The present invention relates to a novel planar technology approach utilizing ion implantation to improve the fabrication procedure for manufacturing nitride light-emitting and laser diodes. The simplified processing significantly reduces the costs of manufacturing these devices and allows flip-chip bonding to be used for efficient heat removal, yielding much brighter LEDs and more powerful lasers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of introducing impurities into crystalline films of nitride-based compound semiconductor structures, and more particularly to a method of preparing high brightness visible and ultraviolet light-emitting devices featuring a planar top surface.
2. Description of Prior Art
Blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on nitride semiconductors (e.g., gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), and indium nitride (InN)) have reached brightness levels which are comparable to traditional red and orange LEDs based on arsenide and phosphide semiconductor technologies. Brightness levels now exceed one candela in the blue, and have reached ten candelas in the green. Brightness is becoming high enough that soon these nitride LEDs will find general use throughout the commercial sector, for applications such as indicator lights, large flat panel displays, and traffic signals. Furthermore, purple diode lasers based on gallium nitride have recently been demonstrated which could provide four times the storage density now available for optical disks, which could enable secure satellite communications links to be created, and which could be used for medical diagnoses and therapies. However, techniques for fabricating nitride LEDs rely on complex technology for device fabrication which results in costs that are much higher than those encountered with the manufacture of standard red and orange LEDs, and laser diodes.
Most nitride semiconductor devices are prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A series of thin films with different nitride compositions, and which contain minor concentrations of impurities (dopants) for controlling the electric current and the wavelength of the emitted light, are grown sequentially on a heterogeneous sapphire substrate. It is necessary to make two electrical contacts to any light-emitting or laser diode device, one to supply electrons to the n-type region, and the other to remove electrons from the p-type region. It is always necessary to grow the n-type region first, starting at the interface with the substrate, and the p-type region last, at the top surface. Unfortunately, sapphire is an electrical insulator, and thus a bottom contact to the substrate is not possible. Reactive ion etching has been used to bore a hole through the p-type layers and any possible undoped (intrinsic) layers to allow the placement of a metal contact to the top surface of the rear n-type region. This approach is costly and creates a non-planar surface. A metal film contact must be selectively deposited into the hole, without making contact with the sidewalls of the hole, and a wire must be bonded to this metal pad. A second metal film must be evaporated over the remainder of the top surface to form the contact to the p-type layer. The electron current must then flow laterally from the lower contact to the n-type rear layer and spread uniformly under the entire device before turning vertically to travel up through the active region to the top metal contact. If the current doesn't first spread uniformly throughout the entire n-type layer, then the current density passing up through the active region will not be uniform, and not all of the volume of the material will generate the same brightness.
This problem can be seen by referring to U.S. Pat. No. 5,321,713, dated Jun. 14, 1994 (Khan et al) where FIGS. 2 and 3 shows GaN-based laser diodes which feature a second contact to the rear n-type layer placed down in an etched hole. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,120, dated Apr. 18, 1995, Manabe et al. show an aluminum metal plug which has been used to fill the hole that was etched in a GaN LED to form a contact to the rear n-type layer (FIG. 1). In U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,422, dated Oct. 8, 1996, Nakamura et al. describe a method of making electrical contacts to a GaN light-emitting device on two different levels, as shown in FIG. 1 therein. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,839, dated Nov. 26, 1996, Nakamura et al. again show in FIGS. 1, 11, 12 the GaN-based light-emitting structure where metal electrode 24 is deposited on a ledge after etching. Koide et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,593, dated Dec. 24, 1996, show a method for etching a hole through the p-type layer 6 and light-emitting layer 5 down to the n-type layer 4 and filling the hole with nickel metal 8 to make the contact, as shown in FIG. 1. It is clear that many workers have come up with similar schemes involving etched holes to allow an electrical contact to be made to the rear n-type contact.
To allow for the presence of the non-conducting transparent sapphire substrate, nitride devices have been mounted substrate-down on a chip carrier, with wire bonds attached at two different levels on the top, complicating the assembly process. Two wires must be bonded at two different levels at or near the top surface of the device. Heat must be removed through the sapphire substrate which offers very poor thermal conduction. This heating problem is especially detrimental to laser performance and longevity. For an LED, light must be emitted through the top surface metal contact, reducing brightness. Also, one half of the light travels down through the sapphire substrate and is lost by absorption in the chip carrier. (See especially U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,422, FIG. 1.)
In contrast, most silicon devices are formed by a planar process which consists of the selective introduction of dopant atoms into small areas of the silicon wafer from the top surface of the wafer in order to form regions of n-type and p-type material. This technology is called planar because fabrication is accomplished by processes carried out from one surface plane. The crucial advantage of planar technology is that each portion of the fabrication process is applied to every device on the entire wafer at the same time. Attachment of leads is simplified when all contact pads are on the same plane, rather than located in holes below the surface. Gallium-arsenide (GaAs)-based LEDs and lasers are grown on a conducting substrate, which substrate forms one of the contacts after metallization. This contact can be fashioned as a mirror to reflect light back out through the top surface, doubling the brightness. Only one contact is needed on the top surface, which remains planar. For a GaAs laser, the chip is always flipped over and the p-type top growth surface is soldered to a heat sink, so that it is not necessary for the heat that is generated in the device to be extracted slowly through a substrate which is a poor thermal conductor.
In a recently reported technique, n-type conductivity was reported after implants of Si.sup.+ and p-type conductivity after implants of Mg.sup.+ P.sup.+ in nominally undoped samples of GaN films (Pearton et al., (1995) Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol 67, pp. 1435-1447). They found that Mg.sup.+ implantation (dose=5.times.10.sup.14 cm-.sup.2, 180 keV) did not produce p-type conductivity; but Mg.sup.+ P.sup.+ co-implantation produced p-type conductivity when samples were annealed at 1050-1100.degree. C. Also, implantation of Si.sup.+ gave a two order of magnitude increase in conductivity after annealing above 1000.degree. C.
.sup.40 Ca or .sup.16 O were implanted each with a dose of 5.times.10.sup.14 cm.sup.-2 at energies of 180 and 70 keV, respectively, to place the ion peak 100 nm below the surface of two separate GaN films (Zolper et al., (1996, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol, 68, pp. 1945-1947). Samples were annealed for 10-15 sec in flowing N.sub.2 between 900 and 1150.degree. C. Ca became activated at 1100.degree. C. even without any co-implant specie and gave indications of p-type conductivity. Implanted O ions were also found to be activated, giving n-type conductivity. A GaN junction field-effect transistor that was created by ion implantation of Ca has been reported (Zolper et al., (1996), Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol 68, pp. 2273 2275).

