Disclosed are a system and method for forwarding data packets from ingress ports to egress ports on a switch. A forwarding circuit may commence forwarding data packets from an ingress port through a switch fabric to a transmit queue of an egress port prior to completion of a checksum operation.

1. Field
The subject matter disclosed herein relates to the transmission of data packets. In particular, the subject matter disclosed herein relates to forwarding data packets from source devices to destination devices.
2. Information
Processing platforms typically comprise a host processing system, peripheral devices and an I/O system that enables communication between processes hosted on the host processing system and the peripheral devices. Such an I/O system is typically formed according to one or more standard I/O architectures such as, for example, the peripheral components interconnect (PCI) architecture according to the PCI Local Bus Specification, Rev. 2.2, Dec. 18, 1998, or PCI Express Base Specification, Rev. 1.0, Jul. 16, 2002, promoted by the PCI Special Interest Group.
A communication system may transmit messages or data packets between devices coupled by links according to a data link layer protocol. In such a system, a device may transmit messages or data packets to any of a plurality of other devices through a switch. The switch will typically receive messages or data packets from a source device at an ingress port and forward the messages or data packets to a destination device through an egress port. Prior to forwarding a received message or data packet, however, the switch typically performs a checksum operation on a portion of the received message or data packet to ensure the integrity of the received packet. Such a checksum operation typically introduces latencies in the process of forwarding the message or data packet from the source device to the destination device.

Store and forward switch device, system and method


A system and method for arranging and storing a plurality of records of geographic data, wherein each record corresponds to a physical feature having a physical location in a geographic region. The method and system comprise arranging the records of geographic data into a plurality of parcels. Each parcel includes records of geographic data that represent features having physical locations encompassed within a corresponding associated rectangular area located in the geographic region. The size and location of each such rectangular area associated with a parcel is determined by a series of divisions of a bounding rectangle that encompasses all of the features represented by the plurality of records into further rectangular areas. Each division, subsequent to an initial division, is made on a rectangular area resulting from the preceding division. Each such division of a rectangular area is made at a location along the rectangular area based upon an assessment of one or more trial divisions of the rectangular area at one or more locations. A division is selected based upon a comparison of the quantities of data encompassed by the rectangular area and each of the further rectangular areas formed by the one or more trial divisions. The assessment is based upon a comparison of these quantities of data for each such trial division to a plurality of ranges of acceptable data quantities. These acceptable sizes are derived from a desired fill percentage of parcels with data.

The present invention relates to a system and method for facilitating access to and use of geographic data used with a navigation application program that provides navigating features and functions to a user, and more particularly, the present invention relates to a method and system for organization, storage and retrieval of geographic data that facilitates use of the geographic data for various navigating functions provided by a navigation application program.
Computer-based navigation application programs are available that provide users with various navigating functions and features. For example, some navigation application programs are able to determine an optimum route to travel by roads between locations. Using input from a user, and optionally from equipment that can determine one's physical location (such as a GPS system), a navigation application program can examine various routes between two locations to determine an optimum route to travel from a starting location to a destination location in a geographic region. The navigation application program may then provide the user with information about the optimum route in the form of instructions that identify the maneuvers required to be taken by the user to travel from the starting location to the destination location. If the navigation system is located in an automobile, the instructions may take the form of audio instructions that are provided along the way as the user is traveling the route. Some navigation application programs are able to show detailed maps on computer displays outlining routes to destinations, the types of maneuvers to be taken at various locations along the routes, locations of certain types of features, and so on.
In order to provide these and other navigating functions, the navigation application program requires one or more detailed databases that include data which represent physical features in a geographic region. The detailed database may include data representing the roads and intersections in a geographic region and also may include information about the roads and intersections in a geographic region, such as turn restrictions at intersections, speed limits along the roads, the locations of stop signs, street names of the various roads, address ranges along the various roads, and so on.
Several of the navigation functions provided in a navigation system may require access to the geographic data spatially. One way this arises is that a function in a navigation application program requires finding a record, such as a data entity, in a geographic database given the physical location in the geographic region of the geographic feature represented by the data entity. The data entity may be a road segment record that represents a portion of a road in the geographic region and the function may require finding the road segment record based upon the physical location in the geographic region of the portion of the road represented by the road segment record. Another way spatial access arises is when a function in a navigation application program requires finding several or all of a type of data records located close to a location in the geographic region or within a defined area in the geographic region. For example, a function may require all road segment records encompassed within a rectangle defined by geographical coordinates (x, x+n) latitude and (y, y+m) longitude.
The map display function is a function of the type that may access geographic data spatially. The map display function may display a selected portion of the geographic region on a display screen. In order to generate such a map from a collection of database entities (or records) that represent portions of roadways in the geographic region, it is typically required to load into memory all of the road segment data entities corresponding to the portions of roadways in the selected portion of the geographic region. The data entities corresponding to the portions of roadways in the selected portion of the geographic region may need to be accessed from the data storage medium upon which the geographic database for the entire region is stored. If the road segment data entities corresponding to the selected portion of the geographic region which is desired to be displayed are located at various places on the storage medium on which the geographic database is stored, a large number of disk accesses might be required to obtain all the necessary records. This can result in relatively poor performance.
Another of the navigation functions that may be included in the navigation system is route calculation. This function provides a user of the system with an optimum route for traveling from one location in a geographic area to a destination location. In order to determine the optimal route, the route calculation function requires access to road segment data entities to determine certain data attributes, such as speed limits, turn restrictions, and so on, associated with the road segment data entities along the various possible routes between the starting location and the destination location. As with the map display function, mentioned above, the route calculation function requires access to road segment records spatially, i.e. based on the locations of the portions of the roadways in the geographic area to which the data entity records correspond. For example, as part of the route calculation procedure, when the route calculation function determines the optimum road to take from an intersection, it may access all the roads that lead from the intersection. Thus, all the road segment records that represent portions of roadways that meet at the intersection are accessed and examined. Like the map display function, the route calculation function requires that the road segment records be accessed by locations in the geographic area of the roadways to which they correspond.
Another function provided by navigation systems is maneuver generation. This function provides the user of the navigation system with instructions for traveling from one location to a destination location, based upon the optimum route calculated by the route calculation function. Given a list output from by the route calculation function that identifies the road segment records corresponding to portions of roadways for traveling from one location in the geographic region to a destination location in the geographic region, the maneuver generation function provides the user with a series of maneuver instructions. As part of the maneuver generation function, the names of the roads are found that correspond to the road segment records identified in the list calculated by the route calculation function. Depending on the way the information is stored in the geographic database, it may be necessary to access the road segment records based on the locations of the portions of roadways which they represent to identify the corresponding locations in the geographic database that includes the names of the roads in order to provide the maneuver instructions.
As demonstrated above, these functions in a navigation application program, and possibly other functions in navigation systems, require accessing data records spatially, i.e. based on the locations of the features in the geographic region to which the records correspond. Further, as suggested by the above examples, some functions in a navigation application program may require accessing a group of data records that correspond to features in a geographic area that are spaced together relatively closely in the geographic region.
Assuming that all the data records for a given entire geographic region cannot be loaded into memory at the same time due to limited memory resources of the navigation system in which the navigation application program is being run, it would be desirable to load into memory only those data that are needed. Since some of the navigation functions require accessing data spatially, it would be advantageous to provide a means to load data into memory based generally upon the physical geographic locations of the features which the data represent or upon the geographical proximity of the features which the data represent.

Parcelization of geographic data for storage and use in a navigation application


A one-way load self-control spiral type brake, including a reel, two bearing frames on the reel, a brake shaft set between the two bearing frames, and two ends of the brake shaft connecting a transmission shaft. A front end of said brake shaft equipped with a fixing apparatus. Behind the fixing apparatus, a first inner friction piece, a first external friction piece, a second inner friction piece, a second external friction piece, an internal screw thread pressure plate, a tension spring, a connection piece and a brake shaft coupling are provided in sequential order around the brake shaft, and are fixed together by a socket and spigot joint. The inner friction piece and the brake shaft mesh. An external tooth is set on an outer circle of the external friction piece. A front end of the brake shaft coupling is fixed outside of an internal screw thread pressure plate.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to braking equipment, especially as related to a one-way load self-control spiral type brake that is used for capstan winch braking.
2. Description of Background Art
More and more people from the city like to go to the field by driving a vehicle. However, if they run into poor natural conditions, it may be difficult to get away because of the unfavorable condition. Conventionally, a capstan winch is needed to help the vehicle extricate itself from a predicament. When the capstan winch is in operation, it needs a brake to guarantee that the heavy object being drawn does not glide down when the motor of the winch stops or is damaged. There are many examples of conventional brakes used in capstan winches, such as an awl drum type, a piston ring type, and a ratchet type. However, each type has its own disadvantages. The service life of the piston ring type is very short. The ordinary ratchet type capstan winch is apt to lose its rope (cable) easily, and release the object. The awl drum type is better than the other two kinds of brakes, from the view of the work performance of the capstan winch itself. However, it may not have a long-term service life, and the reliability of braking may not be satisfactory. At the same time, the above three kinds of brakes also have several common shortcomings. That is, during the operation, each produces a large quantity of heat, and heat dissipation is difficult, and may the damage of the capstan winch.
Therefore, in order to guarantee the safety of driving in the field, it is necessary to propose an invention which can not only overcome the weak points of above-mentioned brakes, but also can satisfy the work performance of the capstan winch brake. Also, it needs a simple structure and it is easy to be fixed and applied.

