A system includes a master device and a plurality of slave devices. The master device initiates a bus transaction having an arbitration data field for processing by a subset of the slave devices. Each slave device of the subset arbitrates a corresponding data value for the arbitration data field via the multiple-access bus such that an extreme data value of the data values of the slave devices of the subset is transmitted via the multiple-access bus for the arbitration data field. The slave device can arbitrate its data value by providing the data value for serial transmission via a data line of the multiple-access bus and monitoring the data line. In response to determining that a bit value of the data value being provided does not match the state of the data line, the slave device terminates provision of the data value, thereby ceasing arbitration of its data value.

Certain systems employ multiple devices to monitor conditions or to obtain data for a particular data class (e.g., a temperature value at each device). It often may prove desirable to determine the extreme value (i.e., maximum value or minimum value) of the data class for the multiple devices. In conventional systems whereby the devices are coupled together via a communications bus, a master device individually polls each device via the bus to determine its corresponding data value, and the extreme value from the multiple devices is then determined at the master device from the collection of the polled data values. Thus, N bus transactions typically are needed to individually poll N devices to determine the extreme data value of the corresponding data class of the N devices. The number of bus transactions thus needed to determine the extreme value can undesirably impede efficient operation of the system and increase power consumption. Accordingly, an improved technique for determining an extreme value for a data class represented by multiple devices of a system would be advantageous.

Data arbitration on a bus to determine an extreme value


A basket-style carrier comprised of two substantially identical carrier units. Each carrier unit has a handle panel ply opposite an end panel. The carrier units are connected by adhering the handle panel plies together to form the centrally located handle panel of the carrier. Each handle panel ply has a foldably connected handle flap which is formed from an area of the associated end panel, resulting in the end panels of the carrier having a notched portion. Each carrier unit may also include partition panels and transverse dividers.

Basket-style carriers are commonly employed to package beverage bottles. A conventional arrangement includes opposite side panels spaced from a center handle partition to form an article receiving area on each side of the handle partition. A separate cell is commonly provided for each bottle by dividers extending between the handle partition and the side panels. Normally, the carriers are fabricated from a blank which is folded and glued into collapsed carrier form, after which the collapsed carrier is erected and loaded with bottles. When designed to carry four to eight bottles, the finished package is strong and easy to carry, providing sufficient rigidity so that when picked up and carried there is no sagging or other suggestion of weakness.
Problems of rigidity arise, however, when greater numbers of bottles, for example twelve, are packaged in a carrier of conventional design. The length of the carrier must be extended to such an extent that the carrier can give an impression of flimsiness when picked up, even though it may have sufficient strength to support the load. This could be reduced somewhat by forming the carrier from thicker paperboard stock, but that would increase the cost of the carrier and still would not entirely overcome the inherent tendency of an elongated carrier to feel less than rigid when lifted and carried.
It would be highly desirable to provide a carrier capable of holding large numbers of bottles or other articles which not only is strong enough to support the load but provides a feeling of rigidity when lifted and carried.


An in situ process for the preparation of encapsulated toner compositions which comprises dispersing a mixture of a cyclic olefin or cyclic olefins, pigments, dyes or mixtures thereof in an aqueous medium containing a surfactant thereby forming a stable microdroplet suspension, and thereafter adding a catalyst to effect a metathesis polymerization of the cyclic olefin or olefins to form the encapsulated toner resin.