Planar technology for producing light-emitting devices


A rectangular parallelepipedic case includes four or more walls formed by bending a single plate. To produce the case, a double plate is used. The double plate is formed from plastic by extrusion, and first and second plate elements confronted with each other. Partition portions interconnect the first and second plate elements, and extend in the direction of the extrusion, to define plural hollow chambers between the first and second plate elements. The double plate is bent along bend lines substantially at a right angle. At least one of the bend lines is at least partially curved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a rectangular parallelepipedic case and a method of producing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a rectangular parallelepipedic case or quadrangular prismatic case, in which unwanted deformation is easily avoided, and which has high rigidity and durability, and a method of producing the same.
2. Description Related to the Prior Art
JP-Y (Japanese Utility Model Publication No.) 49-44073 discloses a method of producing a rectangular parallelepipedic case or quadrangular prismatic case by bending a plate of thermoplastic synthetic resin. JP-B (Japanese Patent Publication No.) 48-860 discloses a method of producing a hollow plastic plate. Synthetic resin is formed by a technique of extrusion into the hollow plastic plate in which there are partition portions that are extended in a single direction of the extrusion, and inside the hollow plastic plate, a great number of long and thin hollow chambers are defined between adjacent two of the partition portions.
The hollow plastic plate is advantageous over a plate without the hollow chambers, because of its light weight, economy of material for production, and also high rigidity. The hollow plastic plate is widely used for boxes manufactured in mass production, and for containers containing articles with heavy weight. To produce the rectangular parallelepipedic case from a hollow plastic plate, plural bend lines are drawn on the hollow plastic plate at first, and then the plate is bent along the bend lines to build the rectangular parallelepipedic case.
If the rectangular parallelepipedic case or quadrangular prismatic case has a large size, there occurs a problem of deformation despite such an advantageous use of a hollow plastic plate. When lateral walls rising from a bottom wall have a great width, it is likely that centers of the lateral walls protrude outwards and are deformed in an expanded form. A top lid may be associated with the rectangular parallelepipedic case of which a top is open. But the deformation is likely to cause failure in fitting the top lid on the open top of the rectangular parallelepipedic case, because edges of the open top are likely to expand. Furthermore this deformation is visually not agreeable.
To avoid deformation of the case, it is known to secure a reinforcing frame or auxiliary plate on the outside or inside of the lateral walls. However this inevitably increases the total weight of the rectangular parallelepipedic case or quadrangular prismatic case. Problems occur in high cost and relatively small inner volume.
A photographic paper magazine is used for containing photographic paper. The photographic paper magazine has a quadrangular prismatic shape, and contains a core in a rotatable manner. Photographic paper is wound about the core in a roll form. EP-A 0 561 438 (corresponding to JP-A (Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No.) 6-130569) discloses a photographic paper magazine formed from plastic by a method of extrusion. U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,175 discloses a photographic paper magazine formed from plastic by injection molding.
The plastic magazine is favorable, as it has a high durability. However there is no known plastic magazine more advantageous than a photographic paper magazine produced from cardboards, in view of its weight, portability, and ease of production.

