An adjustable multi-position biscuit cutting guide according to present invention is embodied in an elongated rectangular member, or body, having a plurality of slidably adjustable guide members disposed along its length. A graduated scale is disposed along one surface of the body of the biscuit cutting guide for use in positioning one or more of the adjustable guide members along the length of the body. Further, slidably adjustable stop blocks or clamping members are disposed along either end of the body for securely holding a work piece in position relative to the slidably adjustable guide members. A plate joiner tool or the like is then used for cutting one or more plate or biscuit slots into the work piece in alignment with centering marks which are disposed on the surface of each of the slidably adjustable guide members.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to an adjustable guide for enabling accurate and repeatable cutting of one or more plate or biscuit slots within one or more work pieces using a plate joiner tool or the like.
2. Related Art
By way of background, work pieces, such as wood or any other material capable of being xe2x80x9cworkedxe2x80x9d or cut with conventional woodworking type tools and joined with an adhesive are often joined together using any of a number of techniques. One popular technique for assisting in securely joining two pieces of material together involves the use of a tool known as a xe2x80x9cplate joinerxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cbiscuit joiner.xe2x80x9d
A typical plate joiner is a power tool having a rotating circular blade, the edge of which is typically spring loaded for allowing the edge of the rotating blade to be pushed a predetermined depth into a work piece, thereby cutting a semicircular slot within the work piece. This step is repeated until a desired number of slots are cut into the work piece. Matching semicircular slots are then cut into a corresponding work piece, again using the plate joiner. Next, an adhesive is typically placed into each of the slots cut into each of the work pieces, and often directly onto flat, oval-shaped plates or xe2x80x9cbiscuits.xe2x80x9d These biscuits typically have a thickness marginally less than the rotating blade of the plate joiner, and typically expand slightly after contacting the adhesive so that they will fit snugly within the slots.
The biscuits are then typically inserted into each of slots within one of the work pieces, such that approximately one-half of each biscuit extends from the slot in the first work piece thereby allowing each biscuit to also be inserted into the corresponding slot on the second work piece. Finally, the slots within the second work piece are aligned with the biscuits inserted into the first work piece so that the biscuits serve to join the two work pieces together by simultaneously partially residing within the corresponding slots cut within the joined work pieces. The work pieces are then often clamped or otherwise secured until the adhesive cures. Once the adhesive cures, a strong bond between the work pieces is achieved as a result of the biscuits joining the work pieces in combination with the adhesive.
Types of joints commonly created using the plate joiner include, for example, xe2x80x9cedge to edge joints,xe2x80x9d i.e., table tops or other flat surfaces, xe2x80x9cmiter joints,xe2x80x9d i.e., joints at the corners of picture frames, xe2x80x9cbutt joinery,xe2x80x9d i.e., two work pieces joined end to end, xe2x80x9ccorner joints,xe2x80x9d i.e., drawers, and xe2x80x9cT-joints,xe2x80x9d i.e., work pieces at 90 degrees forming a book shelf or the like. Clearly, other joint types are possible, including joints at any desired angle. Typically, when creating any joint using a plate joiner, corresponding slots are cut by first aligning the work pieces in the positions that they will have after being joined. Next, a line corresponding to a desired centerline for each biscuit that will be used to join the two work pieces is drawn or marked onto the surface of one work piece and extended onto the corresponding work piece. The work pieces are then separated. The lines are then matched to a centering mark on the plate joiner tool that is used to cut each of the corresponding slots in the manner described above.
One common problem associated with plate joiners is ensuring the accuracy of cutting corresponding slots within work pieces, such that the work pieces joined with biscuits will line up in the desired manner. While aligning the centering mark on the plate joiner with lines drawn on the work pieces typically provides reasonable accuracy, several problems exist with this technique. First, the method described works well when cutting slots into the edge of a work piece, as both the work piece and the plate joiner are typically resting on a flat surface while cutting the slots. However, when cutting slots into the surface of a work piece, such as with a T-joint, the alignment and the spatial rotation of the plate joiner is more critical. For example, when cutting a slot into the surface of a work piece, if the plate joiner is slightly rotated relative to the desired angle for the biscuit slot, it is likely that the slots in the work pieces of the T-joint will not properly align.
However, a more serious concern is repeatability of cuts when cutting identical slots in multiple members, such as when more than one set of work pieces are to be joined. This problem often arises when building more than one of the same item, such as, for example more than one cabinet, bookshelf, table, etc., where one or more work pieces having identical biscuit slots must be produced, along with one or more corresponding work pieces having matching slots. Clearly, taking the time to individually align work pieces to mark the centerline for each biscuit slot can become very time consuming as the number of work pieces increases.
Therefore, in order to overcome the limitations of current plate joiners, what is needed is a an apparatus for allowing accurate repeatability of slot cuts, along with proper alignment of slots in corresponding work pieces without the need to first align individual work pieces with corresponding work pieces for marking slot centerlines. Further, such an apparatus should ensure proper rotational alignment of the plate joiner when cutting biscuit slots into the surface of a work piece.
The present invention involves an adjustable multi-position biscuit cutting guide or xe2x80x9cjigxe2x80x9d which satisfies all of the foregoing needs. In general, the adjustable biscuit cutting guide of the present invention satisfies the foregoing needs by enabling accurate and repeatable cutting of one or more plate or biscuit slots within one or more work pieces using a plate joiner tool or the like. Further, this multi-position biscuit cutting guide allows for accurate and repeatable cutting of one or more plate or biscuit slots within corresponding work pieces without the need to first align the corresponding work pieces to mark desired centerline locations for matching or corresponding biscuit slots. Finally, the multi-position biscuit cutting guide of the present invention also ensures proper rotational orientation of the plate joiner tool when cutting biscuit slots into the surface of a work piece.
A multi-position biscuit cutting guide according to present invention is embodied in an elongated rail member, or body, having a plurality of slidably adjustable guide members disposed along its length. Further, a graduated distance indicator disposed along one surface of the body of the biscuit cutting guide provides a measurement indicator or xe2x80x9cscalexe2x80x9d for use in positioning one or more of the adjustable guide members along the length of the body. In addition, a slidably adjustable stop block or clamping member is disposed along either end of the body for the purpose of securely holding a work piece in position relative to the slidably adjustable guide members. These clamping members may also be positioned with respect to the scale.
In operation, a plate joiner tool or the like is used to cut one or more plate or biscuit slots within a work piece which is held in position relative to the slidably adjustable guide members. In particular, one or more of the guide blocks is first positioned along the length of the body with respect to desired positions as indicated by use of the scale disposed on the surface of the body. Each of these guide blocks further includes a centerline marking along a front face, and in one embodiment along a top face, to allow for centering of the plate joiner tool with respect to each guide member. Once the plate joiner tool has been centered against the guide member, the plate joiner tool is used to cut one or more plate or biscuit slots into a first work piece in positions corresponding to the centerlines of the guide members.
Once the plate or biscuit slots have been cut into the work piece, that work piece is removed from the multi-position biscuit cutting guide, and a corresponding work piece is then placed into the multi-position biscuit cutting guide. So long as the stop blocks and slidably adjustable guides are not repositioned when adding a new work piece to the multi-position biscuit cutting guide, any plate or biscuit slots cut into subsequent work pieces will be in exact alignment with slots cut into prior work pieces. In this manner, the multi-position biscuit cutting guide allows for cutting of plate or biscuit slots into corresponding work pieces, which may then be joined using adhesives and plates or biscuits in a conventional manner.
Further, because adjustment of the guide members and stop blocks or clamps need only be done once, any number of identical or corresponding work pieces may have plate or biscuit slots cut into their surfaces without the need to measure or mark the desired positions of those slots on each work piece. Further, once the multi-position biscuit cutting guide has been placed into the desired configuration, it does not require further adjustment to be used with any number of work pieces. Consequently, use of such a multi-position biscuit cutting guide serves to increase accuracy and alignment of cutting biscuit slots into corresponding work pieces while simultaneously reducing production time, and thus cost, when cutting biscuit slots into identical or corresponding work pieces.
The foregoing and still further features and advantages of the present invention as well as a more complete understanding thereof will be made apparent from a study of the following detailed description of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings and appended claims.


The present invention provides a method for manufacturing an array substrate comprising: sequentially forming an adhesion enhancement layer, a copper-bearing metal layer and a photoresist layer on a substrate, and respectively forming a reserved region and a removal region by performing exposure and development on the photoresist layer using a mask plate, simultaneously processing the adhesion enhancement layer, the copper-bearing metal layer and the photoresist layer in the removal region by a single wet etching process, to form an adhesion enhancement intermediate layer corresponding to the adhesion enhancement layer, a copper-bearing metal intermediate layer corresponding to the copper-bearing metal layer and the photoresist layer thereon in the reserved region; simultaneously processing the adhesion enhancement intermediate layer, the copper-bearing metal intermediate layer and the photoresist layer by a dry etching process, then stripping off the photoresist layer, to form a patterned adhesion enhancement layer and a patterned copper-bearing metal layer respectively.