The present invention is generally directed to toner processes, and more specifically to encapsulated toner processes, and toners thereof. In one embodiment, the present Invention is directed to a process for the preparation of encapsulated toner compositions by a shell-forming interfacial polycondensation and a core resin-forming metathesis reaction. Another specific embodiment of the present Invention relates to a process for the preparation of encapsulated toner compositions comprised of a core comprised of colorants, including pigments, dyes, or mixtures thereof, and a resin such as poly(nornbornene), poly(carbomethoxy nornbordiene), poly(dicyclopentadiene), poly(cyclooctene) obtained by metathesis or metal catalyzed polymerization of cyclic olefins which core is encapsulated in a polymeric shell comprised of, for example, a polyurea, a polyurethane, a polyamide, a polyester material, or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for the preparation of an encapsulated toner composition comprised of a polymeric shell and a core comprised of colorants including pigments, dyes, mixtures thereof, and a polymer resin obtained by the metal catalyzed reaction of a cyclic olefin-functionalized reagent, such as cyclooctene, nornbornene, nornbordiene, dicyclopentadiene, 1,3-cyclopentylenevinylene, bicyclo[5,5,0]oct-2-ene, and silacyclopentene. In another specific embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an encapsulated toner process wherein the core resin is comprised of a polymer derived from the the metal catalyzed reaction of a cyclic olefin or acyclic olefin functionalized reagent.
Examples of advantages associated with processes of the present invention include the selection of different core resins unattainable by other suitable processes, and the utilization of a number of different colorants which are compatible with the metathesis reaction. Also, the metathesis reaction enables the core resin forming reaction of the present invention to be accomplished at ambient temperature of, for example, from about 20.degree. C. to about 60.degree. C. in some embodiments, thus reducing the energy cost associated therewith. With the core resin material obtained via the process of the present invention, the problem of image ghosting or hot-offset often observed in a number of ionographic printing systems or xerographic imaging systems is eliminated, or substantially minimized. In addition, the core resin of the present invention in embodiments is not leaky, that is the aforementioned core remains encapsulated and its defusion through the polymeric shell is avoided or minimized, thus eliminating or minimizing the problem of toner agglomeration associated with many encapsulated toner compositions. The toner compositions obtained by the process of the present invention in embodiments also display excellent powder flow characteristics and excellent toner transfer efficiency, for example over 99 percent in some embodiments from, for example, dielectric receivers or photoreceptors to paper substrate during the image development process. The process of the present invention can be utilized to formulate toner compositions for use in commercial ionographic printer machines such as, for example, the commercially available Delphax printers including the Delphax S9000.TM., S6000.TM., S4500.TM., S3000.TM., and Xerox Corporation printers including the Xerox Corporation 4060 and 4075 wherein, for example, transfixing is utilized. In another embodiment of the present invention, the toner process can be utilized to formulate toner compositions for use in commercial xerographic technologies, wherein image toning and transfer are accomplished electrostatically, and transferred images are fixed in a separate step by means of a pressure roll with or without the assistance of photochemical or thermal energy fusing, such as for example commercially available xerographic printers including the Xerox Corporation 5090, 1075, 1090, 1065, 5028, 1005.
The toner compositions of the present Invention can, in one embodiment, be prepared by first dispersing the precursor materials comprised of shell precursors, core resin precursors, colorants and metathesis catalysts into stabilized microdroplets of controlled droplet size and size distribution, and optionally followed by shell formation around the microdroplets via interfacial polymerization, and subsequently generating the core polymer resin by the metal catalyzed "metathesis" polymerization process within the newly formed microcapsules. Thus, in one embodiment the present invention is directed to a process for the simple, and economical preparation of pressure fixable encapsulated toner compositions by an interfacial polymerization/metathesis method wherein there are selected as the core resin precursors a cyclic olefin and a metal catalyst reagent capable of inducing and propagating the metatheis polymerization, a colorant, and a shell-forming monomer component or components capable of undergoing interfacial polymerization with another shell monomer component in the aqueous phase. Another specific embodiment of the present invention relates to the utilization of a metal catalyst such as tungsten hexachloride, molybdenum pentachloride or organocomplexes, such as trialkyl aluminum or dialkyl aluminum chloride complexes of rhodium halides, wherein alkyl contains, for example, from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and the like, and a diolefinic or multiolefinic cyclic monomers as the core resin-forming precursors, the reaction of which via polymetathesis enables the desired core resin. Yet another specific embodiment of the present invention relates to the utilization of a diolefinic cyclic monomers as the core resin-forming precursors, the reaction of which via polymetathesis enables the desired core resin. A further specific embodiment of the present invention encompasses the use of a cyclic olefin such as norbornene or 3,3-dlmethylcyclopropene, or the use of cyclic diolefins such as cyclooctadiene or cyclopentadiene or multiolefins such as cyclooctatetrene as one of the core resin-forming precursors, the reaction of which affords the desirable core resin for the toner compositions of the present invention. Other process embodiments of the present invention relate to, for example, interfacial polymerization/metathesis reaction processes for obtaining encapsulated colored toner compositions. Further, in another process aspect of the present invention the encapsulated toners can be prepared without the interfacial shell forming component. Moreover, with the aforementioned process in an embodiment of the present invention there is obtained improved product yield per unit volume of reactor size since, for example, the extraneous solvent component can be replaced by a liquid core and shell precursors. The aforementioned toners prepared in accordance with the process of the present Invention are useful for permitting the development of images in reprographic imaging systems, inclusive of electrostatic imaging processes wherein pressure fixing, especially pressure fixing in the absence of heat, is selected.
Encapsulated and cold pressure fixable toner compositions are known. Cold pressure fixable toners have a number of advantages in comparison to toners that are fused by heat, primarily relating to the utilization of less energy since the toner compositions used can be fused at room temperature. Nevertheless, many of the prior art cold pressure fixable toner compositions suffer from a number of deficiencies. For example, these toner compositions must usually be fixed under high pressure, which has a tendency to severely disrupt the toner fixing characteristics of the toner selected. This can result in images of low resolution, or no images whatsoever. The preparative processes of the prior art pressure fixing toner compositions employ relatively high temperatures of from about 70.degree. C. to about 95.degree. C. to permit the free-radical core polymerization to proceed. The process of this invention utilizes a metathesis core forming process, thus allowing the core resin formation to be accomplished in embodiments at ambient temperature, hence reducing the energy consumption for the toner preparation and reducing the toner manufacturing costs. Also, with some of the prior art cold pressure toner compositions substantial image smearing can result from the high pressures used. The high fixing pressure also gives rise to glossy images and objectionable paper calendering problem. Additionally, the preparative processes of the prior art pressure fixing toner compositions employed relatively large quantities of organic solvents as the reaction media, and these solvents could drastically increase the toner's manufacturing cost because of the expensive solvent separation and recovery procedure, and the necessary precautions that have to be undertaken to prevent the solvent associated hazards. Moreover, the involvement of organic solvent in the prior art processes also decreases the product yield per unit volume of reactor size. In addition, the large amount of solvents used in many prior art processes also have deleterious effects on toner particle morphology and bulk density as a result of their removal from the toner particles during the toner Isolation stage, thus causing shrinkage or collapse of the toner particles, resulting in a toner of very low bulk density, which disadvantages are substantially eliminated with the process of the present invention. Furthermore, with many of the prior art processes narrow size dispersity toner particles cannot be easily obtained by conventional bulk homogenization techniques as contrasted with the process of the present invention wherein narrow size dispersity toner particles are obtained. More specifically, thus with the encapsulated toners of the present invention, control of the toner physical properties of both the core and shell materials can be desirably achieved. Specifically, with the encapsulated toners of the present invention undesirable leaching or loss of core components is avoided, and image ghosting is avoided or minimized. Image ghosting is a common phenomena in pressure fixing ionographic printing processes. This refers to the unwarranted repetitious generation of images, and is related to the contamination of dielectric receiver by residual toner materials which cannot be readily removed in the cleaning process. The result is the retention of some latent images on the dielectric receiver surface after cleaning, and the subsequent unwarranted development of these images. One of the common causes of image ghosting is related to the adherence of some residual toner material to the dielectric receiver during the image development process. In many of the prior art microencapsulation processes utilizing free radical polymerization for the formation of core resin, the resultant encapsulated toners often contain residual monomers, which monomers often leach out to the toner surface causing toner agglomeration as well as image ghosting when used in pressure transfixing ionographic printing processes. The core resin forming metathesis process of the present invention overcomes this disadvantage in that the core resin monomers or precursors are completely or substantially completely consumed in the formation of the core resin. Additionally, the preparative processes of the present invention in embodiments employs relatively ambient temperatures of from about 20.degree. C. to about 60.degree. C. and more preferably from about 20.degree. C. to about 40.degree. C. to enable the metathesis core resin forming process to proceed effectively.
In a patentability search report, there was recited the following prior art, all U.S. Pat. Nos.: U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,366 directed to a toner obtained by suspension polymerization wherein silane coupling agents may be selected, see column 3, beginning at line 6; also note the disclosure in column 3, beginning at line 56, wherein an inorganic fine powder, such as silicas, is attached to the surface of polymerizable monomer composition particles to effect stabilization thereof; note the preferred process method in column 5, beginning at line 59, and examples of silicone particles that may be selected, reference column 7, and silane coupling agents, see columns 7 and 8, for example; the use of polymerizable monomers with vinyl groups is disclosed, for example, in column 12, lines 27 to 62; and crosslinking agents such as divinylbenzene may also be selected, see column 13, lines 34 to 54, for example; U.S. Pat. No. 4,465,756 directed to encapsulated toners with improved chargeability comprising a pressure fixable adhesive core material containing a colorant and a pressure rupturable shell enclosing the core material, the outer surface of the shell being provided with the surface active agent with the hydrophobic group, reference columns 3 and 4; also note specifically the disclosures in columns 5 through 9; the use of a catalyst for the formation process, reference column 5, lines 45 to 46, for example; and interfacial polymerization techniques wherein there is reacted a hydrophobic liquid with a hydrophilic liquid for the purpose of forming toner shells, reference for example column 5, lines 47 to 56; U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,489 directed to a polymerizable mixture containing a monomer, a polymerization initiator and a colorant, which mixture is subjected to suspension polymerization, and wherein an additional monomer Is absorbed onto the resulting polymer particles, reference the Abstract of the Disclosure; also note columns 3 to 8; the use of crosslinking agents having two or more polymerizable double bonds such as divinyl ether, reference column 3, lines 45 to 57, for example, and the use of silane coupling agents to treat magnetic material which may be incorporated into the polymerizable mixture, reference for example column 4, lines 44 to 46; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,011 directed to an improved process for the preparation of encapsulated toner compositions which comprises mixing in the absence of a solvent a core monomer and initiator pigment particles, a first shell monomer stabilizer in water, and accomplishing other steps including effecting a free radical polymerization of the core monomer in an interfacial polymerization reaction between a first and second shell monomer, reference the Abstract of the Disclosure, for example; note the illustrative examples of core monomers in column 6, beginning at line 21, and the examples of pigments in column 6, beginning at line 46, or examples of shell monomers are outlined, for example, in column 7, beginning at line 23. Also mentioned are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,761,358; 3,893,933 and 4,601,968, which relate to encapsulated toners and interfacial polymerization processes in some instances.
With further reference to the prior art, there are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,169 microcapsular electrostatic marking particles containing a pressure fixable core, and an encapsulating substance comprised of a pressure rupturable shell, wherein the shell is formed by an interfacial polymerization. Furthermore, there are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,407,922 pressure sensitive toner compositions comprised of a blend of two immiscible polymers selected from the group consisting of certain polymers as a hard component, and polyoctyldecylvinylether-co-maleic anhydride as a soft component. Interfacial polymerization processes are also selected for the preparation of the toners of this patent.
Accordingly, there is a need for preparative processes and encapsulated toner compositions with many of the advantages illustrated herein. Specifically, there is a need for simple and economical processes for encapsulated toners, which permit a wide selection of shell and core resin materials. Another need resides in the provision of an interfacial polymerization/metathesis process for black and colored encapsulated toner compositions comprising a hard polymeric shell and a soft core comprised of core resin and colorants, and wherein organic solvents are eliminated in their preparation in some embodiments. Another specific need is to provide encapsulated toner compositions comprising a core of a polyolefinic-containing core resin obtained by metathesis of olefins and colorants, and encapsulated thereover a polymeric shell coating. Also, there is a need to provide encapsulated toner compositions, including colored toners wherein image ghosting and the like is eliminated or minimized. An additional need is to provide pressure fixable encapsulated toners which offer quality images with excellent fixing levels, for example, over 70 percent at low fixing pressure of, for example, 2,000 psi. Furthermore, there is a need for encapsulated toners, including colored toners with excellent release characteristics enabling their selection in imaging systems without the use of surface release fluids such as silicone oils to prevent image offsetting to the fixing or fuser roll. Another need is to provide encapsulated toners, including colored toners with substantially no toner agglomeration, long shelf life exceeding, for example, one year, and wherein the core resin is a silane-containing polymer such as that derived. from the metathesis ring opening polymerization of silacyclopentene yielding a linear unstaturated polymer containing silane units in the backbone, and which imparts excellent release properties to the toners without the need of additional release agents such as polysiloxanes. Also, there is a need for encapsulated toners comprised of a core comprised of a resin formed by a metathesis reaction, pigment or dye and encapsulated by a cellulose shell material such as hydroxyethyl cellulose coating formed by precipitation thereof. There is also a need for enhanced flexibility in the design and selection of the core materials for encapsulated toners as well as permitting flexibility in the control of the toner physical properties such as the bulk density, particle size, and size dispersity.

Encapsulated toner compositions and processes thereof


Provided is a semiconductor package which may include a package substrate which includes a power supply region and an interconnection region around the power supply region, a plurality of ground terminals and a plurality of power terminals, which are disposed in the power supply region with a dielectric interposed between the ground terminals and the power terminals, wherein the ground terminals and the power terminals extend from a top surface of the package substrate to a bottom surface of the package substrate, and at least one semiconductor chip mounted on the package substrate, the semiconductor chip includes a plurality of ground pads which are commonly connected to a ground terminal of the ground terminals and a plurality of power pads which are commonly connected to a power terminal of the power terminals.

Example embodiments relate to a semiconductor package. In particular, exemplary embodiments relate, to a semiconductor package including a package substrate having an improved power-transmission property.
Advanced semiconductor fabrication technology makes it possible to continuously increase density and speed of semiconductor chips and reduce operation voltages of semiconductor chips. Accordingly, the number of pads on the semiconductor chip may be increased to several hundreds or thousands. However, to reduce power consumption, a power supplied to the semiconductor chip needs to be being reduced. Therefore, a noise margin becomes lower as the number of pads is increased. If the noise margin is lowered, overall performance of the system deteriorates.
The noise margin may strongly affect performance of a semiconductor system. For the system, a simultaneous switching noise (SSN) may originate from a package and a printed circuit board. The SSN can be reduced using many power/ground cells. However, since using many power/ground cells increases the chip size and package fabrication cost, this approach is not ideal.