Rectangular parallelepipedic case and method of producing the same


A movable self supporting tool implement stand having a separation means for separating, holding and storing tool implements in the vertical position and a mobility means for permitting desired movement of the implement stand to, from and across a work area. The invention accomplishes this by comprising an outer peripheral shell frame and an inner fixed tubular frame having top and bottom surfaces disposed thereon. The outer peripheral shell frame may be a cylindrical bucket and the inner fixed tubular frame is completely removable therefrom to provide a free standing movable self supporting tool implement stand with a separate free standing bucket that may be used at the job sight.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to an implement stand and in particular to a self supporting tool implement stand having a separation means for separating, holding and storing tool implements in the vertical position and a mobility means for permitting desired movement of the implement stand to, from and across a work area.
2. Description of the Related Art
Tool holders are well known in the art. Various designs and configurations are readily available on the market for use on vertical walls, tool benches, tool boxes, display boards, truck cabs/beds and other fixed structures. Usually such tool holders either hold the tool face, head or the handle in a rigid mechanical grip that firmly affixes the tool to the supporting structure.
Usually the tool holders of the related art are mounted on a supporting structure that is fixed also, but often times is movable as in the case of display boards and truck cabs/beds. When the tool holder of the related art is mounted on a movable structure, the tool holder with affixed tools may be moved with the structure. This works well for moving a display to alternate locations. And of course truck mounted tool holders have mobility limited only by egress of the supporting truck. But for everyone else that work with fixed tool holders, the affixed tools must be removed from the fixed tool holder and transported to the job sight by hand carrying or by using a transport means such as for instance a wheelbarrow, or wagon. When such a transport means is utilized, oftentimes the tool implements are in complete disarray by the time they reach the job sight.
Accordingly it would be desirable to have a tool implement stand having a holding/separation means for separating, holding and storing tool implements in the vertical position and a mobility means for permitting desired movement of the implement stand to, from and across a work area. Further it would be desirable if such an implement stand utilized a bucket for an external frame that could be converted into a stand alone bucket for use on the job sight.

Movable self supporting implement stand and convertible bucket external frame


A valve skirt is connected to a shaft. The shaft extends in a rearward direction away from the skirt and has rack teeth at a location spaced away from the skirt. A tab is positioned between the skirt and the rack teeth, and has at least one flat surface. A rack support supports the rack for axial movement, and the rack support has a support ear that has a flat surface engaging the flat surface on the rack to prevent relative rotation of the rack when driven by a pinion gear. An air starter valve, a gas turbine engine and a method are also disclosed.

This application relates to a rack and pinion connection for use in a manual wrench drive for an air starter valve.
Air starter valves are known, and are utilized in conjunction with gas turbine engines to provide air to the starter when the engine is being started. The flow of air to the starter is stopped by the starter air valve once the engine has started.
In one known air starter valve, a manual wrench drive allows movement of the valve for maintenance, or for repair. The valve is normally moveable upon control of a solenoid valve. However, should the valve fail, the manual wrench drive can also move the valve to an open position.
The manual wrench drive typically drives rotation of a pinion gear which in turn drives rack teeth associated with a shaft to move a valve skirt. The rack has generally been machined into a cylindrical portion of the shaft which is connected to the valve skirt. The valve skirt, shaft, and rack, as a unit, were able to rotate relative to the housing.


A padlock includes a base shell, a cover shell pivoted to and openably covered on the base shell to define with the base shell a storage chamber therebetween, a shackle movably mounted in the base shell, and two combination lock sets each having a latch engagable with the base shell for locking the cover shell to the base shell, a plurality of numbered wheels extending out of through holes of the cover shell, and a movable plate actuatable by the numbered wheels to move relative to the latch for engaging or disengaging the latch to further have the latch engage or disengage with the base shell so as to lock or unlock the cover shell to the base shell.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to locks and more particularly, to a padlock, which has two combination lock sets and a storage chamber for keeping small things.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional locks mainly include two types, namely, the combination lock operatable by a set of numbered wheels and the pin tumbler lock operatable by a key. A regular combination lock comprises a casing, a shackle, and a set of numbered wheels mounted in the casing. The casing has a plurality of through holes for accommodating the numbered wheels. The user can rotate the numbered wheels to show the correct number combination, thereby unlocking the shackle. There is also known a combination lock that provides a set of pushbutton digits for pressing by the user to input the correct number combination to unlock the lock.
Conventional combination locks commonly use three or four numbered wheels to compose number combinations. This design provides only a limited number of number combinations, and a thief can solve the riddle to get the correct number combination within a short time. Further, after a long use of a combination lock that provides a set of pushbutton digits, the pushbuttons may become loosened. In this case, a thief can easily solve the riddle to get the correct number combination of the combination lock easily. Therefore, the aforesaid conventional combination locks have low security.


A retractable step assembly (400) for a cab (C) for a mobile machine includes a leg (450) slideably received in a through-hole (408) in a platform (58) of a cab (C). An upper end (452) of the leg (450) is fixed to a lower end (434) of a stretchable spring (430) whose upper end (432) is fixed. A step (470) is mounted to the lower end (454) of the leg (450). The leg (450) is movable between a retracted position and an extended position in which the step (470) is nearer to the ground than in the retracted position. The step (470) can be stepped on by an operator to move the leg (450) to the extended position to thereby allow the operator to exit the cab (C) by stepping on the step (470). The leg (450) can be unlatched by the operator in the cab (C) to return to the retracted position under action of the spring (430).

