An ink for display device manufacturing, including a solid, a first solvent having a solubility for the solid of 2% or more and a second solvent having a solubility for the solid of 0.5% or less.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an ink for manufacturing a display device using an inkjet method and a method for manufacturing the display device by using the same.
Discussion of the Related Art
Recently a flat panel display (FPD) has become important in accordance with the development of multimedia. Accordingly, various display devices such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, a plasma display panel (PDP), a field emission display (FED) device, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, and the like have been put to practical use.
Among the display devices, the organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device is a self-light emitting element that emits light by itself while electron-hole pairs disappear after electrons and holes are paired when the charges are injected into an organic light emitting layer formed between a cathode which is an electron injection electrode and an anode which is a hole injection electrode. In the organic light emitting diode display device it is possible to form the element on a flexible substrate such as a plastic and to drive at a low voltage of 10V or less than the plasma display panel (PDP) and an inorganic light emitting diode display. Therefore, it has the advantages in that the power consumption thereof is relatively small and the color quality is excellent. In addition, the organic light emitting diode display device may represent the three colors red, green, and blue, such that the organic light emitting diode display device is the subject of interest of many people as the next generation display representing rich colors.
In order to secure competitiveness of the organic light emitting diode display device, the manufacturing process needs to be enlarged. An increase in a size of the substrate to be inserted thereon may achieve high productivity and diversification of the products that are produced. To this end, the enlargement of the manufacturing equipment and the development of process technology and materials are needed. In order to increase the area of the substrate in a vacuum deposition process, many improvements are needed in a source of metal or organic matter, a metal mask, a glass substrate and a mask transport system, a construction of the equipment. The organic electro-luminescence element based on low molecular weight is possible to stack in layer by layer deposited through the vacuum deposition process. In order to pattern the R, G, and B sub-pixels, the mask is needed, but the size of a fine metal mask (FMM) increases as the area of the substrate increases, such that the problem of dropping the mask may occur. On the other hand, a solution process is possible to perform the pattern coating over the large area without using the mask through an inkjet printing or a nozzle printing, and utilization of the material of the solution process is very high and about 50 to 80% compared to the vacuum deposition process that utilization of the material is 10% or less. In addition, a glass transition temperature is higher than a thin film obtained by the vacuum deposition process, such that the solution process has thermal stability and excellent morphology characteristics.
As a representative method of the above-mentioned solution process, there is a method using the inkjet device. An ink used in the inkjet device is formed by mixing one solvent and a light emitting solid material. However, after the ink drops onto the pixel, a coffee ring and pile-up phenomena occurs during the thinning process according to drying, such that the thickness of the thin film becomes non-uniform and when the light emits, the electric conductivity becomes non-uniform, such that a luminance becomes non-uniform. FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the coffee ring phenomenon of the ink and FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a volume decrease phenomenon of the ink. Referring to FIG. 1, the ink is beginning to dry from the edge portion due to the difference in the evaporation rate of a central portion of the ink drop in which volume per unit area is small and an edge portion which volume per unit area is large. Therefore, the coffee ring phenomenon is caused by a capillary flow phenomenon that the ink flows from the central portion to the edge portion due to the difference in distribution of solids in the central portion and the edge portion according to drying of the ink. In addition, referring to FIG. 2, when drying the dropped ink, the ink dries gradually from the edge portion thereof to the central portion thereof. Here, the volume of the ink gradually decreases due to evaporation as it moves from the edge portion to the central portion. The precipitation of the solids of the ink due to the evaporation of the solvent according to the drying of the ink is carried out from a saturation region section of the solvent. That is, since the solids due to the evaporation at a portion in which the solids are unsaturated are not precipitated, the precipitation of the solids are not uniform according to the saturation of the ink solvent in all sections the ink is spread, such that the thickness of the ink thin film becomes non-uniform.
Therefore, due to the problems that occur during the drying process of the ink as described above, the light-emitting property of the organic light emitting diode display device deteriorates.

Ink for display device manufacturing and method for manufacturing of the same, method for manufacturing using the same


A simple and efficient SUMO fusion protein expression system for producing native proteins.

Fusion protein technology, i.e., expressing in a host cell a target protein fused with a protein partner, allows for enhanced expression of the target protein, which is protected from degradation/mis-folding, easy to be purified/detected, and has improved solubility. The protein partner usually would interfere with the structural or functional properties of the target protein and therefore needs to be removed via, e.g., chemical or enzymatical cleavage, from a fusion protein to generate a free target protein. Cleavage of the protein partner remains the major disadvantage in conventional fusion technology as imprecise cleavage, which occurs frequently, results in failure to recover an active or structurally intact target protein.
The newly developed small-ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) fusion technology makes up for this disadvantage. In a SUMO fusion expression system, the fusion partner, i.e., a SUMO protein, can be precisely removed by a SUMO protease, thereby generating a native target protein. See, e.g., Butt et al., Protein Expression and Purification 43:1-9 (2005) and Mossessova et al., Molecular Cell 5:865-876 (2000).


A mouthpiece assembly includes a mouthpiece body, a mouthpiece connected to the mouthpiece body, and a heat dissipation member located in the mouthpiece body, the mouthpiece body is provided with an airflow passage in communication with the mouthpiece, and at least one heat dissipation hole, the air flow passage is at least partially formed by the inner cavity of the heat dissipation member, the outer wall of the heat dissipation member is at least partially in communication with the outside through the heat dissipation hole, smoke flows out through the air flow passage and the mouthpiece. In the present disclosure, when the smoke in the airflow passage flows through the heat dissipation member, part of the heat in the smoke can be transmitted to the heat dissipation member and then dissipated into the outside air through the heat dissipation hole, thereby cooling the smoke flowing through the heat dissipation member.

The electronic cigarette generally includes a mouthpiece assembly, an atomizing device, and a power supply device. In use, the aerosol-forming substrate (for example, smoke liquid, smoke paste, shredded tobacco, etc.) in the atomizing device is heated and generates smoke electric driven by the power supply device. The user inhales the smoke through the mouthpiece assembly. However, if the temperature of the smoke entering the user's mouth is high, it may cause the user to burn, which reduces the user's experience.

Mouthpiece assembly, atomizer and electronic cigarette

Changzhou Patent Electronic Technology Co., LTD


The technology extends hyperbolic-lipophilic difference and net average curvature (HLD-NAC) to a robust algorithm for predicting the phase behavior of microemulsions at different conditions away from experimental results. The HLD-NAC equations are modified to ensure consistency over the entire composition space including type II− and II+ regions. The algorithm converges and provides continuous estimates with any formation variable of tie lines and triangles for all Winsor types. The algorithm is configured such that discontinuities are eliminated and limiting tie lines near critical points are determined analytically. The algorithm is tuned using several sets of experimental data and provides for predictability of tie lines and tie triangles, and solubilization ratios.

