A new picnic cooler for carrying eating utensils along with edibles. The inventive device includes a base and a perimeter wall upwardly extending around the base. A tray is rested on the top edge of the perimeter wall. The back edge of the tray is hingedly coupled to the back wall of the perimeter wall. A lid is hingedly coupled to the back wall of the perimeter wall at the top edge of the perimeter wall. A handle is pivotally coupled to the side walls of the perimeter side wall. The upper face of the tray has a plurality of depressions forming compartments in the upper face of the tray.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to picnic coolers and more particularly pertains to a new picnic cooler for carrying eating utensils along with edibles.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of picnic coolers is known in the prior art. More specifically, picnic coolers heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
Known prior art picnic coolers include U.S. Pat. No. 5,174,452; U.S. Pat. No. 5,090,572; U.S. Pat. No. Des. 335,960; U.S. Pat. No. 4,143,695; U.S. Pat. No. 3,015,429; and U.S. Pat. No. 2,857,949.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not disclose a new picnic cooler. The inventive device includes a base and a perimeter wall upwardly extending around the base. A tray is rested on the top edge of the perimeter wall. The back edge of the tray is hingedly coupled to the back wall of the perimeter wall. A lid is hingedly coupled to the back wall of the perimeter wall at the top edge of the perimeter wall. A handle is pivotally coupled to the side walls of the perimeter side wall. The upper face of the tray has a plurality of depressions forming compartments in the upper face of the tray.
In these respects, the picnic cooler according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of carrying eating utensils along with edibles.


A locking device for control cabinet doors has a plate with a depression attached to an outwardly facing side of a door leaf. The pivot lever is positioned in the depression. A projection is connected to a face of the plate facing the door leaf, the projection extending through a cutout of the door leaf past an inwardly facing side of the door leaf. A cap is connected to a free end of the projection, wherein the cap and the projection define a receiving chamber. A lock for locking the pivot lever when folded into the depression is provided. A housing matching the design and size of the lock is provided. The lock is enclosed and secured in the housing. The housing is exchangeably positioned in the receiving chamber. The plate has a receiving opening for providing access to the lock. The receiving opening has a periphery matching the shape of the housing. A forward edge of the housing, in a plane for receiving a key, at an inward side thereof has an inner contour matching the lock and at an outward side thereof has an outer contour matching the receiving opening.

The invention relates to a locking device for control cabinet doors etc. with a plate having a depression to be placed onto the outwardly facing surface of the door leaf for receiving a pivot lever, wherein at least one projection, extending through a cutout in the door leaf and projecting past the door leaf plane inwardly is connected to the plate for receiving functional parts of the locking device, whereby the projection, closed off at the inner side with a cap, is designed to lock the pivot lever, when in a position folded into the depression, with a lock inserted into a coordinated opening of the locking device.
A locking device for control cabinet doors with the aforementioned features is disclosed in two different embodiments in European patent application 0 054 225 B1 and German patent application 42 10 588. One aspect of such locking devices is that the pivot lever in the position folded into the depression is locked with a lock therein so that an actuation of the locking device for unauthorized persons is not possible. In the embodiment disclosed in European patent application 0 054 225 a lock in the form of a profile cylinder lock is arranged in the pivot lever and, upon folding of the pivot lever into the depression, the lock enters the closed projection of the depression at the inner side of the door whereby the locking pawl provided at the profile cylinder lock, as is conventional, catches within an element that is provided at the projection of the depression, for example, in the form of a cutout or a projection etc. In the embodiment according to German patent application 42 10 588, the lock is stationarily arranged at the lower portion of the plate whereby the pivot lever is somewhat shorter and can be folded into an area of the depression above the lock whereby the lock cooperated with a separate locking member for the pivot lever which locking member either secures the pivot lever in its folded position or, upon actuation of the lock, releases it.
The known locking device in both embodiments has the disadvantage that the use of other types of locks as, for example, round cylinder or magnetic-card-operated locks is not easily possible without adapting the pivot lever and/or the depression in order to match the lock type. Since the aforementioned parts are conventionally made of plastic, considerable tool changes may be required in individual cases. Furthermore, the user of the locking device thus has no flexibility with respect to the lock since manufacture of the locking device already predetermines type and function of the respective lock.
It is therefore an object of the invention to improve a locking device of the aforementioned kind such that an exchange of the respectively employed lock is possible without requiring changes at the plate and the pivot lever.

Locking device with exchangeable lock insert


The invention relates to a medical document attachment device for a medical sterilization container. The document attachment device comprises a sterilization container lid having an upper side, and at least one document holder having a first attachment portion and spaced therefrom a second attachment portion and a clamping portion arranged between the first attachment portion and the second attachment portion, the first attachment portion and the second attachment portion being fixed to the sterilization container lid when the document holder is connected to the sterilization container lid, and there being arranged between the clamping portion and the upper side of the sterilization container lid a document receptacle in which a document is fixable in a clamped manner by means of the clamping portion on the upper side.

The invention relates to a medical document attachment device for a medical sterilization container.
Medical sterilization containers are used for sterilizing sterilization articles such as, for example, surgical instruments. The sterilization articles are arranged loosely or accommodated in a medical perforated basket in a receiving space of the sterilization container, which is formed by a sterilization container tub and a sterilization container lid. In order to label the sterilization articles, it is known to provide on the sterilization container tub a small receptacle into which a small sign or label containing information on the sterilization articles can be inserted. Other sterilization containers have on an end face next to a handle element and a closure element for closing the sterilization container lid on the sterilization container tub a holder for securing a small label. In yet again different sterilization containers, small labels are attached by means of a band to a handle element of the sterilization container, and, furthermore, it is known to provide information relating to the sterilization articles on a seal which is used when sealing the sterilization container. A disadvantage of the known solutions is, in each case, the handling of the small labels or the seal. Also, in the known solutions, only a small amount of information relating to the sterilization articles can be affixed to the sterilization container.
The object of the present invention is to provide a medical document attachment device for a medical sterilization container, which is easy to handle.


Adhesive attachment features for bonding piezoelectric motors to a load beam substrate. The attachment features have one or more reliefs under or partially under or adjacent to a piezoelectric transducer to control the flow of adhesive by limiting or influencing adhesive travel or flow and simultaneously preventing excessive adhesive fillet height adjacent the piezoelectric motor while simultaneously providing for improved bond strength between the piezoelectric element and the load beam.

The prior art includes a non-etched area with one adhesive control feature in the form of a recessed line in the substrate located at the inner border of a bond pad area at each end of the piezoelectric transducer or motor to help prevent adhesive from wicking along the bottom surface of the motor beyond the bond pad area towards the center of the motor.

Enhancements for adhesive attachment of piezoelectric motor elements to a disk drive suspension


A cleaning system can include a noble gas, and one or more vessels configured to convert the noble gas into a supercritical fluid, and/or receive and clean an article of manufacture with the noble gas in the supercritical fluid state. A cleaning process can include converting a noble gas into a supercritical fluid state; and cleaning an article of manufacture with the noble gas in the supercritical fluid state so as to remove one or more contaminants from the article of manufacture. A cleaning composition can include a noble gas in a supercritical fluid state, and a textile article of manufacture having one or more contaminants located in the supercritical noble gas.

Cleaning compositions that are used in cleaning laundry, such as highly toxic detergent compositions and halogenated solvents, can be problematic for the environment and can be costly to process into a disposable format. Industrial cleaners may have the same environmental concerns due to the level of toxic ingredients. As such, there is a continued need for improved cleaning compositions that can be used to clean articles of manufacture, such as textiles, polymer parts, metal parts, ceramic parts, or others.