Liquid crystal display made of thin film transistors has characteristics such as small size, low power consumption, no radiation, and so on, thus dominates the current flat panel display market. Liquid crystal panel is an important component of the liquid crystal display, and comprises an array substrate, a color filter substrate, and a liquid crystal layer filled between the array substrate and the color filter substrate.
The array substrate comprises a plurality of thin film transistors arranged in an array, which are formed on a glass or plastic substrate by sputtering chemical vapor deposition and other processes. The gate electrodes of the thin film transistors in the same row are connected together by a gate line, and the source electrodes of the thin film transistors in the same column are connected together by a data line, wherein the materials of the gate line and the data line are typically tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, or an alloy of at least two of them.
With the gradually increasing size of the liquid crystal display, the lengths of the gate line and the data line in the array substrate also increase, resulting in increasing resistance of the gate line and the data line. Since the signal delay time of a signal line is proportional to the resistance of the signal line, an increase in the resistance of a signal line will result in an increase in the signal delay time of the signal line. When the signal delay time reaches to a certain extent, some pixels are not fully charged, resulting in uneven brightness and lower contrast of the liquid crystal display, thereby the quality of the image displayed on the liquid crystal display is seriously affected.

Array substrate, method for manufacturing the same, and display device


A vehicle may include: a front grille including an air intake; a radiator arranged behind the front grille; an air duct configured to guide air from the air intake to the radiator, the air duct widening upward from the air intake to the radiator; and a horn arranged in front of the air duct at a position higher than the air intake.

A vehicle includes a horn at a front part of its vehicle body (in a front compartment). For example, Japanese Patent Application Publication Nos. 2018-127060, 2010-163075, 2012-017036, 2017-008748, and H11-321458 each disclose a vehicle including a horn.
A horn may be arranged behind an air intake of a front grille such that a loud sound is emitted forward from a vehicle (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Publication Nos. 2018-127060, 2010-163075). In a vehicle including an air duct configured to guide air from an opening of a front grille to a radiator, a horn may be arranged such that a sound is emitted into the air duct (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Publication Nos. 2012-017036, 2017-008748). An anti-theft horn for a vehicle may be arranged in a fan shroud of a radiator (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H11-321458).


The present invention relates to a system for measuring respiratory function of living organisms. More particularly, signals indicative of the change in lung volume, defined as active and passive work, required to breathe and the airflow through the respiratory system of the living organism are obtained and processed as waveforms to provide a signal indicative of the respiratory restriction. The methods of the present invention measure clinical forms of airway obstruction, airway reactivity and lung volume and may be used to continuously or intermittently monitor patients with compromised respiratory function. In a preferred embodiment, a head-out, breath in respiratory plethysmograph system provides the signals indicative of change in lung volume as related to pressure changes in a chamber. Further, flowmetric variables are generated that provide a characterization of airway obstructions.

Information regarding respiratory function of a living organism is important in the field of medicine. Respiratory function provides a measure of how efficiently air is moved through the respiratory system, and thus provides important clinical information for the diagnosis and treatment of many respiratory conditions and diseases. Some examples of these conditions are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and emphysema. In addition, respiratory function measurements allow medical practitioners to observe effects of a bronchodilator or long-term treatments for COPD, or conversely, the airway responses to a bronchoconstrictor challenge for assessment of airway reactivity.
Respiratory function testing includes mechanical function tests which typically compare the effort or driving pressure put forth by the organisms to some quantifiable outcome, such as the output of flow or minute ventilation. Lung function tests differ based on how these inputs and outputs are assessed. Examples of inputs to the respiratory system that are measured, include diaphragmatic electromyographic activity, changes in thoracic esophageal pressure or pleural pressure, changes in airway pressures in ventilated subjects, or noninvasive measures of drive including respiratory inductance plethysmography or impedance plethysmography, and whole body plethysmography. Examples of output measurements include flow, tidal volume, or ventilation measurements using devices that collect flow at the airway opening. In general, the mechanical function of the respiratory system is best described by combining some measure of drive with output. Variables such as resistance and compliance can then be derived to assess the level of airway obstruction or loss of lung elasticity, respectively. This is the basis for classical physiologic modeling of the respiratory system: the comparison of transpulmonary or alveolar pressure changes with flow or tidal volume, carefully assessed in the same time domain with avoidance of phase lag between signals.
Classical physiologic modeling measures total pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance and related variables. However, the classical physiologic modeling relies on the invasive passage of an esophageal balloon for example, for measuring driving pressure, and flow as a measure of output. An esophageal balloon catheter is positioned in the midthoracic esophagus. Thus, classical physiologic measures are not typically used because of the invasive nature of the esophageal balloon catheter and the difficulty in calibrating the classical system under field conditions.
Lung function tests have evolved with respect to the sensors, recording devices, and analysis techniques used to evaluate input and output. However, a need still exists for the noninvasive determination of lung mechanical function and monitoring in human and animal subjects for clinical and research purposes. In this respect, a number of technologies to measure drive, mentioned above, are available. Devices such as single and double plethysmographs are used to measure drive. In the double chamber plethysmograph, thoracic and nasal flows are recorded as separate signals, whereas in whole body barometric plethysmography, a single signal is recorded that is the net signal from the thoracic and nasal components. The latter is achieved simply on the basis that animals breathe inside a box where pressure changes are the net effects of both components. The aforementioned plethysmographic techniques, completely due to their size and complexity, preclude their use as a portable field test. In addition, these techniques completely enclose the subject, which is objectionable to both humans and animals.
Extending lung function tests to animals has been difficult because technological limitations prevent restraining a conscious animal for prolonged periods of time in devices or chambers such as, without limitation, in plethysmograph chambers. As a result, most lung function studies to date have been limited to animals which are typically anesthetized or conscious animals that provide data with artifacts such as motion artifacts.
Significant challenges remain in conducting lung function tests in conscious animals. The respiratory system of conscious animals, such as canines, is evaluated by physical examination, x-rays, endoscopy, cytology, arterial blood gases, capnography and oximetry. Fluoroscopy can also be used for imaging the respiratory system in small animals, but only if they are sufficiently sedated. Simple measurements of spirometry using a facemask have been conducted in small animals that provide measurements of flow, tidal volume, minute ventilation, and respiratory frequency. These measurements are generally not useful beyond clinical impressions. None of these currently used methods address the mechanical function of the lungs. At best, lung functions can be inferred indirectly such as, for example, lung volume using an x-ray, and dead space based on arterial blood gases or capnography, but these are typically inaccurate measures.
A need still exists for improved systems and methods which provide for measuring respiratory function for health care practitioners, that are portable and which are non-invasive to the living organisms. Further, there is still a need for pulmonary function testing devices for conscious animals.

System for measuring respiratory function


A unique, small microturbine engine adapted to integrate with an electrical generator for producing electrical power has been developed. The microturbine includes an ejector cooling scheme, a prevaporizing combustor, and a combustor air bypass. The ejector cooling scheme uses energy in the hot exhaust gas stream of the microturbine to entrain a flow of ambient air that cools the generator. The prevaporizing combustor of the present invention allows liquid fuel to be vaporized in a small amount of air prior to combustion, thereby increasing combustion efficiency and decreasing combustor size requirements. The combustor air bypass allows a fraction of the compressor discharge air to bypass the prevaporizing combustor under certain operating conditions. This permits control of the overall equivalence ratio and the fuel/air mixing process in the combustion zone, improving efficiency and operability.

A microturbine engine (or "microturbine") is a type of combustion turbine engine that produces both heat and power on a relatively small scale. The component common to all microturbines is a small gas turbine engine, typically producing less than 500 kilowatts (kW) of power. This type of gas turbine comprises a single or multi-stage compressor, a combustor for liquid and/or gaseous fuels, a single or multi-stage turbine, and a power output shaft supported by a bearing system. Typically, the gas turbine is integrated with an electric generator and/or heat recovery system. Systems also generally include a housing and power and control electronics.
Microturbines designed for use with liquid fuels typically employ a prevaporizing combustor which allows liquid fuel to be vaporized in a small amount of air prior to entering the combustion zone of the microturbine combustor. However, current microturbines typically use hot combustion products to directly heat the fuel stream before it is injected into the combustor. Such systems do not permit adequate control of the heat transfer into the fuel, allowing its temperature to vary considerably during operation. This often causes fuel coking and increased combustor maintenance requirements.
Microturbines exist in a variety of sizes and can be significantly smaller and lighter than competing systems powered by reciprocating engines. However, current small, i.e., less than 25 kW, microturbines are generally inefficient and have very short lifetimes, typically less than 100 hours.

