A display device includes: a reflective image display unit having a display region provided with an array of pixels; an illumination unit that illuminates the display region of the image display unit; and a light control unit that controls the intensity of the illumination light from the illumination unit according to ambient illuminance.

The present disclose relates to display devices, and to illumination units.
Display devices are known that include a transmissive image display unit by which the transmittance of the incident light falling on the back side is controlled for image display. Display devices including a reflective image display unit that controls the reflectance of external light for image display are also known. A transmissive liquid crystal display panel is an example of such a transmissive image display unit. Examples of the reflective image display unit include a reflective liquid crystal display panel and electronic paper.
The reflective liquid crystal display panel includes a reflecting film that reflects external light, and displays an image by controlling the reflectance of external light with a liquid crystal layer. The electronic paper displays an image by varying the surface reflectance, which is achieved by, for example, moving the white and black pigments according to image patterns. Display devices provided with a reflective image display unit can use external light for image display. The display device with a reflective image display unit can thus realize low power consumption, thinness, and lightness, and have use as, for example, a portable device.
Display devices provided with a transmissive image display unit typically includes a backlight that shines light on the back side of the image display unit. The display device with a transmissive image display unit can control and provide image visibility by increasing the intensity of the backlight in high ambient illuminance, and decreasing the intensity of the backlight in low ambient illuminance. For example, JP-A-6-27440 describes a display device that controls the backlight luminance, which is raised to a reference luminance under bright external light illuminance conditions, and lowered under dark external light illuminance conditions.
In the display device with a reflective image display unit, desirable images can be recognized, for example, when the ambient illuminance can sufficiently provide photopic vision. However, image visibility suffers when the ambient illuminance can only provide mesopic vision or scotopic vision. As a countermeasure, a display device is proposed that includes an illumination unit that shines light on the front side of the reflective image display unit to increase the image luminance and improve visibility in a low illuminance environment.


Dissection forceps (10) include opposed arms (12) and 14), handle (16), cord (18), and power source adapter (20). Arms (12 and 14) are affixed with heating elements (68), (70) within body (56). Insulation (80, 82, 84, and 86), and insert (88) cooperate with elements (68, 70) in a manner that preferentially heats surfaces (30, 32) as well as points (26, 28). Forceps (10) are particularly useful in manipulating coated samples of biological tissues, such as samples that are encased in a layer of wax, because the heat prevents buildup of the coating substance upon arms (12 and 14) and, particularly, upon points (26 and 28).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention broadly relates to forceps that are useful in the dissection and holding of biological tissue samples, and to a method for using the forceps to manipulate tissue samples having a chemical or wax substance that coats the outside of the sample. More particularly, the forceps of the invention include an opposed pair of coupled arms having structural means for manipulating tissue samples during the course of dissection studies. At least one of the arms is attached to means for electrically heating the arm with a sufficient quantity of heat to prevent an accumulation or buildup of the coating material upon the points of the forceps used for manipulating the samples. The method of using the forceps involves providing coated tissue samples, providing dissection forceps having affixed thereto means for electrical heating of the forceps, using power from an electrical source to heat the forceps to a temperature sufficient to melt the coating, and contacting the sample with the forceps.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventional tissue forceps are commercially available. Their structure is formed from a pair of thin metallic arms, wherein each arm is flexibly coupled at one end with the other arm, and each arm has a sharpened point extending from the non-coupled end. The method of their use includes flexing the opposed arms towards a central position in order to force the sharp points to come together and grasp small quantities of tissue or flesh.
One disadvantage of conventional forceps is that they do not work optimally well in certain dissection procedures wherein the tissues may be coated with viscous or solid substances. For example, in performing routine work such embedding macro-scale tissue samples within wax inside a cassette prior to insertion into a microtome for micro-scale shaving, a pathologist or technician must ordinarily manipulate the sample within hot wax. A wax buildup or accumulation on the forceps points typically interferes with the embedding procedure in a significant way.
The specific problem of wax buildup on dissection forceps has been addressed by devices such as heating wells. These devices generally have a box-like frame with hollow features connected to separate openings in which a number of conventional forceps may be placed for warming, removed for short term use until they have cooled and, subsequently, returned to the well for warming to a temperature that can melt wax. In general terms, the wells may be heated by electricity or by a bunsen burner. These heating wells have not fully solved the problem of wax buildup, however, because the cooled forceps must constantly be reheated since they have ceased to be effective against wax buildup.


Data is transmitted between a central office and customer premises by a wavelength division multiplex passive optical network. Two laser beams with separate wavelengths are transmitted from the central office to an optical network unit in the customer premises. Both laser beams carry downstream data. One laser beam is intensity modulated by on/off keying. The other laser beam is phase modulated by differential phase shift keying, which maintains a constant optical intensity. The first laser beam is received by a first optical receiver, which demodulates the first downstream data. The second laser beam is split in two. One laser beam is sent to a second optical receiver, which demodulates the second downstream data. The other laser beam is sent to a reflective semiconductor amplifier, which modulates the beam with upstream data and transmits the beam back to a receiver in the central optical system.

The present invention relates generally to fiber optic transmission systems, and more particularly to wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks.
Fiber optics is a reliable technology for high-speed packet data transmission in telecommunications networks. It has been extensively deployed in core networks, in which the network equipment is typically installed in controlled environments. Environmental variables, such as temperature, humidity, vibration, and shock, are typically regulated according to industry standards. In addition, these installations typically have reliable power sources, including battery backup.
Multimedia services (data, voice, and video) are increasingly being provided over packet data networks. These services require high-speed communication links between customers' equipment and the core network. Furthermore, high-speed bi-directional communication links are increasingly in demand. Previously, for example, video was primarily downloaded from a server to a customer. Now, however, a customer may also desire to upload videos from his home computer to a network server or to another customer's home computer.
Communications links from a customer to an access network have primarily been provided over twisted-pair wires (to the local telephone exchange) or over coax cable (to the cable television network). Optical fiber, however, has inherently higher bandwidth than twisted-pair wires and coax cable, and, indeed, service providers are deploying fiber all the way to the customer location. Depending on the customer, service offerings are variously referred to as fiber-to-the-office, fiber-to-the-building, fiber-to-the-business, and fiber-to-the-home. Herein, the generic term fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) is used, where premises refer to customer premises. FTTP, however, often requires installation of equipment in outside plant, which is typically exposed to uncontrolled environments. Supplying reliable power to outside plant is also more difficult and expensive than supplying reliable power to a central office, for example. Furthermore, since communications links are geographically dispersed over many customers, management of the distribution plant is more difficult than management of the infrastructure of a central office, for example. What are needed are method and apparatus for deploying a low-cost network infrastructure for FTTP services.

Wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network


A portable memory housing includes a first housing section and a second housing section that couples to the first housing section to define an enclosure for portable memory components. At least one of the housing sections includes a prong extending from an edge of the housing section and an other of the housing sections defines a slot configured to receive the prong. The prong includes at least one flat that is parallel and at least one flat that is perpendicular to the edge of its respective housing section. The slot is defined by a parallel wall configured to abut the parallel flat of the prong and limit relative lateral movement of the first and second housing sections, and a perpendicular wall configured to abut the perpendicular flat of the prong to impede separation of the first housing section from the second housing section.

Portable memory devices, such as flash memory sticks, are a popular medium for non-volatile information storage. These devices have no moving parts that could potentially fail and cause data loss, and so are ideal for providing portable memory storage. The convenience of the portable memory devices is increased by the small size of these devices making them easy for transport. The memory device itself is usually placed within a protective housing and a connector end of the memory device protrudes from the housing. The connector end is configured for insertion into laptops, desktops or other machines to access/retrieve or save data.

