According to an illustrative embodiment, an information processing apparatus is provided. The information processing apparatus includes a communication device to receive plural pieces of tag information corresponding to respective positions within a target area, the target area having a position defined by the position of the apparatus; and an output device to output a plurality of sounds such that for each sound at least a portion of the sound overlaps with at least a portion of another of the sounds, each of the sounds being indicative of a respective piece of tag information.

In these days, applications employing AR (augmented reality) technology come under the spotlight accompanying the popularization of mobile terminals equipped with an imaging device and a display. For example, as an application employing the AR technology, an AR application which adds tag information like a picture, a text or a voice to a picture image of an actual space based on the position of the mobile equipment.
An AR application allows a user to view and operate a piece of tag information added to the actual space. However, as the number of tags of information added to the actual space increases, since the visibility of the screen decreases, it is difficult for the user to find a desired piece of information. With respect to this problem, JP-A-2010-49158 discloses a voice control device which guides a user with voice in accordance with the relationship between the mobile terminal and an object position.

Voice control device, voice control method and program


An apparatus for delivery through a vessel including an extensor segment and first and second anchor segments positioned on either side of the extensor segment, wherein each segment has associated with it an individually-addressable electro-active polymer.

Catheter systems have been used for internal delivery of treatment devices and drugs. Such systems have been used with minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as key-hole surgery.
Current catheter systems often use guide wires to position the treatment devices and drugs within the body. Effective use of current systems requires some skill to maneuver the guide wire with accuracy and precision.
Electro-active polymers can be used in devices that can exert forces or execute movements upon external stimulation, e.g., electrical current. Electrical current causes relative volume change of the electro-active polymer resulting in movements such as bending, expanding or contracting. Some are made of a bi-layer of a conducting polymer and a carrier substrate, e.g., a metal or a polymer. These devices can have lateral dimensions ranging from micrometers to centimeters and layer thickness in the range of nanometers to millimeters. Additional information concerning electro-active polymers and their application are described in International Publication Nos. WO 96/28841, filed Aug. 3, 1996; WO 00/78222, filed Jun. 18, 2000; WO 03/39859, filed Jun. 11, 2002; and WO 04/92050, filed Apr. 8, 2004, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,399, filed Dec. 30, 1997 and issued Aug. 25, 2000; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,659, filed May 5, 2004 and issued Aug. 23, 2005, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.


A method of generating an authentication for updating a mobile communications device's 40 location to a second communications device 60 is disclosed herein. The mobile communications device 40 is registered to a home network 30 comprising a proxy server but roams to a foreign network 40 with a different network number. The method proposes that, at the time of performing the location update, the second communications device and the proxy server each provides an input to a hash function to generate a shared secret; and using the shared secret as the authentication when the proxy server or the mobile communications device transmits the location update to the second communications device.

This invention relates to a method of generating an authentication for updating a mobile communications device's location.
Mobile networking along with the proliferation of wireless devices, such as notebook computers, personal digital assistants and cellular phones are gaining popularity. In mobile networking, a mobile communications device or a mobile device roams between an inter-connected network or inter-network to access or retrieve the desired information and it is imperative that the communication session is not disrupted during the roaming process. When the mobile device roams or switches between networks, its "point of attachment" to the inter-network changes which is invisible to the user since the hand-offs and reconnections occur automatically and seamlessly.
In a typical packet switched inter-network, such as the Internet, data packets are routed from a source inter-network address to a destination inter-network address according to a network number derived from the destination inter-network address by masking off some of the low-order bits. Thus, an inter-network address typically carries information that specifies a device's point of attachment according to the network number. To maintain existing higher-layer connections and to prevent communications breakdown as the mobile device moves from place to place, and thus between networks, the mobile device should keep its inter-network address the same. However, this is not possible since the correct delivery of packets to the mobile device's current point of attachment depends on the network number contained within the mobile device's inter-network address, which changes at new points of attachment i.e. when the mobile device moves between networks.
If a communications device wishes to send a data packet to the mobile device and is not updated of the new location or point of attachment of the mobile device, the data packet destined for the mobile device may be lost and thus communication would be disrupted. Therefore, to change the routing requires a new inter-network address associated with the new point of attachment.
To overcome the above problem, it has been proposed that the mobile device uses two Inter-network addresses: a home inter-network address (HIA) which is static and used to maintain reachability and connection even when the mobile device is away from the home inter-network, and a care-of inter-network address (CoA) which changes at each new point of attachment and can be regarded as the mobile device's topological significant address. The CoA indicates the new network number and thus identifies the mobile device's point of attachment with respect to the network topology. To maintain continuous network connection, the home network includes a proxy server which receives data messages on behalf of the mobile device and thereafter routes the data message to the mobile device based on the new CoA so that the communications session is not disrupted. The home network proxy server makes it appear that the mobile device is continually receiving data on its home network but in actual fact, the data is being routed to the new network specified by the CoA.
Alternatively, when the mobile device acquires a new CoA from the new network, the mobile device sends a location update message to its corresponding communications devices informing them of its new CoA. This will allow the corresponding communications devices to send messages using the new CoA to the mobile device. However, upon receiving the update message, a communications device, must verify the authenticity of the location update message before it starts sending messages to the mobile device at the new CoA. Authentication of the location update message is required since a hacker can impersonate the mobile device by sending a location update message with a CoA of his choice such that the corresponding device is bluffed into sending packets to the hacker instead of the mobile device.
Most of the authentication methods or protocols in the prior art proposed that the parties concerned pre-share a secret key or recognise each other's public key (see C. Kaufman, R. Perlman, and M. Speciner, Network Security—Private Communication in A Public World, PTR Prentice Hall, Englewoor Cliffs, N.J., 1995). Sharing a secret key between a mobile device and a random corresponding device in a large inter-connected network such as the Internet is unrealistic and complex. In addition, it is unlikely that a global public key infrastructure over the Internet will take place in the near future.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method of generating an authentication which alleviates at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art.

Agency For Science, Technology and Research


The present invention is directed to a liquid activated buckle release mechanism for safety belt harnesses and restraint devices used in moving crafts such as airplanes, boats, land based vehicles and the like. The buckle includes a latch for receiving and retaining one end of a safety belt within the buckle, a release mechanism for releasing the latch in order to free the belt, a liquid detection circuit for detecting the presence of liquid and controlling the operation of the release mechanism when liquid is detected.

The present invention generally relates to the field of liquid-sensitive actuators for actuating a device upon immersion in a liquid. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a liquid activated buckle release mechanism for safety belt harnesses and restraint devices used in moving crafts such as airplanes, boats, land based vehicles and the like.
At the present time, approximately 90% of all military and civilian helicopter restraint devices employ a seat harness with a rotary buckle mechanism as illustrated in FIG. 1. As FIG. 1 shows, a seat strap 1 is routed between the crew member or passenger's legs. One end of strap 1 is bolted to the seat pan on which the crew member sits and the other end is attached to a rotary buckle 4. Shoulder straps 2 and lap belt straps 3 are inserted into rotary buckle 4 and are locked into place. In order to release straps 2 and 3 from buckle 4 so that the crewman can egress the aircraft, the crew member must rotate a buckle release handle 5.
When a crash of the aircraft or ditching in water occurs, the helicopter will, in most cases, roll over to an inverted position and sink. The ingress of water and the panic of the crew member makes it difficult to locate and operate release handle 5 to free himself from the seat harness and perform an emergency egress maneuver. In many instances, the crew member is trapped and drowns. The crew member may also be unconscious or too injured as a result of the crash to operate the release handle. Thus, a crew mate will not only have to locate and operate the release handle for his own harness, he must also locate and operate the release handle for the injured crewman as well. The time lost in doing so further endangers the lives of all involved.
Water craft also represent another cause for concern with respect to rapid release of safety belts and restraint devices in the event of an emergency. The concern is particularly great with respect to motor boats. In an accident where the boat capsizes or loses its structural integrity, those on board must quickly release themselves from any restraint systems. As in the case of the downed crewmen in the helicopter discussed above, they may be unable to do so with out the assistance of others.
There are many other circumstances in which life-saving restraint devices can become a danger to life. Even the safety-belt in a typical automobile can be difficult to unbuckle during an emergency. The need for an automatic release of the buckle is particularly desirable where there is heavy vehicle traffic around large bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, ponds and the like. Occupants of a vehicle which accidentally plunges into these bodies of water are confronted with the some dangers described above with respect to crewman in aircraft. Moreover, infants who are buckled into child safety seats are particularly at risk in these situations.
Accordingly, there is a great need for a buckle release mechanism which can be manually and automatically operated in an emergency situation.

Liquid activated buckle release mechanism


A catalytic gas radiant tube heater, and a method for its use. A radiant tube encloses a catalyst tube containing a catalyst on a catalyst support. Air and a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel diffuse into the catalyst support and react on the catalyst surfaces. The reaction heats the catalyst tube, causing the catalyst tube to emit infrared radiation, which heats the radiant tube from within, causing the radiant tube to emit infrared radiation. The infrared radiation emitted by the radiant tube is directed in the desired direction by a reflector. The preferred catalyst is cobalt chromium oxide spinel.