Textile cleaning composition comprising a supercritical noble gas


This invention describes a method for co-producing isobutene and ethyl tert-butyl ether from tert-butanol mixture in a catalytic distillation column, wherein catalyzing the tert-butanol mixture with the ethanol undergoes dehydration and etherification. The tert-butanol mixture contains absolute ethanol or aqueous ethanol as the antifreeze agent. The isobutene and the ethyl tert-butyl ether withdrawn from the column top are further separated, thus high purity isobutene and ethyl tert-butyl ether for fuel-additive are obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for the co-preparation of isobutene and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), and in particular to a method for co-producing isobutene and ethyl tert-butyl ether by catalyzing tert-butanol (TBA) mixture with the ethanol undergoes dehydration and etherification.
2. The Prior Arts
Isobutene is the raw material to manufacture alkylate, MTBE/ETBE, diisobutylene, polyisobutene, methacrylic acid, butylated phenols, etc. There are three sources of isobutene: catalytic cracking, steam cracking, and dehydrogenation of butanes. However, in those processes isobutene is always produced as a mixture of C4s isomers. It is costly to produce high purity isobutene from those mixtures due to their close boiling points.
There are currently three important processes for the production of high purity isobutene: (1) the extraction process using a mixture of C4s isomers to separate isobutene, (2) the dehydration of tert-butanol, and (3) the cracking of MTBE. The expected demand for MTBE/ETBE precludes the third route for isobutene production. MTBE/ETBE is more valuable than TBA due to its huge demand as an additive in gasoline fuel. TBA is an important source of isobutene and its derivatives by dehydration of TBA. In addition, the isobutylene and ETBE may be produced from TBA by reaction with ethanol directly into ETBE.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,964 discloses a process for preparing alkyl tertiary butyl ether by sequential reaction. For example, TBA and ethanol are reacted in a first reactor and the effluent is charged to the first distillation column, thus a mixture of ethanol and ETBE is obtained from this column top. The ethanol and ETBE mixture is further reacted with isobutylene in a second reactor to form additional quantities of ETBE. Not only excess isobutylene has to be added to increase the ETBE yield, but also, the first distillation column is operated on the condition of ethanol-to-ETBE molar ratio of 1:2 to avoid by-products water which forms an azeotropic behavior in the column. Therefore, the flexibility in operation of the process is limited.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,970 discloses a serious of catalysts to enhance TBA conversions and ETBE selectivities. The catalyst may be an acid resin or a pentasil zeolite. However, the obtained TBA conversions and the ETBE selectivities by a continuous flow reactor are limited under the thermodynamic equilibrium reaction. The patent did not disclose the separation of by-product (water) issues.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,825,282 discloses a two-step reaction process to avoid water to form an azeotrope with unreacted ethanol, including dehydrating TBA to form isobutylene, and then reacting isobutylene with ethanol to form ETBE. The process is inefficient, and unable to overcome the transportation and storage problems of TBA.
On the other hand, following patents are focus on the isobutene production via TBA dehydration. U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,271 discloses a method, which uses ion exchange resin as catalyst to dehydrate aqueous TBA in a fixed bed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,620 discloses a TBA dehydration method for producing isobutene via a reactive distillation column packed with fluoride-treated catalyst. A similar method is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,971. However, no ethanol is fed to the column and ETBE cannot be cogenerated with isobutene. In order to manufacture ETBE, an etherification process is required to follow with these TBA dehydration process.
The kinetics of liquid phase synthesis of ETBE from TBA and ethanol catalyzed by ion exchange resin has been proposed by Yin et al., Int. J. Chem. Kinnet., 1995, 27, 1065-1074. In their report, the TBA and ethanol undergo etherification and dehydration simultaneously over Amberlyst 15 such that ETBE and isobutene can be co-produced.
The above methods are not suitable for industrial applications. For example, TBA at high purity is in solid state if its temperature is below 25° C. The transportation for market trade is inconvenient. Also, these processes should be localized around the PO/TBA (propylene oxide/tert-butanol) process or isobutene hydration process to avoid the TBA transportation problem.

Method for coproducing isobutene and ETBE from tert-Butanol mixture


A code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system in which cellular techniques are utilized in a wireless Private Branch Exchange (PBX) environment. A microcellular arrangement is defined in which a base station communicates user information signals using CDMA communication signals with subscriber terminals. A distributed antenna system is utilized in the system to provide multipath signals which facilitate signal diversity for enhanced system performance.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to wireless PBX and wireless local loop telephone systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel and improved microcellular telephone system and distributed antenna system therefor so as to facilitate indoor communications using spread spectrum communication signals.
II. Description of the Related Art
The use of code division multiple access (CDMA) modulation techniques is one of several techniques for facilitating communications in which a large number of system users are present. Other multiple access communication system techniques, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and AM modulation schemes such as amplitude companded single sideband (ACSSB) are known in the art. However the spread spectrum modulation technique of CDMA has significant advantages over these modulation techniques for multiple access communication systems. The use of CDMA techniques in a multiple access communication system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307, issued Feb. 13, 1990, entitled "SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS", assigned to the assignee of the present invention, of which the disclosure thereof is incorporated by reference.
In the just mentioned patent, a multiple access technique is disclosed where a large number of mobile telephone system users each having a transceiver communicate through satellite repeaters or terrestrial base stations (also referred to as cell-sites stations, cell-sites or for short, cells) using code division multiple access (CDMA) spread spectrum communication signals. In using CDMA communications, the frequency spectrum can be reused multiple times thus permitting an increase in system user capacity. The use of CDMA results in a much higher spectral efficiency than can be achieved using other multiple access techniques.
The terrestrial channel experiences signal fading that is characterized by Rayleigh fading. The Rayleigh fading characteristic in the terrestrial channel signal is caused by the signal being reflected from many different features of the physical environment. As a result, a signal arrives at a mobile unit receiver from many directions with different transmission delays. At the UHF frequency bands usually employed for mobile radio communications, including those of cellular mobile telephone systems, significant phase differences in signals traveling on different paths may occur. The possibility for destructive summation of the signals may result, with on occasion deep fades occurring.
Terrestrial channel fading is a very strong function of the physical position of the mobile unit. A small change in position of the mobile unit changes the physical delays of all the signal propagation paths, which further results in a different phase for each path. Thus, the motion of the mobile unit through the environment can result in a quite rapid fading process. For example, in the 850 MHz cellular radio frequency band, this fading can typically be as fast as one fade per second per mile per hour of vehicle speed. Fading this severe can be extremely disruptive to signals in the terrestrial channel resulting in poor communication quality. Additional transmitter power can be used to overcome the problem of fading. However, such power increases effect both the user, in excessive power consumption, and the system by increased interference.
The CDMA modulation techniques disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 offer many advantages over narrow band modulation techniques used in communication systems employing satellite or terrestrial repeaters. The terrestrial channel poses special problems to any communication system particularly with respect to multipath signals. The use of CDMA techniques permit the special problems of the terrestrial channel to be overcome by mitigating the adverse effect of multipath, e.g. fading, while also exploiting the advantages thereof.
In a CDMA cellular telephone system, the same wide band frequency channel can be used for communication in all cells. The CDMA waveform properties that provide processing gain are also used to discriminate between signals that occupy the same frequency band. Furthermore the high speed pseudonoise (PN) modulation allows many different propagation paths to be separated, provided the difference in path delays exceed the PN chip duration, i.e. 1/bandwidth. If a PN chip rate of approximately 1 MHz is employed in a CDMA system, the full spread spectrum processing gain, equal to the ratio of the spread bandwidth to system data rate, can be employed to discriminate against paths that differ by more than one microsecond in path delay from each other. A one microsecond path delay differential corresponds to differential path distance of approximately 1,000 feet. The urban environment typically provides differential path delays in excess of one microsecond, and up to 10-20 microseconds are reported in some areas.
In narrow band modulation systems such as the analog FM modulation employed by conventional telephone systems, the existence of multiple paths results in severe multipath fading. With wide band CDMA modulation, however, the different paths may be discriminated against in the demodulation process. This discrimination greatly reduces the severity of multipath fading. Multipath fading is not totally eliminated in using CDMA discrimination techniques because there will occasionally exist paths with delayed differentials of less than the PN chip duration for the particular system. Signals having path delays on this order cannot be discriminated against in the demodulator, resulting in some degree of fading.
It is therefore desirable in the CDMA cellular telephone system that some form of diversity be provided which would permit a system to reduce fading. Diversity is one approach for mitigating the deleterious effects of fading. Three major types of diversity exist: time diversity, frequency diversity and space diversity.
Time diversity can best be obtained by the use of repetition, time interleaving, and error detection and correction coding which is a form of repetition. The present invention employes each of these techniques as a form of time diversity.
CDMA by its inherent nature of being a wideband signal offers a form of frequency diversity by spreading the signal energy over a wide bandwidth. Therefore, frequency selective fading affects only a small part of the CDMA signal bandwidth.
Space or path diversity is obtained by providing multiple signal paths through simultaneous links from a mobile user through two or more cell-sites. Furthermore, path diversity may be obtained by exploiting the multipath environment through spread spectrum processing by allowing a signal arriving with different propagation delays to be received and processed separately. Examples of path diversity are illustrated in copending U.S. patent application entitled "SOFT HANDOFF IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM", Ser. No. 07/433,030, filed Nov. 7, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,501 issued Mar. 31, 1992 and copending U.S. patent application entitled "DIVERSITY RECEIVER IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM", Ser. No. 07/432,552, also filed Nov. 7, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,390 issued Apr. 28, 1992, both assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
The deleterious effects of fading can be further controlled to a certain extent in a CDMA system by controlling transmitter power. A system for cell-site and mobile unit power control is disclosed in copending U.S. patent application entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING TRANSMISSION POWER IN A CDMA CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM", Ser. No. 07/433,031, filed Nov. 7, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,056,109, issued Oct. 8, 1991, also assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
The CDMA techniques as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 contemplated the use of coherent modulation and demodulation for both directions of the link in mobile-satellite communications. Accordingly, disclosed therein is the use of a pilot carrier signal as a coherent phase reference for the satellite-to-mobile link and the cell-to-mobile link. In the terrestrial cellular environment, however, the severity of multipath fading, with the resulting phase disruption of the channel, precludes usage of coherent demodulation technique for the mobile-to-cell link. The present invention provides a means for overcoming the adverse effects of multipath in the mobile-in-cell link by using noncoherent modulation and demodulation techniques.
The CDMA techniques as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 further contemplated the use of relatively long PN sequences with each user channel being assigned a different PN sequence. The cross-correlation between different PN sequences and the autocorrelation of a PN sequence for all time shifts other than zero both have a zero average value which allows the different user signals to be discriminated upon reception.
However, such PN signals are not orthogonal. Although the cross-correlations average to zero, for a short time interval such as an information bit time the cross-correlation follows a binomial distribution. As such, the signals interfere with each other much the same as if they were wide bandwidth Gaussian noise at the same power spectral density. Thus the other user signals, or mutual interference noise, ultimately limits the achievable capacity.
The existence of multipath can provide path diversity to a wideband PN CDMA system. If two or more paths are available with greater than one microsecond differential path delay, two or more PN receivers can be employed to separately receive these signals. Since these signals will typically exhibit independence in multipath fading, i.e., they usually do not fade together, the outputs of the two receivers can be diversity combined. Therefore a loss in performance only occurs when both receivers experience fades at the same time. Hence, one aspect of the present invention is the provision of two or more PN receivers in combination with a diversity combiner. In order to exploit the existence of multipath signals, to overcome fading, it is necessary to utilize a waveform that permits path diversity combining operations to be performed.
A method and system for constructing PN sequences that provide orthogonality between the users so that mutual interference will be reduced is disclosed in copending U.S. patent application entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING SIGNAL WAVEFORMS IN A CDMA CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM", Ser. No. 07/543,496, filed Jun. 25, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,459 issued Apr. 7, 1992 also assigned to the assignee of the present invention. Using these techniques in reducing mutual interference allowing higher system user capacity and better link performance. With orthogonal PN codes, the cross-correlation is zero over a predetermined time interval, resulting in no interference between the orthogonal codes, provided only that the code time frames are time aligned with each other.
In an such a CDMA cellular mobile system as disclosed in Ser. No. 07/543,496, signals are communicated between a cell-site and mobile units using direct sequence spread spectrum communication signals. In the cell-to-mobile link, pilot, sync, paging and voice channels are defined. Information communicated on the cell-to-mobile link channels are, in general, encoded, interleaved, bi-phase shift key (BPSK) modulated with orthogonal covering of each BPSK symbol along with quadrature phase shift key (QPSK) spreading of the covered symbols. In the mobile-to-cell link, access and voice channels are defined. Information communicated on the mobile-to-cell link channels are, in general, encoded, interleaved, orthogonal signalling along with QPSK spreading. Using orthogonal PN sequences does in fact reduce mutual interference, thereby permitting greater user capacity, in addition to supporting path diversity so as to overcome fading.
The above mentioned patent and patent applications disclose a novel multiple access technique wherein a large number of mobile telephone system users communicate through satellite repeaters or terrestrial base stations using code division multiple access spread spectrum modulation that allows the spectrum to be reused multiple times. The resulting system design has a much higher spectral efficiency than can be achieved using previous multiple access techniques.
In cellular telephone systems, a large geographic area is provided with mobile telephone service by installing a number of cell-sites situated so as to provide coverage of the entire geographic area. If service demand exceeds the capacity that can be provided by a set of cell-sites that just provides coverage, the cells are subdivided into smaller cells. This process has been carried out to the extent that some major metropolitan areas have nearly 200 cell-sites.
The technique described in U.S. Pat. No. 4.901,307 uses CDMA to achieve a very high capacity by providing marginal isolation gain through the exploitation of system characteristics and functions such as multiple steerable antennas, speech activity and reuse of the entire frequency band in every cell of the system. The result is a significantly higher system capacity than provided by other multiple access techniques such as FDMA and TDMA.
In a further development of the cellular telephone idea, it is desired to provide a number of very small cells, called microcells, which would provide coverage of a very limited geographic area. Usually, it is considered that such areas are limited to a single floor of an office building and the mobile telephone service can be viewed as a cordless telephone system that may or may not be compatible with the mobile cellular telephone system. The rationale for providing such a service is similar to the reasoning for use of Private Branch Exchange (PBX) systems in business offices. Such systems provide for low cost phone service for a large number of calls between phones within the business while providing simplified dialing for internal phone numbers. A few lines are also provided to connect the PBX system to the public telephone system, allowing calls to be made and received between phones in the PBX system and telephones located elsewhere. It is desirable for the microcell system to provide a similar level of service but with the added feature of cordless operation anywhere within the service area of the PBX.
In applications such as the wireless PBX or Wireless local loop telephone systems path delays are much shorter in duration than in cellular mobile systems. In buildings and other indoor environments where PBX systems are used it is necessary to provide a form of diversity which will enable discrimination between CDMA signals.
The primary problem solved by the disclosed invention is the provision of a simple antenna system that provides high capacity, simple installation, good coverage and excellent performance. Another problem is to achieve the above limited coverage while maintaining compatibility with the mobile cellular system and while taking a negligible amount of capacity away from the mobile system. This is achieved in the disclosed invention by combining the capacity properties of CDMA with a new distributed antenna design that confines the radiation to a very limited and carefully controlled area.
The implementation of spread spectrum communication techniques, particularly CDMA techniques, in a PBX environment therefore provides features which vastly enhance system reliability and capacity over other communication system techniques. CDMA techniques as previously mentioned further enable problems such as fading and interference to be readily overcome. Accordingly, CDMA techniques further promote greater frequency reuse, thus enabling a substantial increase in the number of system users.

