A method and system for maintaining a pinned kernel memory pool from which memory buffers are allocated to time critical processing tasks. The memory pool initially comprises a base block of pinned kernel memory to which additional memory blocks are added as more buffers are requested. Non-contiguous memory blocks may be used because they are maintained as a linked list. New buffer requests are satisfied from the earliest added blocks. The most recently added memory blocks are periodically examined for use to determine if they are in use and are returned to the kernel memory pool if they are unused.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of computer memory management systems, and more particularly relates to a method and system for managing pinned kernel memory used as data buffers for time sensitive processing.
2. Description of Related Art
Many types of data processing equipment utilize virtual memory that allows data being handled by the processor to be stored in a combination of physical memory and mass storage. Virtual memory allows a processor to utilize memory in excess of that available in actual physical memory connected to the processor. The operation of virtual memory results in some data being stored in a mass storage device, such as a hard disk drive, and the swapping, or paging, of data between physical memory and mass storage as data stored in mass storage is required to be accessed by the processor. An attempt to access data that is stored in mass storage, which is referred to as a page fault, requires that the data be swapped into physical memory. The swapping of data between physical memory and mass storage may introduce a relatively long delay in access to the data as compared to accessing data already stored in physical memory. An excessive amount of data swapping from physical memory to mass storage is referred to as "thrashing" and has a detrimental impact upon system performance.
Electronic data processing equipment are often required to perform data communications with remote equipment. The data produced by a data storage system or other data processing systems must often be relayed to other computers or to other data processing equipment in order to be useful. Efficient utilization of processing resources to perform these data communications tasks is required in order to minimize equipment cost and maximize the usefulness of the data processing equipment.
The availability of powerful microprocessors has also made the distribution of processing among several computers, which are interconnected together by a communications network, an attractive alternative to using a central, monolithic computer system. A series of computers which are interconnected by a network may also host computer applications that are able to partition their processing among several nodes in order to realize greater performance. Such computers are required to implement data communications processing which efficiently utilize computing resources.
Interconnected computer systems consist of a number of separate computing systems coupled with an inter-processor communication mechanism, such as a network or a communications switch. Each computing system has its own processor, memory, and I/O subsystems and each typically runs a separate instance of an operating system. Interconnected computer systems may also be configured to allow applications to run in an abstract fashion independently of a given computing system, a manner which treats all nodes in a cluster as equivalent. These systems may also allow a computer system to access data processing resources that are located in any other computer system that is part of the interconnected computer system.
Different approaches are used to provide access to data processing resources on one computer system to all of the computer systems that are part of an interconnected computer system. One application of this architecture provides one or more centrally accessible remote data storage devices that communicate to all interconnected processors. Distributed file systems, such as NFS, AFS, and DFS, are all operable in a manner which allows applications on one processor to access remote data storage devices. These file systems often present abstract data storage functions to the application and preclude the application from controlling the storage details of the data storage.
In order to maximize processing efficiency and meet processing time requirements, the data communications processing in a computer system, or other data processing equipment that is part of an interconnected computer system, often stores data in temporary memory buffers that are held in a fixed physical memory location within the data processing equipment. The data buffers are stored in the memory space used by the operating system of the processing equipment, which is referred to herein as the "kernel" memory. The kernel memory used for the data communications buffer is configured so that the data in that memory is not paged out of real memory so that the data is ready for immediate access by the processing hardware. Configuring the memory to prevent paging out of the data stored in that portion of memory is referred to as "pinning" the memory. This ensures that page faults do not occur for data access to the temporary buffer. Pinning kernel memory has an adverse impact upon other processing operations within the data processing equipment since the kernel memory that is pinned by one process is not available to support processing of other processing tasks. The pinning of kernel memory also limits the memory management flexibility of the processing module that is pinning the memory.
Prior art data communications processing components of data processing equipment pin a fixed amount of kernel memory in a large, contiguous memory block and stores communication data into buffers that are allocated within that fixed kernel memory block. This operation requires that this fixed amount of kernel memory be pinned and allocated to processing by the external data communications processing component during initialization. That fixed amount of contiguous kernel memory then remains pinned during all subsequent operations. Selection of the amount of fixed kernel memory to allocate to external data communications processing requires trading off external data communications performance with the processing performance of other processing tasks performed by the data processing equipment. Allocation of an insufficient amount of pinned kernel memory to external data communications processing results in queuing of external data communications data messages, which degrades the performance of the data processing equipment as observed by external users. Allocation of too much pinned kernel memory results in degraded performance of other processes within the data processing equipment since the amount of kernel memory available to those other processes is reduced. The identification of the proper amount of pinned kernel memory to allocate to the external data communications processing is hindered by the fact that the amount is dependent upon a peak external data communications demand.
Therefore a need exists to overcome the problems with the prior art as discussed above, and particularly for a way to more efficiently utilize system kernel memory within data processing equipment to support time sensitive processing tasks such as external data communications processing.

Dynamic self-tuning memory management method and system

International Business Machines Corporation


A rehabilitation hand including a finger motion aid. The finger motion aid includes a rubber member, wherein a finger sleeve is provided at a front end of the rubber member. The finger sleeve has an open end where a finger can extend through the open end. The rubber member can be worn on the finger by the finger sleeve. A space, which is formed by a first bridge, a last bridge, a plurality of intermediate bridges and a plurality of grooves, is provided on a front face of the rubber member and a chip is placed in the space. The rehabilitation hand includes at least one of a thumb motion aid, an index finger motion aid, a middle finger motion aid, a ring finger motion aid, a little finger motion aid, a controller and a protective gear.

It has been clinically proven that continuous passive exercises can compensate for the lack of active exercises of a patient, increase the physical activity of the patient, and also reduce the corresponding complications after a limb surgery or during early rehabilitation and spontaneous recovery of a cranial nerve injury of the patient. In addition, there is currently a situation for a patient in which a finger is paralyzed and contracted due to a central nervous system injury such as cerebral infarction. In this situation, if a professional rehabilitation trainer or a surgeon et al. wears a rehabilitation hand device to stretch and clench fingers and then a signal of finger movement is transmitted from a chip in the rehabilitation hand device, via a transmission device, to a chip of a rehabilitation hand worn by the patient, the patient is controlled to synchronize with the person (the professional rehabilitation trainer, the surgeon or the patient himself, et al.) who actively sends out a motion signal to perform the movement of the fingers, so that the recovery process of the patient's fingers can be accelerated.
In view of the above needs, the inventor of the present invention has finally obtained the present invention after a long period of research and practices.

Finger motion aid and rehabilitation hand having same

BEIJING HENGTONG XINJIA TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CO, LTD.

ZHONGSHAN CHANGYAO MEDICAL EQUIPMENT CO, LTD.


A method can be used for treating or reducing likelihood of an influenza A virus-induced disease in a mammal. The method includes administering a polynucleotide to the mammal. Theis polynucleotide includes a gene encoding Mx protein having a TRAF2 and/or a TRAF6 binding domain. The TRAF2 and/or TRAF6 binding domain can be represented by the sequences P-X-Q/E-E, P-X-Q/E-X-X-D, or P-X-E-E-X-E. The TRAF2 and/or TRAF6 binding domain can also be located in the Mx protein in a position which corresponds to the position of the hexapeptide PEEESE in the bovine Mx1 protein or in a position which is up to 20 amino acid residues upstream or downstream of that position.

