A water based fluid that can be utilized in a standard inkjet printer to image a lithographic printing plate. The water based fluid may include a polymer that is soluble in an alkaline aqueous media and that is resistant to neutral or acidic aqueous media. In addition, the water based fluid may include a sufficient volume of water soluble material to raise the pH level higher than 8. Further, the water based fluid may include a sufficient volume of humectant co-solvents to prevent the nozzles of an inkjet printer from drying out. The water based fluid may be used to image a lithographic plate that include an inkjet ink accepting hydrophilic layer hydrophilic properties. Various embodiments of the water based fluid advantageously allow a plate to be imaged, and then without baking or adding other chemical treatments, the plate can be immediately used for printing.

Lithographic printing is based on the principle that oil and water do not mix. A lithographic printing plate has non-image areas which absorb water (hydrophilic areas) and image areas which repel water (hydrophobic areas). For wet offset lithographic printing, the plate is first dampened by water so that the ink is applied to the wetted printing plate to form the image. The ink, which is inherently oily, is rejected by the wet areas and adheres to the image areas. The ink from the inked printing plate is then transferred or "offset" to a rubber blanket. Next, the image on the blanket is transferred to the substrate, mostly paper, to produce the printed product.
The process of imaging the lithographic printing plate usually involves wet processing and use of unhealthy chemicals and high cost imaging devices such as Computer to Plate (CTP). There is a need for a printing member that can be imaged on demand at the print shop in a simple chemistry-free process and using an inexpensive imaging engine like inkjet printers.
The application of inkjet printers for producing offset printing plates is an issue which has attracted digital printing field developers due to its potential for inexpensive imaging hardware and workflow. In many applications utilizing inkjet printer engines, the solutions employ the use of special inkjet fluid instead of original inks.
A few examples include Japanese patent JP56105960 issued to Nakayama et al. which describes the use of heat activated hardening material in oleophilic inkjet inks, forming the image areas on hydrophilic substrates. The substrate may or may not be coated. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 4,833,486 by Zerillo utilizes a hydrophobic wax based inkjet ink. U.S. Pat. No. 5,738,013 by Kellet describes an ink-jet plate-making process involving the use of reactive inkjet ink, which is bonded to the litho plate by a chemical reaction activated by radiant energy. U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,932 by Hallman et. al describes a variety of reactive inks and processes. U.S. Pat. No. 6,184,267 by Osawa et al. describes oil-based ink for preparing printing plate. U.S. application 2006/0223006 by Shimada et al. describes reactive inkjet composition, being jetting on to the reactive coating forming ink accepting image.
Still, other examples include U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,803 which describes a solid or phase change type of ink jet printing to form a photomask for a printing plate.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,511,477 discloses a method for the production of photopolymeric relief-type printing plates comprising the formation of a positive or a negative image on a substrate by ink jet printing with a photopolymeric ink composition, optionally preheated to a temperature of about 30.degree.-260.degree. C., and subjecting the resulting printed substrate to UV radiation, thereby curing the ink composition forming the image.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,654 discloses a method for making lithographic printing plates comprising the formation of an image on a substrate having an ink absorbing layer and a hydrophilized layer between the substrate and the absorbing layer by ink jet printing using a photopolymerizable ink composition, and exposing it to an actinic light in the wavelength region with which said ink composition is sensitized to cure the image.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,132 a fluid composition is described comprising a copolymer, having a plurality of tertiary amine sites selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polyamides, styrenated polyacrylates and polyurethanes, which can be applied by an ink jet printing apparatus.
In EP-A 1157825 a method is disclosed for the preparation of a lithographic printing plate, comprising dispensing information-wise by means of ink jet printing droplets of a fluid onto a surface of a lithographic receiver, characterized in that said fluid contains an oleophilizing agent having in its chemical structure a phosphorous containing group capable of reacting with said surface of said lithographic receiver.
Typical applications that provide imaging with inkjet printers require special inkjet printers. For example, such special inkjet printers include solvent base or wax thermal jet printers. These printers must be suitable for the special solvent, photo-curable or hot melt inks that are utilized. These specialized printers are considerably more expensive than standard inkjet printers and are not as environmentally friendly as the inkjet printers that utilize water based inks. An additional disadvantage of such special inkjet printers is that chemical post-processing needs to be performed for such typical applications.
Therefore, the use of water base inkjets for the imaging of offset plates is generally a more attractive solution from economical and ecological points of view.
Additional references related to this field of art include Szumla, DeBoer et al., Eastman Kodak (U.S. Pat. No. 6,758,140 and application No 20040051768), Figov et al., Creo IL (U.S. Pat. No. 7,044,053) and Porat et al., VIM Technologies Ltd. (U.S. Pat. No. 8,062,720). These references describe direct inkjet printer image-able lithographic plates which can be imaged using standard printers and standard water based pigment ink. Such plates do not require chemical development but rather, simply require baking of the imaged plates at temperatures of about 130-150 C prior to installing on the printing plates. These technologies require special baking system, which increase the investment in plate imaging equipment and add post imaging operation and press-ready time.

Water based fluid for producing ready to press direct inkjet image-able lithographic printing plates


A battery, which is provided with a pressure-type current interrupt mechanism, is provided with: a gas-generating material placed outside an electrode body and within a battery case; a positive electrode potential member that is placed outside the electrode body and within the battery case in a manner contacting the gas-generating material, and conducts with the positive electrode of the electrode body; and a negative electrode potential member that is placed outside the electrode body and within the battery case in a manner contacting the gas-generating material while being spaced from the positive electrode potential member, and conducts with the negative electrode of the electrode body. The gas-generating material includes a gas-generating agent that generates a gas when the potential of the positive electrode potential member exceeds a gas generation potential.

Conventionally, there is known a battery including a pressure-type current interrupt mechanism (CID) placed in an electrically-conducting path along which charge and discharge currents flow in order to interrupt the charge and discharge currents flowing through the current interrupt mechanism according to an increase in internal pressure of a battery case. In this battery including the pressure-type current interrupt mechanism, an additive which will generate gas when a positive potential of the battery (an electrode body) exceeds a predetermined gas-generating potential would be added to an electrolyte. Accordingly, when the positive potential of the battery rises, bringing the battery to an overcharge state, and further the positive potential exceeds the predetermined gas-generating potential, the above configuration will generate a gas from the electrolyte to increase the internal pressure of the battery case to thereby operate the pressure-type current interrupt mechanism. For example, such related arts are disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 3.


Embodiments of the present invention discloses a method and a device for allocating a group identifier, which can allocate a non-conflict GID to a non-AP STA in an area covered by multiple BSS networks, so that the problem of GID conflict which is occurred when allocating the GID for the non-AP STA can be reduced. A method provided by the embodiment of the present invention includes: dividing all group identifiers (GIDs) into N parts according to number of the GIDs, and respectively allocating the N parts to N basic service set (BSS) networks, which communicate in a multi user-multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) mode, where the N BSS networks have a common area, N is a natural number which is bigger than 1.

As stipulated in institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11ac: a basic service set (BSS) is composed of stations (STA) with certain relations within a specific overlay area. In a BSS network, only one central station which full-time manages the BSS, is called an Access Point (AP), and other stations in the BSS network except the AP are called terminals, also known as non-AP STAs.
In a BSS network, the group ID (GID) of the non-AP STA is allocated by the AP in the BSS network, when the AP performs the multi user-multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) transmission, the multiple non-AP STAs perform the MU-MIMO transmission in the same Group have the same group ID. Each non-AP STA judges, at the physical layer, that whether the non-AP STA itself belongs to the group according to its GID, if yes, then performs the decoding, if not, then does not perform the decoding, so as to save power of the non-AP STA.
In prior arts, for one BSS network, the group IDs of the non-AP STAs are allocated by the AP in the same network, and for another BSS network, the group IDs of the non-AP STAs in another network are allocated by the AP in the same network, when a non-AP STA belongs to a Group of a BSS network, it owns the GID of the Group. However, when a non-AP STA belongs to two BSS networks (the two BSS networks are respectively BSS1 and BSS2, the access point of BSS1 is AP1, the access point of BSS2 is AP2) at the same time, if a non-AP STA belongs to a Group of BSS1 network, AP1 allocates a GID for the non-AP STA, since BBS2 does not know the situation of GID allocation of BBS1 when allocating GID, there may be a case that the GID allocated by BSS2 and the GID allocated by BSS1 are the same, in this case, for the non-AP STA which belongs to both BSS networks at the same time, a GID conflict exist.