CDMA microcellular telephone system and distributed antenna system therefor


A capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer having an ultrasonic wave transmission/reception surface formed by arranging a plurality of transducer cells each of which includes a membrane having a first electrode and a supporting film for supporting the first electrode, and also includes a second electrode arranged being opposite to the first electrode and being spaced apart from the first electrode at a prescribed interval, wherein: the transducer cells are arranged on the basis of resonant frequencies of the transducer cells.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer.
2. Description of the Related Art
Ultrasonic diagnosis methods in which ultrasonic waves are transmitted inside a body cavity are widely employed and the condition of the body cavity is visualized on the basis of the echo signals. An ultrasonic endoscope is one device used for ultrasonic diagnosis. In an ultrasonic endoscope, an ultrasonic transducer is provided to the distal end of an insertion unit, which is inserted into body cavities. This transducer converts electric signals into ultrasonic waves for transmitting them inside body cavities, and also receives reflected ultrasonic waves in the body cavities in order to convert them into electric signals.
Some ultrasonic transducers have a configuration including, for example, a circular and concave ultrasonic reflection plane and a planar back plane, i.e., a plano-concave configuration (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-299195 and Japanese Patent No. 3478874). In the concave ultrasonic reflection plate, the central spot has the minimum thickness, and the closer to the periphery a spot is, the greater the thickness of the spot is.
A piezoelectric element is included in an ultrasonic transducer, which converts ultrasonic waves and electric signals into each other. The piezoelectric element generates ultrasonic waves at different frequencies in accordance with the thickness of respective portions in the element itself. Specifically, ultrasonic waves at low frequencies are generated at portions having a great thickness, and ultrasonic waves at high frequencies are generated at portions having a small thickness because ultrasonic wave frequency is in inverse proportion to the thickness of the piezoelectric element.
Therefore, in an ultrasonic transducer having a circular and concave ultrasonic reflection plate i.e., in an ultrasonic transducer having the plano-concave configuration, the ultrasonic wave at the highest frequency is generated at the central spot, and the closer to the periphery a spot is, the lower the frequency of the wave transmitted from the spot is.
The purpose of generating ultrasonic waves at different frequencies as above is to obtain images at different resolutions based on the different frequencies. By using ultrasonic waves at high frequencies, image information of the surface and around it can be obtained at a high resolution. However, ultrasonic waves at high frequencies are subjected to attenuation at deeper portions. When ultrasonic waves at low frequencies are used, the resolution of image information is lower than that of the image information obtained by using the ultrasonic waves at high frequencies. However, the ultrasonic waves at low frequencies are less subjected to the attenuation, and can therefore be used for observation of deeper portions. Accordingly, by synthesizing the ultrasonic waves at high frequencies and the ultrasonic waves at low frequencies, it is possible to obtain ultrasonic images of shallower to deeper portions at relatively high resolution.
Additionally, for ultrasonic image processing methods and ultrasonic image processing apparatuses using parametric sound source methods, an ultrasonic image processing apparatus using the parametric array has been disclosed in recent years, in which the attenuation of echo signals can be reduced (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 8-80300).
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 8-80300 discloses the following method. By transmitting from an ultrasonic probe to a sample of an amplitude-modulated wave whose center frequency is amplitude-modulated or an ultrasonic wave having two frequency components, an echo having a frequency component of a difference that is based on the nonlinearity of tissues is generated in the sample. Because the echo having the frequency component of the difference is lower than the fundamental frequency, the attenuation of the signal strength while the wave is being transmitted through the sample becomes much smaller.
The parametric array used herein is a sound source whose beam pattern is sharper than that of a wave at a frequency that is the same as that of a difference tone between waves at different frequencies. An effect that results from the acoustic characteristic (parametric characteristic) achieved by this parametric array is called a parametric effect.
Recently, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (referred to as c-MUT hereinafter) have been attracting interest. The capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer is one of several devices that are categorized into MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems).
A MEMS device is a device that is formed as a microstructure on a substrate such as a silicon substrate, a glass substrate, or the like. In a MEMS device, driven bodies for outputting mechanical forces, driving mechanisms for driving the driven bodies, semiconductor integrated circuits for controlling the driving mechanisms, and the like are electrically and mechanically connected. A MEMS device is mainly characterized by the configuration in which the driven bodies that are configured as mechanisms are incorporated into the device. The driven bodies are electrically driven by using the Coulomb attraction between electrodes.
A capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (c-MUT) is a device in which two planar electrodes are arranged such that they face each other, having a cavity between the electrodes. The capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer transmits ultrasonic waves when it receives AC signals superposed on a DC bias by having a layer (membrane) including one of the above electrodes oscillate harmonically to the AC signals received.