One-way load self-control spiral type brake

Zhejiang Nowvow Mechanical and Electrical Co., Ltd.


The present application discloses a compound, or enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, racemates or prod rug of said compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or esters of said compound, or of said prodrug, said compound having the general structure shown in Formula 1:

Chemokines constitute a family of cytokines that are produced in inflammation and regulate leukocyte recruitment (Baggiolini, M. et al., Adv. Immunol., 55: 97-179 (1994); Springer, T. A., Annual Rev. Physio., 57: 827-872 (1995); and Schall, T. J. and K. B. Bacon, Curr. Opin. Immunol, 6: 865-873 (1994)). Chemokines are capable of selectively inducing chemotaxis of the formed elements of the blood (other than red blood cells), including leukocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes, such as T cells and B cells. In addition to stimulating chemotaxis, other changes can be selectively induced by chemokines in responsive cells, including changes in cell shape, transient rises in the concentration of intracellular free calcium ions ([Ca2+]i), granule exocytosis, integrin upregulation, formation of bioactive lipids (e.g., leukotrienes) and respiratory burst, associated with leukocyte activation. Thus, the chemokines are early triggers of the inflammatory response, causing inflammatory mediator release, chemotaxis and extravasation to sites of infection or inflammation.
Chemokines are related in primary structure and share four conserved cysteines, which form disulfide bonds. Based upon this conserved cysteine motif, the family can be divided into distinct branches, including the C—X—C chemokines (α-chemokines) in which the first two conserved cysteines are separated by an intervening residue (e.g., IL-8, IP-10, Mig, I-TAC, PF4, ENA-78, GCP-2, GROα, GROβ, GROδ, NAP-2, NAP-4), and the C—C chemokines (β-chemokines), in which the first two conserved cysteines are adjacent residues (e.g., MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, I-309) (Baggiolini, M. and Dahinden, C. A., Immunology Today, 15: 127-133 (1994)). Most CXC-chemokines attract neutrophil leukocytes. For example, the CXC-chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8), GRO alpha (GROα), and neutrophil-activating peptide 2 (NAP-2) are potent chemoattractants and activators of neutrophils. The CXC-chemokines designated Mig (monokine induced by gamma interferon) and IP-10 (interferon-gamma inducible 10 kDa protein) are particularly active in inducing chemotaxis of activated peripheral blood lymphocytes.
CC-chemokines are generally less selective and can attract a variety of leukocyte cell types, including monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. CC-chemokines such as human monocyte chemotactic proteins 1-3 (MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3), RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted), and the macrophage inflammatory proteins 1α and 1β (MIP-1α and MIP-1β) have been characterized as chemoattractants and activators of monocytes or lymphocytes, but do not appear to be chemoattractants for neutrophils.
A chemokine receptor that binds the CXC-chemokines IP-10 and Mig has been cloned, characterized (Loetscher, M. et al., J. Exp. Med., 184: 963-969 (1996)) and designated CXCR3. CXCR3 is a G-protein coupled receptor with seven transmembrane-spanning domains and has been shown to be restrictively expressed in activated T cells, preferentially human Th1 cells. On binding of the appropriate ligand, chemokine receptors transduce an intracellular signal through the associated G-protein resulting in a rapid increase in intracellular calcium concentration.
The CXCR3 receptor mediates Ca2+ (calcium ion) mobilization and chemotaxis in response to IP-10 and Mig. CXCR3 expressing cells show no significant response to the CXC-chemokines IL-8, GROα, NAP-2, GCP-2 (granulocyte chemotactic protein-2), ENA78 (epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78), PF4 (platelet factor 4), or the CC-chemokines MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, MIP-Iα, MIP-1β, RANTES, 1309, eotaxin or lymphotactin. Moreover, a third ligand for CXCR3, I-TAC (Interferon-inducible T cell Alpha Chemoattractant), has also been found to bind to the receptor with high affinity and mediate functional responses (Cole, K. E. et al., J. Exp. Med., 187: 2009-2021 (1998)).
The restricted expression of human CXCR3 in activated T lymphocytes and the ligand selectivity of CXCR3 are noteworthy. The human receptor is highly expressed in IL-2 activated T lymphocytes, but was not detected in resting T lymphocytes, monocytes or granulocytes (Qin, S. et al., J. Clin. Invest., 101: 746-754 (1998)). Additional studies of receptor distribution indicate that it is mostly CD3+ cells that express CXCR3, including cells which are CD95+, CD45RO30, and CD45RAlow, a phenotype consistent with previous activation, although a proportion of CD20+ (B) cells and CD56+ (NK) cells also express this receptor. The selective expression in activated T lymphocytes is of interest, because other receptors for chemokines which have been reported to attract lymphocytes (e.g., MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES) are also expressed by granulocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, as well as monocytes. These results suggest that the CXCR3 receptor is involved in the selective recruitment of effector T cells.
CXCR3 recognizes unusual CXC-chemokines, designated IP-10, Mig and I-TAC. Although these belong to the CXC-subfamily, in contrast to IL-8 and other CXC-chemokines which are potent chemoattractants for neutrophils, the primary targets of IP-10, Mig and I-TAC are lymphocytes, particularly effector cells such as activated or stimulated T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells (Taub, D. D. et al., J Exp. Med., 177: 18090-1814 (1993); Taub, D. D. et al., J. Immunol., 155: 3877-3888 (1995); Cole, K. E. et al., J. Exp. Med., 187: 2009-2021 (1998)). (NK cells are large granular lymphocytes, which lack a specific T cell receptor for antigen recognition, but possess cytolytic activity against cells such as tumor cells and virally infected cells.) Consistently, IP-10, Mig and I-TAC lack the ELR motif, an essential binding epitope in those CXC-chemokines that efficiently induce neutrophil chemotaxis (Clark-Lewis, I. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266: 23128-23134 (1991); Hebert, C. A. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266: 18989-18994 (1991); and Clark-Lewis, 1. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 3574-3577 (1993)). In addition, both recombinant human Mig and recombinant human IP-10 have been reported to induce calcium flux in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) (Liao, F. et al., J Exp. Med, 182: 1301-1314 (1995)). While IP-10 has been reported to induce chemotaxis of monocytes in vitro (Taub, D. D. et al., J. Exp. Med., 177: 1809-1814 (1993), the receptor responsible has not been identified), human Mig and I-TAC appear highly selective, and do not show such an effect (Liao, F. et al., J. Exp. Med., 182: 1301-1314 (1995); Cole, K. E. et al., J. Exp. Med., 187: 2009-2021 (1998)). IP-10 expression is induced in a variety of tissues in inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis, fixed drug eruptions, cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and tuberculoid leprosy as well as tumors and in animal model studies, for example, experimental glomerulonephritis, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. IP-10 has a potent in vivo antitumor effect that is T cell dependent, is reported to be an inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivo and can induce chemotaxis and degranulation of NK cells in vitro, suggesting a role as a mediator of NK cell recruitment and degranulation (in tumor cell destruction, for example) (Luster, A. D. and P. Leder, J. Exp. Med., 178: 1057-1065 (1993); Luster, A. D. et al., J Exp. Med. 182: 219-231 (1995); Angiolillo, A. L. et al., J. Exp. Med., 182: 155-162 (1995); Taub, D. D. et al., J. Immunol., 155: 3877-3888 (1995)). The expression patterns of IP-10, Mig and I-TAC are also distinct from that of other CXC chemokines in that expression of each is induced by interferon-gamma (IFNδ), while the expression of IL-8 is down-regulated by IFNδ (Luster, A. D. et al., Nature, 315: 672-676 (1985); Farber, J. M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 5238-5242 (1990); Farber, J. M., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 192 (1): 223-230 (1993), Liao, F. et al., J. Exp. Med., 182: 1301-1314 (1995); Seitz, M. et al., J. Clin. Invest., 87: 463-469 (1991); Galy, A. H. M. and H. Spits, J. Immunol., 147: 3823-3830 (1991); Cole, K. E. et al., J. Exp. Med., 187: 2009-2021 (1998)).
Chemokines are recognized as the long-sought mediators for the recruitment of lymphocytes. Several CC-chemokines were found to elicit lymphocyte chemotaxis (Loetscher, P. et al., FASEB J., 8: 1055-1060 (1994)), however, they are also active on granulocytes and monocytes (Uguccioni, M. et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 25: 64-68 (1995); Baggiolini, M. and C. A. Dahinden, Immunol. Today, 15: 127-133 (1994)). The situation is different for IP-10, Mig and I-TAC, which are selective in their action on lymphocytes, including activated T lymphocytes and NK cells, and which bind CXCR3, a receptor which does not recognize numerous other chemokines and which displays a selective pattern of expression.
In view of these observations, it is reasonable to conclude that the formation of the characteristic infiltrates in inflammatory lesions, such as, for example, delayed-type hypersensitivity lesions, sites of viral infection and certain tumors is a process mediated via CXCR3 and regulated by CXCR3 expression. Lymphocytes, particularly T lymphocytes, bearing a CXCR3 receptor as a result of activation can be recruited into inflammatory lesions, sites of infection and/or tumors by IP-10, Mig and/or I-TAC, which can be induced locally by interferon-gamma. Thus, CXCR3 plays a role in the selective recruitment of lymphocytes, particularly effector cells such as activated or stimulated T lymphocytes. Accordingly, activated and effector T cells have been implicated in a number of disease states such as graft-rejection, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) and psoriasis. Thus, CXCR3 represents a promising target for the development of novel therapeutics.
Reference is made to PCT Publication No. WO 93/10091 (Applicant: Glaxo Group Limited, Published May 27, 1993) which discloses piperidine acetic acid derivatives as inhibitors of fibrinogen-dependent blood platelet aggregation having the formula:

An illustrative compound of that series is:

Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 99/20606 (Applicant: J. Uriach & CIA. S. A., Published Apr. 29, 1999) which discloses piperazines as platelet aggregation inhibitors having the formula:

Reference is also made to U.S. Patent Application No. US 2002/0018776 A1 (Applicant: Hancock, et al. Published Feb. 14, 2002) which discloses methods of treating graft rejection.
Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 03/098185 A2 (Applicant: Renovar, Inc., Published Nov. 27, 2003) which discloses methods of diagnosing and predicting organ transplant rejection by detection of chemokines, for example, CXCR3 and CCL chemokines in urine.
Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 03/082335 A1 (Applicant: Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Published Oct. 9, 2003) which discloses methods of screening a CXCR3 ligand and methods of diagnosing type 2 diabetes by detecting the expression dose of a CXCR3 ligand in a biological sample.
Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 02/085861 (Applicant: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Published Oct. 31, 2002) which discloses imidazolidine compounds and their use as CXCR3 antagonists having the formula:

An illustrative compound of that series is:

Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 03/101970 (Applicant: Smithkline Beecham Corporation, Published Dec. 11, 2003) which discloses imidazolium compounds and their use as CXCR3 antagonists having the formula:

An illustrative example of that series is:

Reference is also made to U.S. Patent Application No. US 2003/0055054 A1 (Applicant: Medina et al, Published Mar. 20, 2003) and related patent U.S. Pat. No. 6 794 379 B2 ((Applicant: Medina et al, Published Sep. 21, 2004) which discloses compounds with CXCR3 activity having the formula:

An illustrative compound of that series is:

Reference is also made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,319 (Applicant: MacCoss et al., issued Sep. 6, 2000) which discloses compounds useful as chemokine receptor modulators having the formula:

Reference is also made to PCT Publication WO 03/070242 A1 (Applicant: CELLTECH R& D limited, Published Aug. 28, 2003) which discloses compounds useful as "chemokine receptor inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases" having the formula:

Reference is also made to PCT Publication WO 04/074287 A1, WO 04/074273 A1, WO 04/74278 (Applicant: AstraZeneca R & D Published February 19th 2004) which discloses pyridine derivatives, processes for their preparation and use in the modulation of autoimmune disease, having the formula:
where R3 is phenyl, or a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring with 1 or more nitrogen atoms.
There is a need for compounds that are capable of modulating CXCR3 activity. For example, there is a need for new treatments and therapies for diseases and conditions associated with CXCR3 such as inflammatory conditions (psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease), autoimmune disease (multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis) and graft rejection (allograft and zenograft rejections for example) as well as infectious diseases, cancers and tumors, fixed drug eruptions, cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, type I diabetes, viral meningitis and tuberculoid leprosy.
There is a need for methods of treatment or prevention or amelioration of one or more symptoms of diseases and conditions associated with CXCR3. There is a need for methods for modulating CXCR3 activity using the compounds provided herein.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Heterocyclic substituted pyridine or phenyl compounds with CXCR3 antagonist activity

Abstract: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof. Also disclosed is a method of treating chemokine mediated diseases, such as, palliative therapy, curative therapy, prophylactic therapy of certain diseases and conditions such as inflammatory diseases (non-limiting example(s) include, psoriasis), autoimmune diseases (non-limiting example(s) include, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), graft rejection (non-limiting example(s) include, allograft rejection, zenograft rejection), infectious diseases (e.g, tuberculoid leprosy), fixed drug eruptions, cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, ophthalmic inflammation, type I diabetes, viral meningitis and tumors using a compound of Formula 1.


