A silicon nitride layer is formed on at least a back side of a silicon wafer substrate of a semiconductor device. An oxide layer is formed on at least the silicon nitride layer on the back side of the substrate. The oxide layer protects the silicon nitride layer during processing of the device. The oxide layer is removed prior to packaging the device. After components have been formed on a front side of the substrate opposite the back side, packaging is attached to the silicon nitride layer. The components provide a functionality of the device. The silicon nitride layer completely remains on the back side of the substrate after fabrication of the device has been completed. The silicon nitride layer is adapted to minimize and does minimize bowing of the device.

Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and inkjet devices may use a combination of etch processes to etch silicon from silicon wafer substrates on which they are fabricated. These etches can be wet or dry etches. To etch silicon selectively, a mask may be employed to prevent or reduce etching from undesired areas. In some types of etching processes, a typical photoresist layer may be insufficient to accommodate the chemistries employed in wet or dry etches.

Formation of silicon nitride layer on back side of substrate

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


Disclosed is a process for generating images which comprises providing an original document with an image thereon, which image is developed with a composition comprised of resin particles, pigment particles, a low molecular weight wax component, and additive particles; and thereafter generating images therefrom; and wherein the original document subsequent to development is abrasion resistant.

The present invention is generally directed to a process for obtaining images, and more specifically, the present invention is directed to the formulation of abrasion free and/or abrasion resistant documents with images thereon, which documents can be subsequently selected for utilization in electrostatographic imaging and printing processes. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention there are provided original documents from electrostatographic imaging or printing processes wherein the images thereon have been permanently fused by, for example, radiant or flash fusing systems; and wherein the original can be subsequently utilized for extended time periods enabling the generation of additional copies therefrom with excellent resolution. Accordingly, thus the process of the present invention in one embodiment enables the generation of an original imaged document with certain developer compositions, which document is subsequently selected for obtaining copies therefrom, for example, in a xerographic imaging apparatus; and wherein the original document is substantially free of abrasion characteristics, and wherein toner flakes are not deposited on the recirculating original document. Moreover, in accordance with the process of the present invention there can be obtained smudge resistant images, that is, images with effective acceptable fixing; and additionally the developer composition selected, in some instances, prevents contamination of machine components such as corotrons present in the imaging apparatus. Furthermore, abrasion resistant image documents and other desirable characteristics illustrated hereinafter are achieved with the process of the present invention, particularly when there is selected for the generation of an original document developer compositions containing therein low molecular weight waxy components. One developer composition selected for the process of the present invention contains therein resin particles, particularly polyester polymers, pigment particles, inclusive of optional magnetite particles, low molecular weight waxy components, and additive particles of colloidal silicas and/or metal salts of fatty acids; and carrier components.
Presently, particularly with radiant and flash fused images, cycling with automatic document handlers incorporated into xerographic imaging or printing apparatuses causes the surfaces of the images to be scraped by, for example, the registration guide. This scraping action permits an undesirable build up of toner flakes on the registration guide, and further continued cycling of the images in the document handling results in transfer of the toner flakes accumulated on the registration guide to the images. Accordingly, when for example the imaged original documents which are generated from xerographic printing apparatuses including the Xerox Corporation 9700.RTM. are selected for further use in electrostatographic imaging processes for the purpose of obtaining additional copies from the original, the aforementioned copies having present thereon enhanced image defects including the presence of undesirable dark bands. These bands on the copies formulated from the original document are generally observed within from about 5 to 10 cyclings of the original radiant or flash fused original document. Specifically, therefore, it is desirable in some instances to select as originals for electrostatographic imaging processes defect free imaged documents or copies which have been initially generated in a xerographic printing apparatus, particularly those having incorporated therein laser printers; and wherein the toner image has been fused to the paper substrate by radiant or flash fusing systems. However, as indicated herein, in most instances the originals when subsequently cycled through document handlers present in xerographic imaging and printing apparatuses are subject to abrasion or scraping by elements of the document handler inclusive of the registration guide thereby permitting the undesirable deposition of toner flakes on the guide, and other machine parts. With continued cycling in the document handler, there results the transfer of the toner flakes which accumulate on the recirculating original image document, thus the copies made therefrom posses several undesirable characteristics including enhanced image defects as mentioned hereinbefore. This problem, as well as other problems as illustrated herein, are substantially eliminated with the process of the present invention, especially when there is selected for the formulation of the original imaged document a toner composition containing therein a low molecular weight wax such as a polyethylene or polypropylene enabling a toner image with a waxy surface. Apparently, although it is not desired to be limited by theory, it is believed that the dark bands and abrasion resistance is enabled by rendering the surface of the radiant or flash fused image document being selected as an original to assume a slippery appearance thereby permitting the image to slide, for example, rather than scrape over the machine components inclusive of the registration guide. This is particularly applicable to printers with lasers therein and wherein radiant and flash fusing processes are selected.
Developer compositions, including magnetic compositions and processes of imaging thereof, are known. There is thus disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,345,294 a developer composition comprised of specific ingredients including, for example a resin, a major portion of which is a polyamide substance having a sharp melting point within the range of from about 70 degrees centigrade to about 165 degrees centrigrade. As disclosed in column 4, beginning at line 34 of this patent, a small amount of finely divided magnetic substance is added to the developer particles to reduce the tendency of the developer powder or toner to adhere to the background of the resulting print. Examples of magnetic substances recited in this patent are magnetic iron oxides, ferrosoferric oxide powders, a magnetic metal substance, or an alloy. The magnetic material is generally present in an amount of between 5 percent and 25 percent by weight, reference the disclosure in column 4, beginning at line 38, of the '294 patent.
Additionally, there is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,681, a magnetic developer for xerographic imaging systems comprised of a magnetic material dispersed in a resinous binder with finely divided solid substances such as conductive carbon black particles. This patent is representative of several patents disclosing the use of magnetic materials in developer compositions. Moreover, there is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,288,519, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, a specific dual purpose single component conductive magnetically attractive toner containing a mixture of a thermoplastic resin, finely divided magnetic pigments, and anchored conductive pigments, wherein as a resinous substance there can be selected a linear polyester consisting of the condensation product of an aromatic diol with an unsaturated aliphatic dibasic acid having a softening point of from about 95 degrees centigrade to about 150 degrees centrigrade, and an ethylenevinylacetate copolymer. Furthermore, the use of polyester resins as toner components are disclosed generally in U.S. Pat. No. 3,590,000, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference.
Moreover, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,465 are two-component developer compositions comprised of specific resin particles and magnetite. According to the disclosure of this patent, reference column 9, beginning at line 56, examples of suitable electroscopic materials selected for the developer composition include phenolformaldehyde resins, rosin modified phenolformaldehyde resins, maleic glyceride, polystyrene, butadiene styrene copolymers, and other substances. There is incorporated into the toner of the '465 patent magnetic substances inclusive of magnetites in amounts, for example, of from about 20 percent to about 70 percent, reference the disclosure in column 10, beginning at line 41. Examples of granular carrier particles that may be selected are outlined in column 12, beginning at line 18, of the '465 patent.
Furthermore, there is disclosed in a copending application U.S. Ser. No. 713,975, entitled Developer Compositions, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, two-component developer compositions comprised of magnetite, a polyester resin, and carrier particles. The copending application is silent with respect to the addition of low molecular weight waxy components to the developer composition, and further there is no appreciation in the copending application relating to preventing the accumulation of toner flakes on a recirculating abrasion resistant original imaged document.
There is also illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,460,672, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, positively charged toner compositions comprised of resin particles, pigment particles, a low molecular weight waxy material, and a charge enhancing additive inclusive of alkyl pyrridinium halides, and organic sulfonate compositions. Furthermore, there is disclosed in this patent the use of magnetic particles which can be present in the toner composition as the only pigment, or may be combined with other pigments such as carbon black. The magnetic pigments such as Mapico Black, according to the teachings of this patent, are generally incorporated into the toner composition in an amount of from about 10 percent by weight to about 60 percent by weight.
Additionally, there is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,271,248, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, methods for developing magnetic images with magnetic toners comprised of a magnetite material and a polyester; and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,600, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, magnetic toners containing, for example, styrene butadiene copolymers and magnetites such as Mapico Black in amounts of from about 40 to about 70 percent by weight.
Although the prior art processes are sufficient for their intended purposes, with some of these methods there is a tendency to contaminate the components present in the xerographic imaging apparatus. Thus, for example, the toner particles tend to separate from the carrier particles prior to, for example, contacting the latent image on the photoconductive member. The separated toner particles are then free to deposit on machine components, and thus contaminate the machine environment thereby resulting in developed images of low resolution or no developed images whatsoever; and causing possible environmental problems. Further, the deposition of the toner particles renders it necessary over a period of time to replace or clean the internal machine components which adds to the cost of maintenance. For example, when unused toner particles deposit on the optical systems present in electrophotographic machines, a latent image corresponding to the original to be copied will not be fully formed, if formed at all, on the photoreceptor surface thereby resulting in a final fused image of very low quality, which in some instances may be unreadable depending on the amount of toner particles deposited. Additionally, in some instances, the resulting images are not completely fixed to the final substrate causing undesirable smudging. Contamination and smudging is substantially eliminated with the process of the present invention in some instances primarily since the magnetic toner particles are prevented from separating from the carrier particles prior to, for example, contacting the latent image, which toner particles separate therefrom as a result of collisions between the toner particles and carrier particles contained in the developer composition with the components of the electrophotographic imaging apparatus.
Accordingly, there is a need for imaging and printing processes that prevent the contamination of internal machine components with toner particles. Furthermore, there is a need for improved imaging and printing processes that prevent the contamination of xerographic imaging apparatus, enable images that are smudge resistant, provide adequate fixing characteristics, and excellent charging properties.
Moreover, there is a need for imaging and printing processes which prevent the accumulation of toner flakes on an original imaged document generated in a xerographic imaging or printing apparatus. More specifically, with cycling, especially in imaging apparatuses with document handlers, there is a need for imaging and printing apparatuses wherein the surfaces of the original images remain unchipped, that is, do not flake off, and continually redeposit on the cycling original document and various transport mechanisms in the document handlers, for example the registration guides. Additionally, there is a need for abrasion resistant original imaged documents that can be selected for the formulations of images for extended time periods in xerographic imaging and printing apparatuses. Also, there is a need for imaging and printing processes wherein the documents selected are prevented from becoming defaced with abraded toner particles in patterns reflective of the geometry of the document handling device utilized. The aforementioned contamination of toner particles results in objectionable copy quality defects on documents generated from originals obtained, for example, from high speed printers such as the Xerox Corporation 9700.RTM.. Furthermore, the imaged originals generated may eventually become useless because of the released toner deposition thereon; and also the toner particles deposited on the transport mechanism within the document handlers incorporated in the electrostatographic imaging apparatus necessitate more frequent servicing of these handlers for the purpose of reducing and/or eliminating undesirable contamination effects. Additionally, there remains a need for imaging and printing processes wherein single, or two-component developer compositions with lubricants therein, and wherein imaged documents generated from an imaged original obtained in a xerographic imaging or printing apparatus are free of the appearance of undesirable dark bands thereon; and further wherein copies generated therefrom have substantially no image defects.