A blanking signal generating control circuit for use in a video apparatus is disclosed. The blanking signal control circuit according to the present invention has structure which makes it easily adaptable for use with different broadcast standards, such as NTSC, PAL, SECAM, etc. The control circuit has an edge detector which generates a front edge detecting signal at the front edge of the vertical sync signal, and a rear edge detecting signal the trailing (or rear) edge of the vertical sync signal. The control circuit also has a field distinction signal generator for detecting odd and even fields in a video signal. A counting controller generates a counting control signal synchronized with the front edge detecting signal in response to the field distinction signal and a broadcasting system select signal. Line counting is performed starting from an initial value which is selected from a first or second initial value in response to the field distinction signal. Counting is done based on a pulse signal having a frequency of twice a horizontal synchronizing signal used as a clock signal, to generate a counted value. A comparator compares the counted value with a value which has been previously set to correspond to a selected broadcasting system; when the comparator indicates equality, a blanking signal is generated.

In order that a video apparatus compatibly use video signals of different signalling systems, an analog signal is converted to a digital signal, and a timing signal corresponding to each portion of the video signal is generated through digital signal processing. The video apparatus receives the timing signal and generates the video signal suitable for a computer monitor for example. However, in a vertical synchronizing region of the video signal, since there is no chrominance signal, a timing signal indicating a position of a color burst signal for generating the chrominance signal should be not applied.
In the prior art, a position of a vertical synchronizing signal is sensed by counting the number of a horizontal synchronizing signals of a specific broadcasting system. Therefore, the compatibility with the video signals of difference broadcasting systems such as NTSC, PAL, etc. is difficult.

Blanking signal generating control circuit of a video apparatus


A mixture comprising A) a copolymer comprising from about 70 to about 79% by weight of units derived from ethylene, and having (a) Mw measured by gel permeation chromatography employing polystyrene standard ranging from about 50,000 up to less than 130,000 and/or (f) SSI≦18; (b) density (D) ranging from about 845 to about 895 kg/m3; (c) Mw/ Mn less than 3; (d) melting point (Tm) measured by differential scanning calorimeter ranging from about 15° C. to about 60° C.; and (e) degree of crystallinity≧15%, and B) an amorphous polymer having Mw ranging from about 130,000 to about 1,000,000 having degree of crystallinity≦5%. In one embodiment the density and the melting point of the copolymer A) fulfill the expression Tm≦1.247 D−1037. In another embodiment, the percentage content (E: % by weight) of repeating units derived from ethylene and melting point (Tm: ° C.) of the copolymer A) fulfill the expression 3.44E−206≧Tm. Also, additive concentrates and lubricating compositions comprising the components making up the mixture.

The viscosity of oils of lubricating viscosity is generally dependent upon temperature. As the temperature of the oil is increased, the viscosity usually decreases, and as the temperature is reduced, the viscosity usually increases.
The function of a viscosity improver is to reduce the extent of the decrease in viscosity as the temperature is raised or to reduce the extent of the increase in viscosity as the temperature is lowered, or both. Thus, a viscosity improver ameliorates the change of viscosity of an oil containing it with changes in temperature. The fluidity characteristics of the oil are improved since the oil maintains a more consistent viscosity over a wider range of temperatures.
It is desirable that the viscosity improver not adversely affect the low-temperature viscosity of the lubricant containing same. Frequently, while many viscosity improvers enhance the high temperature viscosity characteristics of lubricating oil, the low temperature properties of the treated lubricant become worse.
Viscosity improvers are usually polymeric materials and are often referred to as viscosity index improvers and sometimes as viscosity modifiers.
Many ethylene derived polymers, especially ethylene-propylene copolymers are known and are used as viscosity improvers for lubricating oils compositions. Ethylene-propylene copolymers with high ethylene levels (e.g., 70-78 weight %) when used as viscosity modifiers in lubricants impart outstanding low temperature properties as measured by Cold Crank Simulator (CCS) ASTM Procedure D−5293 and Mini-Rotary Viscometer (MRV-TP1) ASTM Procedure D−4684. However, it has also been observed that formulations containing these polymers tend to experience gelation in cold temperature storage, filter plugging in cold temperature engine startup and the "Weissenberg effect during CCS measurement where the lubricant climbs up the rotating shaft of the test apparatus, leading to questionable CCS values. These effects are further exacerbated when the polymers are used with base oils containing synthetic stocks such as polyalphaolefin stocks and synthetic ester stocks.
Additives that provide viscosity improving properties are known in the art. Such products are described in numerous publications including Dieter Klamann, "Lubricants and Related Products", Verlag Chemie Gmbh (1984), pp 185-193; C. V. Smalheer and R. K. Smith "Lubricant Additives", Lezius-Hiles Co. (1967); M. W. Ranney, "Lubricant Additives", Noyes Data Corp. (1973), pp 92-145, M. W. Ranney, "Lubricant Additives, Recent Developments", Noyes Data Corp. (1978), pp 139-164; and M. W. Ranney, "Synthetic Oils and Additives for Lubricants", Noyes Data Corp. (1980), pp 96-166.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,389,087 discloses amorphous-crystalline polymers comprised of 2-98 weight % ethylene and 2-98 weight % C3-18 alpha olefins having molecular weight ranging from 20,000 to 250,000, a degree of head-to-head linkages ranging between 20% and 60% and a degree of crystallinity up to 25%. Also described are oil compositions containing the polymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,551,336 describes polymers comprised of ethylene (60-80 mole %) and C3-18 alpha olefins having viscosity average molecular weight ranging from 10,000 to 200,000, Mw/ Mn less than 4 and a degree of crystallinity less than 25% and containing no more than 1.3% by weight of a polymer fraction which is insoluble in n-decane at 45° C. Also described are oil compositions containing the polymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,522,180 describes amorphous ethylene-propylene copolymers containing 20-70 mole % propylene and Mn of 10,000 to 40,000 and Mw/ Mn less than 5 which are said to be useful as viscosity index improvers for lubricating oil.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,691,078 relates to lubricating oil compositions comprising a neutral, non-volatile mineral oil, a pour point depressant and a viscosity improver consisting of an oil-soluble, substantially linear hydrocarbon polymer containing 25-55 weight % polymerized ethylene units and 75-45 weight % polymerized comonomer units. It is stated that the polymers do not adversely affect the pour point depressant.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,753 discloses a copolymer of at least 10 weight % up to 90 weight % ethylene and at least one other alpha-olefin monomer which copolymer is intramolecularly heterogeneous and intermolecularly homogeneous, has Mw from 2,000 up to 12,000,000 and Mw/ Mn less than 2 and/or Mz/ Mw less than 1.8. The polymers are described as being useful as viscosity improver for lubricating oils.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,794 discloses copolymers of alpha-olefins comprised of intramolecularly heterogeneous and intermolecularly homogeneous copolymer chains. At least one segment of the copolymer, constituting at least 10% of the copolymer's chain, is a crystallizable segment wherein the ethylene content is at least 55 weight % and the low crystallinity segment contains no more that 53 weight % ethylene.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,436 is directed to copolymers of ethylene and at least one other alpha olefin monomer which copolymer is intramolecularly heterogeneous and intermolecularly homogeneous, wherein at least two portions of an individual intermolecularly heterogeneous chain, each portion comprising at least 5 weight % of the chain, differ in composition from one another by at least 5 weight % ethylene and has Mw/ Mn less than 2 and/or Mz/ Mw less than 1.8
U.S. Pat. No. 3,697,429 discloses a lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil and contained therein an amount sufficient to modify the viscosity index of said oil, a viscosity index improving amount of an oil-soluble polymer composition comprising a first copolymer of ethylene and a C3-18 alpha-olefin having an ethylene content of 50-95 mole % and a second copolymer of ethylene and a C3-18 alpha-olefin having an ethylene content of 5-80 mole %, the ethylene content of the first copolymer being at least 5 mole % more than the ethylene content of the second copolymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,515 discloses a lubricating oil composition comprising an ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer having a major and a minor portion, the major portion having Mw of 10,000 to 500,000, a Mooney viscosity at 100° C. of 0.5 to 500, 10-60 weight % ethylene and ethylene sequence distribution such that the mean number of ethylene units in sequence equal to or greater than 3 consecutive ethylene units is a value of 3 to 4.5 and the fraction of ethylene sequences containing three or more ethylene units is 0.01 to 0.3 based on the total number of ethylene sequences in the major portion and the minor portion having Mw of 1,000 to 2,000,000, an ethylene sequence of 55 to 95% ethylene, an ethylene sequence distribution such that the mean number of ethylenes in sequences greater than or equal to three consecutive ethylene units is 4 to 20 and the fraction of ethylene sequences containing three or more consecutive ethylene units is 0.35 to 0.95, based on the total number of ethylene sequences in the minor portion.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,391,617; 5,451,636 and 5,451,630 describe a sheared blend and a process for producing the sheared blend and lubricating oils containing the sheared blend in which high ethylene content (65-85 mole %) and low ethylene content (35-65 mole %) ethylene-propylene copolymers, each having Mn 40,000 to 250,000 and Mw/ Mn 2-7 are subjected to simultaneous blending and shearing.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,382,630 and 5,382,631 disclose linear interpolymer blends made from components having Mw/ Mn≦3 and composition distribution>50%. The blend components can all have the same molecular weight but different comonomer contents, the same comonomer content but different molecular weights or comonomer contents which increase with molecular weight.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,820 discloses ethylene alpha-olefin copolymer compositions comprising a first copolymer having Mw/ Mn less than 2 and/or Mz/ Mw less than 1.8 and a second copolymer having Mw/ Mn greater than or equal to 2.
Each of these publications is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.
When the polymers disclosed in these patents are used as viscosity modifiers for lubricating oils, frequently the problems of gelation, filter plugging and Weissenberg effect are encountered, making them unsuitable for use in lubricant applications, especially where the lubricant will encounter low temperatures.
An important object of this invention is to provide compositions that reduce the extent of loss of viscosity at high temperatures while not adversely increasing the low temperature viscosity of lubricating oil compositions.
Another object is to provide novel additive concentrates.
A more specific object is to provide additives directed to improving the viscosity properties of a lubricating composition.
Yet another object is to provide lubricants having improved viscosity properties.
Another object is to provide additive concentrates for lubricants.
Other objects will in part be obvious in view of this disclosure and will in part appear hereinafter.