Tamper evident portable memory housing and device


A method in a wireless device for reporting Channel State Information (CSI). The wireless device is comprised in a wireless communications system. The method includes receiving a CSI process configuration and a request for CSI information from a network node. The method further includes reporting CSI for one or more CSI processes. The CSI reflects the state of the channel for a CSI reference resource. According to the method, the CSI reference resource is determined based on the number of configured CSI processes. Related devices are also disclosed.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is responsible for the standardization of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE). The 3GPP work on LTE is also referred to as Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). LTE is a technology for realizing high-speed packet-based communication that can reach high data rates both in the downlink and in the uplink, and is thought of as a next generation mobile communication system relative to UMTS. In order to support high data rates, LTE allows for a system bandwidth of 20 MHz, or up to 100 Hz when carrier aggregation is employed. LTE is also able to operate in different frequency bands and can operate in at least Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes.
LTE uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) in the downlink and discrete-Fourier-transform-spread (DFT-spread) OFDM in the uplink. The basic LTE physical resource can be seen as a time-frequency grid, as illustrated in FIG. 1, where each time-frequency resource element (TFRE) corresponds to one subcarrier during one OFDM symbol interval, on a particular antenna port. There is one resource grid per antenna port. The resource allocation in LTE is described in terms of resource blocks, where a resource block corresponds to one slot in the time domain and 12 contiguous 15 kHz subcarriers in the frequency domain. Two time-consecutive resource blocks represent a resource block pair, which corresponds to the time interval upon which scheduling operates.
An antenna port is a "virtual" antenna, which is defined by an antenna port-specific reference signal (RS). An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. The signal corresponding to an antenna port may possibly be transmitted by several physical antennas, which may also be geographically distributed. In other words, an antenna port may be transmitted from one or several transmission points. Conversely, one transmission point may transmit one or several antenna ports. Antenna ports may interchangeably be referred to as "RS ports".
Multi-antenna techniques can significantly increase the data rates and reliability of a wireless communication system. The performance is in particular improved if both the transmitter and the receiver are equipped with multiple antennas, which results in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication channel. Such systems and/or related techniques are commonly referred to as MIMO.
The LTE standard is currently evolving with enhanced MIMO support. A core component in LTE is the support of MIMO antenna deployments and MIMO related techniques. LTE Release 10 and above (also referred to as LTE-Advanced) enables support of eight-layer spatial multiplexing with possibly channel dependent precoding. Such spatial multiplexing is aimed for high data rates in favorable channel conditions. An illustration of precoded spatial multiplexing is provided in FIG. 2.
As seen, the information carrying symbol vector s is multiplied by an NT×r precoder matrix WNT×r, which serves to distribute the transmit energy in a subspace of the NT dimensional vector space, where NT corresponds to the number of antenna ports. The r symbols in s each are part of a symbol stream, a so-called layer, and r is referred to as the transmission rank. In this way, spatial multiplexing is achieved since multiple symbols can be transmitted simultaneously over the same TFRE. The number of layers, r, is typically adapted to suit the current channel properties.
Furthermore, the precoder matrix is often selected from a codebook of possible precoder matrices, and typically indicated by means of a precoder matrix indicator (PMI), which for a given rank specifies a unique precoder matrix in the codebook. If the precoder matrix is confined to have orthonormal columns, then the design of the codebook of precoder matrices corresponds to a Grassmannian subspace packing problem.
The received NR×1 vector yn on the data TFRE indexed n is modeled byyn=HnWNT×rsn+en  (1)
where en is a noise plus interference vector modeled as realizations of a random process. The precoder for rank r, WNT×r, can be a wideband precoder, which is either constant over frequency, or frequency selective.
The precoder matrix is often chosen to match the characteristics of the NR×NT MIMO channel H, resulting in so-called channel dependent precoding. When based on UE feedback, this is commonly referred to as closed-loop precoding and essentially strives for focusing the transmit energy into a subspace which is strong in the sense of conveying much of the transmitted energy to the UE. In addition, the precoder matrix may also be selected to strive for orthogonalizing the channel, meaning that after proper linear equalization at the UE, the inter-layer interference is reduced.
In closed-loop precoding, the UE transmits, based on channel measurements in the forward link, or downlink, recommendations to the base station, which in LTE is called the evolved NodeB (eNodeB) of a suitable precoder to use. A single precoder that is supposed to cover a large bandwidth (wideband precoding) may be fed back. It may also be beneficial to match the frequency variations of the channel and instead feed back a frequency-selective precoding report, e.g. several precoders, one per subband. This is an example of the more general case of channel state information (CSI) feedback, which also encompasses feeding back other entities than precoders to assist the eNodeB in subsequent transmissions to the UE. Thus, channel state information may include one or more of PMI, channel quality indicators (CQIs) or rank indicator (RI).
Signal and channel quality estimation is a fundamental part of a modern wireless system. Noise and interference estimates are used not only in the demodulator, but are also important quantities when estimating, for example, the channel quality indicator (CQI), which is typically used for link adaptation and scheduling decisions on the eNodeB side.
The term en in (1) represents noise and interference in a TFRE and is typically characterized in terms of second order statistics such as variance and correlation. The interference can be estimated in several ways including from the cell-specific reference symbols (RS) that are present in the time-frequency grid of LTE. Such RS may correspond to the Rel-8 cell-specific RS, CRS (antenna ports 0-3), which are illustrated in FIG. 3, as well as the new CSI RS available in Rel-10, which will be described in more detail below. CRS are sometimes also referred to as common reference signals.
Estimates of interference and noise can be formed in various ways. Estimates can easily be formed based on TFREs containing cell specific RS since sn and WNT×r are then known and Hn is given by the channel estimator. It is further noted that the interference on TFREs with data that is scheduled for the UE in question can also be estimated as soon as the data symbols, sn are detected, since at that moment they can be regarded as known symbols. The latter interference can alternatively also be estimated based on second order statistics of the received signal and the signal intended for the UE of interest, thus possibly avoiding needing to decode the transmission before estimating the interference term. Alternatively the interference can be measured on TFREs where the desired signal is muted, so the received signal corresponds to interference only. This has the advantage that the interference measurement may be more accurate and the UE processing becomes trivial because no decoding or desired signal subtraction need to be performed.
Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS)
In LTE Release-10, a new reference symbol sequence, the CSI-RS, was introduced for the purpose of estimating channel state information. The CSI-RS provides several advantages over basing the CSI feedback on the cell-specific reference symbols (CRS) which were used for that purpose in previous releases. Firstly, the CSI-RS is not used for demodulation of the data signal, and thus does not require the same density. In other words, the overhead of the CSI-RS is substantially less. Secondly, CSI-RS provides a much more flexible means to configure CSI feedback measurements. For example, which CSI-RS resource to measure on can be configured in a UE specific manner. Moreover, the support of antenna configurations larger than 4 antennas must resort to CSI-RS, since the CRS is only defined for at most 4 antennas.
By measuring on a CSI-RS a UE can estimate the effective channel the CSI-RS is traversing including the radio propagation channel, antenna gains, and any possible antenna virtualizations. A CSI-RS port may be precoded so that it is virtualized over multiple physical antenna ports; that is, the CSI-RS port can be transmitted on multiple physical antenna ports, possibly with different gains and phases. In more mathematical rigor this implies that if a known CSI-RS signal xn is transmitted, a UE can estimate the coupling between the transmitted signal and the received signal, i.e. the effective channel. Hence if no virtualization is performed in the transmission:yn=Hnxn+en
the UE can measure the effective channel Heff=Hn. Similarly, if the CSI-RS is virtualized using a precoder WNT×r asyn=HnWNT×rxn+en
the UE can estimate the effective channel Heff=HnWNT×r.
Related to CSI-RS is the concept of zero-power CSI-RS resources (also known as a muted CSI-RS) that are configured just as regular CSI-RS resources, so that a UE knows that the data transmission is mapped around those resources. The intent of the zero-power CSI-RS resources is to enable the network to mute the transmission on the corresponding resources as to boost the SINR of a corresponding non-zero power CSI-RS, possibly transmitted in a neighbor cell/transmission point. For Rel-11 of LTE, a special zero-power CSI-RS that a UE is mandated to use for measuring interference plus noise is under discussion. As the name indicates, a UE can assume that the TPs of interest are not transmitting on the muted CSI-RS resource and the received power can therefore be used as a measure of the interference plus noise level.
Based on a specified CSI-RS resource and an interference measurement configuration, e.g. a muted CSI-RS resource, the UE can estimate the effective channel and noise plus interference, and consequently also determine which rank, precoder and transport format to recommend that best match the particular channel.
Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)
CoMP transmission and reception refers to a system where the transmission and/or reception at multiple, geographically separated antenna sites is coordinated in order to improve system performance. More specifically, CoMP refers to coordination of antenna arrays that have different geographical coverage areas. In the subsequent discussion we refer to a set of antennas covering essentially the same geographical area in the same manner as a point, or more specifically as a Transmission Point (TP). Thus, a point might correspond to one of the sectors at a site, but it may also correspond to a site having one or more antennas all intending to cover a similar geographical area. Often, different points represent different sites. Antennas correspond to different points when they are sufficiently geographically separated and/or have antenna diagrams pointing in sufficiently different directions. Although the present disclosure focuses mainly on downlink CoMP transmission, it should be appreciated that in general, a transmission point may also function as a reception point. The coordination between points can either be distributed, by means of direct communication between the different sites, or by means of a central coordinating node. A set of points that perform coordinated transmission and/or transmission is referred to as a CoMP coordination cluster, a coordination cluster, or simply as a cluster in the following.
FIG. 5 shows an example wireless network with a CoMP coordination cluster comprising three transmission points, denoted TP1, TP2 and TP3.
CoMP is a tool introduced in LTE to improve the coverage of high data rates, the cell-edge throughput and/or to increase system throughput. In particular, the goal is to distribute the user perceived performance more evenly in the network by taking control of the interference in the system, either by reducing the interference and/or by better prediction of the interference.