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer


A technique for operating a vehicle detection system involves obtaining samples randomly from a detector of the vehicle detection system and determining the presence of a vehicle in response to the random samples. When multiple detectors are located in close proximity to each other, the likelihood of interference caused by concurrent sampling events is reduced because of the randomness of the sampling, which in turn reduces the occurrence of incorrect vehicle detection results. Control systems for vehicle detection systems obtain the random samples independently from each other. Because the random samples are obtained independently from each other, multiple inductive loop vehicle detection systems can be operated in close proximity to each other without having to be coordinated or synchronized in any way. The possibility of an incorrect vehicle detection as a result of concurrent sampling events can be further reduced using validity checking techniques.

The need to detect motor vehicles for traffic signal control, parking, and access control applications has existed for a substantial period of time. Inductive loop vehicle detection systems are used to provide specific vehicle location in the roadway for signal timing, vehicle speed determination, and vehicle classification. In addition, inductive loop vehicle detectors are used extensively in entry control applications such as electric gates or doors in buildings, garages, residential applications, parking lots, and other controlled access areas.
Typically, inductive loop vehicle detectors have in common an oscillator device, which is contained in the vehicle detector system and is connected to the remote roadway loop system utilizing an isolation transformer and a transmission cable assembly. The oscillator contained in the vehicle detector system will operate at a resonant frequency determined by the value of the fixed capacitors located in the oscillator circuit and the equivalent inductance of the remote roadway loop. In the applications above, the inductance of the loop system decreases and the resonant frequency of the loop system increases from a reference value when a vehicle enters the loop perimeter, or is in close proximity to the roadway loop. The frequency shift of the oscillator system due to a normal sized passenger vehicle entering the loop area is generally only 1% or 2% of the inductance value of the system without a vehicle being present. A small motor vehicle, such as a small motorcycle, may only change the frequency 0.05%.
The presence or absence of a motor vehicle is determined by the vehicle detector system measuring the inductance of the roadway loop and comparing this value with a known inductance value which represents the inductance of the loop with no vehicle present. If the inductance value is presumed to be of sufficiently lower than the reference value, the vehicle detection system outputs a logic signal to external devices such as traffic controllers or gate operator systems. As long as the inductance value remains sufficiently low, the vehicle detection system will continue to output the same signal (referred to commonly as the "detect" signal).
Inductive loop vehicle detection systems are both emitters and receptors of electromagnetic fields. These electric fields are known to be of very low power. However, if the roadway loops are in close proximity to each other, the electromagnetic field from one roadway system inductively couples into other loop systems. The result of this loop field coupling by multiple vehicle detectors systems is an interference to other individual detector oscillator systems. The effect of two or more vehicle detector loops coupling inductively with each other is commonly referred to as crosstalk. The result of this electromagnetic field coupling is that each system tries to change the frequency of the other system. This will result in one or both systems operating at either a higher or lower frequency than it would without the influence of the other system.
Mutual interference between vehicle detectors has existed for a substantial period of time and can be severe, particularly if a loop system is operating with a resonant frequency close to another system's resonant frequency. The interfering signal will be a modulation product consisting of all frequencies of the various detectors plus the sum and difference of all of the detector loop frequencies. The operation of vehicle detection systems, each with a slightly different frequency, is not unlike that of a plurality of radio transmitters operating on the same frequency. This situation is commonly referred to as "transmitter jamming."
Crosstalk in vehicle detection systems can cause random false vehicle detect signals from one or more detector systems. It is also common, if the detector system is experiencing crosstalk, to observe a vehicle detector that will not output a detect signal when a vehicle is present over the roadway loop. This is also an undesirable situation that can result in disruptive equipment operation and will cause traffic lights and/or gate systems to malfunction.
The interference between various detector systems within a given area has been dealt in various ways. For example, the individual systems have included manual systems for varying the operating frequencies of the loop systems. This has been accomplished in the past, and is still being accomplished, by manually adding (or subtracting) capacitors or inductors of different values that cause the natural resonance frequency of the roadway loop to shift to a value different than any other systems in the vicinity. The selection of the various frequencies must be coordinated among all of the detector systems that are suspected to have roadway loops that are in close enough proximity to each other to suffer from interference. The manual selection of different frequencies is generally accomplished at the time of installation of the devices and it does not take into account the change of the values of all the components in the resonant circuit with both time, temperature, and other variables. Many times a frequency selection is made only to have the problem of crosstalk reappear at a future time as changes in the value of the oscillator components and the roadway loops occur.
Another technique for dealing with interference has been the use of sequential scanning of more that one detector system. The detector systems are controlled by a master sequencing device, which only operates one oscillator at a time in a controlled sequence. Systems have been in existence for a number of years that use this sequential scanning principal. A drawback to sequential scanning is that fact that the operation of multiple detection systems must be synchronized with each other. Another drawback is that only the loops that are controlled by this single device are corrected and typically these types of systems can only manage up to four detection loops simultaneously. These multiple detection devices have no communication with other nearby similar devices and therefore only the scanned channels of detection common to this single device are exempt from interference from each other. In a typical traffic intersection application, the total number of roadway loop systems may be a large number and the synchronization of only groups of four, is of limited value in solving the overall crosstalk problem.
While some techniques for dealing with interference between vehicle detectors exist, there is still a need for techniques that are easy to implement and that are applicable to multiple detection systems.


A method is shown for manufacturing a bone saw blades from a metal blanks by using an electric discharge machining process. Plural stacks of metal blanks are formed and loaded into a jig where the stacks are secured in an angular position. The stacks of metal blanks are subjected to an electric discharge machining process whereby teeth are machined into the peripheral edges of the metal blanks. The positions of the stacks are switched and the electric discharge machining process is repeated.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to general utility and specialized purpose blade manufacturing techniques and products produced thereby, and in particular, to a method of using wire electric discharge machining to machine the cutting portion of bone saw blades from metal blanks mounted in a jig.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Bone saw blades for use in oscillating cutting surgical instruments have traditionally been machined from metal by grinding, filing, and stamping processes. These processes limit the height and profile of the teeth of the resultant bone saw blades and can create unwanted burrs on the blades. As an example, a typical bone saw blade manufactured by a grinding process might have a tooth angle of 64 degrees, a tooth ridge angle of 90 degrees, a cutting surface angle of 60 degrees, a tooth depth of 0.073 inches, a distance between teeth of 0.0833 inches, and a radius of curvature of 3.5 inches. As will be apparent in the following description, the blades of the invention have teeth of greater height with an improved cutting profile.
Another method of machining metal is electric discharge machining (EDM). Most EDM processes operate under the same principles. A positively charged electrode and a negatively charged workpiece are separated by a dielectric medium or fluid. Direct current causes a spark discharge, or arc, between the workpiece and the electrode. The sparks remove material from the workpiece through melting or vaporization and the dielectric medium cools the workpiece and flushes away removed material.
There are basically two types of EDM, traditional EDM and wire EDM. Under traditional EDM, a flowing dielectric fluid in the spark gap provides a pathway for the spark and flushes away removed material. Traditional EDM is primarily used to produce die surfaces for small precision parts. Wire EMD works under the same principle but uses a wire electrode which cuts through the workpiece like a bandsaw when direct current passes through the wire electrode. Wire EDM, under numeric or computer control, can cut two dimensional openings to a precision of 0.0005 inches with roughnesses as low as 10 .mu.m. Electrodes for traditional EDM are often made of copper, brass, aluminum, or steel. The materials for wire electrodes include copper, brass, zinc, boron, and composites containing steel. Wire EDM is also referred to as traveling wire EDM.
EDM processes have been known for many years and have been utilized in a variety of manufacturing processes. Despite the existence of EDM processes and their use in various industries, such techniques have not been utilized in the manufacture of bone saw blades with cross-cut style teeth, to the best of applicant's knowledge.
An object of the present invention is to provide an improved process by which cutting blades can be manufactured, particularly surgical cutting blades.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved bone saw cutting blade which is sharper and easier to use, which cuts more efficiently, which generates less heat during manufacturing, which requires less deburring, and which reduces the chances of thermal necrosis while in use.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved bone saw cutting blade which is relatively simple in design and economical to manufacture.
Another object of the invention is to provide a process for manufacturing surgical blades which allows the blade teeth to have increased height and depth and more pronounced profiles as compared to the prior art.
Another object of the invention is to utilize an EDM machining process to manufacture the cutting blades of the invention, which process is readily adapted to computer control to thereby facilitate frequent or necessary changes in the geometry of the blade teeth.
Another object of the invention is to provide cutting teeth with profiles that would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to machine with conventional methods.