Viscosity improver compositions providing improved low temperature characteristics to lubricating oils


An apparatus to aid in the making of a light filtering window shade from shade fabric comprised of a series of longitudinal vane members having their longitudinal edges respectively secured to front and rear fabric panels. The apparatus comprises an assembly table and a roller tube positioning rail. The table has first and second ends with the first end adapted to facilitate the cutting of the shade fabric to a desired length. The roller tube positioning rail is releasably securable to the assembly table and releasably receives a roller tube having one end of the shade fabric secured thereto. The positioning rail permits the roller tube, and the shade fabric secured thereto, to be set-off a predetermined distance from the first end of the assembly table. The positioning rail maintains the roller tube generally parallel to the first end of the assembly table.

Window shades, or window blinds as they are sometimes referred to, are commonly mounted on windows for privacy purposes and to limit light intrusion. With advances in technology and increased functionality, window shades have displaced a significant portion of the more traditional drapery market and are commonly used in both residential and commercial applications. One particular form of shade that has experienced increased popularity is referred to generically as a light filtering shade. In general, light filtering shades are comprised of a series of vanes (typically horizontally mounted) having their longitudinal edges adhered to a pair of generally parallel sheer fabric layers. Typically the vanes are constructed from an opaque material so that they can provide a room darkening effect.
Light filtering shades of the nature described above operate on the principle of moving the vanes between a position where individual vanes lie in generally parallel horizontal planes (wherein they have little light filtering or room-darkening effect) to a position wherein the vanes are generally vertically oriented, and preferably slightly overlapping along their longitudinal edges (wherein they provide a light filtering or room darkening function). The activation of the vanes is accomplished through the operation of clutch and a drive mechanism that is operatively connected to a roller tube to which the shade fabric is secured. The structure and operation of such clutch and drive mechanisms will be commonly understood by those of skill in the art. Light filtering window shades provide a light filtering or room-darkening effect, while presenting the overall visual appearance of a traditional horizontal window blind or shade.
With increasing popularity and demand for light filtering window shades, there is a need for new and innovative devices and methods to assist in their manufacturing. Current manufacturing devices and methods tend to be complex and cumbersome.

Apparatus and method for use in making light filtering window shades


A continuously variable transmission for a vehicle includes a drive clutch, a driven clutch operably coupled to the drive clutch, and a belt extending between the drive and driven clutches. The continuously variable transmission also includes an inner cover and an outer cover removably coupled to the inner cover. At least one of the inner and outer covers includes an air inlet for providing cooling air to the drive and driven clutches and the belt.

Some vehicles such as utility vehicles, all-terrain vehicles, tractors, and others include a continuously variable transmission ("CVT"). The CVT includes a drive clutch, a driven clutch, and a belt configured to rotate between the drive and driven clutches. The position of the drive and driven clutches may be moved between a plurality of positions when the vehicle is operating.
Available space is often limited around the CVT which may make it difficult to service various component of the CVT, for example the belt. Additionally, the intake duct and the exhaust duct of the CVT must be positioned to receive appropriate air flow to cool the components within a housing of the CVT. Therefore, it is necessary to appropriately configure a CVT for sufficient air flow within the housing and for ease of serviceability and maintenance.


A gate array integrated circuit forming part of a semiconductor integrated circuit includes a basic layer of a unit cell in which a PMOS and an NMOS transistor are connected with a poly-silicon strip. The poly-silicon strip has gate terminal regions formed to laterally extend to allow two or more contact pads or through-holes to be disposed in each gate terminal region. It is thus possible to improve wiring efficiency and also micro-miniaturization and yield of the gate array integrated circuit. A layout method for a gate array integrated circuit is also provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a gate array integrated circuit, forming part of a semiconductor integrated circuit, and a layout method for a gate array integrated circuit.
2. Description of the Background Art
Traditionally, a gate array is composed of basic functional cells, such as inverters and flip-flops. A basic functional cell is implemented by optionally designing the wiring pattern layer of a unit cell. As shown in FIG. 11, for example, a specific layout of a unit cell 400 is defined by a basic layer which has a p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) transistor 402 and an n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistor 404 interconnected to each other by strips of poly-crystalline silicon 406 and 408. The PMOS transistor 402 may consist of an n-type well 410, a p-type implantation layer 412, an active region 414 and a p-type layer 416 The NMOS transistor 404 may consist of a p-type implantation layer 418, an active region 420 and an n-type layer 422.
The basic layer of the unit cell 400 is overlaid with an upper wiring pattern layer which includes, e.g. contact pads 434 and a first layer of metal strips 436, etc., FIG. 12, to form the wiring layer, a dual-input NAND gate 430 being thus laid out to serve as a basic functional cell.
Usually, a unit cell conveys information on terminals functioning as nodes for connecting basic functional cells with each other. Specifically, the dual-input NAND gate 430 has plural gate terminals 432. In order to optimize the size of the cells, each of the plural gate terminal regions 432 has its size suitable for accommodating therein the single contact pad 434 or a single through-hole for connecting transistors or basic functional cells. Further, as seen from FIG. 12, desired ones of the plural gate terminal regions 432 are provided with input terminals a and b, and the first layer of metal strips 436 has an output terminal yn provided at a desired position.
Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 321559/1996 discloses a polycide gate electrode structure formed in a hook-like shape in a unit cell of static random-access memory (SRAM). In the structure, the polycide wiring pad for contact with wiring metal and the polycide wiring strip to the branching point of the polycide gate are of n-type polycide. It is thus possible to suppress the variety of the threshold, Vth, of the n-channel transistor caused by boron, B, diffused in the lateral direction in the dual polycide gate electrode region.
Further, Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 8441/1996 discloses a dual gate type of field effect transistor, in which the first gate electrode has plural power-fed points and the second gate electrode has a single power-fed point, so that the first gate electrode is of a comb-like gate structure and the second gate electrode not of a comb-like gate structure. That makes it possible not to lay out the second gate and drain electrodes, across which the highest voltage is applied while the transistor is operative, so as not to cross each other.
Furthermore, Japanese patent laid-open publication No. 307447/1995 discloses as a technology of a basic cell for a gate cell a semiconductor device having its gate electrode turning and a semiconductor device having its gate electrode rectangularly turning several times.
For manufacturing gate arrays, improvement is always required in micro-miniaturization and yield. With the conventional gate arrays as well as the Japanese patent publications described above, however, each of the gate electrode regions has its contact pad or through-hole disposed in single sit. That made it difficult to accomplish the improvement as required in micro-miniaturization and yield.

