An aggregate index is used for accessing an aggregate value associated with one or more rows of a database table. The aggregate values are stored in the index entries of the index, thus allowing determination of aggregate values without accessing the underlying database table. The aggregate index is created by determining an aggregate value associated with an index entry, and storing the aggregate value with the index entry. The aggregate value is determined by accessing information corresponding to the index entry and processing the information. In the case of an index entry in the form of a branch node, the information might be aggregate values from other nodes, or values of items in the database pointed to by the index entries that are leaf nodes. The aggregate values may be stored in index entries of any type of index.

A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to database systems, and in particular to a database system using an aggregate index.
B. Description of the Prior Art
Relational databases typically store information in tables comprised of one or more rows, each row consisting of one or more fields, and each field storing a value for a respective column. The tables are managed by a database management system (DBMS). The DBMS receives queries for the database, and retrieves information from the database in response to the query. The DBMS also updates information in the database.
In order to process a query, a DBMS may require information stored in one or more rows from a database table. To find the required rows in a table, the DBMS either scans all the rows of the table or uses an index to locate the required rows. Some database queries (hereinafter xe2x80x9caggregate queriesxe2x80x9d) request information that is based on information related to one or more rows in the database tables. Such information is referred to as aggregate information. The requested aggregate information could be, for example, the average or sum of the values stored in the second field of the rows whose first field stores a particular value.
FIG. 1 shows a typical database table T 110 containing two columns, x and y. Consider an aggregate query which requests, for each respective value for column x stored in T, the average of the values stored for column y in the rows of T that store the respective value for column x.
select x, avg (y)
from T
group by x;
A DBMS typically would perform the above query by sorting the rows of T on column x, and then determining the average value for the group of column y values corresponding to each value of column x.
For example, for column x, value 1, the average of corresponding y values (i.e., 2, 5, 8, and 5) is equal to (2+5+8+5)/4=5; for column x, value 2, (6+3)/2=4.5; for column x, value 3, (3+9+9)/3=7; and for column x, value 4, (8+1)/2=4.5. Determining aggregate information in this manner, however, requires the DBMS to scan the entire table, which can be extremely CPU and I/O intensive.
To reduce the time it takes to locate rows in a table, an index to the table may be used. An index for a table is based on one or more columns of the table (referred to as the xe2x80x9ckeyxe2x80x9d) and contains one or more entries, each entry corresponding to a respective value of the key and storing information (typically location) relating to one or more rows in the table that store the respective value of the key. One commonly used type of index, a B-tree index, includes a tree data structure of branch nodes and, at the bottommost level, leaf nodes. Each branch node comprises one or more entries, each entry specifying a range of key values and a pointer to another branch node or to a leaf node. Each leaf node comprises one or more entries, each entry specifying the locations (e.g., rowIDs) of one or more rows storing a particular key value.
In the most common implementation of a B-tree, there is a separate entry for each rowID corresponding to a particular key value. In other implementations, a single entry stores all the rowIDs corresponding to a particular key. Each branch node contains information that is used by the DBMS to traverse the tree in order to arrive at the leaf node containing an entry that corresponds to a particular requested key value.
FIG. 2 is an example of such a B-tree index for the table T 110 shown in FIG. 1. The key for the index is column x of Table T 110. The tree is comprised of nodes 210, 212 and 214. Node 210 is a branch node. Branch nodes point to other branch nodes or to leaf nodes. FIG. 2 shows a single branch node, node 210, but more may be used. Each branch node includes at least one range field. The desired key or key range determines which branch should be followed from the node. In FIG. 2, for example, node 210 specifies two key ranges:  less than =2 and  greater than 2. Thus, a query looking for all values associated with column x values of 1 require traversal through the uppermost branch from node 210 because the value 1 is in the range of  less than =2.
The lowest level of nodes, nodes 212 and 214, are leaf nodes that point to or contain a linked list of rowIDs. The leaf nodes are connected in a doubly-linked list, indicated by link 216. Each rowID specifies a location of a row in the database. Nodes 212 and 214 contain key values corresponding to values in column x of table T 110 of FIG. 1. Node 212, value 1, points to a linked list of four rowIDs. The four rowIDs point to respective physical locations of the four rows of table T 110 that store a value of 1 in the field for column x. Node 212 with key value 2, node 214 with key value 3, and node 214 with key value 4 each point to respective linked lists of rowIDs pointing to corresponding rows.
The doubly-linked list can be used for operations that require obtaining values from a series of leaf nodes. A range scan is an example of such an operation. A range scan is performed by finding rows with keys in a given range. To perform a range scan using the doubly-linked list, the index is traversed to the leaf node associated with the beginning of the range. From that leaf node, the doubly-linked list is traversed through the leaf nodes until the leaf node at the end of the range is reached. Thus, the doubly-linked list is used instead of traversing the index from top to bottom to find each key value in the range.
An example of determining aggregate information is illustrative of how the index of FIG. 2 could be used. If the query on the database requests the average of y values for the rows of table 110 having an x value of 3, the DBMS first visits branch node 210, and determines that the desired key value 3 falls within the range xe2x80x9c greater than 2.xe2x80x9d The branch node corresponding to a key range of xe2x80x9c greater than =2xe2x80x9d points to leaf node 214. The DBMS then visits leaf block 214, which contains a leaf node corresponding to a key value of 3. This leaf node points to a linked list of rowIDs specifying the physical locations of rows of table T 110 that store a value of 3 for column x. The DBMS then uses the rowIDs to access the rows, and determine their average y value. The index, therefore, eliminates the need for scanning each row in the table, and provides a structure for accessing particular rows in the database more quickly.
The following is another example of an aggregate query:
select x, avg (y)
from T
where 1 less than =T.x less than =3
group by x;
This aggregate query can be processed by a range scan of the index. The range scan is basically performed in the same manner as a table scan, but in this case the value is constrained to be a value of column x between 1 and 3 (i.e., xe2x80x9cwhere 1 less than =T.x less than =3xe2x80x9d). At node 210, the criteria xe2x80x9c1 less than =T.x less than =3xe2x80x9d is met by range  less than =2, which results in DBMS traversing the index to node 212. At node 212, the criteria 1 less than =T.x less than =3 is met by the value 1, which points to a linked list of leaf nodes containing rowIDs pointing to the physical location of the values in column y corresponding to the column x, value 1. The corresponding y values are then accessed using the rowIDs. The DBMS repeats this process for column x, value 2, then traverses link 216 and repeats the process for column x value 3. Because value 3 is the end of the range, the DBMS stops accessing the values at the rowIDs associated with the column x values. The DBMS then determines the average of the accessed y values, thus completing the range scan. The process of stepping through the linked list of column x values, and accessing the physical locations corresponding to the rowIDs is extremely time consuming.
As the above examples indicate, traditional techniques for processing aggregate queries involve reading several index and table blocks to determine aggregate information. There is, therefore, a need for an apparatus, system, and method to facilitate faster processing of aggregate queries.
An apparatus and method consistent with the present-invention provides an aggregate index having entries that store aggregate information. The aggregate information represents one or more aggregate characteristics of one or more rows stored in a database. The present invention creates and maintains the aggregate index in response to operations on the database. By storing the aggregate information in the index entries, the DBMS does not have to access the underlying rows of the database each time the aggregate information is needed for an aggregate query.
Thus, the invention overcomes the problems of conventional systems described above. Additional advantages of the invention are apparent from the description, which follows, and may be learned by practice of the invention. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

Apparatus and method for aggregate indexes


The present invention relates to novel benzopyran derivatives of formula(I) which have exellent effectiveness in the treatment of asthma as well as hypertension. ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is --CN, --NO.sub.2, --OCX.sub.1 X.sub.2 X.sub.3, --NH.sub.2, --NHSO.sub.2 R.sup.A, ##STR2## --SO.sub.2 R.sup.C or --SO.sub.2 NR.sup.C R.sup.D wherein X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 are, each independently, F, Cl or H, except for that X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 may not be hydrogen atom simulaneously; R.sup.A and R.sup.B are, each independently, a hydrogen atom, or a C.sub.1-6 alkyl group or an optionally substituted phenyl group with a halogen atom, or a straight or branched C.sub.1-3 alkyl group; and R.sup.C and R.sup.D are, each independently, a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-6 alkyl group or an optionally substituted phenyl group with a halogen atom, or a straight or branched C.sub.1-3 alkyl group;. R.sub.2 is a C.sub.1-4 straight or branched alkyl group; PA1 R.sub.3 is a C.sub.1-4 straight or branched alkyl group, ##STR3## wherein R.sup.G and R.sup.H are, each independently, a C.sub.1-6 alkyl group or optionally substituted phenyl group with a halogen atom, or a straight or branched C.sub.1-3 alkyl group, A and B are, each independently, S or O; and Z is a C.sub.1-3 straight or branched alkyl group; PA1 X is N or N.fwdarw.O.