Many vaccines were generated and validated for preventing symptoms and mortality associated with viral infections of humans and animals. Some of these vaccines must be frequently updated because of the continuous genetic evolution of the viruses targeted, notably those vaccines aimed at preventing symptoms and mortality attributable to influenza A viruses. Such recurrent updating of the viral strains used to manufacture updated vaccines hamper production of large quantities of vaccines in due time. Moreover, the production costs of these recurrent updatings and the logistic chain that is necessary to ensure quick and wide distribution and administration of these vaccines frequently prevent the pig, chicken, turkey or equine industry from adequately vaccinating all the targeted animals in due time.
In humans, only adamantanes (amantadine, rimantadine) and inhibitors of neuraminidase (oseltamivir, zanamivir) are available for therapy of influenza A viruses-associated diseases. Large scale use of these molecules leads rapidly to emergence of resistant viral strains. As an example, most circulating influenza A virus strains are currently resistant to adamantanes and the prevalence of H5N1 strains resistant to inhibitors of neuraminidase increases constantly. As a consequence, chemotherapeutic molecules capable of mitigating influenza A virus-associated diseases in humans are very scarce.
In humans, the use of monoclonal antibodies to fight viral diseases was proposed. However, as these molecules comprise nonhuman segments, they often cause allergic reactions. Moreover, as many viruses are endowed with a very efficient genetic evolution capacity for evading new therapeutic molecules, the cost/benefit ratio expected from the process of developing a new antiviral monoclonal antibody dramatically hampers the discovery of new molecules.
In humans, gene therapy is an alternative approach to fight diseases as shown in the past for genetic diseases, cancer, or viral diseases (see PCT Publication Nos. WO91/02805, EP 0 415 731 and WO 90/07936). As vectors used in gene therapy transform only a fraction of host cells available for virus amplification, a credible antiviral transgene must encode for a very strong antiviral protein to give the gene therapy process any chance to attenuate the severity of the disease targeted. Such credible transgenes do not exist yet.
In animals, prevention of the spread of economically devastating or anthropozoonotic viral contagious diseases includes mass slaughtering. Today, this sanitary policy faces major economic and ethical concerns. Still in animals, it is theoretically possible to use genetically resistant genitors to disseminate resistance traits among progenies and, hence, progressively enhance the epidemiologic resistance of farm animal populations. However, this approach is based on prior identification of allelic variation at loci encoding for innate resistance against the disease targeted. Such projects are not realistic in terms of cost/success ratio, notably because many disease resistance traits are polygenic.
In 1962, the group of Lindenmann fortuitously discovered that the inbred mouse strain A2G spontaneously resisted experimental infections with influenza A viruses that were systematically fatal for other strains. The new resistance trait was noted Mx, standing for myxovirus resistance. Years after, it appeared that the Mx+ trait cosegregated with the expression, upon interferon alpha/beta (IFNα/β) treatment, of a ˜78 kDa protein that was henceforth named Mx protein. Since then, molecular genetic studies led to the identification of the genes underlying Mx proteins expression, first in mice, then in humans and subsequently in all vertebrate species studied. According to sequence homologies, vertebrate Mx proteins were shown to be large dynamin-like GTPases. Dynamins constitute a subfamily of high molecular weight GTPases that play critical functions in a large array of cell processes among which mobility, membrane remodeling, endocytosis, vesicular traffic and division of cell and organelles. Among dynamin molecules, some lack the typical pleckstrin and prolin/arginine-rich domains and their expression is subordinated to type I interferons; these are called "Mx" dynamins. Each vertebrate species possesses two or three Mx genes of which a few allelic versions were shown, in vitro, to encode for Mx dynamins endowed with antiviral activity, most often against influenza A viruses. Further researches revealed that some versions of Mx dynamins were endowed with antiviral properties and that various viruses were targeted, depending on the Mx isoform studied. Targeted mutagenesis studies later showed that the C-terminal GTPase Effector Domain (GED) of Mx dynamins supports antiviral activity and antiviral spectrum.
In the efforts to investigate antiviral activity the Bos taurus Mx1 dynamin sequence was made available. In vitro tests with cultured cells expressing bovine Mx1 gene revealed that human and bovine parainfluenza-3, human and bovine respiratory syncytial, bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, Sendai, measles, and encephalomyocarditis viruses were not inhibited by the bovine Mx1, whereas vesicular stomatitis and rabies viruses were. Compared to other Mx dynamins, a specific antiviral spectrum was thus associated to the bovine Mx1 dynamin but as prior art had shown that other Mx dynamins display specific antiviral profiles, this was not unexpected.
With the notable exception of that encoded by the mouse Mx1+ allele, the prior art is deficient in Mx dynamins capable of suppressing influenza A viruses infection-associated diseases in vivo. As influenza A viruses constantly circulate in human, pig and poultry populations, it is trivial that human, porcine or chicken Mx proteins do not protect humans, pigs and chicken against severe, even fatal influenzal disease respectively. Using human, pig or chicken antiviral Mx1 dynamins for gene therapy is therefore not pertinent. Similarly, selection of genitors endowed with the best alleles, as determined in vitro, for raising progressively more resistant chicken or pig populations is not pertinent. Conversely, using the mouse Mx1 dynamin for gene therapy or for generating transgenic influenza-resistant food animals is theoretically pertinent. However, as mouse Mx1 dynamin is phylogenically distant from human Mx proteins, immunopathologic (allergic) problems may arouse from mouse Mx1-based gene therapies or from ingestion of mouse Mx1-containing food. Moreover, bringing murinized chicken, murinized turkey or murinized pig meat on the market would undoubtedly give rise to hostility of consumers. It is therefore highly desirable to use mutant human Mx dynamin with enhanced antiviral activity for gene therapy compositions. Similarly, it is highly desirable to create mutant food animal Mx dynamins with antiviral activity equal or superior to that exercised by mouse Mx1 in vivo in order to generate transgenic influenza-resistant food animals. The antiviral function of all anti-influenza Mx dynamins known so far is exercised through their C-terminal GTPase effector domain (GED).
TNF-receptor associated factors (TRAFs) form an array of adapter molecules that upon engagement of TNF-, IL-1β, TLRs and RANK receptors by their respective cognate ligands come first in contact with the activated receptor, acting as docking molecules for kinases and other effector proteins that are recruited to the activated receptor. TRAFs later regulate the subcellular relocalization of the receptor-ligand complex and modulate the nature and extent of the response by controlling the degradation of key proteins in the pathway. By doing so, TRAFs control activation of protein kinase cascades and transcription factors in the NF-kB and AP-1 families, thus tuning transcription of numerous genes that are involved in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
The prior art is deficient in a method of inhibiting multiplication of viruses and/or to abolish or attenuate viral disease-associated cytokine responses and organ dysfunctions.
Therefore the object of the present invention was to provide animals, preferably transgenic animals which have a decreased susceptibility to influenza A virus. The object was further to provide medicaments for the preventive and or therapeutic treatment of influenza A virus-induced diseases.
Further, the object of the present invention therefore also was to provide a medicament for use in preventive and/or therapeutic treatment of influenza A virus, particularly for human use.

Polynucleotide for use in treatment of influenza A virus induced diseases, encoding modified Mx protein, said modified Mx protein, and a transgenic animal expressing gene encoding modified Mx protein


A self-ligating orthodontic bracket for captivating an archwire with a tooth. The bracket includes a bracket body mountable to a tooth and a self-ligating mechanism having an archwire slot and a ligating slide. The ligating slide is movable between an open position in which an archwire is insertable into the archwire slot and a closed position in which the archwire is retained in the archwire slot. The bracket body may be formed from a non-metallic material, such as a polymer, a filled polymer composite, or a ceramic, and the self-ligating mechanism may be formed from a metal. The bracket may include a resilient engagement member with a detent positioned to engage an aperture or throughhole extending through the ligating slide when the ligating slide is in the closed position.