Gate array integrated circuit including a unit cell basic layer having gate terminal regions allowing two contact pads to be disposed laterally


When the first fuel injection is performed after reversion from the fuel cut, the fuel pulse width Ka·INJ.PW is set so that a fuel supply amount is greatly increased in relation to an intake air amount, and the ignition timing is set to the first retarded ignition timing θa. When the second and subsequent fuel injections are performed, the fuel pulse width Kb·INJ.PW that is smaller in increase width of fuel is set, and the ignition timing is set to the second retarded ignition timing θb that has a retardation amount smaller than that of the first retarded ignition timing θa.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a controller of an internal combustion engine, and more specifically to the control that is implemented when fuel cut is finished to restart fuel supply in an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, it is widely known to stop fuel supply to each cylinder of an internal combustion engine, that is, to perform so-called fuel cut, at the time of deceleration or the like of a vehicle. During fuel cut, combustion is not produced in engine cylinders, and the fresh air sucked in by the engine flows directly through an exhaust passage into an exhaust gas purification catalyst. Therefore, a large quantity of oxygen is adsorbed on the exhaust gas purification catalyst.
By the time the engine returns from a fuel cut condition to a fuel supply condition, the exhaust gas purification performance is degraded due to the adsorption of a large quantity of oxygen on the exhaust gas purification catalyst. This causes the problem that the discharge amount of NOx (nitrogen oxides) into the atmosphere is increased. There generates another problem that, shortly after reversion from fuel cut, the brake horsepower of the engine is suddenly changed to cause shock.
In respect of the former problem, there has been developed the technology of early consuming the oxygen adsorbed on the exhaust gas purification catalyst by increasing compensation amount of a fuel injection amount to set an exhaust gas air-fuel ratio to the vicinity of a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio in the time period from the reversion from fuel cut to the implementation of air-fuel ratio feedback control. This technology is disclosed, for example, in Unexamined Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-254126 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 1).
As to the latter problem, there has been developed the technology of preventing shock by reducing an intake air amount and retarding the ignition timing at the time of reversion from fuel cut. This technology is disclosed, for example, in Unexamined Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 6-288327 (hereinafter, referred to as Patent Document 2).
The technology disclosed in Patent Document 1, however, has not been developed in consideration of the shock that is caused along with the reversion from fuel cut.
According to the technology disclosed in Patent Document 2, the misfire limit of ignition timing retardation in normal control of the internal combustion engine is at around zero degree BTDC. For this reason, even if the ignition timing is retarded to the misfire limit, it is hard to reduce the shock sufficiently. In addition, there are problems including one that, since the oxygen adsorption on the exhaust gas purification catalyst during fuel cut is not taken into account, the discharge amount of NOx into the atmosphere is increased, which is an undesirable condition.

Controller of an internal combustion engine

Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha


A long-period vibration sensor includes an overdamped accelerometer including a magnet fixed to the inside of a casing, a detection coil disposed between magnetic poles formed due to the magnet, a bobbin configured to hold the detection coil, and a support spring configured to support the bobbin in the casing so that the bobbin can vibrate in a predetermined direction, a voltage being outputted from the detection coil when the bobbin is damped, a plurality of digital filters having different frequency characteristics from one another, a selection module configured to select one digital filter from the plurality of digital filters based on an output value of the voltage outputted from the overdamped accelerometer, and a correction module configured to correct the output value of the voltage outputted from the overdamped accelerometer using the digital filter selected by the selection module.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a long-period vibration sensor and a method for correcting an output value of the long-period vibration sensor.
2. Related Art
In the related art, there has been known a vibration detector for detecting long-period vibrations when the long-period vibrations occur due to an earthquake or the like.
For example, a pendulum-type quake detection sensor has been proposed as a vibration detector in Patent Document 1. The pendulum-type quake detection sensor includes a pendulum which is suspended from the ceiling of a building through a wire, and a sensor which is disposed under the pendulum. The sensor irradiates a lower surface of the pendulum with light and receives the light reflected by the lower surface.
In such a pendulum-type quake detection sensor, a reflection surface is formed in the lower surface of the pendulum so that the light quantity of light reflected by the reflection surface varies sequentially from the center of the pendulum toward the outside in accordance with the amplitude of the pendulum. Thus, the light quantity of light reflected by the lower surface of the pendulum is detected so that the amplitude of the pendulum can be detected from the light quantity.
Besides the pendulum-type quake detection sensor, for example, a servo-type accelerometer which can carry out measurement from a DC region (still state) has been proposed as a vibration detector.
Such a servo-type accelerometer detects a displacement of a movable portion disposed in a casing, due to an external force. The servo-type accelerometer measures acceleration by measuring the amount of a current which is proportional to the displacement when the current is applied to a coil for driving the movable portion in order to keep the movable portion in a still state.

Long-period vibration sensor and method for correcting output value of the long-period vibration sensor


In a part for a rotary machine, a ceramic hard film is formed on a surface of a base material, the density of droplets which exist in a surface of the ceramic hard film is set to be within 1000 pieces/mm2, and the density of droplets whose mean particle diameter is 1 μm or less is set to be within 550 pieces/mm2. A method for manufacturing the part of a rotary machine is a method for forming the ceramic hard film by at least an ion plating method or a sputtering method.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a part for a rotary machine, and manufacturing method therefor.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-204180, filed on Aug. 7, 2008, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, for example, in parts, such as a blade used for a rotary machine, such as a steam turbine or a compressor pump, surface treatment is performed in consideration of thermal resistance, erosion resistance, etc. The steam turbine jets steam, which is a working fluid, toward the moving blade of a turbine to drive the blade. Parts of a rotary machine, such as a moving blade (steam turbine blade) or a rotor of this steam turbine, contact steam directly. Additionally, the compressor (compressor pump) which is used in a chemical plant or the like and compresses various fluids receives power from the outside to rotate an impeller and compress a fluid. Even in such a compressor pump, parts of a rotary machine, such as an impeller or a rotor, contact gas directly.
Here, in parts against which water droplets collide at high speed, for example, in the blade of the steam turbine or the impeller of the compressor pump, there is a problem in that erosion abrasion occurs on the surfaces of the parts against which water droplets collide. As a measure against this problem, for example, a technique of performing cladding of stellite on the impeller is known. Additionally, a technique of forming a hard film on the surface of the impeller is known using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, such as ion plating.
However, with the technique of stellite cladding as described above, since a base material is melted, there is a problem in that deformation of the base material becomes greater than with other methods. Additionally, with the technique of stellite cladding, hardness is low compared with ceramic coating or the like. Thus, when stellite is not formed as a thick film in the order of several millimeters, there is a problem in that it is difficult to produce the effect of protecting the base material from erosion abrasion.
Meanwhile, as a method of coating a base material with a hard film by the ion plating method to improve erosion-proofness, for example, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, a technique of forming a Cr film 101 on a base material 100 made of stainless steel, and coating a TiN film 102 on the surface of the Cr film 101 to form a multilayer is suggested (refer to Japanese Patent Publication No. 8-30264). However, when such a method is used, particulate scaffolding called droplets (refer to reference numeral 110 in FIG. 14) as shown in a microscope picture diagram of FIG. 14 exists in the surface of the coating layer 102. If the size of the droplets is large and the number of the droplets is large, there is a problem in that the erosion abrasion (drain erosion) by the water droplets increases.
A mechanism where droplets are missing from the surface of a hard film of a conventional steam turbine blade will be described below with reference to schematic diagrams of FIGS. 15A to 15C. As shown in FIG. 15A, a drain (water droplets) 250 which forms steam has a diameter of about 100 to 200 μm, and collides against the hard film 210 provided in the surface of a steam turbine blade. In this case, the drain 250, as shown in FIG. 15B, also collides with droplets 220 which exist on the surface of the hard film 210. The droplets 220 may be missing from the hard film 210 due to the collision of the drain 250. As shown in FIG. 15C, portions where the droplets 220 are missing become recesses 230 in the surface of the hard film 210. Cavitation erosion is increased with the recesses 230 as a starting point. In this case, if the density of the droplets 220 is high, there is a problem in that cavitation erosion may be further increased. Furthermore, even when a portion of a missing droplet 220 remains inside a recess 230, a problem that the same cavitation erosion is increased occurs.
Additionally, forming a film on the surface of a cutting tool by a sputtering method is suggested in the field of cutting tools, such as a ball end mill. Specifically, it is suggested that micro-particles (droplets), which exist on the surface of a cutting tool, having a maximum diameter of 10 μm or less, and an occupying area ratio of 10% or less on the surface, form a film (refer to Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2006-116633). However, even if the film described in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2006-116633 is applied to parts for a rotary machine, such as a steam turbine blade, there is a problem in that the droplets are easily missing. This is because, when droplets having a maximum diameter of 10 μm compared to water droplets (steam) whose diameter is 100 to 200 μm exist on the surface of a film, droplets are easily missing due to the stress concentration at the boundary of the film. Additionally, the area occupied by the droplets in this film surface is relatively large. Accordingly, when droplets are missing and drain erosion occurs, there is a concern that drain erosion may be increased by the interaction between droplet missing spots.
Additionally, a technique of removing droplets formed in a film surface by methods, such as polishing, in advance is also suggested (refer to Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2005-1088). However, a spot where a droplet is removed in the film surface degrades erosion-proofness. Therefore, with this technique, there is a problem in that erosion is increased with this position as a starting point.
Generally, in order to reduce the particle diameter of droplets and to decrease the number of the droplets, it is necessary to reduce the deposition rate of a film and also to reduce film thickness. However, in order to improve drain erosion-proofness by the hard film, a film thickness of about several micrometers to tens of micrometers is required. When the hard film is formed thickly in this way, the particle diameter and number of droplets also increase according to a thickness. Accordingly, it was difficult to apply a hard film to be used for general cutting tools or the like to, for example, parts for a rotary machine, such as a steam turbine blade, as a drain erosion-proofness coating.
The invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a part for a rotary machine and its manufacturing method, which are excellent in drain erosion-proofness under an environment in which the part for a rotary machine contacts steam directly.

Part for rotary machine, and manufacturing method therefor


A switched current source has a first voltage source, a second voltage source, and a third voltage source. A first transistor has a drain terminal coupled to one terminal of a load and a source terminal coupled to the third voltage source. A second transistor has drain, gate and source terminals. The drain terminal of the second transistor is coupled to the gate terminal of the first transistor. The source terminal of the second transistor is coupled to the source terminal of the first transistor. The gate terminal of the second transistor is coupled to the first voltage source. A third transistor has drain, gate and source terminals. The drain terminal of the third transistor is coupled to the gate terminal of the first transistor. The source terminal of the third transistor is coupled to the second voltage source. The gate terminal of the third transistor is coupled to the first voltage source.