Hithereto, it has been known that a number of compounds which have relaxation activity on vascular smooth muscle by inhibiting influx of calcium ions into cells are useful in the treatment of diseases in cardiac circulatory. As such compounds, for example, calcium channel inhibitors and sodium channel inhibitors have been already developed, and, further, many studies on potassium channel activators have been made. Examples of such potassium channel activators include Pinacidil used frequently as a capillary vasodilator drug; Nicorandil used as an anti-stenocardia drug; and Cromakalim of Beecham Group plc used as an anti-hypertensive agent.
European Patent Publication No. 093,535 filed by Beecham Group, plc. in the title of "novel chromene and chroman" discloses benzopyran derivatives of formula(A) and salts thereof: ##STR4## wherein:
one of R.sup.a and R.sup.b is a hydrogen atom and the other is selected from the group consisting of a C.sub.1-6 alkyl- and alkoxycarbonyl, C.sub.1-6 alkyl-carbonyloxy, C.sub.1-6 alkylhydroxymethyl, nitro, cyano, chloro, trifluoromethyl, C.sub.1-6 alkyl- and alkoxysulfinyl, C.sub.1-6 alkyl- and alkoxysulfonyl, C.sub.1-6 alkyl- and alkoxycarbonylamino, C.sub.1-6 alkyl- and alkoxysulfinylamino, C.sub.1-6 alkyl- and alkoxysulfonylamino, C.sub.1-6 alkyl- and alkoxythicarbonyl, C.sub.1-6 alkyl- and alkoxythiocarbonyloxy, C.sub.1-6 alkylthiomethyl, formyl, an optionally substituted aminosulfinyl, aminosulfonyl or aminocarbonyl, or a terminal substituted ethylenyl, --C(C.sub.1-6 alkyl) NOH, or --C(C.sub.1-6 alkyl)NNH.sub.2 group; or
one of R.sup.a and R.sup.b is nitro, cyano or a C.sub.1-6 alkylcarbonyl group and the other is methoxy or an optionally substituted amino group; PA1 one of R.sup.c and R.sup.d is a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl, and the other is a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group; or PA1 R.sup.c and R.sup.d together form a C.sub.2-5 polymethylene; PA1 X' is an oxygen or sulfur atom; PA1 Y' and Z' are hydrogen atoms or together form a single bond; and n is 1 or 2. PA1 R.sup.f is a hydrogen atom, lower alkyl or phenyl group; PA1 R.sup.g is a hydrogen atom or lower alkyl group; PA1 R.sup.h is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxy group; and, R.sup.i is a hydrogen atom; or R.sup.h and R.sup.i together form a C--C bond; and PA1 R.sup.j is an aryl- or N-heteroaryl group whose 2-position is a hydroxy group, or, an N-oxide group in case of N-heteroaryl group. PA1 R.sup.1 is F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OA, OAc, SA, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHA, NA.sub.2, CH or COOA; PA1 R.sup.m is H, OH, OA or OAc and R.sup.n is H; or R.sup.m and R.sup.n together form a single bond; PA1 R.sup.O is an optionally mono- or di-substituted pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxohydropyridyl, oxodihydropyridyl, oxodihydropyridazinyl, oxodihydropyrimidinyl, oxodihydropyrazinyl, 2-pyrrolidinon-1-yl or 3-oxocyclopenten-1-yl with A, F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OA, OAc, SH, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHAc, COOH and/or COOA; PA1 R.sup.p and R.sup.q are each independently H, A, HO, AO, CHO, ACO, ACS, HOOC, AOOC, AO--CS, ACOO, A--CS--O, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHA, NA.sub.2, CN, F, Cl, Br, I, CF.sub.3, ASO, ASO.sub.2, AO--SO, AO--SO.sub.2, ACNH, AO--CO--NH, N.sub.2 HSO, HANSO, A.sub.2 NSO, H.sub.2 NSO.sub.2, HANSO.sub.2, A.sub.2 NSO.sub.2, H.sub.2 NCO, HANCO, A.sub.2 NCO, A.sub.2 NCS, HANCS, A.sub.2 NCS, ASONH, ASO.sub.2 NH, ASO--ONH, AOSO.sub.2 NH, ACO-alkyl, nitroalkyl, cyanoalkyl, A--C(.dbd.NOH) or A--C.dbd.(NNH.sub.2); PA1 R.sup.r is H or A; PA1 Z is O, S, NH or a single bond; PA1 A represents a C.sub.1-6 alkyl group; PA1 -alkyl represents a C.sub.1-6 alkylene; and PA1 Ac represents a C.sub.1-8 alkanoyl or C.sub.7-11 aroyl group. PA1 R.sub.2 is a C.sub.1-4 straight or branched alkyl group; PA1 R.sub.3 is a C.sub.1-4 straight or branched alkyl group, ##STR9## wherein R.sup.G and R.sup.H are, each independently, a C.sub.1-6 alkyl group or an optionally substituted phenyl group with a halogen atom, or a straight or branched C.sub.1-3 alkyl group; A and B are, each independently, S or O; and Z is a C.sub.1-3 straight or branched alkyl group; PA1 X is N or N.fwdarw.O, provided, however, when X is in 2-position, ##STR10## Y is a hydrogen or halogen atom, or an amino, hydroxy, lower alkoxy or lower alkyl group. PA1 R.sub.1 is --CN or --NO.sub.2 ; PA1 R.sub.2 is a methyl group; PA1 R.sub.3 is a methyl group, ##STR11## X is N.fwdarw.O, provided, however, when X is in 2-position, R.sub.3 is not a methyl group; and PA1 Y is H. PA1 R.sub.1 is --CN or --NO.sub.2 ; PA1 R.sub.2 is a methyl group; PA1 R.sub.3 is a methyl group, ##STR12## X is N.fwdarw.O, provided, however, when X is in 2-position, R.sub.3 is not a methyl group; and PA1 Y is H.
Further, European Patent Publication No. 298,452 A2 filed by F. Hoffmann La Roche & Co. discloses benzopyran derivatives of formula(B) and pharmaceutical compositions containing same: ##STR5## wherein: R.sup.e is a hydrogen or halogen atom, or a trifluoromethyl, nitro, cyano, a lower alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, alkanoyl, carbamoyl or mono- or di(lower alkyl) carbamoyl group;
Korean Patent Application No. 91-4602 filed by Merck Patent Gesellshaft mit beschrankter Haftung discloses a chromane derivative of formula(C) and a salt thereof: ##STR6## wherein R.sup.k is H or A;
The above compounds have been reported to be useful in the treatment of hypertension. However, another use of the compounds was reported in such references as Br. J. Pharmacol. 89, 395-405(1986), Br. J. Pharmacol. 165, 231-239(1989), and Br. J. Pharmacol. 95, 765-770(1988): i.e., the compounds may be used as a bronchodilator in addition to a blood pressure-lowering agent, since they relax smooth muscle by enhancing the hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane of a cell.
It has now been found that a novel class of benzopyrans have superior effectiveness in the treatment of both hypertension and asthma.

Spiro-benzopyran derivatives and useful for treating asthma and hypertension

Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology


A multipoint lock for securing a door to a door frame includes a tie bar longitudinally movable on the door with two latch members adjustably secured laterally relative thereto. The latch members are modular with hooks for selectively securing to the tie bar and other latch members. A metal face plate is securable over a door side groove with the tie bar movably secured to the plate in the groove at at least two locations by securing members extending through openings in the plate, tie bar and a plastic spacer. The securing members each include a longitudinal body member with parallel longitudinal sides cooperating with a tie bar slot to guide the tie bar. Rivets at ends of the securing members are secured to the plate. A link, pivotable about a substantially horizontal axis, has one arm driveably engaging the tie bar to selectively move the tie bar vertically toward a disengaged position. A handle member, pivotable about a substantially vertical axis on the door when pulled horizontally, driveably engages a second pivot link arm. A keeper base, securable to the door frame, selectively spaces two keeper hooks which cooperate with the latch members to secure the door to the frame. The keeper base is securable along one side to the frame and includes a projecting portion which visibly marks the frame when pressed thereagainst. An alignment guide supports the keeper hooks in a cooperative position with the latch members prior to securing to the frame.