The present invention relates to space heaters and, more particularly, to a device and method for producing infrared radiation to heat the surrounding area.
The most common way to heat the contents, such as people, of a restricted space, such as a chilly room, is to heat the air within that space. A more efficient way of achieving the same results is to direct infrared radiation at the targets to be heated, as well as at surfaces such as walls and floors in the restricted space, thereby eliminating the need to use warm or hot air as an intermediary. The targets and the irradiated surfaces then become an ensemble of low-temperature radiant re-emitters. Because infrared energy is absorbed solely where it is directed, it is possible to divide the restricted space into separate smaller zones and to maintain a different comfort level in each zone. Objects in contact with the floor are warmed both by direct radiation and by conduction from the floor. This method of space heating has been applied to a wide variety of locations, including warehouses, garages, greenhouses, transportation terminals, airplane hangers, gymnasia, tennis courts, farm and industrial buildings and loading docks.
The most common way to generate the infrared radiation is by using a gas radiant tube heater, as illustrated schematically in FIG. 1. The components of a conventional gas radiant tube heater include a radiant tube 10, a control and combustion system 12, a fuel inlet 14, an air inlet 16, an exhaust fan 18 and a reflector 20. A gaseous hydrocarbon fuel such as methane is introduced to control and combustion system 12 via fuel inlet 14. Air, as a source of oxygen, is introduced to control and combustion system 12 via air inlet 16, which may be as simple as a hole in the side of control and combustion system 12. Control and combustion system 12 ignites the resulting air-fuel mixture at the left end of radiant tube 10, producing hot reaction products, which, when they contact the inner wall of radiant tube 10, are at a temperature of about 500.degree. C. at the left end of radiant tube 10 and at a temperature of about 150.degree. C. at the right end of radiant tube 10. These reaction products ideally include only water vapor and carbon dioxide, but often also include carbon monoxide, soot and nitrogen oxides. Exhaust fan 18 pulls these reaction products through radiant tube 10, heating radiant tube 10 and causing radiant tube 10 to emit infrared radiation. Reflector 20 directs this infrared radiation in the desired direction. For example, if the gas radiant tube heater of FIG. 1 were mounted on the ceiling of a room, reflector 20 would be positioned as shown to direct the infrared radiation downward. An illustrative example of a gas radiant tube heater may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,112, to Rozzi.
Structurally, the only requirement that must be satisfied by radiant tube 10 are that it be sufficiently sturdy to withstand the temperatures generated therewithin by the hot products of the combustion of the fuel in the atmospheric oxygen. Preferably, the outer surface of radiant tube 10 is treated to promote efficient emission of infrared radiation, for example by painting the outer surface of radiant tube 10 black, using a high temperature black paint. Typically, radiant tube 10 is a cylinder from 3 meters to 30 meters in length and from 4 inches to 6 inches in diameter, although other shapes are used. For example, the radiant tube of the Rozzi patent is U-shaped. Typically, the temperature of the outer surface of radiant tube 10 reaches an operating temperature of between 400.degree. C. at the left end of radiant tube 10 and 100.degree. C. at the right end of radiant tube 10.
Conventional gas radiant heaters suffer from the following limitations:
1. Fuel and air must be introduced to control and combustion system 12 in near-stoichiometric proportions. The resulting mixture may explode in case of heater malfunction.
2. As noted above, the reaction products often include pollutants such as carbon monoxide, soot and nitrogen oxides.
3. The relevant components of control and combustion system 12 and radiant tube 10 (for example, the left end of radiant tube 10 where the combustion takes place) must be sufficiently sturdy to withstand the combustion temperatures of between 1300.degree. C. and 1900.degree. C.
4. Because of the temperature drop along radiant tube 10, the infrared radiation is emitted inhomogeneously.
The invention of the Rozzi patent cited above was directed specifically at limitations numbers 1 and 3. Limitations numbers 2 and 4 are inherent to conventional gas radiant heaters.
There is thus a widely recognized need for, and it would be highly advantageous to have, a design for gas radiant heaters that would overcome the disadvantages of presently known systems as described above.

Catalytic radiant tube heater and method for its use


Retaining boards 14 and 18 having vacuum heat-insulating layers 17 and 21 are provided on the surface of a granulating die except a hardening layer 13 having a number of nozzle holes 2, namely, the surfaces of the granulating die 1 which are outside and inside of the hardening layer 13.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to synthetic resin granulating dies, and more particularly to a synthetic resin granulating die having heat insulating structure which is applicable to an underwater granulating machine.
2. Related Art
In an underwater granulating machine, the surface of its granulating die is cooled with circulating water, and therefore sometimes molten resin is solidified in the nozzles of the granulating die; in other words, they are so-called "clogged up". In order to prevent the "clogged up" phenomenon, the present Applicant has before proposed a synthetic resin granulating die which has the following structure and function.
FIG. 3 shows the left half of the granulating die. FIG. 4 is an enlarged diagram of the part B of FIG. 3. More specifically, the part (a) of FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the arrangement of a nozzle section, and the part (b) of FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line C--C in the part (a) of FIG. 4.
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the granulating die 1 has an outside annular path 5, and an inside annular path 6. And a number of heating jackets 3 are provided between the two annular paths 5 and 6. The outside annular path 5 is divided into upper and lower outside annular paths 5a and 5b by right and left blocks 7. The upper and lower outside annular paths 5a and 5b have a heating-fluid lead-in path 8 and a heating-fluid lead-out path 9, respectively. A vacuum heat-insulating layer 4, which is sealed by electronic beam welding, is formed on the surface side of the granulating die in such a manner that it is adjacent to each of the heating jackets 3. A number of nozzles holes 2 are formed between the heating jackets 3. A hardening layer 13 is provided in the surface of the granulating die between the outside annular path 5 and the inside annular path 6. A flange 10 is mounted on the periphery of the granulating die 1. Circulating-box mounting bolt holes 11, and granulating-die mounting bolt holes are formed in the flange 10 thus mounted.
Now, the function of the above-described granulating die will be described.
The heating fluid introduced through the lead-in path 8 is passed through one outside annular path 5a, the heating jackets on both sides of the lines of the nozzles holes, and the inside annular path 6 (a part of the heated fluid passing through only the heating jackets), and then discharged through the other outside annular path 5b. The surface of the granulating die 1 is cooled being in contact with the circulating water. On the other hand, the vacuum heat-insulating layers 4 are formed on the surface side of the granulating die 1 in such a manner that they are adjacent to the heating jackets 3, and therefore the cooling is interrupted, and the nozzle holes 2 are sufficiently heated by the heating fluid flowing through the heating jacket, which prevents the solidification of molten resin at the nozzle holes 2.
In the above-described conventional granulating die, the vacuum heat-insulating layers are formed on the surface side thereof, which improves the heat-insulating effect. However, the heating-insulating effect is only for the region where the hardening layer is provided which is between the outside annular path and the inside annular path. Hence, the surfaces of the die which are inside and outside of the hardening layer is cooled with the circulating water in the circulating box, so that the temperature of the whole die is decreased. On the other hand, a granulating die is known in the art in which a resin gasket is mounted on the surface of the die except the hardening layers, and is retained with a retaining board of stainless steel, thereby to prevent the decrease in temperature of the whole die. However, the granulating die suffers from the following difficulties. That is, the higher the resin gasket is in heat insulating, the more it is liable to be deteriorated by heat. Therefore, it is soon broken, and accordingly it is necessary to replace it frequently.


A high temperature stable composition includes a first material and a second material interspersed within the first material so as to form a structure. The composition is structured such that the first and second materials maintain a periodicity of distribution between about 100 nm and about 1000 nm, and the composition is operable to reflect photons having a wavelength greater than about 700 nm and to emit or transmit photons having a wavelength between about 400 nm and about 700 nm at temperatures greater than about 2000 Kelvin for at least about 10 hours.