Micro gas turbine engine for powering a generator


A fuse test mode detection device is disclosed, which relates to a technology for improving detection efficiency of a fuse test mode. The fuse test mode detection device includes: a fuse unit configured to scan a plurality of fuses in a boot-up operation, and output fuse data; a counter configured to count the fuse data in response to a clock signal; a decoding unit configured to output a decoding signal for controlling a fuse test mode in response to an output signal of the counter; an encoder configured to encode the output signal of the decoding unit, and output a code signal; and a comparator configured to compare the fuse data with the code signal, and output a comparison signal.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a fuse test mode detection device, and more particularly to a technology for improving detection efficiency of a test mode of a fuse.
2. Background Art
A Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) includes a plurality of memory cells arranged in a matrix form.
However, if a defective or failed cell occurs in at least one memory cell from among the plurality of memory cells, it is impossible for a semiconductor memory device to normally operate. Thus, the semiconductor memory device having the defective cell is regarded as a defective product and discarded. Because semiconductor memory devices have been developed to have a higher degree of integration at a higher speed, there is a higher possibility of causing defective cells.
As a result, a production yield is gradually reduced. The production yield is denoted by a ratio of a total number of chips to a number of normal chips. The production yield is needed to determine a production cost of DRAMs.
Therefore, in order to increase the production yield of semiconductor memory devices, many developers and companies are conducting intensive research into a method for fabricating highly-integrated semiconductor memory devices configured to operate at a higher speed and a method for efficiently repairing defective cells.
A widely used method for repairing a defective cell involves embedding a repair circuit configured to replace a defective cell with a redundant cell in the semiconductor memory device.
Generally, the repair circuit includes redundant columns/rows in which redundant memory cells are arranged in rows and columns. The repair circuit selects the redundant column/row as a substitute for the defective column/row.
That is, if a row and/or column address signal for designating a defective cell is input to the repair circuit, the repair circuit selects the redundant column/row instead of the defective column/row of a memory cell bank.
In order to recognize an address for designating a defective cell, the semiconductor memory device includes a plurality of fuses capable of being blown, and the fuses are selectively blown so that an address of the defective cell can be programmed.

Device for detecting fuse test mode using a fuse and method therefor


A sensor device includes a sensor chip and a bonding wire being fixed on a substrate. The sensor device is manufactured by using a binding material made of an adhesive containing a foaming agent that evaporates upon exposure to heat. The binding material reduces its elasticity after a wire bonding process because voids being functional as a cushion are formed by evaporation of the foaming agent.

A conventional sensor device is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,593,663, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The acceleration sensor includes a sensor chip for sensing acceleration by a sensor portion disposed on a substrate made of silicon or the like, and a circuit chip as a base substrate mounting the sensor chip thereon by using an adhesive film.
In this type of conventional sensor device, the sensor chip is connected to the substrate by a bonding wire. That is, the sensor chip is wire-bonded to the substrate.
The conventional sensor device described above uses a binding material made of silicon resin or the like with minimum elasticity to protect the sensor chip fixed on the substrate from stress. In this manner, the sensitivity of the sensor device is improved.
However, the modulus of elasticity of the binding material, e.g. an adhesive film, has to be 1 MPa or more in order to stably support the sensor chip when the wire is bonded on the chip.
Therefore, the sensitivity of the conventional sensor device is restricted by the modulus of elasticity of the binding material. In other words, there is a trade-off between the sensitivity of the sensor and the elasticity of the binding material in the conventional sensor device.
In other words, it is necessary to use a less elastic binding material in order to further increase the sensitivity of the sensor device. This is because the stress transfer from the substrate to the sensor chip has to be decreased by using less elastic binding material, for example, with the modulus of elasticity being 1 MPa or less.
The less elastic binding material, however, causes a problem in a wire bonding process. That is, the wire bonding process can't be stably conducted when the binding material is too low in the modulus of elasticity (too soft).

Method of manufacturing a sensor device with binding material having a foaming agent


A method of fast clipping, despite of large number of users, can be achieved through analyzing query expressions, storing the number of query terms included in the query expressions in a term number count table, generating a finite automaton for matching the terms occurring in text data with all terms included in the query expressions, generating a user identifier table for storing the identifiers of users in association with the terms included in the query expressions, matching the terms by scanning the text data by the finite automaton, calculating for each user the occurrence count of terms occurring in the text data as substrings coincident with the terms included in the query expressions made to the user identifier table, storing the calculated occurrence count in the term occurrence count region of the table, comparing the calculated term occurrence count of the table with the number of terms included the query expressions, and when a match is found from the comparison, delivering the text data to the user.

The present invention generally relates to news clipping systems which use query expressions previously registered by users to search for any one of texts acquired from a plurality of news sources such as news agencies and news paper publishing companies through electronic mail or information collection robot, and distribute the texts to the user associated with the satisfied query expression. The present invention particularly relates to a news clipping system having a fast, instant text-retrieval and-distribution function capable of searching out, by once scanning, all the texts which the users need even though the number of users is increased.
Recently, a large quantity of electronic document (hereinafter, called text) has been distributed every moment to the user by means of electronic mail, electronic news or others. In addition, the number of news sources for supplying information through the Internet has been increased, and thus an information collection robot or the like is required to collect an enormous amount of text from these news sources. Therefore, there is an imminent need to provide a news clipping system for instantly distributing the related text to the user.
The core of this news clipping system is the document retrieval, which is specifically described in "Efficient String Matching: An Aid to Bibliographic Search", A. V. Aho, et al., communications of the ACM, June 1975, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 333-340.
This paper describes a kind of finite automata called pattern matching machine constructed from strings of keywords to be searched for (hereinafter, called query terms). This matching machine is able to locate all occurrences of any of a finite number of query terms in an arbitrary text string by once scanning. However, there are the following problems when texts are searched in accordance with the query expressions which a number of users request.
(1) User Identification Problem
If one finite automaton is constructed from all query terms included in the query expressions which a large number of users provide, all the query terms can be searched out by once scanning the texts. However, since it is uncertain which user's query expression contains the query terms coincident with strings of text, it is not possible to discriminate the satisfied user's query expression from the others.
(2) Process Time Problem
If a finite automaton is constructed from the query terms included in the query expression of each user, it is possible to discriminate the satisfied query expression from the others. However, since the texts must be scanned as many times as the finite automata number (namely, the number of users), the increase of the user number will make the retrieval take the more time.


A system and methods of reducing sulfur emissions are provided. In one embodiment, a method for reducing sulfur emissions is provided. The method includes routing at least a portion of an untreated gas to a low pressure absorber, removing at least a portion of sulfur from the untreated gas to create a low pressure absorber overhead gas, and further processing the low pressure absorber overhead gas.

This invention relates generally to gasification systems, and more particularly, to a system and methods for treating transient process gas.
At least some known gasification systems, such as those used in power plants, include a gasification system that is integrated with at least one power-producing turbine system, thereby forming an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation system. For example, known gasification systems convert a mixture of fuel, air or oxygen, steam, and/or CO2 into a synthetic gas, or "syngas". The syngas is channeled to the combustor of a gas turbine engine, which powers a generator that supplies electrical power to a power grid. Exhaust from at least some known gas turbine engines is supplied to a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) that generates steam for driving a steam turbine. Power generated by the steam turbine also drives an electrical generator that provides electrical power to the power grid.
At least some known gasification systems associated with IGCC systems initially produce a "raw" syngas fuel that includes carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Hydrogen sulfide is commonly referred to as an acid gas. Acid gas is generally removed from the raw syngas fuel to produce a "clean" syngas fuel for combustion within the gas turbine engines. At least some known acid gas removal is performed with an acid gas removal subsystem that typically includes at least one main absorber to remove a majority of the H2S.
At least some known systems may be incapable of meeting current emissions requirements during all operating conditions. For example, high sulfur start-up fuels may produce a large quantity of emissions. Although most of such emissions generated may be captured during the acid gas removal process, at least some of such emissions may be released into the atmosphere during transient operating periods, such as system startups, shutdowns, and equipment trips.