Surfactants can be useful in a variety of industrial and scientific applications (e.g., enhanced oil recovery, fracturing cleanup, cosmetics, cleaning, etc.) that require formation of a microemulsion phase, i.e., a clear, thermodynamically stable, isotropic liquid mixture of oil, water and surfactant. Some applications require efficient oil-component separation from the microemulsion phase and/or brine phase, while others may require the formation of a single microemulsion phase. For example, a well-designed surfactant-polymer (SP) flood can be useful as an enhanced oil recovery method to achieve high oil recovery when the reservoir displacements form three phases (microemulsion, brine and oil) at optimum conditions, i.e. the interfacial tensions (IFT) are reduced to ultra-low values below 10−3 dyne/cm. IFT is correlated to phase compositions and the microemulsion phase behavior is a function of surfactant properties, temperature, brine composition, oil composition and pressure. Other applications such as cleanup of hydraulic fracturing may require formation of only a single microemulsion phase so that oil and brine at the well "sandface" are extracted. These parameters can vary spatially and temporally in an oil field reservoir, but not all of them are typically accounted for in current phase behavior models. Further, current models used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) either ignore the details of the microemulsion phase or use Hand's model to describe microemulsion phase behavior. In some cases, the Hand's coefficients are adjusted as a function of salinity, temperature, pressure, or oil composition. The Hand's model parameters, however, are not directly related to physical properties of surfactants so that adjustments are ad hoc and give limited predictive ability outside the range of the tuned data. Therefore, a predictive compositional phase behavior model for a wide range of conditions is an essential part of any surfactant application.
Microemulsion phase behavior is especially complex to model because of intermolecular and inter-micellar forces that control microemulsion phase behavior, and until this invention has not been achieved over the entire range of formulation parameters and compositions. The complexity is further increased by the numerous types of surfactant molecules used, and varying brine compositions present. Winsor defined four types of microemulsions based on the structure of micelles, and the composition of excess phases; type II−, II+, III, and IV. The Winsor types are qualitatively described based on affinity of the surfactant to water and oil phases.
There are three main ways surfactant affinity is described in the literature. Griffin used the size and strength of the hydrophilic and lipophilic groups in the surfactant to define the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). This affinity, however, is a function of many parameters other than surfactant selection, including temperature, pressure, water composition and oil composition. Winsor defined the R-ratio to account for the overall effect of molecular forces at the interface on surfactant affinity. The R-ratio, however, is difficult to measure and calculate. Salager et al. made a significant and practical advance by defining the hydrophilic-lipophilic difference (HLD) based on the change in molar excess Gibbs free energy involved in the transfer of a surfactant molecule from the excess water phase to the excess oil phase. HLD is correlated to the fluid properties such as water and oil composition, temperature and surfactant properties. A positive HLD means that the surfactant prefers oil, while a negative value indicates it prefers brine. HLD equal to negative infinity, for example, leads to a surfactant that is completely miscible with brine, but immiscible with oil, while the reverse is true for positive infinity.
Troncoso and Acosta used the UNIFAC model to predict activity coefficients, HLD, and critical micelle concertation (CMC) for alkyl and alkylophenol ethoxylate surfactants. The universal relationship between HLD and activity coefficients is not determined yet, and the relationship changes based on oil, surfactant, and brine properties. HLD has also been used as a quantifiable metric to describe the water-oil-surfactant phase behavior. The effect of pressure on surfactant phase behavior, however, is ignored in the original expression for HLD. Large pressure changes, such as those that occur in enhanced oil recovery applications, increases the affinity of anionic surfactants to brine. Roshanfekr and Johns differentiated the effect of pressure and the change in oil composition as gas is added or evolves from the oil on the phase behavior. They predicted the phase behavior for live oils at high pressures based on experimental measurements of dead oil at atmospheric pressure using a density correlation. Ghosh and Johns recently included a linear term for pressure in HLD that is a more robust and accurate approach.
There is a class of models that have been proposed to predict microemulsion phase behavior that do not depend on specific measures of surfactant affinity, such as HLD. For example, activity coefficients have been estimated from measured data based on Gibbs free energy. Others have used the membrane bending modulus for phase behavior prediction. These models, however, are difficult to extend to real fluids and have not been successful in predicting phase behavior. Thus, this research focuses on the practical approach that relies on HLD as a correlating state function variable.
Acosta et al. advanced the use of HLD when they estimated Gibbs free energy of formation for a micelle based on the net curvature of micelles and correlated the results with the HLD equation and the estimate of average curvature from De Gennes and Taupin. They called the resulting model HLD-NAC (net and average curvature). Later, Acosta used nonionic alcohol ethoxylate and alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants for oils with varying alkane carbon number (ACN) to develop a correlation for the characteristic length. Acosta fit experimental data from the literature for mixtures of pure surfactants and alkanes. Then, the correlation was used to predict fish diagrams measured by Kunieda and Shinoda. Although the test data were not used in developing the correlation, the data used for tuning are closely related so that the predictions were within acceptable error. Acosta suggested that a more mechanistic and general correlation of characteristic length is needed to make the HLD-NAC model a true equation-of-state (EoS). Salager et al. demonstrated a strong correlation between surfactant performance and characteristic length. In addition, they studied the effect of different formulation parameters on surfactant performance. They concluded, however, that there is no simple general relationship to predict surfactant performance even for pure surfactants. Ghosh and Johns recently proposed a more practical correlation for characteristic length in type III phase behavior to EACN based on the observed correlation between solubilization ratio at optimum formulation and optimum salinity. Their published correlation is valid as long as only two formulation parameters change simultaneously, one of them being the salinity. With these new correlations, the HLD-NAC model has been successfully used to model many some key properties of real microemulsion phase behavior. The model has become one of the standard surfactant models for benchmarking new thermodynamic developments.
All EoS developments to date with the HLD-NAC model, however, have focused on type III predictions, not type II− and type II+. Catastrophe theory, based on micelle inversion in the type IV region (single-phase region), is used to end the two-phase binodal curve, which would otherwise mistakenly continue to the boundaries of the surfactant-brine and surfactant-oil axis of the ternary diagram. The binodal curve is typically cut at its intersection with a dilution line of constant oil-water ratio, typically 75% for type II− and 25% for type II+ regions. This deficiency in the HLD-NAC model creates discontinuities (see FIG. 1), which can cause significant errors and problems in many applications including numerical simulation. Hence, there is a continuing need for predictive algorithms.

Robust flash calculation algorithm for microemulsion phase behavior


A wide-dynamic range optical receiver amplifier is provided by using two separate amplifiers. The first amplifier is a low-impedance input, low-noise, high-gain amplifier, preferably a transresistance amplifier. An input resistor is chosen for the amplifier such that its resistance value is much greater than the input impedance of the first amplifier, resulting in insignificant change in input impedance when the first amplifier's output becomes saturated. A light-induced signal source is connected to the input resistor such that signal current from the light-induced signal source flows through the input resistor into the first amplifier input. A second high-input-impedance amplifier (preferably an FET-input buffer amp) is connected to receive the light induced signal source, either directly or through a resistive divider network. The difference in gain between the two amplifiers serves to extend the dynamic range of the optical receiver amplifier without switching input or feedback components, and without discontinuous response as the first amplifier becomes saturated. Other embodiments are directed to a further diode induced breakpoint, and to a front-end for a spot tracking system.

Optical receivers (or opto-receivers) measure light used in various applications such as atmospheric studies, laser rangefinding, and spot tracking. In many applications it is desirable to utilize the value of light flux over a wide dynamic range. For example, a target tracking (spot-tracking) device may provide directional information to a target by means of splitting a light spot reflected off of a target between four quadrants of a multi-sector photodetector. The distribution of light between the four quadrants of the photodetector provides an indication of how far "off-center" the detector is aimed. The light flux varies over a wide dynamic range as the tracker approaches the target, yet measurements must be taken.
The requisite wide-dynamic range has been achieved in the past by using gain-switched or logarithmic amplifiers. These designs are complex and difficult to implement without increasing the preamplifier noise. Further, these designs may be bulky and large, making them less desirable for use in airborne applications where size and weight are of paramount importance.
The following patents, incorporated by reference herein, generally disclose detecting and/or measuring light, especially laser light: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,792,230 (measuring ultra-short optical pulses); 4,721,385 (FM-CW laser radar system); 4,830,486 (frequency modulated laser radar); 4,856,893 (which discloses both CW and pulse lasers, as well as range measurement); 4,812,035 and 4,846,571 (AM-FM laser radar).


An exemplary molding material feeding barrel includes a main body, a blocking member, and an electrically conductive member. The main body has a chamber defined therein. The main body has a first inner surface in the chamber. The blocking member protrudes inward from the first inner surface of the main body. The electrically conductive member has a first end exposed at an inside of the main body, and a second end grounded.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a molding material feeding barrel and, particularly, to a molding material feeding barrel for an injection molding apparatus and a molding material feeding system having such molding material feeding barrel.
2. Description of Related Art
Injection molding apparatuses are widely used for manufacturing optical articles, such as light guide plates, lenses, and so on. Generally, an injection molding apparatus includes a molding material feeding system, a melting device, and a mold injection device. Plastic materials are guided to the melting device via the molding material feeding system. The plastic materials are melted and then injected into the injection mold device.
The molding material feeding system typically includes a hopper and a molding material feeding barrel in communication with the hopper. The molding material feeding system is vertically arranged. Molding materials are loaded in the hopper, then flows through the molding material feeding barrel into the melting device. In mass production, the molding material must be loaded in the molding material feeding system time repeatedly to maintain a constant flow of material. The level of the molding material in the molding material feeding barrel should be above a certain level at all times to avoid interruption of the molding materials to the injection mold device.
Typically, a level of the top of the molding materials in the molding material feeding barrel is detected by a sensor installed in the mold feeding barrel. However, static electricity causes material remnants to stick to the inner wall of the mold feeding barrel. As a result the sensor cannot accurately detect the actual material level in the mold feeding barrel. Thus, error conclusions may always be drawn.
Therefore, a molding material feeding barrel and a molding material feeding system using the same which can overcome the above mentioned problems are desired.