The presently claimed invention relates generally to a ceramic composite and related methods and systems for selective emission of radiation.
There are many classes and types of lighting devices available on the market today including incandescent lamps, discharge based lamps such as high intensity discharge (HID) and fluorescent lamps, as well as solid state devices such as Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Organic LEDs (OLEDS). Each of these devices has certain advantages and disadvantages depending upon the application within which they are to be used.
Tungsten filament incandescent lamps for example have numerous advantages for indoor and outdoor lighting systems. These advantages include simplicity of use, pleasing color, instant start, dimmability and low cost, not to mention a very large installation base. However, because much of the input energy of incandescent lamps is radiated outside the visible spectrum, incandescent lamps tend to have low energy efficiencies (e.g., on the order of 17 lumens per watt (LPW) for a 100 watt (100 W) lamp rated at 120 volts (120V) and having a rated lifetime of 750 hours). In particular, only about nine percent (9%) of power supplied to incandescent lamps is radiated as visible light with the remaining power being radiated as waste heat. Despite the many inherent advantages of incandescent lamps, if their efficiency cannot be improved, they will continue to lose market share to compact fluorescent lamps, which have an advantage in efficacy, albeit at the expense of color, dimmability, and acquisition cost.
It has been suggested that one possible approach to improve the efficiency of incandescent lamps is through the use of photonic crystals to modify or suppress thermal radiation above a cutoff wavelength. However, all such suggested photonic crystal designs are limited by one or more factors including the materials and lattice structures employed, as well as the resulting efficiencies afforded.
For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,768,256 issued to Sandia Corporation (hereinafter the '256 patent), a photonic crystal light source is described that is said to provide an enhanced light emission at visible and infrared wavelengths (e.g., enhanced photonic density-of-states). In the '256 patent, the photonic crystal structure is configured in an inherently unstable stacked log pile design utilizing alternating layers of tungsten rods in an attempt to create a photonic band gap. Although some enhanced light emission is reported, the spacing between the tungsten rods ranges from 2.8 μm with a rod width of 1.2 μm to 4.2 μm with a rod width of 0.85 μm. This results in a band edge for the allowed band of energies occurring beyond 4 μm yielding a minimal increase in efficiency. In order for such a tungsten log pile design to provide a band gap that is applicable in a lighting device such as an incandescent lamp, the lattice spacing would need to be on the order of about 400 nm. However, at such a small scale, 400 nm tungsten rods become extremely unstable when exposed to temperatures common to an incandescent environment (e.g., at or above 1700 Kelvin) for as little as two hours.
FIGS. 1(A-C) illustrate an example of 400 nm tungsten rods having been exposed to temperatures of 300 Kelvin, 1500 Kelvin and 1700 Kelvin, respectively for a period of two hours. With reference to FIGS. 1(A-C) it can be easily seen that as the temperature is increased, the grain size within the rods increases toward the feature size causing the rods to become unstable. Similarly, other mechanisms such as Raleigh instability may cause the logs to spheroidize into droplets rendering the structures unstable at high temperatures.
Thus, although the prior art may suggest methods of improving efficiencies of incandescent lamps, all such suggested improvements fail to teach material and structural combinations at the appropriate scale that are predicted to be stable at temperatures above 1700 Kelvin for extended periods of time.

High temperature ceramic composite for selective emission


A wired mouse containing a circuit board, a connection line to connect the mouse to a PC, and a built-in mobile power module; the mobile power module being charged by the PC external source, or a second connection interface being provided to the mouse, the power source module charging any other electronic product through the second connection interface while the mouse is operating.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a wired mouse provided with a built-in power source module for the mouse to charge and discharge at the same time.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
PC has become a part of one's daily life thanks to prosperous development of information technology by day. Computer software generally available in the market has been mostly put in window for direct selection by clicking the mouse on the monitor of the PC for the item or command to be executed. A computer mouse is now practically a must of one of the peripherals to a computer.
Usually the mouse includes a body comprised of an upper case and a lower case. A left key and a right key are provided on the top end of the upper case to click an option. A trackball disposed at the bottom of the lower case is partially exposed to contact a desktop and the trackball rolls as the mouse moves relatively against the desktop. The rolling movement is converted into electric signals through a built-in circuit in the mouse, and those signals are transmitted together with the command signals generated when the user presses the left or the right key through a cable of the mouse to the PC to achieve selection of option by clicking the mouse.
A wireless mouse transmitting radio signals to a receiver connected to a computer host without connection of a cable as illustrated in FIG. 9 includes a charging box 50 and a power transmission cable 60. The charging box 50 includes a cell tray 51, a control circuit board (not illustrated), and two DC sockets 52. The cell tray accommodates one or multiple rechargeable cell, which can be conducted for charging purpose. The power transmission cable 60 includes a Y-shaped cable 61 and a 2-plug cable 62. Both ends of cables 61, 62 are respectively disposed with a plug 63.
Upon charging the wireless mouse, the rechargeable cell 53 is pulled out and placed in the tray 51 of the charging box 50; and the plug 63 disposed to one end of the Y-shaped cable 61 is inserted into the DC socket 52 of the charging box 50 while another plug 63 disposed to the other end of the Y-shaped cable 61 is connected to the receiver 70 of the wireless mouse and another plug 63 yet of the Y-shape cable 61 is inserted into a notebook 30. Accordingly, the notebook 50 is connected to the receiver 70 of the wireless mouse and the charging box 50 for the charging box 50 to charge the wireless mouse using the power supplied from the notebook 30. Furthermore, both plugs 63 respectively attached to both ends of the cable are inserted into the DC charging socket 52 of the charging box 50 and the wireless mouse to conduct through the wireless mouse and the charging box for the user to operate his notebook 30 while charging the wireless mouse. However, the additional charging box for the installation of the rechargeable cell and the electric connection comprised of additional power transmission cables of the prior art involve more complicate installation, higher production cost, and a mess of cables.


An elongated cylinder-like shaped ornamental planter simulated a portion of a tree, naturally formed and found in nature. Extending from the main body of about eighteen inches is a protrusion forming a V-shaped balancing arm simulating a limb smaller in size from the main body. A hollowed body chamber cavity extends the whole length to contain earth and flora. Irregular shaped oval openings are situated along the top of the main body to simulate knot holes. The bottom surface of the main body is smooth and flat containing drain holes for water. The outer surface of the main body includes many irregularly shaped and positioned placed simulated tree-like characteristics. Irregular bark texture covers or surrounds the outer surface and tree-like characteristics. Varied applications of colors give each simulated log or portion of a tree, their own distinctive look.

There are many types of planters available. Most common are square, rectangular or cylindrical shaped containers of varying size. Some have either a plain smooth outer surface texture or a rough raised surface texture. Some may be plain in color or have designs applied to their surface. However, they do not totally simulate a portion of a tree naturally formed and found in nature, in appearance and function.
Inventors have created products in the garden world that have a simulated bark or tree characteristics applied to their surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 657,050 of Bick, et al. discloses the object of their invention, which is to ornament objects of any description in imitation of tree bark with knobs projecting from its surface. The Bick '050 process is to apply a paper-mache substance while in a smooth soft state to the surface of objects, such as bottles, glass, metal goods, picture frames, earthenware, etc. Wooden plugs would have to be added to simulate knots and scores would have to be applied to the paper-mache surface to simulate bark texture. Although a partial realism of simulated bark texture to the outer surface of an object could be obtained, it would be after much work of scoring the surface and may not simulate a more detailed bark texture with additional characteristics as found in nature. It is further unlikely that one would find any objects decorated with this process existing out in the landscape of nature.
While the Bick '050 object is to apply a process to objects not found in nature to simulate a bark-like appearance to their outer surface, in contrast, in the present invention, the objective is to fully simulate the look and function of an object that would be found and formed naturally in nature.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,106,233 of Horowitz discloses the invention of an elongated plant holding trellis with integrally-formed members simulating natural wood bark along one surface. The members snap together to interlock horizontally and/or vertically in the support of a vine-like plant. Although not stated, however detailed are the trellis supports with simulated bark board, their objective is to support flora in a climbing relationship, not to contain flora as in the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,069,580 of Gaskins relates to an article of manufacture made from a conical shaped cypress tree knee. One object of Gaskins '580 is the production of a vase or pot for growing flowers, particularly designed for tropical or moisture-loving plants. The vase or flower pot is realized after the knee is removed from the root of the tree. A bottom is then fastened on and holes are bored in. Because its construction maintains a humid atmosphere, the planter of Gaskins '580 may not be suitable for plants requiring much less amount of moisture in their growing process. The difficulty in growing plants needing much less moisture than tropical or exotic plants is realized due to the hollowed out conical shaped chamber of the cypress knee, which is capable of holding a large quantity of moisture within for long periods of time. In comparison, an opened-aired planter such as the present invention allows moisture to leave more readily, allowing more control of a water schedule. An enhanced danger exists for plants other than tropical or exotic when conditions for extended periods of rain and dampness exist with the upright, conical planter of Gaskins '580.
Due to its conical shape, moisture would gather on the knee of Gaskins '580 and advance downward, seeping into the bored out holes and into the inner chamber containing the plants and root system. If there was short periods of dryness between rainy or damp periods, it would only allow little moisture to evaporate or escape this humidified atmosphere, leaving plant and roots in an almost constant wet state. This may harm or kill plants where this constant wet state is not conducive to their survival.
Gaskins '580 also states that the level of earth is preferably made close to the level of the openings so that the plant does not suffer from dearth of sunlight during the brief time required for it to develop large enough to grow out of the openings. Time required to develop a large enough plant indicates a plant in an immature state which could greatly increase the risk of dying due to overwatering.
Though it may be an acceptable planter for tropical or exotic plants where living in a constant wet state for extended periods of time may not harm them, the planter of Gaskins '580 may not be a suitable environment for most other plants.
Another prior art planter is that of Henri Studios, which include cylindrical wood-like hollow planters completely open at a top edge, wherein the planters are decorated with auxiliary cartoon-like statues of animals, which detract from the overall natural look of the planter. Furthermore, the planters of Henri Studios are devoid of auxiliary limbs extending obliquely from axis of the cylindrical wood bodies. The one version which has an auxiliary portion includes a limb member extending generally parallel to an axis of an open upwardly extending cylinder.