In some MOSFET amplifier applications it is desirable to control the maximum output current that is sent to the load. This is of particular importance when the load is capacitive and it is desired to have a well controlled rate of change of the load voltage during transitions. A particular application with this requirement is the driving of transducers for ultrasonic imaging systems, where the harmonic content of the waveforms applied to the transducers is of primary importance. In these systems the transducer is typically a piezoelectric ceramic material, and appears predominantly as a capacitive load, with other reactive and resistive characteristics also present.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide an improved MOSFET amplifier circuit. The improved MOSFET amplifier circuit would be able to control the maximum output current that is sent to the load of the MOSFET amplifier circuit.

MOSFET transistor amplifier with controlled output current


Provided is a plasma display panel including a rear substrate, a front substrate separated from the rear substrate, a plurality of barrier ribs arranged between the front substrate and the rear substrate and adapted to define a plurality of discharge cells corresponding to a plurality of sub-pixels, a plurality of sustain electrode pairs comprising a plurality of first discharge electrodes and a plurality of second discharge electrodes extending parallel to each other and surrounding ones of the plurality of discharge cells, the plurality of sustain electrode pairs being adapted to generate a discharge, a plurality of address electrodes extending and surrounding the plurality of discharge cells and arranged in a direction that crosses the plurality of sustain electrode pairs, a plurality of phosphor layers arranged within the plurality of discharge cells and a discharge gas arranged within the plurality of discharge cells, wherein a predetermined number of sub-pixels form a unit pixel, and unit pixels adjacent to each other in a direction are spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plasma display panel having a new structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
Plasma display panels are flat panel displays displaying an image via gas discharge. Plasma display panels are considered to be the next generation of flat panel displays due to superior display properties such as display capacity, brightness, contrast, residual image, and wide viewing angle. The plasma display panel includes a rear substrate and a front substrate facing each other, spaced apart from each other and coupled to each other. A plurality of address electrodes are arranged on a front surface of the rear substrate, and the address electrodes are covered by a first dielectric layer. Sustain electrode pairs crossing the address electrodes are formed on a rear surface of the front substrate. In each sustain electrode pair is an X electrode and a Y electrode. The sustain electrode pairs are covered by a second dielectric layer, and a protective layer is formed on a rear surface of the second dielectric layer. In addition, barrier ribs define discharge cells on a front surface of the first dielectric layer. Phosphor layers are applied to predetermined thicknesses in the discharge cells defined by the barrier ribs.
In the plasma display panel having the above structure, a discharge cell is selected by an address discharge between the address electrode and the Y electrode, and then the discharge cell emits visible light by a sustain discharge occurring between the X electrode and the Y electrode. In more detail, a discharge gas filled within the discharge cell emits ultraviolet rays during the sustain discharge, and the ultraviolet rays excite the phosphor layers to emit visible light. The visible light emitted from the phosphor layers produces an image on the plasma display panel.
However, in the plasma display panel having the above structure, the sustain discharge occurs only in the space between the X electrode and the Y electrode adjacent to the protective layer. Thus the volume of the space where the sustain discharge occurs is small. In addition, some of the visible light emitted from the phosphor layers is absorbed and/or reflected by the protective layer, the second dielectric layer, and the sustain electrodes and. Thus, only 60% of the visible light emitted from the phosphor layers can pass through the front substrate. Therefore, luminous efficiency and brightness of the panel are reduced. Therefore, what is needed is an improved design for a plasma display panel that overcomes these problems.

Plasma display panel design resulting in improved luminous efficiency and reduced reactive power

Maetan-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do


An ion chromatography housing for easy insertion and removal of a plurality of component cartridges is disclosed. Various components of the IC system are provided in the separate component cartridges. The IC housing includes a capillary separation column and may be connected to conventional-scale components of an IC system. A plurality of IC housings may be provided in a compartment with one or more separation columns. The columns may be capillary columns or conventional-scale columns. A method of using the ion chromatography system is also disclosed. The IC system may be utilized to perform two-dimensional ion chromatographic separation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, in general, to ion chromatography systems for determination of both anionic and cationic analytes and methods for their use.
2. Description of Related Art
Ion chromatography (IC) is a widely used analytical technique for the determination of anionic and cationic analytes in various sample matrices. Ion chromatography today is performed in a number of separation and detection modes. Ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection is the most widely practiced form of the technique. In suppressed conductivity detection, an eluent suppression device, termed a suppressor, converts the eluent into a weakly conducting form and enhances the conductance of target analytes. The original suppressors were columns packed with ion-exchange resins in appropriate ionic forms. Those packed-bed suppressors had a relatively large dead volume and required off-line chemical regeneration. To overcome this problem, suppressors based on ion-exchange fibers and other membranes were developed. These suppressors can be continuously regenerated using either acid or base regenerant solutions.
One disadvantage associated with the original membrane suppressors was that an external source of either acid or base regenerant solution typically was used to generate the suppressor continuously. Over the years, various designs of electrolytically-regenerated membrane suppressors have been developed to overcome the limitations associated with the chemically-regenerated membrane suppressors. Exemplars of the electrolytically-regenerated membrane suppressors are disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,999,098, 5,248,426, 5,352,360, and 6,325,976, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Electrolytic suppressors offer several advantages in ion chromatography. They provide continuous and simultaneous suppression of eluents, regeneration of the suppression medium, and sufficient suppression capacity for common ion chromatography (IC) applications. They are easy to operate because the suppressed eluent or water can be used to create regenerant ions electrolytically. Thus, there is no need to prepare regenerant solutions off-line. Also, the suppressors are compatible with gradient separations. They also have very low suppression zone volume, which makes it possible to achieve separations with high chromatographic efficiency.
In ion chromatography, dilute solutions of acids, bases, or salts are commonly used as chromatographic eluents. Traditionally, these eluents are prepared off-line by dilution with reagent-grade chemicals. Off-line preparation of chromatographic eluents can be tedious and prone to operator errors, and often introduces contaminants. For example, dilute NaOH solutions, widely used as eluents in the ion chromatographic separation of anions, are easily contaminated by carbonate. The preparation of carbonate-free NaOH eluents is difficult because carbonate can be introduced as an impurity from the reagents or by adsorption of carbon dioxide from air. The presence of carbonate in NaOH eluents can compromise the performance of an ion chromatographic method, and can cause an undesirable chromatographic baseline drift during the hydroxide gradient and even irreproducible retention times of target analytes. In recent years, several approaches that utilize the electrolysis of water and charge-selective electromigration of ions through ion-exchange media have been investigated by researchers to generate high-purity ion chromatographic eluents. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,036,921, 6,225,129, 6,316,271, 6,316,270, 6,315,954, and 6,682,701, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, describe electrolytic devices that can be used to generate high purity acid and base solutions by using water as the carrier. Additionally, U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2003/0132163 and 2008/0173587, incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, describe trap columns that are regenerated electrolytically for removing contaminant ions from eluents and purifying the eluent stream. In one embodiment, the eluent stream flows through a purifying flow channel, including an ion exchange bed. An electric field is applied through the flowing eluent stream in the purifying flow channel, and the contaminant is removed from the eluent stream. Using these devices, high purity, contaminant-free acid or base solutions are automatically generated on-line for use as eluents in chromatographic separations. These devices simplify gradient separations that can now be performed using electrical current gradients with minimal delay instead of using a conventional mechanical gradient pump.
The combined use of the electrolytic eluent generator and suppressor has significantly changed the routine operation of ion chromatographic methods and permits the performance of various ion chromatographic separations using only deionized water as the mobile phase. The use of these electrolytic devices results in significant improvements in the performance of ion chromatography methods by allowing minimal baseline shifts during the gradients, greater retention time reproducibility, lower detection backgrounds, and lower detection limits for target analytes.
There has been a continuing interest in using capillary ion chromatography using separation columns with internal diameters of 1 mm or smaller as an analytical separation tool because of the perceived advantages associated with the miniaturization of separation processes. To date, such systems have not been employed because of the lack of suitable instrumentation and consumables. Typical separation columns in conventional-scale ion chromatography have column internal diameters ranging 2 mm to 9 mm and are operated in flow rate ranging from 0.2 to 5 mL/min.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0057733, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, discloses a capillary ion chromatography system using electrolytic generation of potassium hydroxide eluents and suppressed conductivity detection for determination of anions. In this system, the capillary pumping system is used to deliver a stream of deionized water into the capillary KOH eluent generator which consists of a high pressure generation chamber containing a Pt cathode and a low pressure electrolyte reservoir containing a Pt anode. Under the applied electrical field, the potassium ions migrate across the ion exchange connector to combine with hydroxide ions to form a KOH eluent. The concentration of KOH solution formed is proportional to the applied current and inversely proportional to the flow rate of the deionized water carrier stream. Other downstream system components include a degasser unit, an injector, a separation column, a suppressor and a detector.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0057733 further discloses several embodiments of capillary ion chromatography suppressors. In one embodiment, the capillary anion suppressor consists of three chambers. The eluent chamber contains a cation exchange capillary tubing embedded tightly inside a bed of cation exchange resin. Provisions are made so that there are separate fluid connections to the cation exchange capillary tubing in the resin bed. The eluent chamber is physically separated from the cathodic regenerant chamber and anodic regenerant chamber through cation exchange ion exchange membranes. The cathode chamber contains a perforated Pt cathode and the anode chamber contains a perforated Pt anode. Both electrode chambers have two liquid connecting ports (inlet and outlet). In the operation of this type of electrolytic capillary suppressor, the resin bed is continuously regenerated by hydronium ions generated through the electrolysis of water at the device anode. Under the applied electrical field, the hydronium ions generated at the anode of the device migrate across the cation exchange membrane into the cation exchange resin bed. In the meantime, potassium ions exchanged onto the resin bed also migrate across the other cation exchange membrane into the device cathode chamber before going to waste. Water used in electrolysis can be derived from the aqueous effluent from the conductivity detector.
In ion chromatography systems, users need to make a large number of fluid or liquid connections among various system components. To ensure the optimal chromatographic performance, it is critical to ensure that fluid connections are made properly and free of dead volume. For capillary ion chromatography, making proper fluid connections can be very difficult to accomplish because dead volumes as small as several nanoliters can have a dramatically adverse impact on the system performance when the separation flow rates are on the order of several microliters per minute.
In recent years, the use of automated two-dimensional IC methods has gained increasing interest in the determination of analyte ions in environmental samples because those methods provide convenient on-line matrix elimination or diversion and eliminate the needs for cumbersome off-line sample pretreatment steps. In one exemplary two-dimensional IC method, analyte ions are partially resolved from matrix ions on a conventional IC column (e.g., 4-mm ID) in the first dimension, collected onto a capillary concentrator column, then resolved from residual matrix ions on another IC column in the second dimension. The suppressed effluent from the hydroxide eluent in the first dimension is water, which provides the ideal environment for ion-exchange retention and concentration before the transfer to the second dimension. If a 0.4-mm ID (Inner Diameter) capillary IC column is used in the second separation dimension, the column has a one-hundredth cross-sectional area relative to the first dimension column, detection sensitivity is enhanced by a factor of 100. In addition, the two-dimensional IC method makes it possible to combine two different column chemistries. Two-dimensional IC methods with both suppressed conductivity and mass spectrometry detection would provide the advantages of using these methods for determination of parts-per-trillion levels of analyte of interests such as perchlorate and bromate in environmental samples.
Therefore, there are needs to develop capillary ion chromatographs that provide improved means for fluid connections to make capillary ion chromatography a more ease-to-use and reliable analytical technique. In additions, there is also the need to develop multichannel ion chromatographs that offer improved and ease-to-use integration of ion chromatographic separation processes at conventional flow rates and capillary flow rates.
In light of the foregoing, it would be beneficial to have methods and apparatuses which overcome the above and other disadvantages of known ion chromatography systems.