Molding material feeding barrel and molding material feeding system


Provided herein are compounds of the formula (I):

Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious disorder, affecting 10 million people in the U.S. [Harris, M. I. Diabetes Care 1998 21 (3S) Supplement, 11C], putting them at increased risk of stroke, heart disease, kidney damage, blindness, and amputation. Diabetes is characterized by decreased insulin secretion and/or an impaired ability of peripheral tissues to respond to insulin, resulting in increased plasma glucose levels. The incidence of diabetes is increasing, and the increase has been associated with increasing obesity and a sedentary life. There are two forms of diabetes: insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent, with the great majority of diabetics suffering from the non-insulin-dependent form of the disease, known as type 2 diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Because of the serious consequences, there is an urgent need to control diabetes.
Treatment of NIDDM generally starts with weight loss, a healthy diet and an exercise program. However, these factors are often unable to control the disease, and there are a number of drug treatments available, including insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas, acarbose, and thiazolidinediones. Each of these treatments has disadvantages and there is an ongoing need for new drugs to treat diabetes.
Metformin is an effective agent that reduces fasting plasma glucose levels and enhances the insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissue, mainly through an increase in glycogen synthesis [De Fronzo, R. A. Drugs 1999, 58 Suppl. 1, 29]. Metformin also leads to reductions in the levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides [Inzucchi, S. E. JAMA 2002, 287, 360]. However, it loses its effectiveness over a period of years [Turner, R. C. et al. JAMA 1999, 281, 2005].
Thiazolidinediones are activators of the nuclear receptor peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-gamma. They are effective in reducing blood glucose levels, and their efficacy has been attributed primarily to decreasing insulin resistance in skeletal muscle [Tadayyon, M. and Smith, S. A. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2003, 12, 307]. One disadvantage associated with the use of thiazolidinediones is weight gain.
Sulfonylureas bind to the sulfonylurea receptor on pancreatic beta cells, stimulate insulin secretion, and consequently reduce blood glucose levels. Weight gain is also associated with the use of sulfonylureas [Inzucchi, S. E. JAMA 2002, 287, 360] and, like metformin, they lose efficacy over time [Turner, R. C. et al. JAMA 1999, 281, 2005]. A further problem often encountered in patients treated with sulfonylureas is hypoglycemia [Salas, M. and Caro, J. J. Adv. Drug React. Tox. Rev. 2002, 21, 205-217].
Acarbose is an inhibitor of the enzyme alpha-glucosidase, which breaks down disaccharides and complex carbohydrates in the intestine. It has lower efficacy than metformin or the sulfonylureas, and it causes intestinal discomfort and diarrhea which often lead to the discontinuation of its use [Inzucchi, S. E. JAMA 2002, 287, 360].
Because none of these treatments is effective over the long term without serious side effects, there is a need for new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
In skeletal muscle and liver, there are two major pathways of glucose utilization: glycolysis, or oxidative metabolism, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate; and glycogenesis, or glucose storage, where glucose is stored in the polymeric form glycogen. The key step in the synthesis of glycogen is the addition of the glucose derivative UDP-glucose to the growing glycogen chain, and this step is catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen synthase [Cid, E. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 33614]. There are two isoforms of glycogen synthase, found in liver [Bai, G. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 7843] and in other peripheral tissues including muscle [Browner, M. F. et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989, 86, 1443]. There is clinical and genetic evidence implicating both forms of glycogen synthase in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Both basal and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase activity in muscle cells from diabetic subjects were significantly lower than in cells from lean non-diabetic subjects [Henry, R. R. et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1996, 98, 1231-1236; Nikoulina, S. E. et al. J. Clin. Enocrinol. Metab. 2001, 86, 4307-4314]. Furthermore, several studies have shown that levels of muscle [Eriksson, J. et al. N. Engl. J. Mod. 1989, 331, 337; Schulman, R. G. et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990, 332, 223; Thorburn, A. W. et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1991, 87, 489] and liver [Krssak, M. et. al. Diabetes 2004, 53, 3048] glycogen are lower in diabetic patients than in control subjects. In addition, genetic studies have shown associations in several populations between type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease and mutation/deletion in the GYS1 gene encoding the muscle isoform of glycogen synthase [Orhu-Melander, M. et al. Diabetes 1999, 48, 918; Fredriksson, J. et. al. PLoS ONE 2007, 3, e285; Kolhberg G. et. al. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 1507]. Patients lacking GYS2 encoding the liver isoform of glycogen synthase, suffer from fasting ketotic hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia, hyperlactanemia and hyperlipidemia, supporting the essential role of liver GS in maintaining normal nutrient metabolism. [Weinstein, D. A. et. al. Mol. Genetics and Metabolism, 2006, 87, 284]
Glycogen synthase is subject to complex regulation, involving phosphorylation in at least nine sites [Lawrence, J. C., Jr. and Roach, P. J. Diabetes 1997, 46, 541]. The dephosphorylated form of the enzyme is active. Glycogen synthase is phosphorylated by a number of enzymes of which glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is the best understood [Tadayyon, M. and Smith, S. A. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2003, 12, 307], and glycogen synthase is dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase type I (PP1) and protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A). In addition, glycogen synthase is regulated by an endogenous ligand, glucose-6-phosphate which allosterically stimulates the activity of glycogen synthase by causing a change in the conformation of the enzyme that renders it more susceptible to dephosphorylation by the protein phosphatases to the active form of the enzyme [Gomis, R. R. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 23246].
Several mechanisms have been proposed for the effect of insulin in reducing blood glucose levels, each resulting in an increase in the storage of glucose as glycogen. First, glucose uptake is increased through recruitment of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane [Holman, G. D. and Kasuga, M. Diabetologia 1997, 40, 991]. Second, there is an increase in the concentration of glucose-6-phosphate, the allosteric activator of glycogen synthase [Villar-Palasi, C. and Guinovart, J. J. FASEB J. 1997, 11, 544]. Third, a kinase cascade beginning with the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor results in the phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK3β, thereby preventing the deactivation of glycogen synthase [Cohen, P. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1993, 21, 555; Yeaman, S. J. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2001, 29, 537].
Because a significant decrease in the activity of glycogen synthase has been found in diabetic patients, and because of its key role in glucose utilization, the activation of the enzyme glycogen synthase holds therapeutic promise for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The only known allosteric activators of the enzyme are glucose-6-phosphate [Leloir, L. F. et al. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1959, 81, 508] and glucosamine-6-phosphate [Virkamaki, A. and Yki-Jarvinen, H. Diabetes 1999, 48, 1101].
The following biaryloxymethylarenecarboxylic acids are reported to be commercially available from Otava, Toronto, Canada, Akos Consulting & Solutions, Steinen, Germany or Princeton BioMolecular Research, Monmouth Junction, N.J.: 4-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-benzoic acid, 3-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-benzoic acid, [4-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-phenyl]-acetic acid, [4-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-phenyl]-acetic acid, 4-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-benzoic acid, 3-(3-bromo-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-benzoic acid, [4-(3-bromo-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-phenyl]-acetic acid, 2-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-benzoic acid, 5-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-furan-2-carboxylic acid, 5-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-furan-2-carboxylic acid, 5-(3-bromo-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-furan-2-carboxylic acid, 4-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-5-methyl-furan-2-carboxylic acid, 5-methyl-4-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-furan-2-carboxylic acid, 4-(3-bromo-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-5-methyl-furan-2-carboxylic acid, 2-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-4-methyl-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid, [2-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-thiazol-4-yl]-acetic acid, [2-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-thiazol-4-yl]-acetic acid and [5-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-acetic acid.
Some biaryloxymethylarenecarboxylic acids are known in the art. However, none of these known compounds have been associated with either the treatment of diseases mediated by the activation of the glycogen synthase enzyme or to any pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of diseases mediated by the activation of the glycogen synthase enzyme. Andersen, H. S. et al. WO 9740017 discloses the structure and synthetic route to 3-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-benzoic acid as an intermediate in the synthesis of SH2 inhibitors. Winkelmann, E. et al. DE 2842243 discloses 5-(biphenyl-4-yloxymethyl)-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid as a hypolipemic agent. Mueller, T. et al. DE 4142514 discloses 2-(biphenyl-3-yloxymethyl)-benzoic acid as a fungicide. Ghosh, S. S. et al. WO 2004058679 discloses biaryloxymethylarene acids as ligands of adenine nucleoside translocase. Van Zandt, M. C. WO 2008033455 discloses biphenyl and heteroarylphenyl derivatives as protein phosphatase-1B inhibitors.
Glycogen synthase activators and stimulators of glycogen production have been reported. Chu, C. A et al. US 20040266856 discloses biaryoxymethylarenecarboxylic acids as glycogen synthase activators. Chu, C. A. WO 2005000781 discloses biaryloxymethylarene carboxylic acids as activators of glycogen synthase. Yang, S-P. and Huang, Y. US 20050095219 discloses hyaluronic acid compounds that stimulate glycogen production. Gillespie, P. et al. WO 2005075468 discloses biaryoxymethylarene carboxylic acids as glycogen synthase activators. Gillespie, P. et al. WO 2006058648 discloses biaryoxymethylarene carboxylic acids as glycogen synthase activators. Bucala, R. et al. WO 2007044622 discloses macrophage migration inhibitory factor agonists that stimulate glycogen production.

Biphenyl carboxylic acids and bioisosteres as glycogen synthase activators

Abstract: as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein the substituents are as those disclosed in the specification. These compounds, and the pharmaceutical compositions containing them, are useful for the treatment of metabolic diseases and disorders such as, for example, type II diabetes mellitus.


A temperature control unit for independent control of a number of independent channels, as can exist with a cluster tool used for semiconductor fabrication, has high efficiency, long term life and reliability, and requires only a small floor area. To these ends, the unit employs a single high capacity refrigeration system and disposes a number of separate temperature control channels for the individual tools, with only some channels receiving refrigerant. Low temperature channels use high pressure, sub-cooled refrigerant for chilling the heat transfer fluid to selected levels controlled by proportional valves adjusting refrigerant flow through evaporator heat exchanger units which cool heat transfer fluid. Moderate temperature channels cool the heat transfer fluid for associated tools to an ambient temperature level. The tools may, as needed, be heated by elements in the separate control channels, the control levels for both cooling and heating being determined by servo circuits programmed to measure actual and establish desired temperature levels.