Orthodontic brackets represent a principle component of all corrective orthodontic treatments devoted to improving a patient's occlusion. Conventional orthodontic treatments affix brackets to the patient's teeth and an archwire is threaded through a slot of each bracket. The archwire applies corrective forces that coerce the teeth to move to orthodontically correct positions. Traditional ligatures, such as small elastomeric O-rings or fine metal wires, are employed to retain the archwire within each bracket slot. Due to difficulties encountered in applying an individual ligature to each bracket, self-ligating orthodontic brackets have been developed that eliminate the need for ligatures by relying on a movable latch or slide for captivating the archwire with the bracket slot.
Conventional orthodontic brackets are ordinarily formed from stainless steel, which is strong, nonabsorbent, weldable, and relatively easy to form and machine. Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment using metal orthodontic brackets, however, may be embarrassed by the visibility of conventional metal orthodontic brackets, which are not cosmetically pleasing. To improve the cosmetic appearance, certain conventional orthodontic brackets incorporate a bracket body of a transparent or translucent non-metallic material, such as a polymer resin or a ceramic, that assumes or mimics the color or shade of the underlying tooth. Such orthodontic brackets may rely upon a metallic insert lining the archwire slot for strengthening and reinforcing the bracket body in the vicinity of the archwire slot. As a result, the appearance of metal in the patient's mouth is less noticeable in ordinary view and, therefore, brackets characterized by a non-metallic bracket body are more aesthetically pleasing. However, conventional orthodontic brackets with non-metallic bracket bodies have yet to implement self-ligation as self-ligating brackets necessitate the use of metallic materials because of the strength, ductility and toughness of metals as compared to other non-metallic materials.
Conventional self-ligating orthodontic brackets suffer from other deficiencies. For example, certain self-ligating brackets apply a spring force to hold a ligating slide in a closed position to captivate an archwire. When the ligating slide is moved between from the closed position to an open position, the spring force continues to act against the ligating slide and opposes the movement.
Thus, there would be a need for a self-ligating orthodontic bracket that overcomes these deficiencies of conventional self-ligating orthodontic brackets.

Aesthetic self-ligating orthodontic bracket


The present invention provides a visible and infrared light image-taking optical system which can facilitate changing a wavelength of infrared light used to take an infrared video image with an infrared light camera and which can achieve an infrared video image not affected by infrared light of any wavelength other than a desired wavelength, by separating object light incident on an image-taking optical system into object light in a visible light region and object light in an infrared light region and taking an object image formed by each object light for each object light in each wavelength region decomposed by the color separation optical system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a visible and infrared light image-taking optical system, and more particularly, to a visible and infrared light image-taking optical system which enables the same object to be taken simultaneously using visible light and infrared light.
2. Description of the Related Art
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-4181 and No. 2004-45266 have proposed a lens system which takes the same object image using visible light and infrared light through a lens device used in a TV camera for broadcasting or for business use. These lens systems permit object light incident on an image-taking lens to be separated into object light in a visible light region and object light in an infrared light region by a color separation prism, so that an image by the each object light is formed at a visible light image pickup element and an infrared light image pickup element, respectively. The lens system according to Patent Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-4181 includes a correction lens for correcting an image formation position of object light in an infrared light region and adjusting a position of the correction lens corrects axial chromatic aberrations of infrared light.
As one of video image synthesis methods used for synthesis of a live-action video image and a video image prepared by a computer or the like, the chromakey method which replaces a video image in a specific color region of a taken video image with another video image is generally used. In synthesizing video images using the chromakey method, for example, for production of a program for broadcasting, a screen of a mono color such as blue or green is disposed at a background portion of an object such as a performer (a main object) to be captured as a video image. An image region of the screen in a taken video image is identified by color and a key signal for distinguishing a main-object region from a background region is created. A synthesized video image is created by replacing the video image in the background region with another video image created by a computer or the like by use of the key signal.
On the other hand, such a chromakey method requires to keep the screen in a fixed range of brightness, chroma and hue, so that flexibility of setting illumination for the main object is constrained. Moreover, there are some problems such as the constraint that clothes or an accessory of the main object cannot use the same color as a screen of the background.
Accordingly, as a method of video image synthesis for solving such problems, there has been proposed a method for creating a key signal using an infrared video image taken by a camera for infrared light. This permits the screen formed of recursive reflection material having the property of reflecting incident light strongly toward a light source to be disposed at a background portion of the main object. Infrared light is irradiated from the camera for infrared light toward the main object and an infrared light video image is taken by the infrared light camera. At this time, the infrared light is diffused on a surface of the main object and, on the screen of the background, the infrared light is reflected strongly toward the light source, thus achieving an infrared video image with a dark main object and a bright background portion. Detecting a difference (contrast) in the brightness creates a key signal for distinguishing a main-object region from a background region. The infrared light camera is disposed so as to take an infrared video image having the same view angle and the same object distance as a camera (a visible light camera) taking a color video image of visible light, for example, when mounted to a lens device as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-4181. Accordingly, when a key signal is created by an infrared video image of the infrared light camera, the key signal appropriately distinguishes a main-object region of a color video image taken by the visible light camera from a background region. This enables to replace only a video image in the background region of the color video image taken by the visible light camera with another video image.

Visible and infrared light image-taking optical system


A gear-change switch, particularly a stepping switch for controlling gears on bicycles or similar vehicles, has a fixed housing and an actuating element rotatably mounted for rotation in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions to tension or release a traction cable for controlling the bicycle gears. The actuation element comprises a thumb-operated gear-change switch or a twist-grip gear-change switch. The advantage of the switching device lies in the considerable simplification of the design and in the production of the components in plastic material.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a gear-change switch for controlling bicycle gears. More particularly, the invention relates to a stepping gear-change switch for switching up or down to a gear adjacent a present gear position by shifting the gearshift from a neutral position to a stop and releasing it, such that the gearshift returns to the neutral position and is ready for a subsequent gear change.
2. Description of the Related Art
A gear-change switch, in particular a stepping switch for controlling bicycle gears, has been disclosed by German Utility Model 90 15 515, in which it is possible, by actuating a single gearshift lever, to shift up or down to each gear adjacent to a present gear position, by shifting the gearshift lever in each case as far as the stop and then releasing it again, so that the gearshift lever moves back into its position of readiness.