Method of manufacture of a bone saw blade by wire cutting electric discharge machining


A local area network system which allows a plurality of subscriber terminals to communicate with each other via a central station, and a router unit therefor. Logical addresses assigned to the individual subscriber terminals and physical addresses associated therewith are previously registered to an address table. The central station receives transmission data from a first subscriber terminal, to which data a logical address of a second subscriber terminal is affixed. A physical address reading unit, as part of the central station, reads out a physical address corresponding to the received logical address by consulting the address table. When the received logical address was incorrect, the physical address reading unit cannot find the corresponding entry in the address table, and if that is the case, the received transmission data will be discarded. When the received logical address was found in the address table, the data transfer unit forwards the transmission data to the second subscriber terminal by using the logical address affixed to the received transmission data and the physical address that is read out by the physical address reading unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a local area network (LAN) system and a router unit used in a LAN system, and more particularly, to a LAN system interconnecting a central station and a plurality of subscriber terminals via a network, and also to a router unit used therein, to provide data communications services between the plurality of subscriber terminals via the central station by using logical and physical addresses assigned thereto, in addition to analog information delivery services from the central station to the plurality of subscriber terminals.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, CATV-based local area network systems (CATV-LAN) are expected to be excellent infrastructures for data communications. To serve this expectation, however, it is necessary to solve some problems with the existing CATV-LAN systems as will be described below, and the present invention is intended to provide appropriate solutions for them.
Conventional CATV networks connect between a central station and a plurality of subscriber terminals to provide a unidirectional communications service for distributing analog information, such as voice and video programs, from the central station to the subscriber terminals. Today's CATV networks is added a backward communication function from the subscriber terminals to the central station, which enables subscriber's realtime participation in TV programs, pay-per-view accounting, and other new services. Most of such CATV networks use coaxial cables as broadband signal transmission media.
On the other hand, the increasing demands for data communications drive the CATV networks to expand their usage to digital data communications. This is an attempt to exploit the above-described excellent features of CATV networks--bidirectional communication capabilities between a central station and subscriber terminals and wide bandwidth provided by the coaxial cable media. More specifically, a CATV network can be used to interconnect many personal computers at the subscribers' sites via a central station, independently of the existing public telephone networks, allowing the subscribers to enjoy data communications services including high-speed access to the Internet.
Such bidirectional data communications services are usually provided in a LAN environment where the Internet Protocol (IP) is used for addressing the members in a network.
In such a LAN data communications environment, different IP addresses have to be properly set to subscriber terminals. However, since this address setting is left to individual subscribers, some subscriber may set up, by mistake, his/her own terminal with the same IP address as that of a terminal of someone else. This causes a collision of IP addresses in a network, which disrupts the operation of the network system.
There may also be a potential problem of illegal use of IP addresses, where some person may maliciously use another person's IP address to make access to the network resources by setting up his/her terminal as the other person's. This problem raises the demands for security systems to protect the network from such malicious person's intrusion into the network. Security issues are really inevitable in order to make the public use of a CATV-based network possible.
Some network protocols such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) are introduced recently, which provides automatic set up of IP addresses to prevent the system from address collision. This DHCP, however, does not serve as a protection device against deliberate change of IP addresses. Therefore, it is still impossible to prevent illegal use of other people's IP addresses from happening.

Local area network system and router unit


The invention relates to a beam shaping system for providing a square or rectangular laser beam having a controlled intensity profile (uniform, super gaussian or cosine corrected for example) from an incident non-uniform beam intensity profile laser beam source (a Gaussian profile, a profile with astigmatism or any non-rotationally symmetric and non-uniform profile for example). The beam shaping system uses a first acylindrical lens for shaping the incident laser beam along a first axis and a second acylindrical lens orthogonally disposed relative to the first acylindrical lens and for shaping the incident beam along a second axis. The thereby provided light beam is a rectangular beam having a controlled intensity distribution in the far field.

1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to laser beam shaping. More particularly, the invention relates to a beam shaping system for providing a square or rectangular laser beam with controlled intensity distribution.
2) Description of the Prior Art
While most laser sources and more precisely laser diodes sources produce an astigmatic beam of light having a substantially non-uniform intensity profile, numerous laser applications require a uniform illumination of a rectangular target. Such applications include biomedical applications, such as bio-detection, wherein, for example, a uniform illumination of a blood sample is required. Other applications include micromachining, microscopy, night vision and range finding of distant object.
Shaping a Gaussian-like laser beam using diffractive optics can provide a flat-top laser beam. One drawback of diffractive beam shapers is the wavelength dependency of their optical response. Another drawback is the low efficiency. Diffractive beam shapers are thus not suitable for wide spectrum or multiple wavelength illumination.
Refractive beam shaping techniques are efficient and provide low wavelength dependency. Conventional refractive techniques using aspherical lenses are suitable for generating a rotationally symmetrical flat-top beam from a rotationally symmetrical Gaussian input beam, but they are not adapted to shape an incident beam that is not rotationally symmetrical, like laser diode beams. Laser diodes have an elliptical intensity profile and suffer from astigmatism.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,299 to Powell, provides a lens for expanding a laser beam along one axis in order to provide a laser line of uniform intensity and width. Such a diverging lens has an acylindrical surface defined by a base curve in the shape of an angle with a rounded apex. The radius of curvature of the acylindrical surface is thus smaller in the center and increases smoothly towards both ends. As described in Powell, the acylindrical surface fits to a base curve defined in a Cartesian coordinate system (x,y,z) by the following equation:
  y  =            cx      2              1      +                        (                      1            -                                          (                                  1                  +                  Q                                )                                                          c                2                                                          x                2                                              )                          1                                /                              2                    wherein c is a curvature constant and Q is a conic constant, and wherein the product Q.c lies between 0.25 and 50 mm−1 and Q is less than −1. The second surface of the acylindrical lens may either be flat or cylindrical.
Acylindrical lenses have been created and used in the prior art for providing a laser line of uniform intensity. Laser lines are used, for example, for alignment purposes. The provided laser line should then be long and thin. Acylindrical lenses described in Powell provides a high divergence to provide the required line length.


A disk driving apparatus includes a base chassis which mounts thereon a spindle motor to rotatably drive a disk, and a pickup device to at least record information on or reproduce information from the disk rotated by the spindle motor while moving in a radial direction of the disk. Preferably, the base chassis includes a plurality of dynamic vibration absorbers each having an elastic member fixed to the base chassis and a dynamic vibration absorption pendulum plate supported by the chassis through the elastic member, and the plurality of dynamic vibration absorbers have different resonance frequencies each other within a frequency range of vibration of the base chassis which is generated in a utilized rotation speed range of the spindle motor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a disk driving apparatus and a manufacturing method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
A disk driving apparatus, which rotates and drives an optical disk to record and reproduce information on and from the optical disk, is required to accurately record and reproduce information while suppressing vibration generated during the driving operation of the disk.
Conventionally, there has been proposed a disk driving apparatus which is provided with a structure for reducing the vibration during the driving operation of the disk (see JP-A-11-328944, for example). The disk driving apparatus described in JP-A-11-328944 is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The disk driving apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 includes a main frame 3 supported by a casing 2 through a member 1. The main frame 3 includes a spindle motor 5 for rotating a turn table 4 to which an optical disk D is fixed. The main frame 3 further includes a stepping motor 7 for reciprocally moving a pickup device 6 in the radial direction with respect to the optical disk D which rotates together with the turn table 4. The pickup device 6 moves in the radial direction with respect to the optical disk D being rotated to record and reproduce information. A sub-frame 9 is attached on the upper surface of the main frame 3 through elastic members 8, whereby vibration generated at the main frame 3 is transmitted to the sub-frame 9 through the elastic members 8.
According to the disk apparatus configured in this manner, although the vibration transmitted to the main frame 3 from the casing 2 is attenuated by the member 1, the vibration generated by the rotation of the spindle motor 5 is directly transmitted to the main frame 3. In particular, the vibration due to the imbalance of the optical disk D rotating together with the turn table 4 is likely generated at the main frame 3.
In the disk apparatus 1, since the sub-frame 9 has a resonance frequency vibrating at a phase in opposite to that of the main frame 3, the vibration of the sub-frame 9 is cancelled by the vibration of the main frame 3 and so the vibration of the sub-frame 9 is reduced near the resonance frequency.
The frequency of the sub-frame 9 vibrating at the phase in opposite to that of the main frame 3, that is, the resonance frequency of a dynamic vibration absorber constituted by the sub-frame 9 and the elastic members 8 is mainly determined by the masses and rigidities of the sub-frame 9 and the elastic members 8. Thus, of the vibrations generated at the time of the recording and reproduction of a disk, only vibration near a particular frequency can be reduced. Further, in recent years, it has been required to record and reproduce various kinds of disks by a single driving apparatus. In this case, a utilized rotation speed range of a spindle is likely spread. When rotating the spindle at such a wide utilized rotation speed range, there arises a problem, as an example, that it is difficult to entirely reduce the vibration of a frequency range of a constant width.