System and methods for treating transient process gas


A demapper, applied to a quadrature amplitude modulation trellis coded modulation (QAM-TCM) decoder, for generating more significant bits of a QAM signal according to the QAM signal and at least a less significant bit of the QAM signal is disclosed. The demapper includes a shifter for shifting the QAM signal to generate a shifted signal; a threshold value comparing and mapping unit for outputting at least a more-significant-bit buffered value; a sign bit decider for determining a sign value corresponding to the shifted signal; a multiplexer for generating a first more-significant-bit estimation and a second more-significant-bit estimation; and an operating unit for determining a third more-significant-bit estimation and a fourth more-significant-bit estimation.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a demapper and method thereof, and more particularly, to a demapper utilizing a known less significant bits to estimate the corresponding more significant bits and method thereof.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Please refer to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Trellis Coded Modulation (64-QAM-TCM) encoder 10. The 64-QAM-TCM encoder 10 includes a parser 20, a differential encoder 22, a convolutional encoder 24, a puncturing unit 26, and a QAM mapper 28. When the parser 20 receives four symbols RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4 in order, the parser 20 will disorder bits inside the symbols RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4, and then reorder them and output the reordering result; wherein the in-phase and quadrature-phase more significant bits in these symbols RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4 are directly input to the QAM mapper 28 from the parser 20 without being encoded, while the in-phase and quadrature-phase least significant bits in the symbols RS1, RS2, RS3, RS4 are input to the QAM mapper 28 after being processes via the differential encoder 22, the convolutional encoder 24 and the puncturing unit 26. The above-mentioned QAM-TCM decoding technique is familiar to those of average skill in the art, and is further detailed in the publication, "Digital Multi-Programme Systems for Television, Sound and Data Services for Cable Distribution," ITU-T Recommendation J. 83. Therefore, further related descriptions are omitted for the sake of brevity.
The prior art has disclosed a QAM-TCM decoder for the purpose of processing the signal output from the above-mentioned QAM-TCM encoder; however, the prior art directly performs depuncturing and Viterbi decoding upon the in-phase and quadrature-phase bit streams X, Y received via a transmission channel. Consequently, the decoding processes that require a large number of calculations will thereby increase the complexity of the decoding operation. As to another prior art disclosure, a Viterbi decoder is utilized to decode the in-phase and quadrature-phase least significant bits of the received in-phase and quadrature-phase bit streams X, Y; and the remaining more significant bits are estimated through a referencing of Euclidean distances. However, estimation of each set (X, Y) requires determining the Euclidean distances between the set (X, Y) and a plurality of possible solutions. To achieve this estimation is costly, as it requires a great number of computations.

Demapper applied to quadrature amplitude modulation trellis coded modulation decoder and related method


A method and an apparatus for reducing current consumption in a mobile terminal are provided. The mobile terminal includes a power supply unit for outputting a paging power signal that repeats power on and off states and a microphone bias according to a paging period previously set by a network, a connection unit for connecting the peripheral device and for outputting a connection detecting signal when connection of the peripheral device is detected, a determination unit for receiving the paging power signal and the connection detecting signal as an input signal and for generating and outputting a microphone bias apply signal when a power on state of the paging power signal is detected, and a controller for controlling application of the microphone bias apply signal to the connection unit when the controller receives the microphone bias apply signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for reducing current consumption in a mobile terminal. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for reducing current consumption in a mobile terminal capable of connecting with a four-pole plug ear microphone accessory having a call button, and an apparatus thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, a mobile terminal has been developed into a multi-media device capable of providing various additional services such as an electronic book function, a game function, and a schedule management function. Accordingly, the mobile terminal connects with various peripheral devices and has extended its functions to a music listening function, a movie watching function, and a photographing function. In general, the mobile terminal includes a jack interface for connecting with other peripheral devices. A plug of a peripheral device such as a speaker, an ear microphone, and a headset is connected to the jack interface. Examples of the plug of a peripheral device may include a three-pole plug with a three-pole access point or a four-pole plug with a four-pole access point.
In a case of an ear microphone with a four-pole plug, the four-pole plug includes a microphone terminal to which DC power is applied and a button executing a call (SEND/END) function to perform phone reception and termination functions upon reception of a phone call. In this case, because the button executing the call function is connected between a microphone terminal and a ground terminal of the four-pole plug, a microphone bias should be applied to the microphone terminal to detect the presence of an operation of the button.
In the related art, to detect the presence of an operation of the button regardless of an idle state or a call connection state of a mobile terminal, a microphone bias should be continuously applied to a microphone terminal. However, the continuous application of the microphone bias causes unnecessary consumption in the mobile terminal.

Method and apparatus for reducing current consumption of mobile terminal


An impedance match circuit having high precision without being affected by variations in manufacturing processes. The impedance match circuit includes an impedance detect circuit, a current comparator, successive approximation controller, and an impedance combination circuit. The impedance detect circuit detects an external impedance. The impedance combination circuit outputs an output impedance. The current comparator compares currents from the impedance detect circuit and the impedance combination circuit. The successive approximation controller realizes whether the output impedance achieves a corresponding impedance match value of the external impedance by the current comparator. If the output impedance does not achieve the desired impedance value, the successive approximation controller will sequentially control the impedance adjusting mechanism in the impedance combination circuit to change output impedance of combination impedance circuit for achieving the desired impedance value corresponding to the external impedance.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an impedance match circuit. More particularly, the present invention relates to an impedance match circuit having high precision without being affected by variations in manufacturing processes.
2. Description of Related Art
The impedance match circuit is applied in various fields. For example, when high-speed data are transmitted through a transmission line, an extremely high frequency results in a very short wavelength, thus generating a significant electromagnetic wave effect. If the input unit impedance, the transmission line characteristic impedance, and the output unit impedance are not matched, the process of data transmission will generate a reflection interference phenomenon due to an electromagnetic wave effect, and power cannot be completely transferred. This phenomenon can be effectively reduced or eliminated by using the impedance match circuit. The conventional impedance match circuit has many disadvantages such as having too many elements and being of low precision. The redundant elements result in increased circuit area and unnecessary power consumption.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,560,290 discloses a complementary metal oxide semiconductor driver and a chip impedance match circuit for high-speed data communication. FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of this impedance match circuit. In FIG. 1, resistors R11, R12, R13, and R14 are connected in series to divide the voltage of voltage source VCC and output it to operational amplifiers OP11, OP12, OP13. The operational amplifiers OP11, OP12, and OP13 connect two ends of the transistors 101, 106, and 109, and drive the operational amplifiers OP11, OP12, and OP13 by inputting voltage. The transistors 101, 104, 106, and 109 and the corresponding transistors 102 and 103, 105, 107 and 108, 110 and 111 form current mirrors. The source and drain of the transistor 101 are conducted, thus generating a current flowing through an applied resister R1e. The current is mirrored to the transistors 102, 103, and the current flowing through the transistors 102, 103 further flows through the transistors 104, 106 respectively and then is mirrored respectively to the transistor 105 and the transistors 107 and 108. The current flowing through the transistor 105 is mirrored to the transistors 110, 111 via the transistor 109. Thus, the equivalent impedance of the receiving ends RX+ and RX− is the impedance of the applied resistor R1e.
The conventional circuit has a disadvantage that too many operational amplifiers result in a complicated layout and sensitivity to offset voltage, and thus it is difficult to achieve consistency of manufacturing processes. Meanwhile, as the equivalent resistance is simulated by a transistor, the channel modulation effect and the substrate parasitic effect are likely to occur, such that the high-frequency effect is limited.
ROC Patent Publication No. 538602 discloses another conventional impedance match circuit. FIGS. 2A and 2B are circuit diagrams of this conventional impedance circuit. An operational amplifier OP20 receives a reference voltage VB to conduct the transistor 201, so as to generate a current (with a current value of VB/R2e) flowing through an external resistor R2e. The transistor 202 mirrors the current to the transistors 203_1˜203_n. The resistor R22 is controlled by a switch SW to form a different resistor group together with the resistor R21. Taking the resistor R21 connected to the transistor 203_3 and two resistors R22 as an example, the resistor R21 is connected parallel with two resistors R22 via two switches SW. In the way of parallel connection, the equivalent impedance of this group drops due to the parallel connected resistors R22, thus generating a low voltage difference that is compared with voltage VB by the operational amplifier OP21_3. Other resistor groups may be deduced by analogy. After comparing different voltages with voltage VB, the operational amplifiers OP21_1˜OP21_n output signals T21_1˜T21_n to control the switches SW21_1˜SW21_n as shown in FIG. 2B. For example, when the signals T21_1˜T21 _2 are 1 and T21_3˜T21_n are 0, the impedance value of the resistor R2e is regarded as a value most approximate to the equivalent resistance of the resistor R21 connected parallel with a resistor R22. At this moment, the switch SW21_1 is on, such that the resistor R23 and one resistor R24 generate the desired match resistance value at output terminals VX and VY. The disadvantage of this conventional circuit lies in that the number of elements is large, resulting in increased circuit size.
ROC Patent Publication No. 538602 further discloses a conventional impedance match circuit. FIGS. 3A and 3B are circuit diagrams thereof. An operational amplifier OP30 receives a reference voltage VB that is input to the transistor 301, thus generate a current flowing through the external resistor R3e. The width-length ratio of the transistor 305 and 309 is p:q, and any width-length ratio of the transistor 305 and 307 is p:1. A control timing generator 350 turns on the switches SW31_1˜SW31_n in sequence, such that the ratio of the current flowing though the resistor R3e to the current flowing through the resistor RO is p+x/q (x is the number of ON-state switch SW31). The current generated by the transistor 309 generates a voltage drop at the resistor RO, i.e., a voltage VO is generated at the position where the operational amplifier OP31 is connected. The operational amplifier OP31 compares voltage VB with voltage VO, and stores the compared result to the register units 321_0˜321_n. The output signals TS_0˜TS_n of the register units 321_0˜321_n can control the switches SW32_0˜SW32_n of FIG. 3B, and thus the resistor R33 and the resistor R34 generate a match resistance value most related to the resistor R3e at the output terminals VX and VY. Although this conventional circuit is relatively simple, the mechanism for comparing voltages is still complicated, and the precision may be reduced when matched with transistors.