Development process for abrasion resistant documents


A dental prosthetic implant which has angular rotational capability and improved locking between the implant fixture and the abutment prosthesis. The rotation and locking system includes an implant fixture with an internal spherical radius at its upper portion. A top seat with the same spherical radius is secured to the top portion of the fixture. A locking element configured as a sphere with flexible locking fingers on its lower portion and an internal cylindrical bore through its center that has a conically tapered lower portion is received between the implant fixture and the main body of the abutment. The conically tapered lower portion may taper inwardly or outwardly and is engaged by a similarly configured portion of the flexible fingers. A threaded portion of the locking screw engages in a threaded bore in the implant providing the force to bias the flexible fingers outwardly into firm engagement with a complementarily configured surface on the fixture, as well as increasing the pressure between the upper surface of the locking element and the nether surface of the top seat.

This invention relates to the field of dental prosthetic implants. More particularly, this invention is directed to an improved dental prosthetic implant with enhanced angular rotation and locking capabilities once the abutment has been positioned in a preferred position relative to the implant fixture.
The field of dental prosthetic devices is a rapidly growing industry with dental implants beginning to garner an increased market share as opposed to the old-fashioned removable dentures, partial dentures or conventional bridges. A large number of implant systems have been developed by individuals wanting to sink their teeth into this expanding piece of pie.
These systems are typically comprised of two principal components: an implant fixture that is imbedded into the jaw bone (maxilla or mandible) of the patient, and an abutment which typically forms a support for the prosthesis, i.e., a crown, a denture, partial or bridge abutment. The implant fixture will be surgically implanted at an angle that will vary based on a plurality of factors: the number of implants being placed into the corresponding section of bone that is edentulous, that portion of the edentulous area that has the most bone support to place the implant with the greatest success, and the angle chosen by the professional that is placing the implant. The abutment, on the otherhand, needs to be positioned relative to its opposing tooth so that proper occlusion may result for good function.
In some systems, a myriad of shims of varying angularity are used between the implant fixture and the abutment to provide the desired relative positioning for these two elements to ensure proper occlusion. Such an implant system is complicated by literally hundreds of different pieces which must be properly selected and assembled. There are other systems that use pre-fabricated angled abutments, but these systems have problems relative to their rotational locations.
More recently, the abutment has been attached to the implant fixture by a ball-and-socket joint and a set screw has been used to lock the two elements into the desired angular and rotational position. The problem with these systems is that the force exerted by the muscles of mastication can exceed 250 lbs/sq.in. which, when applied near the edge of a biting or chewing surface, can produce torsional forces capable of overpowering the retention force created by the relatively small frictional surface area of the set screw, thereby displacing the prosthetic tooth.
Therefore, the present invention provides a dental prosthetic implant with an enhanced rotational and locking capability. It further provides an implant that is designed for proper hygene significantly reducing the potential for micro-leakage. Lastly, the implant of this invention provides a system which has been designed to use significantly fewer pieces than prominent previous systems.
These features are provided by a dental implant fixture and positionable abutment. The abutment has a plurality of flexible fingers which can be expanded by virtue of a locking screw into engagement with a portion of the implant fixture to secure the abutment in a particular rotational and/or pivotal position. The portion of the abutment containing the flexible fingers may be formed integrally on a separate element which is secured to the main body by virtue of a retaining protrusion on the locking screw or formed integrally with the main body of the abutment.
In one embodiment, a retaining ring is formed on the locking screw to secure it to a separable ball element of the abutment. The actuating portion of the flexible fingers and associated portion of the locking screw may be tapered outwardly so the locking screw acts in tension and provides an upwardly and outwardly directed force or, alternatively, these portions may be tapered inwardly so that the locking screw acts in compression so the locking screw provides a downwardly and outwardly directed force. In either case, the flexible fingers interact with a complementary surface on the implant fixture to secure the abutment against undesired rotational and/or pivotal movement.
Various other features advantages and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent after a reading of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.