CoMP operation targets many different deployments, including coordination between sites and sectors in cellular macro deployments, as well as different configurations of Heterogeneous deployments, where for instance a macro node coordinates the transmission with pico nodes within the macro coverage area.
There are many different CoMP transmission schemes that are considered; for example,
Dynamic Point Blanking where multiple transmission points coordinates the transmission so that neighboring transmission points may mute the transmissions on the time-frequency resource elements (TFREs) that are allocated to UEs that experience significant interference.
Coordinated Beamforming where the TPs coordinate the transmissions in the spatial domain by beamforming the transmission power in such a way that the interference to UEs served by neighboring TPs are suppressed.
Dynamic Point Selection where the data transmission to a UE may switch dynamically (in time and frequency) between different transmission points, so that the transmission points are fully utilized.
Joint Transmission where the signal to a UE is simultaneously transmitted from multiple TPs on the same time/frequency resource. The aim of joint transmission is to increase the received signal power and/or reduce the received interference, if the cooperating TPs otherwise would serve some other UEs without taking our JT UE into consideration.
CoMP Feedback
A common denominator for the CoMP transmission schemes is that the network needs CSI information not only for the serving TP, but also for the channels linking the neighboring TPs to a terminal. By, for example, configuring a unique CSI-RS resource per TP, a UE can resolve the effective channels for each TP by measurements on the corresponding CSI-RS. Note that the UE is likely unaware of the physical presence of a particular TP, it is only configured to measure on a particular CSI-RS resource, without knowing of any association between the CSI-RS resource and a TP.
A detailed example showing which resource elements within a resource block pair may potentially be occupied by UE-specific RS and CSI-RS is provided in FIG. 4. In this example, the CSI-RS utilizes an orthogonal cover code of length two to overlay two antenna ports on two consecutive REs. As seen, many different CSI-RS patterns are available. For the case of 2 CSI-RS antenna ports, for example, there are 20 different patterns within a subframe. The corresponding number of patterns is 10 and 5 for 4 and 8 CSI-RS antenna ports, respectively.
A CSI-RS resource may be described as the pattern of resource elements on which a particular CSI-RS configuration is transmitted. One way of determining a CSI-RS resource is by a combination of the parameters "resourceConfig", "subframeConfig", and "antennaPortsCount", which may be configured by RRC signaling.
Several different types of CoMP feedback are possible. Most alternatives are based on per CSI-RS resource feedback, possibly with CQI aggregation of multiple CSI-RS resources, and also possibly with some sort of co-phasing information between CSI-RS resources. The following is a non-exhaustive list of relevant alternatives (note that a combination of any of these alternatives is also possible):
Per CSI-RS resource feedback corresponds to separate reporting of channel state information (CSI) for each of a set of CSI-RS resources. Such a CSI report may, for example, comprise one or more of a Precoder Matrix Indicator (PMI), Rank Indicator (RI), and/or Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), which represent a recommended configuration for a hypothetical downlink transmission over the same antennas used for the associated CSI-RS, or the RS used for the channel measurement. More generally, the recommended transmission should be mapped to physical antennas in the same way as the reference symbols used for the CSI channel measurement.
Typically there is a one-to-one mapping between a CSI-RS and a TP, in which case per CSI-RS resource feedback corresponds to per-TP feedback; that is, a separate PMI/RI/CQI is reported for each TP. Note that there could be interdependencies between the CSI reports; for example, they could be constrained to have the same RI. Interdependencies between CSI reports have many advantages, such as; reduced search space when the UE computes feedback, reduced feedback overhead, and in the case of reuse of RI there is a reduced need to perform rank override at the eNodeB.
The considered CSI-RS resources are configured by the eNodeB as the CoMP Measurement Set. In the example shown in FIG. 5, different measurement sets may be configured for wireless devices 540 and 550. For example, the measurement set for wireless device 540 may consist of CSI-RS resources transmitted by TP1 and TP2, since these points may be suitable for transmission to device 540. The measurement set for wireless device 550 may instead be configured to consist of CSI-RS resources transmitted by TP2 and TP3. The wireless devices will report CSI information for the transmission points corresponding to their respective measurement sets, thereby enabling the network to e.g. select the most appropriate transmission point for each device.
Aggregate feedback corresponds to a CSI report for a channel that corresponds to an aggregation of multiple CSI-RS. For example, a joint PMI/RI/CQI can be recommended for a joint transmission over all antennas associated with the multiple CSI-RS.
A joint search may however be too computationally demanding for the UE, and a simplified form of aggregation is to evaluate an aggregate CQI which are combined with per CSI-RS resource PMIs, which should typically all be of the same rank corresponding to the aggregated CQI or CQIs. Such a scheme also has the advantage that the aggregated feedback may share much information with a per CSI-RS resource feedback. This is beneficial, because many CoMP transmission schemes require per CSI-RS resource feedback, and to enable eNodeB flexibility in dynamically selecting CoMP scheme, aggregated feedback would typically be transmitted in parallel with per CSI-RS resource feedback. To support coherent joint transmission, such per CSI-RS resource PMIs can be augmented with co-phasing information enabling the eNodeB to rotate the per CSI-RS resource PMIs so that the signals coherently combine at the receiver.
Interference Measurements for CoMP
For efficient CoMP operation it is equally important to capture appropriate interference assumptions when determining the CSI as it is to capture the appropriate received desired signal.
For the purpose of this disclosure, a CSI process is defined as the reporting process of CSI (e.g., CQI and potentially associated PMI/RI) for a particular effective channel, and an interference measurement resource. Optionally, a CSI process may also be associated with one or more interference emulation configurations, as will be explained below. The effective channel is defined by a reference signal resource comprising one or multiple associated reference sequences. The interference measurement resource is a set of resource elements in which one or more signals that are assumed to be interfering with the desired signal are received. The IMR may correspond to a particular CQI reference resource, e.g. a CRS resource. Alternatively, the IMR may be a resource configured specifically for measuring interference.
In uncoordinated systems the UE can effectively measure the interference observed from all other TPs (or all other cells), which will be the relevant interference level in an upcoming data transmission. Such interference measurements are typically performed by analyzing the residual interference on CRS resources, after the UE subtracts the impact of the CRS signal. In coordinated systems performing CoMP such interference measurements becomes increasingly irrelevant. Most notably, within a coordination cluster an eNodeB can to a large extent control which TPs that interfere a UE in any particular TFRE. Hence, there will be multiple interference hypotheses depending on which TPs are transmitting data to other terminals.
For the purpose of improved interference measurements new functionality is introduced in LTE Release 11, where the agreement is that the network will be able to configure which particular TFREs that is to be used for interference measurements for a particular UE; this is defined as an interference measurement resource (IMR). The network can thus control the interference seen on a IMR, by for example muting all TPs within a coordination cluster on the associated TFREs, in which case the terminal will effectively measure the inter CoMP cluster interference. In the example shown in FIG. 5, this would correspond to muting TP1, TP2 and TP3 in the TFREs associated with the IMR.
Consider for example a dynamic point blanking scheme, where there are at least two relevant interference hypotheses for a particular UE: in one interference hypothesis the UE sees no interference from the coordinated transmission point; and in the other hypothesis the UE sees interference from the neighboring point. To enable the network to effectively determine whether or not a TP should be muted, the network may configure the UE to report two, or generally multiple CSIs corresponding to different interference hypotheses—that is, there can be two CSI processes corresponding to different interference situations. Continuing the example of FIG. 5, assume that the wireless device 550 is configured to measure CSI from TP3. However, TP2 may potentially interfere with a transmission from TP2, depending on how the network schedules the transmission. Thus, the network may configure the device 550 with two CSI processes for TP3 (or, more specifically, for measuring the CSI-RS transmitted by TP3). One CSI process is associated with the interference hypothesis that TP2 is silent, and the other CSI process corresponds to the hypothesis that TP3 is transmitting an interfering signal.
To facilitate such a scheme it has been proposed to configure multiple IMRs, wherein the network is responsible for realizing each relevant interference hypothesis in the corresponding IMR. Hence, by associating a particular IMR with a particular CSI process, relevant CSI information, e.g. CQI, can be made available to the network for effective scheduling. In the example of FIG. 5, the network may, for example, configure one IMR in which only TP2 is transmitting, and another IMR in which TP2 and TP3 are both silent. Each CSI process may then be associated with a different IMR.
Another approach for estimating interference, which may be used in conjunction with measurements based on an IMR, is to have the terminal emulate interference from within the coordinated points according to an interference hypothesis, by for example assuming an isotropic transmission from each of the transmission points that are assumed interfering for the interference hypothesis. This has the advantage that it may be sufficient that the terminal performs interference measurements on a single IMR, where there is no interference from the coordinated transmission points, from which each of the interference hypothesis are derived. For example, assume that this residual interference and noise is measured and characterized, by the terminal, as a complex valued Gaussian random processen∈CN(0,Qe),where Qe is the correlation matrix and the elements of en corresponds to an interference realization on each of the receive antennas. Then the terminal can amend the residual interference to correspond to a particular CoMP interference hypothesis by emulating intra CoMP cluster interference from a transmission point, for which it has measured an effective channel, Heff, as{tilde over (e)}n=en+Heffqn where qn is an isotropic random signal of a specific nominal power. Note, however, that for a terminal to be able to emulate intra CoMP cluster interference the terminal needs to acquire a reliable channel estimate for each point it should add interference for, which means that the associated reference signals need to be known and have a sufficiently high SINR.
If interference emulation is applied, a CSI process may further correspond to one or more interference emulation configurations. Each interference emulation configuration is associated with a reference signal received from an assumed interferer. The wireless device estimates, for each interference emulation configuration, an effective channel based on the associated reference signal. The wireless device then emulates interference for each interference emulation configuration based on the estimated effective channel for that configuration. As explained above, one way of emulating interference is to multiply the channel estimate by an isotropic random signal.
Although the possibility of associating a CSI process with one or more IMRs and/or interference emulation configurations enables the network to obtain a better basis for making link adaptation and scheduling decisions, there is still room for further improvement when determining channel state information.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Methods and arrangements for CSI reporting