The present invention relates to a step for a cab of a machine and, more particularly, to a retractable step allowing easy and safe access to and from a cab of a material handling machine.
Mobile machines such as material handling machines generally include a cab for receiving an operator. The cabs of some mobile machines, particularly tree handling machines, are located at a high level to provide clearance for the mobility providing members such as tires or tracks as well as the mechanisms such as turntable, tilt mechanisms, engines and the like. It would be desirable to include a ladder to allow easy access to and from the cab and to avoid injury to the operator resulting from falling while trying to access to or from the cab. However, such ladders are bulky, tree limbs or the like easily catch on ladders when the machines are operating or moving in a row of trees, and such ladders could interfere with rotation and/or tilting of the cab during operation of the material handling machine.
Therefore, a need exists for a step assembly that can be retracted to a position not interfering with operation or movement of a mobile machine and that can be extended allowing easy and safe access to the cab of the mobile machine.

Retractable step for cab of mobile machine


An imprint apparatus and method employ an effective pressure in imprint lithography. The imprint apparatus includes a compressible chamber that encloses an imprint mold having a mold pattern and a sample to be imprinted. The chamber is compressed to imprint the mold pattern on the sample. The mold is pressed against the sample with the effective pressure. The effective pressure is controlled by a selected ratio of a cavity area of the chamber to a contact area between the mold and the sample.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to semiconductors and the fabrication thereof. In particular, the invention relates to imprint lithography used to define one or both of micro-scale and nano-scale structures during semiconductor fabrication.
2. Description of Related Art
A relatively new lithographic methodology that attempts to address many of the challenges associated with practical implementation and commercial acceptance of nanotechnology is imprint lithography. Unlike conventional optical lithography that generally relies on indirect, mask-based patterning of samples or substrates during fabrication, imprint lithography directly patterns the substrate using a mold. Specifically, the mold is employed to 'print' a fabrication pattern directly onto the substrate. The mold may be fabricated using conventional lithographic methodologies and then is employed to rapidly 'print' one or more copies of the fabrication pattern onto a single substrate and/or onto multiple substrates.
Unfortunately, the practical use of imprint lithography has been limited by a need to align the mold with the substrate to be imprinted and then separately, typically in a different apparatus, imprint the mold pattern onto the substrate. For example, a conventional mask aligner may be employed to align the mold with the substrate. After alignment, the mold and the substrate are transferred to a press for imprinting. Such transfer of the aligned mold and substrate can and generally does adversely affect an accuracy of the alignment. In addition, imprint uniformity may be limited by both the transfer and an inability to accurately control a pressure with which the mold is pressed into the substrate by the press.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to have an approach to imprint lithography that did not require a transfer from one apparatus to another. Moreover, it would be beneficial if such approach to imprint lithography also maintained alignment accuracy and facilitated imprint uniformity. Such an imprint lithography approach would solve a long-standing need in the area of nanotechnology.

Imprint lithography apparatus and method employing an effective pressure

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


An anti-vehicle barrier, which includes a pad made of a compressible material, such as closed cell polyurethane. Distributed throughout the pad is an array of upwardly directed hollow metal spikes for puncturing the tire of a vehicle which rides over the pad. The spikes may be removable so that upon puncturing the tire, they are removed from the pad and are retained by the puncture tire so as to bring about its rapid deflation. When deployed in the pad, the spikes may be flush with or are below the top surface of the pad, and may be connected to each other or directly to the pad, or to both.

The present invention relates to anti-vehicle barriers and, more particularly, to displaceable temporary barriers which can be placed on the roadway in order to prevent access by vehicles or to promptly disable any vehicles which attempt to cross the barriers.
It is sometimes desired to block off the passage of vehicles to and/or from certain areas. This can be accomplished by a variety of techniques, including through the erection of permanent obstacles, such as concrete barriers, and the like. However, in certain cases, it is desired to erect obstacles which are temporary in nature and which can be quickly and easily deployed and removed. For example, the police often have need to set up temporary roadblocks to channel and control the flow of traffic so as to better effect the inspection of the vehicles and/or the drivers, or for other purposes.
Such roadblocks may, for example, be set up using a series of appropriately placed barrels or other obstacles. A more sophisticated roadblock may include one or more barriers members, each of which typically consists of a metal frame bearing upwardly-directed metal spikes. The barriers are placed in suitable locations on the roadway and serve to puncture the tires of any vehicle whose driver ignores warnings and directions and drives the vehicle over the barriers.
While such mechanisms are effective, they call for the use of rigid and relatively heavy metal contraptions which are difficult to store, cumbersome and dangerous to deploy and time-consuming to remove. Often, these barriers get damaged when a vehicle is driven over them and therefore need to be replaced.
There is thus a widely recognized need for, and it would be highly advantageous to have, an anti-vehicle barrier, such as might be useful for roadblocks which would effectively puncture the tires of a vehicle driven over it. The barrier would be foldable, or stackable, for easy storage, it would be lightweight and modularized for easy deployment and removal, such deployment would be safe and non-hazardous to the operating personnel, and the barrier would be reusable.