This invention relates to systems and methods for controlling the temperature of individual units and subsystems in a system, and more particularly to a compact and versatile system and method for individually controlling the temperature of different tools in a semiconductor processing system.
Many production processes maintain control of the temperature of individual units or elements within an overall system by refrigerating or heating the individual units during operation of the system. A particularly noteworthy and critical example of the type of demanding environment in which precise temperature control is needed is found in semiconductor fabricating processes. The manufacture of integrated circuits by forming multiple replicated patterns on semiconductor wafers involves numerous successive steps. Following image replication, intense energy concentrations are used to etch, deposit and otherwise treat successive layers on the wafer, but at the same time precise placement, alignment and dimensional stability of the wafer must be maintained during practically all such process steps. Furthermore the final product cannot accept even minuscule defects even though temperature differentials can tend to distort wafers, affect alignments and deteriorate pre-existing layers. Given these and other considerations, semiconductor fabrication facilities require vast capital expenditures to provide tools and support equipment meeting the conflicting demands of quality control and high volume output at the levels of resolution now demanded by the state of the art.
An example of one type of semiconductor fabrication equipment now in wide use is the cluster tool, in which different closely juxtaposed tools are used, singly or in combination, to transport, position, and complete different ones of a succession of processing steps quickly and efficiently. The tools within the cluster can vary widely in purpose and function. Some tools in the cluster may have to be refrigerated at times to levels as low as xe2x88x9240xc2x0 C., while at the same time others may have to be heated to levels as high as 80xc2x0 C. to 100xc2x0 C. The levels will vary during a process, but at any given time, the then chosen temperature level must be maintained closely at each operative tool. In addition, abrupt temperature changes are sometimes needed. For instance, extremely rapid cooldown of a tool at a transition point in a procedure may mean that the overall process can be significantly shortened or substantially more efficient. If transition times can be markedly shortened for tools when they are within an evacuated process chamber, the same chamber can be used again for a different step, without the need for returning the chamber to ambient pressure and reestablishing the vacuum, or utilizing a second chamber for the subsequent processing step.
The different tools in a cluster have heretofore largely been refrigerated or heated by individual units, each using a separate prime refrigeration source with a compressor/condenser system, or a separate heater. This not only affects reliability by increasing the number of critical and active operating units, but also requires that a substantial amount of floor space be dedicated to the cluster tool. However, every square foot of area required in a semiconductor fabrication facility is extremely costly. A large xe2x80x9cfootprintxe2x80x9d size thus imposes a substantial economic penalty. Modern temperature control units for a cluster tool having, for example, six tools, require in the range of 18 square feet or more of floor area. Moreover, the service lifetime of these systems is limited because of the need to use multiple small refrigeration units, since they have shorter lifetimes than larger units and offer more chances of failure.
On-line maintenance of cluster tools requires that they be flushed of heat transfer fluid and disconnected from the temperature control unit. Current approaches typically use quick disconnects, which allow fluid to spill, and which tend to leak after a number of operations and impose a significant pressure drop in the system. An efficient subsystem for flushing and filling fluid used in temperature control is therefore highly desirable.
Precise control of the temperature of refrigerant-cooled fluid over a long service life is a desirable goal seldom achieved in practice. Solenoid valves, bimetallic proportional valves and other controls often used have inherent wear and hysteresis problems which affect both their accuracy and long-term life. Thermal expansion valves are capable of better resolution and proportional control, but present new problems when used in a refrigeration system for cluster tools, since it is the tool temperature which must be regulated, not superheat as in prior systems. In addition, prior thermal expansion valve systems are not usually able to effect extremely rapid cooldown because of thermal inertia problems.
A system in accordance with the invention concurrently operates a number of thermal control channels for thermal transfer fluid, each channel having both cooling and heating capability for adjusting the temperature of an associated process device. This system advantageously serves as a compact multi-channel temperature control unit for the different tools in a cluster tool.
In accordance with the invention, individual tools in a cluster tool used in semiconductor wafer processing are differently temperature controlled by control loops circulating selectively heated or cooled thermal transfer fluid. The control loops respond to sensors which measure actual tool temperatures and include circuits for providing the signals for regulating thermal transfer fluid temperature. Those channels requiring significant chilling receive a subcooled, high-pressure refrigerant from a single refrigerator unit having a total refrigeration capacity sufficient to meet the total demands of all the tools. A high pressure refrigerant, after compression, condensation and subcooling, is fed out in separate lines to the different control loops, where pressurized heat transfer fluid is circulated through the tools. The control of refrigerant flow to each different evaporator in the loop determines the amount of refrigeration capacity used to cool the heat transfer fluid and hence the tool. Thereafter, the expanded refrigerant is returned to the single refrigeration unit.
Further, in accordance with the invention, all channels in a multi-channel system circulate thermal transfer fluid replenished from a single pressurized tank in separate control loops including the pressurizing pumps, heat exchangers and heaters. The low temperature channels incorporate compact evaporator/heat exchange units controlled by thermal expansion valve units which are arranged to respond to tool temperature and also to prevent astable operation. Where only moderate cooling need be supplied to a tool, the heat exchangers in the respective channels receive only utilities water or other cooling medium at some ambient temperature. The heaters in the control loops are energized to raise the temperature of the heat transfer fluid when the tools are to be operated at temperatures above ambient.
The channels are configured with flow control valves which allow disconnection of the lines to any tool for service. The lines for heat transfer fluid that couple to and from the tool are disposed with at least one low point below the tool level, and include purge valves coupled to the low point and the vicinity of the tool. The temperature control unit includes separate lines coupled to the pressurized tank from each control channel. A pressurized source of purge gas is usually readily available for use in flushing. The entire loop section that includes the lines to and from the tool and the tool itself is effectively purged by using the purge gas to force heat transfer fluid through the tool from the low point and into the pressurized tank. The return line can further be purged in an opposite direction back through the return coupling to the pressurized tank. The tool can then be serviced or replaced and reconnected. To refill the lines and the tool with heat transfer fluid, the pressurized fluid source, which may be augmented by purge gas pressure, is coupled into the lines and into the tool as the flow control valves are held open and a point is vented to atmosphere. This mode of operation and configuration greatly facilitate the flush and fill functions, both in terms of reducing time and eliminating the often substantial leakage and dispersion of heat transfer fluid around the area.
A feature of this arrangement is that only a single large refrigeration system in used to cool a fluid in the different number of channels. Such an approach greatly reduces the parts count, while increasing the reliability of the system because large refrigeration systems are inherently more reliable than smaller units. In addition, the single refrigeration unit incorporates elements and subunits which improve its efficiency and reliability, such as a subcooler for interchanging thermal energy with low pressure suction return gases, an injection capillary system, a hot gas bypass and a superheater expansion valve system, as well as gas filter and oil separator devices. There is more efficient use of space because the total volume required is less than what individual units would require for the same capacity.
In addition, this system substantially reduces the critical floor space area that is needed because all the subsystems may be compactly disposed within an open sided frame having a small area base. An array of pumps and closely spaced in-line motors are mounted within the upper part of the frame. The compressor for a high capacity, high efficiency refrigeration system is disposed within the frame alongside and lower than the pump/motor array. Other units in the refrigeration system are disposed below and alongside the array. An accumulator vessel and a pressurized tank for heat transfer fluid are placed at opposite sides of the frame. A row of heat exchangers and flow controls for the chilled loops are disposed side by side below the array. Inlet and outlet ports and conduits for interconnection to the lines running to the tools and utility water are all accessible at an open side of the frame. The pump/motor combinations for the chilled channels can be disposed in the interior of the frame, for better isolation from ambient temperature effects. With the inlets, outlets and valves all accessible from the one side, manual connections, including manual connections of fluid and gas lines, and manual controls are all conveniently available. Manifolds are used to distribute cooling water, refrigerant, and heat exchange fluid from common sources to the different channels. For the unchilled channels, small heat exchangers are disposed on the opposite side from the open frame, alongside the pump/motor array. The replenishment and purge line are small and woven throughout the system. All chilled units and lines are covered with insulation extending out to the exterior tools. The footprint for a unit having three total channels, one or two of which can be chilled to xe2x88x9240xc2x0 C., is less than 0.6 ft.2 per channel. A footprint of 12xe2x80x3xc3x9734xe2x80x3 has also been realized for a system with greater than 4000 watts cooling capacity at xe2x88x9240xc2x0 C., and which includes three moderate temperature and three low temperature channels.
The proportional valve systems are of a long lifetime thermal expansion valve type that has no wearing or frictional parts and provides precise proportional control. However, the tool temperature that is sensed is not directly controlled, since in this system, control is at the input to the evaporator/heat exchanger. If the sensed tool temperature demands a response beyond the capacity of the evaporator, then the evaporator efficiency may enter an astable phase in which evaporator output increases rather than declines, so that further valve opening decreases rather than increases chilling. The evaporator output may also contain liquid refrigerant, a condition to be avoided at the compressor. The problem is obviated in one example by employing a reference evaporator in parallel to the chilled channels, and controllably heating pressure bulbs thermally coupled to the reference evaporator but communicating with flow control valves in the different channels. In addition, parallel flows from the evaporator outputs may be combined and the return flow temperature to the refrigeration unit used to limit flow to assure that excessive refrigerant flow will not be demanded. In a second version of an improved thermal expansion valve system for controlling multiple channels, superheat temperatures are measured at each evaporator, including the reference evaporator, and the controller is used to diminish heater temperatures in inverse relation to the difference between the individual evaporator output levels and the reference evaporator output level.

