Chimeric antigen receptors containing CD123 antigen binding domains are disclosed. Nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors, host cells, antigen binding fragments, and pharmaceutical compositions, relating to the chimeric antigen receptors are also disclosed. Methods of treating or preventing cancer in a subject, and methods of making chimeric antigen receptor T cells are also disclosed.

Cancer is one of the most deadly threats to human health. In the U.S. alone, cancer affects nearly 1.3 million new patients each year, and is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease, accounting for approximately 1 in 4 deaths. Solid tumors are responsible for most of those deaths. Although there have been significant advances in the medical treatment of certain cancers, the overall 5-year survival rate for all cancers has improved only by about 10% in the past 20 years. Cancers, or malignant tumors, metastasize and grow rapidly in an uncontrolled manner, making treatment extremely difficult.
AML is a devastating disease with overall survival rate of only 26%. While young patients tend to have a better prognosis for treatment in AML, the five year survival in older patients may be as low as only 5%. First line treatment of AML involves multiple rounds of chemotherapy, (i.e. induction, consolidation) which bear high risk of toxicity. If hematopoietic stem cell transplant is performed after the 1st remission, the 5 year disease-free survival rate is only 30-50% (http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/leukemia-acute-myelogenous-aml/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics/?region=on). In addition, AML patients with high disease burden may not be candidates for bone marrow transplant, and minimal residual disease pre-transplant correlates with AML relapse. The present 1st line induction/consolidation therapy often fails to achieve MDR-negative remission to sufficiently reduce tumor burden, thus the risk of AML relapse after 1st line therapy with or without BMT remains high (1) Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006 June; 12(6):691-2, Leukemia burden and outcome of allogeneic transplant in acute myelogenous leukemia, Kamble R T, Hjortsvang E, Selby G B; (2) Leuk Lymphoma. 2015 May; 56(5):1353-61. Impact of pre-transplant disease burden on the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: a single-center study. Tian H et al.). PBDCN is a rare myeloid neoplasm that is classified as a subtype of AML and is sometimes treated as AML with induction and consolidation chemotherapy, and sometimes as ALL. BMT is often administered at 1st remission. However, there are currently no ongoing clinical trials for PBDCN, and no approved 1st line treatment. (Leukemia Lymphoma Society, https://www.lls.org/leukemia/blastic-plasmacytoid-dendritic-cell-neoplasm). Therefore, better therapeutic modalities are urgently needed for CD123+ malignancies.
CAR approaches targeting CD123 are superior to chemotherapy because they may achieve better efficacy in eliminating CD123+ tumor cells and tumor stem cells, and because they avoid the toxicities associated with chemotherapy. Importantly, CAR T cells are expected to be more efficient than chemotherapy in eliminating minimal residual disease, resulting in better long-term treatment prognosis. Furthermore, CAR123 may be used for tumor debulking as a bridge to transplant, as may help patient with high tumor burden become eligible for BMT.
CAR123 represents an improvement over prior art because unique human ScFv (hereinafter "hScFv") sequences are used in the CAR design, as opposed to murine-derived ScFvs employed in CAR designs elsewhere. Mouse-derived sequences carry the risk of immunogenicity, and may induce allergic or anaphylactic responses in patients, leading to CAR T elimination, or life-threatening anaphylaxis.
Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) are hybrid molecules comprising three essential units: (1) an extracellular antigen-binding motif, (2) linking/transmembrane motifs, and (3) intracellular T-cell signaling motifs (Long A H, Haso W M, Orentas R J. Lessons learned from a highly-active CD22-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Oncoimmunology. 2013; 2 (4):e23621). The antigen-binding motif of a CAR is commonly fashioned after a single chain Fragment variable (ScFv), the minimal binding domain of an immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule. Alternate antigen-binding motifs, such as receptor ligands (i.e., IL-13 has been engineered to bind tumor expressed IL-13 receptor), intact immune receptors, library-derived peptides, and innate immune system effector molecules (such as NKG2D) also have been engineered. Alternate cell targets for CAR expression (such as NK or gamma-delta T cells) are also under development (Brown C E et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2012; 18(8):2199-209; Lehner M et al. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (2):e31210). There remains significant work with regard to defining the most active T-cell population to transduce with CAR vectors, determining the optimal culture and expansion techniques, and defining the molecular details of the CAR protein structure itself.
The linking motifs of a CAR can be a relatively stable structural domain, such as the constant domain of IgG, or designed to be an extended flexible linker. Structural motifs, such as those derived from IgG constant domains, can be used to extend the ScFv binding domain away from the T-cell plasma membrane surface. This may be important for some tumor targets where the binding domain is particularly close to the tumor cell surface membrane (such as for the disialoganglioside GD2; Orentas et al., unpublished observations). To date, the signaling motifs used in CARs always include the CD3-ζ chain because this core motif is the key signal for T cell activation. The first reported second-generation CARs featured CD28 signaling domains and the CD28 transmembrane sequence. This motif was used in third-generation CARs containing CD137 (4-1BB) signaling motifs as well (Zhao Y et al. J Immunol. 2009; 183 (9): 5563-74). With the advent of new technology, the activation of T cells with beads linked to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody, and the presence of the canonical "signal 2" from CD28 was no longer required to be encoded by the CAR itself. Using bead activation, third-generation vectors were found to be not superior to second-generation vectors in in vitro assays, and they provided no clear benefit over second-generation vectors in mouse models of leukemia (Haso W, Lee D W, Shah N N, Stetler-Stevenson M, Yuan C M, Pastan I H, Dimitrov D S, Morgan R A, FitzGerald D J, Barrett D M, Wayne A S, Mackall C L, Orentas R J. Anti-CD22-chimeric antigen receptors targeting B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Blood. 2013; 121 (7):1165-74; Kochenderfer J N et al. Blood. 2012; 119 (12):2709-20). This is borne out by the clinical success of CD19-specific CARs that are in a second generation CD28/CD3-ζ (Lee D W et al. American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting. New Orleans, La.; Dec. 7-10, 2013) and a CD137/CD3-ζ signaling format (Porter D L et al. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365 (8): 725-33). In addition to CD137, other tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members such as OX40 also are able to provide important persistence signals in CAR-transduced T cells (Yvon E et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 15(18):5852-60). Equally important are the culture conditions under which the CAR T-cell populations were cultured.
T-cell-based immunotherapy has become a new frontier in synthetic biology; multiple promoters and gene products are envisioned to steer these highly potent cells to the tumor microenvironment, where T cells can both evade negative regulatory signals and mediate effective tumor killing. The elimination of unwanted T cells through the drug-induced dimerization of inducible caspase 9 constructs with AP1903 demonstrates one way in which a powerful switch that can control T-cell populations can be initiated pharmacologically (Di Stasi A et al. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(18):1673-83). The creation of effector T-cell populations that are immune to the negative regulatory effects of transforming growth factor-β by the expression of a decoy receptor further demonstrates that degree to which effector T cells can be engineered for optimal antitumor activity (Foster A E et al. J Immunother. 2008; 31(5):500-5). Thus, while it appears that CARs can trigger T-cell activation in a manner similar to an endogenous T-cell receptor, a major impediment to the clinical application of this technology to date has been limited in vivo expansion of CAR+ T cells, rapid disappearance of the cells after infusion, and disappointing clinical activity. Accordingly, there is an urgent and long felt need in the art for discovering novel compositions and methods for treatment of AML using an approach that can exhibit specific and efficacious anti-tumor effect without the aforementioned shortcomings (i.e. high toxicity, insufficient efficacy).
In addition, natural killer (NK) cell-based cancer immunotherapy has been gaining momentum in the past years (Shimasaki, N., Jain, A. & Campana, D. NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 19, 200-218 (2020)). Human haploidentical NK cells were shown to be amenable to adoptive transfer and expansion in pediatric and adult cancer patients. (Miller, J. S. et al, Blood 105, 3051-3057 (2005); Rubnitz, J. E. et al. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 955-959 (2010)). Moreover, second-generation CD19-CAR NK cells generated ex-vivo were effective in killing B Cell ALL (Imai, C., Iwamoto, S. & Campana, D. Blood 106, 376-383 (2005). NK cells activity in vivo may be further enhanced by expression of IL-15, IL-12, IL-18, or other cytokine variants stimulating autonomous growth, cytotoxicity, and prolonged effector function (Imamura, M. et al. Blood 124, 1081-1088 (2014)); Ni, J., Miller, M., Stojanovic, A., Garbi, N. & Cerwenka, A. J. Exp. Med. 209, 2351-2365 (2012). By secreting chemoattractants such as CCL5, XCL1 and FLT3L, NK cells are capable of attracting dendritic cells to tumor sites, and thus promote tumor microenvironment favorable for tumor control by the immune system (Bottcher, J. P. et al. Cell 172, 1022-1037 (2018); Barry, K. C. et al, A natural killer-dendritic cell axis defines checkpoint therapy-responsive tumor microenvironments. Nat. Med. 24, 1178-1191 (2018)). In addition, NK cells may be rendered more effective against tumors by manipulation of culture conditions. For example, NK cell activation with cytokines IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 enhanced NK cell anti-AML responses (Romee, R. et al. Sci. Transi. Med. 8, 357ra123 (2016)).
Clinical generation of NK cells from cord blood hematopoietic progenitors is feasible (Spanholtz, J. et al. PLOS ONE 6, e20740 (2011); Knorr, D. A. et al. Stem Cell Transl. Med. 2, 274-283 (2013)) Similarly, CAR NK cells may be derived by differentiation form iPSCs expressing CAR (Li, Y., Hermanson, D. L., Moriarity, B. S. & Kaufman, D. S. Cell Stem Cell 23, 181-192 (2018). While methods for generating highly effective NK cells and CAR NK cells for cancer therapy are continuing to evolve, significant strides have been made in this field in the past years (Granzin, M. et al. Oncoimmunology 5, e1219007 (2016)). Taken together, these findings demonstrate the emerging potential of CAR NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
The present invention addresses these needs by providing CAR compositions and therapeutic methods that can be used to treat cancers and other diseases and/or conditions. In particular, the present invention, as disclosed and described herein, provides CARS that may be used in the treatment of diseases, disorders or conditions associated with dysregulated expression of CD123 and which CARs contain CD123 antigen binding domains that exhibit a high surface expression on transduced T cells and NK cells, exhibit a high degree of cytolysis, and transduced T cell in vivo expansion and persistence.