A circuit board is enclosed in a housing containing rows of metal oxide varistors. Multiple surge ferrule type fuses are soldered directly to circuit board holes between the rows of metal oxide varistors. A ring connector electrically connects pairs of fuses and an electrical conductor connects the ring connector to an electrical circuit to be protected.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for fusing surge protective device components on a printed circuit board designed to respond to and mitigate transient electrical anomalies and abnormal conditions to which the surge protective device may be subjected. More particularly, it relates to an apparatus and method for fusing surge protective device components thus protecting the circuit from both thermal and line level over-current conditions that can result in unacceptable end of life conditions for the transient voltage surge suppressor or surge protective device.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Transient Voltage Surge Suppression (TVSS) devices, also known as Surge Protective Devices (SPD), are well known in the prior art. TVSS devices are used with computers, other types of electrical equipment and electrical circuits to protect against electrical line voltage surges and other occurring transient electrical anomalies that may occur along an electrical power line to which the equipment or circuit is coupled. Transient over voltages or voltage surges result in peak voltage levels that occur within an electrical line that are higher than that which the equipment being protected is rated to handle (i.e., over-voltages). Transient electrical anomalies include other types of electrical occurrences in the electrical line that are considered sub-cycle events which cause the equipment to operate improperly or completely fail (i.e., over-currents and the like). Transient over voltages or voltage surges have become even more problematic in today's sophisticated electrical world wherein sensitive computerized equipment requires a constant and regulated supply voltage.
Various types of voltage surges that can effect an electrical device or circuit can occur at any given time within an electrical line, and include Temporary Over Voltages, and abnormal conditions such as Full-Phase Over voltages and Limited Current Over voltages. It is desirable to suppress any excess voltage or current that occurs on an electrical circuit that has been disturbed. Studies by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have shown 120 Volt power lines reaching as high as 5,600 Volts. Suppression of these over-voltages and other transient electrical anomalies is highly desirable, and many instances critical, to the operation of an electrical device, computer or electrical circuit.
Transient over voltages and voltage surges can occur due to a plurality of factors, to include, but are not limited to, internal anomalies and external anomalies such as, lightning strikes, circuit overloads, power company grid activity, temporary or permanent failure of the neutral conductor, recovery from brown-outs, black-outs and circuit interruption by simple human error. Since transient over voltages and voltage surges are very common, but difficult to predict, it is imperative to have a TVSS device on line at all times protecting the targeted piece of electrical equipment or circuit. To leave the equipment unprotected can result in a devastating consequence wherein the equipment is temporarily brought off-line, severely damaged or completely destroyed. This result could be detrimental to hospitals, police, fire and rescue units, the military and other critical functioning entities who can not afford to be "off-line" for any period of time. It is therefore critical to suppress these surges and anomalies and minimize their effect on the electrical equipment they are charged to protect.
It is understandable however, that even the best, most complex, most redundant TVSS devices are not one hundred percent effective against all electrical line surges and transient anomalies. However, suppressing as many of these surges and transients as possible will most likely result in a longer life to the electrical equipment that the TVSS device is protecting and also help to minimize any possible "down-time".
Many TVSS devices, and in particular solid state devices, employ metal oxide varistors (MOVs) to provide for a non-linear voltage-current relationship for handling the surge suppression. However, other TVSS devices exist which employ silicon avalanche diodes (SADs), zener diodes, selenium cells and high voltage capacitors for surge suppression. In other TVSS devices, gas discharge tubes are employed for the surge suppression component. MOV designed TVSS devices are favored over many other surge suppression components due to their ability to be used in low voltage applications, such as, for example, AC power distribution systems having a normal and nominal operating voltage less than or about 600 volts AC (600 VAC).
MOVs act as a type of current diverter for the TVSS device. Under normal conditions, TVSS device surge suppression components, such as MOVs, draw very little current. As the voltage level increases across the TVSS device, to a level higher than the system voltage and that which the equipment it is protecting is designed (rated) to handle, the impedence of the TVSS circuit drops significantly, effectively causing electrical conduction across the surge suppression components or MOVs. Since very low impedance is required in voltage surge suppression, this result is highly desirable. The result of this current diverting scheme is voltage surge absorption by the MOVs. The energy absorbed by the surge suppression components, such as the MOVs, is dissipated as heat. In some instances (a sustained over voltage condition), the heat rises to a level which causes the MOV, or other surge suppression component, to burn, melt or explode. Although the desired result of voltage surge suppression may have been realized, the melting, burning or explosion of the MOV can cause other problems that must be addressed. For instance, the MOV can vaporize which can result in plasma being formed which in turns creates a new electrical conductor. This new electrical conduction defeats the purpose of the TVSS device resulting in damage to the equipment that the TVSS device is meant to protect by letting through the voltage surge or transient which the TVSS was intended to suppress. Further, unacceptable end of life conditions can cause damage to the equipment that the TVSS was intended to protect as well as surrounding equipment near the installation site of the TVSS. For these reasons, it is imperative to provide a mechanism for the TVSS device which would permit it to operate up to a level which provides for adequate transient voltage surge suppression all the while providing for the ability to be brought off line to avoid TVSS device failure or environmental hazards in cases where the surge protective device components are reaching their end of life. In other words, it is desirable to provide a manner in which the TVSS device can safely fail; otherwise known as an "acceptable failure mode" or "acceptable end of life conditions".
To avoid the problems associated with surge suppression component (i.e., MOV) destruction which can cause TVSS device failure, advancements have been made to TVSS devices, including but not limited to, device container improvements to quell or contain plasma formation and the provision of fusing circuitry to prohibit MOV burn-up. U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,534 to Rau et al. addresses both of these issues. To inhibit plasma formation, a plastic cover and housing are used for the TVSS module, silver wires serve as fuses or fuse links since they are known to have a lower oxidation energy level than copper or aluminum, and longer lengths are used for the fuse wires which raises voltage re-strike levels thereby reducing arc formation that may occur in a wire melt down situation. In this prior art device, one wire fuse is used for every MOV that is employed. Although this may be appropriate when employing small thermal fuses for each MOV, this would be more difficult if using larger current rated fuses. If so, the use of one current rated fuse for every MOV would require that a larger housing be employed. For those circuits that require a significant level of transient voltage surge suppression, the size of such a device would not be acceptable for most applications with today's modern need for limited space requirements. Further, even if the TVSS device could be made to be compact due to a minimal amount of surge suppression components being employed, and therefore a minimal number of fuses being employed, space requirements within the environment where the device is employed could still dictate that the device of this prior art reference is too large (i.e., the confined spacing requirements of a naval vessel). Still further, the use of a current rated fuse for every MOV would most likely cause the TVSS device to constantly go off-line due to the fast acting response time of standard current rated fuses. This of course would defeat the entire purpose of the TVSS device. On the other hand, if only thermal fuses are employed, then the problems associated with a non-performing TVSS device that has reached its end of life due to high current abnormal over voltage conditions will still exist since the thermal fuses only work at the component level to take over-heated MOV components off-line. Simply put, the use of thermal fuses only at the component level is inadequate for today's needs in transient voltage surge suppression technology.
For these reasons, an improved TVSS device is clearly needed wherein an adequate but minimal amount of fusing is employed in a compact space such that unnecessary components and additional printed circuit boards are not employed. The improved device should maintain very fast response time and not sacrifice transient response for space since many transients occur immediately after one another in a very short period of time (typically 1-10 nanoseconds). The use of current rated fuses in combination with the MOVs and thermal fuses, all conveniently located within the same housing would be a vast improvement over the prior art. However, the use of current rated fuses should not inhibit the TVSS device from doing its intended job of suppressing transients by taking the TVSS device off-line too quickly.

Apparatus and method for fusing voltage surge and transient anomalies in a surge suppression device


The present invention provides an apparatus, system and method for removal of interference due to multi-path for multiple transmit antennas (hereinafter referred to as MTA-MPIC) for High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) encoded for transmit diversity, such as Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD). For a single receive antenna, the signal is received (25) and each multi-path delayed signal is demodulated (21). The demodulation can include long code removal and despreading. Subsequently, each demodulated signal is received by the RAKE receiver (22) for determining the channel estimate and channel normalization for the total HSDPA signal, and for computing space-time decoding for the HSDPA signal. Following the space-time decoding, a data decision is made (23). Next, reconstructed interference signals are generated (24) and combined with the received signal (25). For other user signals, an interference estimate is made from the despreader (322) outputs without applying the RAKE/space-time coding operations.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to wireless telecommunications and, more particularly, to multi-path interference cancellation in a high speed data system using transmit diversity.
2. Description of Related Art
A phenomena that reduces the efficiency of a communications link is fading. Fading may take several forms, one of which is referred to as multi-path fading. Multi-path fading is caused by two or more copies of a transmitted signal combining at the receiver in a way that reduces the overall received signal level. One technique developed for reducing the effects of fading is transmit diversity. Generally, for transmit diversity, a radio transmitter uses two transmit antennas that are positioned far from each other to transmit one signal. Typically, the two transmit antennas are positioned more than several wavelengths of the transmitted signal from each other depending upon the environment.
For example, in the well known Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) system, symbols S1 and S2 are received for transmission at the transmitter encoder in which S1 is received during the period from T0 to T1 and S2 is received during the period from T1 to T2. At a first output of the encoder, S1 is output for transmission to a first antenna during the symbol time from T1 to T1, followed by symbol S2 from symbol time T1 to T2. A second output of the encoder outputs the negative complex conjugate of symbol S2 for transmission to a second antenna during time T0 to T1, followed by the complex conjugate of symbol S1 from the period T1 to T2.
Another improvement, known as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), has been developed to enhance mobile services for high-speed data users. HSDPA takes advantage of link adaptation such as adaptive modulation and coding to enhance data rates to data users in a time-multiplexed manner. HSDPA is specified by in Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP); Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (Release 4), the description of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The outcome of the 3GPP work is a set of specifications defining the 3G-network functionality, procedures and service aspects. HSDPA transmissions are performed on physical channels shared by other users generally employing different spreading gains. The HSDPA channels employ a spreading gain of 16 and voice users, for example, typically employ a spreading gain of 64.
HSDPA can be transmitted in a transmit diversity manner with other user transmissions. However, some conventional signal processing methods cannot be used for receivers of HSDPA data encoded in a transmit diversity scheme and, thus innovative processing methods must be developed.
For example, HSDPA can be encoded for STTD transmission on a shared channel with voice users in which the voice users may or may not be STTD encoded. In either case, however, because the spreading gain of the voice users is different from the HSDPA channels, the effective channel seen by the voice users is different from the channel seen by the HSDPA users. If STTD encoded according to Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP); Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD) (Release 1999), the description of which is hereby incorporated by reference, the STTD encoded data itself does not see a time invariant channel and, thus chip level equalization cannot be employed to remove the multi-path interference.

Multi-path interference cancellation for transmit diversity


A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate, a buried layer disposed in the semiconductor substrate; a deep well disposed in the semiconductor substrate; a first doped region disposed in the deep well, wherein the first doped region contacts the buried layer; a conductive region having the first conductivity type surrounding and being adjacent to the first doped region, wherein the conductive region has a concentration higher than the first doped region; a first heavily doped region disposed in the first doped region; a well having a second conductivity type disposed in the deep well; a second heavily doped region disposed in the well; a gate disposed on the semiconductor substrate between the first heavily doped region and the second heavily doped region; and a first trench structure and a second trench structure, wherein a depth of the second trench structure is substantially deeper than a depth of the buried layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of semiconductor devices, and more particularly, to a semiconductor device having trench structures and a method for fabricating the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (DMOS) transistor devices can be classified into two categories; the first one comprises the lateral double-diffused MOS transistors and the second one comprises the vertical double-diffused MOS transistors. Thanks to the advantages of having a high operational bandwidth and a high operational efficiency, the DMOS transistor devices are widely used in high operational voltage environments, such as CPU power supplies, power management systems, AC/DC converters, and high-power or high frequency (HF) band power amplifiers.
Generally, each LDMOS transistor includes a substrate having a first conductivity type, such as P-type; a pair of source and drain regions having a second conductivity type, such as N-type, being disposed in the substrate, wherein the source is embedded in a P-type well; and a gate structure disposed on a part of a field oxide layer. When the transistor is switched on, the current can flow from the source or the drain side to the other side through a lateral diffused area which has a low dopant concentration and a large area. As a result, this lateral diffused area can buffer the high voltage signals between the source region and the drain region and improve the breakdown voltage (Vbd) of the transistor.
With the trend of miniaturization of the electronic products, the conventional LDMOS transistors have already reached their limits, due to the relatively large cell pitch in the transistor. Therefore, how to reduce the occupied area of DMOS transistor devices in a semiconductor substrate without adversely affecting their performance is an important issue in this field.