Temperature control of individual tools in a cluster tool system


The present invention provides a touch screen that includes a pattern of transparent conductors as touch sensing elements, and that has a layered construction configured to reduce the visibility of the transparent conductor pattern. The construction includes a coating covering a substrate, the transparent conductor pattern disposed on the coating, and a filler material covering and contacting the transparent conductor pattern and the areas of the coating not covered by the transparent conductor pattern, where the index of refraction of the filler material is less than the index of refraction of the substrate and less than the index of refraction of the transparent conductor pattern.

Touch screens have become an increasingly common way for users to intuitively interact with electronic systems, typically those that include displays for viewing information. Touch screens include transparent touch screens that can be disposed over variable displays and/or static images so that the displayed information and images can be viewed through the touch screen. Touch screen technologies that can be used in such configurations include resistive, capacitive, projected capacitive, and surface acoustic wave, among others. Many projected capacitive touch screens utilize a pattern of conductors as the sensing elements. The term "projected capacitive" refers to the ability of the pattern of conductors to project a field through a relatively thick dielectric such as a thin glass panel, the glove of a gloved finger, and so forth. Because projected capacitive touch screens can sense through thicker materials, such touch screens can be ruggedized and made vandal resistant, and therefore can be well suited to public access applications and extreme environments.

Patterned conductor touch screen having improved optics


A cooling-water temperature is detected at startup of an engine. When the detected temperature falls below a set water-temperature, a water pump is stopped independently of a normal control on rotational frequency of the water pump depending on engine operational state. Calculated is a total heat amount required for raising the current water-temperature to the set water-temperature, and integrated is an heat amount lost by the cooling water from the engine from the startup. When an integrated value reaches the total heat amount, the water pump is operated for a required time to uniformize temperature distribution of the cooling water. Then, the cooling-water temperature is detected again. If the detected temperature is still below the set water-temperature, the same control is repeated; if the detected temperature is equal to or greater than the set water-temperature, the normal control is restored.

Generally, a thermostat is arranged for cooling-water circulation passages in a cooling system for an engine of a vehicle. When a temperature of cooling water is low at cold startup, the thermostat operates to close a water passage for circulation of cooling water between the engine and a radiator and open a water passage for return of the cooling water from the engine to the engine without via the radiator, whereby the cooling water is circulated without passing through the radiator to prioritize warming of the engine.
As is old and well-known, this kind of thermostat operates on a mechanical basis such that increase in temperature of the cooling water dissolves and increases in volume of wax enclosed in a casing, which triggers a needle, a spring or the like to open a valve.
There is, for example, the following Patent Literature 1 as a related art literature pertinent to such kind of cooling system for an engine.


A power supply apparatus includes a battery pack for a motor vehicle, and a power interface part that connects the battery pack and a plurality of electrical devices. The power interface part includes a battery-side connector, and a branch connector apparatus. The branch connector apparatus includes a joining part for connection lines, a fuse, a housing, and a connector. A guided part is provided on an outer side surface of the housing. The battery pack includes a slot part allowing the branch connector apparatus to be inserted and extracted. The battery-side connector is provided in the slot part. A guiding part extending along an insertion and extraction direction is provided on an inner side surface of the slot part. The guided part is guided along an extension direction of the guiding part by the guiding part.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2014-107151 discloses a connector for a device that incorporates a heat generating component such as a fuse.
Such a connector for a device may be connected to a connector of the device in a state in which the connector for the device enters the device in a certain degree. It is desirable that connection be established smoothly in a case as described above, for example.

Power supply apparatus and branch connector apparatus


A pressure vessel can include a liner having a cylindrical section and a pair of dome sections; and a reinforcement layer constituted by a fiber-reinforced resin material and formed on the outside of the liner. The pressure vessel's reinforcement layer can include protruding sections formed so as to protrude at the dome sections by high-angle helical winding; and a central section formed by hoop winding which spans the area between each peak of the pair of protruding sections, or by approximate hoop winding in which winding is carried out at a higher angle than the high-angle helical winding.

There is known a pressure vessel including a liner that has a cylindrical section and paired dome sections formed on both sides of the cylindrical section and a reinforcement layer that is formed outside the liner and that is made of a fiber reinforced resin material (for example, see Patent Literatures 1 and 2).
The reinforcement layer is generally formed by filament winding method. Hoop winding is a winding method in which fiber reinforcement members 30 are wound in a direction substantially orthogonal to the axis O of a pressure vessel 31 as illustrated in FIG. 4A. Low-angle helical winding is a winding method in which the fiber reinforcement members 30 are wound at a low orientation angle θ2 with respect to the axis O as illustrated in FIG. 4B. High-angle helical winding is a winding method in which the fiber reinforcement members 30 are wound at a high orientation angle θ1 with respect to the axis O as illustrated in FIG. 4C. Generally, the hoop winding is performed to reinforce a cylindrical section 32 and the low-angle helical winding is performed to reinforce portions around distal ends of dome sections 33. In many cases, the high-angle helical winding is performed to mainly reinforce sections that cannot be sufficiently reinforced by the hoop winding or the low-angle helical winding, specifically shoulder sections 35 that are sections of the dome sections 33 close to the cylindrical section 32.
Patent Literature 2 describes a technique in which the hoop winding is applied to reinforce shoulder sections. Specifically, Patent Literature 2 describes a technique in which a hoop layer is formed in end portions of a cylindrical section of a liner to be extended surfaces of the shoulder sections. Specifically, hoop dome sections of the hoop layer are designed as a structure that serves as part of the shoulder sections of the liner.