1. Technical Field
The present invention is directed toward closure locks and latches, and more particularly toward locks and latches for sliding patio doors.
2. Background Art
Patio doors are, of course, well known in the art, typically having a stationary door and a sliding door which allows entry into and exit out of the home. It is particularly desirable that such doors have a maximum amount of glass so as to provide the open feeling to the home which is sought in homes having such doors.
Commonly, such doors have been provided with a simple lock mechanism which includes a finger which grasps a keeper on the door frame when locked by an operator inside the home. While such locks provide some security, they can relatively easily be opened by an intruder by simply drilling into the housing of the lock and moving the finger free of the keeper.
Further, in some door lock structures, multipoint locking and latching mechanism are used to increase the security of the locking and latching. With such structures, maintaining a proper inventory of different components to allow for many different types of possible installations can be costly. Further, as a practical matter, requiring different components for different installations can result in costly mistakes and/or delays when the wrong components are supplied to a site.
Still further, installation of multipoint locking and latching mechanisms is significantly more difficult than with single latch points, as the difficulty in properly mounting the latch members to the door and the keepers to the frame, with each being properly aligned with the other, is multiplied. Of course, if installation is not done properly, the latch members may not be properly aligned and therefore may not properly latch when the door is closed. When that occurs with even just one of multiple point latches, a potential intruder may be able to gain access between the door and the frame to be able to manipulate the properly latched latch members and thereby defeat whatever security the door was intended to provide. When such misalignment occurs laterally, that is when the keeper and the latch member are in line but do not come close enough to latch together when the door is closed, as can occur if the door is not properly aligned in the frame, that failure may not be readily apparent to the home dweller who will therefore dangerously assume that they are more secure than they really are.
In addition, when such doors are closed without being locked, it is often not readily apparent whether the doors have been completely shut, or when they are slammed shut, they can rebound slightly to leave an open gap. In either event, the door does not serve as a good seal against hear (or air conditioning) loss, and further does not act as a barrier against entry of dirt, water, and insects into the home. In some instances, the door can be unintentionally gapped open enough that the locking finger will miss the keeper when seemingly locked, thereby providing the homeowner with a dangerous false sense of security.
Of course, patio doors are often used in environments which are particularly corrosive (such as in seaside dwellings), and corrosion can deteriorate the physical stability of the structure, as well as interfere with smooth operation of moving parts as is typically desired over the long expected life of such structures. For example, with multipoint locks in the prior art, a tie bar has typically been provided to connect spaced latch members, with the tie bar being guided for movement longitudinally to move the latch members between latching and unlatching positions. If the tie bar deteriorates, it will typically not move as smoothly as desired since its smooth sides will become rough and/or distorted.
Further, guides for tie bar movement which have been provided heretofore have also tended to deteriorate over time which can also result in binding. For example, a typical structure which has been used heretofore has been cylindrical or square guides fixed by a single centrally disposed pin, such as a rivet, where the guides ride in longitudinal slots in the tie bar. However, cylindrical pins have a very small, essentially tangential, surface area cooperating with the tie bar slot, which initially may tend to reduce whatever minimal frictional contact exists between the two components, but also tends to highly concentrate the stresses and wear over a very small area, with the result being that a significant amount of looseness can develop over the years with resulting degradation in the smooth and reliable operation of the structure. While square guides have also been used and therefore tend to spread out the area of contact with the tie bar, such square guides are also susceptible to twisting about their mounting rivet and therefore can themselves cause binding or otherwise wear down unevenly due to stress concentrations occurring at points when the guides are twisted.
Of course, smooth operation of moving parts can also be inhibited by binding of components confined in a very tight space, a particular problem when a structure such as a patio door latch must be very tightly and reliable mounted to a very limited space available in a door.
One patio door structure which has been used is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,362,328. This structure provides a secure lock for patio doors, but does not prevent the problems which can be encountered when the door is intentionally left unlocked--namely, the presence of unintentional gaps when closing the door through which heat and air conditioning can be lost and through which dirt, water and insects can enter the home.
Another patio door structure which has been used is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,091, which includes a lock and latch mechanism actuated by a slightly pivotable handle which addresses a few of the above discussed problems in the prior art.
The present invention is directed toward overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above.


A chair frame mechanism and a chair having the same are provided. The chair frame mechanism includes a movable component, a chair bracket, a leg component, a back component and a sequence component. The movable component is connected with the chair bracket. The leg component and the back component are pivotally connected with the chair bracket, respectively, and the back component is connected with the movable component. The sequence component is connected with the movable component and the chair bracket, respectively, and connected with the leg component and the back component by transmission, respectively. The sequence component is capable of controlling the chair bracket to move relative to the movable component along a preset trajectory, and orderly controlling the leg component and the back component to extend or fold relative to the chair bracket.

A chair frame mechanism is a mechanical device disposed in a chair or a sofa, which can adjust a shape of the chair or the sofa and change states of different parts by corresponding mechanical drive and transmission, so as to meet various requirements of a user. For example, the chair frame mechanism is provided with a leg component and a back component capable of moving and changing respective positional states.
A conventional chair frame mechanism can adjust the state or the position of the leg component or the back component by setting a driving component and adding a single power source. However, a structure used to realize a power transmission in the chair frame mechanism is complex, and a chair bracket, the leg component and the back component often move and switch positions and states at the same time, resulting in increasing discomfort of the user, and even leading to collision interference among various components. Therefore, it is difficult to meet actual requirements of the user and the use experience of the product is poor.

Chair frame mechanism and chair having the same


Disclosed herein is a method for forming a gate structure in a semiconductor device. The method comprises forming a SiGe film on a predetermined region of a silicon substrate corresponding to a bit-line node portion where a bit-line junction is formed, growing a silicon film over the silicon substrate having the SiGe film formed thereon, selectively etching the SiGe film, embedding a dielectric material into a portion where the SiGe film is removed, forming a stepped profile on the silicon film by etching a predetermined portion of the silicon film such that the bit-line node portion is included in the stepped profile, and forming a gate on the silicon film having the stepped profile formed therein such that the gate overlaps the stepped profile. The dielectric pad prevents the bit-line junction from spreading downward upon operation of the gate, thereby enhancing a punch-through phenomenon.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a gate in a semiconductor device and a method for forming the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a gate in a semiconductor device, which prevents a punch-through phenomenon without a C-halo pocket structure, and a method for forming the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
As well known in the art, as the size of devices is reduced by technology of forming a high integration DRAM of a small gate pitch, the short channel margin is likely to be deteriorated. In order to solve the problem, three-dimensional type transistors have been developed, one being a step gate asymmetry recess cell (which is referred to as "STAR cell").
Generally, the STAR cell has a gate structure in which a vertical step is formed in a silicon substrate below a gate to increase the effective channel length, thereby enhancing the short channel margin. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 1, the STAR cell has a bit-line junction A located higher than a storage node junction B, thereby increasing the effective channel length X.
However, although the STAR cell has an increased effective channel length, a spacing X1 between the bit-line junction A and the storage node junction B is not changed in a deep region of the silicon substrate, and thus the STAR cell suffers from a punch-through phenomenon in the deep region of the silicon substrate.
In order to solve this problem, a C-halo pocket structure has been suggested, which can prevent the bit-line junction A and the storage node junction B from spreading to each other in a horizontal direction without affecting the doping concentration of a channel region determining the threshold voltage.
As shown in FIG. 2, in the C-halo structure, a diffusion region Y having a higher impurity concentration than that of a surrounding well region is formed by implanting impurity ions having opposite polarities into a portion near the bit-line junction A and the storage node junction B, thereby preventing the bit-line junction A and the storage node junction B from spreading to each other in a horizontal direction.
However, the gate of the C-halo pocket structure has a problem in that leakage current is increased due to damage of the gate during implantation of the impurity ions.
Accordingly, it is necessary to provide a method for forming a STAR cell which can solve the problem of punch-through without using the C-halo pocket structure.

Gate of a semiconductor device and method for forming the same


A planning method by computer support is based on a planning program using data concerning an object to be planned and data necessary for planning. The planning method comprises the steps of reading out of a memory various kinds of data concerning the object to be planned; preparing a plan by using the data in accordance with the planning program; delivering results of the prepared plan; inputting definition data for an explaining statement concerning the planning results and data concerning an output form of the explaining statement; processing the planning results on the basis of the definition data for the explaining statement and the data concerning the output form to prepare an explaining statement concerning the planning results; and delivering the prepared explaining statement.

The present invention relates to a planning support for preparing a plan in various kinds of business planning by utilizing a computer and more particularly, to a planning support method and system suitable for handling sophisticated problems in which various substitutive plans can be conceived.
In recent years, various methods have been proposed for dealing with planning problems by using a computer. The planning problem is a problem of combination in which various substitutive plans are conceivable and therefore materials are needed for deciding the quality (allowance or rejection) of planning results.
As discussed in Information Processing Society of Japan, No. 35 Nation-wide Conference Lecture Preliminary Papers, pp. 1647-1648, when a conventional planning support method (thereinafter referred to as a first prior art) is applied to preparation of a schedule of production line in planning business section of a factory, the results of the prepared schedule, ultimately evaluated in terms of average lead time or utilization efficiency of machine, are delivered for display to an operator concurrently with a diagram.
On the other hand, a conventional expert system constructing tool (hereinafter referred to as a second prior art) has the function of explaining to the user the process of deduction, thereby permitting the user to know grounds and reasons for conclusion provided by the system. The explaining function realized in the conventional expert system constructing tool is to indicate a chain of applied rules.
The conventional planning method by or based on computer support fails to extract and deliver desired information from a series of completed plans and to provide explaining information for evaluating the quality (allowance or rejection) of plans. Accordingly, the conventional method faces difficulties in deciding whether the completed plan is appropriate and in obtaining decision materials necessary for proper modification of the plan.
Since the planning problem is not a problem of preparing plan results through a mere syllogism, the second prior art which merely indicates a chain of rules has difficulties in grasping the quality of the planning results and the behavior of the system in course of planning.
The first prior art merely displays ultimate evaluation values of the planning results and fails to take into consideration showing grounds for conclusion that present allotments are selected from various conceivable substitutive plans, facing difficulties in accurately deciding the quality (allowance or rejection) of the planning results.

Computer aided planning method and system


A demodulation device for demodulating a base signal from a composite signal, which is composed of a carrier wave and a sensor modulation signal of the base signal. The demodulation device determines a difference between the composite signal of a former-half period and the composite signal of a latter-half period to be a pre-correction base signal. The former-half period is a one-half period of a sampling period starting at one of a local maximum and a local minimum of the carrier wave. The latter-half period follows the former-half period. The demodulation device determines a reference level from the composite signal and determines a signal level of a post-correction base signal based on a ratio between a signal level of the pre-correction base signal and the reference level.