Semiconductor device comprising a conductive region


The present invention relates to a power supply system for underwater vehicles, in particular to a power supply system for autonomous underwater vehicles, to underwater vehicles equipped with such power supply systems and to a method of operating an underwater vehicle. The power supply system for underwater vehicles comprises a hydrogen fuel cell, which on the one hand is in fluid contact with a metal hydride storage tank, and on the other hand, with a membrane module that is capable of extracting dissolved oxygen from water. By combining the above mentioned components, the energy necessary to support the AUV operation and the operation of its sensors can be provided, replacing in an efficient and sustainable way the currently employed battery energy systems. For the operation of gliders, a weight compensating mechanism could also be implemented.

An autonomous underwater vehicle, or AUV, is a self-propelled, unmanned, untethered underwater vehicle capable of carrying out simple activities with little or no human supervision. AUVs are often used as survey platforms to map the seafloor or measure physical, chemical, or biological properties of the water. A large variety of AUVs is in existence, ranging from vehicles weighing tens of kilograms, to vehicles weighing thousands of kilograms. See J. G. Bellingham, "Platforms: Autonomous Underwater Vehicles" in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd Ed. 2009, pages 473-484.
AUV technology is in a phase of rapid growth and expanding diversity. There are now more than 50 companies or institutions around the world operating AUVs for a variety of purposes. For example, the offshore gas and oil industry uses them for geologic hazards surveys and pipeline inspections. AUVs are, furthermore, being used for deep-sea exploration. These unmanned, untethered vehicles are pre-programmed and deployed to drift, drive, or glide through the ocean without real-time intervention from human operators. All power is supplied by energy systems carried within the AUV. They can run missions of many hours or days on their internal energy systems. See S. E. Humphries, "Vehicles for Deep Sea Exploration" in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd Ed. 2009, pages 255-266.
Autonomous underwater vehicles are predestined for research in the water column to better understand the circulation of the ocean and its influence on climate. While satellites provide global coverage of conditions at the sea surface, AUVs are likely to be the only way to access data from the ocean depths continuously. Equipped with oceanographic sensors that measure temperature, salinity, current speed, and phytoplankton abundance, AUVs profile the water column by sinking to a pre-programmed depth, and then rising to the surface where they transmit their data via satellite back to a data server on shore.
Gliders have become the AUVs with the highest endurance and longest operational range. They are able to sample the ocean interior at comparatively low costs because they can operate independently of ships for the better part of a year under global remote control, reporting the observations they collect in near real-time. They are well suited to intensive, regular, and sustained observations of oceanic properties that are readily measured by electronic means.
AUVs and their sensors are almost always battery powered, see A. M. Bradley et al. "Power Systems for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles" in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Vol. 26, 2001, pages 526-538. The highest energy density is achieved with lithium primary batteries, which are non-rechargeable, not environmentally friendly, and operationally expensive. Nevertheless they have so far been used because they are efficient and reliable. As an alternative to lithium primary batteries, rechargeable battery systems remove some of the adverse aspects, but their energy density is significantly lower. Furthermore, there are increasing safety concerns regarding lithium batteries, and legal transportation restrictions apply if they are not prepared in accordance with transport regulations, such as IATA transport regulations.
Fuel cells have so far not been extensively used in AUVs because of weight and volume disadvantages caused by the storage of oxygen and hydrogen. The use of fuel cells—once the above problems are solved—as a power supply system for underwater vehicles, especially autonomous underwater vehicles such as gliders, promises to be an environmentally friendly and sustainable substitute for battery-powered systems. There are practically no legal transportation restrictions with regard to fuel cells.

Power supply for underwater vehicles and sensors


A base station apparatus is used in a mobile communication system that uses an OFDM scheme in a downlink. The base station apparatus includes: a unit configured to perform inverse Fourier transform on a signal in which a first signal and a second signal is mapped to subcarriers with different transmission power density, and to generate a transmission signal; and a transmission unit configured to transmit the transmission signal to a user apparatus. A subcarrier (prohibited subcarrier) in which mapping of the second signal is prohibited is determined such that transmission power density of the second signal is kept constant among a plurality of OFDM symbols regardless of whether the first signal is included in an OFDM symbol including the second signal. The prohibited subcarrier is determined based on a subcarrier to which the first signal is mapped.

3GPP that is a standardization group of W-CDMA is studying a communication scheme that becomes a successor to W-CDMA and HSDPA, that is, 3GPP is studying Long Term Evolution (LTE). As radio access schemes, OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is being studied for downlink, and SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) is being studied for uplink (refer to non-patent document 1, for example).
OFDM is a scheme for dividing a frequency band into a plurality of narrow frequency bands (subcarriers) so as to perform transmission by carrying data on each subcarrier. By arranging the subcarriers on frequencies densely without interfering with each other while a part of them overlap, high speed transmission is realized so that efficiency of use of frequency increases.
SC-FDMA is a transmission scheme that can decrease interference among terminals by dividing frequency band and performing transmission using frequency bands that are different among a plurality of terminals. Since the SC-FDMA has characteristics that variation of transmission power becomes small, low power consumption in the terminal and wide coverage can be realized.
Generally, in mobile communications, pilot signals are used for channel estimation and radio quality measurement. The pilot signal is called Downlink Reference Signal (DL RS) in LTE.
The downlink reference signal in LTE is represented as a two dimensional sequence, and is formed by a two dimensional orthogonal sequence and a two dimensional pseudo random sequence. Mapping (subcarrier number) of the reference signal to physical resources can be represented by the following equation (non patent document 2):
      k    =                  6                                                  m            +                        (                      v            +                                          f                hop                                                          (                                  ⌊                                      i                    /                    2                                    ⌋                                )                                              )                        mod                                                  6                  l    =          {                                    0                                              n              =              0                                                                                N                symb                DL                            -              3                                                          n              =              1                                          wherein k indicates a subcarrier number, 1 indicates an OFDM symbol number, and i indicates a slot number, and m is an integer value as follows.
            m      =      0        ,    1    ,    …                      ,          ⌊                        N          BW          DL                                      N            BW            RB                    /          2                    ⌋            n    =          {                                                                                0                    ,                    1                                                                                for                                                                                p                                                =                        0                                            ,                      1                                                                                0                                                                                for                                                                                p                                            =                      2                                        ,                                          3                                                                                and                                                                                the                                                                                generic                                                                                frame                                                                                structure                                                                                0                    ,                    1                                                                                for                                                                                p                                            =                      2                                        ,                                          3                                                                                and                                                                                the                                                                                alternative                                                                                frame                                                                                structure                                                                                N              BW              RB                                =          12                ,                              N            symb            DL                    =          7                    NBWDL indicates the number of subcarriers in the whole system band. NBWDL is 300 when the system bandwidth is 5 MHz, is 600 when the system bandwidth is 10 MHz, and is 1200 when the system bandwidth is 20 MHz. P indicates an antenna port number. When only one antenna is used, p=0. When four antennas can be used, p=0, 1, 2 or 3.
In the above-mentioned equation, v is determined by the following equation.
  v  =      {                                        3                                                                          n                                                              for                                                                                p                        =            0                                                            3            +                          3                                                                                n                                                                          for                                                                                p                        =            1                                                            1            +                          3                                            (                                  i                                                                                mod                                                                                2                                )                                                                                for                                                                                p                        =            2                                                            2            +                          3                                            (                                  i                                                                                mod                                                                                2                                )                                                                                for                                                                                p                        =            3                              In the before-mentioned equation, fhop(j) is a cell-specific integer sequence indicating a hopping pattern which changes for each subframe or each slot of the downlink reference signal. That is, by changing fhop(j) for each cell, it becomes possible to map the downlink reference signal to a subcarrier which is different for each cell.
The value fhop(j) may be a fixed value independent of time. When such a fixed value is set to each cell, the downlink reference signal is mapped while being shifted by the fixed value which is different for each cell.
FIG. 1 shows a mapping example of the reference signal. FIG. 1 shows mapping (left side) to physical resources when the antenna port number is 0 (p=0) and fhop(j) is always 0, and shows mapping (right side) to physical resources when the antenna port number is 0 (p=0) and fhop(j) is always 2.
As shown in the figure, in the former case, the downlink reference signal is mapped to k-th (k=6×j (j is an integer equal to or greater than 0)) subcarrier in the first OFDM symbol (1=0). However, in the latter case, the downlink reference signal is mapped to k-th (k=6×j+2 (j is an integer equal to or greater than 0)) subcarrier in the first OFDM symbol (1=0). Accordingly, the downlink reference signal in LTE is mapped to subcarriers which are different for each cell by properly setting fhop(j).
By the way, it is being studied that the user apparatus performs demodulation of 16 QAM and 64 QAM by using information of a fixed value which is a ratio between transmission power per one subcarrier (transmission power density per unit frequency) of the downlink reference signal and transmission power per one subcarrier (transmission power density per unit frequency) of normal data signal (refer to non-patent document 3, for example). The normal data signal is, as a physical channel, the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). It is necessary to perform amplitude estimation for demodulation of 16 QAM and 64 QAM. It can be expected to improve estimation accuracy by performing demodulation by using the knowledge that power density difference between the reference signal and the data signal is a fixed value. In this case, since transmission power per one subcarrier of the downlink reference signal is always constant, transmission power per one subcarrier of the normal data signal is also always constant.
Since the downlink reference signal is not transmitted in all OFDM symbols, there is a time range in which the downlink reference signal is transmitted and a time range in which the downlink reference signal is not transmitted. Therefore, if total transmission power of the base station is set to be constant, transmission power density of the data signal may vary for each OFDM symbol. Then, there is fear that the amplitude estimation accuracy is susceptible to deterioration. Methods are proposed for setting transmission power of normal data signal to be constant in the both time ranges regardless of whether the reference signal is included in the OFDM symbol.
In one of the methods, the normal data signal is prohibited from being mapped to a predetermined subcarrier in a time range in which the downlink reference signal is transmitted. Any data is not mapped to the predetermined subcarrier. By reducing subcarriers where the data signal can be mapped, transmission power density of the data signal can be increased by that. Thus, transmission power density of the data signal can be kept constant regardless of whether the reference signal is transmitted. This technique is described in the non-patent document 3, for example.    [Non-patent document 1] 3GPP TR 25.814 (V7.0.0), "Physical Layer Aspects for Evolved UTRA," June 2006    [Non-patent document 2] 3GPP TR 36.211 (V0.3.1), "Physical Channels and Modulation," November 2006    [Non-patent document 3] R1-070088, Power Boosting of Reference Signal in E-UTRA Downlink