The invention relates to a generator, to a magnetic flux conducting unit for a generator, and to a power generation machine comprising such a generator. In an embodiment of the invention, a generator is disclosed which comprises at least one coil assembly and at least one magnetic flux conducting unit. The magnetic flux conducting unit comprises at least one magnet, a pair of opposed magnetic flux conducting elements defining a space therebetween for receiving the coil assembly, and at least one connection portion extending between the opposed magnetic flux conducting elements. The at least is arranged relative to the opposed magnetic flux conducting elements such that the magnetic attraction forces between the elements are redacted through and balances with the connection portion.

The present invention relates to a generator, to a magnetic flux conducting unit for a generator, and to a power generation machine comprising such a generator. In particular, but not exclusively the present invention relates to a direct drive generator and to a magnetic flux conducting unit for a direct drive generator.
In the field of electricity generation, it is well known to provide a generator coupled to a fluid driven turbine such as those found in oil, gas, coal and nuclear power stations. Conventional generators comprise a rotor having an iron core with a number of current-carrying coils wound on the core, and an iron-cored stator carrying a winding. A magnetic field is generated by passing a current along the rotor coils such that, on rotation of the rotor, a current is induced in the coils of the stator winding. The rotors of generators found in power stations are coupled to the turbine by a drive shaft which rotates at a high rotational velocity, of the order of several thousand rpm, and with a relatively low drive torque. Conventional power generators, manufactured with this in mind, have therefore been designed for high velocity, low torque operation.
In recent years, significant research has been conducted worldwide into sustainable electricity generation methods, including wind, wave and tidal power generation.
Existing wind machines comprise a prime mover in the form of a large diameter rotor. The rotor has a number of rotor blades, mounted on a rotor shaft, which is coupled to a power generator. The turbine rotor typically rotates at relatively low rotational speeds and at a high output torque, for example, 20 rpm for a 2MW machine, with an output torque of around 955 kNm. It will therefore be understood that turbines of this type operate at relatively low rotational speeds, but with a relatively high torque output. In order to successfully generate power in such low speed, high torque machines, conventional power generators (designed for high speed, low torque operation) require to be connected to the turbine rotor through a gearbox. The gearbox increases the rotational speed and decreases the torque of the output from the turbine rotor which is input to the generator.
Use of gearboxes of this type is generally undesired as there are a number of significant disadvantages. In particular, the gearboxes are relatively large and heavy, greatly increasing the weight of the unit provided in the nascelle at the top of the wind turbine tower. Additionally, provision of a gearbox between the output shaft of the turbine rotor and the input shaft of the generator reduces the efficiency of the machine.
Furthermore, these gearboxes have been found to be surprisingly unreliable under typical wind turbine operating conditions. The main cause for this is the constant variation in the operating speed and torque transmitted through the gearbox, due to fluctuations in wind velocity.
Similar problems have been experienced in power generation systems using wave and tidal forces, where the prime movers of the systems operate at even lower rotational or cycling velocities, and hence at still higher torques or thrust forces.
To address these problems, different types of power generators have been developed which are designed for low speed, high torque operation, for direct connection to, for example, the rotor of a wind machine.
Examples of these types of generator include conventional permanent magnet generators, and high force density machines such as the Transverse Flux Machine (TFM) and the Vernier Hybrid Machine (VHM) of Newage AVK SEG, which have been proposed for direct drive systems. A particular application of these generators which has been identified is in wave power machines. A linear VHM machine includes opposed magnetic flux conducting cores which are generally C-shaped in cross-section, with a number of successively oppositely polarized pairs of magnets arrayed on arms of the cores, on either side of an air gap between the two opposed cores. A translator with upper and lower castellated surfaces is arranged in the air gap and is coupled to the prime mover of the power generating machine. In use, the translator reciprocates back and forth within the air gap and as the castellated portions of the translator successively align with oppositely polarized pairs of magnets, the magnetic flux flow between the two cores switches, the frequency of this switching depending upon the velocity of reciprocation of the translator. Coils are arranged on arms of the cores and thus power is generated as the magnetic field switches.
Machines of this type, those with an iron core on the stationary and moving members, suffer from significant disadvantages, particularly in that extremely large magnetic attraction forces exist between the two cores. This requires a very large and heavy support structure for the cores, in order to maintain the air gap, with a resultant effect upon the size and weight of the generator. Additionally, manufacture and assembly of the generator, due to these large magnetic attraction forces, is extremely difficult.
In an effort to address problems such as those associated with the aforementioned iron cored machines, a low force density generator, disclosed in International Patent Application Number PCT/GB02/02288, has been proposed. The generator disclosed in PCT/GB02/02288 is designed for use with a wind turbine, and is therefore a rotary generator. In the disclosed generator, the iron on the stator of the generator has been removed, and coils on the stator are supported by a non-magnetic material. In this machine, flux coming out of the moving iron surface of an iron core on a rotor of the machine has no iron surface to flow into, hence the magnetic flux effectively sees an infinitely large magnetic air gap. The flux density is therefore relatively low, and the efficiency and effectiveness of the machine is significantly reduced when compared with other generators. Accordingly, significantly more magnetic material is required on the rotor in order to achieve anything like a suitable operating efficiency. As a result, the physical diameter of the machines is required to be greatly increased. For example, for a 5MW air-cored machine, it is estimated that the machine would be 26 meters in diameter, being of the order of two to three times the diameter of an equivalent iron-cored generator.
In an alternative type of rotary generator, two iron discs are located in opposition with an air gap therebetween, and with an air cored winding sandwiched between the two moving discs. Magnets are provided on the iron discs, with successive pairs of magnets (in a circumferential direction) being of opposite polarity. When the discs rotate, the stationary windings successively experience a switching magnetic flux flow, thereby generating electricity.
However, machines of this type have extremely large magnetic attraction forces between the two discs, presenting problems of requiring a large and heavy support structure of the type described above. This presents a particularly difficult problem during manufacture of these relatively large machines, as it is extremely difficult to maintain the small air gap required (in order to maximize flux density) whilst keeping the iron discs apart.
It is therefore amongst the objects of embodiments of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one of the forgoing disadvantages.

Generator and magnetic flux conducting unit

The University Court of the University of Edinburgh


A low-temperature LED lighting and power supply device has a low power-consuming power supply control module and an LED lighting module electrically connected therewith. The LED lighting module is composed of at least one light source driver and an LED light source. The low power-consuming power supply control module at least has a surge suppression unit, a voltage-dividing-limiting unit, a current-limiting unit, and a steady voltage filtering unit. Accordingly, the present invention allows LED lighting equipment to be applied in a wider power supply range and operated under a low-temperature and low power-consuming state so as to meet economic and practical demands and environmental protection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a low-temperature LED lighting and power supply device and, more particularly, to a power supply control module with low power consumption and an LED lighting module electrically connected with the power control module for LED lighting equipment so as to be adaptable to a wide range of power supply and to be operated under a low-temperature and low power-consuming state in compliance with the demands for economical and practical use and environmental protection.
2. Description of the Related Art
Lamps are indispensable lighting equipment in modern life. For the sake of technological advancement and maturity, new-generation LED lamps are advantageous in high luminance, fast response time, compact size, low power consumption, energy conservation, operational safety, and long life duration. As a result, LED lighting has become the mainstream of lighting developed by the lighting industry to take the place of traditional lighting.
However, only 15˜20% of the input power of high-power LEDs is used for lighting, and the remaining 80˜85% of the input power is converted into heat. If not effectively dissipated, the heat results in high LED die junction temperature and leads to issues, such as lower lighting efficiency, shorter life cycle, and the like, being key concerns to the quality of LED lighting products.
Traditional LED lighting equipment usually adopts 12V or 30V DC electronic ballast to convert 100V-260V AC power into 12V/300-500 mA or 30V/300-500 mA DC power, which is ideal to LED's light generation. During operation, traditional LED lighting equipment not only becomes a heat source at 60° C. or above but also generates dazzling glare. Due to the requirements of AC input power at no less than 10 mA and pursuit for operation under low temperature, low power consumption, and low carbon emission for environmental protection, conventional lighting equipment still needs improvement in many technical aspects. Besides, the electronic ballast has a plenty of active components therein, which are vulnerable to surge interference and fault-prone accordingly.
As to the solutions for the foregoing high-temperature issue of traditional LED lighting equipment, latest advanced techniques disclosed by the patents, namely, Taiwan Utility Model Patent No. M420646 entitled "Heat-dissipating LED lighting device", Taiwan Utility Model Patent No. M423204 entitled "heat-dissipating LED lamp", Taiwan Patent No. 263008 entitled "LED lamp", Taiwan Patent No. 359243 entitled "LED lamp with heat-dissipating effect", China Patent Application No. 200680019064 entitled "Heat sink for a lamp and method making the same", China Patent Application No. 200810067522 entitled "LED lamp", China Patent Application No. 201010125449 entitled "LED street light", U.S. Pat. No. 7,497,596 B2 entitled "LED and LED lamp", U.S. Pat. No. 8,076,856 B2 entitled "LED lamp", Japan Patent Publication No. 2010050472A entitled "LED and traffic light", Japan Patent Publication No. 2004288827 entitled "LED lamp", and the like, basically drop temperature with choices of materials. Although those structural designs can partially attain heat-dissipating effect, the high temperature issue generated by LED upon lighting actually fails to be fully overcome. Heat dissipation of single LED bulb is already difficult to tackle, let alone LED light sources arranged in the form of a matrix. The temperature arising from accumulated heat could be even higher, and the escalated post-processing cost does not match up to the economic effect delivered by the LED lighting equipment.
Additionally, as the AC voltage of power used by current LED lighting equipment is limited below a range of 100V-260V, the effective range of working voltage is therefore rather limited. Such drawback hinders LED lighting equipment from being combined with solar or wind power generation as a lighting system with an independent power supply.