A composite signal is composed of a carrier wave and a modulation signal of a base signal superimposed on the carrier wave. For example, a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) element of a tuning fork type provided in a gyro sensor vibrates in response to an element driving signal and outputs a composite signal, in which an angular velocity vibration signal is superimposed on the element driving signal. The angular velocity vibration signal vibrates in accordance with an angular velocity of the MEMS element. In this case, the element driving signal is a carrier wave and the angular velocity vibration signal is the modulation signal. The base signal is an angular velocity of the MEMS element.
This composite signal tends to change with factors (low-speed change factors), which changes at relatively low speed, such as temperature and low-frequency noise. For this reason, a demodulation device is required to detect the base signal from the composite signal by removing influence of the low-speed change factors.
JP 2000-283790 A (U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,976) discloses a process of removing from a general sensor signal unnecessary components, which are not a composite signal of a carrier wave and a modulation signal. In this process, unnecessary components included in a sensor output signal, which is a detection object signal, are removed by calculation of a ratio between an analog-digital (AD) conversion value of a predetermined reference signal and an AD conversion value of the sensor output signal.
Further, this process needs an analog switch to select by switching either one of the reference signal or the sensor output signal to be inputted to an AD conversion circuit to calculate the AD conversion value of the reference signal and the AD conversion value of the sensor output signal. This switch changeover operation need more time to finish the process of noise removal.
Further, the AD conversion value of the reference signal and the AD conversion value of the sensor output signal are acquired at different time points. Because of difference in time points of acquisition of the AD conversion values, influence of the low speed change factor is not removed sufficiently.
Further, since not only the analog switch but also an analog switch control circuit need be provided, a circuit size need be increased. Increases in the circuit size and the switch changeover process result in an increase in power consumption.
JP 2015-21782 A discloses a self-exciting resonance circuit for vibrating an element of a gyro sensor.


Wax is a key ingredient in engineered wood composites, such as oriented strand board (OSB) and oriented strand lumber (OSL), to prevent and reduce swelling caused by water uptake. Wax, normally a byproduct of oil refining and lube production, is now considered a precious feedstock for producing higher margin product such as fuel or diesel. Disclosed herein are suitable alternative waxes to petroleum wax for use as sizing agents in producing engineered wood composites.

Wax is a key ingredient in engineered wood composites, such as oriented strand board (OSB) and oriented strand lumber (OSL), to reduce swelling caused by water uptake. Over the years, the North American production of wax has been steadily declining and is predicted to drop further in the future. It is believed that twenty-five percent of the North American wax capacity is in jeopardy. Wax, normally a byproduct of oil refining and lube production, is now considered a precious feedstock for producing higher margin product such as gasoline or diesel. With a tight supply and mounting pressure from crude oil price, wax prices have approached unseen levels in the last two years. OSB and other wood composite manufacturers are facing several challenges from a supply position. The future of wax supply is uncertain, and the pressure on wax pricing will likely remain high. OSB and other wood composite manufacturers currently use semi-refined wax (slack) and emulsion wax products. Thus, suitable waxes are needed as alternatives to petroleum wax for use as sizing agents in producing engineered wood products.

Wax blends for use with engineered wood composites


A structure including a conductive, preferably metallic conductive layer is provided with leads on a bottom surface. The leads have fixed ends permanently attached to the structure and free ends detachable from the structure. The structure is engaged with a microelectronic element such as a semiconductor chip or wafer, the free ends of the leads are bonded to the microelectronic element, and the leads are bent by moving the structure relative to the microelectronic element. Portions of the conductive layer are removed, leaving residual portions of the conductive layer as separate electrical terminals connected to at least some of the leads. The conductive layer mechanically stabilizes the structure before bonding, and facilitates precise registration of the leads with the microelectronic element. After the conductive layer is converted to separate terminals, it does not impair free movement of the terminals relative to the microelectronic element.

Complex microelectronic devices such as modern semiconductor chips require numerous connections to other electronic components. For example, a complex microprocessor chip may require hundreds of connections to external devices.
Semiconductor chips typically have been connected to electrical conductors on mounting substrates such as circuit panels by methods such as wire bonding, tape automated bonding, and flip-chip bonding. In wire bonding, the chip is positioned on the substrate with the bottom or back surface of the chip abutting the substrate and with the contact-bearing front or top surface of the chip facing upwardly, away from the substrate. Individual fine wires are connected between the contacts on the chip and the contact pads of the substrate. In tape automated bonding, a flexible dielectric tape bearing a prefabricated array of leads is positioned over the chip and substrate, and the leads are bonded to the contacts of the chip and to pads of the substrate. In both wire bonding and conventional tape automated bonding, the pads on the substrate must be arranged outside of the area covered by the chip, so that the wires or leads spread out from the chip to the surrounding pads on the substrate.
In flip-chip bonding, the contact bearing or front surface of the chip faces towards the substrate. Each contact on the chip is joined by a solder bond to the corresponding pad on the substrate. The flip-chip technique yields a compact assembly, which occupies an area of the substrate no larger than the area of the chip itself. Such compactness reduces the overall size of the circuit. Because the speed with which an electronic digital circuit can operate is inversely related to the lengths of the conductors connecting the various elements of the circuit, saving space also helps the circuit operate faster. However, flip-chip assemblies suffer from significant problems with thermal stress. The bonds between the chip contacts and the substrate are substantially rigid. Changes in the size of the chip and of the substrate due to thermal expansion and contraction in service create substantial stresses in the bonds, which in turn can lead to fatigue failure of the bonds. Moreover, it is difficult to test the chip before attaching it to the substrate.
As described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,148,265 and 5,148,266, a chip package may include a flexible sheetlike structure referred to as a "interposer" or "chip carrier" having terminals disposed on a flexible sheetlike structure. The interposer may be disposed on the front or contact bearing surface of the chip so that the terminals face away from the chip. The terminals are connected to contacts on the chip by flexible leads. Preferably, a compliant layer is disposed between the terminals and the chip. In certain preferred embodiments, the packaged chip occupies the same area, or only a slightly larger area than the chip itself. The packaged chip can be readily tested and can be mounted to a substrate by bonding the terminals of the chip carrier to the contact pads of the substrate. In use, the terminals on the chip carrier are free to move relative to the chip. This allows the assembly to compensate for differential thermal expansion and warpage of the chip or substrate without imposing significant stresses on the bonds.
As taught in certain preferred embodiments of U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,964, commonly assigned, microelectronic assemblies incorporating flexible leads can be fabricated using a first element or connection component including a dielectric structure having leads on a bottom surface. Each such lead has a fixed end permanently attached to the dielectric structure and, typically, connected to one or more terminals on the top surface of the dielectric structure. Each such lead also has a free or tip end remote from the fixed or terminal end. Preferably, the free or tip ends of the leads are releasably attached to the dielectric structure. This element can be juxtaposed with a second microelectronic element such as a semiconductor chip or wafer, and the free ends of the leads may be bonded to contacts on such second microelectronic element. After bonding, the elements are moved vertically away from one another through a predetermined displacement, thereby detaching the free or tip ends of the leads from the bottom surface of the dielectric component and deforming the leads to a vertically extensive configuration. Preferably, a curable encapsulant is introduced between the elements and around the leads during or after the moving step, so as to provide a compliant layer between the dielectric layer and the second microelectronic element. This arrangement allows fabrication of compliant chip assemblies having advantages similar to those discussed above with respect to the '265 and '266 patents using a process which permits simultaneous connection and forming of numerous leads. In certain preferred embodiments according to the '964 patent, one of the microelectronic assemblies may include numerous semiconductor chips. For example, one of the microelectronic elements may be a wafer incorporating numerous chips, and leads on all of the chips may be connected and formed in the same operations. After these operations, the resulting large assembly can be severed to form individual units each including one or more of the chips originally present in the wafer, together with a portion of the dielectric element and the terminals thereon.
In those embodiments of the '964 invention which use a preformed connection component with leads thereon, and which register the connection component with a wafer or other microelectronic device, the spacing between the leads on the component desirably is controlled precisely. This allows registration of the free ends of the leads with contacts on a wafer or other microelectronic device. For example, certain preferred embodiments disclosed in the '964 patent use a temporary reinforcing layer overlying the dielectric layer, and also use a rigid, ring-like frame to maintain the dielectric layer and the reinforcing layer to maintain the dielectric layer in tension. These features help to control thermal expansion and contraction of the connection component during the processes used to bond the free ends of the leads to the wafer or other microelectronic component, and help to maintain the desired spacing between the lead free ends.
The aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/366,236 (the "'236 application") discloses still other improvements in microelectronic device fabrication. Thus, certain embodiments of the '236 application form terminals on a microelectronic connection component by etching a solid sheet of copper or another electrically conductive metal. As set forth in greater detail in the '236 application, spots of an etch resistant material such as a photoresist or a metal may be deposited on an exposed surface of the sheet, and the sheet may be exposed to an etchant by dipping or by spraying so that the etchant erodes the sheet in areas other than those covered by the spots. The resulting terminals can be in the form of posts having a unique "cooling tower" shape having a wide base, a narrow neck portion and broader tip. These terminals are particularly well suited for engagement in small hollow sockets.
Despite these and other advances in the art of making microelectronic assemblies, still further improvements would be desirable.