Compositions and methods for treating cancer with anti-CD123 immunotherapy


A sleeping bag carrying and storage enclosure (10) is disclosed and has as its two main components a sleeping bag cover (11) and automatic closure system (21). Sleeping bag cover (11) is configured to receive a standard rectangular sleeping bag (1) in its unrolled position and the automatic closure system (21) configured to latch automatically in response to the sleeping bag being rolled up into its normal storage position. The automatic closure system has strategically placed fabric hook and latch fasteners (22) and (23), more commonly known by its brand name VELCRO.TM.. Here, a pair of first portions of fabric hook and closure fastener (22) are fixed at points on the upper sky facing surface (16) of head panel portion (15), each toward the marginal side edges of the head panel portion. Cooperating second portions of fabric hook and latch fasteners (23) are fixed to the lower ground facing surface (17) at points beginning at a distance from the first pair of fasteners approximately equal to, but slightly less than, the circumference of the sleeping bag when it is in a rolled-up state, such that the fasteners latch automatically as a consequence of the sleeping bag being rolled up.

1. Technical Field
This invention generally relates to rolled bedding, and more particularly, to a fabric cover for a sleeping bag which includes an automatic closure system to aid a user in "rolling up" their sleeping bag and storing it in this position.
2. Background Art
There are two common closure means for holding a sleeping bag in a rolled up position. The first is to use a separate duffle type bag, also known as a "stuff" bag because the sleeping bag is quite literally stuffed into the bag and secured there with draw strings. The second closure means commonly used are tie strings which are attached to one end of the sleeping bag. The user rolls the sleeping bag from the opposite end and then ties the strings together around the circumference of the bag. Some sleeping bag manufacturers go as far as attaching a roll cover to the head end of the sleeping bag and building draw strings into the side marginal edges of the roll cover. In this case, the sleeping bag is rolled from the foot end all the way up to the end of the roll cover and the draw strings are then drawn and tied around the circumference of each end of the rolled bag.
The problem with "stuff" bag storage is that sleeping bags which employ heavy multi-layered batting are all but impossible to stuff into the bag. The stuff bags work well with expensive high tech light weight fillings or natural fillings such as duck or goose down since they can be compacted into a small volume. However, most moderately priced sleeping bags, such as those used by children for slumber parties, sleep overs, etc., are designed more for comfort and cost efficiency and consequently use multi-layered batting.
The problem with the tie string system is the requirement of a high level of dexterity to tie the bag in a tight roll. Oftentimes children are simply unable to tie the bag without the aid of an adult. Additionally, even for adults, tieing up a sleeping bag can be relatively time consuming and even prohibitive when time is of the essence. For example, when emergency or military personnel need to move quickly to avoid peril, the extra thirty seconds or so required to tie a sleeping bag could be significant.
SCHULTZ, in his two U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,587,682 and 4,604,756, proposes related solutions which each include a sleeping bag having built in handles and doubling as an article carrying bag. The bags require a relatively high level of dexterity to place them in their storage states.
SCHILKRAUT, U.S. Pat. No. 4,967,986, discloses a carryall for transporting articles to a bathing area in the form of an elongate pouch having fasteners on the inner portion of one end and also on the outer portion of the other end, so that the elongate pouch can be formed into a circular enclosure.
None of the foregoing patents, either individually or in combination, offer a complete solution to the aforementioned problems.
Accordingly, what is needed is an apparatus for quickly and easily securing a sleeping bag in a rolled up storage state which requires very little dexterity to operate, as well as providing a way of storing and carrying personal items, etc.

Sleeping bag carrying and storage enclosure with automatic closure means


A force amplifying driver system including an actuator (12) with a powered actuating member (22) mounted for movement along a first distance “X”. A driven member (46) mounted for movement along a second distance or working distance “Y” which is less than the first distance “X”. The powered actuating member (24) is movable through a gap “Z” before being mechanically coupled with the driven member (46) and subsequently moves with the driven member (46) along the second distance “Y”. Energy is transferred from the powered actuating member (24) to the driven member (46) along the second or working distance “Y”. The force amplifying driver system may be used for actuating a fluid jetting dispenser (14).

Drivers for performing various work may be powered in any number of manners, such as pneumatic, hydraulic, electric, magnetic, or combinations thereof. Oftentimes, the drivers for dispensing liquids, such as hot melt materials, comprise pneumatic actuators or electro-magnetic solenoids.
Various types of jetting dispensers are known such as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,320,250; 5,747,102; and 6,253,957; and U.S. Publication No. 2006/0157517, the disclosures of which are hereby fully incorporated by reference herein. For many valve and pump devices, the size of the device is important and smaller sizes are typically preferred assuming they will perform the required function. Often, the valve element or piston is directly coupled to move with an actuator such as an air motor or pneumatic actuator, or a solenoid actuator. In such designs, when the overall size of the device is reduced, the forces available to perform the useful work (i.e., movement of the valve element or piston) are also typically reduced. Therefore, the actuator may need to be sized larger than desired if required by the amount of work to be performed. If the actuator is undersized, the performance of the device may be compromised. Direct coupling of the actuator to the device performing the work may also present challenges if the actuator is sensitive to heat and the driven element is part of a heated system. This occurs in the area of hot melt dispensing, for example, where the material being dispensed may be heated to temperatures above 250° F.

Force amplifying driver system and jetting dispenser and method of dispensing fluid


Systems, methods, and computer program products for a software build and load process using a compilation and deployment service. A method for a software build and load process using a compilation and deployment service includes receiving, at the service, new software. The method further includes comparing, at the service, the received new software with data in a database, wherein the data comprises active software. The method further includes merging, at the service said new software and active software into one or more load modules based on the comparison. The method further includes deploying the one or more load modules to one or more target processing units.

Typically, after a software application is built, the source code, configuration files, and other artefacts are generated, compiled, and packed into load modules. Once these load modules are built, the load modules may be shipped to an execution environment where they are loaded and possibly linked to a processing unit.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating a typical build process. Source files 110 may be provided or automatically created using a generator 120. A generator 120 may use configuration files 100 to automatically generate source files 110 using, for example, generic frames, classes, prototypes, templates, aspects, or other ontological models. Generator 120 may also include one or more programming tools, such as a template processor or an integrated development environment ("IDE").
The source files 110 may be compiled by a compiler 130 into object files 140. The compiler 130 may be a computer program, or a set of programs, that transforms source code written in one programming language into another computer language. For example, the compiler 130 may translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language, such as assembly language or machine code.
In a typical build process, as illustrated in FIG. 1, a compiler 130 may translate source files 110 into object files 140. Object files 140 may contain, for example, relocate-able format machine code. Since object files 140 may not be directly executable, they may be inputted into an archiver 150. The archiver 150 may be a linker, or link editor, that takes one or more object files generated by a compiler 130 and combines them into a single executable program, or load module 160. A computer application may comprise several modules 160, and all of the modules are not necessarily contained in a single object file 140. For example, the object files 140 may contain symbols that are resolved by an archiver 150, which links the object files into a unified executable program, or load modules 160. As a result, the load modules 160 may comprise an Executable and Linkable Format ("ELF") archive, a JAR (Java™ ARchive) or TAR (Tape ARchive) file, a Debian ("DEB") or RPM package, or other containers.
Once the load modules are built for a software application, the type of the software application may determine how the load modules are sent from the building site to be loaded onto a processing unit. Currently, when sending the load-units to the processing unit, it is often assumed that the new load-units do not interfere with the existing software on the processing unit. Additionally, it is often assumed that the new load module is compatible with underlying software frameworks on the processing units, such as middle-wares and operating systems. In some instances, a new load module may be tested in a sand box on a processing unit. Sand boxes allow a new load module to be tested against the actual processing unit environment without the risk of interfering with the operation of the actual equipment.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating load modules loaded onto a processing unit. In a typical load process, the worst case is that no checks are performed when the load modules 160 are loaded onto the processing unit 200. In other cases—such as when a package manager, like apt or yum is used—rudimentary dependency checks are performed when new packages are loaded onto a processing unit 200 or existing ones are updated. Packages that violate one or more dependencies may not be loaded.
The above build and load processes, illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, may function well in static environments where software changes are relatively infrequent. For example, current processes may be sufficient in a desktop setting or in a small server farm. However, in modern environments, the above build and load processes present problems. For example, in large data-centers and cloud deployments, ordinary containers or package systems are not sufficient. Additionally, since the state changes frequently in data-centers and cloud environments, frequent load module deployments are required. Furthermore, especially in a cloud environment, one must be able to package functioning software and deploy it on dynamically allocated virtual machines.
Complex applications also often stretch over several processing units 200. It is common for applications to span several processing units 200, so installation and upgrade must be coordinated across several processing units 200. For example, software may need to be loaded onto processing units 200 that perform specific tasks, and as a result, different pieces of software must work together when loaded onto the processing unit. Processing units 200 and services may also be shared between users that have different requirements. Additionally, the new software may interfere with existing software, and thereby cause errors and down-time when executed on a processing unit.
Accordingly, there exists a need to overcome the deficiencies of current software build and load processes.