Method and device for allocating group identifier


There is provided a display device including: an electrophoretic display element including, plural types of particles, each of the respective plural types of particles being charged with the same polarity, differing in optical properties, and differing in either in migration speed and/or electric field threshold value for moving, a translucent display-side electrode, a first back-side electrode, and a second back-side electrode; and a voltage control section that controls the voltages applied to the display-side electrode, the first back-side electrode, and the second back-side electrode, such that the types of particles having the fastest migration speed from the plural types of particles, or the types of particles having the lowest threshold value from the plural types of particles, are moved to the first back-side electrode or to the second back-side electrode, and then the particles that moved to the first back-side electrode are moved to the display-side electrode.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a display device.
2. Related Art
Various technologies are proposed for performing black and white display, or color display, using an electrophoretic display element with electrophoretic particles enclosed between a pair of electrodes, with at least one of the electrodes being translucent.


A sputtering apparatus comprises a substrate unit that includes a substrate on which a target material is deposited in a chamber and a target unit on which a plurality of target sections formed of the target material are arranged. The sputtering apparatus further comprises a cathode plate that supplies electric power to surfaces of the plurality of target sections and a plurality of gas supply ports provided on regions between the plurality of target sections.

Generally, a sputtering apparatus is used to deposit a target material on a substrate by accelerating ions using plasma and allowing the ions to collide with a target formed of the target material.
A sputtering process using a sputtering apparatus has an advantage of forming a thin film at a relatively low temperature of about 400° C. as compared with a chemical deposition process performed at a relatively high temperature.
The sputtering apparatus includes a target unit and a substrate unit that are provided in a chamber. The target unit and the substrate unit are respectively connected to a cathode and an anode. When a direct current power is applied to the cathode and the anode while generating a high frequency, electrons are emitted from a target of the target unit by an electric field and accelerated toward the anode.
At this point, the accelerated electrons collide with inert gas supplied into the chamber, thereby ionizing the gas. Cations of the inert gas collide with the target connected to the cathode by the electric field to realize the sputtering phenomenon by which the atoms are separated from the surface of the target.
Meanwhile, the electrons emitted from the target and accelerated toward the anode collide with neutral atoms to be excited and generate plasma. The plasma is maintained as far as the outer electric potential is maintained and the electrons are continuously generated. The separated target atoms are deposited on the substrate to form the thin film on the substrate.
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a related art sputtering apparatus.
Referring to FIG. 1, a related art sputtering apparatus includes a substrate unit SP, a target unit TP and a mask unit MP.
The target unit TP includes a rear plate 14 and a target 12. A magnet 18 may be disposed in rear of the rear plate 14. The magnet 18 forms a magnetic field to prevent electrons generated from plasma from straying off from a desired region. The target 12 that is a deposition material is fixed on the rear plate 14. A cathode (not shown) is provided between the target 12 and the rear plate 14.
The substrate unit SP includes a substrate 8 on which the deposition material will be deposited and a susceptor 10 supporting the substrate 8. An anode plate (not shown) is provided between the substrate 8 and the susceptor 10.
The mask unit MP includes a mask 2, a floating mask 4 and an insulation member 6 interposed between the mask 2 and the floating mask 4. The mask unit MP prevents the target material from being deposited on a non-deposition portion of the substrate 8. The mask 2 is formed in a rectangular frame shape and of a conductive material such as aluminum to generate plasma by maintaining an electric potential difference from the target 12 functioning as a cathode electrode. The floating mask 4 is formed of a conductive material such as Al. The floating mask 4 is disposed inside the frame of the mask 2 and electrically insulated from the mask 2 by the insulation member 6.
In order to perform a sputtering process in a sputtering chamber, an inert gas must be supplied into the sputtering chamber. In the sputtering apparatus of FIG. 1, the inert gas is supplied through an inert gas supply port.
That is, the inert gas supply port is independently provided below the chamber to supply the inert gas into the chamber. The concentration of the inert gas is gradually lowered toward a central portion of the substrate as the area of the substrate increase.
Therefore, the concentration of the plasma generated at a region close to the inert gas supply port may be different from that of the plasma generated at a region far from the inert gas supply port. In some case, there may be a region where the plasma is not generated.
In the regions where the concentration of the plasma is lower or the plasma is not generated, the cations of the inert gas collide by an electric field with the target connected to a cathode. However, the energy is too low to separate the target atoms from the surface of the target. That is, the sputtering is not normally realized.
Therefore, the substrate on which the target material will be deposited is large, a region where the plasma is not generated is created at the chamber region between the target and the substrate, thereby varying the property of a film deposited on the substrate.
Furthermore, as the substrate is large, a composition of the material deposited on the substrate is not uniform.


A fuel injector 14 passes through wall 10 to inject fuel into a hot supersonic air flow 12. Wedge seals 26, 28 seal against leakage in cooperation with injection air flow 37, being compressed within seal carrier 16. Face seals 30, 32 are compressed by cover plate 34. Inboard seals 26, 44 are preferably more porous than the outboard seals so that there is a leakage of cooling air through crevice 44.

On occasion there is a need to inject fuel into high temperature supersonic air flow. There is a need to retract the fuel injectors when they are not in use to avoid overheating and therefore one must be able to insert and retract the fuel nozzles.
The fuel is introduced simultaneously at a plurality of closely spaced locations. Therefore a plurality of injectors are joined in a header system in the form of a rake. Because of the differential thermal expansion between the wall containing the supersonic air flow and the header system, each injector must be able to move parallel to the surface of the wall through which it passes as well as in and out of the wall. It must at the same time seal against egress or leakage of hot gas from the gas flow path.


Disclosed herein is a mobile device comprising a plate; the plate being adapted to accommodate a printed circuit board; a ring bonded to the plate; a seal disposed between the ring and the plate, the plate and ring and seal forming a mid-plate structure; wherein the seal comprises a platform; and a housing unit bonded to the platform.

This disclosure relates to a mobile electronic device and to methods of manufacture thereof.
Mobile electronic devices (or portable electronic devices) are electronic devices that are readily movable from place to place. Considerations of size and weight are important to mobile electronic devices in general, and may be especially important to handheld electronic devices in particular (electronic devices sized to be held or carried in a human hand, and typically used while held or carried). Examples of mobile electronic devices include a smart phone, a tablet computer, a handheld computer, a mobile internet device, a wearable computer, a personal digital assistant, a handheld gaming console, a personal navigation device, a smart watch, a head mounted display, a calculator, a remote control, a portable media player, or the like. Many mobile electronic devices may be capable of communicating wirelessly with other devices or with wireless communication systems.
With the advent of more robust wireless communications systems, compatible handheld communication devices are becoming more prevalent, as well as more advanced. In the past, such handheld communication devices accommodated either voice transmission (cell phones) or text transmission (pagers and PDAs). Today's consumer often demands a combination device capable of performing both types of transmissions, including even sending and receiving e-mail. Furthermore, these higher-performance devices can also be capable of sending and receiving other types of data including that which allows the viewing and use of internet websites.