Low-temperature LED lighting and power supply device


An electric connector includes an outer housing and an inner housing located within the outer housing. A connector terminal is located within the inner housing. A primary lock retains the connector terminal within the inner housing, and a secondary lock also retains the connector terminal within the inner housing.

This invention relates in general to an electric connector and, more specifically, to an electric connector assembly that includes a terminal that is retained within a housing by a primary lock and a secondary lock.
Electric connectors may be used in automobiles, for example, in completing electrical circuits with components in a power distribution box or connecting a wiring harness to an electrical device. These connectors may include a wire that is connected to a connector terminal, and the connector terminal is designed to mate with a corresponding terminal located, for example, in the power distribution box. Some electric connectors include a connector terminal that mates with the corresponding terminal on a first axis, while the wire exits the connector on a second axis that is perpendicular to the first axis. These are known as ninety degree connectors because there is a ninety-degree angle between the terminal and the wire of the connector.
The wire is commonly connected to the connector terminal by welding an end of the wire to a portion of the connector terminal. This welding helps maintain a good connection between the wire and the connector terminal. The connector terminal is typically fixed inside a connector housing in order to help prevent damage to the electric connector and to maintain proper mating between the connector terminal and the corresponding terminal. For example, the connector terminal should not pull out of the connector housing if the wire is tugged or pulled. The terminal may be fixed inside the connector housing in part by providing a connector terminal that will engage a portion of connector housing if the connector terminal comes out of its proper position. Assembling these electric connectors can require inserting the wire end through a wire opening in the connector housing prior to welding the wire end to the connector terminal. It would be advantageous to have an electric connector that is easier to assemble.

Electric connector with a lock to retain a terminal within a housing


A holder for a bottle containing a cosmetic, such as nail polish, has a sack-like base portion which contains small particles. An annular container is attached to the mid section of the base portion for removably receiving the bottle. During application of the cosmetic, the ends of the base portion are draped over an arm of leg of the user with the particles providing weight to retain the holder in place. When not being used, the base portion is wrapped around the bottle and the ends of the base portion are fastened together to retain the bottle therein.

The present invention relates to holders for supporting a bottle containing a cosmetic while the user is applying the cosmetic; and more particularly to such holders which are adapted to hold the bottle of cosmetic against a leg or arm of the user.
Nail polish and other cosmetics come in bottles with a screw-on top that contains an integral brush for applying the cosmetic material. The user unscrews the top and uses the brush to apply the cosmetic to a specific anatomical feature, for example polish is applied by the brush to the nails of the user's hand or foot. The user periodically inserts the brush into the bottle so that the brush can carry the cosmetic from the bottle to the anatomical feature being treated. The bottle typically is placed on a table or other support while the brush is being used. However, there are times when the individual desires to apply the cosmetic in a location in which a table top or other stable, flat support surface for the bottle is not available.


A spatially resolved spectral device comprising a dispersive array to receive an incident light comprising a principal ray. The dispersive array comprising a plurality of dichroic layers, each of the plurality of dichroic layers disposed in a path of a direction of the principal ray. Each of the plurality of dichroic layers configured to at least one of reflect or transmit a different wavelength range of the incident light. The device further comprising a detection array operatively coupled with the dispersive array. The detection array comprising a photosensitive component including a plurality of detection pixels, each of the plurality of detection pixels having a light-receiving surface disposed parallel to the direction of the principal ray to detect a respective one of the different wavelength ranges of incident light reflected from a corresponding one of the plurality of dichroic layers.

The efficient capture and recording of a photonic scene, often changing dynamically in time, lies at the heart of nearly all modern observational sciences. And while each discipline utilizes specialized instrumentation, there are three fundamental building blocks that are common to all approaches: fore-optics (meant to focus and sometimes disperse light spectrally), detection devices (which capture light and convert it to an analog signal), and digitization electronics (providing the conversion of the analog measurement to digital bits).
A goal of such instrumentation may be to capture and record the energy and polarization of each incoming photon, the location of each photon in the focal plane, and the time of arrival at the focal plane. If indeed every measurable property of every photon is saved digitally, then the building up a complete "movie" of the recorded scene would require post process binning spatially, spectrally, and temporally. As a practical matter, however, such binning is usually accomplished by the instrumentation itself: detectors are exposed for a finite integration time to collect a sufficient number of photons to overcome background and instrumentation noise. The spectral energy distribution (i.e., intensity of a function of wavelength) of the incoming light may be discerned by introducing spectral elements, such as diffraction gratings, into the fore-optics, and recording intensity differences across the spectrum at different spatial location on the detectors. In low-light scenes or in rapidly changing scenes, there is a fundamental trade-off between efficiency of photon detection including the quantum efficiency of detectors, spectral resolution, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution.

Spatially resolved spectral-imaging device

The Regents of the University of California


A stereoscopic image display device includes a substrate; a plurality of black matrices formed parallel to one another on a first surface of the substrate; a plurality of black stripes formed on a second surface of the substrate opposite the first surface, each of the plurality of black stripes corresponding to one of the plurality of black matrices, each of the plurality of black stripes having a width equal to or greater than a width of the corresponding one of the plurality of black matrices; and a patterned retarder film formed on the plurality of black stripes, the patterned retarder film including a plurality of first retarder patterns and a plurality of second retarder patterns, wherein a first retarder pattern is disposed over a region between a first pair of black stripes, and a second retarder pattern is disposed over a region between a second pair of black stripes that is adjacent to the first pair of black stripes, and wherein the width of each of the plurality of black stripes is less than or equal to twice an adhesion margin of the patterned retarder film.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to a stereoscopic image display device, and more particularly, to a stereoscopic image display device capable of improving crosstalk between stereoscopic images.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
A stereoscopic image display device may embody stereoscopic images using a stereoscopic technique or an autostereoscopic technique.
The stereoscopic technique employs binocular disparity images having a high stereoscopic effect and may be classified into a glasses type and a non-glasses type. Both the glasses-type stereoscopic technique and the non-glasses-type stereoscopic technique are being put to practical use. In the glasses-type stereoscopic technique, binocular disparity images may be displayed on a direct-view display device or a projector by changing the polarization direction of the binocular disparity images, or using a time division method, and stereoscopic images may be embodied using polarized glasses or liquid crystal (LC) shutter glasses. In the non-glasses-type stereoscopic technique, an optical plate (e.g., a parallax barrier) configured to separate an optical axis of a binocular disparity image may be installed in front of or behind a display screen.
FIG. 1 is a view of illustrating a related art stereoscopic image display device.
Referring to FIG. 1, a glasses-type stereoscopic image display device 1 may include a thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate 10, a color filter substrate 12 including color filters 13 and black matrices 14, and a liquid crystal (LC) layer 15 interposed between the TFT array substrate 10 and the color filter substrate 12. Also, an upper polarizer 16a may be disposed on the color filter substrate 12, and a lower polarizer 16b may be disposed under the TFT array substrate 10. A patterned retarder 17 may be disposed on the upper polarizer 16a, and a surface-processed protection film 18 may be disposed on the patterned retarder 17.
The glasses-type stereoscopic image display device 1 having the above-described construction may alternately display left-eye images and right-eye images and switch characteristics of polarized light incident to polarized glasses through the patterned retarder 17. Thus, the glasses-type stereoscopic image display device 1 may spatially divide the left-eye images and the right-eye images from each other and embody stereoscopic images.
During formation of stereoscopic images, a vertical viewing angle of a stereoscopic image display device may be determined by the width of the black matrices 14 and the distance between the color filters 13 and the patterned retarder 17. Although the related art stereoscopic image display device embodies a vertical viewing angle of about 26° by increasing the width of the black matrices, an increase in the width of the black matrices may lead to degradation of an aperture ratio and luminance.


This invention describes a means by which performance characteristics of capacitors can be improved. This is achieved by reducing the temperature, preferably but not exclusively to cryogenic temperatures below 100 K. The dielectric strength, dielectric losses, equivalent series resistance, and plate losses in many capacitors, such as film capacitors, improve as the temperature is decreased. Current carrying capacity is improved. A capacitor bank exhibits energy densities up to four times those of conventional, room-temperature capacitor banks. Cryogenic capacitors can be combined with cryogenically operated semiconductors or with superconductors to reduce the size, weight, and losses of a complete system.