A structure of a security element for documents provided with a combination of differently reacting or responding security features and functional designs, including conductive, magnetic and diffractive ones, which render it difficult or impossible for counterfeiters to discover the functioning of the security element.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the structure of security elements for documents, to devices for testing documents incorporating such elements, and to a method of testing the genuineness or authenticity of such documents.
2. The Prior Art
Heretofore, the authenticity of documents incorporating optically diffractive security elements has usually been checked by complex optical test procedures. For instance, testing of documents incorporating an optically diffractive security element or so-called OVD (optically variable device) has been impossible within document handling machines in view of their very high running speeds. German patent specification 27 47 156 discloses a method and a test instrument for testing for counterfeits of holographically secured identity cards. The OVD is reproduced and then visually examined. Such a procedure is unsuited for fast, efficient and automated tests. European patent specification 0,042,946 discloses a device for the production of scanning patterns which are tested by a laser, mirror and line systems as well as by a photo detector. The device is expensive and of low cost efficiency. It would be even more expensive if the material were to be tested without prior sorting. In order to avoid presorting processes it would be necessary to provide a multiple counterfeit test system or to conduct repetitive tests.
European patent specification 0,092,691 A1 discloses an apparatus for detecting security strips in bank notes. The material-specific absorption bands of a plastic safety strip are measured by two channels of light transmitted in the infrared range and at wave lengths of about 5 μm. A counterfeit or quality test utilizing optically diffractive security elements which provide for metallic reflection such as reflex holograms or kinegrams, is neither taught by the European patent specification and nor could it be performed by the disclosed apparatus. From British patent specification 21 60 644 A a reflected light procedure of examining bank notes by means of a line scan camera is known, and from Swiss patent 652,355 it is known to examine cards which are provided with a special layer structure by reflected or transmitted light. In either case the examination depends on comparing the information of an image against originals. In either version, reflections and marks of use pose problems and constitute a great disadvantage. An automatic counterfeit examination of information contained in a hologram is disclosed by German Offenlegungsschrift 38 11 905. The information incorporated in a hologram is examined and analyzed by a transmitter and a receiver which are mounted directly opposite each other. However, the opposite disposition of transmitter and receiver leads to disadvantageous overmodulation and, in some cases, to damage of the receiver because of directly impinging light between successive bank notes. Moreover, the examination of used bank notes is rendered virtually impossible because of accidental reflections caused by creases.
In each case, the known examination processes require exact positioning of the documents and are often unsuited for high-speed processing.
German patent specification 196 04 856 A1 proposes the examination of condition, quality and registration mark of optical safety features provided on documents such as, for instance, bank notes, as metallically reflecting layers such as kinegrams, holograms and the like. A metallically reflecting security feature incorporated in the document is scanned by transmitted light by at least one electronic camera, preferably a CCD line scan camera, and the actual values thus derived are then compared against desired values by known image evaluation processes so that defective bank notes may be marked or used notes may be separated by a sorting device. The apparatus described in German patent specification 196 04 856 A1 is characterized by a known transport device for moving a document in the area of the electronic camera, an infrared radiation source on the side of the document opposite the camera and by the optical axis of the camera enclosing an angle other than 180° relative to the optical axis of the radiation source, and by the transport device being preferably constructed of transport belts separated from each other laterally of the transport direction. This apparatus or method also suffers from the drawback that used bank notes in particular those with creases caused by use and bank notes which have a damaged or surface-soiled kinegram are not recognized as being authentic bank notes. Moreover, while the described method and appurtenant apparatus are automated, they are unsuited nevertheless for use with high-speed bank note machines running at rates of 1,200 pieces per minute.
Security features depending on optical diffraction or OVD on documents such as, for instance, German 100 and 200 Mark bank notes, are at present manually or visually examined for damage, registration accuracy, exact marginal instance, etc. Examination is performed visually during bank note production as well as during possible sorting out of bank notes which are to be withdrawn from circulation. Such procedure is time-consuming and cost-inefficient.
German patent specification DE 195 42 995 A1 discloses, among other things, a method of testing the authenticity of a data carrier by comparing the different available data. The patent offers the following possibilities:                Comparing the standard image of the hologram against a stored image;        Comparing the data of the hologram against data in a defined area of the data support and/or those in a storage unit;        Comparing the data of the hologram against data made available by an input unit;        Comparing the individual image of the hologram against data of the input unit of the storage unit and/or against data of the defined area.
Also, dyes with special physical properties are known as security elements for rendering documents and bank notes secure. A distinction can be made between dyes which are recognizable either visually or tactily, and those which can only be recognized by special equipment, depending upon the given physical properties of the dye, e.g., electrical conductivity or fluorescence. Interference dyes belong to the group of dyes recognizable without special equipment. These may be found in German Mark notes of the 1996 et seq series (issued in 1997). Changes in the viewing angle result in a change in color. This tilting effect permits rapid and uncomplicated manual individual examinations. Colors with fluorescent or magnetic properties, or of a specific electrical conductivity, can only be detected by appropriate equipment. Current testing devices have a low resolution, however, which necessitates security elements of large dimensions in order to ensure an acceptable recognition.
The examination of printing dyes of different conductivities has been found to be disadvantageous as different conductivities have to be examined successively by different testing devices in the same testing operation or by the same testing device with appropriately configured software in two test operations. Moreover, the measuring accuracy is low when the conductivity of the test field is low. Testing electrically conductive printing dyes which are of different conductivities because of their applied thickness and because of the different electrical conductivities of substrates of the marks, is not possible by any known testing devices because of their low resolution.
The known characteristics, test zones and test structures to be examined, as well as the methods and devices for testing the authenticity of objects, security documents, especially bank notes, suffer from the main disadvantage which is inherent in their being known, i.e. known to an extent which enables a counterfeiter on the basis of his knowledge of the testing methods and devices and their function to draw conclusions in respect of the characteristics to be examined, the testing zones and structures. This compels devising a completely novel task for examining objects, security documents, especially bank notes, the solution to which must be precipitated in a novel system of the use of test characteristics, testing methods and devices, in order to prevent easy detection of information codes and the copying thereof.

Security element structure for documents, devices for checking documents with such security elements, method of the use thereof


An apparatus for cutting thin tissue sections using an anti-roll rake. The anti-roll rake comprises a rake head for engaging the cut tissue section and leading it away from the specimen block without rolling. The rake head is hingedly mounted to a mounting surface in the cutting instrument by way of a linkage assembly in order to provide freedom of movement between the various operational and non-operational positions.

The present invention relates to an anti-roll rake device for use in conjunction with a device such as a microtome for cutting frozen samples and to prevent the cut samples from rolling.
In the medical field it is often desired to cut thinly sliced tissue samples for testing or viewing under a microscope. Various devices are known for making such samples, such as razor blades and more specialized instruments. Accurate sample cuts are often required and typically require the use of a microtome instrument.
Various forms of microtomes are known. In general, a microtome is an instrument for cutting thin tissue sections. The sections can be stained for later study under a microscope. One such microtome is the TISSUE-TEK.RTM. Microtome/Cryostat which was manufactured by Miles Inc., Diagnostic Division, Elkhart, Ind. In such a microtome, the tissues to be sampled are prepared for cutting by being embedded in a supportive matrix and then frozen solid. The frozen matrix and embedded tissue are cut with a sharp blade to produce thin sections, which can then be stained and placed on a microscope slide and subsequent viewing under a microscope.
The nature of the slicing process causes the cut section to roll tightly almost immediately after leaving the sharp edge of the cutting blade. Even with the various known anti-roll devices, the cut section still has a structural memory of the rolling, and a tendency to roll or curl after removal from the device.
Various anti-roll devices are known. One such apparatus is an anti-roll plate, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,989. The anti-roll plate may be a plastic surface. The anti-roll plate is positioned adjacent to the surface of the blade, with a slight gap therebetween. The sample section is expected to pass through the gap between the blade and the anti-roll plate. The gap between the anti-roll plate and blade typically is set to correspond to the thickness of the sample piece to be cut. If the thickness of the sample piece is increased, the gap must also be increased. In other anti-roll plates, the gap is situated between the tissue block to be cut and the plate.
The known anti-roll plates and corresponding techniques suffer the disadvantage of a high proportion of cut sections which get caught on the anti-roll plate, or elsewhere within the gap between the blade and therefore become tainted or unusable. A further disadvantage is that the selection of the width of the gap between the anti-roll plate and blade requires skill and discretion. In addition, dexterity is required to accurately remove the cut section.
Yet a further disadvantage of the anti-roll plate is that the cut tissue section tends to curl or roll after the anti-roll plate is lifted in order to gain access to the cut section. In addition, in typical commercial embodiments, the anti-roll plate is mounted in front of the blade holder and tends to reduce the freedom of access to the cut section. This impairs the ability to readily access the cut section with a glass microscope slide.
Another known technique and apparatus for countering the tendency of thinly sliced tissue sections to roll or curl makes use of a brush. The brush is positioned to catch the leading edge of a tissue section as it passes the blade. This suffers similar disadvantages as discussed above, including requiring operator dexterity and therefore being highly technique dependent. In addition, the operator typically is required to manually guide the brush, during the cutting process. Furthermore, if the brush drags on the cutting surface of the blade, some of the brush bristles may be cut off, potentially contaminating the tissue sample, dulling the blade and reducing the brush size.
Furthermore, the known devices and techniques suffer the disadvantages of requiring slow cutting speeds in order to prevent rolling.
Other such anti-roll devices, which rely on the use of gaps between the blade and device are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,779. These devices suffer the same disadvantages as those described above.
It is readily appreciated that there is a substantial need for an anti-roll device that does not rely on operator dexterity or guiding the sample slice between a blade or tissue sample and an anti-roll device.


There is provided a catalyst composition including a hydrogen oxidation catalyst and an oxygen reduction catalyst and a process for applying the catalyst composition to a substrate. Heat exchange reactors including the catalyst composition and methods for heating a heat exchange medium are also provided. Catalytic combustors including a catalytic surface including the catalyst composition are further provided. The catalyst is adapted for low temperature activation of a hydrogen combustion reaction.

Various fuels have been used to harness energy. Traditionally, the majority of fuels are derived from fossil fuels. However, the use of fossil fuels may result in the generation of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. There is growing evidence that these emissions may contribute to anthropogenic climate change, and to a decrease in overall air quality.
In response to these findings, efforts have been made to shift sources of energy from fossil fuels to fuels derived from cleaner sources. For example, coal fired equipment has been shut down in many nations in order to reduce emissions to improve air quality. This equipment may be found, for example, in power plants or district heating plants. These plants may contain other equipment, such as steam equipment and/or turbines, which may be converted for use with other fuels to generate electricity or heating.
One potential source of clean energy is hydrogen. Hydrogen may be produced in a number of ways, including steam reformation or electrolysis. When the electricity for electrolysis is derived from clean sources, such as nuclear, wind, tidal, or solar, the hydrogen produced does not result in the generation of carbon emissions. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water and releases energy.
This reaction has been used by fuel cells to directly generate electricity. However, factors such as the degradation of membranes and complicated manufacturing processes for fuel cells have held back the adoption of hydrogen as a fuel. Hydrogen has also been used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. However, these systems may be complex and there are challenges with the safe handling of such systems.
Catalytic combustion systems have been used, but such systems often require complex or costly systems to initiate a self-sustaining reaction, such as preheating systems. Even when self-sustaining reactions are started, these systems are often limited by temperatures that can be used due to ablation of catalytic material and concerns regarding the ignition of bulk fuel.
There is a need for improved systems and methods for utilizing clean sources of energy.

Compositions, methods, and apparatuses for catalytic combustion


An example method for displaying renovation options for a structure includes: receiving homeowner financial information; receiving a selection of a renovation option; receiving pricing information of the renovation option; generating a financial impact analysis based on the homeowner financial information and the pricing information; displaying a renovation view on an augmented reality device, the renovation view displaying the structure with a representation of the renovation option depicted thereon; and displaying a financial impact analysis view showing the financial impact analysis, including a renovation budget amount.