Multichannel ion chromatography system and method


An electrical apparatus has an apparatus main body and an operation panel with operation buttons for the apparatus main body. The operation panel includes a panel base portion having the operation buttons provided on the outer surface thereof, a first sheet written with the function names of the operable buttons in the form of character information dependent on a specific language, and a second sheet written with the functions of the operation buttons in the form of specified visual information not dependent on the specific language. The first and second sheets are mounted on the outer surface of the panel base portion in such a manner that the second sheet is placed on the first sheet and the first sheet is exchangeable. The second sheet is formed with windows for enabling the character information related to the function names written on the first sheet to be seen.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrical apparatus fitted with an operation panel having a plurality of operation buttons such as an image forming apparatus, for example, as exemplified by a copier, and such an operation panel.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, in an image forming apparatus as exemplified by a copier, an operation panel operable by a user is provided on the front surface. This operation panel has various operation buttons used to set an operating state of the image forming apparatus and to perform an image forming operation utilizing desired functions. In many cases, character information describing the names of functions to show purposes of utilization, picture sign information describing the functions by means of abstracted figures and the like are respectively attached in the vicinity of such operation buttons or to the front surfaces or the like of such operation buttons.
The picture sign information is for conveying the function to the user in the form of image information and has, as a whole, an advantage that the user can grasp the function at first glance. However, there are also functions difficult to clearly express by picture signs and the user cannot readily understand them in some cases. Accordingly, in terms of user friendliness, it is desirable to express the functions of the operation buttons by attaching not only the picture sign information, but also the character information to the operation panel.
In the case of expressing the functions by the character information, the functions may not be understood by a user unless being written in a language of a linguistic area to which the user belongs. Thus, it is desirable to prepare various kinds of operation panels, each attached with character information corresponding to the linguistic area. For example, there can be employed such a method according to which function name sheets written with the picture signs and the character information described above are prepared for each language, and are mounted in accordance with the linguistic area to which the user belongs. Specifically, for an area like Europe where the same products are commonly sold in different linguistic areas, a method according to which function name sheets prepared in a plurality of languages are included in packages and users set the function name sheets of a necessary language may be employed. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-127060 discloses a technology of switching a display language on a liquid crystal display in conformity with the language of character information written on labels adhered to an operation unit.
However, according to the method for including the function name sheets prepared in a plurality of languages as described above, the function name sheets prepared in languages other than the one corresponding to the linguistic area to which the user belongs are unnecessary and substantially discarded. In spite of this fact, producers are obliged to include a plurality of function name sheets for each function in the packages and the product cost is increased just by that much. Particularly in the case of color printing picture signs and the like describing functions in order to improve the design effect, an increase in the cost cannot be ignored.

Operation panel for an electrical apparatus having interchangeable sheets bearing character information dependent on a specific language


The golf spike removal tool includes a primary shank with opposite proximal and distal ends. A handle is secured to the proximal end of the primary shank and projections extend from the distal end of the primary shank for engaging apertures in a golf spike. A supplemental shank is telescoped relative to the primary shank and can be releasably engaged in either a first position or a second position with respect to the primary shank. The supplemental shank includes an array of sharply pointed teeth at the distal end thereof. The teeth project distally beyond the primary shank when the supplemental shank is in the distal position.

1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention relates to a tool for removing golf spikes from a golf shoe.
2. Description of the Related Art
Golf shoes include an array of spikes that are intended to hold the feet of a golfer stationary while the golfer completes his or her swing. The typical golf shoe has been formed with an array of threaded apertures that extend into the sole and into the heel. The typical golf spike has included a long metal projection that is sufficiently sharp to penetrate into the turf of the golf course. The projection has been formed unitarily with or mounted to a shank with an array of external threads configured for removable threaded engagement into the threaded apertures of the golf shoe. A disc-shaped base has extended outwardly between the pointed projection and the threaded shank. The disc is dimensioned and disposed for secure mounting adjacent the lower surface of the sole or heel when the shank is threaded into one of the apertures formed in the sole or heel.
Many golf courses now prohibit golf spikes with metal projections. Rather, most golf spikes now are formed entirely from plastic. The plastic golf spikes include a threaded plastic shank, a plastic disc adjacent the shank and a plastic projection or an array of plastic projections that extend from the disc in a direction opposite from the shank.
Golf spikes, and particularly the more recently used plastic golf spikes wear quickly and require replacement. A frequent golfer may change golf spikes several times during the course of a golfing season. Forces generated during normal wear of a golf shoe can deform the interengaged surfaces of the golf spike and the golf shoe sufficiently to complicate the threaded removal. As a result, a golfer typically must employ a tool to threadedly remove the golf spike. The golf spike removal process can be extremely difficult even with the benefit of a tool.
The typical golf spike includes a pair of diametrically opposed apertures that open to the lower face of the disc of the golf spike. The golf spike removal tool includes a pair of projections disposed and dimensioned to be received in the diametrically opposed apertures formed in the disc of the golf spike. The golfer inserts the projections of the tool into the apertures formed in the golf spike and then rotates the tool to remove the golf spike.
Golf spikes and golf shoes are manufactured by many different companies, and the respective companies have their own preferred arrangement for the holes formed in the disc of the golf spike. The differences relate to the sizes and shapes of the holes and the spacings between the holes. Thus, a tool may fit the apertures formed in one golf spike, but not in another. Some golf spike removal tools have a handle and a removable head. The golfer selects a head appropriate for the particular golf spikes on the golfer's shoes. The selected head then is mounted to the handle to permit removal of the golf spike.
The disc of the golf spike is formed from plastic, and hence the aperture for the golf spike removal tool extends into the plastic of the disc. Forces generated in an effort to remove a stubbornly wedged golf spike often will break or gouge the plastic near the apertures that are intended to accommodate the golf spike removal tool. Such damage to the disc can severely complicate the golf spike removal process and can render a conventional golf spike removal tool useless. The disc also can be damaged if the golfer inadvertently attempts removal with a tool that is not matched appropriately for the holes In the golf spike. In this regard, the differences between the apertures in the discs of different golf spikes often are fairly minor and might not be appreciated during the initial visual inspection of the golf spike. Hence, it is fairly common for a golfer to attempt removal with the wrong tool, thereby damaging the disc of the golf spike and substantially complicating the spike removal process. Golfers may resort to a conventional pair of pliers in an effort to remove a golf spike that has been damaged during an initial removal attempt. However, there are no good gripping surfaces on a golf spike and attempts to unthread a golf spike with a pair of pliers will seldom work.
In view of the above, it is an object of the subject invention to provide a golf spike removal tool that can be used with all golf spikes and that is effective for removing golf spikes where the spike has become interengaged very tightly in the golf shoe.