Maintaining a constant transmission power density of a data signal utilizing prohibited subcarriers


A heat dissipation device includes a retention frame (60), a heat sink (40) and a pair of wire clips (20). The retention frame is mounted on a PCB (120) having an electronic component (140) thereon. The heat sink is surrounded in the retention frame. The heat sink includes a base (42) attached on the electronic component and a plurality of fins (44) extending from the base. The base defines holes (46) at opposite sides thereof along a length direction of the fins. Receiving spaces (48) are defined in the heat sink above the holes respectively. The clips respectively include resilient arms (26) received in the receiving spaces and pins (28) extending from the arms. The pins are received in the holes. A pair of latching portions (24) depends from each of the clips and are engaged with the retention frame, to thereby secure the heat sink to the electronic component.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to heat dissipation devices for removing heat from electronic components, and more particularly to a heat dissipation device which comprises wire clips to secure a heat sink to an electronic component.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventional heat dissipation devices used for removing heat from electronic components comprise heat sinks and metal piece clips for securing the heat sinks. The clips have complex structures and are laborious in manufacture.
FIG. 4 shows a heat dissipation device 100 having clips 170, 180 with simple structures. The clips 170, 180 are made from metal wires. The heat sink 160 is placed on the electronic component 140 which is mounted on a socket 120. The socket 120 forms a pair of ears 124 at opposite sides thereof. The heat sink 160 defines a pair of grooves 164 at opposite outer sides thereof. The clip 170 comprises a central latch portion 174 and a pair of arm portions 172 extending perpendicularly from opposite ends of the latch portion 174. The clip 180 comprises a central latch portion 184 and a pair of arm portions 182 extending perpendicularly from opposite ends of the latch portion 184. In assembly, the clips 170, 180 are opposite to each other, with the arm portions 172, 182 inserted into the grooves 164. The clips 170, 180 are depressed so that the latch portions 174, 184 are snappingly engaged with the ears 124 of the socket 120.
The clips 170, 180 both have simple structures relative to metal piece clips. However, the latch portions 174, 184 are far away from the arm portions 172, 182 of the clips 170, 180, there is no any action taken to protect the clips 170, 180 from deformation. Permanent deformation of the clips 170, 180 is prone to occur after long term use or with overload. Furthermore, the clips 170, 180 are made from metal wires, thus, depression of the clips 170, 180 is unduly inconvenient without any assistance of other elements.

Heat dissipation device including wire clips

Fu Zhun Precision Ind. (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.


Binder compositions and methods for making and using same are provided. In at least one specific embodiment, the binder composition can include at least one unsaturated compound having two or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds and at least one free radical precursor. At least one of the unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds can be a pi-bond that is not conjugated with an aromatic moiety and can be capable of free radical addition. The free radical precursor can be present in an amount of about 7 wt % to about 99 wt %, based on the weight of the one or more unsaturated compounds.

1. Field
Embodiments described herein generally relate to binder compositions that include one or more unsaturated prepolymers and methods for making and using same. More particularly, embodiments described herein relate to binder compositions that include one or more unsaturated prepolymers for making lignocellulose composite products.
2. Description of the Related Art
The production of lignocellulose composite products requires an adhesive or binder to bond the discrete, particulates, fibers, veneers, or other substrates to one another. Typical lignocellulose composite products include particleboard, fiberboard, plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), and the like. Conventional binders used in the production of these products frequently contain formaldehyde based resins such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF), melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) binders. While these formaldehyde based resins produce finished products having desirable properties, such as strength, these binders also release formaldehyde into the environment during the production of the binder, curing of the binder in the manufacture of a lignocellulose composite product, as well as, from the final composite product made using the binder.
Various techniques have been used to reduce the amount of formaldehyde released from formaldehyde based resins. For example, the addition of formaldehyde scavengers to the resin and/or various modifications to the particular synthesis steps used to make the formaldehyde based resin, such as the addition of urea as a reactant late in the binder synthesis, are often used in an attempt to reduce formaldehyde emission. These attempts to reduce formaldehyde emission, however, are accompanied with undesirable effects such as longer cure time, reduced resin shelf-life, reduced product strength, reduced tolerance for processing variations, and/or inferior moisture resistance.
There is a need, therefore, for improved binder compositions for making composite lignocellulose containing products having reduced or no formaldehyde emission.


A method of anonymously providing user information while browsing internet web sites by inputting a data information record into storage, dynamically generating a user alias, linking the user alias with the user data record to form a user infotmation record (UIR) and then transmitting the anonymous user information record automatically or in response to user commands. This alias identification is transmitted to a remote internet operating computer of a web site that receives the information inputted for collecting information, such as statistical or demographic information. Once the combined UIR has been formed, a communication protocol of the invention allows the user to deliver the UIR to any web site that is accessed. The protocol of the invention also allows the web site operator to read the UIR and aggregate any information it desires about the user. However, as noted, the web site can only gain access to the user""s alias identification in combination with the user data. In this way the web site is enabled to collect general demographic information about its user base while being isolated from the true identity of the user. With such privacy the quality of the demographic information can be improved and the statistical reliability is improved by detection of repeat hits by the same user.