When individuals look to build a new home or plan large-scale renovations to their home, financial impact analysis may be limited to understanding only the cost of the renovations or the cost of the build. Information regarding the long-term financial impact of a home purchase or renovation may also be important when making decisions related to home building or renovation, but not readily available. Oftentimes, such financial analysis is conducted after home designs are completed, requiring individuals to return to the design process over multiple iterations just to finalize a design that is within their budget.

Augmented or virtual reality to scenario plan property purchase or renovation


The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a composite separator for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. The method comprises: preparing a prepreg as a continuous carbon fiber-reinforced composite and a graphite foil; allowing the cut prepreg and graphite foil to pass through a stacking/compression roller to be compressed; allowing the prepreg in which the graphite foil is integrally stacked to be heated and pressed by a hot press such that hydrogen, air, and coolant flow fields are formed or to pass through a hot roller to be formed into a separator; removing unnecessary portions from the heated and pressed separator using a trim cutter; and post-curing the thus formed separator, wherein the graphite foil may be stacked on the prepreg as the continuous carbon fiber-reinforced composite such that a graphite layer is integrally formed with the prepreg.

(a) Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a separator for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). More particularly, it relates to a composite separator for a PEMFC and a method for manufacturing the same, in which a graphite foil prepared by compressing expanded graphite is stacked on a carbon fiber-reinforced composite prepreg or a mixed solution prepared by mixing graphite flake and powder with a resin solvent is applied to the cured composite prepreg such that a graphite layer is integrally molded on the outermost end of the separator.
(b) Background Art
In general, a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a device that generates electricity with water produced by an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. The PEMFC has various advantages such as high energy efficiency, high current density, high power density, short start-up time, and rapid response to a load change as compared to the other types of fuel cells. For these reasons, it can be used in various applications such as a power source for zero-emission vehicles, an independent power plant, a portable power source, a military power source, etc.
The configuration of a fuel cell stack will be briefly described with reference to FIG. 1 below.
In a typical fuel cell stack, a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) is positioned in the center of each unit cell of the fuel cell stack. The MEA comprises a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 60, through which hydrogen ions (protons) are transported, and catalyst layers including a cathode 61 and an anode 61, which are coated on both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane 60 to allow hydrogen and oxygen to react with each other.
Moreover, a gas diffusion layer (GDL) 40 and a gasket 41 are sequentially stacked on the outside of the electrolyte membrane 10, i.e., on the surface where the cathode and the anode are positioned. A separator (also called a bipolar plate) 30 including flow fields, through which fuel is supplied and water generated by a reaction is discharged, is positioned on the outside of the GDL 40. And, an end plate 50 for supporting the above-described elements is connected to the outermost end.
Therefore, an oxidation reaction of hydrogen occurs at the anode of a fuel cell to produce hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons, and the produced hydrogen ions and electrons are transmitted to the cathode through the electrolyte membrane and the separator, respectively. At the cathode, the hydrogen ions and electrons transmitted from the anode through the electrolyte membrane and the separator react with oxygen in air to produce water. Here, electrical energy is generated by the flow of the electrons through an external conducting wire due to the transfer of the hydrogen ions.
In the above-described fuel cell stack, the separator separates the respective unit cells of the fuel cell and, at the same time, serves as a current path between the unit cells, and the flow fields formed in the separator serve as paths through which hydrogen and oxygen are supplied and water produced by the reaction is discharged.
Since the water produced by the reaction inhibits the chemical reaction occurring in the electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell, the water should be rapidly discharged to the outside, and therefore the separator material may have high surface energy such that the water is rapidly spread on the surface of the separator (hydrophilicity) or may have low surface energy such that the water rolls down the surface of the separator (hydrophobicity).
Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the electrical contact resistance between the separators and, at the same time, maximize the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the flow fields to allow the product water to smoothly flow.
Conventionally, the separator is formed of graphite, thin stainless steel, or a composite material in which expanded carbon particles or graphite particles are mixed with a polymer matrix. However, recently, an attempt to prepare a composite separator using continuous carbon fibers has been made.
Although the electrical resistance of stainless steel is significantly lower than that of graphite (see Table 1), the electrical contact resistance of graphite is measured lower than that of stainless steel, since the electrical contact resistance is related to the contact area and pressure and the hardness of the material.
Moreover, although the graphite satisfies the conditions of the separator in its electrical and chemical requirements, it is vulnerable to impact and is hard to process. Therefore, a research aimed at developing a continuous carbon fiber composite separator which satisfies the electrical, chemical, and mechanical requirements has continued to progress. Further, in order to reduce the contact resistance between the unit cells, and to efficiently discharge water produced by the reaction, a method for manufacturing a separator capable of controlling the surface energy of the continuous carbon fiber composite separator is required.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Composite separator for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and method for manufacturing the same

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology


A reeling mechanism for coiled tubing, suitable for use by work in a well. The reeling mechanism comprises a reel section with coiled tubing, a reel cradle section, and means suitable for unwinding or rewinding the coiled tubing from/on the reel section when the coiled tubing is being inserted into or withdrawn from the well. The reel section with the coiled tubing has a pallet section arranged thereto and located beneath its axis of rotation. The pallet section is adapted to secure the reel section with the coiled tubing. The pallet section comprises guide elements for running along guiding parts positioned on the reel cradle section, so that the reel section with the coiled tubing and the reel cradle section may be connected in a controlled manner. The pallet section will ensure that the reel section may be transported in a stable position out to the well.

The invention relates to a device for a reeling mechanism for coiled tubing suitable for use by work in a well such as a well for the recovery of petroleum, comprising a reel section with coiled tubing, a reel cradle section, and means suitable for unwinding or rewinding the coiled tubing from/on the reel section when the coiled tubing is being inserted into or withdrawn from the well.
Coiled tubing is used by various operations in the well, which are in connection with drilling or subsequent completion of the well. The tool doing the work in question is located at the leading end of the coiled tubing, and the coiled tubing which is wound on a reel for coiled tubing, is unwound from or rewound on the reel for coiled tubing depending on whether the tool is being inserted into or withdrawn from the well. As the coiled tubing has a great length, up to 7000 m, it is given that the reel for coiled tubing will have a great weight. Therefore it is common that the reel for coiled tubing may be divided into sections, so that for example the crane equipment on an offshore installation will be able to lift the reel for coiled tubing aboard. The sections that the reel for coiled tubing is divided into, normally consist of a reel section with the coiled tubing, and a reel cradle section with the equipment that effects the unwinding or rewinding of the coiled tubing from/on the reel section, so that in the course of the work the coiled tubing may be inserted into or withdrawn from the well.
Since the weight of the reel for coiled tubing with the coiled tubing is great, often more than 50 tons, the reel for coiled tubing is often divided into sections, as mentioned, so that, among other things, the reel for coiled tubing may be handled during transport to the well and be hoisted on to the respective installation by the well. Important issues that are a consequence of the division, are how
to keep the reel section in a stable lying position during transport from the location where the coiled tubing is wound on the reel section, to the well where the coiled tubing is to be used; and
the connection of the reel and rack sections by the well is to be carried through.
Before the transport out to the well it is common for the reel section to be secured to the means of transportation by means of various wedges and straps. Since the reel section has a great weight, and at the same time has a circular shape, the securing work is time-consuming, and it must be done with great care so that the reel section remains stable during transport.
The connection of the reel and the reel cradle sections is done by the use of a crane, so that the reel section may be connected to the reel cradle section. The reel section then hangs freely by the crane wire end, and is directed into place on the reel cradle section by personnel standing nearby during the connection. Since the reel section is hanging freely by the crane wire end, the work is both heavy and hazardous.
The main object of the invention is to provide a device for a reeling mechanism for coiled tubing, whereby the connection of the reel section and the reel cradle section may take place automatically and without any assistance from personnel nearby. Another object is to ensure that the transport out to the well may take place in a more reassuring manner, and without the use of laborious and partly unreliable solutions in which the reel section is tied to the means of transportation. This is realized by the reel section having a pallet section arranged thereto and positioned beneath the axis of rotation of the reel section, and which may be secured to the reel section. The pallet section comprises guide elements arranged to run along the guiding parts provided on the reel cradle section, so that the reel section and the reel cradle section may be connected automatically, without the use of other personnel than the person operating the crane. Moreover, the pallet section is of a nature providing stable support on the means of transportation which is to take the reel section out of the well. Other details of the invention will appear from the dependent patent claims and the following part of the description.