Mobile electronic device and methods of manufacture thereof


A light-weight handle is disclosed for use on new or existing golf clubs regardless of their shaft material. The handle comprises an elongated tubular member having a radially expanded gripping surface and a way for attaching the handle to a golf club shaft.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates generally to golf clubs and, more particularly, to a light-weight handle for improving a club's performance.
2. Background
There is an ongoing desire to improve the performance of golf clubs. A modern golf club typically comprises a head connected to a shaft, and a grip attached over a length of the shaft opposite the head. The grip is typically a relatively thick sleeve of molded rubber having an outer diameter that is substantially larger than the shaft diameter so that the grip fits comfortably and securely in the hands of the golfer. Furthermore, the grip usually has a tapered profile. It tapers from a relatively large diameter at the butt end to a relatively small diameter at the other end where the club shaft emerges from the grip. The tapered profile acts like a conical wedge to prevent the club from leaving the hands of the golfer during the swing due to the centrifugal force.
One important parameter affecting golf club performance is its mass distribution. For a golf club of a given mass, the mass distribution determines how much momentum can be imparted to the ball. The greater the imparted momentum, the farther the ball will travel. The center of gravity of the club is one measure of the mass distribution, and is the point where all of the mass of the object can be considered to be concentrated. The closer the center of gravity is to the head of the club, the more effective the mass of the club is in imparting momentum to the ball.
Another important parameter affecting golf club performance is club weight. Heavier clubs tend to be more difficult to accelerate than lighter clubs. Lower acceleration equates to lower swing velocity. Swing velocity is an important factor in driving a ball: for clubs of similar weight and mass distribution, the greater the swing velocity, the farther the ball will travel. Therefore, lighter clubs are preferable from the perspective of swing velocity.
Efforts to improve a club's performance have been focused generally on reducing shaft weight. To this end, a family of clubs having graphite composite shafts has been developed. The high strength to weight ratio of graphite provides for shafts with the strength of steel, but without the weight.
In addition to lightening the shaft, a more recent advance is the elimination of the grip. Although the molded rubber-grip is a highly standardized component of the modern club, its weight has a detrimental effect on the club's performance. It is a relatively heavy part of the club, representing, for example, about 15% of the total mass of a typical driver or any fairway wood. Furthermore, due to the grip's position at the end of the shaft, its weight has a major detrimental influence on both the total weight of the club and its center of gravity. These detrimental effects are amplified for an over-sized grip which are used commonly by people with arthritis or large hands.
The elimination of the conventional grip in these new clubs with gripless graphite shafts is made possible by the molding flexibility of graphite fibers. That is, the diameter of the shaft toward the end opposite the head increases to approximately the size and shape of a conventional grip. By expanding the end of the shaft this way, a user is able to grasp it directly without the need for a grip.
Although graphite shafts tend to reduce shaft weight and can be molded to eliminate the need for a grip, the torsional stiffness of a graphite-shaft is significantly less than that of a steel shaft. For example, for a right-handed golfer, the lower torsional stiffness of a graphite-shaft allows the club head to rotate clockwise about the shaft axis upon impact with the ball. Consequently, the club face does not meet the ball squarely, but rather "toes out" during impact and transfers momentum to the ball at an angle. This causes the ball to veer to the right of its intended path.
The characteristic inaccuracy associated with graphite shafts can be mitigated by angling the face of the golf club's head in a direction opposite of the shaft's twist. For example, the club face would have a counterclockwise angle for a right-handed club. This angle compensates for the shaft's torsional twist such that, upon impact, the club's momentum transfers substantially squarely to the bal. Such compensation, however, is imprecise. The amount of compensation varies not only according to the user, but also according to the strength of a user's particular swing. Consequently, serious golfers prefer not to rely on such compensation. In general, professional golfers do not use graphite shaft clubs but rather continue to use clubs with steel shafts.
The problems facing graphite-shaft clubs also face the new gripless clubs since such clubs, for practical purposes, are restricted to graphite shafts. It is the flexibility of graphite fiber fabrication that enables a shaft to be molded such that the end opposite the head has a size and shape suitable for a user to grip. Attempting to swage a steel shaft to such a form as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,809,403 is difficult, if not impossible, because the reduction in diameter from the shaft's gripping portion to the body of the shaft is too great for conventional swaging. It is unlikely that a steel shaft of the thickness typically used could be swaged, using conventional methods, to the dimensions indicated without crenelating. Thus, to realize the benefits of a gripless club, a new gripless graphite-shaft club must be purchased.
Therefore, a need exists to reduce the weight of the club and lower its center of gravity toward the head independent of the shaft material used. This need applies to both new and existing clubs. The present invention fulfills this need among others.


The present invention relates to compounds with the formula (I), (II), (III) or (IV):