The invention generally relates to communicating web site user information through the internet and, more particularly, to a method of communicating such web site user information to a web site server while shielding the true identity of the user from the web site server.
A common problem facing users of the world wide internet is the difficulty of maintaining user privacy. An internet user generally wishes to browse the internet and visit various web sites without being tracked or monitored. On the other hand, web site operators or web page host providers need information about the internet users who visits its sites. Web site operators collect information that is useful in compiling demographic information about the users in general. Web site operators need this information to track the number of visitors to a web site, make educated estimates to price advertising associated with the web site, and to collect other information about the internet users. In this manner, a web site operator can compile xe2x80x9cNielsenxe2x80x9d type data for potential advertisers and other interested parties. To this end, demographic information is quantified and the web site operator or advertiser can determine the efficacy of the advertising money spent.
While an internet user may be willing to provide user information such as age, income range, job description, etc., many are unwilling to do so in association with their actual identification. Aside from the collected information possibly being used as a source of annoying sales calls or junk email and the like, provision of actual identification in association with the user information potentially diminishes the personal security of the user.
One known method of collecting internet user information uses an open profiling standard (OPS) protocol. Pursuant to the OPS protocol, after the internet user accesses a particular web site, the web site automatically requests that the user input the information requested. Once the user information is collected, such as a personal profile, the information is saved in a file on the computer of the user or on a web-based server. This information includes, but is not limited to, fields for providing name, company, address, telephone number, email address, facsimile number, age, race, income level, marriage status, home owner status, employment status, shopping preferences, entertainment preferences, hobbies, medical information, and the like.
The internet user inputs information into those fields that the internet user wishes to disclose. When the internet user revisits a particular site, the stored OPS profile is sent, with the consent of the user, to the web site operator, again. This shortens the accessing time the internet user spends by eliminating repetitive manual entry of the OPS user information each time the web site is accessed. Disadvantageously, the actual identity of the user is also collected and the user information that is collected is limited to how much the of the OPS information the internet user divulges in creating the OPS profile. This information in the OPS profile is static unless the user wishes to update it.
Another method of collecting information by the web site operator is to implant xe2x80x9ccookiesxe2x80x9d into the computer of the internet user. A cookie is a short segment of code that a web site operator downloads through the internet into the computer program memory of the internet user. The cookie gathers and stores information about the user at a memory location of the computer of the user controlled by the cookie. Each time a particular web site is accessed, the web site operator is capable of scanning the computer of the internet user to activate the cookie and retrieve the information gathered and stored by the cookie. This automatically gathered information about the user is retrieved by means of the cookie manipulating the user computer to send the gathered information to the operating computer of the web site operator through the internet.
These cookies are capable of automatically informing the web site operator of the web sites visited, the items purchased via electronic commerce, the chat rooms and news groups visited and other like information that the cookie is programmed to gather and have stored for access by the web site operator. This information gathering is dynamic and does not require the user to manually enter any of the information gathered.
Thus, cookies are capable of developing similar information about the internet user as discussed above. The disadvantage with cookies is privacy. A cookie is placed automatically on the computer of the user to track information about the user. When the user accesses a particular site, the web site operator either plants a cookie onto the computer if there is not already one present, or retrieves the information collected from a previously implanted cookie.
In addition to the OPS system discussed above, there are other systems that enable anonymous browsing of the web including the Lucent Personalized Web Browser, or LPWA, the ATandT Crowds browser, the Anonymizer browser, the WWW Junk Buster browser and the Trust e browser. There are also other systems which filter cookies or remove the cookies already entered into the computer of the user to prevent the automatic transmission of user information associated the actual identity of the user. These include Luckman""s Anonymous Cookie, the WWW Junk Buster and a plurality of other good privacy encryption software, or pretty good privacy (PGP). A comparison of their various features is illustrated in the following chart.
Disadvantageously, these system all lack a proper balance between the desire of a web site operator to collect meaningful information and the willingness of a web site user to provide the information to a web site operator and the privacy of an internet user. If the privacy consideration is satisfied, then the internet user will be more apt to divulge valuable information to the web site operator.
In accordance with the present invention, the disadvantageous lack of balance between privacy and user information collection are substantially overcome by automatically creating an alias identification for the user that is provided to the web site operator in lieu of the actual identity of the user and in association with demographic and other non-identifying information concerning the actual user.
Cookies are more tolerable if the information is voluntarily provided by the user with an alias identity The web page operator is able to obtain the demographic information desired, and the user is able to maintain privacy.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the alias identity is not stored anywhere. Instead, each time an identity is to be provided from the computer of the user, an alias identity is automatically generated by means of an encryption process performed at the computer of the user.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the encryption process by which the alias identity is generated operates in part based on the actual user identity.
Another feature of the invention is that the same alias identity is automatically generated each time there is a command received to do so to enable the web page operator to automatically ascertain multiple xe2x80x9chitsxe2x80x9d on the web page by the same user without revealing to the web page operator the actual identity of user.
The alias user identity is automatically generated upon generation of a command to do so. In the case of manual operation, the command is given by key stroke. In the case of a cookie, the command is generated automatically when the user accesses an associated web page.
Specifically, the invention is achieved by communicating computer web site user information from one user computer or a remote (computer) on which the user has stored information to an internet web site by automatically creating an alias or an encrypted identification of a user and automatically enabling a web site operating computer to dynamically access the user information together with only the user""s alias identification while the user is connected with a web site.
The invention is also achieved by communicating computer internet web site user information from a user computer to an internet web site by creating a user data record profile, encrypting the user data record profile to create an encrypted data record profile, dynamically generating an alias user identification, linking the dynamically generated alias user identification with the encrypted data record profile to create a user information record, and transmitting the user information record to a web site in response to a request for the information record. Preferably, the user information record is transmitted to the web site in response to one of a user command and web site access via one of HTTP and XML.

Anonymous web site user information communication method


An LED light source device includes an LED light source dot at least emitting light of one color and a light emission portion emitting light of different colors. The light emission portion includes a light emission portion for a main illumination and for emitting a white light and a light emission portion for a scene illumination and for emitting a colored light. The light emission portion for the main illumination emits the white light and the light emission portion for the scene illumination emits the colored light simultaneously. The LED light source device is a bulb lamp, a candle lamp or other lamps of which a front side and a lateral side both emits light.

Generally, a bulb lamp severing as a light source is individually used or is placed in other lamps such as a ceiling lamp, a table lamp, a decorative lamp and the like.
However, no matter which kind of application, the bulb lamp used as the light source only has a light emission surface of one color at a same time, i.e., both a main illumination and a background illumination provided by the bulb lamp have a same color, and thus the bulb lamp cannot simultaneously accomplish a scene illumination and a function illumination.
In a first aspect, a LED light source device may include a light source including at least one LED dot emitting light of a first color. The LED light source device may further include a light emission portion emitting light of different colors. The light emission portion includes a first emission portion and a second emission portion. The first emission portion is configured to emit a white light for illumination. The second emission portion is configured to emit a colored light for a scene illumination. The first emission portion emits the white light simultaneously when the second emission portion emits the colored light.
In a second aspect, a lamp includes a light source including at least one Light-Emitting Diode (LED) dot emitting light of a first color. The lamp may further include a light cover comprising a front side and a lateral side respectively emitting light of different colors. The front side is configured to emit a white light for illumination. The lateral side is configured to emit a colored light for a scene illumination simultaneously when the front side emits the white light.
Therefore, in order to overcome the above defects, it is necessary to provide an improved LED light source device.


An improved process for forming a thin, durable coating of a perfluorosulfonated, salt- or acid-form ionomer on a selected substrate, which comprises contacting the substrate with an aqueous, surface active dispersion of the thermoplastic, sulfonyl fluoride precursor of the perfluorosulfonated, salt- or acid-form ionomer, contacting the dispersion-wetted substrate with a salt solution or a strongly ionizing acid solution of a sufficient ionic strength to cause a thin, adherent coating of the precursor particles in said dispersion to be formed on the substrate, then removing excess dispersion and excess salt or acid solution, annealing the coated substrate at an elevated temperature and thereafter converting the precursor to the desired acid or salt form ionomer.