Gear-change switch for controlling bicycle gears


An injection valve for injecting fuel into a combustion chamber includes: a housing having at least one spray discharge orifice on a discharge side; a solenoid coil; a magnet armature linearly movable by the solenoid coil; a valve needle for opening and closing the spray discharge orifice, which valve needle projects through the magnet armature and is linearly movable along a longitudinal axis, the magnet armature being linearly movable in relation to the valve needle between a first stop and a second stop, the second stop being formed by a stop element having a stop face and a counter element having a counter face situated opposite the stop face, the stop element having an elastic design so that an angle between the longitudinal axis and the stop face is changed when the counter face strikes the stop face.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an injection valve for injecting a medium, e.g., for injecting fuel into a combustion chamber, which injection process may be developed as a port injection or as a direct injection.
2. Description of the Related Art
The related art includes known injection valves for the injection of Otto fuel. They have a valve needle which is moved against a closing spring by an actuator, e.g., an electromagnet or a piezo actuator, in such a way that a desired fuel quantity is selectively introduced directly into the combustion chamber. In the case at hand, an injection valve is examined in which the magnetic armature is decoupled from the valve needle. When the injection valve is opened, the magnetic armature is meant to rapidly detach from the lower stop (second stop) on the valve needle, to rapidly overcome the armature free travel, and to quickly open the valve when striking the upper (first) stop. If the energization of the valve is stopped, then the valve needle closes again. Once the valve needle seals the valve seat again, the magnetic armature continues its movement until it strikes the lower stop. The armature bounces off the lower stop multiple times before reattaining its idle position. The time until the magnet armature is reset to the idle position again is decisive for the ability of the valve to deliver injections in rapid succession and with high accuracy. A squish gap is usually developed at the lower stop, i.e., between the magnetic armature and the corresponding stop sleeve on the valve needle. The medium to be injected is squeezed into this squish gap, so that the magnetic armature is reset to the idle position in a damped and rapid manner during the closing. However, by damping the movement during the opening, the squish gap prevents a rapid opening. As a compromise, the squish gap must therefore be configured in such a way that the magnet armature opens the valve with sufficient speed and is reset to its idle position with sufficient speed as well.


A preload torque value generating unit (22m) generates a preload torque value (Tpm) as a function of the acceleration (am) of a main motor (6m), the preload torque value (Tpm) being a torque value that is appended in advance to a torque command value (Tm) so that the direction of force applied to the main motor (6m) and the direction of force applied to a sub motor (6s) will become opposite to each other. A preload torque value generating unit (22s) generates a preload torque value (Tps) as a function of the acceleration (as) of the sub motor (6s), the preload torque value (Tps) being a torque value that is appended in advance to a torque command value (Ts) so that the direction of force applied to the main motor (6m) and the direction of force applied to the sub motor (6s) will become opposite to each other.

In machine tools or the like, there are cases where a motor-driven member cannot be accelerated or decelerated using a single motor because the driven member is large. There are also cases where the driven member cannot be moved in a stable condition because the backlash between the driven member and the machine element of the transmission mechanism connected to the motor drive shaft is large. In such cases, tandem control is performed in which two motors are used to drive a single driven member (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publications No. JP-A-8-174481, JP-A-2003-79180, or JP-A-2004-92859).
In such tandem control, one of the two motors functions as a main motor having a drive shaft that acts as a master shaft connected to the transmission mechanism. The other one functions as a sub motor having a drive shaft that acts as a slave shaft connected to the transmission mechanism.
There is also proposed a motor drive apparatus that generates a preload torque value when performing tandem control in order to suppress the backlash between the driven member and the machine element of the transmission mechanism connected to the motor drive shaft (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publications No. JP-A-8-16246 or JP-A-2010-172054). The preload torque value is a torque value that is appended in advance to the torque command value so that the direction of force applied to the drive shaft of the main motor and the direction of force applied to the drive shaft of the sub motor will become opposite to each other.
In the motor drive apparatus that generates the preload torque value according to the prior art, the magnitude of the preload torque value is constant, irrespective of the magnitude of acceleration of the main motor or sub motor. As a result, during acceleration/deceleration of the main motor, the acceleration/deceleration torque required on the drive shaft of the main motor may become larger than the preload torque value of the main motor. On the other hand, during acceleration/deceleration of the sub motor, the acceleration/deceleration torque required on the drive shaft of the sub motor may become larger than the preload torque value of the sub motor.
In such cases, either the direction of force applied to the drive shaft of the main motor or the direction of force applied to the drive shaft of the sub motor becomes opposite to the direction of the preload torque applied to suppress the backlash. This can result in an inability to suppress the backlash occurring between the driven member and the machine element of the transmission mechanism connected to the motor drive shaft.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a motor control apparatus which, when driving a single driven member using two motors, can suppress the backlash occurring between the driven member and the machine element of the transmission mechanism connected to the motor drive shaft, even during acceleration/deceleration of the motors.

Motor control apparatus that generates preload torque value as function of motor acceleration


Information about the correspondence relation between image data and sound data is recorded together with auxiliary information about the image data or the sound data in a control file, in which the auxiliary information is to be recorded.

The present invention relates to an electronic imaging apparatus and, more particularly, to an electronic imaging apparatus for image recording or image processing with improved operation control and application properties.
Among prior art electronic imaging apparatuses for recording or processing image information in a recording media, an apparatus has been proposed in which sound data corresponding to image information is also recorded. FIG. 17 shows a construction example of a prior art electronic imaging apparatus of this type, as an electronic still camera or still picture camera.
As shown in FIG. 17, lens 1 focuses a subject image on CCD 2 as an image sensor for conversion to an electric image signal. The image signal is processed in image signal processor 3 and then converted in A/D converter 4 to digital image data for recording in frame memory 5. The image data from A/D converter 4 is also converted in D/A converter 14 into an analog signal, which is supplied to video output terminal 16 and to EVF (Electronic View Finder) 15 for display on a monitor.
Write and read control of frame memory 5 are performed by frame memory controller 6. Image data read out from frame memory 5 is compressed in image data compressing/decompressing circuit 7 and then recorded on recording medium 10 via interface 9. A system controller 8 controls the overall apparatus in response to instruction signals from operation switches 13A to 13J via operation switch section 12. A display unit (LCD) 11 displays the prevailing operating state.
In an image play-back mode, the image information is played-back through a reverse process. More specifically, the image data read out from recording medium 10 is supplied through interface 9 to image data compressing/decompressing circuit 7, for decompression before being recorded in frame memory 5. Image data that is read out from frame memory 5 is converted in D/A converter 14 into an analog signal, which is played-back on a monitor via EVF 15 or video output terminal 16.
When recording sound signal, a sound from microphone 21 or external line input terminal 22 is pre-processed in sound pre-processor 20 to a predetermined pre-processing and then converted in A/D converter 19 to digital sound data before being recorded in sound memory 18. The sound data is then coded in a sound coder/decoder 17 prior to being recorded on recording medium 10 via interface 9.
In sound play-back, sound data read out from recording medium 10 via interface 9 is decoded in sound coder/decoder 17, converted in D/A converter 23 into an analog signal, and then subjected in sound post-processor 24 to a predetermined sound processing before being supplied to sound output terminal 25 or to loudspeaker 26.
Various well-known camera operation instruction switches are connected to an operation switch section 12. These switches are trigger 1 switch 13A, trigger 2 switch 13B, minus (<) switch 13C, plus (>) switch 13D, recording/play-back (REC/PLAY) switch 13E, picture/sound (PICT/SOUND) switch 13F, play-back mode switch 13G, normal mode switch 13H, high speed continuous recording switch 13I, and low speed continuous recording switch 13J. In either continuous recording mode, the repetition of shooting is done at an interval.
In the above construction, heretofore an exclusive operation switch has been provided for recording sound information corresponding to image information, and the switch has been operated for recording and reproduction of sound information.
Since in the prior art electronic imaging apparatus a separately provided exclusive switch is operated for recording and reproduction of sound information, not only is the operation complicated, but the construction of the apparatus is also complicated.