Microelectronic assembly fabrication with terminal formation from a conductive layer


The dispensing device for single use includes a multicomponent cartridge with a closure and a mixer. The cartridge and the mixer form an interconnected unit and the closure, arranged between the outlets of the cartridge and the inlets of the mixer, is configured as a valve arrangement in order to establish a connection between the cartridge outlets and the mixing elements of the mixer after performing a relative movement between the mixer and the cartridge or syringe. In certain embodiments of the invention the connection is effected by rotation of the mixing unit relative to the cartridge, and in other embodiments of the invention by axial displacement of the mixing unit relative to the cartridge. This results in a disposable dispensing unit that can be economically produced and is particularly easy to use.

Generally, such dispensing devices are reusable, i.e. the content of the double cartridge or double syringe is sufficient for multiple applications while the static mixer can only be used for a single application and is then replaced. In applications of multicomponent cartridges or syringes in medicine, however, the tendency is toward single use. The advantage is that a possible contamination of the patient is prevented since an application for a single patient respectively a single treatment can be ensured.
The dispensing devices discussed above have a cartridge with a closure that has to be removed prior to their application in order to be able to attach the mixer. This applies especially also to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,690,306; 5,301, 842; DE-A-34 20 323; EP-A2-0 319 135; and DE-A-101 32 417, all of which further comprise more or less complicated valve arrangements for preventing the outflow of materials when reused.


An attachment is configured to connect a first connecting plate of a vehicle component to a second connecting plate of a vehicle body. The attachment includes a body, first, second and third flanges, and a press-fit insert. The attachment is of an elastically deformable material and is configured to be inserted into first and second through holes of the first and second connecting plates. The flanges engage the connecting plates when the attachment is inserted into the through holes. The body includes a hole extending longitudinally within the body to accommodate the press-fit insert. The press-fit insert has a diameter greater than the diameter of the hole to form a snug connection between the press-fit insert and the hole. The insertion of the press-fit insert into the hole elastically deforms the attachment to urge the body radially against the connecting plates to provide a robust connection between the connecting plates.

Attachments are configured to attach a vehicle component, such as a radiator, to a vehicle body. Generally, the vehicle component and the vehicle body each include a connecting plate with a through hole, and the vehicle component is fixed to the vehicle body by inserting the attachment into the through holes.

Attachment and connecting structure for vehicle component


A random number generator for generating random numbers using a solid-state memory is proposed. The random number generator includes a determination unit for determining management data stored in the solid-state memory and for managing the solid-state memory during operation. The random number generator also includes a computing unit for calculating a starting value on the basis of the determined management data. The random number generator also includes a generation unit for generating a random number on the basis of the calculated starting value.

Random numbers form a basis in cryptography, in particular, during key management for security services such as integrity protection and the encryption of data. Random numbers are needed, in particular, to generate a cryptographic key or to determine a nonce. Random numbers may be generated using logical or physical random number generators. Strong random numbers, that is to say particularly randomly selected random numbers, may be generated by or using a physical random number generator. In this case, a pseudorandom number generator may be initialized using a starting value that was determined using a physical random number generator.
Random number generators may be known such as http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zufallszahlengenerator. There are physical random number generators that determine a random number on the basis of a physical effect. Pseudorandom number generators are also known, which, starting from a starting value, determine a sequence of pseudorandom numbers using a deterministic calculation function. These have statistical properties expected of random numbers. Deterministic cryptographic random number generators are provided that likewise calculate a random number sequence deterministically starting from a starting value. The random numbers have special properties required for use in cryptographic protocols, see, inter alia, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptographisch_sicherer_Zufallszahlengenerator. In this case, at least the starting value may be determined using a physical random number generator.
An overview of hardware-based random number generators is provided, for example, by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator.
A hardware random number generator is implemented on Intel CPUs, for example (see http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-digital-random-number-generator-drng-softwareimplenentation-guide). In this case, a plurality of computing cores access the same random number generator.
In order to generate random numbers, physical effects such as noise of semiconductor components may be used as the source of random numbers. "Flash Memory for Ubiquitous Hardware Security Functions: True Random Number Generation and Device Fingerprints" (see http://tsg.ece.cornell.edu/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=pubs:flash-ieeesp2012.pdf) discloses the practice of using a flash memory to generate random numbers. In this case, the generation-recombination noise (telegraph noise, RTN) and thermal noise in semiconductor modules are used. In this case, memory cells are erased and are then repeatedly partially written to. A parameter dependent on physical effects may then be determined for memory areas by reading-out.
The practice of initializing a random number generator (RNG) during the system start or else during the runtime on the basis of physical effects is disclosed (see http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/es/2009/598246.pdf). In this case, use is made, for example, of the fact that the time behavior during the starting of a hard disk is not always exactly the same. This may be determined using a high-speed counter. These variations are used to generate a pool of random numbers.
Another source that is used is the tracking error, for example, which is the deviation of the position of the reading head from the optimum data path on the hard disk during reading. US 2009/0161246 A1 discloses the generation of a random number using an evaluation of the reading head position.
WO 2012/136763 A2 discloses the fact that the memory state of part of the random contents of a flash memory may be used for starting values (e.g., seeds) for initializing a pseudorandom number generator. The random number generator therefore generates random numbers that are in turn used to overwrite the corresponding memory area and may therefore be used as a new source of seeds.
The fact that the temporal variances during read/write access operations are used for hard disks is disclosed, for example (see http://www.chronox.de/jent/doc/CPU-Jitter-NPTRNG.html).
The practice of carrying out bad block management of solid-state disks (SSDs) is disclosed (see http://www.contradata.it/cataloghi/InnoDisk_Error_Correction_Detection_and_Bad_Block_Management_White_Paper.pdf), in which defective blocks are marked and are therefore no longer used to store information. Available memory areas on SSDs may be optimized, for example, by grouping on the basis of degrees of wear of the memory areas (see, for example, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_leveling).

Random number generator and method for generating random numbers


A circuit for determining lead impedance during the time a pacing or other stimulating electrical pulse is being delivered measures current and voltage simultaneously to check for open circuits or short circuits based on different thresholds. The detection of a bad lead can force a double pulse to be delivered in real time in a unipolar configuration. Switching from unipolar to bipolar configuration based on detecting a bad bipolar circuit can be supported.

Implantable pulse generators are now being used for cardiac pacemakers, defibrillator, cardioverters, neuro stimulators including those with leads implanted into the brain for controlling tremor, those with leads implanted into the spine for controlling continuous pain, and so forth. A problem common to all such devices includes the determination of the ability of the lead to transmit energy and a way to provide a reliable measurement of this lead capability.
In particular, implantable pulse generators used for pacing a patient's heart, pacemakers, may perform a critical function without which the patient may die nearly immediately, that is it may provide the stimulus required to keep the heart beating in cases of heart block and in cases where the patient has obtained a transplanted heart, for example.
If a lead essential to pacing the heart were to fail, automatic response to such failure may mean the difference between the life and the death of the patient. Accordingly, for many years since the start of cardiac pacing, the issue of the integrity of the conductors for conducting electrical stimulating pulses to pace the heart from the implanted pulse generator to the site of connection to the heart has been a serious concern and many solutions have been proposed to both provide for automatic responsiveness by shifting the pacing pulse from a bad conductor to an alternative good conductor and to creating at least a minimal historical record of the measurements of the pacing lead conductors impedance so as to generate data which can be used to redesign a next generation of leads or possibly to warn of an impending lead conductor failure.
The reason this problem is particularly acute in heart pacing is because lead conductors are usually metal which flexes constantly under the repeated motions of the heart causing metal fatigue, pacing leads are also susceptible to the possibility of insulation failure which would expose the metal conductors to the environment of the body which is particularly hostile to maintaining small metal wires or coils of wires in optimum condition.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,975 issued to Hafelfinger et al, a good description of prior art solutions may be found. It describes U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,140,131 (Dutcher et al.), 4,549,548 (Wittkampf et al); 4,606,349 (Livingston et al.); and these patents are hereby incorporated by this reference hereto in their entireties. Additional patents by Walhstrand et al, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,534,018; Kuehn, 5,201,865, Steinhaus et al, 5,201,808 Hudrlik, 5,156,149, Wayne et al, 5,137,021 Ekwall, 4,899,750; Collins, 5,184,614; and et al, 5,350,410; and Hansen et al, 5,431,692; also describe method and apparatus for sensing and using lead impedance for determining the integrity and or connection of lead conductors to the heart. Accordingly, these patents are also incorporated by this reference hereto in their entireties. Most of these patents listed above depend on the generation of an impedance reading during a period of time when the pacemaker is not providing a stimulation pulse to the heart or alternatively they sample and hold some portion or portions of a pacing signal, digitize some characteristic or characteristics inherent in that signal and have that digitized signal representation considered by a program run by a microprocessor in order to produce a signal value or a number indicating a good or bad value for the conductor under test.
What the art has not yet shown is a practical system through which the pacing pulse may be used to derive an impedance measurement based integrity value nearly contemporaneously with the pacing pulse and without requiring significant microprocessor involvement or power usage. Ideally such a system would be able to distinguish between short or open circuits in the pacing path (or other stimulator pathway) and enable the implantable pulse generator to switch to alternative pathways within a single cardiac cycle.