Disclosed are a method and apparatus for (1) automatically selecting warheads or reentry vehicles from a storage area containing a plurality of types of warheads or reentry vehicles, (2) automatically selecting weapon carriers from a storage area containing at least one type of weapon carrier, (3) manipulating and aligning the selected warheads or reentry vehicles and weapon carriers, and (4) automatically coupling the warheads or reentry vehicles with the weapon carriers such that coupling of improperly selected warheads or reentry vehicles with weapon carriers is inhibited. Such inhibition enhances safety of operations and is achieved by a number of means including computer control of the process of selection and coupling and use of connectorless interfaces capable of assuring that improperly selected items will be rejected or rendered inoperable prior to coupling. Also disclosed are a method and apparatus wherein the stated principles pertaining to selection, coupling and inhibition are extended to apply to any item-to-be-carried and any carrying assembly.

The present invention relates to the field of rockets and reentry vehicles, and more particularly to apparatus and methods of assembling and disassembling warheads and/or reentry vehicles from missiles or rockets.
Furthermore, the invention provides connectorless means to transmit and receive power, data, or both across an interface formed by an assembled missile and warhead or reentry vehicle.
In the field of assembling or separating one component from another component in a rocket or missile assembly, several techniques are known. The following U.S. Pat. Nos. are known and are discussed hereinbelow: 2,981,187 of Riordan et al.; 3,277,826 of Silverthorne; 3,670,621 of Nash; 4,516,499 of Eyman; and 4,530,269 of Rau et al.
Riordan et al. disclose a pneumatic mechanism for a booster clamp ring release. This device is designed to attach a booster to a missile section and at some point in flight during booster pressure decay, it activates to release a ring such that the booster falls away without imparting damaging loads on the missile section. The device is installed manually and an index bolt requires a critical adjustment prior to assembly of booster to the missile. The purpose of the Riordan et al. device is effected by a pneumatic valve assembly that releases the attachment ring upon a certain booster pressure reduction. Thus, the signal to accomplish an action is a physical state change. No information is provided to activate the intended function, and the signal to release is a part of the booster itself. Data and signalling are not transmitted across an interface between major missile sections. There is no data transmitted between the booster and the missile body interface. The means to decouple the booster from the missile body can only be accomplished once, and it can only be done under certain conditions of flight. Repetitive assembly and disassembly is neither provided for nor required. In any event, activation of the valve is irreversible, and refurbishment of the replacement of the valve would be necessary after system functioning.
Silverthorne discloses a warhead cone latching device that is shown as attaching to a warhead. The device is designed to raise or lower the cone. However, the cone itself must be manually attached by the use of a set screw holding the cone ring to the bar that moves the cone up or down. Thus, the device appears to be incapable of going from a completely unattached state to an attached state automatically. At least two actions must be accomplished by assembly personnel: the aforementioned set screw must have been set to fix the cone to the bar; and in moving the cone upwards or downwards, a detent must be depressed to move the pawl away from the bar so that movement can occur. At column 1, lines 31-36 there is a disclosure that the nose cone can be secured by using standard hand tools with the operator wearing heavy, cumbersome arctic mittens. This refers to the manual set screw attachment. At column 1, lines 41-44 there is a statement that it is possible to remove and or attach the cone without the use of any tools. Thus, two manual steps are required, but only one after the cone is secured. This kind of cone latching device may be adequate to constrain the cone to a warhead body during flight. However, it is not likely that it would be able to function as a means to support a nominal warhead or a reentry vehicle having a warhead installed. The reason for this is that dynamic flight and inertial loads will be applied to the slide bar 17 and to the hooked-shaped pawl 19 that retains the bar. These items, mounted asymmetrically would not appear to have either the strength, nor the stiffness necessary. No provision is made to mechanically join the warhead cone to the warhead about the area of the pedestal 11. Thus, the actual latching engagement area is only the area of the pawl tip.