To provide a load fluctuation correction circuit having a function of correcting the change in the current consumption amount due to the change in the driving state of a logic circuit, thereby suppressing the change in the source voltage applied to the logic circuit. The present invention provides a load fluctuation correction circuit for correcting the source voltage applied to a logic circuit, comprising: a delay circuit which is designed such that upon the source voltage which is to be supplied to the logic circuit is applied to the delay circuit as a power supply, it outputs a received cycle signal with a predetermined delay time, and which operates with the source voltage supplied to the logic circuit as a power supply; a current consumption circuit provided such that it shares a power supply with the logic circuit; and a phase comparison circuit which controls the current amount consumed by the current consumption circuit such that the phase difference between the cycle signal input to the delay circuit and the signal output from the delay circuit matches a predetermined period of time.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a load fluctuation correction circuit for correcting the source voltage supplied to a logic circuit, a timing generating circuit and a testing device including a load fluctuation correction circuit, and an electronic device including a load fluctuation correction circuit.
2. Related Art
With conventional integrated circuits and so forth, including logic circuits formed of CMOSs and so forth, the logic circuits are driven by source power received from an external circuit.
For example, an integrated circuit chip includes a power metal wiring layer connected to an external power supply via bonding wires or the like. Each logic circuit included in the integrated circuit receives source power through the power metal wiring layer thus connected to the external power supply. This means that multiple logic circuits are driven by a shared power supply.
With such a configuration, the source power applied to each logic circuit is dependent upon the driving states of other logic circuits. Specifically, the source current consumed by a logic circuit changes corresponding to the driving state of the logic circuit. The source power is supplied to the logic circuit via boding wires and a metal wiring layer as described above. Accordingly, change in the source current consumed by the surrounding logic circuits leads to change in the source voltage supplied to the logic circuit due to the resistances of the bonding wires and the metal wiring layer.
Such a logic circuit has load change characteristics in which the source voltage changes corresponding to the change in the consumed current. However, conventional techniques for correcting such change in the source voltage offer only a function of correcting low-frequency fluctuation in the source voltage.
As a technique for suppressing such a fluctuation in the source voltage, a balance circuit is known having a function of maintaining the constant source current consumed by all the circuits. The balance circuit has a mechanism as follows. That is to say, the transit time of the pulses passing through the logic circuits is detected. The current consumed by the logic circuits is calculated based upon the transit time thus detected. With the balance circuit, dummy current is consumed such that the sum of the consumed current thus calculated and the dummy current is kept at an approximately constant value as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 11-74768 (p. 4, FIG. 1).
However, conventional balance circuits require a great number of device components for detection of the transit time of pulses and calculation of the consumption current in the logic circuits. This leads to an increase in the scale of the circuits employed in such a conventional balance circuit. Furthermore, such great number of device components required for the aforementioned detection and calculation leads to increased overall consumption current in all circuits.

Load fluctuation correction circuit, electronic device, testing device, and timing generating circuit


Methods for treating or ameliorating the damage resulting from intracerebral hemorrhage are disclosed. The methods involve administration of a complement inhibitor to inhibit C3a or C5a formation or activity in the affected tissue. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the methods of the invention are also provided.

Various publications, including patents, published applications, technical articles and scholarly articles are cited throughout the specification. Each of these cited publications is incorporated by reference herein, in its entirety. Full citations for publications not cited fully within the specification are set forth at the end of the specification.
Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for approximately 15% of all strokes but is associated with a disproportionate degree of morbidity. Studies have indicated that inflammatory processes and complement activation in particular may be involved in exacerbating brain injury after the hemorrhagic event (Hua Y, et al., 2000, J Neurosurg. 92: 1016-1022). Early attempts at complement inhibition using cobra venom factor, C1-esterase inhibitor, and soluble complement receptor-1 revealed reduced edema formation in hemorrhagic models (Xi G, et al., 2001, Stroke 32: 162-167; Xi G, et al., 2002, Acta Neurochir Suppl. 81: 253-256) and decreased infarct volumes in animal stroke models (Figueroa E, et al., 2005, Neurosci Lett. 380: 48-53; De Simoni M G, et al., 2003, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 23: 232-239; Vasthare U S, et al., 1998, Brain Res Bull. 45: 413-419). However, the lack of specificity of these agents left it unclear as to which complement components are most relevant in the pathogenesis of cerebral injury.
C3a and C5a, collectively known as the anaphylotoxins, induce a wide variety of cellular responses, including chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative bursts, and disruption of the blood brain barrier (Elsner J, et al., 1994, Blood 83: 3324-3331; Soruri A, et al. 2003, J. Immunol. 170: 3306-3314; Stahel P F, et al., 1998, Brain Res Rev. 27: 243-256). Recent studies have revealed that functional inhibitors as well as genetic knockouts of C3 were protective against and ICH-induced edema (Yang S, et al., 2006, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 26: 1490-1495) and cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury (Motto J, et al., 2006, Circ Res. 99: 209217; Ducruet A F, et al., 2008, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 28: 1048-1058; Atkinson C, et al., 2006, J. Immunol. 177: 7266-7274).
However, attempts to inhibit C5 have met with conflicting results. Genetic knockouts of C5 have shown increased vulnerability to ICH (Nakamura T, et al., 2004, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 24: 487-494), ischemic stroke (Yang et al., 2006, supra), and excito-toxic injury (Pasinetti G M, et al., 1996, Neurobiol Dis. 3: 197-204). In contrast, functional inhibition of C5 and the C5a receptor have shown neuro-protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in MCAO models (Costa C, et al., 2006, Brain Res. 1100: 142-151) as well as visceral (Fleming S D, et al., 2003, Clin Immunol. 108: 263-273; Wada K, et al., 2001, Gastroenterology 120: 126-133) and renal models (de Vries B, et al., 2003, J Immunol. 170: 3883-3889; Bao L, et al., 2005, Eur J. Immunol. 35: 2496-2506; Heller T, et al., 1999, J Immunol. 163: 985-994; Arumugam T V, et al., 2003, Kidney Int. 63: 134-142).
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease process, which has a 30-50% mortality rate that has not improved over the past two decades. Currently available therapies are limited to supportive medical therapy and surgery for only a select group of patients. Thus, there is a need in the art to identify and develop new therapies for the treatment of ICH. This invention addressed those needs.

Complement inhibitors for treatment of injury from intracerebral hemorrhage

The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania


A method for determining whether a first group of a product, a component or a system in reliability life testing has longer lifetime than a second group. This method is non-parametric and free from a pre-assumption of statistical distributions and can be applied to all kinds of data and distributions. Errors from goodness-of-fit of distribution fitting and parameter estimations are thus eliminated. After pre-check on bimodal, early failures, and the failure mechanisms, the method employs numerical solutions with good accuracy by the nonparametric approach. The data under consideration can be censored, interval or bimodal, and not limited to simple cases of complete type. The method can be used to determine multiplicities of reliability tests for all product types and at all levels. Based on a comparability index derived from integrating the weighted difference between the reliability functions of the two groups under comparison. Several indices are proposed for effectiveness of reliability comparability.