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) regulate the occupancy and activation of steroid hormone receptors by converting steroid hormones into their inactive metabolites. For a recent review, see Nobel et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 2001, 268:4113-4125.
There exist numerous classes of HSDs. The 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs) catalyze the interconversion of active glucocorticoids (such as cortisol and corticosterone), and their inert forms (such as cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone). The isoform 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is expressed in liver, adipose tissue, brain, lung and other glucocorticoid tissue and is a potential target for therapy directed at numerous disorders that may be ameliorated by reduction of glucocorticoid action, such as diabetes, obesity and age-related cognitive dysfunction. Seckl, et al., Endocrinology, 2001, 142:1371-1376.
The various isozymes of the 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) bind to androgen receptors or estrogen receptors and catalyze the interconversion of various sex hormones including estradiol/estrone and testosterone/androstenedione. To date, six isozymes have been identifed in humans and are expressed in various human tissues including endometrial tissue, breast tissue, colon tissue, and in the testes. 17-beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) is expressed in human endometrium and its activity has been reported to be linked to cervical cancer. Kitawaki et al., J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 2000, 85:1371-3292-3296. 17-beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) is expressed in the testes and its modulation may be useful for the treatment of androgen-related disorders.
Androgens and estrogens are active in their 17β-hydroxy configurations, whereas their 17-keto derivatives do not bind to androgen and estrogen receptors and are thus inactive. The conversion between the active and inactive forms (estradiol/estrone and testosterone/androstenedione) of sex hormones is catalyzed by members of the 17β-HSD family. 17β-HSD1 catalyzes the formation of estradiol in breast tissue, which is important for the growth of malignant breast tumors. Labrie et al., Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1991, 78:C113-C118. A similar role has been suggested for 17β-HSD4 in colon cancer. English et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84:2080-2085. 17β-HSD3 is almost exclusively expressed in the testes and converts androstenedione into testosterone. Deficiency of this enzyme during fetal develoment leads to male pseudohermaphroditism. Geissler et al., Nat. Genet. 1994, 7:34-39. Both 17β-HSD3 and various 3α-HSD isozymes are involved in complex metabolic pathways which lead to androgen shuffles between inactive and active forms. Penning et al., Biochem. J. 2000, 351:67-77. Thus, modulation of certain HSDs can have potentially beneficial effects in the treatment of androgen- and estrogen-related disorders.
The 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (20α-HSDs) catalyze the interconversion of progestins (such as between progesterone and 20α-hydroxy progesterone). Other substrates for 20α-HSDs include 17α-hydroxypregnenolone or 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, leading to 20α-OH steroids. Several 20α-HSD isoforms have been identified and 20α-HSDs are expressed in various tissues, including the placenta, ovaries, testes and adrenals. Peltoketo, et al., J. Mol. Endocrinol. 1999, 23:1-11.
The 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3α-HSDs) catalyze the interconversion of the androgens dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol and the interconversion of the androgens DHEA and androstenedione and therefore play an important role in androgen metabolism. Ge et al., Biology of Reproduction 1999, 60:855-860.
1. Glucorticoids, Diabetes and Hepatic Glucose Production
It has been known for more than half a century that glucocorticoids have a central role in diabetes. For example, the removal of the pituitary gland or the adrenal gland from a diabetic animal alleviates the most severe symptoms of diabetes and lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood (Long, C. D. and Leukins, F. D. W. (1936) J. Exp. Med. 63: 465-490; Houssay, B. A. (1942) Endocrinology 30: 884-892). It is also well established that glucocorticoids enable the effect of glucagon on the liver.
The role of 11βHSD1 as an important regulator of local glucocorticoid effect and thus of hepatic glucose production is well substantiated (see, e.g., Jamieson et al. (2000) J. Endocrinol. 165: 685-692). Hepatic insulin sensitivity was improved in healthy human volunteers treated with the non-specific 11βHSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone (Walker, B. R. et al. (1995) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80: 3155-3159). Furthermore, the expected mechanism has been established by different experiments with mice and rats. These studies showed that the mRNA levels and activities of two key enzymes in hepatic glucose production were reduced, namely: the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) the enzyme catalyzing the last common step of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Finally, blood glucose levels and hepatic glucose production are reduced in mice in which the 11βHSD1 gene is knocked-out. Data from this model also confirm that inhibition of 11βHSD1 will not cause hypoglycemia, as predicted since the basal levels of PEPCK and G6Pase are regulated independently of glucocorticoids (Kotelevtsev, Y. et al., (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 14924-14929).
FR 2,384,498 discloses compounds having a high hypoglycemic effect. Therefore, treatment of hyperglycemia with these compounds may lead to hypoglycemia.
2. Possible Reduction of Obesity and Obesity Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Obesity is an important factor in syndrome X as well as in the majority (>80%) of type 2 diabetes, and omental fat appears to be of central importance. Abdominal obesity is closely associated with glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and other factors of the so-called syndrome X (e.g. increased blood pressure, decreased levels of HDL and increased levels of VLDL) (Montague & O'Rahilly, Diabetes 49: 883-888, 2000). Inhibition of the 11βHSD1 enzyme in pre-adipocytes (stromal cells) has been shown to decrease the rate of differentiation into adipocytes. This is predicted to result in diminished expansion (possibly reduction) of the omental fat depot, i.e., reduced central obesity (Bujalska, I. J., S. Kumar, and P. M. Stewart (1997) Lancet 349: 1210-1213).
Inhibition of 11βHSD1 in mature adipocytes is expected to attenuate secretion of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1)—an independent cardiovascular risk factor (Halleux, C. M. et al. (1999) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 4097-4105). Furthermore, there is a clear correlation between glucocorticoid "activity" and cardiovascular risk factor suggesting that a reduction of the glucocorticoid effects would be beneficial (Walker, B. R. et al. (1998) Hypertension 31: 891-895; Fraser, R. et al. (1999) Hypertension 33: 1364-1368).
Adrenalectomy attenuates the effect of fasting to increase both food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y expression. This supports the role of glucocorticoids in promoting food intake and suggests that inhibition of 11βHSD1 in the brain might increase satiety and therefore reduce food intake (Woods, S. C. et al. (1998) Science, 280: 1378-1383).
3. Possible Beneficial Effect on the Pancreas
Inhibition of 11βHSD1 in isolated murine pancreatic β-cells improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (Davani, B. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 2000 Nov. 10; 275(45): 34841-4). Glucocorticoids were previously known to reduce pancreatic insulin release in vivo (Billaudel, B. and B. C. J. Sutter (1979) Horm. Metab. Res. 11: 555-560). Thus, inhibition of 11βHSD1 is predicted to yield other beneficial effects for diabetes treatment, besides the effects on liver and fat.
4. Possible Beneficial Effects on Cognition and Dementia
Stress and glucocorticoids influence cognitive function (de Quervain, D. J.-F., B.  Roozendaal, and J. L. McGaugh (1998) Nature 394: 787-790). The enzyme 11βHSD1 controls the level of glucocorticoid action in the brain and thus contributes to neurotoxicity (Rajan, V., C. R. W. Edwards, and J. R. Seckl, J. (1996) Neuroscience 16: 65-70; Seckl, J. R., Front. (2000) Neuroendocrinol. 18: 49-99). Unpublished results indicate significant memory improvement in rats treated with a non-specific 11βHSD1 inhibitor (J. Seckl, personal communication). Based the above and on the known effects of glucocorticoids in the brain, it may also be suggested that inhibiting 11βHSD1 in the brain may result in reduced anxiety (Tronche, F. et al. (1999) Nature Genetics 23: 99-103). Thus, taken together, the hypothesis is that inhibition of 11βHSD1 in the human brain would prevent reactivation of cortisone into cortisol and protect against deleterious glucocorticoid-mediated effects on neuronal survival and other aspects of neuronal function, including cognitive impairment, depression, and increased appetite.
5. Possible Use of Immuno-modulation Using 11βHSD1 Inhibitors
The general perception is that glucocorticoids suppress the immune system. But in fact there is a dynamic interaction between the immune system and the HPA (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal) axis (Rook, G. A. W. (1999) Baillièr's Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 13: 576-581). The balance between the cell-mediated response and humoral responses is modulated by glucocorticoids. A high glucocorticoid activity, such as at a state of stress, is associated with a humoral response. Thus, inhibition of the enzyme 11βHSD1 has been suggested as a means of shifting the response towards a cell-based reaction.
In certain disease states, including tuberculosis, lepra and psoriasis the immune reaction is normaly biased towards a humoral response when in fact the appropriate response would be cell based. Temporal inhibition of 11βHSD1, local or systemic, might be used to push the immune system into the appropriate response (Mason, D. (1991) Immunology Today 12: 57-60; Rook et al., supra).
An analogous use of 11βHSD1 inhibition, in this case temporal, would be to booster the immune response in association with immunization to ensure that a cell based response would be obtained, when desired.
6. Reduction of Intraocular Pressure
Recent data suggest that the levels of the glucocorticoid target receptors and the 11βHSD enzymes determines the susceptibility to glaucoma (Stokes, J. et al. (2000) Invest. Ophthalmol. 41: 1629-1638). Further, inhibition of 11βHSD1 was recently presented as a novel approach to lower the intraocular pressure (Walker E. A. et al, poster P3-698 at the Endocrine society meeting Jun. 12-15, 1999, San Diego). Ingestion of carbenoxolone, a non-specific inhibitor of 11βHSD1, was shown to reduce the intraocular pressure by 20% in normal subjects. In the eye, expression of 11βHSD1 is confined to basal cells of the corneal epithelium and the non-pigmented epithelialium of the cornea (the site of aqueous production), to ciliary muscle and to the sphincter and dilator muscles of the iris. In contrast, the distant isoenzyme 11βHSD2 is highly expressed in the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium and corneal endothelium. None of the enzymes is found at the trabecular meshwork, the site of drainage. Thus, 11βHSD1 is suggested to have a role in aqueous production, rather than drainage, but it is presently unknown if this is by interfering with activation of the glucocorticoid or the mineralocorticoid receptor, or both.
7. Reduced Osteoporosis
Glucocorticoids have an essential role in skeletal development and function but are detrimental in excess. Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss is derived, at least in part, via inhibition of bone formation, which includes suppression of osteoblast proliferation and collagen synthesis (Kim, C. H., Cheng, S. L. and Kim, G. S. (1999) J. Endocrinol. 162: 371-379). The negative effect on bone nodule formation could be blocked by the non-specific inhibitor carbenoxolone suggesting an important role of 11βHSD1 in the glucocorticoid effect (Bellows, C. G., Ciaccia, A. and Heersche, J. N. M. (1998) Bone 23: 119-125). Other data suggest a role of 11βHSD1 in providing sufficiently high levels of active glucocorticoid in osteoclasts, and thus in augmenting bone resorption (Cooper, M. S. et al. (2000) Bone 27: 375-381). Taken together, these different data suggest that inhibition of 11βHSD1 may have beneficial effects against osteoporosis by more than one mechanism working in parallel.
8. Reduction of Hypertension
Bile acids inhibit 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. This results in a shift in the overall body balance in favour of cortisol over cortisone, as shown by studying the ratio of the urinary metabolites (Quattropani, C., Vogt, B., Odermatt, A., Dick, B., Frey, B. M., Frey, F. J. (2001) J Clin Invest. November; 108(9):1299-305. "Reduced activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in patients with cholestasis".). Reducing the activity of 11bHSD1 in the liver by a selective inhibitor is predicted to reverse this imbalance, and acutely counter the symptoms such as hypertension, while awaiting surgical treatment removing the biliary obstruction.
WO 99/65884 discloses carbon substituted aminothiazole inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases. These compounds may, e.g., be used against cancer, inflammation and arthritis. U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,347 discloses an antibacterial preparation or bactericide comprising 2-aminothiazole derivative and/or salt thereof. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,857 discloses benzenesulfonamide derivatives having 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Additionally, tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridines are disclosed in: Analgesic tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridines. Fr. Addn. (1969), 18 pp, Addn. to Fr. 1498465. CODEN: FAXXA3; FR 94123 19690704 CAN 72:100685 AN 1970:100685 CAPLUS and 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridines. Neth. Appl. (1967), 39 pp. CODEN: NAXXAN NL 6610324 19670124 CAN 68:49593, AN 1968: 49593 CAPLUS. However, none of the above disclosures discloses the compounds according to the present invention, or their use for the treatment of diabetes, obesity, glaucoma, osteoporosis, cognitive disorders, immune disorders, depression, and hypertension.
WO 98/16520 discloses compounds inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE). EP 0 749 964 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,490 disclose compounds having an endothelin receptor antagonist activity. WO 00/02851 discloses compounds associated with a disturbed cGMP balance. None of these compounds fall within formula (I) according to the present invention. Furthermore, nothing is said about the activity on 11βHSD1.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,697 discloses thiophene derivatives as inhibitors of PGE2 and LTB4. Nothing is said about the activity on 11βHSD1.
EP 0 558 258, EP 0 569 193, and EP 1 069 114 disclose isoxazole derivatives as endothelin agonists and antagonists. Nothing is said about the activity on 11βHSD1.
9. Wound Healing
Cortisol performs a broad range of metabolic functions and other functions. The multitude of glucocorticoid action is exemplified in patients with prolonged increase in plasma glucocorticoids, so called "Cushing's syndrome". Patients with Cushing's syndrome have prolonged increase in plasma glucocorticoids and exhibit impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, central obesity, and osteoporosis. These patients also have impaired wound healing and brittle skin (Ganong, W. F. Review of Medical Physiology. Eighteenth edition ed. Stamford, Conn.: Appleton & Lange; 1997).
Glucocorticoids have been shown to increase risk of infection and delay healing of open wounds (Anstead, G. M. Steroids, retinoids, and wound healing. Adv Wound Care 1998;11(6):277-85). Patients treated with glucocorticoids have 2-5-fold increased risk of complications when undergoing surgery (Diethelm, A. G. Surgical management of complications of steroid therapy. Ann Surg 1977;185(3):251-63).
The European patent application No. EP 0902288 discloses a method for diagnosing the status of wound healing in a patient, comprising detecting cortisol levels in said wound. The authors suggest that elevated levels of cortisol in wound fluid, relative to normal plasma levels in healthy individuals, correlates with large, non-healing wounds (Hutchinson, T. C., Swaniker, H. P., Wound diagnosis by quantitating cortisol in wound fluids. European patent application No. EP 0 902 288, published 17.03.1999).
In humans, the 11β-HSD catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to cortisone, and vice versa. The parallel function of 11β-HSD in rodents is the interconversion of corticosterone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone (Frey, F. J., Escher, G., Frey, B. M. Pharmacology of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Steroids 1994;59(2):74-9). Two isoenzymes of 11β-HSD, 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2, have been characterized, and differ from each other in function and tissue distribution (Albiston, A. L., Obeyesekere, V. R., Smith, R. E., Krozowski, Z. S. Cloning and tissue distribution of the human 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994;105(2):R11-7). Like GR, 11β-HSD1 is expressed in numerous tissues like liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, gonads, lung, pituitary, brain, eye etc (Monder C, White P C. 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Vitam Horm 1993;47:187-271; Stewart, P. M., Krozowski, Z. S. 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Vitam Horm 1999;57:249-324; Stokes, J., Noble, J., Brett, L., Phillips, C., Seckl, J. R., O'Brien, C., et al. Distribution of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in human and rat ocular tissues. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41(7):1629-38). The function of 11β-HSD1 is to fine-tune local glucocorticoid action. 11β-HSD activity has been shown in the skin of humans and rodents, in human fibroblasts and in rat skin pouch tissue (Hammami, M. M., Siiteri, P. K. Regulation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human skin fibroblasts: enzymatic modulation of glucocorticoid action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73(2):326-34); Cooper, M. S., Moore, J., Filer, A., Buckley, C. D., Hewison, M., Stewart, P. M. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human fibroblasts: expression and regulation depends on tissue of origin. ENDO 2003 Abstracts 2003; Teelucksingh, S., Mackie, A. D., Burt, D., McIntyre, M. A., Brett, L., Edwards, C. R. Potentiation of hydrocortisone activity in skin by glycyrrhetinic acid. Lancet 1990;335(8697):1060-3; Slight, S. H., Chilakamarri, V. K., Nasr, S., Dhalla, A. K., Ramires, F. J., Sun, Y., et al. Inhibition of tissue repair by spironolactone: role of mineralocorticoids in fibrous tissue formation. Mol Cell Biochem 1998;189(1-2):47-54).
Wound healing consists of serial events including inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, secretion of ground substances, collagen production, angiogenesis, wound contraction and epithelialization. It can be divided in three phases; inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling phase (reviewed in Anstead et al., supra).
In surgical patients, treatment with glucocorticoids increases risk of wound infection and delay healing of open wounds. It has been shown in animal models that restraint stress slows down cutaneous wound healing and increases susceptibility to bacterial infection during wound healing. These effects were reversed by treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (Mercado, A. M., Quan, N., Padgett, D. A., Sheridan, J. F., Marucha, P. T. Restraint stress alters the expression of interleukin-1 and keratinocyte growth factor at the wound site: an in situ hybridization study. J Neuroimmunol 2002;129(1-2):74-83; Rojas, I. G., Padgett, D. A., Sheridan, J. F., Marucha, P. T. Stress-induced susceptibility to bacterial infection during cutaneous wound healing. Brain Behav Immun 2002;16(1):74-84). Glucocorticoids produce these effects by suppressing inflammation, decrease wound strength, inhibit wound contracture and delay epithelialization (Anstead et al., supra). Glucocorticoids influence wound healing by interfering with production or action of cytokines and growth factors like IGF, TGF-β, EGF, KGF and PDGF (Beer, H. D., Fassler, R., Werner, S. Glucocorticoid-regulated gene expression during cutaneous wound repair. Vitam Horm 2000;59:217-39; Hamon, G. A., Hunt, T. K., Spencer, E. M. In vivo effects of systemic insulin-like growth factor-I alone and complexed with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 on corticosteroid suppressed wounds. Growth Regul 1993;3(1):53-6; Laato, M., Heino, J., Kahari, V. M., Niinikoski, J., Gerdin, B. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) prevents methylprednisolone-induced inhibition of wound healing. J Surg Res 1989;47(4):354-9; Pierce, G. F., Mustoe, T. A., Lingelbach, J., Masakowski, V. R., Gramates, P., Deuel, T. F. Transforming growth factor beta reverses the glucocorticoid-induced wound-healing deficit in rats: possible regulation in macrophages by platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86(7):2229-33). It has also been shown that glucocorticoids decrease collagen synthesis in rat and mouse skin in vivo and in rat and human fibroblasts (Oishi, Y., Fu, Z. W., Ohnuki, Y., Kato, H., Noguchi, T. Molecular basis of the alteration in skin collagen metabolism in response to in vivo dexamethasone treatment: effects on the synthesis of collagen type I and III, collagenase, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(5):859-68).
WO 01/90090 discloses thiazole compounds, which compounds inhibit the human 11β-HSD1, and may be useful for treating disorders such as diabetes, obesity, glaucoma, osteoporosis, cognitive disorders and immune disorders. Other 11β-HSD1 inhibitors are disclosed in e.g. WO 01/90091; WO 01/90092; WO 01/90093; WO 01/90094; WO 03/043999; WO 03/044000; WO 03/044009; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/009821; WO 04/103980; WO 04/112784; WO 04/112781; WO 04/112785; WO 04/112783; WO 04/112782; WO 04/113310; WO 04/112779; and Swedish patent application No. SE 0400227-5, filed on Feb. 4, 2004. However, the use of the 11β-HSD1 inhibitors according to the present invention for diabetes, obesity, glaucoma, osteoporosis, cognitive disorders, immune disorders, and wound healing has not previously been disclosed.
Although not disclosed as 11-β-HSD1 inhibitors, Okawara et al. disclose the preparation of thiazole-5-spiropropan-4(5H)-ones, see J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, 1733-1735 (1986).