An inductive charger for a portable electronic device is provided. The portable electronic device has a radio frequency (“RF”) antenna configured for receiving an outgoing RF signal, as well as a secondary coil. The inductive charger includes a primary coil configured for creating a magnetic flux. The magnetic flux is configured for coupling to the secondary coil in the portable electronic device to induce current. The inductive charger includes RF coupling assembly that receives an incoming RF signal. The RF coupling assembly is configured to radiate the outgoing RF signal that is based on the incoming RF signal. The inductive charger includes a radiator configured to receive the outgoing RF signal from the RF coupling assembly. The radiator is configured to radiate the outgoing RF signal to the RF antenna of the portable electronic device.

Portable electronic devices such as, for example, cellular telephones and smartphones may use rechargeable batteries to provide power to various components within the portable electronic device. In one approach to recharge the battery of the portable electronic device, an inductive charger is utilized. The inductive charger includes a primary coil, and the portable electronic device includes a secondary coil. When power is supplied to the inductive charger, current passes through the primary coil to create a magnetic flux. The portable electronic device is placed in proximity to the primary coil such that the magnetic flux couples to the secondary coil to induce current in the secondary coil. The secondary coil is connected to the battery, and the current induced in the secondary coil is used to charge the battery.
The inductive charger may be located within a vehicle. This provides a vehicle occupant with the opportunity to charge the battery of his or her portable electronic device while driving or riding in the vehicle. The location of the inductive charger within an interior cabin of the vehicle should be relatively convenient or easy to access by a driver and the other occupants of the vehicle. However, at least some of the locations within the interior cabin that are relatively accessible may not provide adequate radio frequency ("RF") reception. Thus, if a cellular telephone or smartphone is being charged, the location of the inductive charger may result in relatively low data rates, low quality audio reception and dropped calls. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an inductive charger that may improve RF reception of the portable electronic device.

Inductive charger for providing radio frequency (“RF”) signal to a portable electric device


A system in which even in the case where an arbitrary client computer downloads or uploads a large amount of data to/from a device on a network, no influence is exerted on device management which is being executed by another client computer is provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a device management apparatus and a device management method which are used in, for example, an apparatus or a system for managing devices connected onto a network. The invention also relates to a computer-readable memory medium in which a program for embodying those device management apparatus and method has been stored and to such a program.
2. Related Background Art
Hitherto, as a method of managing, for example, devices on a network, there is a method according to an SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)/an MIB (Management Information Base).
The SNMP is a protocol for constructing a network management system on a TCP/IP network. The MIB is a virtual database in which management information has been numbered and arranged onto a tree so that management software (manager) can efficiently search and set the management information.
According to a network device management technique by the SNMP/MIB, since at least one network management station (NMS), several management target nodes (management target devices; hereinafter, referred to as "devices" or "nodes") each including an agent, and a network management protocol which is used when the management station or the agent exchanges management information are included in the network management system, the user can obtain data on the network or change the data by communicating with agent software on the management target node by using software for management of the network devices on the NMS.
As a method of managing the devices on the network, in addition to the method by the SNMP/MIB mentioned above, for example, in the case of downloading/uploading a large amount of data, there is a method according to an FTP protocol or the like using a connection type protocol (TCP or the like).

Obtaining or sending information to a device on a network by a client apparatus


The present invention provides systems and methods in which a microprocessor (220) is programmed to calculate an accumulated watering need for an irrigation zone of station (400)and control irrigation to the zone or station (400) using an automatically varied cycle amount that falls between a user controllable maximum threshold and a user controllable minimum threshold. The cycle amount is preferably at least partly derived from ETo data. The minimum threshold may vary during a period of 12 consecutive months, may vary as a function of time of year, as a function of crop maturity or as a function of any other suitable factor where it would be advantageous to set a minimum threshold. The cycle amount may equal the accumulated ETo value(s) or may equal the maximum threshold value. Furthermore, the microprocessor (220) may be programmed to control the irrigation to the zone or station (400) using an automatically varied day schedule.

Many irrigation systems have been developed that automatically control the application of water to landscapes. These irrigation systems can range from simple systems that vary irrigation on a timed control basis, to very complex systems that vary irrigation based on climatic, geographic, and seasonal conditions. The complex systems can rely on various sources for data, including sensors and other devices that generate data locally, as well as governmental or commercial providers of information.
The watering intensity applied to a lawn, garden, farm, or any other application can be thought of as involving two components: (1) the cycle amount applied during a given application; and (2) the frequency of the application cycle. If, for example, a homeowner applies 0.3 inches of water to his lawn, twice a week, then the cycle amount of water is 0.3 inches, and the frequency is twice a week.
Relatively simplistic irrigation systems require manual changing of both the cycle amount and the frequency (See FIG. 1, item 1). For example, in the late Spring, a user having a standard irrigation system as in item 1 generally needs to increase both cycle amount and frequency relative to the Winter months. The user may make one or more additional increases during the Summer, and then decrease cycle amount and frequency during the Fall when it becomes cooler and the vegetation does not require so much watering. Unfortunately, these relatively infrequent seasonal modifications are typically insufficient to achieve efficient watering.
More complex controllers are known that make relatively frequent automatic compensations for environmental conditions. Exemplary systems that use evapotranspiration data (ETo data), for example, are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,339 issued December, 1995, to Miller, U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,861 issued March 1992 to Hopkins, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,176,395 issued November 1979 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,937 issued July 1993 both to Evelyn-Veere, U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,855, issued May 1993, to Marian, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,671, issued December 1997, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,870,302, issued February 1999, both to Oliver. Other systems utilize temperature or soil moisture sensors.
Regardless of the mechanism(s) used to determine changes in environmental conditions, however, each of the known systems except U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,696,671 and 5,870,302 is directed to replacement of moisture lost due to evapotranspiration between the currently scheduled watering and the last previous watering. Thus, if the irrigation system is set to water daily, and the evapotranspiration on the previous Summer day was 0.25 inches, then the following day the irrigation system would apply 0.25 inches of water. If the system were set for every other day watering, then the next watering would apply 0.50 inches of water.
Items 2, 3, 4, and 5 of FIG. 1 summarize prior art irrigation systems in which the watering schedule and/or amount are partly derived from ETo data, such that the amount applied is that estimated to have been lost due to evapotranspiration. Even so, the irrigation frequency is similar to a standard irrigation system in that a day schedule is manually entered, and the irrigation applications are executed on one or more of those days (e.g., Mon-Wed-Fri, or Tue-Thu). The automatic features are that (a) rain days can automatically be skipped through use of a rain sensor, (b) the cycle amount varies according to the accumulated evapotranspiration loss, and (c) the irrigation applications may be split into two or more watering intervals to avoid excessive runoff.
It is not, however, always advantageous to apply the amount estimated to have been lost to evapotranspiration. For example, if the systems described above were to operate in late Fall when the evapotranspiration is perhaps only 0.06 inches per day, the system would try to apply only 0.06 inches on a daily watering schedule. Applying such an amount would be entirely impractical, and even if it could be accomplished, such shallow watering is bad for most crops. In the past, the shallow watering problem has usually been resolved by manually reducing the frequency by limiting the day schedule. For example, instead of watering 0.06 inches seven days a week, the schedule could be limited to one day a week, which would provide 0.42 inches of water on that one day. Such modifications to the day schedule can provide sufficiently deep watering, but is only effective where the user makes the required modifications.
Problems arise, for example, when a user fails to sufficiently alter the day schedule to accommodate weather changes. Such failure could occur because of user neglect or lack of training, because of extraordinarily hot or cold weather, or for other reasons. Whatever the reason, the known systems except U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,696,671 and 5,870,302 operate during such periods by watering excessively small amounts too frequently, or excessively large amounts too infrequently. Both conditions can cause serious damage to grass or other crops, or at least result in significantly suboptimal growth.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,870,302, summarized as item 6 of FIG. 1, addresses these problems by automatically varying the irrigation watering frequency. There, soil moisture is detected or estimated, and irrigation is commenced at the next available scheduled time slot whenever the moisture level is deemed to Fall below a threshold deficiency level. The cycle amount is calculated as being that amount of water necessary to raise the soil moisture back up to full field capacity
Unfortunately, determinations of the threshold deficiency level and the cycle amount can be exceedingly complex. The threshold deficiency level, for example, is based on several factors including ETo, and is necessarily specific for each irrigated site. The cycle amount is also based upon several factors, including ETo, sensor data, and possibly forecasted weather data. The complexity of these calculations is such that once the irrigation deficiency and full field capacity levels are determined for a site, they are fixed, and future irrigation applications are based on those fixed values. Thus, devices and methods according to the '302 patent have limited applicability, and are mostly suitable for large irrigated sites, or situations in which a central computer is used to control multiple irrigation sites.
Thus, there is still a need for systems and methods that automatically execute irrigation applications to achieve deep watering at an irrigated site, that vary the deep watering parameters to meet seasonal changes, environmental changes, crop maturity changes and other yearly changes to optimize the efficient irrigation of the plants, and that can be used cost effectively to irrigate residential and small commercial sites.