The present invention relates to a pressure detector. In a body that constitutes part of the pressure detector, a through hole is formed, which is directed upwardly from a substantially central portion of a flow passage through which a pressure fluid flows. The through hole communicates with a sensor chamber in which a pressure sensor is disposed, and a rod-shaped member is disposed displaceably in the through hole. In addition, an end of the rod-shaped member, which is exposed to the flow passage, is pressed by the pressure fluid and displaced upwardly thereby, and pressure is detected as a result of the pressure sensor being pressed by a head of the rod-shaped member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a pressure detector for detecting the pressure of a fluid that flows through the interior of a flow passage.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, for example, in a manufacturing process for semiconductor manufacturing or the like, liquids consisting of chemicals and pure water or the like are used, and a pressure detector is connected with respect to tubes through which such liquids are made to flow, whereby measurement of the pressure of the liquid that flows through the interior of the tubes is carried out by the pressure detector.
As one type of such a pressure detector, for example, as disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 11-512827 (PCT) (Patent Document 1), a disk membrane is provided between an internally disposed pressure sensor, which is connected with respect to a fluid flow circuit through which a corrosive liquid flows, and a hole portion that the corrosive liquid flows into, whereby the pressure sensor is separated from and is prevented from coming into direct contact with the corrosive liquid. In this case, a fluid pressure, which is transmitted through the disk membrane, is detected by the pressure sensor.
Further, in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 09-166512 (Patent Document 2), a fluid pressure sensor is disclosed in which the pressure sensor is built into the interior of a tube fitting, and the pressure sensor is separated from the fluid by a diaphragm, which is disposed between the pressure sensor and a flow passage through which the pressure fluid flows.
Furthermore, in the pressure sensor disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-207946 (Patent Document 3), a recessed upper surface is provided, which is located at an intermediate portion of a flow passage connected between an upstream side connection port and a downstream side connection port, and fluid pressure measurement is carried out by arranging the pressure receiving surface of a sensor main body so as to face an opening of the flow passage, which opens at a top part of the recessed upper surface.


In the pressure swing adsorption of nitrogen from gas mixtures with less polar gas components at temperatures of between 20.degree. and 50.degree. C., wherein the gas mixture is passed through an adsorber which is filled with packings of zeolite pellets and has an inlet zone and an outlet zone, the improvement which comprises providing at least two packings in the adsorber, a packing of Li-zeolite X in the inlet zone of the adsorber and a packing of at least one of Ca-zeolite A and Ca-zeolite X in the outlet zone of the adsorber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improved pressure swing adsorption process for the adsorption of nitrogen from gas mixtures with zeolite pellets.
2. Description of Prior Art
The production of oxygen from air at ambient temperatures is already performed on a large scale industrially with molecular sieve zeolites (c.f., for example, Gas Review Nippon, page 13, no. 5, 1985). Such methods exploit the preferential adsorption of nitrogen in comparison with oxygen, i.e. when the air is passed through a zeolite packing oxygen and argon are collected as the product on leaving the packing. The adsorbed nitrogen may be desorbed, for example, by evacuating the packing. In this case, the process is known as vacuum swing adsorption (VSA), in contrast with the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process, which is also known. A continuous VSA process is characterised by the following processing stages:
a) passage of air through zeolite packing (at, for example, ambient pressure of e.g. about 1 bar) and discharge of O.sub.2 -rich gas from the outlet side; PA1 b) evacuation of the packing with a vacuum pump (for example to a vacuum of approximately 100 to 300 mbar countercurrently relative to air flow); PA1 c) filling the packing with O.sub.2 -rich gas (for example to ambient pressure of e.g. about 1 bar countercurrently relative to air flow (see, for example, FIG. 1 hereinbelow)). PA1 a packing of Li zeolite X and a packing of at least one of Sr zeolite A and Sr zeolite X, PA1 a packing of Li zeolite X and a packing of at least one of Mg zeolite A and Mg zeolite X, PA1 a packing of Li zeolite X and a packing of at least one of Ca zeolite A and Ca zeolite X, PA1 a packing of Li zeolite X and a packing of at least one of a zeolite A, which has been exchanged with calcium and magnesium ions and has a molar CaO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95 and a molar MgO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95, and of a zeolite X, which has been exchanged with calcium and magnesium ions and has a molar CaO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95 and a molar MgO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95, PA1 a packing of Li zeolite X and a packing of at least one of zeolite A, which has been exchanged with calcium and strontium ions and has a molar CaO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95 and a molar SrO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95, and of a zeolite X, which has been exchanged with calcium and strontium ions and has a molar CaO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95 and a molar SrO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95, PA1 a packing of Li zeolite X and a packing of at least one of a zeolite A, which has been exchanged with strontium and magnesium ions and has a molar SrO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95 and a molar MgO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95, and of a zeolite X, which has been exchanged with strontium and magnesium ions and has a molar SrO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95 and a molar MgO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of 0.05 to 0.95.
In the PSA process, stage b) is performed at approximately ambient pressure of e.g. about 1 bar with purging with a portion of the O.sub.2 -rich gas. In the so-called PVSA process (a combination of VSA and PSA), separation is performed at 1.1 to 2 bar and desorption at approximately 200 to 700 mbar (minimum pressure). The object of these processes is to achieve an elevated production rate (relative to the quantity of zeolite used) and to achieve an elevated O.sub.2 yield (ratio of the quantity of O.sub.2 in the product to the quantity of O.sub.2 in the introduced air). An elevated O.sub.2 yield results in low energy demand by the vacuum pump or air compressor.
As a consequence of the three above-stated stages, there are generally three zeolite packings, i.e. three adsorbers, which are operated cyclically. In the case of the VSA process, adsorption may also be performed with 2 adsorbers (GB-A 1 559 325).
The economic viability of such adsorption plants is influenced by capital costs, such as for example quantity of adsorbent, size of vacuum pump, and in particular by operating costs, such as the electricity consumption of the vacuum pumps. Zeolites have thus been developed with which it is possible to achieve elevated levels of nitrogen adsorption, such that the quantity of zeolite used may be kept low or even reduced. Ca zeolites A, as described in EP-A-128 545, are used for this purpose.
Further developments in this area are directed towards increasing selectivity for nitrogen over oxygen.
Elevated selectivity is achieved by using lithium zeolite X (EP-A 297 542). In comparison with Na zeolite X, a higher separation factor and higher N.sub.2 loading are achieved.
Better energy consumption is also achieved with Li zeolite X in comparison with Na zeolite X (EP-A 461 478, Example 2).
In order further to optimize adsorption processes for air separation, it has been proposed to use adsorbent packings which consist of zones having different types of zeolites.
JP 87/148 304 discloses an oxygen enrichment process in which an absorber with particular arrangements of various types of zeolites is used instead of an absorber with a single zeolite packing. At the air inlet side, the adsorber contains zeolites of the Na--X, Na--Y or Ca--X type and, on the air outlet side, of the Ca--A type.
In EP-A-374 631, a Ca zeolite A with low N.sub.2 adsorption is used in the air inlet zone, and a Ca zeolite A with elevated N.sub.2 adsorption is used in the outlet zone, wherein the CaO/Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ratio of both zeolites is approximately equal. The different N.sub.2 loading capacities are a result of different levels of activation.
EP-A 0 546 542 describes a packing arrangement in which Li zeolite X is used in the air inlet zone and Na zeolite X in the air outlet zone.
Object
The object of the invention is to provide a more energy efficient pressure swing adsorption process for the adsorption of nitrogen from gas mixtures with less polar gas components, with which process it is also possible to achieve improved O.sub.2 yields in comparison with the prior art.

Process for the adsorption of nitrogen from gas mixtures by means of pressure swing adsorption with zeolites


A digital data recording method records, on a magnetic tape, digital data formed of a plurality of data blocks. Each data block has a constant or variable length and includes control data including at least a synchronizing signal and address information, and the digital data recording method records the control data at a position excluding the opposite ends of each data block.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a digital data recording method and apparatus that separates digital data in units of constant or variable lengths, and records the separated digital data as a plurality of data blocks on a magnetic tape, a reproducing apparatus for reproducing the recorded digital data, and the magnetic tape on which the digital data are recorded.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional helical-scanning recording-and-reproducing system is known that uses a rotary head to form recording tracks inclined to the feeding direction of a magnetic tape as a recording medium so that digital data such as audio data and video data are recorded or reproduced.
In the helical-scanning recording-and-reproducing system, the digital data recorded on the magnetic tape are normally separated in units of predetermined length, and control data including at least a synchronizing signal and address information are added to each separated digital data unit, whereby a plurality of data blocks is formed. The digital data are processed using one data block as the minimum data unit.
The control data added to each data block is called a xe2x80x9cheaderxe2x80x9d, and is normally positioned at the head of each data block. The digital data are reproduced by initially reading the control data at the head of each data block, recognizing, based on the read control data, the head and position of each data block, reading data such as audio data and video data, and performing post-stage signal processing based on the control data so that the read data are recomposed to generate reproduced data.
Recently, a so-called xe2x80x9cnon-tracking reproducing methodxe2x80x9d has been proposed as a type of the above-described digital data reproduction. The non-tracking reproducing method recomposes correctly read data by using a reproducing magnetic head to perform scanning at a speed double that of the relative movement of the magnetic head and the magnetic tape in the recording mode, whereby the need for controlling the reproducing magnetic head to precisely trace recording tracks is eliminated.
In the non-tracking reproducing method, the reproducing magnetic head may fail to precisely trace the recording tracks, and may scan more than one recording track at the same time by skewing across them. This causes the order of data blocks in the recording mode to differ from an order of data blocks in the reproduction mode. Accordingly, in the non-tracking reproducing method, data that were correctly read by scanning using the reproducing magnetic head are temporarily stored in a memory, and data are recomposed for reproduction by rearranging the stored data in the recording order, based on control data.
In the non-tracking reproducing method, only data blocks having acceptable error rates are stored in the memory as data blocks based on which recomposition is performed, and data blocks having inferior error rates are not stored in the memory.
In the non-tracking reproducing method, the error rate of the read data varies in accordance with the distance at which the reproducing magnetic head is positioned on the recording tracks at the recording position of the read data. The reproducing magnetic head scans the recording tracks by skewing. Thus, data constituting one single data block may include acceptable error rates and inferior error rates. The single data block has the greatest difference in error rates in the head and end thereof.
In the non-tracking reproducing method, the error rates of the read data block are evaluated based on the error rate of the control data at the head of each data block. Thus, in the case where the error rate of the. control data is inferior, the error rates of the entire data block are regarded as inferior, even when the end portion of the data block has an acceptable error rate. This may prevent the entire data block from being stored in the memory. Conversely, in the case where the error rate of the control data is acceptable, the error rate of the entire data block is regarded as acceptable, even when the end portion of the data block has an inferior rate. Thus, data having an inferior error rate may be stored in the memory.
Therefore, the non-tracking reproducing method has a problem in that the data utilizing efficiency deteriorates and the reliability of the reproduced data may be reduced.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a digital data recording method and apparatus for suppressing a decrease in data utilizing efficiency and for obtaining highly reliable reproduced data, a reproducing apparatus for reproducing highly reliable digital data while suppressing a decrease in data utilizing efficiency, and a magnetic tape on which digital data for suppressing a decrease in data utilizing efficiency and for improving the reliability of reproduced data are recorded.
To this end, according to an aspect of the present invention, the foregoing object is achieved through provision of a digital data recording method for recording, on a magnetic tape, digital data comprised of a plurality of data blocks. Each data block has a known length and includes control data including at least a synchronizing signal and address information, and the digital data recording method records the control data at a position excluding the opposite ends of each data block.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the foregoing object is achieved through provision of a recording apparatus including a data writer for recording digital data on a magnetic tape by using a recording head and the magnetic tape so that the recording head and the magnetic tape are moved with respect to each other, and a data supplier for supplying the data writer with the digital data as a plurality of data blocks separated into units having known lengths. The data blocks each include control data including at least a synchronizing signal and address information, and the control data is recorded at a position excluding the opposite ends of each data block.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, the foregoing object is achieved through provision of a reproducing apparatus including a data reader for causing a reproducing magnetic head to scan a magnetic tape so that digital data recorded on the magnetic tape are read, and a signal processor for generating reproduced data by implementing signal processing for the digital data read by the data reader. The digital data read by the data reader are recorded on the magnetic tape as a plurality of data blocks which are separated into units having known lengths. The data blocks each include control data including at least a synchronizing signal and address information, and the control data is recorded at a position excluding the opposite ends,of each data block.
Preferably, the signal processor generates the reproduced data by temporarily storing the digital data read by the data reader, and recomposing the digital data based on the address information of each data block.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, the foregoing object is achieved through provision of a magnetic tape on which digital data as a plurality of data blocks separated into units having known lengths are recorded for recording tracks inclined with respect to the direction of scanning. The data blocks each include control data including at least a synchronizing signal and address information, and the control data is recorded at a position excluding the opposite ends of each data block.
According to the present invention, control data based on which error rates of each data block is evaluated is added to a position of the data block excluding the opposite ends of the data block. Therefore, even in the case where the error rate of data at the head of the data block differs from the error rate of data at the end of the data block, almost the average of error rates of data in the data block is evaluated such that a reproducing magnetic head scans recording tracks by skewing.
Therefore, by using the present invention to record digital data, the data utilizing efficiency in reproduction of the digital data can be increased, and the reliability of reproduced data can be improved.

Digital data recording method and apparatus, digital data reproducing apparatus, and magnetic tape therefor


A latching mechanism (4) for use with an electrical connector to hold an electronic card on a printed circuit board, the latching mechanism (4) includes at least one supporting portion (41) for resting the electronic card thereon, fixing portions (46) which are fastened to said printed circuit board, and latches (47) extending from said at least one supporting portion (41), with a contact end portion of said card being received in said card edge connector, which latch an opposite end portion of said electronic card in a state where said card is substantially parallel to said printed circuit board. Said latch (47) comprising spring arms (44) which are approximately parallel to said printed circuit board.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an electrical assembly, and particularly to a printed circuit board assembly having an electronic card electrically and mechanically connected to a mother board via an electrical connector and a latching mechanism in a parallel manner.
2. The Related Art
Taiwan patent number 545747 discloses a kind of latching mechanism for use with a card edge connector. A electronic card includes a distal end which is inserted to said card edge connector and a opposite distal end which is locked by said latching mechanism. The mechanism is made from insulative material including a supporting portion and a latching portion, which upwardly extends from the supporting portion, wherein the latching portion includes a elastic arm extending from the supporting portion. Because the elastic arm is so short which is approximate equal to the thickness of the card, thus resulting in limited elasticity of the elastic arm. As a result, the latching portion has less moveability and less effective latching area with regard to the opposite distal end of the card. It is possible for the card to be withdrawn from the latching mechanism in vibration. On the other hand, the latching mechanism cannot be assembled to a printed circuit board using conventional pick and place equipment because there is not any portion for picking.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,021,953 discloses latching mechanism for use with a card edge connector, wherein the latching mechanism defines a latching portion at a distal end of a spring arm, a support portion and a positioning post, which extends from the support portion. This design allows the better guiding function of the positioning post and the electronic card does not tend to be withdrawn from the latching portion. Anyhow, the latching mechanism is made from a single metal piece in forming which results in complicated structure and the uncontrollable dimension and position precision. Understandably, this design has difficulties in manufacturing. On the other hand, the metallic latching mechanism disadvantageously tends to result in shorting if the neighboring component is densely arranged therearound
Therefore, it is desired to have an improved latching mechanism for use with the card edge connector.


A system and method is disclosed for converting electronic messages to message posts. An electronic message client may be integrated with a social network. An electronic message composed using the electronic message service may be designated for one or more recipients who are also members of a social network associated with a sender of the electronic message. On determining that the one or more recipients are members of the social network; at least a portion of the electronic message may be provided as a message post to a message stream associated with the one or more recipients.

The subject technology relates generally to social networks, namely, discussion threads. Some users may be slow to adopt use of the tools provided by social networks. For example, a user who may otherwise converse with many friends via an electronic message may not connect with those friends in a social network. Even if the user is a member of the social network, the user's message feed may remain relatively empty, thereby slowing the adoption of the social network to read or post messages.

Converting electronic messages to message posts


An electrical terminal connection system has a first terminal for attachment to a high-current cable. The first terminal is formed to include a wire-connect section for direct attachment to the wire and an intermediate stem section joining the wire-connect section to a contact section. The contact section has two opposite sides and deflectable arms extending along each side in parallel relation to each other. The arms are raised from the contact section and extend to free ends adjacent to an end of the contact section. A second terminal extends from a device-side of the connection, such as from a power distribution module (PDM). The second terminal has an initial seating section joined to a bus bar extending from within the PDM and a retaining section having two opposite edges. A short wall extends perpendicularly from each edge of the retaining section and a ledge extends from a top of each wall to overhang part of the retaining section. Each ledge has a portion slanted toward the seating section. When the contact section of the first terminal is placed on the initial seating section of the second terminal and pulled toward the retaining section of the second terminal, the deflectable arms flex and slide under the ledges until they interlock with the ledges behind the slanted portions. A releasable latch projection and stop tabs on the retaining section of the second terminal then prevent further movement of the first terminal in either direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to the connection of electrical terminals and more particularly to high power terminals that are interlocked by pulling one terminal in a sliding motion against another terminal.
2. Discussion of Related Art
A power distribution center or module (PDM) consolidates fuses, branch circuits, relays, connectors and other electrical components in a single location within a vehicle. The PDM often includes a mounting surface having a plurality of receptacles for receiving the electrical components. A bus bar is routed beneath the surface and has a plurality of blade-like projections that protrude into some or all of the receptacles to make electrical contact with the components. The bus bar is used to supply electrical power to the components for serving the vehicle electrical circuit requirements. The electrical power is usually provided to the bus bar through a high power cable from the vehicle alternator and/or battery.
Often, in high power connections, an eyelet terminal is crimped on the end of the high current cable. The eyelet terminal fits over a threaded stud extending through the bus bar in the PDM, and a nut is used to tighten the eyelet terminal into electrical connection with the bus bar. Alternatively, a separate bolt and nut could be used to secure the terminal to the bus bar. Either way, retention features of these types increase labor costs because they requires tools, often with torque monitoring capabilities, to fasten the terminal to the bus bar. This provides the opportunities for cross-threading or improperly torqued attachments that could cause loose attachments. Inadequately tightened connections in turn could lead to electrical arcing, overheating, loss of contact and other undesirable events.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,077,711 discloses one way of eliminating the need for threaded studs, bolts and nuts to make such electrical connections. A manually operated lever on the PDM is used to rotate a cam surface against a harness terminal. This forces the harness terminal against a bus bar extending from the PDC. The design of the cam surface along with a latch for the lever act to hold the terminal against the bus bar. Though no threaded fasteners or tools are required, this approach requires a mechanical device in addition to the terminals.
Self-locking connectors, such as the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,586,898, are often complex and bulky, and usually need to be manufactured from more than one material. Hermaphroditic terminals for electrically connecting wire harnesses are also well known in the art. They are simpler and less expensive then self-locking connectors, and do not require the use of additional fasteners. Such terminals eliminate the need for having to match terminals with distinctly male and female characteristics. However, with PDM bus bar and high power cable terminal connections, it is not practical for the bus terminal and cable terminal to have identical features.


A system and method directed for a tumbler insert which secures a tumbler from the inside without contacting any exterior surfaces, the insert having a plurality of flexible members or claws that may be bent or contracted when pressed into the tumbler, which creates sufficient tension to secure the holder within the vessel.

Glitter tumblers are stainless steel insulated mugs and cups that one may glitter, seal, and decorate. They have become very popular because users can personalize the tumblers with many customizations. Typically, a rotisserie on spinning machine may be used where the tumbler is mounted to the machine with an insert connected to a pipe. However, these inserts are often fragile and do not conform to all shapes of tumblers. Thus exists the need for a new tumbler insert.

System for an insert for holding a tumbler while spinning during decoration


The invention relates to a pipette, comprising a tip remover element which, upon moving it against a tip, disengages the tip. The remover element is operated with a mechanism, comprising a rotatable ramp member which is provided with a circle-forming ramp surface, including one or more segments within which the ramp surface has a high point and a low point, whereby the ramp surface, upon rotating through a single segment, forces the remover element first to move against the tip and then allows it to return.

In plunger-operated pipettes, the tip element is usually provided with a replaceable tip container or a tip used for drawing therein a liquid to be subsequently dispensed. Usually, pipettes also include a tip remover, comprising a collar slidable along the tip element, and a spring against whose force the collar is pressable downwards. Electrically operated pipettes have also been available, in which the plunger is operated by means of an electric motor. Even in such pipettes, the tip remover has usually been manually operated.
Publication U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,712 discloses an electrically operated pipette, in which the tip remover is powered by the same motor as the plunger. In that configuration, the plunger is provided with two nuts, which are non-rotatable relative to the housing and fitted on motor-driven lead screws. When it is time to remove the tip, the plunger is driven to its bottom position, the nuts pressing a spring-loaded tip removing collar downwards. When the tip is removed, the motor is driven respectively in reverse.


A sticker system includes at least a head-mounted device and a sticker. In an embodiment, the sticker system receives an image of the sticker captured by an imaging sensor. The sticker system determines registration information by processing a fiducial marker of the sticker shown in the image. The sticker system determines location information of the HMD. Additionally, the sticker system determines a position of the sticker relative to the HMD using the registration information and the location information. The sticker system provides a (e.g., augmented reality) graphic to the HMD for presentation to the user based on the position of the sticker.

Interventional medical procedures can have complex work environments with multiple medical devices being introduced at various stages, each with their own particular setup mechanisms. Augmented reality (AR) devices are being developed for use in the interventional suite. It is desirable to provide user-friendly mechanisms for tracking use and reliable system setup. Devices operating within such an environment may have strict requirements on cybersecurity and patient confidentiality, which may require engineering trade-offs and sacrificing ease of use in conventional systems for registering the devices.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Disposable sticker within augmented reality environment


A rotary power transformer employing the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine as the fluid medium for transforming pressure into a rotative motion. It includes a circular housing and a central hollow driven shaft extendable through and rotatable relative to the housing. A central rotor of generally cylindrical shape has a plurality of equispaced vanes on the outer periphery thereof. A rotor boss is nestably received at opposite sides of each vane of the rotor. The rotor side walls are fixed to the driven shaft. An outer stator circumscribes and is in spaced relationship with the rotor for defining a circular expansion chamber between the stator and rotor and has a plurality of equispaced inwardly facing vanes defining on the inboard periphery of the stator.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to cogeneration, meaning involvement in the use of the normally spent gases or waste heat emanating from its source: first, reactivating the secondary combustion gas content, for achieving a more complete burning of the unburned hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide (CO), to carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) of the exhaust emission by feeding fresh air charges into the exhaust flame stream so as to increase energy potential for auxiliary power driving purposes; second, exploiting the so-increased energy derived from the improved secondary combustion resulting from the fresh air propagated and supported intensified secondary combustion and resulting increase in gas volume and velocity magnitudes by which to drive an air-cooled air-charging turbo type power-generating rotor and its extended hollow air-cooled supporting shaft and additional auxiliary accessory apparatus linked thereto, and third, propelling a carbureted air-fuel vapor mixture for delivering a conditioned engine intake flow under increased and above atmospheric pressures.
It teaches improvements in the design and construction of engine exhaust turbines for extracting the maximum amount of energy, wasted in conventional practice, from the flaming gas exhaust as discharged during a normal engine work-load-speed operation.
It exploits the energies emanating through the exhaust manifold of an internal combustion engine while altering the content of the gases so as to contribute to the reduction of air pollution while simultaneously improving engine efficiency.
Auxiliary fresh air and other oxidizing gases are blended with the exhaust gases whereby the carbon monoxide content is significantly reduced within the exhausted fumes while the carbon dioxide content thereof is appreciably maximized.
The invention teaches new and novel improvements and innovations, not heretofore disclosed, same exemplifying additional embodiments for obtaining maximum energy extraction and other operational benefits with respect to improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Efforts on the part of major automobile manufacturers to reduce pollutants in the exhaust gases of conventional gasoline piston engines for use in motor vehicles are well known and consist primarily in investigating or developing a system or combination of systems such as the use of a thermal reactor, catalytic converter, nitrogen oxide catalytic converter, exhaust gas recirculation, air injection, etc. Since catalytic converters are vulnerable to leaded fuels, and for other reasons, the use of thermal reactors to reduce exhaust emissions has been considered promising.
With the exception of equipment using engine exhaust to propel air-fuel intake mixtures by exhaust-driven turbo type superchargers, and using heat extracted for use similar to that used in the Pogue and other type carburetors and devices, no method or means is known to exist for the amplification of, or otherwise the increase of, the energy content of the engine exhaust emissions as to be made useful and applicable for auxiliary power driving purposes for improving overall engine efficiency.
No practical means is known for economically improving the quality of the exhaust emissions regardless of the fuel used by the feeding into the exhaust emission additional oxidizing agents such as air and/or oxygen, by which to increase the potential energies of those emissions for power-take-off purposes and for use in generating engine intake fuel gases, such as hydrogen and oxygen, to increase engine efficiency and simultaneously reduce pollution.
In most conventional types of liquid fuel fed internal combustion engines, there exists little or no possibility of obtaining complete combustion within the cylinder confines. The liquid fuel is seldom sufficiently fully gasified or the usual carbureted liquid vapor part of the air-liquid vapor mixture is seldom sufficiently fully gasified so as to be completely ignitable within the engine.
I am aware of a patent to G. S. Mittelstaedt, U.S. Pat. No. 3,311,097 of Mar. 28, 1967, showing the use of apparatus for producing hydrogen and oxygen gases for use in the intake, combustion and exhaust zones of an internal combustion engine.

Exhaust gas turbine powered system for transforming pressure into rotative motion


A SAW filter includes multiple SAW resonators. The multiple SAW resonators, which are connected in series, are connected any one of between a signal input terminal and a ground that is the closest thereto and between a signal output terminal and another ground that is the closest thereto. The SAW resonators have substantially equal electrostatic capacitances. It is thus possible to protect the SAW resonators without providing a sacrificial electrode for electrostatic breakdown, and thereby possible to configure the SAW filter having a high reliability against the electrostatic discharge.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to a surface acoustic wave (hereinafter simply referred to as SAW) filter having a SAW resonator, and more particularly, to a technique for protecting the SAW filter from electrostatic discharge (referred to as ESD).
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, wireless devices such as mobile telephones have been downsized rapidly, highly advanced, and highly improved in quality. A high-frequency circuit of the wireless device employs the filter having the SAW resonator. The filter structure includes a ladder-type filter and a multimode filter. The ladder-type filter is composed of multiple SAW resonators that are connected in a ladder structure. The multi-mode filter includes a double-mode SAW filter (referred to as DMS), for example. The SAW resonator includes a pair of comb-like electrodes that face each other on a piezoelectric substrate. This comb-like electrode is referred to as interdigital transducer (IDT). The comb-like electrode includes a bus bar and multiple electrode fingers that extend from the bus bar in the same direction. Gaps between the adjacent electrode fingers and those between edges of the electrode fingers and the bus bar that face the edges are extremely small. Therefore, in the case where static electricity is applied to an input terminal or an output terminal of the SAW filter, an electrostatic discharge occurs between the above-mentioned terminal and the ground. As a result, the SAW resonator, which is arranged between the terminal and the ground, is destroyed.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 6-224682 (hereinafter referred to as Document 1) discloses a structure for protecting the SAW resonator that determines the filter characteristics, by providing a sacrificial electrode for electrostatic breakdown. The sacrificial electrode for electrostatic breakdown is connected to the input terminal or the output terminal so as to be broken instead of the SAW resonator, in the case where the static electricity is applied.
However, there is the problem in that once the sacrificial electrode is broken, the SAW filter cannot be protected from the static electricity any longer.


An optical concentrator increases the power density from diffuse optical energy remitted by an optically diffusing surface by at least partially recollimating the diffuse optical energy. The concentrator includes an optical diffuser element illuminated at a first point by optical input energy and remitting incident optical energy. A reflective element has a reflective surface with a concentration point located at the first point and the reflective surface reflects diffuse optical energy incident on it from the diffuser element. At least one aperture is provided for the transmission of an output beam formed by a portion of the diffuse optical energy from at least the diffuser element.

This invention relates generally to optical source and illumination systems. It relates, more particularly, to an apparatus and method for increasing the available optical power from an optical beam from which spatial coherence and/or spatial inhomogeneity are removed. The apparatus and method are particularly useful with an optical beam produced by a laser source.
Lasers and other radiant energy sources have become commonplace in diverse fields, ranging from materials processing to holography to surgery. In many applications, uniform illumination of the target surface is important.
However, the use of coherent energy for illumination presents unique problems in many applications, due at least in part to optical interference effects. The occurrence of constructive and destructive interference of reflected energy, i.e., speckle, and the occurrence of beam intensity inhomogeneity, i.e., hot spots, are examples of these problems.
With further regard to the problem of interference, it is known that objects illuminated with a laser beam or other source of spatially coherent light display a fine grained speckle pattern distributed over the surface. This speckle pattern is invariant with respect to time if the object is immobile. Speckle is believed to be attributable to the finite roughness of the surface being illuminated. For instance, a laser beam, being coherent, reflects off a rough surface at various angles, and the reflections randomly interfere in space with one another and with the incident beam. This constructive and destructive interference appears to the eye or camera as a condition termed "speckle".
In addition to problems manifest in the use of spatially coherent energy, many laser generating systems, e.g., sources, produce output beams having spatially non-homogeneous intensity profiles. One example is laser systems that produce beams having "hot spots", which typically are ring-shaped or star-shaped, and these intensity variations are undesirable in many applications.
Various methods have been used to improve beam uniformity and to reduce speckle during the propagation between a laser source and a target. For instance, known homogenizing apparatus includes kaleidescopes, lens and prism systems, waveguides having substructures to homogenize a laser beam passing therethrough, spatial filters, integrating cavities, and other diffusive surfaces for providing lambertian radiation distribution. See for examples the Buckles U.S. Pat. No. 3,633,999; the Van Ligten et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,490,827; the Klopotek et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,405; the Grossman U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,628; the Rushworth U.S. Pat. No. 4,309,746; and Burns et al. (1991) Applied Optics 30:2063.
However, the price paid for removing speckle or hot spots from a laser beam is typically the loss of the tight collimation of the beam and the consequent loss of high irradiance. In fact, diffusive mechanisms heretofore used to homogenize optical energy, in general, result in a radiant flux being distributed over too large a solid angle for capture by a practical lens or equivalent element.
It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide an apparatus and method for increasing the power density from diffuse optical energy re-emitted by an optically diffusing surface.
Other objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter.

The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Inc.


A method for preparing a film of a CIS semiconductor compound overcoated by a color layer includes preparing an electrolyte solution by mixing precursors of film constituents including Cu, In, and Se with a solvent; configuring an electrodeposition circuit by connecting an electrochemical cell comprising the electrolyte solution, a working electrode, and a counter electrode to a voltage or current supply device; disposing a photomask having the predetermined pattern on the working electrode; producing the film through the photomask on a surface of the working electrode by applying a reduction voltage or current; disposing a light source to emit light toward the photomask; and photoelectrically depositing the film on the surface of the working electrode at least in the predetermined pattern while illuminating light through the photomask; and forming a color layer of CuSe at least in the predetermined pattern on the film employed as a working electrode using photo-electrodeposition.

As interest in environmental pollution issues and global warming caused by greenhouse gases in line with the Climate Change Convention has been increased, interest in a solar cell as an eco-friendly energy source has been increasing. Solar cells are classified into silicon solar cells, compound thin-film solar cells, organic or hybrid solar cells, and the like according to the type of light-absorbing layer.
Although the silicon solar cell is positioned first in the current global solar cell market, in an environment in which territorial area is limited as in Korea, there is a desperate need for developing a solar cell in the form that can be utilized even in a densely populated city center. This is because the application of the silicon solar cell to buildings, automobiles, mobile electronic devices, and the like is extremely limited due to the heavy weight and opaqueness of the silicon solar cell and the inherent monotonous and crude appearance of crystalline silicon.
Meanwhile, since a thin-film solar cell consists of thin films, it may exhibit a lightweight and flexible form, and thus interest and investment in a thin-film solar cell whose application field can be drastically expanded have been gradually increasing.
A compound-based thin-film solar cell (hereinafter, referred to as a compound thin-film solar cell) typified by copper indium selenide (CuInSe2, CIS), copper indium gallium selenide (Cu(In1-xGax)Se2, CIGS), or copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4, CZTS) has advantages in that the compound-based thin-film solar cell may be manufactured to be lightweight and flexible while having a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency than a polycrystalline silicon solar cell and being chemically, optically, and electrically more stable than an organic-based solar cell. Accordingly, the compound thin-film solar cell has been in the limelight as a next-generation solar cell whose application can be expanded to a field to which the silicon solar cell is not applicable, such as the field of window-type solar cells, curved solar cells, or the like.
However, the market share of the compound thin-film solar cell has not increased as much as previously expected, and one of the reasons that may explain this is that manufacturing costs of the silicon solar cell have been lowered by a greater margin than expected over the past several years. Accordingly, it is high time to suggest an applied product actively utilizing features of a compound thin-film solar cell that the conventional silicon solar cell does not have for the successful entry of a compound thin-film solar cell and for a groundbreaking development in the total solar cell market and renewable energy supply.
As one of such endeavors, an attempt to enhance consumer acceptance and maximize the added value of a compound thin-film solar cell by imparting aesthetically pleasing characteristics and design to a compound thin-film solar cell has drawn attention. A compound solar cell to which an aesthetic element is added may create various application fields. When the compound thin-film solar cell to which an aesthetic element is added is applied, among the various new application fields, to an urban solar power generation implemented by applying thin-film solar cells to a building's outer walls and windows, automotive glass and chassis, mobile electronic devices, and the like, it is thought that the compound thin-film solar cell market can achieve much faster growth than the silicon solar cell-led market.
Until now, as a solar cell which has been judged to be able to be spiced up with design elements, a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) may be a representative example. In the dye-sensitized solar cell, the amount of dye adsorbed varies depending on the presence or absence of a TiO2 layer applied for adsorption of the dye, and as a result, a pattern consisting of bright and dark areas may be realized on the surface of the dye-sensitized solar cell.
When a TiO2 layer is coated using a method such as spin coating, screen printing, spraying, and electrospinning, the TiO2 layer may be patterned by placing a screen or mask having a desired pattern on a substrate. In principle, this method can also be applied to the deposition of a light-absorbing layer by a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method.
However, the aforementioned methods have a problem in that a light-absorbing layer material coated or deposited on a screen or mask is discarded, and thus material utilization is significantly reduced, which is ultimately responsible for an increase in costs of the solar cell. Further, since the solar power generation cannot be performed in an area in which the light-absorbing layer is not coated (inactive region or dead area), the light-absorbing area is decreased due to patterning, and accordingly, the output power of the solar cell per unit area is reduced.
In contrast, if a compound-based thin-film solar cell whose light-absorbing material is not lost due to patterning, while being capable of solar power generation in the entire area of the solar cell despite the patterning is realized, it is possible to manufacture a high value-added solar cell which not only secures an aesthetic element but also is excellent in terms of price, output power, and stability.
However, most studies conducted so far on the thin-film solar cell have been focused only on an increase in photoelectric conversion efficiency, so that there is an urgent need for the advent of a solar cell which is manufactured at a low price, may be stably used for a long period of time, and may produce a high output power while displaying an aesthetic element.