The term "film capacitors" relates to a family of capacitors which are wound, wrapped or molded with films comprising of metals deposited or laminated on thin insulating materials, usually polymer films such as polypropylene. It is well known that the dielectric strength of many insulating films used in film capacitors rises as the temperature is reduced. FIG. 1 shows data for various films, although the group of films represented in these figures is not exhaustive. Many other film materials with similar temperature behavior are also used in capacitors.
What is not well documented is the fact that a capacitor wrapped with these films exhibits improved performance at cryogenic temperatures. First and foremost, the voltage capability increases as the device is cooled. This leads to much higher energy storage in cryogenically operated capacitors, since the stored energy is proportional to the square of the operating voltage:E=½ CV2.
The inventors have operated conventional, off-the-shelf film capacitors (manufactured and rated for use around room temperature) at more than twice their rated voltages. The energy storage capability in these devices therefore increased by a factor of four compared to room-temperature operation. This phenomenon is demonstrated in FIG. 2, which shows a dramatic reduction in the leakage current of a cryogenically operated capacitor. Increasing leakage current with increasing voltage is a direct indicator that the device is nearing its breakdown limit.
The equivalent series resistance (ESR) of these capacitors is also reduced at low temperatures as shown by our measurements in FIG. 3. The results are normalized with respect to 300-K operation. This improvement may be a result of the increased conductivity in the plate and terminal materials or reduction of dielectric losses or both. Capacitor plate and terminal materials with conductivities that are enhanced by low temperatures (including superconductors) will further improve the ESR. Dielectric materials whose losses decrease at low temperatures can also experience a resultant improvement in ESR. FIG. 4 gives the loss tangents of various films at several temperatures, and illustrates the improvement at cryogenic temperatures, especially at 77 K (liquid nitrogen) and at 4.2 K (liquid helium). Note the improvement of the loss factor for polypropylene (PP), which decreases by a factor of 30 when cooled from room temperature to 77 K. Most film capacitors are made with PP.
It is important to note that the low-temperature behavior of an intrinsic dielectric material does not always translate into the same behavior for a manufactured device. The metallization process, for example, can greatly degrade the dielectric strength of polymer films, and thus the final capacitor can have a much lower breakdown voltage than one would expect. Cryogenic operation of capacitors can help offset this deterioration.


Process for preparing a catalyst composition containing a modified crystalline aluminosilicate and a binder, wherein the catalyst composition comprises from 5 to 95% by weight of crystalline aluminosilicate as based on the total weight of the catalyst composition, the process being remarkable in that it comprises a step of steaming said crystalline aluminosilicate:                at a temperature ranging from 100° C. to 380° C.;        under a gas phase atmosphere containing from 5 wt % to 100 wt % of steam;        at a pressure ranging from 2 to 200 bars;        at a partial pressure of H2O ranging from 2 to 200 bars; and        said steaming being performed during at least 30 min and up to 144 h;and in that the process also comprises a step of shaping, or of extruding, the crystalline aluminosilicate with a binder, wherein the binder is selected to comprise at least 85 wt % of silica as based on the total weight of the binder, and less than 1000 ppm by weight as based on the total weight of the binder of aluminium, gallium, boron, iron and/or chromium.

The dehydration reactions of alcohols to produce alkenes have been known for a long time. Solid acid catalysts are widely used for alcohol dehydration and the conversion of alcohols therewith is nearly complete. However, in view of the potential downstream applications of olefins, it is of particular importance to limit the amount of secondary products and ensure a stable catalyst performance to gain in process efficiency and to save expensive steps of downstream separation/purification as well as to recover the catalyst activity by regeneration. Zeolites-based catalysts are particularly interesting for alcohols dehydration due to their high-activity, high-yield of corresponding olefins, and a possibility to operate under high-pressure conditions, which offers the best energy efficiency solutions for the technology.
Dehydration of ethanol on zeolites was described in WO2011/089235. The process for the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene was carried out in presence of zeolite catalysts and provides an alternative route to ethylene from biobased products if ethanol is obtained by fermentation of carbohydrates.
Dehydration of isobutanol to the corresponding olefins brings a perspective route to produce the renewable feedstock for petrochemicals and refining applications. Unfortunately, the direct conversion of isobutanol over a conventional dehydration catalyst, for example on alumina, leads to a product rich in isobutene. Selective production of linear butenes from iBuOH requires again a zeolite-based catalyst. The cut that is rich in linear butenes is often interesting as feedstock for metathesis, sulfuric acid catalyzed alkylation, oligomerization, oxidative dehydrogenation to butadiene, for the use as a copolymer. Therefore, the efficient catalyst for one-pot process converting isobutanol to the effluent rich in the linear butenes is sought.
While many skeletal isomerization catalysts for the conversion of n-butenes into isobutene have been developed, the reverse skeletal isomerization of isobutene into n-butenes has been rarely mentioned. Among the catalysts being active and selective, there are mostly unidirectional 10-membered ring zeolites. WO2011/113834 relates to the simultaneous dehydration and skeletal isomerization of isobutanol on acid catalysts. The process discloses the contact of a stream comprising isobutanol with a catalyst able to make such reaction. The catalyst was a crystalline silicate, a dealuminated crystalline silicate, or phosphorus modified crystalline silicate having Si/Al higher than 10, or silicoaluminaphosphate molecular sieve, or a silicated, zirconated or titanated or fluorinated alumina. The conversion of isobutanol was almost complete with selectivity in butenes ranging from 95 wt % to 98 wt %. The selectivity in isobutene was around 41-43%. This document indicates that steaming at temperatures above 400° C. leads to a modification of the acidity of the catalyst and to the removal of aluminium from the crystalline silicate framework. Subsequently, it is necessary to treat the catalyst via a leaching to remove the aluminium and to increase the ratio Si/Al. The steps of steaming and leaching are associated in this document.
However, crystalline silicate catalysts deactivate fast and have limited regenerability. Hence, there is still a need for selective catalysts towards linear olefins and having improved regenerability.
In catalysis letters 41 (1996) 189-194, Gon Seo et al. studied the impact of coke deposits on ferrierite zeolites for the reaction of skeletal isomerization of 1-butene. The ferrierite studied was calcined at 500° C. for 16 h without any other particular treatment aiming at modifying its acidity. This ferrierite has a Si/Al ratio of 21 and it is further covered with coke using a plasma deposition before the reaction of skeletal isomerization of 1-butene is studied.
In WO2013/014081, SUZ-4 is studied for the methanol to olefin reaction. This document discloses the possibility of steaming the catalyst at a temperature of at least 400° C. followed by a leaching, i.e. a washing, of the steamed solid with an aqueous acid solution. Such treatment is said to increase the Si/Al ratio.
In Applied Catalysis A: General 208 (2001) 153-161, Rutenbeck et al. studied the skeletal isomerization of n-butenes to isobutene. The catalyst studied was a ferrierite having a Si/Al ratio in the range of 20-70. A treatment of the ferrierite with the inorganic acid HCl was performed to obtain the protonic form of the ferrierite.
In the Journal of Catalysis 163, 232-244 (1996), Wen-Qing Xu et al. studied the modification ferrierite for the skeletal isomerization of n-butene. The ferrierite used presents a Si/Al ratio of 8.8. Treatment of the ferrierite also includes steaming at a temperature of at least 550° C. and acidic treatment with HCl or HNO3.
In EP2348005, the use of a ferrierite based catalyst for the dehydration of isobutanol is described. It is disclosed that the ferrierite may be used directly without further treatment or that it may be used once being steamed and dealuminated with an acidic treatment.
In Applied Catalysis A: General 403 (2011) 1-11, Dazhi Zhang et al. the use of a ferrierite for the conversion of n-butanol to isobutene is described. Such ferrierite was calcined at 550° C. but did not undergo any further treatment.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,510, the use of an acid wash ferrierite based catalyst for the skeletal isomerization of n-olefins to iso-olefins is described. Such acid wash is performed with HCl. In all the examples, the ferrierite is firstly steamed above 400° C. at atmospheric pressure before being acid washed. In EP 0 134 333, a method of preparation of a cracking catalyst comprising a zeolite with a Si/Al ratio of at least 250 with a binder is described. In EP 0 034 444, a method for increasing the catalytic of acid zeolite catalyst is described.
To summarize, zeolite-based catalysts are important for alcohols dehydration, skeletal isomerization of butenes, MTO and many other reactions. To tune the Si/Al ratio of zeolite, dealumination via steaming at a temperature above 400° C. under atmospheric pressure followed by a leaching is usually performed. However, such treatment leads to the formation of extra framework aluminium and partial destruction of the zeolite framework that induce different diffusion properties. Consequently, the selectivity of a catalyst prepared with a steamed and leached zeolite is generally impacted by the steaming. In the particular case of FER and SZR (SUZ-4), steaming followed by leaching has an even stronger impact on the selectivity due to the plate-shaped crystal morphology of those frameworks. However, FER and SZR are interesting because of their very high selectivity. Additionally, those structure types are particularly difficult to synthesize with a Si/Al atomic ratio above 35. Tuning of the acidity is consequently not easy albeit necessary. The present invention aims at providing catalyst compositions that address the above-discussed drawbacks of the prior art and solve the problem.

Catalyst composition comprising modified crystalline aluminosilicate for dehydration of alcohols


The present description provides an ear muff attachment assembly. An exemplary ear muff attachment assembly (100) includes a housing (110), an ear muff (130), an arm (120) having first and second end regions, the first end region positioned within the housing and the second end region attached to the ear muff, and a spring (150) engaged to the housing and the first end region of the arm. The arm is rotatable about a first axis of rotation between a first position and an intermediate position, and about a second axis of rotation between the intermediate position and a second position.