Automatic irrigation frequency adjustment for deep watering


A press machine controller (10) for controlling a press machine (30) having a servo motor (41) to drive a slide (38) via a reduction mechanism (37) changed in reduction ratio in accordance with the position of the slide (38) is disclosed. The device includes a command generator (20) for generating at least one of a position command, a speed command and a torque command for the servo motor (41); a vibration command generator (13) for generating a vibration command based on a parameter preset for the press machine controller (10); a slide position detector (12) for detecting the position of the slide (38); and a vibration command adding portion (21, 22, 23) for adding the vibration command to any one of the position command, the speed command and the torque command for the servo motor (41) in the case where the slide position is in a predetermined range. The press machine, even if stopped with the slide at the bottom dead center, can be restarted with a small torque.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a press machine controller for controlling a press machine including a servo motor which drives a slide via a reduction mechanism with the reduction ratio changed in accordance with the position of the slide.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, a mechanical press in which press forming time can be shortened by operating a slide at high speed can be used as a press machine. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-249590 discloses a mechanical press having a link mechanism. The slide of the press machine disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-249590 moves up and down with the motion of a servo motor transmitted through a link mechanism.
In the press machine disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-249590, the reduction ratio of the link mechanism for the motor is changed in accordance with the position of the slide. Specifically, the reduction ratio is maximized when the slide reaches the bottom dead center, and at this point, the largest torque is required for the motor.
In the case where the slide simply continues to move through the bottom dead center, the inertia of the motor and the dynamic friction acting on the link mechanism, etc., eliminate the need of a large torque.
However, in the case where the press machine is stopped with the slide located at the bottom dead center for the purpose of confirming the operation of the press machine or otherwise, the inertial force fails to work and the static friction acts on the link mechanism, etc. Therefore, a large torque is required to restart the press machine.
In order to generate a large torque normally not required, the size of the servo motor of the press machine has to be large. However, a large servo motor is expensive, resulting in increased production cost of the press machine.
This invention has been achieved in view of this situation, and the object thereof is to provide a press machine controller whereby the press machine, even if stopped with the slide located at the bottom dead center, can be restarted with a small torque.


A system and method for securing an electronic transmission of a nucleotide chain. A security system is provided that comprises: a system for identifying coding and non-coding regions in the nucleotide chain; and a system for selectively encrypting only the coding regions identified in the nucleotide chain.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to securing genomic information, and more specifically relates to a system and method for selectively securing genetic coding regions being communicated over a network using web services.
2. Related Art
Grid computing (or the use of a computational grid) is a term of art for applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem at the same time—usually to a scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of computer processing cycles or access to large amounts of data.
In one important application, grid computing technologies enable the sharing of bioinformatics data from different sites by creating a virtual organization of the data. Specifically, bioinformatics grids allow the sharing of geographically distributed bioinformatics data. Thus, genetic research results can be stored on a local system and shared with the research community immediately. Moreover, users no longer need to know the location of their target information, but are able to access and retrieve data in a transparent manner. This paradigm is extremely appropriate for many types of bioinformatics research efforts, including large-scale genomic and proteomic activities.
Grid technologies are feasible thanks in part to a standardized network technology referred to as web services. Web services (sometimes called application services) are network services that are made available from an application server for web users or other web-connected programs. The use of web services is a major web trend for communicating data and services on the Internet. Because web services can be implemented on a peer-to-peer basis, and not just on a central server, it lends itself to grid computing.
Standardized data exchange within web services is enabled with the use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents. In a typical bioinformatics application, XML documents are utilized to hold important information, such as nucleotide chains and the identification of genetic sequences, which are communicated remotely to the computational grid.
While the use of web services and computational grids provide numerous advantages when applied to bioinformatics, there are several challenges that remain. One of the challenges with using web services for bioinformatics relates to security. Existing secure web service standards only provide encryption mechanisms for either specific attributes of the XML message, or the entire XML message. However, because nucleotide chains are very large, e.g., it is not unusual for a chain to comprise many megabytes, encrypting and decrypting the entire chain requires a significant amount of computational time. For example, the magnaporthe grisea genome has approximately 40 millions basepairs, and the length of a human genome is approximately 3,000 million basepairs. Accordingly, a need exists for a system for handling and selectively securing regions of bioinformatics sequences being transmitted and processed in a web services environment.

System and method for securing genomic information

International Business Machines Corporation


An optical modulator includes a package that accommodates therein a first substrate and a second substrate different from the first substrate, and outside the package, a flexible circuit board. The first substrate has plural optical modulating units disposed thereon in parallel and each including a Mach-Zehnder optical waveguide. Plural first signal line paths corresponding to the optical modulating units are disposed on the second substrate. Plural second signal line paths corresponding to the optical modulating units are disposed on the flexible circuit board. Electrical lengths of the second signal line paths are different from one another. Electrical lengths of signal paths that span from input ends of the second signal line paths corresponding to the optical modulating units to base points on signal electrodes, via the first signal line paths, are equal to one another.

A conventional optical modulator includes a package accommodating a substrate for optical modulation including an optical waveguide and plural signal electrodes interacting with the optical waveguide; and a wiring substrate including wires connected to the signal terminals. Among such optical modulators is an optical modulator that has wiring with numerous turns on the wiring substrate such that the electrical length of the wires differ from one another, whereby the optical modulator adjusts the phase differences among high-frequency electrical signals input into the signal electrodes (see, e.g., Domestic Republication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application, Publication No. 2010/021193). Another optical modulator uses a flexible wiring board as a wiring substrate (see, e.g., Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2011-138049).
However, in such conventional optical modulators, the wires are disposed to have numerous turns on the wiring substrate and therefore, the size of the wiring substrate increases. The wiring substrate is disposed inside the package and therefore, a problem arises in that the size of the package increases by an amount corresponding to the increase in the size of the wiring substrate.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Optical modulator and optical transmitter


The present invention provides data encryption for a differential bus employing transitional coding. The present invention maps, encodes and encrypts input data as a logic status for a given bus transfer cycle. The mapping, encoding and encrypting of the input data changes from bus transfer cycle to bus transfer cycle. The mapping, encoding and encrypting is a function of a pseudo-random number. A logic status is differentially transmitted from a bus transmitter to a bus receiver, to be mapped, decrypted and decoded as the corresponding output data.