A method of gaming comprising: selecting a set of symbols for display to a player in a set of display positions corresponding to respective ones of a plurality of reels; determining a game round outcome based on the selected symbols; determining that a feature game round should occur; and determining a feature game round outcome by determining an optimal winning combination of symbols from a feature subset of the set of symbols comprising more symbols than the number of reels.

The present invention relates to a method of gaming, a gaming system and a game controller.
Gaming systems are known comprising a game controller arranged to randomly display several symbols from a predetermined set of symbols and to determine a game outcome such as a game win based on the displayed symbols. Such gaming systems may commonly be implemented as a stepper machine provided with reels with each reel carrying several symbols of the set, or a video machine with selected symbols are displayed in virtual reels on a video display.
Feature game rounds are known where on a trigger event, a special game round occurs with modified rules or reel behaviors.
While such added features provide users with enjoyment, there is a need for alternative gaming systems and methods with different type of feature game rounds to add to player excitement.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method of gaming, a gaming system and a game controller

Aristocrat Technologies Austrailia Pty Limited


A protective sleeve for packaging cut foliage such as fern fronds is formed from two flexible, generally triangular sheets joined along two side edges to form an inverted conical enclosure having a pointed top end. The bottom edges are joinable with an adhesive tape after inserting the cut foliage. An aperture is provided along the bottom for permitting the stem to protrude therefrom to permit watering.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to packaging devices and methods for cut foliage, and, more particularly, to packaging devices and methods for fern.
2. Description of Related Art
Foliage typically passes through a series of hands between the harvester and the retail purchaser's display. As cut foliage has a finite shelf-life and is relatively fragile, the foliage industry has utilized many devices and methods to protect freshness and reduce breakage. Broken and wilted foliage is of little use in the marketplace; therefore, it is an important to be able to protect the product between harvesting and delivery to the consumer.
The floral industry has been changing significantly in recent times at the point of purchase. As flowers and foliage have been making incursions into supermarkets, it has become advantageous to be able to offer cut foliage such as ferns either individually or in small bunches to permit a consumer to make his or her own floral arrangement.
Until now, cut foliage such as ferns has been transported in large bunches of, for example, 20-50 fronds that are banded together but are not packaged. Such bunches are not attractive for presentation at the retail level in, for instance, a bucket-type display. In addition, the potential for breakage in such large bunches is quite high, and transpiration continues, limiting shelf life.
A sleeve 10 that has been used in the art to protect cut foliage and flowers is illustrated in FIG. 1. Such a sleeve 10 comprises a pyramidal-shaped double layer 110,112 of clear plastic joined along the sides 111. The sleeve 10 when empty lies flat is openable to provide a funnel-shaped package for receiving the foliage 15, usually with the stems 16 entering at the wider open top end 102.
The stems 16 typically protrude out of an aperture 106 at the narrower bottom end 104, which provides the ability to water the foliage 15. A flap 108 may also be provided on a first one 110 of the plastic layers. The flap 108 may perhaps have scores 114 adjacent the bottom edge 116 of the second plastic layer 112, to facilitate folding the flap 108, which can be used, for example, during transport of the foliage 15 when watering is not possible, thereby hindering water leakage.
This type of sleeve 10 is useful for transporting and protecting foliage 15 having a shape adapted for packaging in an inverse-pyramidal-shaped vessel, such as cut flowers.

Sleeve and method for packaging cut foliage


A read-out circuit and a read-out method for a three-dimensional memory, comprises a read reference circuit and a sensitive amplifier, the read reference circuit produces read reference current capable of quickly distinguishing reading low-resistance state unit current and reading high-resistance state unit current. The read reference circuit comprises a reference unit, a bit line matching module, a word line matching module and a transmission gate parasitic parameter matching module. With respect to the parasitic effect and electric leakage of the three-dimensional memory in the plane and vertical directions, the present invention introduces the matching of bit line parasite parameters, leakage current and transmission gate parasitic parameters into the read reference current, and introduces the matching of parasitic parameters of current mirror into the read current, thereby eliminating the phenomenon of pseudo reading and reducing the read-out time.

Integrated circuit memory is widely used in industry and consumer electronic. Depending on whether the memory can be powered down or not, integrated circuit memory can be divided into volatile memory and non-volatile memory. Non-volatile memory comprises flash memory, magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), resistance random-access memory (RRAM), phase change memory (PCM), and the like. Phase change memories are based on a memory having an Ovshinsky electronic effect and proposed by Ovshinsky in the late 1960s. The working principle of the phase change memory is as follows: since the phase change material which is produced to nanoscale will have different resistance states when it is in a low-resistance state (a crystalline state) and a high-resistance state (an amorphous state), the storage of data can therefore be achieved. Like the phase change memory, magnetoresistive random-access memory and resistance random-access memory store data according to different resistance states embodied by material or device when it is in a low resistance state (a crystalline state) and a high resistance state (an amorphous state).
Compared with two-dimensional memory, three-dimensional memory three-dimensionally arranges memory cells over a substrate to increase storage density. Wherein a cross point three-dimensional memory structure is widely used in each non-volatile memory. In this structure, the word line and the bit line form an angle of 90 degrees and are stacked layer by layer, and the memory cells exist at each cross point. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a three-dimensional non-volatile memory having a cross stacked structure. In the three-dimensional non-volatile memory having a cross stacked structure, a memory cells may be composed of a memory device and a selector.
T-dimensional memory is different from two-dimensional memory. In two-dimensional memory, the parasitic devices are mainly in the planar direction. However, in three-dimensional memory, the parasitic devices are in both vertical direction and planar direction. The number and complexity of the parasitic parameters in a three-dimensional memory are greatly larger than those in a two-dimensional memory. At the same time, a three-dimensional memory uses a new type of selecting devices, and the unselected bit lines and the unselected word lines are all needed. The offset method of a three-dimensional memory is completely different from that of a two-dimensional memory. The offset method of a three-dimensional memory is more complicated than that of a two-dimensional memory. In addition, the unique offset method will bring leakage current to a three-dimensional memory.
The data in non-volatile memory can be read out by measuring the resistors. By applying a certain voltage to the memory cell through a clamping circuit, the current flowing through the memory cell can be read and then the current is compared with a reference current, thereby judging the status of the memory cell. The read current will be affected by parasitic devices in the array, resulting in longer reading times. The reference current in previous three-dimensional memory and two-dimensional memory tends to be a constant value. As shown in FIG. 2, when a three-dimensional memory is read, a sensitive amplifier needs to simultaneously charge the parasitic capacitances of parasitic devices in a vertical direction and in a planar direction, and the parasitic capacitances in the sensitive amplifier in the array the current will then settle down. However, since the reference current in the prior art is always maintained between the reading high-resistance state current stable value and the reading low-resistance state current stable value, the phenomenon of pseudo-reading will be generated when the parasitic capacitance is charged, which greatly restricts the speed characteristics of the three-dimensional memory.
Factors which may affect the reading speed and accuracy of three-dimensional memory include, but are not limited to, the following points:
First, bit line parasitic parameters. Bit line parasitic parameters include the parasitic capacitances of the memory unit connected to a selected bit line, and are related to the number of word lines that are connected to the same bit line in the array.
Second, transmission gate parasitic parameters. Transmission gate parasitic parameters comprise parasitic resistances and parasitic capacitances of the transmission gate, and are related to the number of local bit lines that are connected to the same global bit line and the number of bit lines that are connected to the same local bit line in the memory array.
Third, parasitic parameters of current mirror in the sensitive amplifier. The parasitic parameters of the current mirror in a sensitive amplifier include the parasitic capacitance of the current mirror, and are related to the number of sensitive amplifiers that are connected to the same read reference circuit.
Fourth, leakage current. When the voltage across the memory cell is 0, the memory cell is not gated. When the voltage across the memory cell is V, the memory cell is gated. Wherein V is the bit line voltage when the memory cell is read or written. When the voltage across the memory cell is V/2, the memory cell is half-gated, the selector is shut down at this time, but there will be leakage current. Leakage current consists of the leakage current of a memory cell on the selected bit line and the leakage current of a memory cell on the selected word line. The leakage current mainly depends on the electrical properties of the selector. If the leakage current of the half-gated memory cell is small (i.e., <1 pA), the effect of leakage current can be neglected. If the leakage current of the half-gated memory cell is large (i.e., >5 pA), the leakage current will cause misreading and affect the reading speed.
Therefore, how to improve the problem that the read-out time is excessively long and how to improve the speed characteristic of the three-dimensional memory have become a technical problem to be solved urgently by those skilled in the art.

Read-out circuit and read-out method for three-dimensional memory

SHANGHAI INSTITUTE OF MICROSYSTEM AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE