrosis of bone tissue, are associated with blockages of blood vessels in a human patient, usually due to thrombi (blood clots) or excessive plaque buildup. Because the tissues associated with a blood vessel typically rely upon that vessel for a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients, a blockage of that vessel create stresses on these associated tissues, as well as the vascular tissues themselves. As a result, effective treatment of an affliction associated with a blockage of a blood vessel may be complicated by the response of the weakened vascular tissues to the restored blood flow, and the associated elevation of flow velocity and blood pressure. The treatment of ischemic strokes presents a particularly poignant example of the interplay of the condition of the vascular tissues and the outcome of a treatment.
Ischemic strokes, defined herein as the rapid loss of a brain function due to a sudden disruption of the brain's blood supply due to a blood clot, are a leading cause of death worldwide. Those fortunate enough to survive an ischemic stroke may still face significant losses of brain function such as loss of the ability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body, loss of the ability to understand or formulate speech, and/or an inability to see one side of the visual field. Current treatments for ischemic strokes must be completed within 3 to 6 hours of the stroke due to the associated weakening of the brain vascular tissues. Strokes associated with the disruption of flow within relatively large circulatory vessels must be treated quickly due to the larger area of the brain infracted, the resultant lower coverage of blood flow to the surrounding tissue from collateral vessels, as well as the potentially devastating and significant loss of function.
If the stroke is not treated within this relatively brief window of opportunity, removal of the clot to restore blood flow carries with it a significant risk of a secondary hemorrhagic event resulting in additional brain damage or death of the patient. As a result, a high proportion of physicians are relatively reluctant to remove blood clots outside of this treatment window, and patients are instead forced to cope with the functional deficits associated with the loss of brain function associated with the stroke event. Unfortunately, current treatment methods are unable to control the rate at which blood pressure and flow rate are restored to ischemic brain tissues and associated weakened blood vessels.
The use of current treatment methods are further limited by the inherent difficulty in pin-pointing the time at which a stroke occurred, as well as the challenge of transporting a patient to a facility capable of implementing one of these current treatment methods. For example, patients presenting with a stroke upon awakening from sleep are not strong candidates for current treatment methods due to the inability to identify the time of onset of the stroke. The time elapsed during a stroke event, the time taken to recognize that a stroke is occurring, the time taken to signal a need for assistance, the time taken for medical personnel to reach the patient, the time taken to transfer the patient to a treatment facility, and the time taken to diagnose the stroke condition all narrow the already-brief window of opportunity for treatment using existing methods. As a result, a significant number of patients are not viable candidates for treatment using existing methods.
There exists a need in the art for a device capable of controlling the flow rate and/or pressure within an afflicted vessel and/or a vessel associated with an afflicted tissue. A need in the art further exists for a method of treating an afflicted vessel and/or a vessel associated with an afflicted tissue using the device to vary the flow rate and/or pressure within the vessel as a treatment and/or in conjunction with an additional treatment.


Process for the removal of metal cabonyls before regeneration of a desulfurization wash liquid, which includes removing a part of the carbon monoxide from the wash liquid, conversion of the metal carbonyls to metal sulfides, passing the wash liquid through a reaction and settling zone, removing metal sulfide-containing sludge from the reaction and settling zone, and regenerating the wash liquid.