Inhibitors of 11-β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase type 1

Abstract: wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, X and Z are as defined herein, and also to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, as well as methods of use of the compounds for treatment of disorders associated with human 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme and for the preparation of a medicament which acts on the human 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme.


A capacitor feedthrough assembly with a cavity including a capacitor stack, including one or more substantially flat anode layers and one or more substantially flat cathode layers in a case with a cover, the case having a first opening sized for passage of the capacitor stack and a second opening defined by a lip. Additionally, the capacitor includes a conductive member attached to the capacitor stack and disposed at least part way through the second opening in the case, and an isolating element disposed between the lip and at least a portion of the connected stack and conductive member. Also, the capacitor includes a curable resin sealingly disposed in the cavity defined by the second opening, the isolating element, and the conductive member, the curable resin electrically isolating the case from the conductive member.

A capacitor is an electric circuit element used to store charge temporarily, consisting in general of two metallic plates separated and insulated from each other by a dielectric. Capacitors are useful as a compact source for a high energy pulse.
In many instances, the capacitor takes the form of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor. Existing designs include one or more separators disposed between two or more sheets of aluminum foil. One of the foils serves as the anode of the capacitor, and the other serves as the cathode. Some designs include multiple foils which are interconnected to increase effective size of the anode or cathode.
Varying devices benefit from compact capacitor designs. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators are typically implanted in the left region of the chest or in the abdomen, and include a housing and one or more leads implanted in the patient. Existing implantable cardioverter defibrillator designs include capacitors which can consume 30% of the volume of the housing. A need exists for a smaller device which is capable of delivering patient therapy. One way to obtain a smaller device is to reduce capacitor size. Capacitor size can be reduced through a reduction in capacitor component size. Making a capacitor case thinner is one way to reduce capacitor size.
However, a thin case can raise additional issues. For example, thin cases increase manufacturing difficulty. Increased manufacturing difficulty can result in higher costs. What is needed is a case which is thin, and which is compatible with a variety of manufacturing processes.

Method and apparatus for providing capacitor feedthrough


The present invention is directed at a pulse shift protection method for detecting a phase-to-phase short circuit in a drive for controlling electric motors, wherein the drive provides an output voltage to the electric motor, and wherein the instant, at which a short circuit detection function is executed, is chosen to minimize disturbance in the output voltage of the drive. The invention is also directed at a drive for controlling electric motors, said drive including a controlling portion for generating an output signal and an output portion connectable to an electric motor. The drive is provided for executing the above-mentioned pulse shift protection method.