Method for preparing a compound-based film for use in a solar cell by photo-electrodeposition

Korea Institute of Science and Technology


Embodiments of the invention provide systems and methods for automatically synchronizing data using a mobile communications device (MCD). According to one embodiment, a method for automatically synchronizing data using an MCD is provided. The method may include: associating an automatic synchronization command with an event occurrence on an MCD and at least one MCD application; and, upon detecting the event occurrence, executing the automatic synchronization command to cause automatic synchronization of data between memory of the MCD and at least one remote server associated with the MCD application.

Use of mobile communications devices ("MCDs"), such as cellular phones, smart phones, email devices, etc., continues to increase. The number and complexity of available applications for use with these MCDs are also proliferating, such that users expect to use their MCDs to access and fully utilize a variety of applications. More and more of these MCD applications include synchronization operations whereby data is synchronized between the MCDs and remote back-end servers supporting the MCD applications over the wireless network. In some instances, data maintained or entered on an MCD for use with a certain application is synchronized with the remote server supporting that application so the data can be stored, updated, and maintained by other devices and from other locations, and for display via other communications channels. Similarly, some MCD applications allow data to be downloaded to the MCD when in use, such as to be able to display recent updates, status changes, messages, and the like.
Therefore, a need exists for simplified use of MCD applications and for systems and methods that allow for automatically synchronizing data using an MCD.

Systems and methods for automatically synchronizing data using a mobile communications device