Nash discloses a rocket launcher fairing (a cover) with structural components for connecting the fairing to the rocket launcher. The rocket launcher fairing is for launchers that are suspended under aircraft or helicopters. The polystyrene material of this frangible fairing and the means to bond it to the launcher are clearly not suitable to consider as a means to attach a warhead or reentry vehicle to a guided missile or rocket. Even a rocket or missile that is launched from an aircraft must fly under dynamic loads that can be quite severe and a fairing of this type would not likely endure this dynamic environment. The plastic bonding agent would be totally inadequate to even sustain the static weight of a typical warhead/reentry vehicle let alone the dynamic conditions described above. The fairing disclosed in the Nash patent appears to function as both a cover for a rocket launching system, and it is disassembled by the flight of rockets through it. The fairing is frangible specifically for this purpose.
Eyman discloses a quick access splice joint that connects one missile section to another missile section. A plurality of splice joints are necessary for disassembling the connection. Upon assembly, the shear type pins are triggered or released to fit into mating parts on the missile section to be attached. Once the missile sections are attached to each other, the shear pins provide strength, stiffness, and integrity to the joint. Furthermore, to disassemble the spliced joint, manual use of a tool (an allen wrench) is needed. The manual tool is needed to exert both an inward force and a torque on each shear pin to dislodge them and return then to the appropriate position allowing for disassembly. There are likely several factors that influence both torque and force. For instance, the length of time that the joint was assembled, the environmental conditions the joint was subjected to, and so forth. Furthermore, automation of this process where three or more devices would be required to perform the same function that the manual design calls for, would require extensive synchronization so that all pins were retracted prior to any further movement. This very complex kind of joint was certainly not designed to be automated, and the inventor makes note of the variabilities that can be encountered for the prescribed manual disassembly, where such variabilities make automation even more impractical. There are no means discussed for either transmission of power or data across the interface that this joint provides.
Rau et al disclose a remotely initiated separation latch assembly. The purpose of this device is to latch one body to another and to provide for subsequent rapid disassembly through the use of a remote signal. The means to provide for the initial latching or assembly are not clearly defined. The patent mentions the use of a bonding adhesive, which is clearly not suitable for a joining process that can be separated at some future time. The main purpose of this device is carrying out the separation process with the use of explosives. In summary, the attachment process is manual and means can be varied in not clearly defined ways. The separation process is carried out by explosives and cannot be regarded as a device that provides for reassembly after an initial disassembly.
In view of some of the inadequacies and deficiencies in the prior art discussed above, it would be desirable if information were provided from a source remote from the missile components to activate the intended assembly or disassembly functions of major missile components. It would be desirable if data and signalling were transmitted across an interface between major missile sections while on the ground and while in flight. It would also be desirable if repetitive assembly and disassembly of major missile components were carried out automatically, instead of manually requiring specially trained personnel and special tools. It would be desirable to provide an apparatus for automatic assembly and disassembly of major missile components that provides a strong connection that withstands static and dynamic forces encountered on the ground and in flight.
Generally, assembling a warhead or reentry vehicle to a missile or other weapon carrier is a time consuming process requiring skilled personnel and specialized tools. Generally, screws or bolts are installed about the warhead or reentry vehicle perimeter that mate to a drilled and tapped mounting ring. Once this is done (sometimes beforehand) electrical and any remaining mechanical interfaces are completed by the personnel. These personnel-performed processes can be considered a disadvantage in that they are quite cumbersome and time consuming. Furthermore, the work pattern of personnel carrying out these tasks, under certain circumstances, provide signatures that an adversary could detect.
Furthermore, for political or military operational purposes, it may be desirable to maintain separation of warheads and reentry vehicles from their respective missiles, and yet be able to attain full readiness quickly. In this respect, it would be desirable to have an automated system that provides for automatic assembly and disassembly of warheads and reentry vehicles to their respective missiles.