Drives for controlling electric motors may include various monitoring functions for monitoring the drive and/or the electric motor driven by the drive. The present invention is directed at a method and a device, which allow the detection of short circuits in the context of electric motor drives and the corresponding electric motors.
In order to detect a phase-to-phase short circuit in a three-phase electric power motor it is necessary that a voltage difference between the phases is present. The voltage difference between the two phases will raise a current, which is high enough to enable the detection of a short circuit, should a short circuit be present.
In the present context of electric motor drives and the corresponding electric motors, it is not necessary to ensure that a short circuit is detected as soon as possible. Hence, the function to detect the short circuit may be executed periodically in the range of e.g. milliseconds. Since the function to detect the short circuit may cause changes to the output voltage requested by current controllers of the motor drive, the execution of the short circuit detection may deteriorate the current waveform output by the drive. This in return may affect the motor performance and the motor (parameter) estimation as well as produce undesired acoustic noise.

Pulse shift protection method for detecting a phase-to-phase short circuit in a drive and a drive for executing the method


A shape model generation method or system for generating a shape model from shape description data such as X-ray CT data, including a process by virtual probe measuring unit of causing a virtual probe defined as an area having a finite expansion in a virtual space in the shape description data to sequentially scan a plurality of probe paths sequentially set by probe path setting unit, measuring the shape description data and thereby acquiring a characteristic value specific to the position in the virtual space of the virtual probe for each of the probe paths and a process by the probe path setting unit of generating a new probe path using the characteristic value obtained for the probe paths and thereby sequentially setting the plurality of probe paths.

The present invention relates to a technique for generating an engineering shape model using a 3-D digitizer, and more particularly, to a shape model generation technique capable of generating a high-precision shape model using a volume scanner such as an X-ray CT as the 3-D digitizer.
In digital engineering using CAD, a technique using the shape of an actual object is collectively called "reverse engineering" in general. The use of the description "reverse" is attributable to the circumstance under which there has been no systematic method for obtaining CAD data from the shape of an actual object so far and the actual object has to be necessarily generated from CAD data. However, prime importance is being placed on reverse engineering for the purpose of making most of the shapes of natural objects such as living body and feeding back the expertise of skilled technicians.
The core of reverse engineering is a "3-D digitizer" which measures a 3-D shape of an object and converts the 3-D shape to 3-D data. As the 3-D digitizer, a probe-type 3-D measuring instrument (CMM: Coordinate Measuring Machine) and optical digitizer have often been used so far. However, X-ray CT capable of converting an inner shape as well as density distribution of an object to data is recently attracting attention. The reverse engineering making full use of an X-ray CT is described more specifically in "Concurrent Engineering using an X-Ray CT and RP" (Katsutoshi Sato, Taro Takagi, Shigeru Idemi, 15th Rapid Prototyping Symposium material (1998)), for example.
A probe-type 3-D measuring instrument and optical digitizer are devices which output "point cloud data." The "point cloud data" is a data format which describes a set of many points (point cloud) which exist on the surface of an actual object. These devices convert only the surface of the object to data, and therefore they are generally called "surface scanners." The point cloud data as is cannot be used in CAD. However, if neighboring points are linked with one another and polygon data is generated, it is possible to divide the 3-D space into the inside and outside of the object and use the polygon data as a "shape model" which contributes to engineering. The work of generating the polygon data from point cloud data is called "mesh generation."
On the other hand, an X-ray CT is a device which outputs "bitmap data." The "bitmap data" is a data format for describing a shape using spatially arranged unit elements called "cells." Since the X-ray CT can convert the inside of an object to data, it is generally called a "volume scanner." The individual cells have a value called a "cell value" which represents an X-ray absorption coefficient of the component material at that point of the object. This value is substantially proportional to the density of the material. Therefore, if a cell having a cell value greater than a predetermined threshold is extracted, it is possible to know a 3-D shape of the solid part of the object. Here, the "cell" is generally used in the case of two-dimensional bitmap data, while in the case of three-dimensional bitmap data, the corresponding element is normally called a "boxel," but in the present specification, "boxel" and "cell" all together may be called "cell."
The bitmap data includes a great amount of information, but there is little compatibility between bitmap data and CAD data. Therefore, the bitmap data as is cannot be used as a shape model. However, if a cell whose cell value matches a threshold is extracted from the bitmap data, it is possible to obtain point cloud data about the surface of the object based on the coordinates. Once the point cloud data is obtained, it is possible to generate a shape model using mesh generation. This method is the one conventionally used to generate a shape model from X-ray CT data.
The threshold of a cell value is generally an average of a cell value corresponding to an internal material (material in the solid part of an object, for example, aluminum) of the object and a cell value corresponding to an external medium (medium which surrounds the solid part of the object from the outside, for example, air). It is a general practice to carry out an interpolation process between cells instead of extracting cells whose cell value matches a threshold, but the underlying idea is the same.
Examples of techniques related to the background of the present invention are not limited to those described above but also include "3-D Dimension Measuring Apparatus and 3-D Dimension Measuring Method" disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3431022.
The above described conventional techniques using X-ray CT data have several problems. One of them is that when the thickness of the solid part of an object is smaller than a predetermined value, it is not possible to obtain point cloud data or generate a shape model. X-ray CT data generally includes certain defocusing. An extension of defocusing (defocusing expansion) is normally 2 to 5 cells (the cell size is generally on the order of 100 to 500μ). Because of this defocusing, if the thickness is equivalent to the defocusing expansion or smaller than the defocusing expansion, the cell value even in a medial part (medial line part) of the thin part does not reach the original value of the material of the part. When the thickness is extremely small, the cell value even does not reach the threshold, and therefore the fact per se that the object exists in that part may be overlooked.
Another problem is that when an object made of a plurality of different materials is handled, it is not possible to model the plurality of different materials simultaneously and accurately. This is attributable to the fact that there are a plurality of internal materials and it is therefore not possible to determine a threshold of an appropriate cell value.
A further problem is that it is not possible to make full use of shape features (features) of the object. With the conventional technique which converts bitmap data to point cloud data, many features are lost making it no longer possible to use a technique which statistically eliminates measurement errors making full use of the features.
Against the above described background, the present invention relates to generation of a shape model from shape description data such as X-ray CT data and it is a first object of the present invention to provide a more user-friendly shape model generation method capable of eliminating the above described various problems, it is a second object to provide a computer program implementing the method and it is a third object to provide a shape model system for executing the above described method.

Shape model generation method and shape model generation system


Techniques are described for controlling operation of both a host device and a wearable display device connected to the host device based on a use status of the wearable display device. The techniques include automatically determining a use status of a wearable display device based on feedback from one or more touch sensors within the wearable display device that indicates whether the wearable display device is worn by a user. Based on the determined use status, the wearable display device controls its own operation (e.g., controls operation of display screens of the wearable display device, a communication session with the host device, and display processing of data received from the host device). The wearable display device also sends an indication of the use status to the host device. The host device then controls its own data processing for the wearable display device based on the indicated use status.

Wireless display (WD) systems include at least one host device and at least one client device that communicate over a wireless network. For example, a Wi-Fi Direct (WFD) system includes multiple devices communicating over a Wi-Fi network. The host device acts as a wireless access point and sends multimedia data, which may include audio video (AV) data, audio data, and/or video data, to one or more client devices participating in a particular peer-to-peer (P2P) group communication session using one or more wireless communication standards, e.g., IEEE 802.11. The multimedia data may be played back at both a display of the host device and displays at each of the client devices. More specifically, each of the participating client devices processes the received multimedia data for presentation on its display screen and audio equipment. In addition, the host device may perform at least some processing of the multimedia data for presentation on the client devices.
The host device and one or more of the client devices may be either wireless devices or wired devices with wireless communication capabilities. In one example, as wired devices, one or more of the host device and the client devices may comprise televisions, monitors, projectors, set-top boxes, DVD or Blu-Ray Disc players, digital video recorders, laptop or desktop personal computers, video game consoles, and the like, that include wireless communication capabilities. In another example, as wireless devices, one or more of the host device and the client devices may comprise mobile telephones, portable computers with wireless communication cards, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable media players, or other flash memory devices with wireless communication capabilities, including so-called "smart" phones and "smart" pads or tablets, or other types of wireless communication devices (WCDs).
In some examples, at least one of the client devices may comprise a wearable display device. A wearable display device may comprise any type of wired or wireless display device that is worn on a user's body. As an example, the wearable display device may comprise a wireless head-worn display or wireless head-mounted display (WHMD) that is worn on a user's head in order to position one or more display screens in front of the user's eyes. The host device is typically responsible for performing at least some processing of the multimedia data for display on the wearable display device. In the case of wireless devices, both of the host device and the wearable display device may be powered by limited battery resources. Improved battery life and battery life conservation are, therefore, of paramount concern when designing WCDs and wireless wearable display devices.

Wearable display device use-based data processing control


Apparatus and method for outputting data from an integrated circuit having programmable logic for Single-Event Upset tolerant operation is described. Configuration memory associated with the programmable logic is read. Bits of the configuration memory read are error checked. Buffers are cycled to select one to load and another one to unload responsive to completion of each error checking cycle of the bits. For a cycle of the error checking, a first data portion is loaded into one buffer of the buffers for the cycle, it is verified whether the bits are valid for the cycle, and a second data portion is unloaded from another buffer of the buffers responsive to the bits being valid for the cycle.