Disk driving apparatus and method of manufacturing the same


A desiccating matrix composition that includes hydrogen-bonding polymer, plasticizer, organic-modified clay, adsorbent and optionally metal stearate.

The invention relates to applying a desiccant matrix under ambient conditions.
Desiccants are often present in the sealed chamber of an insulating glass assembly to reduce or eliminate the accumulation and condensation of fog on the interior surfaces of the sealed chamber. The presence of fog within the chamber of the assembly can result from moisture and organic volatile compounds that are either present in the chamber or given off by organic components that are present in the sealed chamber. Insulating glass assemblies generally include at least two panes of glass separated by a spacing structure and a desiccant disposed on the spacing structure or in a channel defined by the spacing structure.
Desiccants are available in various forms including loose adsorbent particles and matrix compositions that include a carrier and an adsorbent. Various classes of desiccant matrix compositions are available including hot melt and moisture curable desiccant matrix compositions. Hot melt desiccating matrices are heated to elevated temperatures to render them sufficiently flowable or pumpable for application to the spacing structure. Hot melt desiccant matrices require special equipment for application and relatively high temperatures.
Moisture curable desiccating matrices can be applied at room temperature but must undergo a curing reaction to achieve a sufficiently solid state such that phase separation does not occur. The lack of complete cure can result in products having defects.

Ambient applied desiccant matrix composition


Provided is a novel compound that can be applied to an organic electronics element. More specifically, provided is a novel heterocyclic compound applicable to organic electronics elements such as an organic EL element, an organic solar cell element, an organic transistorelement and an organic semiconductor laser element. The compound is a heterocyclic compound represented by the following general formula (1):

Recently, organic electronics devices have drawn increasing attention. The devices are characterized by flexibility, applicability to a large area, and feacibility of employing a low-cost and high-speed printing process in manufacturing electronics devices. Typical devices include an organic EL element, an organic solar cell element, an organic photoelectric conversion element and an organic transistor element. An organic EL element is expected to be a main target for a flat panel display in the next-generation display and has been applied to displays of mobile phones through TV sets and the like. The development of organic EL elements has been continued toward further higher functionalization. Organic solar cell elements and the like have been researched and developed for a flexible and inexpensive energy source. Organic transistor elements and the like have been researched and developed to be applied to flexible displays and low-cost ICs.
To develop these organic electronics devices, it is very important to develop semiconductor materials constituting the devices. Acene organic semiconductors such as pentacene, which is a low molecular weight semiconductor material, have been aggressively investigated for an organic transistor material. Regarding heterocyclic compounds, hetero acene compounds, in particular, containing a sulfur or selenium atom, have been mainly investigated, and benzodithiophene (DPh-BDT), naphthodithiophene (NDT), benzothienobenzothiophene (DPh-BTBT, AlkylBTBT) and dinaphthodithiophene (DNTT) have been developed for materials stable in the air and having high performance (Patent Literatures 1-5, Non Patent Literatures 1-5). These compounds have more excellent semiconductor properties and higher stability as compared to pentacene, but the performance of these compounds appears to be still insufficient. In fact, these compounds have not been commercially exploited. In the circumstance, it is still important to develop a semiconductor material having a high carrier mobility and high stability (i.e., high heat resistance and high weather resistance) and useful for various devices.

Abstract: wherein R1 and R2 independently represent a hydrogen atom, an aryl group that may have a substituent or an alkyl group that may have a substituent; m and n independently represent an integer of 1 to 4; and when R1 and R2 are two or more, one of R1's and one of R2's may be each the same as or different from one another.


Microorganisms such as microalgae are collected and separated from a host medium such as water. Cellular walls and membranes of the microorganisms are then ruptured to release their lipids using a lipid extraction unit. Thereafter, the lipids from the host medium are collected and separated using a lipid collection and separation unit. Related apparatus, systems, techniques and articles are also described.

Biofuels, such as biodiesel, that can be produced from biooil feedstocks that are in turn produced by oleaginous microorganisms, such as microalgae, bacillus, fungi, and yeast are increasingly being adopted. Oleaginous microorganisms are microbial with lipid content typically in excess of 20%. A renewable liquid fuel energy source could play a significant role in reducing our national dependence on foreign oil imports. Reported in the literature is that oleaginous yeasts and microalgae can grow and accumulate significant amounts of lipids (see A. Banerjee, R. Sharma, Y. Chisti and U. C. Banerjee, "Botryococcus Braunii: A renewable source of hydrocarbons and other chemicals" Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 22 (3), 245-279, 2002; Y. Chisti, "Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol" Trends in Biotechnology, 26 (3), 126-131, 2007; P. Metzger and C. Largeau, "Botryococcus braunii: a rich source for hydrocarbons
and related ether lipids" Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 66, 486-496, 2005; X. Meng, J. Yang, X. Xu, L. Zhang, Q. Nie, M. Xian "Biodiesel production from oleaginous microorganisms" Renewable Energy, 34, 1-5, 2009, the contents of each of the aforementioned papers being incorporated by reference). The oil content and composition are a function of the type of microorganisms used and the conditions in which the culturing took place. As an example, microalgae are sunlight driven cell factories that convert carbon dioxide to potential biofuels. Microalgae grow at a very fast pace, doubling their biomass within a 24 hour time period and are rich in oil. The lipid content of microalgae can be as high as 70%. In particular, microalgae are reported to be excellent candidates for biodiesel production because of their higher biomass production, higher photosynthetic efficiency, and faster growth compared to most other energy crops.
Most of the work reported in the literature on the development of microbial oil production has focused on the identification of better strains of oleaginous microorganisms, on genetic and metabolic engineering of strains, on the development of the optimal environmental conditions for microorganism growth, and on the development of the optimal energy sources to fuel the growth of the microorganisms.
Similar to the biofuel studies there have been studies on chemical and nutraceutical production in microalgae (see J. N. Rosenberg, G. A. Oyler, L. Wilkinson and M. J. Betenbaugh, "A green light for engineered algae: redirection metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution", Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19, 430-436, 2008, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). However there has been little effort spent on the harvesting of microorganisms, particularly from large-scale (100 liter to 2 million liter) volume cultures. Therefore, significant challenges remain in the energy efficient and economical harvesting of microorganisms from their host medium, as well as steps to collect the microbial oils. In particular, harvesting of the microorganisms by the concentration and separation of the microorganisms from their host medium, typically water.
Algae use in bioreactors or large ponds is increasingly being employed for biofuels and nutraceuticals. Metzger, and Largeau (2005) and Banerjee (2002) describe the use of Botryococcus braunii as a source of hydrocarbons and similar lipids, such as C27diane, C30 botryococcene, squalene, tetramethylsqualene and trs,trs-lycopadine, among others including ether lipids, epoxides and sterols. Weldy and Huesemann (C. S. Weldy and M. Huesemann, "Lipid production by Dunaliella salina in batch culture: effects of nitrogen limitation and light intensity" U.S. Department of Energy Journal of Undergraduate Research, Vol. VII, 115-122, 2007) and Hejazi and Wijffels (M. A. Hejazi and R. H. Wijffels, "Effect of light intensity on beta-carotene production and extraction by Dunaliella salina in two-phase bioreactors" Biomolecular Engineering, 20, 171-175, 2003) describe the use of Dunaliella salina, for lipid production and beta-carotene production. Other researchers, including Chisti (2007), Meng et al. (2009) and Hu (Q. Hu, M. Sommerfeld, E. Jarvis, M. Ghirardi, M. Posewitz, M. Seibert, and A. Darzins, "Microalgae triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances" The Plant Journal, 54, 621-639, 2008) discuss the use of microalgae for biodiesel and triacylglycerols production. Lastly, Rosenberg et al (2008) describe a whole list of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and high-value chemicals produced from microalgae. In all these applications, there is a need for improved algae concentrating, or as is known, dewatering. Conventional techniques involve batch centrifuging at high-cost.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Ultrasound and acoustophoresis for collection and processing of oleaginous microorganisms


High-density composite materials comprising tungsten and bronze are useful as lead replacements in the production of ammunition, weights and other high density articles. The composition of the composite, articles manufactured using the composite, and a process for making the composite are disclosed.