The present invention is directed to integrated circuits and their processing for the manufacture of semiconductor devices. In particular, the invention provides a method and system for monitoring and controlling process related information for the manufacture of semiconductor integrated circuit devices. More particularly, the invention provides a method and system using a better or worse processes to monitoring and controlling process related information for the manufacture of semiconductor integrated circuit devices. But it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability.
Integrated circuits have evolved from a handful of interconnected devices fabricated on a single chip of silicon to millions of devices. Conventional integrated circuits provide performance and complexity far beyond what was originally imagined. In order to achieve improvements in complexity and circuit density (i.e., the number of devices capable of being packed onto a given chip area), the size of the smallest device feature, also known as the device "geometry", has become smaller with each generation of integrated circuits.
Increasing circuit density has not only improved the complexity and performance of integrated circuits but has also provided lower cost parts to the consumer. An integrated circuit or chip fabrication facility can cost hundreds of millions, or even billions, of U.S. dollars. Each fabrication facility will have a certain throughput of wafers, and each wafer will have a certain number of integrated circuits on it. Therefore, by making the individual devices of an integrated circuit smaller, more devices may be fabricated on each wafer, thus increasing the output of the fabrication facility. Making devices smaller is very challenging, as each process used in integrated fabrication has a limit. That is to say, a given process typically only works down to a certain feature size, and then either the process or the device layout needs to be changed. Additionally, as devices require faster and faster designs, process limitations exist with certain conventional processes, including monitoring techniques, materials, and even testing techniques.
An example of such processes include ways of monitoring process related functions during the manufacture of integrated circuits, commonly called semiconductor devices. Such monitoring processes often include use of meantime to failures, commonly called "MTTF," among semiconductor devices produced with similar or the same process conditions and designs. As an example, a conventional test on comparing mean lives has been used to compare two different products, such as the MTTF of two Weibull distributions with equal shape parameters. However, two products with the same MTTF may have different reliabilities. In most cases, there is need to know if the reliability of two products are comparable. In such case, MTTF are not generally suitable indices because, even both products meet the lifetime requirement, the reliabilities may not be comparable. These and other limitations will be described in further detail throughout the present specification and more particularly below.
From the above, it is seen that an improved technique for manufacturing semiconductor devices is desired.

Knowledge-based statistical method and system to determine reliability compatibility for semiconductor integrated circuits

Semiconductor Manufacturing International (Shanghai) Corporation


The present invention includes a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder such as a mycobacterial infection, a Gram-positive bacterium infection, a yeast infection, an inflammatory condition, an auto-immune disorder and/or a proliferative disorder in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the invention, which includes clofazimine derivatives.

Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, with its own family—the Mycobacteriaceae. There are more than 70 species of mycobacteria, with characteristic rod-like shapes and waxy outer coats. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Hansen's disease; Mycobacterium leprae) are the best known mycobacterial diseases. Hosts may be colonized by mycobacteria without showing any adverse signs. For example, billions of people around the world have asymptomatic infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Mycobacterial infections are notoriously difficult to treat. The organisms are hardy due to their cell wall, which is neither truly Gram negative nor Gram positive. In addition, mycobacteria are naturally resistant to various antibiotics that disrupt cell-wall biosynthesis, such as penicillin. Due to their unique cell wall, they can survive long exposure to acids, alkalis, detergents, oxidative bursts, lysis by complement, and many antibiotics. Most mycobacteria are susceptible to the antibiotics clarithromycin and rifamycin, but antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged.
Mycobacteria can be classified into several major groups for purpose of diagnosis and treatment: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which can cause tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti); Mycobacterium leprae, which causes Hansen's disease or leprosy; and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), which can cause pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, lymphadenitis, skin disease, or disseminated disease.
The R-iminophenazine derivative clofazimine or CFZ ([3-(4-chloroanilino)-10-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,10-dihydro-2-(isopropylimino)-phenazine]; FIG. 1) was synthesized more than 50 years ago and found to be a strong antimycobacterial antibiotic (Barry, et al., 1957, Nature 179:1013-1015; O'Connor, et al., 1995, Drug Metab. Rev. 27:591-614; Reddy, et al., 1999, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43:615-623). Although able to kill most mycobacteria in vitro including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, CFZ was ineffective in animal models of tuberculosis (Barry, et al., 1957, Nature 179:1013-1015; O'Connor, et al., 1995, Drug Metab. Rev. 27:591-614; Reddy, et al., 1999, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43:615-623). CFZ achieved status as an antibiotic in the treatment of leprosy and is currently part of the three-drug treatment regimen approved for multibacillary disease by the World Health Organization (Reddy, et al., 1999, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43:615-623).
The apparent inability of most mycobacteria, including isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, to develop resistance to CFZ (Reddy, et al., 1999, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43:615-623) has led to a resurgence of interest in the drug. Currently, new CFZ analogs are being tested for treatment of Mycobacterium avium infections associated with AIDS and for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (Reddy, et al., 1999, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43:615-623; Reddy, et al., 1996, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:633-636; Sano, et al., 2004, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:2132-2139; and Van Rensburg, et al., 2000, Chemother. 46:43-48). Although CFZ has primarily antimycobacterial activity, experimental evidence suggests a broader based activity toward Gram-positive bacteria (Oliva, et al., 2004, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53:435-440; Van Rensburg, et al., 1992, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:2729-2735) and strains of yeast (Rhodes, et al., 1973, Biochem. Pharmacol. 22:1047-1056). Apart from its antibiotic properties, CFZ appears to have anti-inflammatory properties exhibiting the ability to suppress neutrophil and lymphocyte activity (Krajewska, et al., 1993, Int. J. Immunopharmac. 15:99-111; Zeis, et al., 1986, Int. J. Immunopharmac. 8:731-739; Sanchez, et al., 2000, Clin. Dermatol. 18:131-145; Ren, et al., 2008, PLoS ONE 3:1-11). This immunosuppressive effect currently is being explored in treatments of autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, lupus, and psoriasis (Sanchez, et al., 2000, Clin. Dermatol. 18:131-145; Ren, et al., 2008, PLoS ONE 3:1-11). Lastly, CFZ may have anticancer activity (Van Rensburg, et al., 1993, Cancer Res. 53:318-323; Durandt, et al., 2001, Int. J. Oncol. 19:579-583).
The mechanism(s) of action of CFZ has remained elusive. The drug is extremely hydrophobic (c Log P=7.5), suggesting that it functions in association with membranes (O'Connor, et al., 1995, Drug Metab. Rev. 27:591-614: Franzblau, et al., 1989, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:2004-2005). Studies have pointed to inhibition of K+ transport, but it is not clear whether inhibition results from a specific interaction(s) or is a consequence of membrane disruption (Bopape, et al., 2004, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53:971-974; Cholo, et al., 2006, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57:79-84). CFZ also is reported to bind to DNA, but the mechanism of this interaction is unclear and does not appear to be through base intercalation like other dyes that disrupt DNA function (Morrison, et al., 1976, Int. J. Lepr. 44:475-481).
The first published study on CFZ noted that it was a redox active compound and that it was reduced and oxidized within mycobacteria, likely in conjunction with respiratory chain activity (Barry, et al., 1957, Nature 179:1013-1015). Because reduced forms of dyes such as CFZ were known to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon reoxidation in air, it was argued that the generation of ROS was an important aspect of the mechanism of action of the drug. In support of this argument, mycobacteria deficient in catalase activity showed a greater sensitivity to CFZ than wild type bacteria.
There is a need in the art to identify novel compounds useful in the treatment of mycobacterial infections. These compounds should be active against mycobacteria and highly developable as drugs. There is further a need for novel agents that are active against Gram-positive bacteria or yeast. There is also a need for novel anti-inflammatory agents. Such agents may be useful in treating autoimmune disorders, including for example multiple sclerosis, lupus, and psoriasis. There is further a need for novel anticancer agents. The present invention addresses these needs.