A first FET is inserted in a series position between a signal input terminal and a signal output terminal, while second and third FETs are inserted in a shunt position respectively between the signal input terminal and a ground terminal and between the signal output terminal and a ground terminal. First and second reference voltage terminals and a control terminal are provided. A first reference voltage and a control voltage are applied to the first FET, while a second reference voltage and a control voltage are applied respectively to the second and third FETs, so that the first, second, and third FETs serve as variable resistors. As such, a gain control circuit is constructed. Further, a first resistor is provided in parallel to the first FET, while second and third resistors are provided respectively in series to the second and third FETs.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a high frequency amplifier circuit which is provided in a high frequency circuit section of a transmitting section of a mobile communication terminal so as to amplify a high frequency signal. The invention further relates to a mobile communication terminal using the high frequency amplifier circuit. The circuit addressed in the invention is such a high frequency amplifier circuit that the output power thereof is controlled by a control voltage.
2. Related Art of the Invention
Recently, in the field of mobile communication, combined portable telephone terminals where a plurality of communication schemes are integrated are entering into the mainstream of mobile communication terminals. An example of this is a mobile communication terminal that supports both PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) and W-CDMA (Wide band Code Division Multiple Access) schemes. Such a combined mobile communication terminal permit the use of the advantages in the respective schemes, such as the wideness of a service area in PDC and a high data communication rate in W-CDMA, and hence are expected to spread more rapidly in the future.
In such a combined mobile communication terminal, the PDC and W-CDMA schemes use carrier frequencies different from each other. Thus, two high frequency circuit blocks respectively for PDC and W-CDMA are necessary in the terminal. Further, for the purpose of size reduction in the mobile communication terminal, much attention is focused on the reduction in the number of components on the mobile communication terminal board and on the resulting size reduction in the high frequency circuit blocks.
Described below is a typical example of a prior art portable telephone terminal which supports a plurality of communication schemes such as PDC and W-CDMA.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a radio section of a typical example of a prior art portable telephone terminal. In FIG. 8, the radio section of the mobile communication terminal comprises a transmitting section 200, a receiving section 400, a synthesizer section 410, and a shared device section 500.
The transmitting section 200 comprises: an up converter 201 for converting an intermediate frequency modulation signal, that is, a modulation signal input having an intermediate frequency such as 600 MHz, into a transmission frequency signal; a variable gain high frequency amplifier circuit 202 for amplifying the output signal of the up converter 201 from 1 mW or lower into 10 mW or the like at maximum; a high frequency switch 203 for switching band pass filters to be used depending on the transmission frequency, that is, for switching the signal path; band pass filters 204 and 207 each for extracting a signal in one of two transmission bands; a high power high frequency amplifier circuit 205 having a fixed gain so as to amplify the high frequency signal output of the band pass filter 204 from 10 mW or lower into 1 W or the like at maximum; an isolator 206 for providing the output of the high power high frequency amplifier circuit 205 to the shared device section 500; a high power high frequency amplifier circuit 208 having a fixed gain so as to amplify the high frequency signal output of the band pass filter 207 from 10 mW or lower into 1 W or the like at maximum; and an isolator 209 for providing the output of the high power high frequency amplifier circuit 208 to the shared device section 500. The above-mentioned transmission frequency is approximately 900 MHz in PDC and approximately 1.9 GHz in W-CDMA.
The receiving section 400 comprises: a front end IC 401 for amplifying the reception signal received in the shared device section 500 and then mixing this reception signal with a local oscillation signal provided from the synthesizer section 410; and a band pass filter 402 for extracting an intermediate frequency signal from the output signal of the front end IC 401.
The synthesizer section 410 comprises a temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) 411, a phase locked loop (PLL) circuit 412, and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 413.
The shared device section 500 comprises antennas 501 and 502 and a duplexer 503.
In order that a plurality of communication schemes such as PDC and W-CDMA are supported and that the overall high frequency circuit block of the mobile communication terminal is miniaturized, the up converter 201 and the high frequency amplifier circuit 202 are shared. Nevertheless, as for the band pass filters 204 and 207, the high power high frequency amplifier circuits 205 and 208, and the isolators 206 and 209, these circuit blocks need to be provided in correspondence to the respective communication frequencies. Further, the high frequency switch 203 is necessary for selecting circuit blocks corresponding to the communication frequency.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the radio section of the typical example of a prior art portable telephone terminal shown in FIG. 8. That is, FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing detailed configuration of the transmitting section 200 and the shared device section 500.
In FIG. 9, an intermediate frequency modulation signal generated by modulating a voice signal or the like is inputted to a signal input terminal 101. The up converter 103 receives through the signal input terminal 101 the intermediate frequency modulation signal generated by modulating a voice signal or the like, and at the same time receives a local oscillation signal from an oscillator 102 so as to convert the intermediate frequency signal into a transmission frequency signal. More specifically, the up converter 103 mixes the signal having the intermediate frequency (the intermediate frequency modulation signal) with the local oscillation signal provided from the oscillator 102 so as to convert the intermediate frequency signal into the transmission frequency signal.
Here, the frequency of the intermediate frequency modulation signal inputted to the up converter 103 is denoted by fif. The local oscillation frequency of the oscillator 102 is denoted by flo. The frequency of the transmission signal is denoted by fc. Then, the frequency fc of the transmission signal is expressed by the following equation, and is outputted as a frequency fc from the up converter 103.fc=flo±fif
When the oscillation frequency of the oscillator 102 is adjusted, transmission waves can be synthesized in correspondence to a plurality of transmission frequencies for the PDC and W-CDMA schemes or the like.
A high frequency amplifier circuit 104 is provided with a gain control function, and amplifies the signal having the transmission frequency into 10 mW or the like at maximum. A high frequency switch 105 is used for selecting high frequency circuits corresponding to the communication frequency.
In the PDC scheme, a band pass filter 106, a high power high frequency amplifier circuit 107, and an isolator 108 are used as the above-mentioned high frequency circuits. In the W-CDMA scheme, a band pass filter 109, a high power high frequency amplifier circuit 110, and an isolator 111 are used as the above-mentioned high frequency circuits.
In the PDC scheme, the output signal of the high frequency amplifier circuit 104 is transmitted from a terminal 105a of the high frequency switch 105 to a terminal 105b thereof so as to be inputted to the band pass filter 106. From the signal inputted to the band pass filter 106, the band pass filter 106 extracts a signal in the transmission band. Then, the signal is outputted from the band pass filter 106. The high power high frequency amplifier circuit 107 amplifies the output signal of the band pass filter 106, which is a signal having the transmission frequency, into 1 W or the like at maximum. The output of the high power high frequency amplifier circuit 107 is provided through the isolator 108 to a terminal 112a of a duplexer 112.
In the W-CDMA scheme, the output signal of the high frequency amplifier circuit 104 is transmitted from a terminal 105a of the high frequency switch 105 to a terminal 105c thereof so as to be inputted to the band pass filter 109. From the signal inputted to the band pass filter 109, the band pass filter 109 extracts a signal in the transmission band. Then, the signal is outputted from the band pass filter 109. The high power high frequency amplifier circuit 110 amplifies the output signal of the band pass filter 109, which is a signal having the transmission frequency, into 1 W or the like at maximum. The output of the high power high frequency amplifier circuit 110 is provided through the isolator 111 to a terminal 112b of the duplexer 112.
The duplexer 112 has the functions of: transmitting to an antenna 113 the transmission signal outputted from the isolator 108; transmitting to a signal output terminal 115 a reception signal received in the antenna 113; transmitting to an antenna 114 the transmission signal outputted from the isolator 111; and transmitting to a signal output terminal 116 a reception signal received in the antenna 114.
As such, in the high frequency circuit block of FIG. 9, the antennas are used selectively depending on the communication schemes. That is, the antenna 113 is used in the PDC scheme, while the antenna 114 is used in the W-CDMA scheme.
More specifically, the duplexer 112 has the functions of: passing the signal in the direction from the terminal 112a to the terminal 112c; blocking the signal in the directions from the terminal 112a to the terminals 112b, 112d, 112e, and 112f; passing the signal in the direction from the terminal 112b to the terminal 112d; blocking the signal in the directions from the terminal 112b to the terminals 112a, 112c, 112e, and 112f; passing the signal in the direction from the terminal 112c to the terminal 112e; blocking the signal in the directions from the terminal 112c to the terminals 112a, 112b, 112d, and 112f; passing the signal in the direction from the terminal 112d to the terminal 112f; blocking the signal in the directions from the terminal 112d to the terminals 112a, 112b, 112c, and 112e; blocking the signal in the directions from the terminal 112e to the terminals 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d, and 112f; and blocking the signal in the directions from the terminal 112f to the terminals 112a, 112b, 112c, 112d, and 112e.
The prior art portable telephone terminal has used the configuration of FIG. 9, so that the high frequency circuit blocks are miniaturized in a communication terminal in which the high frequency switch 105 selects a high frequency circuit so as to support a plurality of communication schemes.
Described next is a high frequency amplifier circuit which supports a plurality of communication schemes such as PDC and W-CDMA. FIG. 10 is a detailed circuit block diagram showing the high frequency amplifier circuit 104 of FIG. 9.
As shown in FIG. 10, in the high frequency amplifier circuit 104, a high frequency signal inputted through a signal input terminal 181 is provided to a gain control circuit 183 via an impedance matching circuit 182 for impedance transformation. The output signal of the gain control circuit 183 is provided to and amplified by an amplifier 184. The output signal of the amplifier 184 is provided to and amplified by an amplifier 186 via an impedance matching circuit 185 for impedance transformation. The output signal of the amplifier 186 is transmitted to a signal output terminal 188 via an impedance matching circuit 187 for impedance transformation.
Described below is the gain control operation using the high frequency amplifier circuit 104. The amount of attenuation in the gain control circuit of the high frequency amplifier circuit 104 is controlled by the setting of the voltage value on a control terminal 189. The voltage on the control terminal 189 is controlled using a D/A converter. The D/A converter sets this voltage on the control terminal 189 in response to a control signal from a controlling section.
FIG. 11 shows the relation between the control voltage and the output power in the above-mentioned high frequency amplifier circuit 104 of FIG. 9. Here, the input power to the high frequency amplifier circuit 104 is maintained at constant. As seen from FIG. 11, the output power of the high frequency amplifier circuit of FIG. 9 varies depending on the change in the control voltage. When the high frequency amplifier circuit 104 is used as the transmission block in the radio section of the mobile communication terminal of FIG. 8, this circuit permits output power control for the transmission power of the mobile communication terminal.
Described below is the gain control circuit used in the high frequency circuit block of the mobile communication terminal.
The gain control circuit in the high frequency circuit block is constructed from field effect transistors (FETs, hereafter). That is, in the prior art, FETs have been used as variable resistors, so as to implement the gain control circuit.
An example of such a prior art gain control circuit is described in JP-A-H09-135102 (page 5 and FIGS. 1 and 2).
FIG. 12 shows a prior art gain control circuit described in this JP-A-H09-135102. In FIG. 12, numeral 1 indicates a first FET. Numeral 2 indicates a second FET. Numeral 3 indicates a third FET. Numeral 4a indicates a first resistor connected in series to the first FET 1. Numeral 4b indicates a second resistor connected in series to the second FET 2. Numeral 4c indicates a third resistor connected in parallel to the third FET 3. Numeral 5 indicates the ground. Numeral 6a indicates an input terminal. Numeral 6b indicates an output terminal. Numeral 7a indicates a first series circuit. Numeral 7b indicates a second series circuit.
The operation of the gain control circuit is described below with reference to FIG. 12. When the voltage applied on the gate terminal of an FET is controlled, the FET is controlled between its ON and OFF states. When the FET is ON, the FET has a low impedance, and passes a signal. When the FET is OFF, the FET has a high impedance, and blocks a signal component.
Thus, when the first FET 1 and the second FET 2 are OFF and when the third FET 3 is ON, in an equivalent circuit to the gain control circuit, the first FET 1 and the second FET 2 serve as open ends relative to the input 6a and the output 6b, while the third FET 3 serves as a sufficiently small resistance. This equivalent circuit is shown in FIG. 13A. The circuit serves as a passage circuit.
When the first FET 1 and the second FET 2 are ON and when the third FET 3 is OFF, in an equivalent circuit to the gain control circuit, the first FET 1 and the second FET 2 serve as resistance components, while the third FET 3 has a high impedance and is open. This equivalent circuit is shown in FIG. 13B. The circuit is a π-type attenuator composed of the first resistor 4a, the second resistor 4b, and the third resistor 4c.
In the prior art, the gain control circuit has been implemented by such circuit configuration.
A first problem is that in the gain control circuit according to the prior art, two kinds of control signals are necessary for controlling the gain control circuit, and hence causes complexity in the control circuit.
This is because a control voltage needs to be provided to the gate terminals of the first FET 1 and the second FET 2 constituting the gain control circuit, and because another control voltage needs to be provided to the gate terminal of the third FET 3 also constituting the gain control circuit. Thus, D/A converters for converting a control signal for gain control into analog signals are necessary for the respective gate terminals. This increases the circuit size of the high frequency circuit block.
A second problem is that in the gain control circuit according to the prior art, the gain control circuit can merely take two states having a low impedance and a high impedance.
This is because the voltage provided to the gate terminals of the first FET 1 and the second FET 2 constituting the gain control circuit and the other voltage provided to the gate terminal of the third FET 3 also constituting the gain control circuit are controlled individually, so that the FETs 1-3 are switched between ON and OFF, so that the gain control is achieved. That is, in the low impedance state, the first FET 1 and the second FET 2 are set OFF, while the third FET 3 is set ON. In the high impedance state, the first FET 1 and the second FET 2 are set ON and when the third FET 3 is set OFF. As such, the gain control is performed.
Thus, the amount of attenuation in the gain control circuit cannot take the other value than the two in the low impedance state and the high impedance state.
A third problem is that when a high frequency amplifier circuit supporting a plurality of communication schemes is constructed, the relation between the gain control voltage and the amount of attenuation in the gain control circuit varies depending on the communication scheme because of the frequency characteristics of the gain control circuit.
This is because the FETs constituting the gain control circuit have frequency characteristics, and hence the transmission characteristics between the source terminal and the drain terminal varies depending on the frequency.
A fourth problem is that when a gain control circuit used in a high frequency amplifier circuit supporting a plurality of communication schemes and having different frequencies depending on the communication schemes is constructed, a D/A converter connected to a control terminal needs a higher resolution in the output voltage in case that the control voltage and the gain control characteristics vary depending on the frequency.
This is because when a high frequency amplifier circuit supporting a plurality of communication schemes is constructed, the relation between the gain control voltage and the amount of attenuation in the gain control circuit varies depending on the communication scheme. Thus, the resolution of the D/A converter needs to be sufficiently high in correspondence to a communication scheme having the largest ratio of the amount of attenuation in the gain control circuit to the control voltage. This causes an increase in the circuit size of the D/A converter in the control circuit and in the number of the control parameters for the gain control voltage and the amount of attenuation used for controlling the gain control circuit. This causes complexity in the control circuit.

High frequency amplifier circuit and mobile communication terminal using the same

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.