The greatly increased circuit density and speeds available within today's microchips has in turn resulted in correspondingly enhanced on-chip functional capability and performance. However, these enhancements have themselves begun to raise certain other concerns, such as the performance of conventional data bus techniques. The much higher off-chip input and output bandwidths (that is, data transfers to and from the microchip), which are necessary to make effective use of such greatly enhanced on-chip functional capability, are becoming much more difficult to provide.
One solution to this dilemma is to employ a wider bus data path. However, the increased numbers of bus data driver circuits required by this approach cause further problems for the chip designer. Depending on how different the data pattern being transferred in a given bus cycle is from that of the preceding bus cycle, anywhere between all and none of the data bus drivers may be required to change the voltage levels of their respective data bus lines. Since each data bus line may have a significant load capacitance, there could both be a significant peak total driver current requirement (if all drivers simultaneously and rapidly attempt to change the voltage levels of their bus lines), and significant variations in such driver current demand from one bus cycle to the next (if all switch in one cycle, for example, and none switch in the next). It becomes increasingly difficult to provide adequate power distribution to large numbers of such driver circuits, as the inductance and resistance of the on-chip power supply and ground grids feeding them results in significant dynamic bus data-dependent voltage shifts. These in turn are often coupled as noise to other circuitry on the chip.
One approach to this problem is to use driver circuits designed to limit slew rates, that is, how fast they change the voltage on their associated data bus line loads. Another is to "stagger" the driver circuit operation, so they do not all attempt to change their associated data bus lines at precisely the same instant. These methods are both effective, but at the cost of a longer bus cycle time, and slower data transfer rates.
Another approach is to use differential transmission, in which two wires are used for each data bus bit line. A constant current is then diverted down one driver circuit path or another to produce the differential signal. This typically results in lower ground and supply grid transients on-chip at the driver, with improved noise immunity at the receiver chip, since only the difference between the two data bus bit line voltage levels is significant to the differential receiver. This in turn allows lower voltage signal level swings to be used on the bus lines, which then reduces on-chip driver current demand for a given capacitive bus loading. Coupled noise within the data bus lines is also reduced, as is emitted electromagnetic radiation. This technique is generally referred to as LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signal levels), to distinguish it from the single-ended type of bus where one wire is used to transmit each data bit, and the voltage levels used are typically the same as the logic circuitry.
Generally, the latter technique is used at this time for bus connections within a chip, and either the single-ended or LVDS methods for transmission between chips, depending on the speeds required, and the distance/load capacitance presented by the data bus lines.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,933 teaches a further improvement to the single-ended technique, which is called "Transitional Coding". In this patent, data is transmitted through the activation or de-activation of one of four bus lines, each transition of one of the four bus lines representing a unique 2-bit binary value. The result is a reduced variation in driver current demand compared to a conventional single-ended approach, because two consecutive single-wire transitions are always required to transmit 4 bits of information, compared to anywhere from 0 to 4 simultaneous wire transitions over the same four wires if employed as part of a conventional single-ended data bus. In addition, the transitions are self-clocking, and can therefore be somewhat faster, especially in an on-chip environment.
Even using the LVDS technique, however, the numbers of driver circuits required for the increasingly wide bus data paths needed to supply adequate data transfer rates still present a significant on-chip simultaneous switching problem. The design of the bus system must allow for the possibility of each bus cycle transferring the inverse data pattern to that of the preceding one. All or none of the data lines might thus potentially be transitioned each cycle, and some of these might be differentially driven in the opposite sense to their adjacent neighbors, thereby increasing the effective inter-signal line load capacitance.
Variance in the number of switching bus lines resulting from such transitions frequently creates unfavorable conditions for receiving the encoded data, for such reasons as cross-coupling between lines, ground power voltage variations, noise spikes, electromagnetic radiation, and so on.
However, there are still security issues when sending information over a data bus that employs differential transmission. For instance, some host-client systems employ a "pay-per-use" business model in which the client hardware is sold at cost or even at a loss, and the source of income and profit is the revenue charged for applications, entertainment and other content downloaded on demand from the host to the client.
The host servers can be made reasonably secure, as they can be situated in a controlled physical environment. However, there are two distinct kinds of exposures for the valuable outgoing content sent from the host server to the client. Therefore, the ability to limit access to valuable data is desirable.
One security problem is the interception of a legitimately supplied content stream by an unauthorized third party. This is particularly a problem if such content is delivered over a public broadband Internet connection.
A second security problem is that out of the extremely large numbers of registered client systems, there may be some who appear genuine, but may download and pay for content with the express purpose of copying it for unauthorized use elsewhere. Such users may also be prepared to deliberately modify their client hardware in order to circumvent any content encryption, decryption or protection measures designed to prevent any such activity, especially if the financial rewards of such piracy are significant.
In response, some client systems employ encryption/decryption software to stop potential piracy by both client systems and unauthorized third parties. Software can be upgraded or fixed if its security function is compromised, and in addition can run more complex encryption/decryption algorithms.
However, the protection offered in conventional encryption/decryption software can be bypassed if it is running in memory attached to a processor by a bus, such as a differential transitional bus, that can be monitored. If this bus is monitored for signals transmitted across it, both the encrypted and unencrypted data can be read. Therefore, the data is not secure, as the unencrypted version of the data is accessible.
Therefore, there is a need for a method and an apparatus for encrypting data that is transmitted across a differential transitional data bus that overcomes the limitations of conventional systems.

Dynamic system bus encryption using improved differential transitional encoding


This document discloses transmission of a radio link failure control message in a situation where a control plane connection is established directly between a first access point of a cellular communication system and a terminal device of the cellular communication system and, additionally, a user plane connection is established between the first access point and the terminal device through a second access point. The radio link failure control message is transferred over the user plane connection during the radio link failure or proactively in an attempt to prevent the radio link failure.

In a cellular radio network, a radio link failure may occur when a terminal device in a connected state loses a control channel connection with a serving base station because of a poor-quality radio link, for example. This may result in that the terminal device has to reconnect to the cellular radio network via an idle state.


A method for reducing electrical coupling within a computer multi-port memory cell array is provided. The method comprises twisting complementary wires of a first, inner bit line pair in a first memory cell column, wherein the twisting reverses the complementary wires, and wherein the physical twisting occurs in odd numbered dummy rows, twice along a column. The complementary wires of a second, outer bit line pair in the same column, wherein the physical twisting occurs in even numbered dummy rows, once along the column. The complementary wires of a third, inner bit line pair in a second memory cell column are then twisted, wherein the physical twisting occurs in even numbered dummy rows, once along the column, and the complementary wires of a fourth, outer bit line pair in the second column are twisted in odd numbered dummy rows, twice along the column. In this manner the twisting of bit line pairs is alternated within each memory cell column, and the twisting pattern is alternated between columns, thus ensuring that the net distance between any given wire and each complementary wire of another bit pair is equal.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to computer memory design, and more specifically to reduction of coupling between bit lines.
2. Description of the Related Art
The central part of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) in a computer system is the memory cell array. Bits are stored in individually addressable unit memory cells, which are arranged together in an array of rows and columns. Memory cells are unambiguously determined by specifying the row and column number. The common unit memory cell is a 1-transistor-1-capacitor cell. This cell has a capacitor that holds data in the form of electric charges, and an access transistor that acts as a switch for selecting the capacitor. The gate of the transistor is connected to a word line. There are as many word lines as there are rows of memory cells. In addition to the word lines, the memory cell array also comprises bit line pairs, which are alternately connected to the sources of the access transistors. In single-port memory arrays, the number of bit line pairs is equal to the number of columns in the array. For dual-port memory arrays, there are two bit line pairs per column.
Coupling between the bit lines within a core cell, or with the bit line of an adjacent core cell, affects memory performance significantly, especially as the core cell dimensions get smaller the coupling effects increase. Coupling issues in dual-port memory cell arrays consist mainly of port-to-port coupling, cell-to-cell coupling, and coupling due to routing over memory. Thus far, a simple scheme has been used to address this issue in dual-port memories. This scheme involves twisting one of the bit line pairs. Such as solution addresses the port-to-port coupling within a cell but not necessarily all cell-to-cell coupling, or the coupling due to routing over memory.
Therefore, it would be desirable to have a method for reducing port-to-port, cell-to-cell, and over-route coupling in dual-port memory cell arrays.
The present invention provides a method for reducing electrical coupling within a computer multi-port memory cell array. The method comprises twisting complementary wires of a first, inner bit line pair in a first memory cell column, wherein the twisting reverses the complementary wires, and wherein the physical twisting occurs in odd numbered dummy rows, twice along a column. The complementary wires of a second, outer bit line pair in the same column, wherein the physical twisting occurs in even numbered dummy rows, once along the column. The complementary wires of a third, inner bit line pair in a second memory cell column are then twisted, wherein the physical twisting occurs in even numbered dummy rows, once along the column, and the complementary wires of a fourth, outer bit line pair in the second column are twisted in odd numbered dummy rows, twice along the column. In this manner the twisting of bit line pairs is alternated within each memory cell column, and the twisting pattern is alternated between columns, thus ensuring that the net distance between any given wire and each complementary wire of another bit pair is equal.

Twisted bitlines to reduce coupling effects (dual port memories)


An assembly for convenient installation on an internal combustion engine for facilitating engine cleaning and oil change and method for using the same which includes an oil filter mounting adapter interposed between the oil filter unit and the oil filter boss located on the engine and a fluid egress assembly mounted in the drain opening of the oil pan. The oil filter mounting adapter is configured to be readily mountable in engine compartments having significant space constraints. The oil filter mounting adapter is composed of a spin-on sandwich adapter and a fluid coupling assembly. The fluid coupling assembly includes a quick connect nipple which is releasably matingly engageable with mating fitting on an external fluid supply source. The fluid egress fitting also includes a quick connect nipple releasably matingly engageable with a mating fitting on a fluid removal hose or conduit.

I. Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates to a device for use on an internal combustion engine to facilitate rapid removal of spent motor oil from the associated engine and oil reservoir, empty the oil filter or filters and introduction of fresh motor oil into the engine to replace that which was removed. More particularly, this invention relates to interrelated devices which enable spent oil to be removed from the oil pan reservoir in a safe, rapid, self-contained and clean manner and replaced with fresh motor oil via the region proximate to the engine oil filter unit. Finally, this invention relates to a method for changing motor oil in an internal combustion engine and, optionally, flushing and cleaning the motor oil reservoir, crankcase components, and oil filter in an internal combustion engine.
II. Description of the Relevant Art:
The necessity of routine oil changes for the trouble-free operation of an automotive vehicle is well documented. Such maintenance is one of the most cost-effective measures which can be taken toward preserving and prolonging the useful life of an internal combustion engine. Such measures reap additional rewards in the environmental arena as it is also well documented that proper engine maintenance can positively effect vehicle emissions and the like.
Unfortunately, the process of changing engine oil can be both time-consuming and messy. Thus, it is not considered a highly pleasant activity and, as such, is likely to be postponed or ignored to the detriment of the internal combustion engine. In fleet vehicles routine maintenance such as scheduled oil changes may be mandated by fleet operations. While this may ensure that the vehicles are routinely service, it does nothing to reduce or eliminate the time and mess involved in oil change operations. These problems are costly to the fleet owner both in terms of down-time and the necessity to ensure that the oil change procedures and spent oil generated therefrom is conducted and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.
In previous patents, the present inventor has proposed method whereby oil change operations can be accomplished in a unified, essentially spill-free manner.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,033, the inventor disclosed a sandwich adapter which could be interposed between the engine oil filter and the oil filter mounting boss present on the internal combustion engine to permit removal of engine oil present in the oil filter and to permit introduction of purge gas and flushing fluid through the adapter into the internal lube oil passage system of the internal combustion engine to accomplish removal of residual oil and contaminants from this region. The adapter disclosed therein had a first face adapted to sealingly contact and surround the openings in the internal lube oil passage system which communicated with the filter mounting boss and a second face adapted to sealingly connect with the oil filter unit. The sandwich adapter included a nipple extending through a central through bore in the adapter. The nipple was specifically modified to include a plurality of apertures to facilitate fluid flow from an inlet channel communicating with the exterior of the adapter into the center of the nipple and on to the internal lube oil distribution passages as well as through the filtration media contained in the attached oil filter unit. The flush fluid passing through the oil filter unit progressed in a counter current fashion and was conveyed out of the circuit by a suitable exit line also in fluid communication with the sandwich adapter. While this device and the method disclosed address some of the problems inherent in oil change procedures, the device as disclosed, in some instances was found to be cumbersome to use, particularly in situation in which oil change without reverse (counter current) flush cleaning of the oil filter is all that is required. The adapter was configured to permit removal of residual oil contained in the filter during an oil change operation and to permit introduction of flush fluid there through. That adapter configuration did not permit rapid introduction of total volume of replacement engine oil required during an oil change operation. Additionally the orientation of the inlet and outlet openings as well as the necessary hoses associated therewith makes universal adoption of the sandwich adapter disclosed therein difficult, time consuming and cumbersome due to the space constraints found in many engine configurations.
Other devices have been proposed which address different aspects of the oil change procedure. U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,656 to Norwood discloses an automotive oil filter precharging arrangement which included an adapter interposed between the oil filter and the oil filter mounting boss located on the internal combustion engine. The adapter included a mounting plate, a threaded nipple received in a central through bore onto which the oil filter unit can be attached, and a threaded plug received within a single threaded port in fluid communication with one of the inlet holes also located in the mounting plate. In operation, after a new filter has been attached to the mounting plate, the threaded plug is removed and a small quantity of the fresh oil required in an oil change operation is fed in a non-automated fashion into the oil filter by a funnel, spout, oil pump gun or the like. After the oil filter is charged with oil, the threaded plug must be manually replaced. The oil in the filter was readily available to the engine upon start-up to minimize engine wear.
The Norwood reference does not address the remaining portions of the oil change procedure. Major drawbacks to the process disclosed in the Norwood reference include: (a) the cumbersome nature of the charging process and the risk of oil spillage during oil introduction; and (b) the mounting adapter disclosed in the Norwood reference would be difficult to use in engines having tight clearances and other orientation and space constraints. In order to achieve free orientation of the Norwood adapter relative to the engine, it would be necessary to replace the existing mounting boss nipple with the nipple disclosed in the Norwood reference. In many instances, the mounting boss nipple is permanently or nearly permanently mounted of the existing nipple on the engine. In such instances a device such as the Norwood adapter would be difficult, if not impossible to successfully employ.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,784 to Cochran discloses a bypass oil filter adapter which permits the addition of a bypass oil filter in a full flow filter system. The Cochran reference does not address the issues involved in complete oil change operations and optional flush cleaning procedures.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,909,205 to Bewley, a method and apparatus for changing engine oil is disclosed in which a cylindrical adapter is mounted in fluid contact with the internal combustion engine of a vehicle. The cylindrical adapter disclosed in Bewley is connected to flexible hoses which have male portions of quick connect coupling members at their extremities. The quick connect hoses connect to two mating coupling members located on a second mount separate from the cylindrical adapter to which the oil filter unit is connected. The cylindrical mounting adapter carries a motor-driven reversible-action pump which is connected by a flexible hose to the bottom of the engine oil pan. When the second mount is connected with a suitable plastic container reservoir and the adapter mounted pump is energized, spent oil is removed from the engine to the plastic container. Once the spent oil is removed, a new plastic container filled with fresh oil can be connected and the pump direction reversed to permit replacement of the removed spent oil with fresh engine oil. The method and apparatus are cumbersome and provide several opportunities for oil spillage and the like.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,776,431 to Poling discloses a method for removing spent oil from an internal combustion engine in which the engine oil filter unit is pierced and drained of spent oil. The spent oil contained in the oil pan is drawn out under suction through a suction cup and associated suction conduit placed over the drain opening in the oil pan. This method does not provide for a high speed method for replacing engine oil and does not provide a safe and efficient method for providing an oil change which minimizes the opportunity for oil spillage.
To date, none of the proposed methods and devices provide for the efficient and spill-free removal of spent oil from an internal combustion engine and replacement with fresh material. Gravity removal of spent oil through the drain plug opening is a slow and messy procedure even in the best methods. In conventional methods, the oil is allowed to flow out of the oil pan, through the opened drain plug opening into a collection receptacle under the action of gravity. In other oil change procedures which include enhancements or improvements, the oil is removed by suction through a conduit placed in communication with the oil pan opening. This increases the risk of oil loss through the drain plug and engine destruction due to engine operation without sufficient lubrication.
It would be desirable to provide a convenient, environmentally safe, no-mess alternative to conventional oil changes which reduces the time and labor required in the process and reduces the chances for oil spillage before, during and after the oil change operation. It is also desirable to provide an apparatus and method which provides a unified, streamlined process for oil change operations which supports and complies with the spirit and intent of existing and proposed legislation regarding handling safety waste reduction, pollution abatement and conservation of natural resources. It is also desirable to provide an oil pan adapter device which would eliminate the need for repeated removal and reinsertion of the drain plug with each oil change operation. It is also desirable to provide an oil filter mounting adapter which can be successfully employed in complete oil change operations. Finally, it is desirable to provide an apparatus which can be readily employed on internal combustion engines of varying configurations with minimal change to the engine design or operation.

Multi-port filter mounting adapter and fitting mounted to same for expediting removal of oil from internal combustion engine associated therewith and method for accomplishing same


The present disclosure relates to semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to n-well resistors and methods of manufacture. The structure includes: a substrate composed of a N-well implant region and a deep N-well implant region; and a plurality of shallow trench isolation regions extending into both the N-well implant region and a deep N-well implant region.

Frequently, a circuit requires a certain resistance. To provide such resistance, resistors are used within the circuit. Resistors compatible with the CMOS technologies include diffused, polysilicon and N-well or P-well resistors. N-well resistors include a shallow N-well, which is often used because it has a much higher resistance per square as compared to source/drain diffusions. But, in semiconductor on insulator (SOI) technologies to provide well to well isolation, the shallow trench isolation (STI) is much deeper compared to the N-well depth. With this, N-well to N-well isolation is very robust; however, this restricts an N-well resistor from being used in circuit designs.