Programmable logic devices ("PLDs") are a well-known type of integrated circuit that can be programmed to perform specified logic functions. One type of PLD, the field programmable gate array ("FPGA"), typically includes an array of programmable tiles. These programmable tiles can include, for example, input/output blocks ("IOBs"), configurable logic blocks ("CLBs"), dedicated random access memory blocks ("BRAMs"), multipliers, digital signal processing blocks ("DSPs"), processors, clock managers, delay lock loops ("DLLs"), and so forth. Notably, as used herein, "include" and "including" mean including without limitation. One such FPGA is the Xilinx Virtex™ FPGA available from Xilinx, Inc., 2100 Logic Drive, San Jose, Calif. 95124.
Another type of PLD is the Complex Programmable Logic Device ("CPLD"). A CPLD includes two or more "function blocks" connected together and to input/output ("I/O") resources by an interconnect switch matrix. Each function block of the CPLD includes a two-level AND/OR structure similar to those used in Programmable Logic Arrays ("PLAs") and Programmable Array Logic ("PAL") devices. Other PLDs are programmed by applying a processing layer, such as a metal layer, that programmably interconnects the various elements on the device. These PLDs are known as mask programmable devices. PLDs can also be implemented in other ways, for example, using fuse or antifuse technology. The terms "PLD" and "programmable logic device" include but are not limited to these exemplary devices, as well as encompassing devices that are only partially programmable.
For purposes of clarity, FPGAs are described below though other types of PLDs may be used. FPGAs may include one or more embedded microprocessors. For example, a microprocessor may be located in an area reserved for it, generally referred to as a "processor block."
Heretofore, a design instantiated in programmable logic of an FPGA ("FPGA fabric") was generally limited to more SEU-tolerant applications. In less tolerant applications, FPGA fabric was conventionally not implemented owing to a potential for outputting corrupted data due to an SEU causing a configuration memory cell bit to change state ("flip"). Even though SEU-hardened configuration memory cells may be used, such SEU-hardened configuration memory cells may still be susceptible to an SEU. Accordingly, a more thorough solution to preventing the output of corrupted data due to an SEU would be desirable and useful.

Data buffering with readout latency for single-event upset tolerant operation


An outboard motor S has an exhaust manifold passage 37 for carrying exhaust gas from combustion chambers 30. The exhaust manifold passage 37 is formed in a part of a cylinder head 22 in an exhaust-side part of an internal combustion engine E on the side of the cylinder head 22 with respect to a joint surface P of a cylinder block 20 joined to the cylinder head 22. An exhaust passage 38 is formed in the cylinder block 20 and connected to the exhaust gas outlet 37e of the exhaust manifold passage 37 in the joint surface P. An electrical equipment box 50 holding electrical equipment is placed in the exhaust-side part so as to overlap the exhaust passage 38 when viewed in vertical direction. An electrical equipment box 50 is disposed adjacent to the cylinder head 22 with respect to the direction parallel to the axes of cylinders 20a. It is thus possible to increase freedom of arranging parts at positions farther from the cylinder head than the electrical equipment box and freedom of determining the sizes of those parts.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an outboard motor provided with an internal combustion engine including a cylinder block provided with cylinders in an in-line arrangement, a cylinder head, and an electrical equipment box holding electrical equipment therein. More specifically, the present invention relates to the layout of an engine body including a cylinder block and a cylinder head, and an electric equipment box.
2. Description of the Related Art
There has been known an outboard motor provided with an internal combustion engine including a cylinder block provided with cylinders in an in-line arrangement, a cylinder head, a vertical crankshaft having a vertical axis, and an electrical equipment box holding electrical equipment therein. A vertical plane containing the horizontal center axis of the outboard motor divides the internal combustion engine into an intake-side part and an exhaust-side part. The cylinder block is provided with an exhaust manifold passage. The electrical equipment box is placed in the exhaust-side part. This type of outboard motors is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2-274689.
In case the electrical equipment box is placed in the exhaust-side part and the exhaust manifold passage is formed in the cylinder block, the disposition of the electrical equipment box near the cylinder head with respect to a direction parallel to the axes of the cylinders is obstructed by walls defining the exhaust manifold passages. Consequently, restrictions are imposed on the position and size of an intake system which includes an inlet air silencer and is disposed on the front side of the electrical equipment box positioned in front of the cylinder head. When the electrical equipment box is disposed transversely apart from the center axis of the outboard motor to avoid interference of the electrical equipment box with the intake system and the walls defining the exhaust manifold passage, the transverse width and the weight of the outboard motor increase.

Outboard motor provided with internal combustion engine having electrical equipment box


A particular computer-implemented method includes generating a plurality of intent maps based on a plurality of documents. The plurality of intent maps includes a first intent map based on a first document and a second intent map based on a second document. Each intent map of the plurality of intent maps corresponds to a document of the plurality of documents and includes a set of event structures. Each event structure includes data descriptive of an actor and an action described in the document that corresponds to the intent map. The method also includes performing a comparison of event structures of the first intent map and event structures of the second intent map. The method further includes determining, based on the comparison, whether at least a portion of the first document is duplicative of at least a portion of the second document.

Some types of document processing examine documents and perform evaluations based on information contained in the documents. For example, automated systems that evaluate information for intelligence gathering, forensic analysis and predictive analysis may examine documents to gather and analyze the information. Some automated system may treat recurrences of information (e.g., repetition of information in two or more different documents) as confirmation or additional evidence of reliability of the information. However, in some situations, repetition of the information may not provide additional evidence of reliability of the information. For example, a second document may use a first document as a source. In this case, the second document may not include any information that is independent of the first document, but rather is merely repeating information from the first document. In this situation, an automated system may falsely conclude that the information repeated from the first document in the second document has more support than would be the case if the interdependence of the documents were recognized.


An antenna device of a mobile communication terminal is provided, the device including at least one radiation pattern and at least one magneto dielectric module or dielectric module installed in a selected position on the radiation pattern to tune one or more resonance frequencies of the radiation pattern according to resonance frequencies required for the terminal. The radiation pattern is selected from among one or more radiation patterns fabricated according to a usable frequency band. The one or more radiation patterns each include one or more resonance frequencies. The magneto dielectric module is selected from among one or more magneto dielectric modules fabricated for controlling the one or more resonance frequencies of the one or more radiation patterns. The dielectric module is selected from among one or more dielectric modules fabricated for controlling the one or more resonance frequencies of the one or more radiation patterns.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a mobile communication terminal. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for fabricating an antenna device of a mobile communication terminal.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, the term 'mobile communication terminal' refers to a device carried with a user to perform communication, such as voice communication or text message transmission/reception, between the user and a communication partner. Recent years have witnessed innovative advances in mobile communication technology such that a user can download various contents provided from a mobile communication service provider through the mobile communication terminal and store the contents in the mobile communication terminal for use on the mobile communication terminal or enjoy those contents online.
Mobile communication services, which provided simple voice communication or text message transmission/reception in their early stage, are now additionally enabling the real-time transmission/reception of large amounts of information, from transmission/reception of various game contents and still/moving pictures to video communication.
Mobile communication services are provided in allocated frequency bands which may differ geographically and/or from service provider to service provider. Recently, mobile communication services provided in different frequency bands have become available with a single mobile communication terminal.
Meanwhile, as mobile communication services, which were focused on voice communication or short message transmission in their early stage, are now diversified from the transmission of game contents and still/moving pictures to video communication, terminal manufacturers have made continuous efforts to provide increasingly smaller terminals having large screens. That is, mobile communication terminals need to be easy to carry and allow users to enjoy multimedia services with sufficiently large screens during video communication or the viewing of moving pictures. In terms of portability and convenience in use of multimedia services, a portable terminal having a touch screen capable of providing both a keypad function as an input device and a display function as an output device has rapidly come into wide use.
To use mobile communication services provided in different frequency bands through a single mobile communication terminal, the mobile communication terminal has to be equipped with antennas operating in the respective frequency bands. However, due to the nature of antennas, interference generated between antennas operating in different frequency bands may lead to many difficulties in installing a plurality of antennas in a downsized terminal. Moreover, with the recent trend toward a built-in antenna which is disposed in a housing of a terminal, such difficulties have been aggravated.
Furthermore, because the characteristics of antennas may be significantly influenced by an adjacent circuit device or the shape of a terminal's housing, as well as interference between antennas operating in different frequency bands, an antenna for a new model of a terminal is designed through a trial and error process that inevitably involves numerous trials. In other words, for a new model of a terminal, a user can intuitively recognize only exterior and functional changes in the terminal. However, to design an antenna device for the new model of the terminal so as to have sufficient performance, a circuit layout and shape of a housing of the terminal as well as the design of the antenna device go through many trials and errors.
The trials and errors involved in the antenna design process require many man hours and are expensive, thereby increasing the fabricating cost of the terminal.
In addition, an antenna generally needs an electrical length of either a ¼ wavelength or ½ wavelength of a resonance frequency. An antenna operating in a high-frequency band (e.g., a band around 1.8 GHz or 2.1 GHz) is relatively easy to downsize. On the other hand, an antenna operating in a low-frequency band (e.g., a band around 800 MHz) needs a larger physical installation space than the antenna operating in the high-frequency band.
Therefore, in the design of a multi-frequency-band antenna, there exist many difficulties in securing an installation space and guaranteeing the independent operating characteristics of the antenna operating in the low-frequency band with respect to the antenna operating in the high-frequency band.

Antenna device of mobile communication terminal


A projectile target 10 comprises a support structure 20 adapted to support two or more targets 30. The targets 30 are ideally off the ground 12, that is spaced from the ground 12. Each target 30 is, in turn, supported by an arm 32 extending from a common hinge 34. Each pair of targets 30 includes a first main target 30a and a second target 30b. In a first position 38a, the first target 30a presents a first broad target surface 36a to an operator or shooter (not shown). The second target 30b is displaced so that it does not present a viable target to the operator. However, the second target 30b is adapted to move into a second, viable, target position 38b when the first target 30a is struck substantially on its broad target surface 36a by a projectile, such as a .22 calibre bullet.

The following references to and descriptions of prior proposals or products are not intended to be, and are not to be construed as, statements or admissions of common general knowledge in the art. In particular, the following prior art discussion should not be assumed to relate to what is commonly or well known by the person skilled in the art, but to assist in the inventive process undertaken by the inventor(s) and in the understanding of the invention.
Projectile targets have been described whereby the target, once hit, is deflected to a position in which it no longer presents a target. Other walker type targets generally comprise four-spaced targets in pairs of two targets in which the striking of one upstanding target of a pair causes the rotation of the walker whereby to present the targets of the other pair. However, such walker devices have the tendency to eventually assume a position in which the upstanding pair of targets present no viable target surface due to being rotated about 90 degrees relative to the shooter. Moreover, walker targets by their very nature are pushed further and further backwards, so that the shooting distance is variable.
An object of the present invention is to ameliorate the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art or to at least provide a useful alternative thereto.


Disclosed are techniques related to cluster-based defect detection testing for disk drives. A disk drive comprises a disk, a moveable head to scan the tracks of the disk, and a defect detection circuit to detect defects on the disk scanned by the moveable head. The disk drive includes a microprocessor for controlling operations in the disk drive including cluster-based defect detection. The microprocessor under the control of a cluster detection program defines a scan window. The scan window corresponds to an area of the disk scanned by the moveable head. The microprocessor under the control of the cluster detection program further defines a cluster threshold corresponding to a minimum number of defects required to occur within the scan window and identifies a defect cluster if a cluster threshold of defects occurs within the scan window. By identifying defect clusters on the disk these defect clusters can be margined.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to disk drives. More particularly, the present invention relates to techniques for cluster-based defect detection testing for disk drives.
2. Description of the Prior Art and Related Information
Today, computers are routinely used both at work and in the home. Computers advantageously enable file sharing, the creation of electronic documents, the use of application specific software, and electronic commerce through Internet and other computer networks. Typically, each computer has a storage peripheral such as a disk drive (e.g. a hard disk drive).
Hard disk drives often employ a moveable head actuator to frequently access large amounts of data stored on the disk. A conventional hard disk drive has a head disk assembly ("HDA") including at least one magnetic disk ("disk"), a spindle motor for rapidly rotating the disk, and a head stack assembly ("HSA") that includes a head gimbal assembly (HGA) with a moveable head for reading and writing data. The HSA forms part of a servo control system that positions the head over a particular track on the disk to read or write information from and to that track, respectively.
A huge market exists for hard disk drives for mass-market computer systems such as servers, desktop computers, and laptop computers. To be competitive in this market, a hard disk drive should be relatively inexpensive and should embody a design that is adapted for low-cost mass production, while at the same providing high data storage capacity and providing rapid access to data.
Satisfying these competing constraints of low-cost, high data storage capacity, rapid access to data and improved reliability requires innovation in each of the numerous components of the disk drive, methods of assembly, and in testing.
One way to satisfy these competing constraints is by purchasing and utilizing disks (i.e. media) at particular price points, which have some amount of expected disk defects, and margining these disk defects during verification testing of the disk drive before ultimately sending the disk drive out to a customer.
Presently, during disk drive functionality testing, before the disk drive is sent out to the customer, the disk is scanned for defects to detect defect patterns that are the result of, for example, scratches and/or thermal asperities on the disk. These defects may also be caused by head loading, head slap, and delamination. Particularly, as is presently done, the entire surface of the disk is scanned and a map or table of detected defect patterns is generated. Based on this map, radial straight line margining occurs in which defect patterns are approximated as radial straight lines on the disk and these radial straight line are stored in the memory of the disk drive as areas that are not to be used for reading or writing data to (i.e. these radial straight lines are margined).
Unfortunately, these techniques do not take into account the random nature that characterizes the way that defects often occur on disk and the irregular shapes formed by these randomly occurring defects. Moreover, present disk defect testing techniques do not take into account the reoccurrence of cluster regions across many different disks for statistical quality control purposes. For example, the reoccurrence of particular cluster defect regions at specific areas across many different disks may indicate a problem with the assembly process or with disks being provided by a disk vendor for assembly into the disk drive.

Cluster-based defect detection testing for disk drives


A panel or door suspension system used to hang sliding panels or doors. The panel members are hung by an upper bearing assembly with bearings on each side of the longitudinal axis of the panel thereby allowing the weight of the door to bear wholly on the upper bearings and to act centrally and downwardly between the bearings thereby preventing a moment on the bearings. A wedge member attached to the upper portion of the panel allows for vertical adjustment of the panel relative to the bearings and the door frame. A sill assembly beneath the panel allows for stable sliding operation of the panel member, provides for debris drainage and facilitates servicing of the members comprising the sill assembly.

Exterior sliding doors or panels which are opened and closed by sliding within a groove and which are maintained in their generally vertical position during the sliding movement are ubiquitous in residential and commercial construction. However, disadvantages in the use and installation of such panels are well known. First, if the sliding members are heavy, hanging such members is difficult and two or more specialized installers may be required. Second, continued and proper adjustment of the sliding panels is important for proper operation of the panels or doors and, again, skilled labor may not be readily available. Third, existing sliding members generally have their entire weight acting on bearings located on the bottom of the door which run on a rail. The rail is raised from the surface of the exterior and interior floors which causes access problems for carts and disabled users. The bearings, being on the bottom of the door, attract water and other debris which contacts the door and falls downwardly into the bearing area over time. The debris may enter the bearings, prohibit smooth movement of the doors and cause premature wear. In an effort to prevent this contamination, friction brushes are often used which, in turn, interfere with the smooth movement of the sliding members. Fourth, the weight of such doors may act in an unbalanced way on the bearings if they are not precisely positioned. Thus, one set of bearings may receive more loading than a second set of bearings which affects the operation of the doors and the bearing life. Finally, subsequent service to the sliding members after installation typically requires a number of service personal to raise the doors off their track for cleaning, item replacement and the like. Thereafter, the panel members will require installation and adjustment. This is unnecessarily expensive, time consuming and inconvenient for the user.

Suspension and sill system for sliding members


The present invention provides synthetic nucleic acid molecule tags that can be added into samples for identification and tracking. Among other things, the present invention provides synthetic, high-molecular weight concatemers, which can be combined with samples to yield hundreds of millions of unique identifiers. Examples applications for which the synthetic nucleic acid molecule tags can be used, include industrial, research and clinical applications.

The ongoing revolution in DNA sequencing technologies is transforming medical, agricultural, and forensic science, creating both an expectation and a demand that enormous numbers of samples be processed in limited time. A recent technology review describes current projects, such as the Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium—which uses high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies to describe the epigenomes of human cell types—studies that analyze the single-cell transcriptomics of the mouse brain, and efforts to document the metagenomics of the New York City subway, as "previously unimaginable". (Perkel, J M, Next-Gen DNA Sequencing: 2015 Update posted at Biocompare on 24 Feb. 2015).

High-molecular weight DNA sample tracking tags for next generation sequencing