Lead has been used in a variety of industrial applications for many thousands of years. In the last hundred years, the toxic effects of lead have become apparent. In an effort to reduce reliance on lead, there has recently been extensive research into materials that could be used to replace lead.
In this regard, much effort has been focussed on producing metal composites that mimic the properties of lead. Since the density of lead is the most obvious characteristic to mimic, most efforts have concentrated on finding composites that have the same or similar density as lead. However, other important properties of lead have been largely ignored and, as a result, no completely satisfactory lead replacement has yet been found.
In addition to being non-toxic and to having a similar density to lead, a successful composite should have reasonable softness coupled with structural rigidity. Ideally the composite is substantially homogeneous and relatively cheap to manufacture in large quantities.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,787 discloses high density projectiles formed by mixing a high density with a lower density metal. This patent does not disclose a composite made from tungsten and bronze.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,331 discloses projectiles comprising a metal having a higher density than lead and a metal having a lower density than lead. This patent does not disclose a composite comprising tungsten and bronze.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,894,644 discloses lead-free projectiles formed by liquid metal infiltration. In one embodiment, ferrotungsten is infiltrated by molten copper, tin or brass. Such composites do not have sufficient homogeneity to possess desirable processing characteristics and properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,950,064 discloses lead-free shot comprising a mixture of three metal components. This patent does not disclose a composite formed by mixing tungsten with bronze.
There still remains a need for a composite materials having a suitably high density, suitable processing characteristics and suitable properties for a variety of applications.

Composite material containing tungsten and bronze


A sea perch apparatus includes a platform configured to be located between a pair of spaced-apart sea perch support members located along a side or end of a boat. The platform is designed to be elevated so as to be in an upright position between the sea perch support members and lowered so as to be in a horizontal lower position near a waterline in which the boat is flowing when in the water. The platform serves as a guardrail between the sea perch support members, and when the platform is in the lower position, it serves as a swimming dock, tanning deck and further serves to facilitate easier embarking and disembarking to and from another boat. The platform is transformable into a seat when upright with arm rest. When upright, it is locked in place on either side of the upper side of the platform.

There are often safety issues that arise when boaters try to disembark a dinghy and step onto the deck of a boat and vice-versa. Similarly, swimmers at an anchored boat can have difficulty getting up to the deck without additional assistance from ladders. In addition, some stern decks with davits, superstructure portions, pulpits or stanchions also do not have safety or guardrails at the stern so a boater can, with a rapid acceleration of the engines, fall overboard behind the boat.
What is needed is a sea perch that is designed to accommodate and resolve each of the above described issues or shortcomings.

Sea perch platform seat guardrail apparatus


The invention provides a manufacturing apparatus of a pellet which has not quality deterioration and a great apparent specific gravity. The apparatus is provided with (a) bunching portions (16) bunching band-like long continuous material(s) (R) and/or a plurality of filamentous long continuous materials (R) to a narrow width so as to form a cord-shaped bunched material (R′), (b) compressing portions (22) having compressing rollers (50a, 50b) with an uneven outer surface and form a cord (S) by point compressing a twisted cord material (R″), (c) rotation portions (14) twisting the cord-shaped bunched material (R′) by relatively rotating the bunching portions (16) or the compressing portions (22) so as to form the twisted cord material (R″), and (d) a cutting portion (102) provided in an outlet side of the compressing portion (22) and cutting the cord (S) formed by the point compressing to a pellet shape.

In the light of an improvement of consciousness about an environmental problem, a cost reduction or the like in recent years, in a forming work of a resin product, there has been generally executed a recycle of a lot of defective units generated in a forming process (for example, a formed product in a production preparing step until a proper standardized product is formed at a trial operation time or a defective unit caused by a trouble at the forming time) as a raw material.
As an example, for example, a technique for manufacturing a resin pellet serving as a recycle raw material from a long resin material corresponding to a formed defective unit (or a loss raw material) is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication No. 49-9560.


A method and apparatus for reducing cost and complexity of devices in a bus bridge circuit by dividing address and data paths between separate devices to reduce pin count, and by looping back "bridged" configuration data to access configuration registers. The host bridge circuit "bridges" all I/O accesses received over a host bus directly to a peripheral component bus without any decoding. The CDC is both initiator and target on the peripheral component bus for I/O access cycles generated by the host bridge circuit that are targeted for a host bridge configuration register.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of computer system architecture. More particularly, this invention relates to accessing configuration registers in a bus bridge circuit.
2. Background
In a computer system, peripheral components, such as disk drive controllers, network controllers, and graphics controllers, may be coupled to peripheral component buses separate from a host, or CPU bus. There are several reasons a system might employ peripheral component buses. For example, it may be desirable to isolate slower speed devices from higher bandwidth buses and peripherals. Also, an intelligent peripheral component may have a local peripheral component bus. Moreover, the system may have more peripheral components than can be reliably placed on the host bus, due to electrical loading effects.
In such a system, a host bridge circuit enables communication between the peripheral component bus and the host bus. The host bridge circuit enables an access request that initiates on the host bus to have a destination on the peripheral component bus, and enables an access request that initiates on the peripheral component bus to have a destination on the host bus. The host bridge circuit can also enable access to a shared resource from both buses. Typically, the host bridge circuit contains a set of configuration registers that define parameters for processing access cycles between the buses, and for controlling the shared resource. System I/O software performs reads and writes to the configuration registers in order to define the parameters.
However, integrated circuit subsystems in the host bridge circuit require enough signal lines to communicate address, data, and control information for both the host bus and the peripheral component bus. The resulting large packages sizes of the integrated circuit devices greatly increases the system cost. Moreover, the host bridge devices must process memory accesses to the shared resource as well as I/O access of configuration registers, which increases the complexity of logic implemented in the host bridge devices.
As will be described, the present method and apparatus reduces cost and complexity of devices for a bus bridge circuit by dividing address and data paths between separate devices to reduce pin count, and by looping back "bridged" configuration data to access configuration registers.

Configuration data loopback in a bus bridge circuit


A force actuated clamping chuck has a chuck body with a central bore and at least two clamping jaws that are guided in radial jaw guides of the chuck body. The radial jaw guides have opposed sidewalls with a plurality of guide grooves which are engaged by a plurality of guide ribs provided at lateral surfaces of the clamping jaws. A clamping piston is axially guided in the central bore and has a throughbore for receiving a workpiece. The clamping piston has key grooves provided at the periphery thereof. The clamping jaws have a key member at an end thereof facing the clamping piston. The key members engage the key grooves. At least two of the guide ribs extending over the entire radial length of the clamping jaw have a trapezoidal cross-section. At least one of the guide ribs, extending over a portion of the radial length at an end of the clamping jaw remote from the clamping piston, has a trapezoidal cross-section.

The present invention relates to a force-actuated clamping chuck with a chuck body in which at least two radially extending clamping jaw guides for a respective clamping jaw are provided. The clamping jaw is preferably comprised of a base jaw and an attachment jaw whereby a plurality of guide grooves are provided in opposed sidewalls of the jaw guide and guide ribs matching the guide grooves are provided at the side surfaces of the clamping jaws.
Such clamping jaws are known from German Patent 800 201. The European Patent Application 0546926 also shows such clamping chucks with a plurality of guide grooves and guide ribs between the base jaw and the chuck body whereby in this known construction the forward portion of the chuck body, for the purpose of improved manufacturing, is divided into individual segments which are fastened by screws to the rear portion of the chuck body.
Also, so-called key member chucks are known in which the clamping jaws are guided with a key member in a corresponding key groove of an axially guided clamping piston guided within the chuck body and provided with a throughbore for receiving work pieces. In this known key member chuck, each clamping jaw is provided at its opposite sidewalls with guide ribs which engage corresponding guide grooves in the radial jaw guides of the chuck body. Because of the engagement of the key members, provided at the back of the clamping jaw, in the key grooves of the clamping piston and because of the embodiment of a throughbore within the clamping piston, the rearward guide surface of the jaw guides must be embodied shorter than the forward guide surface so that upon inner clamping of the work pieces, due to the shortened guide elements, higher tilting forces result which cause great surface pressure and thus an increased wear.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a clamping chuck of the aforementioned kind with which the inherent system disadvantages can be avoided.


A multimode composite resonator, in particular for a microwave filter, includes a resonant cavity, a dielectric resonator element disposed inside the cavity, a tuning element for each mode and a coupling element for coupling between modes. The resonator element is shaped to have plural vertices which are short-circuited together by the conductive walls of the cavity via direct or RF electrical contact between the vertices and the walls. Various geometrical resonator shapes are possible.

Conventionally, a multimode filter also comprises means for coupling energy between modes, said means advantageously being adjustable so as to adjust the transfer of energy between said modes.
One such filter and resonator known in the prior art are described, for example, in patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,293 to S. FIEDZIUSZKO, specifically incorporated in the present application for its description of the prior art. In that patent, a filter is constituted by a plurality of composite two-mode resonators disposed in series and coupled together by coupling means, e.g. irises or slots.
The composite resonator of that known device is shown in FIG. 1. It comprises cylindrical pellets 27 of dielectric disposed in a hollow cylindrical cavity 3, 5 with the axes of symmetry of the cavity and of the pellets coinciding.
The cavity is itself of dimensions that are sufficiently small for the intended operating frequency of the composite resonator to be smaller than the cutoff frequency of the cavity in the absence of any dielectric element.
The two-mode filter 1 of the prior art includes two orthogonal modes, and also frequency tuning means for each of these modes, in the present example constituted by tuning screws 29, 31 which project from the walls of the cavity into the inside thereof; these screws are spaced apart on the wall by 90.degree. about the axis of symmetry of the cavity.
In that known device, provision is also made for a coupling screw 33 enabling the transfer of RF energy between the two orthogonal modes to be adjusted, said screw 33 being disposed at 45.degree. to the other two, tuning screws 29, 31.
In spite of the technical and industrial success of the filter disclosed in that prior document, a few practical problems nevertheless remain in its realization and its operation
Firstly, it is quite difficult to position the dielectric cylinder internally since it needs to be held by separate holding elements. The assembly must present good reproducibility and good dimensional accuracy, but without that influencing the RF fields present in the resonator in operation.
Secondly, thermal conductivity from the dielectric resonator to the walls is generally poor, since materials having suitable RF characteristics for making the distinct holding elements are not, in general, good conductors of heat.
Thirdly, the prior art filter remains relatively heavy and bulky, in particular for on-board applications such as communications systems on board satellites, aircraft, or mobile platforms-on land or at sea.