Pacing lead impedance monitoring circuit and method


An imaging device mounted on a vehicle (30) acquires image data resulting from capturing an image of a scene around the vehicle (30). A parking section (E) corresponding to the desired parking position is set. The image data is subjected to an image-converting process that includes at least one of viewpoint conversion and distortion correction. A deflection angle (λ) between the vehicle (30) and the parking section (E) is calculated. The image data is outputted until the deflection angle (λ) becomes equal to or less than a predetermined reference deflection angle, the image data being outputted to a display adapted for installation in the vehicle (30). Once the deflection angle (λ) has become equal to or less than the reference deflection angle, converted image data that has been subjected to the image-converting process is outputted.

In recent years, awareness of safety while driving vehicles has improved, and a variety of technologies for facilitating the driving operations or the like and thereby improving safety have been proposed and put into practice. Parking assistance devices have been implemented in which, e.g., locations that are difficult for the driver to see are imaged by a camera mounted on the vehicle and are displayed on a monitor device within the vehicle cabin. A device for monitoring the rear of a vehicle, in which an actual image of the rear of a self vehicle captured by a camera is shown on a display, is disclosed in Patent Document 1, the reference for which is given below. This device switches the displayed image from an actual image to a converted image as the distance from the current position of the self vehicle to the target position decreases. The converted images are also sequentially switched from converted images having a low viewpoint to converted images having a high viewpoint.    [Patent Document 1] Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 2003-267171 (e.g., the 9th through 20th paragraphs, the 34th paragraph, FIG. 4, FIG. 6, and FIG. 7)


The present invention is directed to a stable fragrant bleaching block which comprises (a) a bleaching agent having a reduction potential from about -0.7 v to about +0.4 v and (b) an organoleptic effective amount of a fragrant agent which (i) is stable to the bleaching agent, (ii) does not decompose the bleaching agent, and (iii) is not substantially hygroscopic. This invention also pertains to methods for making and employing the stable fragranced bleaching block.

Odor is that property of a substance that makes it perceptible to the sense of smell. Specifically, odor is that property that is manifested by a physiological sensation caused by contact of the molecules of a substance with the olfactory nervous system. Although molecular structure is believed to influence odor, there is little correlation, at the present time, between odor and molecular structure.
Odor modification is the intentional change of one odor by the addition of another. The importance of odor modification is its usefulness as a method of odor control. Air fresheners, perfumes, and industrial deodorants are examples of odor modifiers. Perfumers employ the principles of odor modification by creating fragrances. Thus, odor modification refers specifically to the use of fragrance materials for odor control. Many odorous and nonodorous chemicals are used to control odors, but only those that work essentially by altering the way the nose perceives the character and intensity are true odor modifiers.
A problem in the field of odor modification is in the area of perfuming bleaching compositions. Because of the inherent ability of a bleaching agent to destroy odors, it is difficult to effectively perfume a bleaching composition so that the perfume remains stable during storage and is available for effective delivery without being altered or destroyed by the bleach.
Bleaching agents are materials that lighten or whiten a substrate through chemical action and clean substrates, e.g., textiles, by removing soil. This action can involve either oxidative or reductive processes that make color bodies in the substrate more soluble and more easily removed during processing. The color producing agents in fibers are often organic compounds that contain conjugated chains, that is, alternating single and double bonds, called chromophores. Decolorization often can be achieved by destroying one or more of the double bonds in the conjugated systems such as by adding to, or cleaving, the double bond.
Bleaching agents can be classified into three categories: chlorine containing bleaching agents, peroxygen compounds, and reducing bleaches. Three classes of chlorine-containing compounds used as bleaching agents are: chlorine, hypochlorites and N-chloro compounds, and chlorite and chlorine dioxide. The first two classes, termed available-chlorine compounds, produce hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite anion in bleaching baths. Peroxygen or active oxygen compounds contain a peroxide linkage (--O--O--) in which one oxygen atom is active, such as hydrogen peroxide. The reducing agents generally used in bleaching include sulfur dioxide, sulfurous acid, bisulfites, sulfites, hydrosulfites (dithionites), sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, and sodium borohydride.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,068 (Hagemann et al.) discloses a bleach-stable deodorant perfume stable in the presence of sodium perborate tetrahydrate and N,N,N',N'-tetraacetyl ethylenediamine. Specifically, Hageman et al. discloses a detergent powder product suitable for use in the washing of fabrics which comprises (i) from 5 to 40% by weight of non-soap detergent active compound comprising an anionic detergent active compound; (ii) from 1 to 90% by weight of a non-soap detergency builder; (iii) from 1 to 30% by weight of peroxy bleach compound together with an activator; (iv) from 0.1 to 5% by weight of a bleach-stable perfume which comprises from 50 to 100% by weight of bleach-stable deodorant perfume components having a Lipoxidase-inhibiting capacity of at least 50% or a Raoult variance ratio of at least 1.1. The components are allocated to one of the following six classes: Class 1: phenolic substances; Class 2: essential oils, extracts, resins and synthetic oils; Class 3: aldehydes and ketones; Class 4: nitrogen-containing compounds; Class 5: esters; Class 6: alcohols and ethers. The components are selected so that: (a) the bleach-stable deodorant perfume contains at least five different components; and (b) the bleach-stable deodorant perfume contains components from at least four of the six classes.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,579,677 (Hooper et al.) discloses a deodorant product having a deodorant value of from 0.50 to 3.5 as measured by the Deodorant Value Test. Specifically, Hooper et at. discloses a deodorant product suitable for application to surfaces other than human skin, which product comprises (i) from 0.1 to 50% by weight of a bleaching agent; and (ii) from 0.1 to 20% by weight of a deodorant composition comprising from 45 to 100% by weight of deodorant active components, the components having a Lipoxidase-inhibiting capacity of at least 50% or a Roaoult variance ratio of at least 1.1. The components are classified into the following six classes: Class 1: phenolic substances; Class 2: essential oils, extracts, resins and synthetic oils; Class 3: aldehydes and ketones; Class 4: polycyclic compounds; Class 5: esters; Class 6: alcohols. The components are selected so that (a) the deodorant composition contains at least five components of which at least one must be selected from each of Class 1, Class 2 and Class 4; and (b) the deodorant composition contains components from at least four of the six classes.

Bleaching and cleaning compositions containing fragrances


A gap concealing structure for a vehicle includes an instrument cluster frame, a steering column, a steering column cover, and a flexible concealing member that conceals the gap between the instrument cluster frame and the steering column cover in the front-rear direction of the vehicle. The instrument cluster frame includes a curvilinear recess that is recessed upward away from the steering column and an attachment wall that extends in the up-down direction and the left-right direction of the vehicle from the lower surface of the recess. The concealing member has a first end and a second end in the front-rear direction of the vehicle. The first end of the concealing member is attached to the attachment wall of the instrument cluster frame. The second end of the concealing member is attached to the steering column cover.

The present disclosure relates to a gap concealing structure for a vehicle that includes a concealing member concealing the gap between the instrument cluster frame and the steering column cover.
A vehicle includes instrument gauges, an instrument cluster frame surrounding the instrument gauges, a steering column, which is located below the instrument cluster frame and has an axis extending in the front-rear direction of the vehicle, and a steering column cover, which covers a section of the steering column that is located on the rear side of the instrument cluster frame in the front-rear direction. The instrument cluster frame has a lower structural portion located below the instrument gauges in the up-down direction of the vehicle. There is a gap between the lower structural portion of the instrument cluster frame and the steering column cover in the front-rear direction of the vehicle. The size of the gap changes when the position or the angle of the steering wheel attached to the steering column is adjusted. Thus, the gap between the lower structural portion of the instrument cluster frame and the steering column cover is concealed by a flexible concealing member. For example, in the gap concealing structure disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2011-57004, the concealing member has a linear attachment edge that is attached to the lower surface of the lower structural portion of the instrument cluster frame.
From the viewpoint of enhancing the aesthetic appearance, the lower structural portions of some instrument cluster frames are provided with a curvilinear recess that is recessed upward away from the steering column. In this case, the lower surface of the lower structural portion that configures the recess is a curved surface. The uppermost part in the vehicle up-down direction of the recess is defined as an upper end, and the lowermost parts are defined as lower ends. A straight line connecting the lower ends in the vehicle left-right direction of the recess is defined as an imaginary folding line. The distance between the upper end of the recess and the imaginary folding line is longer than the distance between each lower end of the recess and the imaginary folding line. That is, the distance between the recess and the imaginary folding line varies depending on the position in the left-right direction of the vehicle.
When the attachment edge of the concealing member disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2011-57004 is attached to the lower surface of the lower structural portion, which is a curved surface, the length of a portion of the concealing member between the upper end of the recess and the imaginary folding line is substantially the same as the length of the portion between each lower end of the recess and the imaginary folding line. Thus, the length of the portion of the concealing member between the upper end of the recess and the imaginary folding line is substantially the same as the distance between the upper end of the recess and the imaginary folding line, whereas the length of the portion between each lower end of the recess and the imaginary folding line is longer than the distance between each lower end of the recess and the imaginary folding line. Therefore, the portion of the concealing portion between each lower end of the recess and the imaginary folding line is more likely to bend than the portion between the upper end of the recess and the imaginary folding line. As a result, creases may occur in the concealing member.