An image forming apparatus in which there are provided a communication means that communicates through a network, a printing means that outputs and image based on image data by forming it on a recording sheet, an inputting means into which information transfer items corresponding to a specific event and an information transfer target address are inputted, a table in which the information transfer items and the information transfer target address are recorded according to the setting inputted from the inputting means, and a control means that controls image forming and controls to transfer the contents of the information transfer items to the formation transfer target address through the network referring to the table, when the specific event is caused.

The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus, and in particular, to an improvement of information transfer that is carried out to a specific communication target when a specific event occurs on an image forming apparatus (a copying machine, a facsimile unit or a printer) connected to a network.
Copying machines, facsimile units and printers (hereinafter referred to as image forming apparatuses as a general term) are connected to a network to be at work, and some of them are provided with a function to communicate the condition of the apparatus main body to a specific communication target (specific user, service center and others) automatically.
On the image forming apparatus equipped with the aforementioned communication function, the specific event determined in advance has been communicated automatically to the specific communication target determined in advance, in the function. However, it has been impossible for the function to decide whether to communicate or not, and to change the items to be communicated and the target for the communication.
Further, it has been impossible for a person who received the communication from the image forming apparatus to confirm the contents of the communication in detail.

Image forming apparatus in use with a network


Compounds having a formula:

Diabetes mellitus, commonly called diabetes, refers to a disease process derived from multiple causative factors and characterized by elevated levels of plasma glucose, referred to as hyperglycemia. See, e.g., LeRoith, D. et al., (eds.), DIABETES MELLITUS (Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa. U.S.A. 1996), and all references cited therein. According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes mellitus is estimated to affect approximately 6% of the world population. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with increased and premature mortality due to an increased risk for microvascular and macrovascular diseases, including nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease. Therefore, control of glucose homeostasis is a critically important approach for the treatment of diabetes.
There are two major forms of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes (formerly referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes or IDDM); and Type 2 diabetes (formerly referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes or NIDDM).
Type 1 diabetes is the result of an absolute deficiency of insulin, the hormone which regulates glucose utilization. This insulin deficiency is usually characterized by β-cell destruction within the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency. Type 1 diabetes has two forms: Immune-Mediated Diabetes Mellitus, which results from a cellular mediated autoimmune destruction of the β cells of the pancreas; and Idiopathic Diabetes Mellitus, which refers to forms of the disease that have no known etiologies.
Type 2 diabetes is a disease characterized by insulin resistance accompanied by relative, rather than absolute, insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes can range from predominant insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to predominant insulin deficiency with some insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is the diminished ability of insulin to exert its biological action across a broad range of concentrations. In insulin resistant individuals, the body secretes abnormally high amounts of insulin to compensate for this defect. When inadequate amounts of insulin are present to compensate for insulin resistance and adequately control glucose, a state of impaired glucose tolerance develops. In a significant number of individuals, insulin secretion declines further and the plasma glucose level rises, resulting in the clinical state of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can be due to a profound resistance to insulin stimulating regulatory effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in the main insulin-sensitive tissues: muscle, liver and adipose tissue. This resistance to insulin responsiveness results in insufficient insulin activation of glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in muscle and inadequate insulin repression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and of glucose production and secretion in liver. In Type 2 diabetes, free fatty acid levels are often elevated in obese and some non-obese patients and lipid oxidation is increased.
Premature development of atherosclerosis and increased rate of cardiovascular and peripheral vascular diseases are characteristic features of patients with diabetes, with hyperlipidemia being an important precipitating factor for these diseases.
Hyperlipidemia is a condition generally characterized by an abnormal increase in serum lipids in the bloodstream and, as noted above, is an important risk factor in developing atherosclerosis and heart disease. For a review of disorders of lipid metabolism, see, e.g., Wilson, J. et al., (ed.), Disorders of Lipid Metabolism, Chapter 23, Textbook of Endocrinology, 9th Edition, (W. B. Sanders Company, Philadelphia, Pa. U.S.A. 1998; this reference and all references cited therein are herein incorated by reference). Serum lipoproteins are the carriers for lipids in the circulation. They are classified according to their density: chylomicrons; very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL); intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL); low density lipoproteins (LDL); and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Hyperlipidemia is usually classified as primary or secondary hyperlipidemia. Primary hyperlipidemia is generally caused by genetic defects, while secondary hyperlipidemia is generally caused by other factors, such as various disease states, drugs, and dietary factors. Alternatively, hyperlipidemia can result from both a combination of primary and secondary causes of hyperlipidemia. Elevated cholesterol levels are associated with a number of disease states, including coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, carotid artery disease, strokes, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and xanthoma.
Dyslipidemia, or abnormal levels of lipoproteins in blood plasma, is a frequent occurrence among diabetics, and has been shown to be one of the main contributors to the increased incidence of coronary events and deaths among diabetic subjects (see, e.g., Joslin, E. Ann. Chim. Med. (1927) 5: 1061-1079). Epidemiological studies since then have confirmed the association and have shown a several-fold increase in coronary deaths among diabetic subjects when compared with nondiabetic subjects (see, e.g., Garcia, M. J. et al., Diabetes (1974) 23: 105-11 (1974); and Laakso, M. and Lehto, S., Diabetes Reviews (1997) 5(4): 294-315). Several lipoprotein abnormalities have been described among diabetic subjects (Howard B., et al., Artherosclerosis (1978) 30: 153-162).
What is needed in the art are new compounds and methods useful for the treatment of insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia. The present invention fulfills this and other needs by providing such compounds, compositions and methods for alleviating insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia.

α-(Trifluoromethyl-substituted aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio or arylmethyl)-trifluoromethyl-substituted phenylacetic acids and derivatives as antidiabetic agents

Abstract: Compounds having a formula:

Abstract: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, are provided, and are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders.