A method for allocating resources in a mobile communication system is provided. The resource allocation method includes determining whether a transmission time of response information indicating presence/absence of an error in received data overlaps a transmission time of channel state information; and when the transmission times overlap each other, allocating, to the response information, a resource block for the channel state information, cyclic shift values in a frequency domain, and orthogonal sequences having orthogonality in a time domain.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for allocating resources in a mobile communication system, and in particular, to a resource allocation apparatus and method for transmission of control information in a mobile communication system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, mobile communication systems are evolving into advanced systems capable of providing not only the voice communication but also high-speed data communication while guaranteeing mobility for users. In light of such communication environments, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and/or its similar Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) are under study as a high-speed data communication scheme.
Presently, in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) which is a standard group for asynchronous cellular mobile communication, Long Term Evolution (LTE), also known as Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (S-UTRA), evolved from the 3rd Generation (3G) mobile communication system is proposed as the next generation mobile communication system.
In addition, the LTE system is developing to a technology to which the OFDM and SC-FDMA technologies are applied. This multiple access scheme is characterized herein by allocating and managing time-frequency resources while maintaining orthogonality therebetween so that the time-frequency resources, over which it will carry data or control information for each user, may not overlap each other.
Meanwhile, in the LTE system, uplink control information includes Acknowledgement (ACK)/Negative ACK (HACK) information which is response information used for making a response to a success/failure in reception of transmitted downlink data, and Channel Quality Indication (CQI) information used for feeding back the downlink channel state.
The ACK/NACK information, which is generally composed of 1 bit, undergoes repeated transmission for improvement of reception performance and expansion of cell coverage. In a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system to which multiple input/output antennas are applied, the ACK/NACK information is transmitted for each MIMO codeword. On the other hand, the CQI information is composed of a plurality of bits to express the channel state, and undergoes channel coding before its transmission, for improvement of reception performance and expansion of cell coverage. The block coding or convolutional coding scheme is available as a channel coding method for the CQI information.
A reception reliability required in receiving the control information is determined according to the type of the control information. Generally, a Bit Error Rate (BER) of a minimum of 10e-2˜10e-4 is required for ACK/NACK, while a Block Error Rate (BLER) of a minimum of 10e-2˜10e-1 is required for CQI.
In the LTE system, regarding the uplink control information, its transmission format is classified according to transmission/non-transmission of uplink data. When simultaneously transmitting data and control information over the uplink, the LTE system performs Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) on the data and control information, and maps the results to time-frequency resources allocated for data transmission before transmission thereof. On the other hand, when transmitting only the control information without data transmission, the LTE system uses an allocated particular frequency band for transmission of the control information.
According to the results made up to now in the standard conference, Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) is defined as a physical channel for transmitting the control information, and the PUCCH is mapped to the allocated particular frequency band. With reference to FIG. 1, a description will now be made of a detailed transmission structure for the PUCCH.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a transmission structure for a physical channel PUCCH for transmission of control information over the uplink in a 3GPP LTE system.
Referring to FIG. 1, the horizontal axis represents a time domain, and the vertical axis represents a frequency domain. The time domain corresponds to one subframe 102, and the frequency domain corresponds to a transmission bandwidth 110 of the system.
In the uplink, the basic transmission unit of the time domain is the subframe 102, and has a length of 1 ms. One subframe is composed of two 0.5-ms slots 104 and 106. The slot 104 (106) is composed of a plurality of SC-FDMA symbols 111˜124 (131˜144). For example, it is assumed in FIG. 1 that one slot is composed of 7 SC-FDMA symbols.
On the other hand, the minimum unit of the frequency domain is a subcarrier, and the basic unit of resource allocation is Resource Blocks (RBs) 108 and 109. The RBs 108 and 109 each is composed of a plurality of subcarriers and a plurality of SC-FDMA symbols. Herein, 12 subcarriers, together with 14 SC-FDMA symbols constituting 2 slots, constitute one RB.
The frequency bands, to which the PUCCH is mapped, are subcarriers corresponding to both ends of the transmission bandwidth 110 of the system, and they correspond to reference numeral 108 are reference numeral 109. The PUCCH can undergo frequency hopping to increase frequency diversity during one subframe, and in this case, slot-by-slot frequency hopping is available.
Shown in FIG. 1 is a structure for performing frequency hopping on a slot-by-slot basis as shown by reference numeral 150 and reference numeral 160. For example, control information #1, which was being transmitted over a pre-allocated frequency band 108 in the first slot 104, is transmitted over another pre-allocated frequency band 109 after undergoing frequency hopping in the second slot 106. On the contrary, control information #2, which was being transmitted over the pre-allocated frequency band 109 in the first slot 104, is transmitted over another pre-allocated frequency band 108 after undergoing frequency hopping in the second slot 106.
In the example of FIG. 1, in one subframe 102, SC-FDMA symbols for the control information #1 are transmitted as shown by reference numerals 111, 113, 114, 115, 117, 138, 140, 141, 142 and 144, while SC-FDMA symbols for the control information #2 are transmitted as shown by reference numerals 131, 133, 134, 135, 137, 118, 120, 121, 122 and 124. Further, SC-FDMA symbols for Reference Signals (RSs) are transmitted at times represented by reference numerals 112, 116, 139 and 143, or reference numerals 132, 136, 119 and 123.
Such RSs each are composed of a predetermined sequence, and used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation at a receiver. In FIG. 1, the number of SC-FDMA symbols for control information transmission, the number of SC-FDMA symbols for RS transmission, and their corresponding positions in the subframe are given by way of example, and they are subject to change according to the type of desired transmission control information and/or the system operation.
Meanwhile, regarding the uplink control information such as ACK/NACK information, CQI information and MEMO feedback information, Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) can be used to multiplex the uplink control information for different users, and CDM has a characteristic that it is robust against interference signals compared with Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). A Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence is under discussion as a sequence to be used for CDM-multiplexing the control information.
The Zadoff-Chu sequence, since it has a constant signal level (constant envelop) in the time and frequency domains, has a good Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) characteristic and shows an excellent channel estimation performance in the frequency domain. In addition, the Zadoff-Chu sequence is characterized in that a circular autocorrelation for a Non-zero shift is 0. Therefore, in the case where the control information is transmitted using the same Zadoff-Chu sequence, User Equipments (UEs) can distinguish the transmitted control information by differentiating cyclic shift values of the Zadoff-Chu sequence.
In the actual wireless channel environment, the cyclic shift values are differently set for individual UEs intended to undergo multiplexing so as to satisfy the condition that they are greater than the maximum transmission delay value of the wireless transmission path, thereby maintaining orthogonality between the users. Therefore, the number of UEs capable of multiple access is determined from the length and cyclic shift values of the Zadoff-Chu sequence. The Zadoff-Chu sequence is applied even to the SC-FDMA symbols for RS transmission, making it possible to identify RSs between different UEs with the cyclic shift values.
Generally, a length of the Zadoff-Chu sequence used for the PUCCH is assumed to be 12 samples, the number of which is equal to the number of subcarriers constituting one RB. In this case, since the maximum possible number of different cyclic shift values of the Zadoff-Chu sequence is 12, it is possible to multiplex a maximum of 12 PUCCHs to one RB by allocating different cyclic shift values to the PUCCHs.
In this context, the LTE system applies cyclic shift values having an at least 2-sample interval between PUCCHs based on the frequency-selective channel characteristic. The application of the cyclic shift values having the at least 2-sample interval restricts the number of cyclic shift values in one RB to 6. In this way, it is possible to maintain the orthogonality between PUCCHs which are associated with the cyclic shift values on a one-to-one basis, without an abrupt loss thereof.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of multiplexing CQIs for individual UEs with different cyclic shift values of the Zadoff-Chu sequence in the same RB in transmitting CQIs through PUCCHs with the structure of FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 2, the vertical axis represents cyclic shift values 0, 1, . . . , 11 (200) of a Zadoff-Chu sequence. The maximum number of channels that can undergo multiplexing in one RB without an abrupt loss of the orthogonality is 6, and shown in FIG. 2 is a case where 6 CQI informations 202, 204, 206, 208, 210 and 212 undergo multiplexing.
For transmission of the CQI information, the same RB and the same Zadoff-Chu sequence are used, and it is shown herein that CQI 202 from UE #1 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '0' 214; CQI 204 from UE #2 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '2' 218; CQI 206 from UE #3 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '4' 222; CQI 208 from UE #4 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '6' 226; CQI 210 from DE #5 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '8' 230; and CQI 212 from DE #6 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '10' 234. With reference to FIG. 1, a description will now be made regarding how to map the control information signals to the Zadoff-Chu sequence in CDM-transmitting the control information using the Zadoff-Chu sequence.
Let's say that for UE #i, a length-N Zadoff-Chu sequence is defined as g(n+Δi) mod N, where n=0, N−1, Δi denotes a cyclic shift value for UE #i, and i denotes a UE index used for identifying UE. Further, let's assume that the control information signal the UE #i desires to transmit is denoted by mi,k, where k 1, . . . , Nsym. If Nsym indicates the number of SC-FDMA symbols for control information transmission in a subframe, the signals ci,k,n (indicating an nth sample of a kth SC-FDMA symbol for UE #i) mapped to the SC-FDMA symbols are defined as Equation (1).ci,k,n=g(n+Δi)mod N·mi,k  (1)where k=1, Nsym, n=0, 1, . . . , N−1, and Δi denotes a cyclic shift value of a Zadoff-Chu sequence for UE #i.
In the example of FIG. 1, the number Nsym of SC-FDMA symbols for control information transmission in one subframe is 10, excepting for 4 SC-FDMA symbols for RS transmission, and a length N of the Zadoff-Chu sequence is equal to the number, 12, of subcarriers constituting one RB.
From the viewpoint of UE, a cyclic-shifted Zadoff-Chu sequence is applied at every SC-FDMA symbol, and a control information signal it desires to transmit is formed in such a manner that one modulation symbol is multiplied by the time-domain cyclic-shifted Zadoff-Chu sequence at every SC-FDMA symbol for control information transmission. Therefore, a maximum of Nsym control information modulation symbols can be transmitted per subframe. That is, in the example of FIG. 1, it is possible to transmit a maximum of 10 control information modulation symbols during one subframe.
It is possible to increase multiplexing capacity of PUCCH transmitting the control information by further applying time-domain orthogonal covers in addition to the CDM control information transmission scheme based on the Zadoff-Chu sequence. A typical example of the orthogonal cover can include a Walsh sequence. For length-M orthogonal covers, there are M sequences satisfying orthogonality therebetween. Specifically, regarding 1-bit control information such as ACK/NACK, it is possible to increase multiplexing capacity by applying the time-domain orthogonal covers to the SC-FDMA symbols to which the ACK/NACK is mapped before transmission.
In the LTE system, PUCCH for ACK/NACK transmission considers using 3 SC-FDMA symbols for RS transmission per slot because of, for example, improvement of channel estimation performance. Therefore, in the example where one slot is composed of 7 SC-FDMA symbols, like in the case of FIG. 1, the number of SC-FDMA symbols available for ACK/NACK transmission is 4. By limiting a time interval where the time-domain orthogonal covers are applied, to one slot or shorter, a loss of orthogonality due to a change in wireless channels can be minimized. While length-4 orthogonal covers are applied for 4 SC-FDMA symbols for the ACK/NACK transmission, length-3 orthogonal covers are applied for 3 SC-FDMA symbols for the RS transmission. Basically, the ACK/NACK and RS can be subject to user identification with the cyclic shift values of the Zadoff-Chu sequence, and can undergo additional user identification by means of the orthogonal covers. For coherent reception of ACK/NACK, since there should exist RSs which are associated with ACK/NACK signals on a one-to-one basis, multiplexing capacity of the ACK/NACK signals is restricted by the number of RSs associated with the ACK/NACK signals.
For example, considering a maximum of 6 cyclic shift values per RB, since it is possible to apply different length-3 time-domain orthogonal covers for each cyclic shift of the Zadoff-Chu sequence applied to RSs, it is possible to multiplex RSs from a maximum of 18 different users. Since ACK/NACK signals are mapped to RSs on a one-to-one basis, it is possible to multiplex a maximum of 18 ACK/NACK signals per RB. In this case, there are four length-4 orthogonal covers being applied to ACK/NACK, and 3 of the orthogonal covers are used. The orthogonal covers being applied to ACK/NACK can be predetermined, or can be commonly recognized between UEs and a base station (also known as Node B) by signaling. Therefore, it is possible to increase the multiplexing capacity three times compared with the case where the time-domain orthogonal covers are not used.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of multiplexing ACK/NACK for each UE with time-domain orthogonal covers in addition to different cyclic shift values of the Zadoff-Chu sequence in the same RB, in the above-stated PUCCH structure for ACK/NACK transmission.
In FIG. 3, the vertical axis represents cyclic shift values 300 of a Zadoff-Chu sequence, and the horizontal axis represents time-domain orthogonal covers 302. The maximum number of cyclic shift values with which multiplexing is possible in one RB without an abrupt loss of orthogonality is 6, and if three length-4 orthogonal covers 364, 366 and 368 are additionally used, it is possible to multiplex a maximum of 6*3=18 ACK/NACK signals.
Shown in FIG. 3 is an example where the same RB and the same Zadoff-Chu sequence are used for the ACK/NACK transmission in such a manner that ACK/NACK 304 from UE #1 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '0' 340 and an orthogonal cover '0' 364; ACK/NACK 306 from UE #2 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '0' 340 and an orthogonal cover '1' 366; ACK/NACK 308 from UE #3 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '0' 340 and an orthogonal cover '2' 368; . . . ; ACK/NACK 304 from UE #16 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '10' 360 and an orthogonal cover '0' 364; ACK/NACK 306 from UE #17 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '10' 360 and an orthogonal cover '1' 366; and ACK/NACK 308 from UE #18 is transmitted with a cyclic shift '10' 360 and an orthogonal cover '2' 368. The orthogonal covers 364, 366 and 368, which are length-4 orthogonal codes, satisfy orthogonality therebetween.
Meanwhile, for an arbitrary UE, in CDM-transmitting CQI or ACK/NACK over PUCCH, CQI and ACK/NACK that the UE desires to transmit may simultaneously occur in some cases. For example, when there is a need to transmit ACK/NACK in response to receipt of downlink data, transmission of CQI may occur.
At this point, the UE should simultaneously transmit the CQI and the ACK/NACK by applying pre-allocated cyclic shift value and orthogonal cover. In this case, multi-code transmission is performed, causing an increase in PAPR.