Apparatuses and methods are provided for manufacturing bearing assemblies. In accordance with one embodiment, a fixture is provided for use in brazing bearing elements to a bearing ring. The fixture comprises a substantially annular body and at least one or more force-applying mechanism associated with the annular body. The force applying mechanisms include a push rod disposed within a channel that is formed in the annular body, the push rod being displaceable within the channel. A biasing member is configured to bias the push rod in a radial direction relative to the annular body. In one embodiment, a plurality of force-applying mechanisms are circumferentially spaced about the substantially annular body. In one embodiment, the push rods extend radially inwardly from a peripheral surface of the body, while in another embodiment the push rods extend radially outwardly from peripheral surface of the body.

Conventional bearing apparatuses include bearing surfaces that move relative to one another are known in the art. For example, radial bearings and so-called "thrust bearings" may conventionally include bearing surfaces that may at least partially contact and move or slide relative to one another or otherwise develop a fluid film between for hydrodynamic operation. Such bearing surfaces may include a superhard material for resisting wear during use of the bearing apparatus. In one example, bearing surfaces in a bearing apparatus may comprise a hard material such as diamond (e.g., polycrystalline diamond).
One application for bearing apparatuses, such as radial bearings and thrust bearings, is in association with drilling equipment utilized in subterranean drilling. Particularly, drilling motors have been utilized for drilling boreholes into subterranean formations, especially for oil or gas exploration. In a typical downhole drilling motor, the motor is suspended at the lower end of a string of drill pipe comprising a series of pipe sections connected together at joints and supported from the surface. A rotary drill bit (e.g., a fixed cutter drill bit, roller cone drill bit, a reamer, etc.) may be supported below the drilling motor (via pipe sections, drill collars, or other structural members as known in the art) or may be directly connected to the downhole motor, if desired. Drilling fluid is commonly circulated through the pipe string and the motor to generate torque within the motor, causing the rotary drill bit to rotate. The drilling fluid may then be returned to the surface through the annular space between the drilled borehole and the drill string and may carry the cuttings of the subterranean formation to the surface.
Downhole drilling motors may include bearing apparatuses, such as thrust bearings or radial bearings. In one embodiment, bearing assemblies comprised of a plurality of hard bearing elements, such as diamond bearing elements, may be coupled to the rotating bearing ring and the non-rotating bearing ring. The bearing elements are positioned adjacent one another so that the diamond bearing surfaces of the non-rotating bearing ring and rotating bearing ring may contact one another during certain operating conditions or may operate hydrodynamically under other operating conditions.
Bearing elements have traditionally been secured to bearing apparatuses through using various methods, including brazing the bearing elements to a rotating bearing ring and a non-rotating bearing ring of a bearing apparatus. However, conventional brazing techniques typically require exposing the parts to be brazed to high temperatures for extended periods of time to melt a brazing filler metal used to braze the parts. Bearing parts, such as rotating bearing rings and non-rotating bearing rings, are often placed in a heating oven for a few hours in order to heat the parts and the brazing filler metal to the appropriate brazing temperature.
During the manufacture of bearing assemblies, it can be difficult maintaining individual bearing elements in a desired position and orientation, relative to a bearing ring, while the bearing elements are affixed to the bearing ring. For example, the bearing elements may be brazed to the bearing ring, requiring the bearing assembly to be subjected to elevated temperatures. During such a high temperature process, the bearing elements may move or change their positions relative to the bearing ring, causing the bearing element to be out of an acceptable tolerance range and resulting in a bearing surface that does not match the geometric design of the bearing assembly.
It is a desire within the industry to continually improve bearing assemblies, bearing components, and the processes associated with manufacturing such components and assemblies.

Apparatus for brazing radial bearings and related methods


The invention relates to an alternate current power generator with a primary drive shaft having a set of two magnets and an armature and a governor. The governor moves the magnets and armature with respect to one another. In another embodiment, the alternate current power generator has a secondary drive shaft, weighted flexible strips attached to the secondary drive shaft with connectors such that the flexible strips' weights cause the strips to move outward upon rotation, drawing the connectors closer together.

Windmills provide energy with limited environmental impact. However, since wind speeds are not constant from day to day or even throughout the course of a day, current wind generators are not always a dependable source of constant power. Specifically, currently available generators typically cannot generate power until a threshold of wind speed is met.
To start the generator, the wind speed must be high enough to overcome inertial and frictional effects of the mechanical components and the resistive force caused by the movement of the magnetic flux in generating current in the generator windings. Thus, typical generators require high wind speed before sufficient rotational speed is obtained in the generator to generate power. This poses a problem for low wind speed locations and causes power loss in starting the generator initially. The present invention addresses these issues.

Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies and Institutions


Logic simulation includes storing a first state to identify in a simulation of a logic design whether a node included in the logic design has a logic high value Logic simulation also includes storing a second state to identify in simulation of the logic design whether the node has a logic low value and storing a third state to identify in simulation of the logic design whether the node has an undefined state. The logic simulation determines an output of the node in simulation of the logic design based on the first state, the second state, and the third state.

This invention relates to logic simulation.
Logic designs for computer chips typically include combinatorial elements and state elements. Combinatorial elements, such as AND gates and OR gates, combine two or more logic states to produce an output. State elements, such as latches and flip-flops (FFs), hold a logic state for a period of time, usually until receipt of an external clock signal.


A spread spectrum frequency modulated oscillator circuit usable as a clock comprises a reference component such as a resistor, a voltage controlled oscillator and a first circuit coupled to the reference component and voltage controlled oscillator and configured to supply a first control signal to the oscillator to cause the oscillator to oscillate at a frequency corresponding to a value of the reference component. A second circuit configured to supply a random signal to the oscillator causes the frequency of the oscillator to dither. To cause the oscillator to exhibit random frequency modulation that is fast enough to reduce EMI but not too fast for controlled devices such as switching regulators to track, the oscillator includes a third circuit configured to control (1) a rate of change of the oscillator frequency such that the rate of change is a fixed percentage of the oscillator frequency, and (2) an amount of frequency change in the oscillator frequency such that the amount of frequency change is a fixed percentage of the oscillator frequency.

Electronic devices, such as switching regulators often generate electromagnetic interference which can be detrimental to the operation of electronic circuits in which such devices are employed. Switching regulators translate all input voltage at one level to an output voltage at another. Energy from an input voltage source is stored in an inductor or capacitor and then transferred, or switched, to the output. Energy transfer is repeated at a rate determined by the clock source of the regulator. The switching action generates interference, the energy of which is concentrated at frequencies which are harmonics of the clock source.
The output of a switching regulator is a DC level signal plus interference created by clock-controlled switching. Different switching regulators require different clock frequencies. Consequently, the interference from a switching regulator differs from design to design. Techniques to reduce interference should be effective for clocks of both slow and fast clocking frequencies. If the clock frequency of a regulator is dynamically varied, it is possible to spread the interference energy over a range of frequencies, reducing the energy at any one frequency. This technique is known as spread spectrum frequency modulation.
Methods to implement spread spectrum frequency modulation have included modulation with periodic waveforms such as triangular or sinusoidal waveforms, and random modulation. However, each of these techniques has drawbacks.
The shape of a modulating waveform will affect the shape of the interference spectrum. FIG. 1 illustrates the output of a typical switching regulator with periodic sinusoidal frequency modulation of the clock source. The upper trace 102 is the modulating signal. The lower trace 104 is the output of the regulator. The lower trace 104 appears as an amplitude variation of the switching induced interference. Even though the interference energy near the clocking frequency has been "spread," a low frequency large amplitude component has been added to the spectrum. This "amplitude modulation" could easily corrupt the operation of electronic circuits, a result which nullifies the benefits of the sinusoidal modulation.
Random modulation provides an improvement over the use of a periodic waveform. If the clock source of a switching regulator is randomly varying, using, for example, a technique termed "frequency hopping," then the resulting amplitude modulation of the interference will be random. Random amplitude variations are indistinguishable from noise. However, the difficulty with random modulation lies in the generation of an optimal random signal. A random signal should be provided that produces reduction of EMI at both fast and slow hopping rates within the ability of practical regulators to track them. Lowpass filtering is employed for this purpose, without which the output will tend to exhibit ripple. Too much filtering, however, will negate the benefit of random modulation.
There is a need for a product which generates a wide range of clock frequencies to cover many switching regulator applications. At any clock frequency, the product should exhibit random frequency modulation which is fast enough for good EMI reduction, yet not too fast for switching regulators to track.

Spread spectrum modulation of a clock signal for reduction of electromagnetic interference


An infrared telescope utilizes two mirrors in an off-axis, eccentric-pupil, re-imaging configuration. To improve the image quality of traditional two mirror telescopes, the reflective surfaces of both the primary and secondary mirrors are ellipsoidal. The ellipsoidal surface of the primary mirror has a greater eccentricity than the ellipsoidal surface of the secondary mirror. The infrared light entering through the eccentric pupil strikes the ellipsoidal reflective surface of the primary mirror. The light is reflected from the primary mirror to the ellipsoidal reflective surface of the secondary mirror. An intermediate image of the object being viewed is formed between the primary and secondary mirrors. The light is reflected from the secondary mirror to an image plane. An aperture stop is located between the secondary mirror and the image plane. The image plane is typically located within a cold shield, to reduce the likelihood that stray light will reach the image plane.