A writing instrument that also functions as a computer peripheral. The writing instrument has the general configuration of a ball-point pen. The pen includes a ball for ink writing that is operatively associated with internal sensors that precisely detect the distance and direction of ball movement and relay that directional and distance data to a microprocessor which records a series of vectors similar to a computer mouse. The pen also includes interchangeable memory cartridge for the storage of the data and a wireless computer connect, for example infrared, that can communicate generated or stored data to an associated computer. The pen also includes an external LED data display, a speaker/microphone and an ink reservoir.

Not Applicable.
This invention relates generally to computer equipment and, more particularly, to a peripheral device that functions as a hand-held writing instrument and as a computer peripheral.
Word processing by keystroke entry is a relatively slow process. It is particularly cumbersome when the writer is composing as he or she types the material. Often, the writer cannot process the information through the keyboard as rapidly as he or she thinks. This often causes consternation. Voice recognition technology has improved but remains relatively slow as well.
By contrast, handwriting often is the fastest and most convenient way to prepare documents. Of course, conventional pen on paper handwriting has significant drawbacks. However, there is computer software available that convert handwriting to typeface and further support writing by hand in the production of documents. Nevertheless, limitations imposed by the hardware required for such pen-based computer applications have restricted the use and growth of pen-based computing to date. Pen-based computing heretofore has consisted of grid-type computers with stylus-type writing instruments. One such stylus, for example, is sold by A. T. Cross under the trademark xe2x80x9ci Penxe2x80x9d. Such systems use a stylus applied to a special screen having a means for data input. These types of systems are inconvenient, however, because they necessitate access to the special screen. That is, the writing instrument is limited to its application within the system and cannot be used independently of the special screen.
In 1964, Armbruster (U.S. Pat. No. 3,376,551) described a magnetic writing device wherein an ink pen mechanism included a rotating ball for the electromagnetic detection and quantification of movement by induction of an electric current. Thus, distance was not directly measured. The speed of ball rotation determined the amount of electric current induced which was proportional to the velocity. The output was variably to an electric typewriter or to a computer. After the introduction of the computer mouse in the 1980""s, Masaki (U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,321) in 1992 taught the use of an ink pen mechanism including a rotating ball that would function as a mouse-like device for computer input. Unlike Armbruster, Masaki taught a spring-type of sensor mechanism for detection and quantification of movement of the rotating ball point wherein ink on the ball surface would cause displacement of two spring-loaded sensing devices at right angles yielding velocity data.
Generally speaking, the ability to provide a mouse-type function including writing, printing, and drawing requires determination of vectors consisting of direction and length (distance). Alternatively, length can be derived from velocity determination over a known time interval assuming an accurate integration of acceleration data.
The present invention overcomes the limitations of the prior art by separating the ink writing mechanism from the sensing mechanism. In Armbruster""s device, the ink coats the ball and confounds the accurate detection of changes in magnetic flux which were used to determine velocity and direction. Even skin oil has been well recognized as a source of computer mouse malfunction. In Masaki, the ink on the rotatable ball can foul the displacement of the spring-loaded sensor which was used to determine velocity and direction. The present invention dissociates the two functions in a way which still allows for simultaneous use as an ink writing instrument and a mouse-like device for computer input. Furthermore, it directly measures distance (as opposed to velocity determination of prior art) and direction of pen motion. Moreover, unlike prior art, the present invention incorporates features that allow it to record data independent of a computer.
It is among the principal objects of the present invention to provide a writing instrument that also functions as an improved computer peripheral.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a computer peripheral capable of accurately determining distance and direction of pen displacement.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a writing instrument that can be used independently of the associated computer.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a writing instrument that retains its function as a writing instrument along with its functions as a computer peripheral.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide such a writing instrument that does not require a special writing pad or grid.
Still another object of the invention is to provide such a writing instrument that provides simultaneous retention of data created through the use of the writing instrument.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a writing instrument that can collect and store data from the instrument as the data is being collected.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide such a writing instrument that can transfer the retained data to the associated computer.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a writing instrument that can transmit data to and from an extraneous source and transmit that data in audio form through a speaker element contained in the instrument.
Still another object of the invention is to provide such a writing instrument that can has interchangeable memory chips or cartridges.
In accordance with the invention, generally stated, a writing instrument that also functions as a computer peripheral is provided. The writing instrument is configured like a ball point pen. The ball element or rolling point is associated with an ink source and can function like a conventional writing instrument. Further, the rolling point functions as a miniaturized mouse. The pen includes a positional orientation system whereby the pen is orientated when in use to eliminate rotational errors. The pen includes wireless computer connection, for example, infrared connection to directly communicate with and transfer data to an associated computer. Further, the pen includes a interchangeable memory chip so that data produced by the pen can be stored for later retrieval. The pen also includes a microprocessor chip to integrate the various functions and a battery power source. The pen also may include a miniature speaker and microphone so that audio data can be transmitted to and from the user.
The several features of the present invention include the ability to function as a wireless computer mouse. Further the pen of the present invention allows for the convenient preparation of traditional written communications or record on paper with the ability also to store the data in the pen as created and later download to the computer. Memory chips may be encrypted with security codes, date and time clocks, and so forth for document authentication and security. Likewise, the pen can incorporate lock-out features that prevent use of the pen without the appropriate memory chip. The pen is expandable and can provide limitless memory by the use of interchangeable memory chips or memory cartridges. The speaker allows the user to receive data, for example instructions or text questions. A microphone in the speak allows the user to respond back to the computer or another person with voice commands.

Wireless computer peripheral that functions as a mouse and pen with ink processor memory power display and speaker all in one


Determining a schedule of a batch workload of MapReduce jobs is disclosed. A set of multi-stage jobs for processing in a MapReduce framework is received, for example, in a master node. Each multi-stage job includes a duration attribute, and each duration attribute includes a stage duration and a stage type. The MapReduce framework is separated into a plurality of resource pools. The multi-stage jobs are separated into a plurality of subgroups corresponding with the plurality of pools. Each subgroup is configured for concurrent processing in the MapReduce framework. The multi-stage jobs in each of the plurality of subgroups are placed in an order according to increasing stage duration. For each pool, the multi-stage jobs in increasing order of stage duration are sequentially assigned from either a front of the schedule or a tail of the schedule by stage type.

MapReduce is the name of several software frameworks used to support scalable distributed processing on large data sets stored in a file system over a large set of computing nodes of a distributed processing system. Many enterprises rely on timely analysis of the MapReduce framework and its open-source implementation Hadoop as a platform choice for efficient processing and advanced analytics over large amounts of unstructured information.
MapReduce includes map and reduce functions that are defined differently than those terms are understood in functional programming. As part of a map function, a master node receives an input, divides the input into smaller projects and distributes the projects to the worker nodes. The worker nodes process the projects and return the answer to the master node. As part of the reduce function, the master node collects the answers and combines them to provide an output. Map and reduce functions are performed using different types of resources including map and reduce slots that execute map and reduce tasks respectively. The MapReduce model includes a barrier between map and reduce stages. The reduce stage is executed after the map stage is completed. Thus, the execution of consecutive jobs in a MapReduce environment is pipelined. Once a first job finishes its map stage, the second job can start its map stage such that the reduce stage of the first job can overlap with the map stage of the second job.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A diagonal fan having an electric motor and a diagonal impeller which can be driven about an axis of rotation (RA) by means of the electric motor. The diagonal impeller determines an air inlet and an air outlet and has a hub and impeller vanes which are distributed in the circumferential direction, extend radially outwards from the hub and are surrounded radially externally by a slinger ring. A flow angle αD formed by the slinger ring relative to the axis of rotation (RA) increases from the air inlet to the air outlet, and a flow angle αN formed by the hub relative to the axis of rotation (RA) decreases from the air inlet to the air outlet.

Diagonal fans and their use are generally known from prior art, for example, from DE 10 2014 210 373 A1.
Diagonal fans are used in applications with a high demand of air output at higher counterpressure and small installation space, for example in cooling equipment and extractor hoods. Since the axially centrally disposed motor of diagonal fans has a large motor diameter compared to the installation space and due to the radial extension of the hub, the outlet area at the outlet opening is relatively small, which results in great outlet losses of the flow due to high dynamic pressure at the outlet of the diagonal fan.

Diagonal fan having an optimized diagonal impeller


A user interface system includes a plane registration module configured to identify a first plane within an environment, and a gesture and posture recognition (GPR) module configured to observe a first allocation gesture, a second allocation gesture, a first modal gesture, a second modal gesture, and a third modal gesture within the environment. A region definition module is configured to determine a first region comprising a first portion of the first plane based on the first allocation gesture, and to determine a second region comprising a second portion of the first plane based on the second allocation gesture. A mode determination module is configured to determine different interaction modes for the various regions. A visual feedback module is configured to provide visual feedback associated with a parameter of the first region.

Recent years have seen an increased interest in advanced user interfaces, particularly those used in connection with personal computers, tablet computers, smart-phone devices, and other electronic systems. Input devices often used in connection with such systems include proximity sensor devices (also commonly called touchpads or touch sensor devices). A proximity sensor device typically includes a sensing region, often demarked by a surface, in which the proximity sensor device determines the presence, location and/or motion of one or more input objects. Proximity sensor devices may be used to provide interfaces for the electronic system. For example, proximity sensor devices are often used as input devices for larger computing systems (such as opaque touchpads integrated in, or peripheral to, notebook or desktop computers).
It is sometimes desirable to provide a "virtual" user interface experience through the use of interface components that mimic the operation of physical user interface devices such as touchpads, keyboards, and the like. Such virtual user interfaces might observe the gestures and/or the postures made by a user's body (e.g., the user's hand) in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space.
Presently known virtual user interfaces are unsatisfactory in a number of respects. For example, user interfaces that make use of three-dimensional space are seen as fatiguing and ergonomically inefficient. Furthermore, real-time interpretation of gestures and postures in three dimensions is computationally difficult and can lead to misinterpreting a user's actions—i.e., reading unintentional gestures as intentional gestures. This is often referred to as the "live-mic" problem.
Accordingly, there is a need for improved virtual user interfaces that address these and other limitations of the prior art.

User interface systems and methods for managing multiple regions


A hub assembly, such as for long needles, is disclosed. The hub assembly includes a needle hub having a proximal end and a distal end, having a cannula extending therethrough and protruding from the distal end, with the needle hub having a first engagement portion. The hub assembly also includes a stylet handle having a stylet extending therefrom. The stylet is adapted to be received within a portion of the cannula, with the stylet handle having a second engagement portion. An engagement of the first engagement portion of the needle hub and the second engagement portion of the stylet handle forms a positive lock in which at least a portion of one of the first and second engagement portions is held within the other of the first and second engagement portions in an unbiased state.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hub assembly for receiving a stylet and, more particularly, to a hub assembly for coupling a stylet handle having corresponding tapered mating surfaces.
2. Description of Related Art
Generally speaking, there are two basic techniques for introducing injectable medicament into the spinal area of a patient. The first, introducing spinal anesthesia into the epidural space, "epidural," and the second, introducing spinal anesthesia by penetration of the dural membrane into the subarachnoid space, "spinal" or "subarachnoid." The medicaments can be any type of liquid therapeutic material including antibiotics, steroids and the like, but generally include agents used for anesthesia and analgesia.
Delivery of the medicament into the subarachnoid space requires a penetration depth of several centimeters. Puncture of the skin and dural membrane with a needle may result in tissue coring, which can cause complications due to the presence of the tissue in the subarachnoid. In order to prevent tissue coring, a stylet formed as a solid elongated member is typically inserted within the bore of the needle and extends therein. The needle, with the stylet inserted therein, limits tissue from entering the needle. After insertion of the needle within the patient, the stylet may be partially or completely removed from the bore of the needle.
Typically, the stylet is attached to a stylet handle and the needle is attached to a needle hub. The stylet handle engages the needle hub to allow the stylet to be selectively removed from the bore of the needle during the procedure. One way for attaching the stylet handle to the needle hub is to provide a male, outwardly extending portion on the handle, and a female portion on the needle hub for receiving the male portion. An interference fit is provided between the male portion and the female portion so that a compressive force is imparted on the male portion when the stylet handle and the needle hub are engaged. In this attachment design, the assembly and removal forces of the stylet handle and the needle hub is directly related to the coefficient of friction between the male and female elements and the normal force associated with the interference fit. Also, such designs typically incorporate very small interferences between the parts on the order of 0.001 inch to 0.005 inch. Therefore, small variances in geometry and friction can have a large impact on engagement forces. Additionally, since the resultant assembly of the stylet handle and needle hub are usually stored in a stressed (i.e., engaged) state, the engagement forces change over time due to creep. This change in engagement force over time can prevent the stylet handle from adequately engaging the needle hub. Accordingly, there is a general need for a hub assembly that allows a stylet handle to be selectively coupled to a needle hub such that consistent engagement forces are provided.


A pharmaceutical composition suitable for topical application comprising ketoconazole in a solution which comprises: (i) 13 to 50 wt % water; (ii) 45 to 85 wt % of an alcohol having a boiling point of less than 100° C.; and (iii) 2 to 30 wt % of a non-volatile, water miscible, non-ionic surface active agent; the ketoconazole being present in an amount of 0.5 to 3 st % relative to components (i), (ii) and (iii).

Imidazole derivatives are known which have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo and which can be used topically in the treatment of skin diseases such as dermatophytosis, cutaneous candidosis, onychomycosis, tinea capitis and pityrosporosis. In addition, they can be used topically in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis capitis and pityriasis versicolor which all involve the yeast Malassezia furfur.
One such imidazole derivative, ketoconazole, was originally described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,125 in which its principal utility was given as an antifungal compound. Ketoconazole is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,569,935 to be useful in the topical treatment of psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,604 describes topical compositions containing the corticosteroid betamethasone dipropionate and, as a fungicidally active agent, clotrimazole.
Ketoconazole, however, has very poor solubility characteristics in common solvents such as water and alcohols. For topical use it is only available commercially at a concentration of 2 wt % in suspension in a semi-solid aqueous cream and in a shampoo for application to the scalp.
Both of these commercial formulations have disadvantages. The cream provides poor bioavailability of ketoconazole as the discrete particles thereof do not permeate very efficiently into the skin. In addition, the cream is not suitable for application to the hair bearing areas of the body, particularly the scalp. The cream is difficult to apply and localise over the affected area and is also cosmetically unacceptable if left on the skin for any length of time as it leaves a greasy deposit.
The shampoo is designed to be left on the scalp for only very short periods which therefore does not provide the extended contact time necessary to maintain a therapeutically adequate concentration on the scalp. It is also difficult to get the active drug to the scalp if the shampoo is not massaged in correctly. Furthermore shampoos tend to contain anionic surfactants which may hinder the drug permeating through the skin and may also irritate the skin.
There is therefore a need for a composition comprising a suitable concentration of ketoconazole for direct application to the skin in order to treat susceptible infective conditions, which can be used on skin bearing hair such as the scalp, and which has cosmetically acceptable characteristics and good permeability through the skin.
Desirably such a product should be a true evaporative solution of low viscosity and once applied it should leave a relatively small liquid residue.

Antifungal ketoconazole composition for topical use


A system and method are provided for monitoring and controlling voltage modulation on a power grid, in order to maintain closed-loop control of the grid. The power grid has a plurality of connections including used and unused connections. A detector is configured to detect a modulation voltage on the power grid. A controller is configured to receive signals from the detector, and to control connections to the power grid. The controller disables power to unused connections in accordance with the modulation voltage exceeding a first threshold and disables power to used connections in accordance with the modulation voltage exceeding a second threshold; used connections are disabled one at a time at a first time interval each for a period given by a second time interval. The controller also restores power to the connections in accordance with the detected modulation voltage being less than a third threshold.