Apparatus and method for allocating resource in a mobile communication system


An electronic device includes an input module, a connection assembly and a display module. The input module has a recess structure. The connection assembly includes a link member and a support plate. The link member has a first end and a second end, and the first end is pivotally disposed on one side of the input module. The support plate has a first edge and a second edge, and the first edge is pivotally disposed on the second end. The display module is pivotally disposed on the second edge. The recess structure is configured for accommodating the support plate.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The disclosure relates to an electronic device, more particularly to an electronic device with a touch screen.
2. Description of the Related Art
Nowadays consumers want their computers to be highly portable. To meet this requirement, the related industries have developed the tablet computer which is small and highly portable. The tablet computer comprises a touch screen, which allows users to operate by touching it, instead of inputting by mouse or keyboard in the traditional way. Most of the tablet computers allow users to touch, write and zoom in/out on the touch screen via their fingers. However, some users still want to use the traditional keyboard. Therefore, the laptop with the touch screen is launched for theses users. In this kind of laptop, the touch screen can be flipped to be located in certain positions for users to operate.
In today's laptop with the touch screen, when the back side of the screen faces the keyboard as well as leaning on them, the screen cannot fit the keyboard smoothly (or evenly). That is, a large gap is formed between the screen and the keyboard. The users may be confused and want to push the screen to eliminate this gap, which results in damages of the laptop. Hence, it is crucial to solve the problem that the back side of the touch screen cannot fit the keyboard smoothly.

INVENTEC (PUDONG) TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION


Apparatus, systems, and methods may operate to emulate a virtual device with bidirectional communication capability using a hypervisor. A virtual machine, started by the hypervisor, is capable of receiving hypervisor information from, and transmitting virtual machine information to the hypervisor via the bidirectional communication capability. Further activity may include detecting the existence of the hypervisor information by detecting a logical connection of the virtual device, and masking the existence of the virtual device from a virtual machine user inside the virtual machine. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

With the ever-increasing performance of today's computers, it is not uncommon to run more than one operating system (OS) on a single computer using a virtual machine (VM) environment. Running one or more VMs, each with its own guest OS, presents many benefits, as well as a few difficulties.
For example, when a hypervisor has created a fully-virtualized personal computer (PC) guest OS running in a VM environment, there is no dependable way of detecting the existence of this situation from within the VM, or to otherwise initiate communications from within the VM. Some solutions, such as redpill and nopill, use machine instructions that fail in a number of situations, e.g., if the number of hardware processors is greater than one. Other solutions operate to search for operational artifacts which are specific to a software package (e.g., processes with the name "vmware" under Microsoft® Windows® operating system), or certain hardware (e.g., evidence of using vmware media access control addresses or specific machine language instruction sets). Such solutions often fail when the VM operates in environments where it is fully virtualized or emulated.


A card for transmitting data over at least one optical fiber includes a transmitter having at least one light source and a phase modulator for phase modulating light from the source so as to create phase-modulated optical signals in the light as a function of an input electronic data stream; and a receiver having an interferometer for reading received optical signals.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to telecommunications and more particularly to transmitters and receivers for fiber optic networks.
2. Background Information
In current fiber optic networks, an electronic data stream is fed to an optical fiber multiplexor, which is also called "a box" in the industry. Each multiplexor runs on a specific transmission standard, for example, SONET. A laser and an amplitude modulation circuit for the laser typically are located on a card, which fits into the box. The laser amplitude modulator typically pulses or alters the laser output to create an amplitude-modulated optical signal representative of the electronic data stream. The laser amplitude modulator and laser thus define a transmitter for transmitting the optical signal over an optical fiber. A receiver for the amplitude-modulated optical signals of the optical data typically includes a photodiode to convert the optical signals back into the electronic data stream. Both the transmitter and the receiver typically are located on the backplane of a single card, which is replaceable should a component fail.
The card typically also contains a connector for receiving at least one optical fiber, for example a duplex SC connector. The connectors normally are located on a faceplate of the card, the faceplate being perpendicular to the backplane.
The reading of the amplitude-modulated optical data signals using the photodiode on the card is straightforward: the optical signals either produce an electric output at the photodiode or they do not. As a result, an output electronic data stream of zeros and ones is generated.
The electronics for the amplitude modulation of the laser and for the receiving of the optical data on the card thus is relatively simple. All that is required is a pulsing circuit for pulsing the laser as a direct function of the input data and a photodiode for the receiver.
Existing amplitude modulated systems have the disadvantage that the fiber can be easily tapped and are not secure.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,698 purports to disclose a secure fiber optic communications system based on the principles of a Sagnac interferometer. A data transmitter is a phase modulator for modulating counter-propagating light beams sent by a receiver round a loop. The receiver includes a light source, a beamsplitter for splitting light from the light source into counter-propagating light beams and for receiving the phase-modulated light beams, and an output detector. U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,967 describes a similar Sagnac-interferometer-based system operating over a single optical fiber.
The Sagnac-interferometer-based systems described in these patents have the disadvantage that they require the light to travel over a loop, whether back and forth in a single fiber or over a long length looped fiber. As a result, either the link budget for the single fiber must be doubled, reducing the data carrying capacity for a single fiber, or else a looped fiber with significant and expensive extra length of at least twice that of a single fiber must be laid between the transmitter and the receiver. Moreover, the receiver contains the light source, as opposed to the current installed base where the transmitter has the light source.
The Sagnac-interferometer-based systems thus are expensive to build and operate, and do not work particularly well with existing multiplexors or card formats.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,615 purports to describe a method for generating a return-to-zero optical pulses using a phase modulator and optical filter. The RZ-pulse optical signal transmitted over the fiber is easily readable by a detector. No card is disclosed. The return-to-zero signals also are read by a photodiode.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,446 purports to describe an optical telecommunications system employing multiple phase-compensated optical signals. Multiple interferometric systems are combined for the purpose of multiplexing various payloads on the same optical transmission path. The patent attempts to describe a method for providing fiber usage diversity using optical coherence length properties and a complex transmit/receive system. Each transmitter has a splitter, a plurality of fibers and a plurality of phase modulators to create the multiplexed signal, which is then demultiplexed at the receiver. This system is complex and expensive. Moreover, the interferometers disclosed are not part of a card-based system, as the patent only mentions that the tributary cards for producing electrical signals are card-based, as disclosed at column 14, lines 52 et seq. The system of the '446 patent is thus difficult to implement with existing commercial boxes.