This invention relates to a process of regenerating a loaded washing liquid which comes from a plant for desulfurizing a gas mixture containing hydrogen and carbon oxides and as load contains H2S, CO, H2, CO2, and nickel carbonyl and/or iron carbonyl, where the washing liquid is reused for desulfurizing after a hot regeneration.
Desulfurizing processes and the associated regeneration of loaded washing liquids are known and described for instance in the German patent 39 22 785 and in the corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,675. The regeneration of the loaded washing liquids is effected in a known manner by means of one or several of the measures expanding, stripping and heating, where it is also possible to perform two or three of those measures at the same time in one container.
In particular when using physically acting washing liquids, metal carbonyls may lead to problems during the regeneration, as they are converted to sulfides during the heating of the washing agent and form undesired deposits. These carbonyls chiefly include nickel carbonyls, e.g. Ni(CO)4, and iron carbonyls, in particular Fe(CO)5. It is therefore the object underlying the invention to convert the metal carbonyls to sulfides at an appropriate point and remove them from the washing liquid to such an extent that difficulties in the desulfurizing plant and in subsequent plants are avoided. In accordance with the invention this is achieved in the above-mentioned process in that carbon monoxide is at least partly removed from the loaded washing liquid, the washing liquid poor in CO is passed through a reaction and settling zone, a sludge containing nickel sulfide and/or iron sulfide is withdrawn from the reaction and settling zone, and the washing liquid is supplied to the hot regeneration.
In the nickel carbonyls and iron carbonyls the CO is coordinatively bound to the metal atom, so that the carbonyls are converted to sulfides (NiS or FeS) in the loaded washing liquid, as soon as the CO is at least partly removed from the washing liquid. This removal of CO can be effected in various ways, and in particular by means of expanding and/or stripping the washing liquid. The temperature of the loaded washing liquid should favorably be increased, for example, by means of an indirect or direct heat exchange with hot-regenerated washing liquid prior to the removal of CO.
Usually, the desulfurization is effected at a pressure in the range from 10 to 100 bar, so that before the reaction and settling zone the loaded washing liquid can easily be expanded by a pressure difference of at least 3 bar, where a CO-containing expansion gas is released. After this release of CO, the nickel carbonyls and iron carbonyls in the washing solution are gradually converted to insoluble sulfides. It may be expedient to wash the released expansion gas with regenerated washing liquid, so as to keep carbonyls in solution.
Preferably, the pressure in the reaction and settling zone lies in the range from 1 to 20 bar and mostly around at least 3 bar, the temperature usually lies in the range from 0 to 150xc2x0 C. and preferably around at least 40xc2x0 C. Advantageously, it should be ensured that the H2S contained in the loaded washing liquid and also the CO2 are not, or possibly only to a minor extent, released in the reaction and settling zone and only the nickel sulfides and/or iron sulfides are precipitated there. It is therefore expedient to keep the pressure in the reaction and settling zone higher than in the hot regeneration.
To achieve an optimum separation of the metal sulfides from the washing liquid in the reaction and settling zone it is recommended to pass the washing liquid through the reaction and settling zone with a sufficient dwell time, and move the washing liquid as slowly as possible, so that the sulfides can gradually settle. For nickel carbonyls, dwell times in the range from 5 to 80 minutes and mostly 15 to 60 minutes are usually sufficient, whereas iron carbonyls require dwell times of about 1 to 10 hours, preferably at least 3 hours.
The process in accordance with the invention is suited for the treatment of different washing liquids, e.g. methanol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) or dimethyl ether of polyethylene glycol (DMPEG). Usually, these are physically acting washing liquids. The gas mixture to be desulfurized comes from the gasification of solid or liquid carbonaceous materials, e.g. heavy oil, coal, petroleum coke, hydrocarbons containing asphalt, distillation residues or mixtures of these materials. The gasification is effected in a known manner by means of a partial oxidation with air, with oxygen-enriched air or with technically pure oxygen, and mostly by adding steam.

Method for regenerating a loaded wash liquid from a gas desulfurization facility


The present invention relates to a combined end cap and an electromechanical device equipped with the combined end cap. The combined end cap includes: an end cap body, which includes a fitting portion provided with a first mating portion; and an end cap flange, which is configured to have at least two segments adapted to be combined and mounted to the fitting portion, and at least one of the segments is provided with a second mating portion adapted to corporate with the first mating portion to prevent the segments having been combined and mounted to the fitting portion from rotating relative to the fitting portion. The application of this invention can not only significantly improve the versatility and convenience of the existing end caps, but also help to reduce the manufacturing cost.

Electromechanical devices such as starter, generator and so on have already been widely applied in many fields. There are numerous such electromechanical devices which have powerful functions, and these devices have played an immeasurable role particularly in such aspects of promoting social progress, improving people's life quality, etc. In general, an end cap structure (e.g., a front end cap, a rear end cap, and a drive end cap) is required to be equipped on these electromechanical devices and it will be connected with a housing of the electromechanical device. Existing end caps are typically made by means of mono-block casting. However, since the demands on the quantity of various electromechanical devices are huge and the specific applications are tremendously different, there are considerable differences in demands in terms of such aspects as contour dimensions, installing conditions, arrangements and so on during actual use. Existing various end cap structures, however, can neither adapt to and meet such differential demands, nor will they be advantageous for lowering costs in manufacture, installation and maintenance, thus causing considerable resources idling and wasting.