The known ion-containing polymers include the sulfonated polystyrenes, copolymers of ethylene with alpha-beta unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and the fluorocarbon ionomers. The substantially fluorinated, fluorocarbon ionomers include those having pendant chains which contain sulfur-based functional groups, phosphorus-based functional groups and carboxylic acid or carboxylate functionality. All of these materials, with the exception of the phosphorus-based fluorocarbon ionomers, are presently commercially-available.
The substantially fluorinated ionomers which have pendant chains containing sulfonic acid functional groups or a salt thereof have been of particular interest, and commercial examples of such ionomers have been produced in the acid form by E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., under the Nafion.TM. trademark, where n is 1, 2, 3 etc. and the ratio of a:b is typically about 7 to 1: ##STR1##
The Dow Chemical Company has produced perfluorinated ionomers having a shorter side-chain (acid-form) structure, wherein n is 0 in the preceding formula: ##STR2##
The production of these perfluorinated ionomers is described widely in the literature, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,282,875, 4,329,435, 4,330,654, 4,358,545 and 4,940,525, and is well known to those familiar with the perfluorinated ionomer art. Fundamentally, however, as related in U.S. Pat. No. 4,038,213, for example (referencing U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,282,875 and 3,882,093), both types of these perfluorinated ionomers can be typically prepared by the emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and fluorovinyl ethers that contain sulfonyl groups, and the subsequent transformation of the resulting sulfonyl fluoride precursor to the acid or salt form ionomer as desired.
As related in commonly-assigned, copending U.S. Ser. No. 08/404,476, now abandoned and U.S. Ser. No. 08/404,480, now abandoned, coatings have been applied from dispersions of these perfluorocarbon ionomers by evaporative coating techniques on various substrates, but the coatings produced by these processes have been less than satisfactory in one or more respects.
A significant focus of much of the literature to date has been the coating of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers and/or powders or particulate materials to make the PTFE fibers and/or particulate materials water-wettable. In this regard, PTFE possesses a number of desirable attributes, including excellent chemical stability. A significant barrier has existed however to the use of PTFE in certain applications, for example in the development of non-asbestos diaphragms for chlor-alkali cells, due to the hydrophobic nature of PTFE.
Various efforts have accordingly been made to compensate for or to overcome the hydrophobic character of PTFE in chlor-alkali diaphragms through the incorporation of ion-exchange materials by coating as well as by other means. An example of these efforts may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,169,024 to Fang, wherein PTFE (or a similar fluoropolymer) in the form of a powder or fibers, in an unsupported porous or nonporous film, in a coating on an inert fabric or in a porous reinforced structure (that is, a diaphragm) is chemically modified by reaction with a sulfur- or phosphorus-containing compound.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,334 to DuBois et al. is also representative, and describes diaphragms containing from 65 to 99 percent by weight of a fibrillated fluorocarbon polymer such as PTFE and from 1 to 35 percent of fluorocarbon ionomer (preferably containing carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, alkali metal carboxylate or alkali metal sulfonate functionality) based on the combined weight of fibrillated fluoropolymer and ionomer, and optionally further containing wettable inorganic particulate material. The diaphragm is dried and secured upon an underlying cathode by being heated to a temperature below the sintering temperature of PTFE for a time.
The ionomer can be incorporated in the diaphragm of the DuBois patent by codeposition from a slurry with the ionomer being included as a solid, gel or solution, by being coated on either or both of the fluorocarbon fibrils and inorganic particulate and then deposited from a slurry, or by being extruded in admixture with the fluoropolymer before it is fibrillated. Specific coating processes for coating the PTFE fibrils are described, including mixing PTFE powder with a solution of ionomer in a water-miscible solvent under high shear conditions, then dispersing the coated fibrils by blending with water and some surfactant. Thereafter the materials are deposited onto the cathode from the resulting slurry.
Again, however, these efforts have not proven entirely successful. The aforementioned Ser. No. 08/404,476 and Ser. No. 08/404,480 applications (hereafter referred to as the '476 and '480 applications) accordingly offer alternative, improved processes for imparting improved wettability to PTFE to be incorporated into a chlor-alkali diaphragm, and especially a non-asbestos chlor-alkali diaphragm, via one or more thin, durable coatings of the relatively more costly perfluorocarbon ionomer applied thereto.
In the '476 application, for example, a colloidal, surface active dispersion of a perfluorosulfonate ionomer is used to contact a PTFE substrate, after which the coated PTFE substrate, while still wetted with the dispersion and without an intervening drying step, is exposed to a salt solution or to a solution of a strongly ionizing acid. Annealing of the coated PTFE, as in the bonding at from about 330 degrees Celsius to about 355 degrees Celsius of a diaphragm incorporating coated PTFE materials therein, results in a more durable, strongly adhering coating of the ionomer on the PTFE, but can result also in a reduced improvement in wettability as compared to an uncoated PTFE substrate.
The '480 application in turn is particularly directed to a solventless, batch coating process for coating PTFE, for example, with an ionomer coating, whereby the flammability and safety hazards associated with the use of a lower alcohol in making these sorts of dispersions can be avoided as well as the necessity of a step for evaporating the organic solvent, and in which PTFE is combined with a colloidal surface active dispersion of a perfluorocarbon ionomer in water and with a salt or strongly ionizing acid and the mixture is subjected to high shear conditions. Again, annealing conditions associated with the bonding of a non-asbestos diaphragm incorporating the coated PTFE provides improved durability and adhesion of the coating to the PTFE substrate, with however some reduction in wettability being seen generally in comparison to an unannealed, coated PTFE.

Processes for forming thin, durable coatings of perfluorocarbon ionomers on various substrate materials


A sand molding apparatus and method, whereby cope and drag portions of a sand mold are formed simultaneously via pressurized sand delivered to each side of a pattern in a perpendicular trajectory. Two opposing sand shooting passageways include a vertical inner side wall and a horizontal inner side wall extending at an angle from the vertical inner side wall. A sand shooting plate at the outlet of each sand shooting passageway includes removable and interchangeable port and cover inserts that can be arranged in custom arrays within the sand shooting plate.

Metal castings are commonly manufactured at foundries through a molding technique which employs green sand molds comprised of prepared sand and additives which are compressed around cope and drag patterns mounted on opposite sides of a matchplate. The sand mold is thus formed in upper and lower matching portions, an upper cope mold, and a lower drag mold. The cope mold is formed in a separate cope flask which is filled with prepared sand and compacted onto the matchplate. The matchplate is then removed leaving an indentation in the cope mold of the desired shape for the upper portion of the casting. The drag mold is similarly formed in a separate drag flask. Usually the matchplate is in the form of a planar member with the pattern for the cope mold on one side and the pattern for the drag mold on the other. After the cope and drag molds have been formed, they are placed together to form a unitary mold having an interior cavity of the desired shape. The cavity can then be filled with molten metal through an inlet or "sprue" provided in the cope mold to create the desired casting. Such systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,022,512, 6,622,772, and 8,826,967, each issued to Hunter, herein incorporated by reference.
Horizontal-type molding machines on the market use side sand shooting, and, especially for a product with a high molded plate height, the sand flowability is hindered due to shielding caused by the pattern plate. This can result in poor filling property, and the hardness of the sand mold after compressing may not be uniform. In addition, shapes of existing sand shooting plates provide an undesirable relatively large sand shooting resistance during the sand shooting process. Abnormal pattern wear, poor green sand cores and surface finish are addition associated issues. Thus there is a continuing need for improved sand casting machines.

Method and apparatus for forming sand molds via top and bottom pneumatic sand filling perpendicular to the pattern plate


The invention provides an antimicrobial phosphate glass composition including, in weight percent based on oxide: greater than 45 to 90 of P2O5, 0 to 60 of B2O3, 0 to 40 of SiO2, 0 to 20 weight percent of Al2O3, 0 to 30 of SO3, 0 to 0.1 of Li2O, 0 to 0.1 of Na2O, 0 to 0.1 of K2O, 0 to 40 of CaO, 0 to 40 of MgO, 0 to 15 of SrO, 0 to 40 of BaO, 0 to 40 of ZnO, 0 to 5 of Ag2O, 0 to 15 of CuO, 0 to 10 of Cr2O3, 0 to 10 of I—, 0 to 10 of TeO2, 0 to 10 of GeO2, 0 to 10 of TiO2, 0 to 10 of ZrO2, 0 to 10 of La2O3, 0 to 5 of Nb2O3, 0 to 5 of CeO2, 0 to 5 of Fe2O3, 0 to 5 of WO3, 0 to 5 of Bi2O3, and 0 to 5 of MoO3.

1. Field of the Invention
Described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,544 are water-soluble glasses for application in cosmetic products with very small SiO2 and very high B2O3 or high P2O5 contents. The glasses have silver concentrations of <0.5 wt %. These glasses have an extremely low hydrolytic resistance and have the drawback of completely dissolving in water. The antibacterial action in these glasses is effected by the liberated Ag and/or Cu ions.
2. Background of the Invention
Described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,318 are silver-containing phosphate glasses, which, as antimicrobial material for the treatment of wound infection, use combinations of Cu, Ag, and Zn. The drawback of these glasses is their low hydrolytic resistance, which is expressed in the fact that the glasses are completely water-soluble. These glasses contain no Al2O3 and/or SiO2, which serve to adjust the hydrolytic resistance. Furthermore, the concentration of Na2O of 34 mol % is very high. This is responsible for the fact that the reactivity of the glass is very high and that it dissolves completely relatively rapidly.
Phosphate or borophosphate glasses that have no titanium have also become known from the following documents:
JP A 2001 247,333
JP A 2001 247,335
JP A 2001 247,336
JP A 2001 247,337
JP A 92 338,129
JP A 2001 247,333 describes a glass fiber that is furnished antimicrobially with Ag2O in a later process step.
JP A 2001 247,336, JP A 2001 247,335 also describe a glass composition that is furnished antimicrobially with Ag2O in a subsequent process step.
The subsequent addition of Ag2O leads to the fact that composite materials are formed, in which silver or silver agglomerates are deposited on the surface of the glass phase, so that a homogeneous distribution of the silver is not present.
Described in JP 92 338,129 is a soluble glass that may be free of alkalis and aluminum is described. This glass achieves its antimicrobial action through the addition of silver.
Glass compositions that contain TiO2 are known from the following documents:
JP A 2002 012,442
JP A 96 048,539
EP A 141,580
JP A 2000 327,369
The glasses known from the documents EP A 141,580 and JP A 2000 327,369 have a phosphorus content that is less than 45 wt %.
The glasses known from the documents JP A 2002 012,442 and JP A 96 048,539 have an alkali content that is greater than 0.39 wt %, which, for use in polymers, such as, for example, polycarbonate, has the drawback that such alkali concentrations can lead to chain rupture and thus the polymer degenerates. In addition, as a rule, there arises an undesired discoloration of the polymers.

Antimicrobial phosphate glass with adapted refractive index