Telecommunications card for secure optical data transmission and installation method


A door sill assembly for use in an external doorway of a building having a novel, flexible, resilient weatherseal strip is disclosed. The weatherseal strip is disposed between a threshold member and an opposing upright side wall of a metal weather cover. A portion of the strip is attached to and covers an exterior facing side portion of the threshold member and contains a flashing or flap depending downwardly from a sloping shoulder which laps over an upper edge portion of the upright side wall. Water falling upon the weatherseal as, for example, due to rainwater dripping from the external face of an overhanging door when in a closed position, will be directed over the sloping shoulder and flashing beyond the upright side wall onto a sloping foot plate of the weather cover, there to gravitate off an exterior end of the weather cover. The weatherseal thus protects underlying wood parts of the door sill assembly from moisture damage without being held in a compressed state.

This invention relates generally to a flexible, resilient weatherseal strip for an exterior doorway door sill assembly. More specifically, this invention relates to such a weatherseal which is connected to and covers an exterior facing side portion of a threshold member and which is adapted to cover a space between the threshold member and an upright end wall of an adjacent metal weather cover. The weatherseal features a flashing or flap which extends over the end wall such that water falling on the weatherseal spills across the end wall onto a sloping foot plate so as to gravitate off an end of the weather cover.
Broadly speaking, various flexible, resilient weatherseal strips of a type which are inserted between a threshold member and an adjacent metal weather cover have long been known and used in the prior art. See, for example, my U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,804 granted Jan. 19, 1993; U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,779 granted to D. W. Kehrli et al. on May 23, 1989; U.S. Pat. No. 5,136,814 granted to J. C. Headrick on Aug. 11, 1992; U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,181 granted to D. C. Geoffrey et al, on Jul. 27, 1993; U.S. Pat. No. 5,553,419 granted to T. E. Jenkins on Sep. 10, 1996; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,426,894 granted to J. C. Headrick on Jun. 27, 1995. These are compression type weatherseals which are compressed between either a door or an elongate threshold cap and an adjacent metal weather cover or foot plate.
A difficulty which can be encountered with these prior art weatherseals is their tendency to crack and, in some cases, form grooves or other separations from one of the members against which they are compressed over time under varying weather conditions. Such grooves, cracks, or separations then permit moisture to seep onto the wood members which underlie the weatherseal to cause rotting of the wood members over time necessitating replacement, most usually, of the entire door sill assembly.
By contrast, the flashing type of weatherseal strip of this invention contains a portion which covers any gap that might occur between a threshold member and an adjacent weather cover and directs water which might fall thereon over an adjacent, interior facing end wall of a metal weather cover onto a sloping foot plate to be carried off an end of the foot plate by gravity. All this is accomplished without placing the gap covering and the flashing portions of the weatherseal in compression between a threshold member and a weather cover.
Accordingly, by means of the present invention, the aforementioned difficulties encountered when using prior art weatherseals with exterior doorway door sill assemblies is substantially reduced, if not altogether eliminated.
It is an object of my invention to provide an improved weatherseal strip for an exterior doorway door sill assembly to protect underlying wood parts from moisture damage.
It is a further object of my invention to provide a flashing type of weatherseal strip for an exterior doorway door sill assembly which does not depend upon being compressed between two elements in order to protect underlying wood parts from moisture damage.
Briefly, in accordance with my invention, there is provided an exterior doorway door sill assembly comprising a base member and a threshold member mounted over and fastened to the base member. The assembly also includes a weather cover containing a foot plate mounted over an exterior facing side portion of the base member. The weather cover includes an upright side wall on an interior facing side thereof which is arranged in opposing relation to an exterior facing surface of the threshold member. The assembly further includes a flexible, resilient, form retentive weatherseal attached to the threshold member which covers an exterior facing portion of the threshold member. The weatherseal also covers a gap between the threshold member and the weather cover and an upper edge portion of the upright side wall. The weather cover is adapted to direct water falling thereon over the gap and upright side wall and onto the foot plate.
These and other objects, features and advantages of my invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and the attached drawings upon which, by way of example, only a preferred embodiment of my invention is illustrated.

Door sill assembly having improved weatherseal


A graphics processing unit and a system are described herein. The graphics processing unit includes a decoder, a post processor, and a renderer. The decoder is to decode a video data stream from an incoming data stream. The post processor is to perform post-processing of the decoded video data stream. The renderer is to render the post processed video data stream and discard a null video data stream from a video chat application during a video chat session.

Video chat applications enable a user of a computing system to communicate with at least one user of another computing system by transmitting video chat data from one computing system to the another computing system across a network, such as the Internet. The video chat data may be encoded using a codec at the one computing system, then packaged according to network protocols and sent across the network. The encoded video chat data may be received at the another computing system from the network, extracted from the package, and decoded using the codec. As the video chat data is encoded and decoded, the particular codec used by the video chat application may not be revealed to other components and modules of the one computing system or the another computing system.
The same numbers are used throughout the disclosure and the figures to reference like components and features. Numbers in the 100 series refer to features originally found in FIG. 1; numbers in the 200 series refer to features originally found in FIG. 2; and so on.


A method of auditing login activity in a distributed computing environment in which users attempt to log into the environment from workstations using an authentication protocol in which a ticket request and pre-authentication data are communicated from the workstation to an authentication server. The pre-authentication data includes information establishing an identity of the user and providing a proof that the user has entered a password during the login attempt. The method is effected as a background process during the login, and is initiated after the ticket has been returned to the workstation from the authentication server to avoid RPC deadlock. To audit the login, information from the pre-authentication data is used to obtain a simple name of the user. The simple name is then converted into a global format and evaluated. If the name is recognized, it is passed along with the workstation address to an audit API. If the name is invalid, the audit is suspended. After the information is recorded or the audit suspended, as the case may be, process control is returned to the login routine. Preferably, the routine is implemented within the security service of the distributed computing environment.

Computers are often connected into a local area network (LAN) to enable exchange of information and sharing of resources. A local area network provides a distributed computing environment in which users can access distributed resources and process applications on multiple computers. One such computing environment, called DCE, has been implemented using software available from the Open Systems Foundation (OSF). In a distributed computing environment, a group of machines is typically referred to as a "domain." An OSF DCE domain is called a "cell." A DCE cell can be a complex environment involving hundreds of machines in many locations.
DCE includes a "Security Service" that provides secure communications and controlled access to resources in the environment through authentication, secure communication and authorization. To this end, the Service includes a Registry Service, an Authentication Service (AS), a Privilege Service (PS), an Access Control List (ACL) Facility and a Login Facility. The identity of a DCE user or service is verified, or authenticated, by the Authentication Service (AS) using a well-known authentication protocol called Kerberos. By integrating DCE remote procedure call (RPC) services with the DCE Security Service, network communications may be encrypted or otherwise checked for tampering. Access to resources is controlled by comparing the "credentials" conferred to a user by the Privilege Service with the rights to the resource, which are specified in the resource's Access Control List. The Login Facility initializes a user's security environment, and the Registry Service manages the information (such as user accounts) in the DCE Security Service database.
Known DCE implementations also include a centralized audit service. In DCE, all RPC-based servers are considered audit service clients. Typically, audit records are generated in the audit service through the use of an audit "code point" in a particular routine. The code point calls an audit API, which then passes information to the audit service for logging. An audit code point generally corresponds to an operation or function offered by an application server for which audit is required. Thus, for example, in a banking application, a server may have a code point set for opening or closing an account, withdrawing or depositing funds or a funds transfer operation.
In DCE, there is a set of code points in the Security Service that, theoretically, are useful for auditing the authentication operation. Several of these code points, however, are also designed to be used by the audit service to validate security information (so-called "tickets") that encode audit record data. Thus, it has not been possible to use the authentication interface as it was designed because whenever the DCE Security Service calls the audit API at a code point (e.g., to record a login), the audit API calls the Security Service to decode audit record data. This results in an RPC "deadlock." A similar RPC "bottleneck" occurs if the interface attempts to write an audit record for an unrecognized or invalid global (i.e. intercell) name that has been parsed from the user's login name. Because of these deadlock problems, it has not been possible to perform login auditing within a distributing computing environment, let alone from within the confines of the DCE Security Service.
This invention solves this important problem.

Auditing login activity in a distributed computing environment

International Business Machines Corporation


A power outlet for controlling power to an external device and transmitting data to the external device, the power outlet including: a housing containing at least one alternating-current power input connection; a power output connection; a data connector; a sensor module; a wireless communication module, including an antenna; a processing unit configured to receive data and control an electrically connected device through the power output connection and/or data connector based on the received data.

Recently, there has been a trend toward incorporating long-range, wireless communication modules into components that conventionally lack wireless connectivity or any data input at all (un-connected components). However, wireless communication modules, particularly long-range wireless communication modules (e.g., WiFi chips), tend to be expensive. Inclusion of such chips can drastically increase the cost of these conventional systems.
Thus, there is a need in the devices field to create a new and useful system and method of introducing long-range wireless communication capabilities into un-connected devices. This invention provides such new and useful system and method.


The preparation of microlenses on a substrate and light emitting devices employing microlenses on the surface from which light is emitted is described. The miscrolenses are formed on a surface that has been coated to have functionality that promotes a sufficiently large contact angle of the microlense on the surface and contains functionality for bonding the microlense to the coating. The microlenses are formed on the coating by deposition of a microlense precursor resin as a microdrop by inkjet printing and copolymerizing the resin with the bonding functionality in the coating. The coating can be formed from a mixture of silane coupling agents that contain functionality in some of the coupling agents that is copolymeriable with the resin such that the microlens can be formed and bonded to the surface by photopolymerization.

As the number of applications for electro-optical systems increases, the role of microlens arrays (MLAs) to allow adequate performance to cost is crucial and an effective method to mass produce MLAs need to be developed. Several methods that have been used to fabricate MLAs include; thermal reflow and etching transfer; hot embossing; and laser ablation. However, there remain drawbacks to the use of these methods including the fabrication cost. For example, the thermal reflow and etching transfer method uses a complicated lithographic procedure that further suffers from the generation of environmentally unfriendly wastes. The hot-embossing method remains impractical because of shrinkage and thermal damage problems. Laser ablation methods remain impractical for most mass production due to high fabrication costs. Another common method is to create a master mold by methods such as machining and electroplating, followed by filling the mold with a monomer or oligomer, polymerizing the monomer or oligomer, and attaching the resulting MLA to the desired device. This method requires multiple steps for MLA fabrication and attachment and, thus, the fabrication costs are higher than they would be for a single step method.
One area where the use of a MLA can significantly lower the cost of a technology is the deposition of such an array on a light emitting diode (LED) including an organic light emitting diode (OLED). In general, OLEDs consist of a multi-layer sandwich of a transparent electrode, such as indium-tin-oxide (ITO), as anode contact, one or more organic layers including a light emitting molecule or polymer layer, and a metal layer as cathode, deposited on a planar substrate, usually of glass or a high refractive index plastic such as polycarbonate. In "bottom emission" devices, the transparent electrode, usually the anode, is deposited on the front surface of a transparent substrate followed by a multilayer sandwich, with the reflecting electrode layer, usually the cathode, furthest away from the substrate. Light generated internally in the light emitting layer is transmitted out of the device through the transparent electrode and the substrate. Conversely, in a "top emission" device, the reflective electrode is in contact with the substrate while the transparent electrode is furthest away from the substrate. The light generated internally in the light emitting layer is then coupled externally through the transparent electrode layer without passing through the substrate. Usually the transparent electrode layer is the cathode which can be made substantially transparent by using a transparent conducting material or a thin metal layer having a thickness less than around 50-100 nm. In bottom emission devices, typically only about 20% of generated light is emitted through the substrate-air interface with the remainder being trapped and absorbed within the substrate, e.g. 35%, and the light emitting multi-layer sandwich and the transparent electrode, e.g. 45%.
This low light emitting efficiency arises primarily because light is wave-guided, scattered and reflected internally at the layer interfaces due to the different refractive indices exhibited by the different materials foiining the layers of the device. Efforts have been directed to improve the coupling efficiency, by affording the back side of the substrate with a non-planar profile, or by attaching microlenses, in order to extract more light from the substrate. For example, Sturm et al. WO 01/33598 discloses patterning the back side of the substrate in the shape of a sphere centered on the multi-layer light source by attaching a molded sphere to the back surface of the substrate or by shaping the back surface of the substrate into a spherical form. Thus, some of the generated light that would otherwise be reflected internally at the substrate-air interface escapes the substrate, thereby increasing the amount of light emitted from the device.
According to WO 01/33598, the total emitted light can be increased by a factor of up to 3, and the normal emitted light can be increased by a factor of nearly 10, through the use of spherical lenses of various radii of curvature on glass or polycarbonate substrates of various thicknesses. The disclosed lenses have a radius of curvature (R) to substrate thickness (T) ratio (R/T) in the range from 1.4 to 4.9. Similarly, Kawakami et al. JP-A-9171892 discloses that light emission from the substrate can be increased by including a spherical lenses shape on the emitting face of the substrate in which the radius of curvature (R) to substrate thickness (T) ratio (R/T) is about 3.6. Smith et al. WO 05/086252 discloses improvements in light emission from an OLED device by forming or attaching spherical microlenses to the substrate, at the substrate-air interface, such that the radius of curvature (R) to substrate thickness (T) ratio (R/T) is in the range from 0.2 to 0.8. Each microlens is disposed on the front surface of the light coupling layer where the microlens extends across the full width of each pixel. Smith et al. disclose that the lenses may be applied to or formed in the light coupling layer, by adhering the lenses to the light coupling layer, by directly embossing the light coupling layer or substrate to form the appropriately shaped lenses, or by adhering an embossed laminate having the lenses formed therein to the light coupling layer.
A cost effective method for placing microlenses on a LED or OLED would encourage a wider use of this technology for devices that include flat-panel displays and solid-state lighting because of the improved light emitting efficiency possible due to the microlenses. One method of forming a microlens on a substrate that has been investigated is via ink-jet printing.
Inkjet printing is based on the phenomena that a fluid under pressure issues from an orifice, typically 50 to 80 μm in diameter, and breaks up into uniform drops when a capillary wave is induced onto the jet, usually by an electromechanical device that causes pressure oscillations to propagate through the fluid. The drops break off from the jet in the presence of an electrostatic field, referred to as the charging field, which imparts an electrostatic charge to the drops. The charged drops are directed to their desired location, either a catcher or one of several locations on a substrate, by another electrostatic field, referred to as a deflection field. This type of system is generally referred to as "continuous" because drops are continuously produced and their trajectories are varied by the amount of charge applied. Continuous mode ink-jet printing systems produce droplets that are approximately twice the orifice diameter of the droplet generator.
The drops can also be produced by electro-induced pressure waves in a fluid under ambient pressure where a volumetric change in the fluid is induced by the application of a voltage pulse to a piezoelectric transducer, which is directly or indirectly coupled to the fluid. This volumetric change causes pressure/velocity transients to occur in the fluid and these are directed to produce a drop that issues from an orifice. Since the voltage is applied only when a drop is desired, these types of systems are referred to as "drop-on-demand" (DOD). A thin film resistor can be substituted for the piezoelectric drive transducer where the fluid in contact with the resistor is vaporized to form a vapor bubble over the resistor upon passing a high current through the resistor. This vapor bubble serves the same functional purpose as the piezoelectric transducer. Demand mode ink-jet printing systems produce droplets that are approximately equal to the orifice diameter of the droplet generator.
Ink-jet printing allows a precise microdispensing of a fluid in a repeatable manner. The droplets generated by current DOD device may be varied in diameter from about 15 μm to about 120 μm by changing the dispensing device orifice diameter and/or the drive waveform at rates up to about 25,000 drops per second. Piezoelectric demand mode does not create thermal stress on the fluid and does not depend on the thermal properties of the fluid to impart acoustic energy to the working fluid which enables the dispensing of fluids ranging from polymer formulations to liquid solders. Appropriate viscosities of many fluid formulations can be optimized by a controlled heating of the fluid to a desired temperature. Ink-jet printing has become a key enabling technology in the development of bio-MEMS devices, displays, sensors, electrical components, and micro-optical systems. More recently ink-jet printing has been explored for use for opto-electronic packaging. It has been explored for printing microlenses for optical interconnects including optical fiber collimators, solders for electrical interconnects, and adhesives for bonding and sealing.
Inkjet printing has been used to form microlenses on substrates. Microlenses have been formed by the deposition of a drop of a polymer in solution where the microlens is formed upon the removal of the solvent. Additionally, microlenses have been formed by the deposition of drops of monomers or polymers with functionality that can be polymerized on a substrate by thermal or photochemical means, for example as disclosed in Hayes, U.S. Pat. No. 6,805,902. Such systems require that the resulting microlens is well attached to the substrate. For LED and OLED applications, it is desirable that a microlens have a large contact angle with a substrate to optimize the proportion of light transmitted from the device. The typical substrate droplet interface displays a contact angle that is considerably less than 90 degrees.
To promote a large contact angle the surface of the substrate has been patterned with a coating as disclosed in Huang et al, Poster Presentation P-MST53 at MNE'06, http://dimesnet.dimes.tudelft.nl/mneabstracts/P-MST/P-MST53.pdf. The substrate is unmodified on the area for deposition of the microlens but coated with a low surface energy material such that the deposited material resists spreading over the coated portion of the substrate, enhancing the contact angle between the coated substrate and the microlens material but does not compromise the more a robust attachment of the microlens to the uncoated substrate.
The modification of the surface by deposition of a patterned coating significantly complicates the process, as the drop must be specifically directed to the uncoated portions of the surface. The requirement of such specific drop positioning requires a precision that significantly increases the cost of the microlens formation process. Hence, a simple cost effective method to form a microlens with a high contact angle between the microlens and the substrate that can be easily integrated with existing OLED processes remains a goal for the development of OLED devices.

Inkjet printing of microlenses for photonic applications

University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.


A cleaning process is performed on the surface of a nickel silicide film serving as an underlayer. Then, a Ti film is formed to have a film thickness of not less than 2 nm but less than 10 nm by CVD using a Ti compound gas. Then, the Ti film is nitrided. Then, a TiN film is formed on the Ti film thus nitrided, by CVD using a Ti compound gas and a gas containing N and H.

In manufacturing semiconductor devices, as higher density and higher integration degree are required to the devices, multi-layered wiring structures are being increasingly used for circuitry. Under the circumstances, embedding techniques for electrical connection between layers have become important, for example, at contact holes used as connection portions between an Si substrate or poly-crystalline silicon layer on the lower side and wiring layers on the upper side, and at via-holes used as connection portions between upper and lower wiring layers.
In general, a metal, such as Al or W, or an alloy made mainly of these materials is used as a material for filling such contact holes and via-holes. In this case, it is necessary to form good contact between the metal or alloy and an underlayer, such as an Si substrate or poly-crystalline silicon layer. For this reason, before filling a filler material, a Ti film is formed on the inner surface of the holes and is caused to react with the underlying Si to thereby form a titanium silicide (TiSi) film as a contact layer. Then, a TiN film is further formed thereon as a barrier metal layer for the filler material.
In order to form Ti films or TiN films of this kind, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is utilized, because this method can suppress increase in the electric resistance, provide the films with good quality, and attain high step coverage, even where devices are miniaturized and highly integrated.
Where a Ti film and a TiN film are formed by CVD, TiCl4 is used as a film formation gas, and thus Cl2 and HCl are generated as reaction products. When the TiN film is formed after the Ti film is formed, these reaction products act to etch the Ti film. This etching action brings about a problem such that the TiN film peels off the Ti film due to an insufficient adhesion degree between the Ti film and the upper layer or TiN film, and a thermal stress or the like applied when a filler metal film is formed.
Conventionally, in order to solve this problem, after the Ti film is formed, NH3 gas is supplied to nitride the Ti film, and then the TiN film is formed. According to this method, the Ti film is nitrided and is thereby prevented from being etched by Cl2 and HCl, so no film peeling is caused on the Ti film.
In recent years, in order to increase the operational speed of devices, there is a case where another metal silicide, such as cobalt silicide (CoSi2), is formed, in place of titanium silicide (TiSi), as a contact layer at the interface between the underlying Si and Ti film to be formed. This is adopted, because such a metal silicide provides the underlayer with a better contact property for the Ti film. For example, Patent Document 1 proposes a method for forming a Ti/TiN film on a cobalt silicide film disposed on the bottom of a contact hole. Patent Document 1 describes a method for forming a Ti film on a cleaned surface of the cobalt silicide film to form a good interface. Further, in recent years, as a metal silicide effective for logic contact, nickel silicide (NiSi or the like) has attracted attention. However, nickel silicide causes a phase transition from NiSi to a higher resistivity phase (Ni5Si2 or Ni3Si) when exceeding 500° C. Accordingly, where a Ti/TiN film is formed on a nickel silicide film at a high temperature of 500° C. or more, the nickel silicide film is changed from NiSi to a higher resistivity phase and increases the resistivity, thereby rendering a higher contact resistance. In order to prevent this problem, it is necessary to perform the Ti film formation, Ti film nitriding process, and TiN film formation at a film formation temperature of 500° C. or less, where the Ti/TiN film is formed on the nickel silicide film. For this reason, the Ti film formation, Ti film nitriding process, and TiN film formation have required the film formation to be performed at a lower temperature of 500° C. or less. Further, in recent years, due to miniaturization of devices, impurity diffusion layers formed in Si substrates have become thinner. This makes it more important to prevent the impurity diffusion layers from causing re-diffusion due to high temperature processes. Accordingly, it is also required to perform film formation at a lower temperature and to decrease the film thickness, where a Ti/TiN film is formed on an Si substrate.
However, Patent Document 1 described above pays no attention to such low temperature film formation. Where film formation is performed at a low temperature of 500° C. or less for the Ti film formation, Ti film nitriding process, and TiN film formation, there are differences described below, as compared to a case where the film formation is performed at a relatively high temperature of 600° C. or more, as conventionally used. Specifically, when the nitriding process is performed after the Ti film formation, the Ti film is not sufficiently nitrided. If the TiN film formation is performed after such insufficient nitridation, those portions of the Ti film (on the interface side adjacent to the underlayer) which have not been nitrided are etched by reaction products derived from the film formation gas, as described above. Consequently, the TiN film may peel off the Ti film due to an insufficient adhesion degree between the Ti film and the upper layer or TiN film, and a thermal stress or the like applied when a filler metal film is formed. Furthermore, even where film formation is performed at a low temperature of 500° C. or less, the contact resistance may become higher.
[Patent Document 1] Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2003-59861

Method for forming Ti film and TiN film, contact structure, computer readable storing medium and computer program


A field emission display and a method of making the same. The field emission display uses a deflection electrode having at least two elements. By applying different combinations of voltages to these two elements of the deflection electrode, the direction that the electron beam travels can be carefully controlled so that it lands on the proper pixel and subpixel. A protective electrode can be further included to prevent static charge buildup on the structure and to prevent dispersion of the electron beam.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a field emission display, and more particularly, to a field emission display and a manufacturing method thereof. The field emission display deflects an electron beam by providing a deflection electrode on a rear substrate on which a cold cathode is formed. The field emission display can also have a protective electrode on an uppermost layer of the rear substrate to improve the reliability of the display.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a field emission display applies an electric field from a gate electrode to emitters arranged on a cathode and spaced apart from one another by a predetermined interval to cause the emitters to emit an electron beam. The emitted electron beam collide with a phosphor layer on an anode that is held at a high voltage to thus cause the phosphor layer to emit light.
Designs for field emission displays have many limitations. Often, the data lines leading to the emitters are too narrow, resulting in a voltage drop along the data lines. Also, the color purity of field emission displays are limited when electron beams hit the wrong pixel or the wrong subpixel. Attempts to solve the data line problem often result in an field emission display that has poor color purity and vice versa. Therefore, what is needed is a design for a field emission display and a method of making the display that both reduces voltage drops along the data lines while maintaining superior color purity.

Field emission display and manufacturing method thereof


In a condenser of a refrigerant cycle, a throttle portion is provided at a predetermined position in one of first and second header tanks to decompress refrigerant while refrigerant meanderingly flows within the one of the first and second header tanks. Therefore, refrigerant from the throttle portion is sufficiently mixed with refrigerant directly flowing from tubes into a downstream space of the throttle portion in the one of the first and second header tanks. Accordingly, even when gas refrigerant is directly introduced from a part of the tubes directly into the lower downstream space, the gas refrigerant can be effectively heat-exchanged with the refrigerant flowing from the throttle portion. As a result, it can restrict refrigerant from being discharged from the condenser in a gas-liquid two-phase state.

In a multi-flow heat exchanger 100 (condenser) shown in FIG. 8, refrigerant flowing into a first header tank 101b is supplied to plural tubes 101a to be distributed into each of the tubes 101a, and condensed liquid refrigerant flowing out of the tubes 101 is collected into a second header tank 101c. However, in this case, it is difficult to uniformly distribute the refrigerant from the first header tank 101b into the tubes 101a. When a distribution performance of refrigerant flowing into the tubes 101a is deteriorated, radiating performance of the heat exchanger 100 cannot be sufficiently improved.
To overcome this problem, in a condenser described JP-2002-130866, an orifice throttle is provided in a longitudinal middle portion of the second header tank 101c to decompress refrigerant flowing in the second header tank 1d, so that it can restrict a refrigerant amount flowing into the lower side tubes 101 separated from a refrigerant inlet from being reduced. However, in this condenser, because the orifice throttle is formed in a plate member within a header tank, refrigerant from the orifice throttle flows to a downstream space mainly in the longitudinal direction of the header tank.
In an actual condenser of a refrigerant cycle, gas refrigerant introduced into the condenser 100 is not entirely condensed in the tubes 101a, and gas refrigerant may be discharged from a part of the tubes 101a. In this case, gas refrigerant more than a necessary, degree is stored in a receiver, and a liquid refrigerant amount more than a necessary amount flows into an evaporator from the receiver. Accordingly, liquid refrigerant may be discharged from the evaporator to a compressor, and high-pressure equipments including the compressor may be damaged.
In contrast, in a vapor compression refrigerant cycle without the receiver, gas-liquid mixed refrigerant flows into an evaporator from the condenser, and heat-absorbing capacity of refrigerant in the evaporator is decreased.


This invention is for electric power line attachment apparatus to hanging luminaire including fluorescent tube luminaire assembly, and includes a female connector attached to the luminaire and a power line connector cord male segment plugged into the female segment attached to the luminaire and the female segment and male segment of the connector cord is preferably a UNIVERSAL MATE-N-LOK insulated connector which is a trademark of AMP CO., a division of Tyco Co. of Harrisburg, Pa.

Luminaires intended to be hung from a ceiling have a cord for connection to an electric power line as part of the complete assembly, and having such an attached cord presents a problem of handling while hanging the luminaire assembly, and to obviate such a problem this present invention eliminates the attached connector cord, and instead there is mounted on the spine of the luminaire a female plug apparatus, and this female plug segment to accept a male plug attached to the electric power line source.

Female electric connector plug apparatus for and method of attachment to flourescent tube luminaire fixture assembly


An angular velocity sensor includes a tuning fork unit; a base block provided with a terminal for outputting an output signal from the tuning fork unit to the exterior; a cover for housing the tuning fork unit in a space defined by combination with the base block; a circuit board for fixing the terminal on the base block, the circuit board being provided with a processing circuit for processing the output signal from the tuning fork unit; and a casing for housing the base block, the cover, and the circuit board. The terminal on the base block is fixed to the circuit board, with a clearance being defined by the base block and the circuit board. The terminal on the base block in the clearance has a flexure portion, and the flexure portion absorbs a vibration of a high frequency applied from the exterior.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an angular velocity sensor, and more particularly to an angular velocity sensor for use in posture control of a movable object such as an aircraft and an automotive vehicle, a navigation system or the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
A well-known angular velocity sensor has a construction as shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of the conventional angular velocity sensor.
The angular velocity sensor shown in FIG. 7 has a base block 1 on which a tuning fork portion (not shown) is firmly fixed and a plurality of terminals 2 are mounted, so that an output signal from the tuning fork portion is outputted to the exterior by way of the terminals 2. The tuning fork portion is housed in a space defined by the base block 1 and a cover 3.
The terminals 2 on the base block 1 are fixed spaced apart from each other on a first circuit board 4 by soldering. The first circuit board 4 is electrically connected to one end of a connection terminal 5. A second circuit board 6 is electrically connected to the other end of the connection terminal 5, with a processing circuit 7 constituted of an integrated circuit (IC) being provided on the upper surface of the second circuit board 6. The processing circuit 7 is adapted to process the output signal from the tuning fork portion.
Both ends of the first circuit board 4 are supported by a pair of rubber members 8. The rubber members 8 absorb vibrations so that a strong vibration from the exterior may not be directly applied to the tuning fork portion. A pair of support blocks 9 support the first circuit board 4 by way of the rubber members 8, and directly support the second circuit board 6. A casing 10 accommodates therein the base block 1, the cover 3, the first circuit board 4, the connection terminal 5, the second circuit board 6, the rubber members 8, and the support blocks 9.
An operation of the conventional angular velocity sensor having the above construction is described. The tuning fork portion flexes and vibrates at a velocity v with its predetermined natural frequency in its driving direction in response to application of an alternating current. In this state, when the tuning fork portion rotates at an angular velocity ω about a central axis thereof, a Coriolis force F=2 mv×ω generates in the tuning fork portion. An electric charge, which is generated in the tuning fork portion (not shown) by the Coriolis force, is amplified by the processing circuit 7 on the second circuit board 6. The amplified output voltage is measured by an external computer (not shown). Thus, the angular velocity of an object is detected. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 8-271257 discloses information reciting the conventional art relating to the invention, for example.
In the conventional arrangement, vibrations are absorbed by the rubber members 8 to prevent direct transmission of a strong vibration from the exterior to the tuning fork portion. Since the first circuit board 4 is supported by the rubber member pair 8, if the rubber members 8 are not properly fitted in the support blocks 9, the first circuit board 4 may likely be tilted, with the result that the tuning fork portion housed in the space defined by the base block 1 and the cover 3 may be tilted. Thereby, the output signal from the tuning fork portion may be diminished, and the output characteristic of the angular velocity sensor may be unstable.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A display apparatus of a portable terminal are provided that includes a light source for generating and outputting internal light; a display device for receiving the internal light from the light source through its one side and refracting the incident internal light to its upper side; and a display mirror layer. The display mirror layer includes a half mirror layer for receiving the internal light refracted by the display device and allowing it to pass therethrough to the outside; and a flange mirror layer for receiving the internal light from the light source and reflecting it. The display apparatus is configured in such a way that a display mirror layer is placed between the display device and the display window, so that it can enhance the clarity of images displayed on the display area and improve the appearance of the portable terminal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a portable terminal, and, more particularly, to a display apparatus of a portable terminal.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, portable terminals have performed a variety of functions and composite functions. They provide a call function and also allow for various convenient functions, such as text messaging, a wireless Internet, phone book management, memory management, navigation, etc. To perform these composite functions, portable terminals have a display apparatus through which images are displayed when various functions are performed.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a conventional display apparatus of a portable terminal. As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional display apparatus 100 includes a light source 110, a display device 120, and a display window 140. The light source 110 generates and outputs internal light. The display device 120 receives the internal light from the light source 110 on one side thereof and refracts the incident internal light to an upper side thereof. The display window 140 receives the internal light from the display device 120 and allows the received light to pass therethrough to the outside, thereby displaying images on a Display Area (DA) in the upper side of the display device 120.
However, in such conventional devices, the window display allows the internal light from the display device and the internal light from the light source to pass therethrough to the outside. This increases the luminous intensity around the periphery apart from the display area of the display apparatus. In such conventional devices a problem exists where the luminous intensity around the periphery of the DA is relatively higher than that of the internal area of the DA. Therefore, the display apparatus cannot clearly display images thereon.
Furthermore, since the display window is made of transparent material, an internal shape of the display window is exposed, which mars the appearance of the portable terminal.