Combined end cap and electromechanical device equipped with the combined end cap

BOSCH AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS (CHANGSHA) CO. LTD.


A metal gate stack containing a metal layer having a mid-band-gap work function is formed on a high-k gate dielectric layer. A threshold voltage adjustment oxide layer is formed over a portion of the high-k gate dielectric layer to provide devices having a work function near a first band gap edge, while another portion of the high-k dielectric layer remains free of the threshold voltage adjustment oxide layer. A gate stack containing a semiconductor oxide based gate dielectric and a doped polycrystalline semiconductor material may also be formed to provide a gate stack having a yet another work function located near a second band gap edge which is the opposite of the first band gap edge. A dense circuit containing transistors of p-type and n-type with the mid-band-gap work function are formed in the region containing the threshold voltage adjustment oxide layer.

High gate leakage current of nitrided silicon dioxide and depletion effect of polysilicon gate electrodes limits the performance of conventional semiconductor oxide based gate electrodes. High performance devices for an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) less than 1 nm require high dielectric constant (high-k) gate dielectrics and metal gate electrodes to limit the gate leakage current and provide high on-currents. Materials for high-k gate dielectrics include ZrO2, HfO2, other dielectric metal oxides, alloys thereof, and their silicate alloys.
A high-k dielectric material needs to provide good electrical stability, that is, the amount of charge trapped in the high-k dielectric material needs to remain at a low level even after extended operation of a transistor. The high-k dielectric material needs to be scalable, that is, provide acceptable level of leakage and an acceptable level of electron and hole mobility at a reduced thickness, e.g., less than 1 nm. High-k dielectric materials satisfying these conditions may be advantageously employed for high performance semiconductor devices.
In general, dual metal gate complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integration schemes employ two gate materials, one having a work function near the valence band edge of the semiconductor material in the channel and the other having a work function near the conduction band edge of the same semiconductor material. In CMOS devices having a silicon channel, a conductive material having a work function of about 4.0 eV is necessary for n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (NMOSFETs, or "NFETs") and another conductive material having a work function of about 5.0 eV is necessary for p-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (PMOSFETs, or "PFETs"). In conventional CMOS devices employing polysilicon gate materials, a heavily p-doped polysilicon gate and a heavily n-doped polysilicon gate are employed to address the needs. In CMOS devices employing high-k gate dielectric materials, suitable materials satisfying the work function requirements are needed.
While such an approach provides enhanced performance on discrete devices such as a PFET or an NFET, employing such an approach for circuits having a large number of PFETs and NFETs in high density necessarily requires a large "transition area" in which different stacks of metal gate layers are adjoined during formation of metal gate stacks. Defect generation at the boundary of the different stacks of metal gate layers cause yield degradation. Further, a substantial fraction of a total circuit area needs to be used as the transition area, thus increasing the area of the circuit and reducing the density of the circuit.
Adverse impact of transition areas formed according to a conventional dual metal gate CMOS integration scheme on yield and device density may be particularly significant in high density circuits such as a static random access memory (SRAM) cell or a logic circuit requiring a high density.
In view of the above, there exists a need for semiconductor devices that do not require an excessive transition area, while providing benefits of a metal gate structure, and methods of manufacturing the same.
Further, there exists a need for semiconductor devices that do not require an excessive transition area and are compatible with other semiconductor devices having conventional dual metal gate CMOS integration structures, and methods of manufacturing the same.

Integration scheme for multiple metal gate work function structures

International Business Machines Corporation


Cancer therapies that combine epigenetic modulating agent(s) with immune modulating agent(s), which were remarkably identified to provide an improved treatment regimen over single agent therapy, are disclosed. In particular embodiments, the invention provides for improved treatment of NSCLC in patients via administration of exemplary immune modulating agents anti-PD-1 antibody or anti-PD-L1 antibody, which were observed to show enhanced activity in combination with the exemplary epigenetic modulating agent 5-deoxyazacytidine. Further, expression markers of responsive neoplastic cells are also disclosed.

Innovative strategies are needed to treat the world's most common cause of cancer death, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).(1, 2) Less than a quarter of lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) harbor genetic abnormalities for which targeted therapies have been derived. Early responses are often robust for these but are generally followed by acquired resistance.(3, 4) Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) has no approved targeted therapies and few effective chemotherapeutic options beyond the first line of therapy. Effective therapies for treatment of this highly lethal disease, as well as other forms of cancer and/or other proliferative diseases, disorders, or conditions, are urgently needed. In addition to the conventional forms of cancer therapy (chemotherapy, surgery, radiation), newer forms of therapy, including epigenetic modulation with DNA demethylating agents and HDAC inhibitors and therapies targeted at the immune system, are actively being investigated.

Cancer therapy via a combination of epigenetic modulation and immune modulation


In one embodiment of the present invention, a method includes setting an update to data of a memory to a valid status, and changing an original version of the data to a backup status.

Nonvolatile memory filesystems such as a flash memory are used to store persistent data. The nature of a flash memory allows a filesystem media manager to write data in one direction (i.e., bring data from a logic 1 to a logic 0) before an erase operation on a memory block is required. Data is typically marked as valid when it is created and is marked invalid when updated with a newer copy that becomes the valid copy, resulting in a memory device that contains a single valid copy of data and many copies of invalid data (or portions thereof), until an erase operation is performed on the memory block.
A transacted database tracks updates in groups of operations on data. For an example, a business card database may include entries relating to addresses, phone numbers, fax numbers, and the like. A partial update of information in an entry is problematic, as a modification is only saved if all of the relevant data has been updated, and a database commit operation occurs. If only a partial update was completed, the system unwinds the modification to the original data via a database abort operation. As data is updated, the database may copy the original data and a string of operations to a cache to support a transaction capability. Similarly, a transacted filesystem may incur significant additional overhead to maintain a transaction log independent of the memory device. A need thus exists to track data modifications without such overhead.


The present invention relates to an aerodynamic toy particularly of the type for manually launching into the air. The toy includes a disc shaped body having a plurality of airfoil shaped sections, and a plurality of slots in the body. Light emitting devices and sound generating devices may also be included to enhance the amusement value of the toy. It is believed that airfoil shaped disc sections, depressions in the bottom of the disc body, and slots in the body improve the aerodynamic characteristics of the toy enabling it to remain in the air for a longer period of time when thrown, and cause the toy to tend to level itself while airborne.

Disc shaped toys which can be thrown through the air to another person, or for distance, are well known. These toys are popular and are used by both children and adults.
Various attempts have been made to improve these toys to make them more amusing for the individual using the toy. Interesting shapes and colours have been applied to the discs of various disc shaped toys to achieve this end. Other attempts have been made to improve these toys by improving the aerodynamics of the toy to increase the time in flight, to improve the hovering abilities, and to improve the ability of the toy to remain upright and level in flight.


A disinfecting and cleaning agent connection device for devices with a chamber for the holding or transport of fluids has a connection line that connects the fluid chamber with a disinfecting or cleaning agent container. The connection device has a connection line, a buffer chamber, a sealing element in the upper section of the buffer chamber connecting it with the fluid chamber, a channel which opens into the bottom section of the buffer chamber and has a siphon-type section whose end lies lower than the bottom of the buffer chamber, and a fluid sensor in the buffer chamber which is lower than the upper section of the siphon area and higher than the channel opening into the buffer chamber. The disinfecting and cleaning agent connection device can be used in conjunction with medical devices such as a dialysis machine and a reverse osmosis machine.

1. Field of Invention
The invention refers to a disinfecting and cleaning agent connection device for devices which have a chamber for the holding or transport of fluids with a connection line for connection of the fluid chamber with a disinfecting or cleaning agent container.
To clean medical devices which have a liquid circulation system for medical fluids, disinfecting agents or special cleaning agents are passed through the fluid circulation system. When a disinfecting agent container is connected to such a medical device, e.g. a dialysis system, disinfecting agent must be prevented from unintentionally penetrating the system.
On the other hand, during the normal operation of the medical device, no fluid should flow from the medical device into the disinfecting agent container, thereby diluting the disinfecting agent in an uncontrolled manner.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the known solutions, a corresponding arrangement of check valves and controlled solenoid valves are used. In DE 43 21 008 C1 a buffer volume is provided in which the pressure differs from that in the rest of the supply line so that the density can be monitored. The pressure of the buffer volume is monitored. If the pressure in the buffer volume changes, this indicates a leak in one of the valves connected to the buffer volume.

Disinfecting and cleaning agent connection device