Dielectric resonator for a microwave filter, and a filter including such a resonator


An oven includes a cooking chamber configured to receive a food product, a user interface configured to display information associated with processes employed for cooking, first and second energy sources, and a cooking controller. The first energy source provides primary heating and the second energy source provides secondary heating for the food product. The cooking controller executes instructions directing application of energy to the food product via the first or second energy sources. The cooking controller may include processing circuitry configured to receive an indication of cooking parameters defining at least a food product category of the food product and select a cooking signature corresponding to the food product category. The cooking signature may include information descriptive of inherent properties of the food product category and input response properties defining one or more sets of instructions associated with a cooking sequence for the food product based on the cooking parameters.

Combination ovens that are capable of cooking using more than one heating source (e.g., convection, steam, microwave, etc.) have been in use for decades. Each cooking source comes with its own distinct set of characteristics. Thus, a combination oven can typically leverage the advantages of each different cooking source to attempt to provide a cooking process that is improved in terms of time and/or quality.
As an example, microwave cooking may be faster than convection or other types of cooking. Thus, microwave cooking may be employed to speed up the cooking process, while another heat source may be used to achieve browning. Controlling an oven to employ some level of automation with regard to utilization of multiple heat sources or multiple stages of cooking has been undertaken by employing cooking programs that are sometimes referred to as "recipes". The programs or recipes typically define specific oven control instructions like time periods over which heat is to be applied using any of a variety of sources and the corresponding power levels of the equipment to be employed in connection with each of the sources. However, the programs or recipes are typically static in nature and the programs execute in the same manner each time they are executed. Moreover, the programs or recipes are typically merely a recitation of steps, processes or ingredients that are generic in nature.


A method for tuning memory parameter values and a computer system using the same are disclosed. In the invention, the computer system provides an embedded controller which may accumulate a counting value and send a reset signal to reboot the computer system. Firstly, the embedded controller reloads a memory parameter value corresponding to the counting value. Then, the computer system executes a memory test procedure. When the memory test procedure successes, a BIOS stores the memory parameter value. On the contrary, when the memory test procedure fails, the embedded controller accumulates the counting value and sends the reset signal to reboot the computer system. The BIOS reloading another memory parameter value corresponding to the accumulated counting value and re-executes the memory test procedure.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for tuning memory parameter values and, more particularly, to a method for automatically tuning memory parameter values in a computer system and the computer system using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Nowadays, there are multiple memories with different types and brands in the market. If the memory cooperates with a computer system with different brands (the brand of a motherboard it is different from that of the memory), the motherboard may be incompatible with the memory, and thus the computer system may not work stably, and even may crash.
To avoid this problem, if the memory is incompatible with the computer system, the user needs to tune the parameters for the specific the memory. In addition, the user needs to find proper testing procedures corresponding to different operating systems. Moreover, the user also needs relative knowledge for tuning the memory parameter values. Furthermore, the user needs to fully participate in tuning and testing, which is laborious and time-consuming. Moreover, repeated tuning and testing consume much research and development and validation resources, and if the user uses the memory with un-tuned parameters, the problem of incompatibility still exists.

Method for tuning parameters in memory and computer system using the same


An optical waveguide based on a photochromic diarylethene polymer dispersed in a polymeric matrix, and a method for preparing such waveguide is disclosed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to optical waveguides based on a photochromic diarylethene polymer, and to a method for the preparation thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
As reported for instance by Yoshida et al., Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 95 (1996) 265–270, materials the refractive index of which can be changed have been studied for optical applications. The refractive index change Δn in organic photochromic compounds have led to proposals for their use in a number of optical wave-guide components since a refractive index change in an optical wave-guide can shift the phase of the signal light. In addition, the reversible refractive index change of photochromic compounds allows the light phase shift to be controlled. However, almost all conventional organic photochromic compounds have low thermal stability, and the refractive index change caused by light irradiation is unstable at room temperature. Thermally irreversible photochromic compounds such as 1,2-diarylethene derivatives have been developed and good durability has been reported in photochromic reaction cycles. Once closed such 1,2-diarylethene derivatives are thermally stable but exhibit reversible photochromism with high conversion efficiency.
The above cited paper shows the performance of a number of compounds, for example
dispersed in PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) at concentrations varying from 5 to 50 wt % against PMMA. A Δn of more than 10−3 was obtained with large compound concentration (higher than 30 wt %) only.
FR 2774998 (in the name of Ecole Polytechnique) relates to 1,2-dithienylethene compounds and polymers of general formula
wherein X and Y can be a reactive function such as COCl; R can typically be CH3, and R′ can be a cyclic group, typically —CF2CF2CF2—.
The photochromic materials can be constituted either by a solid matrix and photochromic molecules chemically bound to said matrix. Such chemical bond is said to obviate problems of phase separation occurring when the photochromic molecule is merely dispersed into the polymer matrix.
JP 11202144 (in the name of Hitachi Ltd.) discloses X-type wave-guides obtained by using at least two kind of photoactive diarylethene molecules (reactive at different wavelengths) dispersed in a polymeric matrix such as fluorinated PMMA. Irradiation is conducted through an exposure mask. Connection with optic fibers is also shown.
JP2000221351 (in the name of Kyocera Corp.) relates to an X coupler obtained by fluorinated PMMA containing photochromic diarylethene derivatives.

Photochromic optical waveguides and method for the preparation thereof


A reactor that includes a coil having a wound portion; a magnetic core; a holding member provided at both ends of the wound portion; a mold resin by which the coil and the holding member are integrated into one piece; a casing that houses an assembly that includes the coil, the magnetic core, and the holding member; and a potting resin that fills up the casing to seal at least a part of the assembly.

The present disclosure relates to a reactor.
JP 2017-28142A discloses a reactor that includes a coil having a wound portion, a magnetic core that is disposed inside and outside the wound portion and forms a closed magnetic path, and an end-face interposed member that is interposed between an end face of the wound portion and an outer core portion. The magnetic core includes an inner core portion disposed inside the wound portion, and the outer core portion disposed outside the wound portion. Also, the reactor described in JP 2017-28142A includes an inner resin portion that fills up a space between the inner circumferential surface of the wound portion and the outer circumferential surface of the inner core portion. It is disclosed that the inner resin portion is formed by molding a resin through injection molding.


A motorcycle frame assembly having a cantilevered, open loop motorcycle frame assembly that achieves a desirable balance between frame strength and rigidity in a lateral and a vertical direction without the necessity of a conventional down tube. The frame assembly utilizes a top tube supported by a top tube support aligned parallel and concentric with at least a portion of the top tube from a connection point with the head tube. The top tube and support being the sole support for the head tube so that a down tube is not necessary.

As is well known, motorcycles are generally built upon and around a frame assembly that is made up of a plurality of individual tubes welded together. The typical frame construction includes a head pipe at a front end of the frame, which desirably supports the front wheel via a front fork assembly which is steerable by an attached handle bar(s). A main tube, or tubes, typically extend generally rearwardly from the head pipe and may bend downward over a rear portion of an engine that is positioned generally below the main tube.
In addition, one or more down tubes are typically affixed at their forward ends to the head pipe at a location lower than the main tubes. The down tubes extend downwardly and rearwardly from the head pipe. The rear ends of the main tube and the down tubes generally are joined, frequently by a pair of seat rails and bracket assemblies. The bracket assemblies typically provides support for the rear wheel suspension swing arm assembly. Although the arrangement of the individual frame members may vary, the above-described construction is generally the type utilized for motorcycles for both on and off-road motorcycles.
In the case of lateral loads applied to a motorcycle, rigidity is desired to improve stability during cornering at high speeds or over rough terrain. In the case of the vertical loads, the motorcycle must absorb certain vertical shock loads applied to the frame. If the frame is too rigid, the shock loads are largely transferred to the rider. If the frame is not rigid enough, the frame may elastically deform or break.
A certain frame for motorcycles having a single, rectangular cross-section main tube are disclosed, for example, in Itoh et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,845,728. This frame includes a down tube provided for supporting a forward part of the engine extending downward from the head tube. It is clear from the description and the drawings of this reference that the down tube does not directly connect with another part of the frame, but does connect directly to the engine for support thereof and also that the single main tube of the frame is rectangular or elliptic in cross-section, or in other words, transversely elongate in cross-section.