In a method for injecting fuel at at least two differently high fuel pressures via injectors into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, the fuel injection at the lower fuel pressure takes place under stroke control, and the fuel injection at the higher fuel pressure takes place under pressure control. For a pre- and/or post-injection and/or a boot injection at the lower fuel pressure, the control chamber and via a check valve the nozzle chamber as well are connected to a low-pressure fuel supply, and that for a main injection at the higher fuel pressure, the nozzle chamber is connected to the high-pressure fuel supply.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is based on a fuel injection method for an internal combustion engine in which fuel is injected at at least two different high pressures.
2. Description of the Prior Art
One injection system of this type with which this invention is concerned has been disclosed by International Patent Disclosure WO 98/09068, for instance.
For better comprehension of the ensuing description, several terms will first be defined in more detail: In a pressure-controlled fuel injection system, a valve body (such as a nozzle needle) is opened counter to the action of a closing force by the fuel pressure prevailing in the nozzle chamber of an injector, and thus the injection opening is uncovered for an injection of the fuel. The pressure at which fuel emerges from the nozzle chamber into the cylinder is called the injection pressure. The term stroke-controlled fuel injection system is understood in the context of the invention to mean that the opening and closing of the injection opening of an injector takes place with the aid of a displaceable valve member on the basis of the hydraulic cooperation of the fuel pressures in a nozzle chamber and in a control chamber. An arrangement is furthermore described below as central when it is provided jointly for all the cylinders, and as local if it is intended for only a single cylinder.
In the injection system described in WO 98/09068, both the injection at the higher fuel pressure and the injection at the lower fuel pressure are done under stroke control, and the control chamber and nozzle chamber communicate directly with one another. Since the higher injection pressure also prevails in the control chamber, there are corresponding requirements in terms of sealing function, spring forces and a valve member that must be met there as well. The stroke control makes good replicability of the injection at the lower fuel pressure possible.
From European Patent Disclosure EP 0 711 914 A1, a pressure-controlled fuel injection system is known, in which via a valve control unit, either the lower or the higher fuel pressure is carried into the nozzle chamber of the injector. There, by means of the pressure, a spring-loaded valve body is lifted from its valve seat, so that fuel can emerge from the injection opening. In pressure-controlled injection systems, pressure waves are induced in the injection, which although they are wanted in the main injection at the higher fuel pressure can nevertheless, in the pre-injection at the lower fuel pressure, adversely affect the hydraulic behavior of the injection system in the subsequent main injection.
According to the invention, the advantages of a stroke-controlled and a pressure-controlled injection system are combined. This has decisive advantages:
more-flexible pre-injection and post-injection;
better metering options and good replicability of the pre-injection and post-injection by means of a stroke control and a lower injection pressure;
very small structural size of the injector, since the stroke control, because of the low pressure, can have a 2/2-way valve as its control device;
the use of fast-switching magnet valves which require little current;
only slight influence of component tolerances on the pre-injection and post-injection;
pressure exaggeration in the main injection and a triangular course of injection;
lesser demands in terms of sealing function, spring forces and a valve member because of lesser pressure in the pre-injection and post-injection;
the possibility of choosing the injection principle in the main injection at low injection pressures.
The lower fuel pressure can also be used for the main injection, to realize a bootlike course of injection.
Further advantages and advantageous features of the subject of the invention can be learned from the description, drawings and claims.

Combined stroke/pressure controlled fuel injection method and system for an internal combustion engine


Provided is a scroll fluid machine which can appropriately set a tip clearance between a tooth base and a tooth crest having an inclined portion and can achieve desired performance. An inclined portion in which a distance between opposing surfaces of an end plate of a fixed scroll and an end plate of an orbiting scroll facing each other gradually decreases from an outer peripheral side toward an inner peripheral side is provided. A tip clearance between a tooth crest of a wall of the orbiting scroll and a tooth base of the end plate of the fixed scroll facing the tooth crest at normal temperature is greater on the inner peripheral side than on the outer peripheral side.

A scroll fluid machine in which a fixed scroll member including a spiral-shaped wall provided on an end plate and an orbiting scroll member including a spiral-shaped wall provided on an end plate are engaged with each other and rotated in orbital motion to compress or expand fluid is generally known.
A so-called stepped scroll compressor such as that disclosed in Patent Document 1 is known as the above-mentioned scroll fluid machine. In this stepped scroll compressor, a step is provided at a position along the spiral direction in the tooth crest surfaces and the tooth base surfaces of the spiral-shaped walls of the fixed scroll and the orbiting scroll such that the height of the wall is greater on the outer peripheral side of the step than on the inner peripheral side of the step. The stepped scroll compressor performs compression (three-dimensional compression) not only in the circumferential direction of the wall, but also in the height direction, and therefore can achieve a larger displacement and a larger compressor capacity in comparison with a common scroll compressor (two-dimensional compression) that does not include the step.

Scroll fluid machine including first and second scroll members

MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES THERMAL SYSTEMS, LTD.


A package includes a container having a neck finish with at least one left-hand external thread segment, a fitment having at least one left-hand internal thread segment for threaded receipt over the container neck finish and at least one right-hand external thread segment, a closure having at least one right-hand internal thread segment for removable receipt over the fitment, and a handle attached to the container by the fitment. The container neck finish preferably has a transfer ring, and the handle preferably has a collar received over the transfer ring and held in place by the fitment. The transfer ring and the collar preferably have opposed flats to prevent rotation of the handle with respect to the transfer ring. The collar and the fitment preferably have opposed cam lugs that permit threading of the fitment onto the container neck finish over the collar but prevent unthreading of the fitment from the neck finish so that the fitment and handle are permanently attached to the container neck finish.

Molding a handle integrally with a container, particularly a glass container, can be expensive both in terms of mold tooling complexity and in terms of the cost of the material forming the handle. It is a general object of the present disclosure to provide a handle system, preferably a plastic handle system, for attachment to a preformed container, preferably a glass container.
The present disclosure embodies a number of aspects that can be implemented separately from or in combination with each other.
A package in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure includes a container having a neck finish with at least one left-hand external thread segment, a fitment having at least one left-hand internal thread segment for threaded receipt over the container neck finish and at least one right-hand external thread segment, a closure having at least one right-hand internal thread segment for removable receipt over the fitment, and a handle attached to the container by the fitment. The container neck finish preferably has a transfer ring, and the handle preferably has a collar received over the transfer ring and held in place by the fitment. The transfer ring and the collar preferably have opposed flats to prevent rotation of the handle with respect to the transfer ring. The collar and the fitment preferably have opposed cam lugs that permit threading of the fitment onto the container neck finish over the collar but prevent unthreading of the fitment from the neck finish so that the fitment and handle are permanently attached to the container neck finish.


A fiber optic network includes a fiber optic transmission channel with a first path and a second path. A set of fault-tolerant remote stations are connected to the fiber optic transmission channel, each of the fault-tolerant remote stations is configured to send and receive fiber optic overhead channel data on both the first path and the second path. A fault-tolerant master station connected to the fiber optic transmission channel includes a switch network and a logic network. The logic network generates first switch command signals to force the switch network into a standard configuration which results in the transmitting and receiving of fiber optic overhead channel data on the fiber optic transmission channel during normal operating conditions. The logic network is configured to assess the fiber optic overhead channel data to identify a fault on the fiber optic transmission channel and produce, in response to the fault, second switch command signals to force the switch network to assume a selected fault configuration such that the switch network continues to transmit and receive fiber optic overhead channel data from the fiber optic transmission channel during the fault.