Automatic rapid attachable warhead section

The United States of America as represented by the United States Department of Energy


The invention relates to methods for pairwise sequencing of a polynucleotide template which result in the sequential determination of nucleotide sequence in two distinct and separate regions of the polynucleotide template.

Advances in the study of biological molecules have been led, in part, by improvement in technologies used to characterise the molecules or their biological reactions. In particular, the study of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA has benefited from developing technologies used for sequence analysis.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,509 describes a method for sequencing a polynucleotide template which involves performing multiple extension reactions using a DNA polymerase or DNA ligase to successively incorporate labelled polynucleotides complementary to a template strand. In such a "sequencing by synthesis" reaction a new polynucleotide strand based-paired to the template strand is built up in the 5′ to 3′ direction by successive incorporation of individual nucleotides complementary to the template strand. The substrate nucleoside triphosphates used in the sequencing reaction are labelled at the 3′ position with different 3′ labels, permitting determination of the identity of the incorporated nucleotide as successive nucleotides are added.
In order to carry out accurate sequencing a reversible chain-terminating structural modification or "blocking group" may be added to the substrate nucleosides to ensure that nucleotides are incorporated one at a time in a controlled manner. As each single nucleotide is incorporated, the blocking group prevents any further nucleotide incorporation into the polynucleotide chain. Once the identity of the last-incorporated labelled nucleotide has been determined the label moiety and blocking group are removed, allowing the next blocked, labelled nucleotide to be incorporated in a subsequent round of sequencing.
In certain circumstances the amount of sequence data that can be reliably obtained with the use of sequencing-by-synthesis techniques, particularly when using blocked, labelled nucleotides, may be limited, typically to around 25-30 cycles of incorporation. Whilst sequencing "runs" of this length are extremely useful, particularly in applications such as, for example, SNP analysis and genotyping, it would be advantageous in many circumstances to be able to reliably obtain further sequence data for the same template molecule.
The technique of "paired-end" or "pairwise" sequencing is generally known in the art of molecular biology, particularly in the context of whole-genomic shotgun sequencing (Siegel A. F. et al., Genomics. 2000, 68: 237-246; Roach J. C. et al., Genomics. 1995, 26: 345-353). Paired-end sequencing allows the determination of two "reads" of sequence from two places on a single polynucleotide template. The advantage of the paired-end approach is that there is significantly more information to be gained from sequencing two stretches each of "n" bases from a single template than from sequencing "n" bases from each of two independent templates in a random fashion. With the use of appropriate software tools for the assembly of sequence information (Millikin S. C. et al., Genome Res. 2003, 13: 81-90; Kent, W. J. et al., Genome Res. 2001, 11: 1541-8) it is possible to make use of the knowledge that the "paired-end" sequences are not completely random, but are known to occur on a single template, and are therefore very close in the genome. This information has been shown to greatly aid the assembly of whole genome sequence into a consensus sequence.
Paired-end sequencing has typically been performed by making use of specialized circular shotgun cloning vectors known in the art. After cutting the vector at a specific single site, the template DNA to be sequenced (typically genomic DNA) is inserted into the vector and the ends resealed to form a new construct. The vector sequences flanking the insert DNA include binding sites for sequencing primers which permit sequencing of the insert DNA on opposite strands.
A disadvantage of this approach is that it requires time-consuming cloning of the DNA templates it is desired to sequence into an appropriate sequencing vector.
Furthermore, because of the need to clone the DNA template into a vector in order to position binding sites for sequencing primers at both ends of the template fragment it is extremely difficult to make use of array-based sequencing techniques. With array-based techniques it is generally only possible to sequence from one end of a nucleotide template, this often being the end proximal to the point of attachment to the array.
With the use of hairpin nucleic acid anchors or double stranded nucleic acid anchors (such as those described in the applicant's co-pending International application published as WO 01/57248), one end of a template immobilised on an array may be "covalently closed" giving a free 3′ end which permits sequencing of the 5′ overhanging template strand by successive incorporation of nucleotides. However, given that the distal portions (distal from the point of attachment to the array) of such immobilised templates are generally single-stranded and that the sequence of the template is usually unknown prior to immobilisation on the array, it is not straightforward to devise means for determining the sequence of the distal end of the immobilised template, beyond the first "run" of sequence that can be obtained from the free 3′ end provided by the anchor. It is not possible simply to design a sequencing primer complementary to a region of the template whose sequence is unknown.
WO 2004/070005 describes a method for double-ended sequencing of a polynucleotide template which can be carried out on a solid support. The method relies on simultaneous hybridisation of two or more primers to a target polynucleotide in a single primer hybridization step. Following the hybridization step, all of the primers hybridized to the template are blocked except for one, which has a free 3′ hydroxyl group which serves as an initiation point for a first sequencing reaction. Sequencing proceeds until no further chain elongation is possible, or else the sequencing reaction is terminated. Then one of the blocked primers is unblocked to give a free 3′ hydroxyl and a second sequencing reaction is performed from this initiation point. An advantage of this approach is that there is no need to perform any denaturation and re-hybridization steps between the first and second sequencing reactions, as the two primers providing the initiation points are annealed in a single hybridisation step. Thus, the template remains intact and attached to the solid support throughout.
A major drawback of this approach based in hybridisation of blocked and unblocked primers is that it is necessary to know the sequence of at least two regions of the polynucleotide template to be sequenced in order to design two or more suitable primers capable of binding to the target. If the method is to be used to sequence polynucleotides of unknown sequence then it is necessary to carry out sample preparation steps in order to add regions of known sequence to the polynucleotide to be sequenced in order to provide the necessary primer-binding sites. This can be achieved, for example, by amplification or by sub-cloning a template of unknown sequence into a vector in order to add known sequences onto the 5′ and 3′ ends of the template.
The present inventors have sought to develop techniques which generally permit the paired-end or pairwise sequencing approach to be used without any knowledge of the sequence at the distal end of the template and without the need for any intermediate cloning of the template into a vector. Such techniques would permit pairwise sequencing to be used in conjunction with a wide range of array-based sequencing technologies, including single molecule arrays as well as clustered arrays.

Methods for sequencing a polynucleotide template


An apparatus for handling a continuous web in a continuous processing operation wherein the web incorporates therein one or more stretched elastic-type elements having retractive forces active in the cross-machine direction, and limiting shrinkage of the web in the cross-machine direction to no more than about 5%. Shrinkage in the width dimension is controlled using methods including transporting the web on a sequence of rolls having on their outer working surfaces protuberances which interact with edges of openings in the web, inhibiting lateral movement of elements defining the edges of the openings, and thereby stabilizing the web in the width dimension.