In limited power systems (including, but not limited to, power systems on an aircraft), a closed loop control system is often implemented to control the output voltage of a generator to ensure proper operation of devices attached to the power system.
A typical closed loop control system for power generation is shown schematically in FIG. 1. The system has a generator 11 and a reference sensor 12, which senses the output 13 and provides a reference signal 14 fed back to the generator. The output is connected to a load 15. The reference signal has a finite frequency response to allow for control of the output. As the output changes, the reference sensor adjusts the generator to remain at a constant output.
A critical point may be reached in a closed loop system where the input impedance Zin of the load 15 is lower than the output impedance Zout of the generator 11. In this case, the system can revert from closed loop control to open loop control and possibly into sub-harmonic oscillation or modulation of the output voltage.
The onboard power generation system for a modern passenger aircraft must accommodate different types of loads. In the case of galleys, heaters, air conditioners, etc. the load is resistive, so that a decrease in the voltage input to the load causes a decrease in the load current. In contrast, inflight entertainment (IFE) systems and other electronic systems generally have a reactive load with a negative impedance or constant power characteristic, so that as the generator voltage decreases the load current increases. As the IFE system load increases, the impedance Zin decreases, and may become lower than the output dynamic impedance Zout of the generator. When this happens, the generator can go into a "hunting" mode in an attempt to regain closed loop control. This behavior typically presents itself as a voltage modulation about the mean of the voltage set point, characterized by a voltage modulation envelope.
The power generating system may be designed to tolerate a certain modulation envelope size (maximum voltage peak to valley). The modulation may be successfully limited as long as the load remains within the boundaries for closed loop control. Accordingly, it is desirable to implement a modulation monitor and control system to control the load, limit the modulation envelope, and thereby ensure that the system stays within operational boundaries.

Astronics Advanced Electronic Systems Corp.


Generating elevation data for maps is disclosed, including: selecting a barometric data candidate user activity from a plurality of user activities that matches an edge; normalizing a recorded elevation corresponding to each of at least a subset of a plurality of data points associated with the selected barometric data candidate user activity based at least in part on obtained elevation data associated with the edge; storing the normalized recorded elevation corresponding to each of the at least subset of the plurality of data points associated with the barometric data candidate user activity as a set of elevation data associated with the edge in a user preference map; and using the set of elevation data associated with the edge in the user preference map to determine a suggested route based at least in part on a user input route preference associated with a desired route elevation.

Typical mapping technology uses functional classification to classify a road into the class or group of roads to which the road belongs. Examples of such functional classes include arterial, collector, and local. However, by using such mapping technology, conventional routing technology for athletes such as cyclists and runners is not usually based on the actual behavior of athletes.
The actual behavior of athletes is also difficult to track. To track the behavior of cyclists, for example, governmental transportation departments commonly place sensors on select roads and/or deploy people to different areas to manually count the number of passerby cyclists. However, these techniques may be inefficient, laborious, and/or may not provide a broad sampling of the actual behavior of athletes.
Having accurate elevation profiles for a planned route can be essential for planning for an athletic activity. Sometimes a person may want a relatively flat route, and sometimes a person may want a hilly route. When planning for a hilly route, it is important to know the steepest grade that will be encountered. Examples of why knowing the steepest grade in a planned route is useful are that the knowledge enables cyclists to choose the proper bike gearing for the ride, and helps both runners and cyclists dose their efforts during the route. However, global elevation profiles on roads and trails with the necessary accuracy for cyclists and runners do not currently exist.


The invention is intended for the organization of an automated process for spraying of liquid means of chemical treatment from unmanned vehicles, for example, in precise farming systems. The use of a replaceable, marked and hermetically sealed liquid subsystem in the spray device of the invention, along with an integrated self-diagnosis system, using compressed gas energy and a pressure regulator instead of standard pumps, reduces the weight of the spraying device, improves spraying accuracy, ensures personnel safety and accounting of the accumulated life resource of the main units of spraying devices. All this in combination enables to create fully automated spraying systems.

Sprayed liquids, used in agriculture and other industries, are usually poisonous. Any operation involving such liquids (refilling, spraying, spilling and washing) poses a risk to personnel health, therefore requires special safety measures.
High rate of mortality from pesticides and poisonous substances is typical for the agricultural industry [(http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/200000-die-year-pesticide-poisoning-170308140641105.html)], which indicates the insufficiency of the existing protective means.
Liquid that is hazardous to the personnel remains in the units of spraying device (in reservoirs, connecting hoses, filters, sprayers, nozzles, liquid pumps and valves).
Known devices for spraying of liquid means of chemical treatment typically comprise a housing; reservoir for liquid means; spraying unit(s) with a sprayer(s); spraying device controller (optionally), liquid transport system, comprising set of liquid hoses and means for ensuring the flow of liquid through the liquid transport system from the reservoir to the spraying unit(s).
One way or another, known solutions often mention a liquid subsystem as an integral part of spraying devices for liquid means of chemical treatment, including those installed in an unmanned vehicle. Generally the liquid subsystem is usually comprising a reservoir for liquid means of chemical treatment, provided with an outlet channel, and a liquid hoses connected thereto. Known spraying devices for unmanned vehicles have a statically assembled structure of significant size (heavy and large in volume), thus complicating the entire system service and compliance with the work safety standards. Existing spraying devices are not capable of self-diagnosis and are of minor use for automated/robotic systems.
Besides, the residual liquid and its vapour over a longer period of time are also harmful to the elements of spraying device and the unmanned vehicle, carrying it.
In part of current technical solutions, liquid splashes freely in a large fixed volume, therefore, as liquid is consumed, this causes the unmanned vehicle to swing due to the shift of centre of gravity.
Current devices do not have an unified standard of reliability for their components and it is not possible to track the service life/resources of components coming into contact with the liquid, therefore they do not provide neither safety nor reliability.
The main component of the spraying device, disclosed in patent application US2017/0129605A1 is based on the use of a pump, and the spraying device is mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle. Consumption of liquid (flow rate) in the spraying device is set by frequency of pump cycles. A liquid transport system (liquid subsystem) is mentioned in said application, by which liquid is supplied from the reservoir to the sprayers.
The main drawback and problem of this solution is that such a spraying device requires a pump, i.e. a mechanism with considerable weight, and this is essential when mounting on an unmanned vehicle.
Other drawbacks of the technical solution in question are that the spraying device is designed only for an unmanned aerial vehicle and not for use on an unmanned ground vehicle; the fact that the liquid transport system is stationary and cannot be easily removed or entirely replaced with a new one; that personnel contact with the contents of the liquid transport system or residues thereof cannot be avoided when refilling the spraying device or servicing it, and this can be dangerous for the service personnel.
The solution of US2017/0129605A1 does not allow to achieve the mounting and use versality of spraying device, low weight, high level of safety for the personnel, does not allow to easily replace the liquid subsystem without the participation of a qualified personnel equipped with protective means, and it does not solve the problem of the utilization of used liquid subsystem.
In patent CN106035295A the elastic bag (reservoir) is placed inside a rigid tank and is provided with inlet and outlet channels. The rigid tank limits the maximum expansion of the elastic bag. Constant pressure of the elastic walls of the bag on the liquid partially solves the problem of liquid splashing.
The main disadvantage of the design according to CN106035295A is that the bag is a stationary part of the tank and is non-replaceable. Another drawback is that liquid flows in one direction only from the elastic bag to the sprayers.
By the solution according to CN106035295A versality of mounting of liquid transport system is not achieved, the problem of the utilization of a used liquid transport system is not solved, high personnel safety level is not reached, and it is not possible to easily replace the entire liquid transport system without the participation of a qualified personnel.
A similar solution is disclosed in patent CN 105882973 A, where an elastic inner bag for pesticides is placed in a container filled with elastic material. At the time of refilling the filler is compressed and, as liquid is consumed (depleted), the filler fills the free spaces in the container, creating an unregulated and inconstant pressure within the bag. The container is provided with an inlet check valve and outlet ball valve.
The design described in CN 105882973 has the same drawbacks as CN106035295A. It can also be added that liquid flow from the container remains uncontrolled, the weight of the device is rather large, and it is not easy to remove pesticide residues therefrom.
Solution of patent CN105438475A points out the importance of maintaining increased pressure for the spraying quality. The liquid is stored in reservoirs and sprayed through a sprayer (spraying unit), and the device is refilled through a special feeding box with a screw cap. Increased pressure required for spraying is created by the pump. The spraying device is mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle.
The main disadvantages of such a solution are that the refilling of the spraying device is not automated (personnel participation is not excluded), the solution is designed for the spraying device of unmanned aerial vehicle only, and the liquid subsystem is stationary and non-replaceable.
Other drawbacks of this technical solution are that a pump is used for spraying, and this significantly increases the weight of the unmanned aerial vehicle. Despite the use of a pump the method of controlling of sprayed liquid flow is not provided. Liquid is sprayed only one way (through the sprayers) and in one direction only, vertically downwards. Liquid channels in this spraying device are arranged strictly vertically, thus increasing the height of the structure.
Spraying devices operating under the compressed air are disclosed in application US 2006/0255181. The drawback is that air presses directly on the liquid. This means that the spraying device cannot be suitable for all types of liquids.
The disadvantage of this design is that manual or electric air compressor is necessary to increase pressure of the sprayed liquid. Such a compressor is inseparable from the structure of the spraying device, which means that the structure cannot be lightweight and mobile, and would require considerable additional energy for operation.
Other drawbacks are the same as in the aforementioned analogues.
Solutions are known in related technical fields, which enable to spray paint from a disposable balloon under air pressure (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,842,905, etc.) or to spray poisonous substances from the reservoir, using an outer balloon with compressed air (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,596,414, etc.). In such cases air is also directly pressing the liquid, which means that the spraying device is not suitable for all types of liquids; and the issue of splashing of liquid as it is consumed is also not solved.
These spraying devices are not mobile, and require being directly operated by personnel. Other drawbacks are the same as in the previous analogues.
There are also many known devices and methods of storing the liquid in disposable reservoirs, for example, for hair dyeing (CA2953378A1, etc.), for storing doses of medicines (U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,758, etc.), which are provided with channels for the liquid (liquid subsystem elements).
Publication WO2014160589 (US2014/0303814A1) discloses the use of a spraying system with unmanned aerial vehicles in agriculture and specifies the need of an automated refilling subsystem (refilling module), charging of batteries of the unmanned aerial vehicles, base station for the parking and storage of the unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as the use of software for control system and connection with an unmanned aerial vehicle. The personnel's contact with the content of the liquid subsystem or residues thereof is not solved (not considered).
The technical solution under US2014/0303814A1 does not specify refilling with air, does not provide the refilling of the refilling systems themselves by unmanned vehicles, and does not provide the diagnostics of unmanned vehicles or spraying devices thereof, connected for refilling.
Other drawbacks of said technical solution is that the spraying system is stationary and designed for an unmanned aerial vehicle, it is not used with unmanned ground vehicles, and the liquid subsystem cannot be replaced.
The following definitions are used in the present description:
Session—unmanned motion unit, defining both the spatial distribution of the area to be treated and the parameters of spraying (bandwidth, liquid flow, speed of motion or flight).