A diagnostic system for a data access networked system (e.g., an Internet/Intranet access networked system) is described. The data access networked system includes a number of data service systems coupled together. Each of the data service systems is independently administrated. The diagnostic system includes a number of diagnostic modules, each running a number of diagnostic tests within one of the data service systems upon receiving a diagnostic request. The diagnostic modules also transmit the diagnostic request and diagnostic results to one another using an open standard communication protocol. The diagnostic system also includes a diagnostic terminal that is coupled to a first diagnostic module of the diagnostic modules to generate the diagnostic request to the first diagnostic module and to display the diagnostic results received from the first diagnostic module. A diagnostic system for a data service system of a data access networked system is also described.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to interactive data access networked (e.g., Internet and/or Intranet) systems. More particularly, this invention relates to a diagnostic system for a distributed data access networked system having a number of independently administrated data service subsystems.
2. Description of the Related Art
The rapid growth of the Internet, widespread use of the World Wide Web, and a trend toward deployment of broadband residential networks have led to the development of new services such as interactive shopping, home banking, and electronic commerce. These services are federated since the Internet access networked system these services depend on spans over multiple independently administrated control domains.
FIG. 1 shows a prior art Internet or Intranet access networked system 10. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the access networked system 10 typically includes a data service system 13 which is typically an Internet/Intranet service system (ISS). The data access networked system 10 also includes remote Internet and Intranet systems 14-15 connected to the ISS 13 via an interconnect network 16. Each of the systems 13-15 is an independently administrated system and the system administrator of one such system does not know the structure and configuration of another system.
The ISS 13 provides Internet or Intranet service to its subscriber sites (e.g., site 11) via an interconnect network 12. Subscribers connect directly to the ISS 13 from their terminals (e.g., personal computers, Macintoshes, Web terminals, etc.) via the interconnect network 12.
The ISS 13 typically includes content servers that store data for access from the subscriber sites. The content servers typically support servers for Internet applications, such as electronic mail, bulletin boards, news groups, and World Wide Web access. In addition, the ISS 13 may have web proxy servers that allow a network administrator to restrict access to the remote Internet systems 14 or remote Intranet systems 15. Another use of the proxy servers is to cache frequently accessed data from the Internet. The ISS 13 may also include address assignment servers. The address assignment servers assign an address to a user terminal when it is first connected to the ISS 13. The assigned address uniquely identifies the terminal in the ISS 13.
Subscribers in the ISS 13 usually refer to servers in the ISS 13, in the remote Internet systems 14, and in the remote Intranet systems 15, by their host names. However, routing of packets to and from the servers is based on network addresses assigned to the servers rather than the host names. In the ISS 13, Domain name servers (DNS) are used to translate subscriber references to host names into network addresses of the servers. The DNS may themselves rely on other DNS servers in the remote Internet systems 14 and the remote Intranet systems 15 to determine the host name to network address mappings.
Other components or modules that are typical of the ISS 13 are a firewall that controls access to and from the system 13, and a router or routers for routing transmissions to and from subscribers, and to and from the remote Internet systems 14 and the remote Intranet systems 15.
The ISS 13 typically employs the Internet Protocol (IP) for data communication to and from various servers, as well as with the remote systems 14 and 15. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) operates above the IP layer and ensures reliable delivery of information to the content servers in the systems 13-15. The application protocols that operate above the TCP layer are specific to the applications being accessed by subscribers. For example, the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for file transfers and the Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) is used for web accesses.
Each of the remote Internet systems 14 or each of the remote Intranet systems 15 typically includes the same or similar servers and modules as those described above for the ISS 13.
Managing and maintaining such a distributed networked system, however, is typically very difficult. Because each data service system is independently administrated, the entire networked system spans multiple independently administrated control domains. In this case, only a portion of the networked system can be observed and controlled by anyone given authority (e.g., a system administrator of one Internet service system). The system administrator of one control domain is not able to access another control domain to detect problems in that control domain. In order for the entire networked system to be checked for problems, the system administrator of one control domain has to contact the system administrator of all other control domains to check their systems. Likewise, when the networked system includes a customer support representative to provide customer support services for the networked system, the representative must contact the system administrators of all the control domains of the networked system in order to check the entire networked system. This thus makes it difficult to manage the federated services provided by the access networked system and to provide effective customer support of these services.

Diagnostic system for a distributed data access networked system


An analog front-end circuit includes an analog processing circuit, an A/D converter, a calculation circuit, and a correction amount register in which a correction amount is set. The analog processing circuit includes an offset adjustment circuit that includes an offset adjustment register. The calculation circuit monitors an A/D-converted value output from the A/D converter, detects the change amount of the A/D-converted value when changing an offset adjustment value set in the offset adjustment register by 1 LSB as the correction amount, and sets the detected correction amount in the correction amount register.

The present invention relates to an analog front-end circuit, an electronic instrument, and the like.
An image sensor (e.g., CCD or CMOS sensor) used for electronic instruments (e.g., image reader) is configured so that an analog image signal relating to a document or the like read by the image sensor is converted into a digital image data using an A/D converter. JP-A-2004-297146 discloses technology relating to an analog front-end circuit (image processor) having an A/D converter.
An offset adjustment circuit which adjust the offset of an image signal may be provided in such an analog front-end circuit. An offset adjustment register in which an offset adjustment value is set is provided in the offset adjustment circuit. An initial offset adjustment or the like can be implemented by setting the offset adjustment value.
In this case, various correction processes such as a black level correction process can be implemented by utilizing the offset adjustment function of the offset adjustment circuit. Specifically, the A/D-converted value output from the A/D converter included in the analog front-end circuit is changed by changing the offset adjustment value to implement a correction process.
However, the correction amount corresponding to the change amount of the A/D-converted value when changing the offset adjustment value changes due to various factors. A gain adjustment circuit which adjust the gain of an image signal may be provided in the analog front-end circuit. In this case, the correction amount corresponding to the change amount of the A/D-converted value changes when the gain setting of the gain adjustment circuit changes. Therefore, it is a technical subject to efficiently acquire the correction amount.
An analog image signal output from an image sensor contains a DC offset component. The voltage level of the image signal may exceed the input allowable range of the analog front-end circuit due to the DC offset component. Therefore, in order to remove the DC offset component to set the voltage level of the image signal at an appropriate level, it is desirable to provide an AC coupling capacitor between the output of the image sensor and the input of the analog front-end circuit and provide a clamp circuit in the analog front-end circuit.
The clamp operation of the clamp circuit is classified into a bit clamp operation and a line clamp operation. The bit clamp operation is used for correlated double sampling and the like. The bit clamp operation is not suitable for applications which require high-speed A/D conversion. The line clamp operation is suitable for applications (e.g., office instrument) which require high-speed A/D conversion. However, when an error of a black level drawn toward a clamp level has occurred, accurate A/D conversion cannot be implemented when a sudden change in density of a document or the like has occurred.

Analog front-end circuit and electronic instrument


A new and distinct cultivar of Chrysanthemum plant named ‘Jeanny Salmon’, characterized by its decorative pompon-type inflorescences with elongated oblong-shaped, salmon orange-colored ray florets; strong and upright flowering stems; freely flowering habit; early and uniform flowering response; and good postproduction longevity.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Chrysanthemum plant, botanically known as Chrysanthemum×morifolium and referred to by the name 'Jeanny Salmon'.
The new Chrysanthemum is a naturally-occurring whole plant mutation of the Chrysanthemum×morifolium cultivar Jeanny Pink, not patented. The new Chrysanthemum was discovered and selected by the Inventor in January, 2004 as a single flowering plant within a population of plants of the cultivar Jeanny Pink in a controlled environment in Hensbroek, The Netherlands.
Asexual reproduction of the new Chrysanthemum by terminal cuttings harvested in Hensbroek, The Netherlands since February, 2004 has shown that the unique features of this new Chrysanthemum are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.


A method for producing multi-part print products includes supplying a folded main print product fold first to respectively one pouch of successively following pouches on a conveying device for a production line that includes a plurality of feeders. The folded main print product has front and rear legs extending from the fold. The rear leg has a frontal edge region that is penetrable by a movable clamping part. The method further includes moving the front and rear legs apart by penetrating the frontal edge region of the rear leg with the movable clamping part to clamp the front leg against a pouch wall. At least one partial print product is inserted into the main print product when the front and rear legs are moved apart to accommodate partial print products side-by-side.

The invention relates to a method for producing multi-part print products by inserting at least one partial product into at least one folded main product which accommodates the partial products side-by-side and is respectively supplied to one of the pouches which are successively arranged on a conveying device for a production line, formed with the aid of feeders, and is opened by moving apart the main product legs for inserting the partial products.
A method of this type is known from European Patent document EP 0 911 289 A, which discloses a method for producing print products by inserting partial products into a main product, previously fed into the pouch of an inserting machine. The main products and the partial products are produced, for example, with the aid of a system comprising a sliding rail, as well as a gathering and stitching machine equipped with several feeders, wherein the products are supplied in the form of an overlapping flow to the pouches. These partial products are also referred to as initial products and are normally available for processing even before the main product is produced, wherein the partial products can also be supplements, inserts, or the like. The main product can comprise, for example, the current politics section and/or the sports section. For the opening, the main product is gripped along a protruding gripping edge. However, the insertion of partial products into a main product without having a protruding gripping edge of this type is not possible with this method.
German patent document DE 24 47 336 A discloses an apparatus for processing print products, wherein at least one initial product can be inserted into a main printing product. The main products are respectively supplied to separate pouches of a cell wheel. This cell wheel is provided with a plurality of expanding wedges against which the main products are moved with a forward movement in axial direction of the cell wheel for opening the main products.

Method for producing multi-part print products