It is known to incorporate elastic-type elements into a continuous web in a continuous processing operation wherein the elastic elements extend in the longitudinal, or machine, direction in the web. Such elastic elements may be incorporated in such manner that the elements are in a stretched state, having retractive forces active in the longitudinal, or machine, direction, during the continuous processing of the web. So long as such retractive forces are confined to the machine direction, the effect of the retractive forces on the registration of the web can be controlled by controlling the tension on the web.
In continuous processing of a substantially endless web, as in the instant invention, it is known to perform a plurality of processing steps on the web in sequence. Typically, it is desired to perform one or more of the processing steps at specific locations in the web, wherein a second step is performed at a particular locus with respect to a first, or previous, step, whereby it is critical to be able to locate, at the work station for performing the second step, the location at the which the previous step was performed. In the art, this is known as being able to "register" the second step with respect to the first step.
A first factor in being able to register a second processing step with respect to a first processing step, is being able to determine the distance, and the direction, that the work locus on the web where the first step was performed, has travelled from the location in the processing apparatus where the first step was performed. Such determination can be divided into four assessment steps.
First, one determines the longitudinal distance, in the machine direction, travelled by the work locus in the web.
Second one determines the width distance, in the cross-machine direction, travelled by the work locus.
Third, one determines shrinkage in the machine direction.
Fourth, one determines shrinkage in the cross-machine direction.
The first and third factors can be measured and controlled using conventional control apparatus and methods to control drive speed and tension in the web. The second factor can be controlled using conventional lateral guide apparatus and methods.
The fourth factor is normally accommodated as a dependent dimension controlled by the amount of tension/tensile stress imparted to the web in the machine direction. Namely, as tensile stress is applied to the web in the machine direction, the amount of strain/stretch in the machine direction produces a dependent amount of shrinkage in the web in the cross-machine direction.
Such accommodation, however, assumes that no retractive-type forces are active in the web in the cross-machine direction. To the extent retractive-type forces are active in the web in the cross-machine direction, absent other controls, the web shrinks in the width (cross-machine) direction in response to such active retractive-type forces, thereby changing the width of the web in the cross-machine direction. In processing operations where it is important to maintain a constant, or nearly constant width in the web, other means are needed to maintain constant the width of the web.
It is known to maintain the width of the web using a tenter frame, wherein an assemblage of gripping devices grips the opposing edges of the web at closely spaced locations, and travels with the web, thus physically restraining the web against reduction in the width dimension so long as the gripping devices have hold of the edges of the web.
Use of tenter frames have four severe limitations. First, they occupy precious working space adjacent the web being processed such that they may interfere with set-up and/or operation of the processing steps where by the web is otherwise modified.
Second, tenter frames are relatively complex, expensive mechanical devices.
Third, use of tenter frames is generally limited to straight stretches of the processing line. Namely, tenter frames generally are not used to maintain the width of the web as the web traverses about the circumference of a turning roll or a processing roll in the sequence of steps in the processing line. Yet turning rolls and processing rolls are commonly preferred as efficient rotary devices for performing routine steps on webs being processed.
Fourth, the edges of the web gripped by the tenter frame grippers are generally not subsequently used as part of the finished product, whereby the grippers may make a positive contribution to the amount of waste associated with the manufacturing operation.
Another known method for urging width-dimensional stability on a web under cross-machine direction tension is to process the web on a roll coated with silicone rubber, as taught in, for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,520 Beaudoin et al. However, a silicone rubber coating presents a number of limitations related to the characteristics of silicone rubber. For example, silicone rubber on a roll carrying the web cannot provide sufficiently rigid surface against which to perform slitting and like cutting operations.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide additional methods and apparatus for controlling the dimensional stability of a web in the cross-machine direction wherein the web incorporates therein retractive-type forces active in the cross-machine direction.
It is an object of this invention to provide apparatus and methods for providing cross-machine dimensional stability in a continuous web being processed in a continuous process, the web having stretched elastic-type elements which exhibit retractive-type forces active in the cross-machine direction.
It is a further object to provide such apparatus and methods, including a first rotary transport device, transporting the web, including a first set of protuberances thereon for engaging and holding the web, and transferring the web to a second rotary transport device including a second set of protuberances thereon for engaging and holding the web.
It is a further object to provide such apparatus and methods wherein the first and second rotary transport devices have outer working surfaces, carrying the web, which outer working surfaces are aligned with each other across the entire width of the web.
It is yet another object to provide such apparatus and methods wherein the composition of one or more of the outer working surfaces comprises an outer coating incorporating a release agent such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
It is still another object to provide apparatus and methods including suction into one or both of the rotary transport devices.
Yet another object is to provide apparatus and methods wherein the width direction shrinkage of the web is limited to no more than about 5%, preferably no more than about 1%, most preferably no more than about 0.5%.

Conveying continuous web having cross-direction tension


The present disclosure relates to a mobile terminal capable of accessing a cloud server and a cloud system using the same. A mobile terminal according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a user input unit configured to select an external terminal for receiving route information stored in a cloud server, a wireless communication unit configured to communicate with the cloud server using radio signals, and a controller configured to control the wireless communication unit to transmit a route information transmission request message to the cloud server so as to transmit the route information to the external terminal from the cloud server.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to a mobile terminal capable of accessing a cloud server and a cloud system using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Terminals can be classified into two types, such as a mobile or portable terminal and a stationary terminal based on its mobility. Furthermore, the mobile terminal can be further classified into two types, such as a handheld terminal and a vehicle mount terminal based on whether or not it can be directly carried by a user.
As it becomes multifunctional, for example, such a terminal is allowed to capture still images or moving images, play music or video files, play games, receive broadcast and the like, so as to be implemented as an integrated multimedia player. Moreover, the improvement of structural or software elements of the terminal may be taken into consideration to support and enhance the functions of the terminal.
As the function of the terminal is enhanced as described above, the terminal can support a function capable of extending the function of the terminal through communication with an electronic device and a cloud server at the outside thereof.

Mobile terminal and cloud system using the mobile terminal