The use of hearing protective and noise isolating devices are well known, and various types have been considered. Such devices include ear muffs that are placed over the ear of a user to physically obstruct the passage of sound waves into the inner ear. Ear muffs typically include a cup-shaped shell including a sound absorber or liner. Ear muffs may be supported on or around the head of a user by a head band, strap, helmet or other headpiece. Helmets, such as hard hats, and other head gear may be worn with ear muffs including an arm that attach to the helmet and may be adjustable between various positions over or away from a user's ear. Various helmet mounted ear muffs are available, such as 3M PELTOR X SERIES helmet mounted ear muffs available from 3M Co. of St. Paul, Minn.

Ear muff attachment having dual axis of rotation


Monolithic three dimensional (3D) integrated circuits (ICs) (3DICs) with vertical memory components are disclosed. A 3D memory crossbar architecture with tight-pitched vertical monolithic intertier vias (MIVs) for inter-block routing and multiplexers at each tier for block access is used to shorten overall conductor length and reduce resistive-capacitive (RC) delay. Elimination of such long crossbars reduces the RC delay of the crossbar and generally improves performance and speed. Further, elimination of the long horizontal crossbars makes conductor routing easier. The MIVs, with their small run-length, can work without the need for repeaters (unlike the long crossbars), and control logic may be used to configure the memory banks based on use.

I. Field of the Disclosure
The technology of the disclosure relates generally to memory systems in integrated circuits.
II. Background
Mobile communication devices have become common in current society. The prevalence of these mobile devices is driven in part by the many functions that are now enabled on such devices. Demand for such functions increases processing capability requirements and generates a need for more powerful batteries. Within the limited space of the housing of the mobile communication device, batteries compete with the processing circuitry. The limited space contributes pressure to a continued miniaturization of components and control of power consumption within the circuitry. While miniaturization has been of particular concern in the integrated circuits (ICs) of mobile communication devices, efforts at miniaturization of ICs in other devices also occur.
While miniaturization efforts have progressed in general compliance with Moore's Law, the space savings achieved by shrinking the active components are almost immediately offset by IC designs that add additional active elements to provide increased functionality. In conventional two dimensional (2D) designs, active elements within an IC have all been placed in a single active layer with elements interconnected through one or more metal layers that are also within the IC. As the number of active elements within an IC increases, the routing requirements to effectuate desired interconnections between elements become increasingly complex.
The difficulty in routing interconnections is particularly acute within the memory elements. That is, while smaller memory bit cells do allow component miniaturization, increased functionality requires more available memory and accordingly, more and more memory bit cells are assembled into memory banks for each device. As the number of memory bit cells within a memory bank increases, the access lines (such as the bit line (BL) or word line (WL)) for such bit cells become increasingly long. As the length of the access lines becomes longer, the difficulty in routing the lines increases. Normally, memory banks may make use of a fully-static complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabric switch consisting on inter-block routes, multiplexers and repeaters for client-to-client interaction. The use of such a fabric switch allows the memory pools to save metal route congestion. Even with such fabric switches, memory pools require crossbars (sometimes referred to as "xBar") as inter-block communication channels in 2D designs. These crossbars take up significant routing resources that compete with top-level routes. Additionally, these crossbars are typically millimeter(s) long. Such lengths necessitate the use of repeaters, and have significant resistive-capacitive (RC) delay associated with them, limiting the memory access (or inter-block communication) time.

Monolithic three dimensional (3D) integrated circuits (ICs) (3DICs) with vertical memory components, related systems and methods


A printing press and a method for controlling a printing press include rotatably mounted cylinders. At least two adjacent cylinders roll on one another through bearer rings. At least one of the adjacent cylinders can be rotated actively relative to at least one of the bearer rings by a setting device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a printing press having rotatably mounted cylinders. At least two adjacent cylinders roll on one another through bearer rings (Schmitz rings). The present invention also relates to a method of controlling a printing press.
In rotary printing presses it is known for adjacent cylinders in a printing unit to have bearer rings firmly connected to a cylinder, in order to avoid effects of channel impacts, which impair the printing quality. Blanket and plate cylinders rolling on one another have bearer rings at the sides for that purpose, which are pressed against one another during printing operation and thus roll on one another. That prevents the pressure from being increased as the channel in the blanket cylinder or plate cylinder passes through and prevents what are known as channel impacts from occurring, which lead to oscillations and therefore to a worsening of the printing quality. In addition, German Patent DE 195 01 243 C5 discloses the use of bearer rings which are not firmly connected to the associated cylinder. For that purpose, the cylinder of a rotary printing press has journals on which a rotatable bearer ring is mounted. In that way, it is not possible for any undesired transmission of torques to arise through bearer rings connected to one another by a force-locking connection. The intention is to prevent influences on the printed image as a result of avoiding the transmission of a torque. However, there are situations during printing operation in which such an influence on the printed image is desired. Such an influence, however, is possible neither in the case of a firmly mounted bearer ring nor in the case of a rotatably mounted bearer ring through which no torque can be transmitted.

Printing press with adjustable bearer rings


A cloud service system includes an overlay cloud managing unit to totally control an overlay cloud which is the cloud for a developer, a cloud provider to provide an infrastructure in which the overlay cloud is configured, and a direct connection point to physically directly connect the overlay cloud managing unit with the cloud provider.

The present invention relates to a cloud service system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a cloud service system.
As a cloud service reduces information technology (IT), and the rapidity and the efficiency in managing IT resources are re-considered, various cloud services have been employed and the issue of integrating the various cloud services has been raised. In addition, a hybrid cloud having both a public cloud and a private cloud has been increasingly utilized. Accordingly, discussions have been actively made about a hybrid access scheme for integrating the public cloud, the private cloud, and conventional Onpremise IT resources.
In addition, a procedure of simply selecting a cloud is provided for a user based on the results which are obtained by collecting and researching information on available cloud services in terms of services for users. In addition, there has been required for a technology of managing resources of multiple vendor clouds, which are distributed by providing a unified interface, thereby reducing time and costs.
Currently, there are gradually increased technologies of building and managing the hybrid cloud into which several cloud infrastructures are integrated. However, such management technologies are focused on only integrating mutually different infrastructures with each other, and thus have a technical limitation under an environment that various software as service (SaaS) applications have to be dynamically configured on integrated infrastructures/platforms. In addition, as the growth of Serverless, which is a trend of new cloud computing, is accelerated, developing schemes based on applications, which do not have to consider an infrastructure state, have been gradually highlighted. In addition, it is more important to construct an environment of dynamically running various applications without the restrictive condition of the infrastructure.

GWANGJU INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


A Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM), in which very little current flows through MTJ elements and very little voltage is applied across them, the MRAM being provided with sense-amplifiers capable of amplifying the potential difference between their corresponding pairs of bit lines at high speed. This is accomplished by a sense amplifier including CMOS inverters cross-connected or connected in loop, a P-channel MOS transistor for shutting the power off during standby, and N-channel MOS transistors for initializing the output of the sense amplifier during standby. A ground terminal of the inverter is connected to a bit line through a transistor of a bit switch, and a ground terminal of the inverter is connected to a bit line through a transistor of a bit switch.

FIG. 4 shows a sense amplifier in an MRAM proposed in R. Scheuerlein, et al., "A 10 ns Read and Write Non-Volatile Memory Array Using a Magnetic Tunnel Junction and FET Switch in Each Cell," IEEE ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 128–129, February 2000. The MRAM in Scheuerlein et al., uses magnetic memory cells MC, each including an MTJ element 1 and an access transistor (N-channel MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), TN1. The MTJ element 1 is connected to a bit line BLT, and connected in series to the access transistor TN1 that is turned on in response to a word line WL.
On the other hand, each of reference magnetic memory cells RefMC is connected to a complementary bit line BLC. The magnetic memory cell RefMC includes an MTJ element 2 and an access transistor TN2. The MTJ element 2 is connected to the complementary bit line BLC, and connected in series to the access transistor TN2 that is turned on in response to a reference word line RefWL. The MTJ element 1 is for data storage, whereas the MTJ element 2 is for reference.
The bit line pair BLT and BLC are connected to a sense amplifier 5 via a bit switch (also called a column switch or column select gate) 4. The bit switch 4 includes N-channel MOS transistors TN3 and TN4 that are turned on in response to a column select signal CS from a column decoder (not shown). The sense amplifier 5 senses and amplifies the electric potential difference between the bit lines BLT and BLC.
A clamp circuit 6 is connected between the bit switch 4 and the sense amplifier 5 in order to prevent the application of a voltage, equal to or higher than the breakdown voltage, across the MTJ elements 1 and 2, and minimize the bias voltage dependence of tunneling magneto-resistance (TMR), that is, the phenomenon that TMR and its ratio of change decrease depending on the bias voltage. The clamp circuit 6 includes N-channel MOS transistors TN5 and TN6 that receive a constant bias voltage Vbias to clamp the voltage across the MTJ elements 1 and 2 at a predetermined voltage (=bias voltage Vbias−threshold voltage Vth of the transistors TN5 and TN6).
In the sense amplifier 5, constant currents always flow from constant current sources 7a and 7b into resistor elements 8a and 8b, respectively. Therefore, when the bit switch 4 is off, no potential difference appears between output nodes NO1 and NO2.
Then, when the access transistors TN1 and TN2 are turned on in response to the word line WL and the reference word line RefWL, and the bit switch 4 is turned on in response to the column select signal CS for the purpose of reading data from the magnetic memory cell MC, sense currents flow through the MTJ elements 1 and 2, respectively. Since the MTJ element 1 has a resistor value R1 different from a resistor value R2 of the MTJ element 2 while the resistor elements 8a and 8b have the same resistor value ZL, a sensed potential difference |OUT−OUTN| appears between the output nodes NO1 and NO2. This potential difference is amplified by a current-mirror amplifier 9.
In such a sense amplifier 5, the constant current sources 7a, 7b, the resistor elements 8a, 8b, and the amplifier 9 consume DC currents. A bias voltage generation circuit to generate the bias voltage Vbias, not shown, also consumes DC current. Since these DC currents continue to flow as long as power is supplied to the MRAM even during standby state where the MRAM waits ready for its activation, the DC current consumption is not negligible in the field of portable devices that is considered to be an important area of application of MRAMs.
Further, the current-mirror amplifier 9 outputs a intermediate potential so that another amplifier needs to be provided at a later stage after the current-mirror amplifier 9. In addition, direct or pass-through current flows from the power supply to the ground in the post-amplifier, that is, the amplifier provided at a later stage after the current-mirror amplifier 9.