Infrared imaging systems, such as infrared telescopes, are used in many applications where objects that emit infrared energy need to be detected. Infrared energy that is imaged by an infrared imaging system typically has a wavelength from about 1 micrometer to about 26 micrometers. Often these infrared telescopes are used in space-based applications. For example, such a telescope may be used in a global missile defense system to detect missiles for targeting purposes. Such a telescope may also be used in unmanned space vehicles, such as unmanned service vehicles, for locating and identifying objects in space.
Space-based applications have very stringent volume and weight limitations. As such, any systems used in space-based applications must be as physically compact and lightweight as possible while still meeting the performance requirements of the application. Space-based infrared telescopes must be physically compact and lightweight, while having the image quality required by the application.
Three mirror and four mirror telescopes are known to provide good image quality, but are less physically compact and weigh more than two mirror telescopes. Two mirror telescopes are known to be more physically compact and lighter-weight compared to three and four mirror telescopes, but two mirror telescopes have poorer image quality. The image quality of two mirror telescopes is often improved by the use of a corrector element, similar to a corrective eyeglass lens. However, this corrector element increases the weight of the two mirror telescope, and this increased weight is a significant drawback for space-based telescopes.
Re-imaging telescopes are one class of reflecting telescopes. A re-imaging telescope forms an intermediate image between the primary mirror and the secondary mirror. The final image is formed at the image plane. In a telescope in which it is desirable to have an aperture stop (i.e., a physical structure that defines the volume of light that reaches the image plane) near the image plane, a re-imaging configuration may be more physically compact because the light beam is less likely to walk across the mirrors in a re-imaging telescope.
One known type of re-imaging telescope is a Gregorian telescope. A Gregorian telescope typically has a parabaloidal primary mirror and an ellipsoidal secondary mirror. In a Gregorian telescope, the primary mirror is typically imaging or mapping a point at infinity (i.e., the object being viewed, such as a star) to a finite point (i.e., the intermediate image). A parabaloidal mirror has one focus at infinity and one focus at a finite point in front of the mirror, therefore the primary mirror of a Gregorian telescope would typically be parabaloidal. The secondary mirror of a Gregorian telescope is typically imaging or mapping a finite point (i.e., the intermediate image) to another finite point (i.e., the final image). An ellipsoidal mirror has two finite points of focus, therefore the secondary mirror of a Gregorian telescope would typically be ellipsoidal. The user of an astronomical telescope is typically interested in having a better image quality at the center of the field of view. A Gregorian with a parabaloidal primary mirror gives a re-imaging telescope a better image quality at the center of the field of view and a poorer image quality at the edges of the field of view. Some users of space-based telescopes, particularly those used in a global missile defense system to detect missiles for targeting purposes, are typically interested in imaging a wider field of view than that of astronomical telescopes, in order to increase the likelihood that the telescope will locate missiles for targeting.
Some re-imaging telescopes use an off-axis, eccentric-pupil configuration. An eccentric-pupil telescope uses an entrance pupil (i.e., where light enters the telescope) that is physically offset from the optical axis. Light entering the telescope through the eccentric pupil would strike only the portion of a standard annular primary mirror that is similarly offset from the optical axis. Therefore, an eccentric-pupil telescope is constructed using only a portion of a standard annular primary mirror to conserve weight and reduce costs. Further, such an optical system is un-obscured which makes stray light easier to control. An off-axis telescope views the reflected image on an area of the image plane that is slightly offset from the optical axis. The amount of this offset will typically vary depending on the specific requirements of the telescope.
The off-axis, eccentric-pupil configuration used in some re-imaging telescopes provides several benefits. Stray light is easier to control due to this configuration. The eccentric pupil means there is no hole in the middle of the telescope optics (i.e., the telescope is un-obscured). This in turn means that there is no hole in the middle of the light beam within the telescope. This generally makes stray light easier to control because the telescope designer need not try to block that portion of the light beam having the hole. Additionally, this configuration allows for more physical space for a focal plane and cooler. A telescope will typically have a focal plane located at the image plane. The focal plane is typically an electronic device which receives and processes the image. The focal plane of a telescope is typically surrounded by a cold shield which blocks light other than the light directly reflected by the mirror closest to the focal plane from reaching the focal plane. To increase the ability of an infrared telescope to perceive infrared light, the telescope may have a cooler to cool the focal plane relative to the other structures of the telescope. Some infrared telescopes, however, may use an uncooled focal plane. Having an eccentric pupil allows the telescope designer to eliminate the unused part of the primary mirror. Being off-axis tends to move the image plane down, away from the remaining piece of the primary mirror. The resulting effect of these two conditions is that there is more physical space for the focal plane, the mounting structure, and the cooler adjacent to the remaining piece of the primary (i.e., in the physical space that would otherwise be occupied by the unused part of the primary mirror). If the eccentric-pupil, off-axis configuration were not used, the focal plane, mounting structure, and cooler would typically be located behind the primary mirror and/or in the hole that would exist in the center of the primary mirror. Finally, this configuration typically reduces aberrations, thus resulting in improved image quality.
Even in light of the existing telescope designs, there is a need for an improved telescope, such as an off-axis, eccentric-pupil two mirror infrared telescope, for space-based applications that provides adequate image quality over a relatively wide field of view in a lightweight and physically compact structure.

Off-axis two-mirror re-imaging infrared telescope


To conduct a three-dimensional MRA study of the coronary arteries, the locations in space of the arteries is determined using a scout MR study. Segments (composed of phase-encoding lines, three-dimensional partitions, or both) are created in the volume of interest, each one relating to a particular coronary artery of interest. MR data relating to each one of the segments are acquired during a single cardiac cycle, and at times when the individual coronary arteries of interest are relatively motionless. Advantageously, a paramagnetic contrast agent is used to increase the MR signal from blood, and the study is conducted during a single breath hold.

The invention relates to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and more particularly relates to magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the coronary arteries. In its most immediate sense, the invention relates to three-dimensional MRA of the coronary arteries.
Radiologists have long sought to conduct three-dimensional MRA studies on human coronary arteries. However, such efforts have not been successful. To be diagnostically useful, the images must be free of motion artifacts, must have sufficient contrast between tissue and blood, and must have a minimum level of spatial resolution. And, to be practical, the MRA study must not take too long.
It has heretofore been impossible to produce three-dimensional cardiac MRA images that are not only diagnostically useful, but practical as well. This is because cardiac motion creates motion artifacts in the MRA image. If the study is carried out using techniques that acquire MR image data sufficiently quickly that such artifacts are absent, the study becomes too lengthy. If the study is shortened, spatial resolution and tissue contrast get traded off against the presence of motion artifacts.
One object of the invention is to provide a method for imaging a patient's coronary arteries in such a manner that motion artifacts are minimized while permitting the study to be completed in a practical time.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a method in which adequate spatial resolution and tissue contrast need not be traded off against the presence of motion artifacts in the image.
Another object is, in general, to improve on methods of this general type.
The invention proceeds from the realization that the coronary arteries do not all move at the same time and that there is a time during the cardiac cycle when each coronary artery is relatively motionless. Hence, if MR data could be acquired from each coronary artery at a time when the artery of interest was essentially motionless, motion artifacts would (if not eliminated) be at least greatly reduced.
The invention also proceeds from the realization that it is possible to segment the volume of interest so as to correspond to the stationary positions of the coronary arteries of interest. In this way, the MR data collection can be restricted to regions where the data are important. Because of this, the study can be conducted more rapidly.
In accordance with the invention, a volume of interest (VOI) is established. The VOI includes all the coronary arteries to be imaged. Then, the VOI is divided into a plurality of segments. Each segment relates to a part of a coronary artery that remains relatively motionless during a corresponding portion of the patient's cardiac cycle. Thereafter, magnetic resonance (MR) data are acquired for each of the plurality of segments. For each segment, this data acquisition takes place during the corresponding portion of the patient's cardiac cycle.
Hence, in accordance with the invention, little motion is occurring while MR data are being acquired. Therefore, motion artifacts are largely absent from the reconstructed image. Furthermore, because data collection is limited only to particular segments of the VOI, the study can be conducted rapidly.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment, MR data are acquired from each one of the segments during a single cardiac cycle. During each successive cardiac cycle, more MR data are acquired from each one of the segments. This process is continued until sufficient data have been acquired.
Advantageously, and in further accordance with the preferred embodiment, the entire MR data acquisition takes place during a single breath hold. This minimizes body motion during the acquisition, which produces an image of improved diagnostic quality. Alternatively, respiratory gating methods can be used to reduce motion artifacts, including the use of navigator techniques that monitor cardiac or diaphragm motion.
Further advantageously, the MR data acquisitions are carried out using an MR pulse sequence of a type in which blood is rendered bright in a reconstructed MR image. Alternatively, or additionally, it is possible to administer a paramagnetic contrast agent to the patient before conducting the MRA study, thereby increasing the intensity of the blood signal.

Three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography of coronary arteries

Beth Israel Deconess Medical Center, Inc.