Spraying device for liquid means of chemical treatment with replaceable liquid subsystem and spraying systems on the basis thereof


A mounting bar for spacing apart indicator lights used in electronic equipment has a channel bar with a base and a top edge from which spaced apart mounting fingers cantileverly extend. The channel bar, base, and fingers form a cavity within which indicator light modules are frictionally held. The indicator light modules may have extending protrusions which engage the gaps between the mounting fingers. The protrusions may be of the same width between the mounting fingers, or may be wider than the gaps between the mounting fingers for increased frictional retention of the indicator lights within the mounting bar.

The present invention relates to a device for mounting a visual indicator lamp or light emitting diode (LED) module, and specifically to positioning and securing the indicator lamp or LED module against unwanted movement.
Many mounting configurations for LEDs have been used to hold the LEDs in position. These include individual sockets mounted to a mounting system, as well as individual LED modules mounted along a solid bar. Examples of such mounting configurations are disclosed more fully in U.S. Pat. No. 4,471,415, which is owned by the Assignee to the present invention, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
While a mounting bar such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,471,415 allows for retention of LED modules spaced along a mounting bar, when the LED modules or indicator lights are closely spaced, the top wall of the solid mounting bar may not provide adequate spring pressure to hold the modules in the mounting bar. This problem with retention of the LED modules or indicator lights is due to the bar deflection of the solid mounting bar. Since the bar is a solid piece, a small deflection near the module may prevent the bar from touching another module closely spaced from the first module. When a solid bar holding closely spaced modules does not allow adequate holding pressure, the LED modules or indicator lights may shift or even fall out of the mounting structure.
LED modules and indicator lights may vary somewhat in size. When modules of varying size are closely spaced, and the inter-module spacing is decreased, the mounting bar may not even touch a specific module due to bar deflection characteristics of the solid bar. When this happens, the module may shift, become loose, or even fall out of the mounting, or pull free from a connected circuit board, potentially creating a number of problems.
Further, the use of a single solid bar of uniform construction as is disclosed in the '415 patent does not allow for precision in location of modules with respect to one another. Without performing exacting measurements and the like, consistency in spacing is not readily obtainable.
Other structures for non-measured spaced mounting of LED modules and indicator lights are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,803,599 and 4,555,749. These mounting schemes do not provide for individual support and retention of LED modules or indicator lights in the mounting structure.
Since the LED modules and indicator lights are often held in the mounting bar or mounting structure in such a fashion that requires their exact placement and spacing, the failure of a mounting bar or scheme to quickly and accurately retain the LED modules or indicator lights in a specific orientation and location can create significant problems. Leads extending from the LED modules or indicator lights are often physically attached to a printed circuit board or the like, and any movement of the LED modules or indicator lights may not only cause damage to the indicator lights or LED modules, but also to the printed circuit board to which they are attached.
Many mounting schemes for LED modules and indicator lights, including those having individual sockets or placements for the LED modules or indicator lights, do not permit the modules or lights to be individually replaced without removing more than one LED module or indicator light. The invention disclosed in the '415 patent did allow for individual replacement of LED modules and indicator lights. However, due to the solid uniform construction of the mounting bar of that invention, when an individual LED module or indicator light was to be replaced, the deflection characteristics of the solid mounting bar, as discussed above, might cause displacement or loosening of adjacent LED modules due to bar deflection.
It would be desirable, therefore, to provide a mounting bar which will allow for individual placement and replacement of LED modules or indicator lights without loosening or moving adjacent indicator lights or LED modules.
It would further be desirable to provide a mounting bar which allows for a higher quality contact between the mounting bar and individual LED modules or indicator lights, without the problems associated with a solid mounting bar.
It would also be desirable to provide a mounting bar which allows for precise intermediate spacing between multiple LED modules and indicator lights.

Mounting bar for spacing indicator lights used in electronic equipment


A new cultivar of hybrid Helenium, ‘Tijuana Brass’, characterized by its long season of bloom, it upright growth habit that resists lodging, its clean foliage that persists on the lower portions of the stems, its flowers that are larger in size than most Helenium, and its hardiness in U.S.D.A. Zones 4 to 8.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Helenium autumnale and will be referred to hereafter by its cultivar name, 'Tijuana Brass'. 'Tijuana Brass' represents a new Helenium, an herbaceous perennial grown for landscape use.
The Inventor discovered the new Helenium as an open pollinated seedling of Helenium autumale 'Kugelsonne' (not patented) in a nursery block in Scappoose, Oreg. in 2003 where it was flagged for further evaluation.
Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar was first accomplished by division by the Inventor in Scappoose, Oreg. in late winter of 2006. The characteristics of this cultivar have been determined to be stable and are reproduced true to type in successive generations.


The present invention relates to a novel method for processing a cultured root of purple wild ginseng for increasing saponin content and to the cultured root of the purple wild ginseng which is processed thereby. The present invention can provide the cultured root of wild ginseng having significantly higher content of a specific ginsenoside, and can increase the productivity and economic efficiency by simplifying the production process.

A wild ginseng, called as a scientific name of Panax schinseng NESS, is similar to a ginseng, but it is formed with a slightly different gene. The pharmacological effects of a wild ginseng are significantly superior to those of a ginseng, but due to its rarity there is a great limitation in the study and utilization thereof. However, recently, due to a development of cell culture techniques, a wild ginseng cell can be cultured to study or utilize the wild ginseng.
An effective ingredient of a wild ginseng is known as a ginsenoside and its main pharmacological effects are known to have numerous physiological activities including an immunological enhancement action, an antidiabetic action, a recovery from fatigue, an anti-stress action, a brain activity promotion effect, a nerve cell protection action, a blood circulation promotion action, a sexual dysfunction improvement action, a central nervous inhibitory action, a ditoxication effect, a platelet aggregation inhibitory action, particularly anticancer and cancer treatment.
On the other hand, when such a ginseng is processed, a ginsenoside content is mostly increased. A method for processing such a ginseng generally comprises repeatedly steaming and drying the ginseng several times under a high condition of over 100° C. However, in such cases, since the steaming and drying must be repeated several times and they must continuously satisfy with a complicated condition of preparation, they may bring about reduction in the productivity and economic efficiency of the preparation process. Further, there is a problem that a content of an effective ginsenoside ingredient contained in the processed ginseng is not substantially increased.

Method for producing cultured root of purple ginseng