International Business Machines Corporation


A method and apparatus are disclosed for enhancing the pipeline instruction transfer and execution performance of a computer architecture by reducing instruction stalls due to branch and jump instructions. Trace cache within a computer architecture is used to receive computer instructions at a first rate and to store the computer instructions as traces of instructions. An instruction execution pipeline is also provided to receive, decode, and execute the computer instructions at a second rate that is less than the first rate. A mux is also provided between the trace cache and the instruction execution pipeline to select a next instruction to be loaded into the instruction execution pipeline from the trace cache based, in part, on a branch result fed back to the mux from the instruction execution pipeline.

In modern computer architectures, trace cache is often used to attempt to reduce branch penalty cycles caused by a mis-prediction of branch instructions and to de-couple the latency associated with any unconditional jumps.
Trace cache is typically used to store traces of instructions to be executed, one after another, in a pipelined instruction execution architecture. Different traces may correspond to different possible sequences of instructions that may or may not be executed depending on conditional outcomes of certain instructions such as branch instructions or outcomes of unconditional jump instructions.
A branch instruction is a computer instruction that may have two possible outcomes. The two outcomes are branch or don't branch. When the result of a branch instruction is to branch, then the instruction architecture abandons the current instruction sequence and branches to a different instruction sequence. When the result is not to branch, the instruction architecture stays on the same instruction sequence path.
In the case of an unconditional jump instruction, when the jump instruction is executed, the instruction architecture always jumps to the new instruction sequence associated with the jump instruction.
In either case, conditional branch or unconditional jump, delays may be encountered in the instruction execution pipeline if the computer architecture must go further back in the instruction pipeline to access the next sequence of instructions to branch to or jump to. These delays effectively cause stalls in the instruction execution pipeline while the instruction execution pipeline waits for the next correct instruction to be loaded into its instruction register.
In a typical instruction pipeline within a computer architecture, an instruction cache grabs computer instructions from a memory. The instruction cache may feed individual instructions into an instruction register or may feed a trace cache to build up traces of instructions within the trace cache. Once an instruction is loaded into an instruction register, it is decoded and executed using associated data loaded into a data register for that instruction. The result of the executed instruction is written back to a register.
A typical instruction pipeline in a computer architecture may use a branch predictor to attempt to predict the outcome of a branch instruction based on a trace history built up in trace cache. Prediction accuracies of 90% or better may be achieved. However, for those instances when the branch prediction is incorrect, additional delays and stalls may be experienced.
Research with respect to trace cache has focused on various implementation details such as how to construct continuous traces, using single or multiple branch predictors to improve the trace cache performance, and filling algorithms for loading the trace cache. Also, instead of constructing multiple branch predictors, multiple branches of traces may be constructed in trace cache.
The circuit delay associated with a branch mis-prediction may then be reduced by going back only to trace cache and accessing the correct trace instead of suffering additional delays by having to go back to the instruction cache or the memory. The only delay suffered is then just that associated with the mis-prediction into trace cache. Therefore, by constructing parallel branches of traces in trace cache, the circuit delay from making the branch decision to the instruction fetch may be reduced. However, instruction execution pipeline stalls may still occur with such a configuration (when the branch prediction is incorrect).
It is desirable to further reduce the chance of delays and stalls occurring in the instruction execution pipeline of a computer architecture. It is also desirable to eliminate the branch predictor altogether such that only correct instructions/traces are loaded into the instruction execution pipeline.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with embodiments of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.

Implementation of an efficient instruction fetch pipeline utilizing a trace cache


Drill shear attachment clamps for a shear attachment with shear blades connected to a chuck of a portable drill includes left and right rails extending from and secured to the left housing side of the shear attachment along the drill body to a point beyond the rear of the drill body to a rear end. A connector adjustably is fastened to the rear ends of the rails to adjustably draw the ends together for nonrotatable securing of the shear attachment to the drill for one-handed operation of the drill with the shear attachment in either a right side up or upside down drill orientation.

The present invention relates to a drill shear attachment for a portable hand drill, and more particularly to, drill shear attachment clamps for securing the shear attachment to the drill body to prevent shear attachment rotation and to permit one-handed operation of the drill with the shear attachment.
Building materials include metal panels, steel mesh, galvanized sheet metal, furnace jackets, spiral ducts, stone coated metal shingles and various types of corrugation metal panels. Panels that are also to be cut include automotive body panels for repair and replacement. U.S. Pat. No. 2,047,483 shows an example of electric shears which have begun to replace hand operated shears. U.S. Pat. No. 2,256,779 shows a shear attachment for a power drill unit. This attachment is quite cumbersome and not capable of navigating tight curves, patterns, or squares in heavy-duty gauge steel. U.S. Pat. No. 2,604,695 shows a hand-operated shear which has been used for decades to cut such metal sheets and panels. U.S. Pat. No. 2,635,335 shows a power driven hand-held sheet metal shears attachable to a drill with a one-way stabilizer that gives limited positioning of the attached metal shears. U.S. Pat. No. 3,654,700 shows a shear cutting head with a pair of movable jaws that supposedly does not cause the severed portion of the material to curl. U.S. Pat. No. 4,682,416 shows a metal cutting shear attachment securable to the collar of a portable drill.
Applicant's design U.S. Pat. No. D488,695 shows a simple drill shear attachment to a portable drill with a generally vertically oriented handle thereby requiring two-handed operation of the drill with the shear attachment.
There is a need for drill shear attachment clamps to secure a shear attachment to the chuck of portable drill as well as to the elongate drill body for single-handed operations in either the right side up or upside down orientation.


A wafer-level chip scale package is disclosed, including a chip including a substrate and a GaN transistor disposed on the substrate. The GaN transistor includes a first electrode, a dielectric layer disposed on the chip, and a redistribution trace disposed on the first dielectric layer and electrically connected with the first electrode, wherein the redistribution trace has a linear side and a curved side on opposite sides along its longitudinal direction.

1. Field of the Invention
This disclosure generally relates to a wafer-level chip scale package, and more particularly, to a wafer-level chip scale package having uniform current distribution.
2. Description of the Related Art
Current density is important to the design of electrical and electronic systems. Circuit performance depends strongly upon the designed current level, and the current density then is determined by the dimensions of the conducting elements. For example, as integrated circuits are reduced in size, despite the lower current demanded by smaller devices, there is a trend toward higher current densities to achieve higher device numbers in ever-smaller chip areas.
High current densities have undesirable consequences. Most electrical conductors have a finite, positive resistance, making them dissipate power in the form of heat. The current density must be kept sufficiently low to prevent the conductor from melting or burning up, the insulating material failing, or the desired electrical properties changing.


A cathode unit for performing a sputtering film formation includes: a target that emits sputtering particles; a target cooler that includes a cooling plate to which the target is bonded; and a power supply that supplies a power to the target. The target has a high-temperature region that has a higher temperature than other regions of the target during a film formation. The cooling plate includes a coolant flow space through which a coolant flows, and a first wall and a second wall that define the coolant flow space in a thickness direction. In the coolant flow space, a flow path of the coolant is formed by a first partition plate and a second partition plate. The first partition plate does not exist at a portion of the coolant flow space that corresponds to the high-temperature region.

A sputtering in which sputtering particles generated from a target are deposited to form a film on a substrate has been used as a technique for forming a metal film. Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2018-523752 describes an apparatus which performs a sputtering deposition on a substrate. This apparatus includes a vacuum chamber and a sputtering source. The sputtering source includes a packing support member having a target receiving surface. The surface of the packing support member that is opposite to the target receiving surface faces a magnet assembly. The packing support member includes a cooling channel that includes a cooling liquid, and is configured to be cooled.