Fiber optic networks are known in the art. Fiber optic networks include a set of stations connected to a fiber optic transmission channel. A station typically includes a transmitter and receiver. A transmitter converts electrical pulses to optical pulses, which are applied to the fiber optic transmission channel. A receiver converts the optical pulses back to electrical pulses, which are then processed by another electronic device, such as a computer.
A set of combined optical pulses forms a transport packet. When a station connected to the fiber optic transmission channel has data to send to another station, it adds the address of the receiving station to the data to form a transport packet. The sending station then reads transport packets that are passing on the fiber optic transmission channel. If an empty transport packet is found, the sending station loads its address and data into the transport packet. Intermediate stations push the transport packet through the fiber optic transmission channel. If a station recognizes its address in a passing transport packet, it copies the data and adjusts the header associated with the address to indicate that the data was received. When the transport packet returns to the sending station, the sending station recognizes that the transport packet has been received at its destination and therefore converts the transport package to an empty transport package that can be used once again.
Double-ring fiber optic networks are used for increased reliability. In these networks, each station has two inputs and two outputs connected to two paths that operate in opposite directions. A double-ring optical network can bypass defective stations and send transport packets around a fiber break.
SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical NETwork/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a communication standard used on double-ring fiber optic networks. The standard defines a number of basic transmission rates within SDH. The first of these is 155 Mbps, normally referred to as STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module, level 1). SONET, on the other hand starts at a lower bit rate building block, STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal, level 1) at 51.84 Mbs. Higher line rates are integer multiples of these base rates.
SDH defines a data structure called a container. A container is a set of data. A path overhead envelope is attached to the container to form a virtual container. The path overhead envelope provides an address, a framing pulse, a check sum, error control, and other functions associated with the data.
FIG. 1 illustrates a virtual container 18A comprising a container 20A and a path overhead envelope 22A. As shown in FIG. 1, a number of virtual containers 18A, 18B, and 18C may be loaded into a payload envelope 24. Different combinations of virtual containers 18 can be used to fill up the payload envelope 24. For example, the payload envelope 24 may be an 87 byte by 9 byte data structure, which can be filled in a variety of ways. The process of loading containers 20 and attaching path overhead 22 is repeated at several levels, resulting in the "nesting" of smaller virtual containers 18 within larger ones. This process is repeated until the large size virtual container is filled, this is then loaded into the payload 24.
When the payload area 24 is full, additional control information is added to the frame to form the transport overhead envelope or fiber optic overhead channel 26. The fiber optic overhead channel 26 remains with the payload 24 as it traverses the fiber optic transmission channel between stations. Its purpose is to provide communication channels, user channels, protection switching, section performance, frame alignment, and other system functions.
The payload envelope 24 constitutes the bulk of the information that is transported over a fiber optic transmission channel. For example, the payload envelope 24 typically constitutes over approximately 95% of a transport packet's bandwidth, while the fiber optic overhead channel 26 constitutes less than approximately 5% of the transport packet's bandwidth.
Since the bulk of the information that is passed over a fiber optic transmission channel is in the payload envelope, most technology related to fiber optic transmission channels is directed toward the payload envelope. Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to use the fiber optic overhead channel in a more useful manner. In particular, it would be highly desirable to use the fiber optic overhead channel for fault-tolerant data transport. This would allow for a private data network that does not impact the revenue-bearing payload envelope.

Apparatus and method for fault-tolerant data transport on a fiber optic overhead channel


An image processing device includes a processor configured to perform: acquiring target image data representing a target image; and generating binary image data representing the letter in the target image by using the target image data. The generating of the binary image data comprises: identifying a background color value representing color of background of the target image; identifying a letter color value representing color of the letter in the target image; acquiring a difference between the background color value and the letter color value, the difference including a plurality of component differences; selecting one specific component image data corresponding to a specific component from among the plurality of components, the specific component corresponding to a maximum component difference among the plurality of component differences; and performing a binarizing process on the selected one specific component image data to generate one binary image data.

There has been a need for a technology to generate binary image data that can suitably render text from target image data representing a target image that includes text. This binary image data is useful for compressing the target image data and for performing character recognition processes (OCR). One such technique known in the art converts RGB image data to binary values for each color component and produces binary image data by acquiring the logical sum (inclusive OR) of the binary data for the three color components.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Image processing device generating binary image data by selecting specific component


The information processing apparatus (2000) includes a feature point detection unit (2020), a determination unit (2040), an extraction unit (2060), and a comparison unit (2080). A feature point detection unit (2020) detects a plurality of feature points from the query image. The determination unit (2040) determines, for each feature point, one or more object images estimated to include the feature point. The extraction unit (2060) extracts an object region estimated to include the object in the query image in association with the object image of the object estimated to be included in the object region, on the basis of the result of the determination. The comparison unit (2080) cross-checks the object region with the object image associated with the object region and determines an object included in the object region.

Techniques for determining objects included in an image have been developed. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a technique to cluster a plurality of feature points detected from a first image, and compare a feature value of feature points detected from the first image and a feature value of feature points included in a second image to be compared for each cluster. Patent Document 2 discloses a technique of narrowing down image candidates including the feature points included in a query image and then comparing the query image and each candidate image by using an index table in which a feature value is associated with a sequence of similar feature values.

Information processing apparatus, control method, and program


A method for streaming playback within a live video conference. The method includes, a computer detecting access to a video conference using a live interface. The method includes, the computer receiving an indication of an interrupt condition. The method includes, the computer retrieving a selected content. The method includes, the computer inserting the selected content into the video conference, and the computer playing the selected content within the video conference.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of video conferencing, and more particularly to streaming playback within a live video conference.
2. Description of the Related Art
Video conferencing allows two or more locations, and participants at those locations, to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions through the use of telecommunication technologies. Recently, video conferencing has become more popular due to easily available high speed Internet, reduced costs of high quality web cameras, and powerful computing processors and video compression techniques. There are, however, multiple issues with current video conferencing systems that inhibit the effectiveness of the video conference to the participant or user. One of the main issues is the users' inability to perform other tasks during a video conference. For example, if a user needs to take a phone call, talk to someone within their office, or send an e-mail, they cannot perform these tasks without appearing to have left the video conference.

Streaming playback within a live video conference


An aqueous ink jet ink composition including a pigment, a polymer latex containing at least one halogenated vinyl monomer, at least one surfactant, and a humectant. An ink and receiver combination for a non-absorbing substrate is also disclosed.

Ink jet printing is a non-impact method for producing images by the deposition of ink droplets on a substrate (paper, transparent film, fabric, etc.) in response to digital signals. Ink jet printers have found broad applications across markets ranging from industrial labeling to short run printing to desktop document and pictorial imaging and large format printing for outdoor applications such as banners, signages, displays, posters, billboard and buswraps.
This technique of printing is well suited for printing on a variety of surfaces (receivers) including porous and non-porous surfaces. Porous inkjet receivers have the advantage of large fluid intake and this provides fast printing speed. However, in some applications, such as banners, signages, displays, posters, billboard and buswraps, these porous receivers suffer from durability issues such as lightfastness, waterfastness, abrasion resistance and weather resistance. In order to overcome these problems, the prints are usually post treated by methods such as lamination, which adds to the cost considerably. Historically, in order to overcome these problems, solvent based inks or UV curable inks were developed for printing on non-absorbing substrates such as vinyl to achieve the desired durability. U.S. Pat. No. 4,106,027 describes such a solvent-based ink that is suitable for printing images on non-absorbing receivers with improved adhesion and durability. EP 0 882 104 B1 describes a UV curable inkjet ink composition for better durability of the print on non-absorbing substrate. A significant environmental, health and safety concern with both of these types of ink is the evaporation of solvent or UV monomer during printing.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,087,416 describes the use of an aqueous based pigment ink for printing on non-absorbing vinyl substrate. That ink contains a grafted copolymer binder that is soluble in the aqueous vehicle but insoluble in water. However, the problem with the ink is that, due to the soluble nature of the binder in the ink vehicle, the ink viscosity is high and the printing reliability is poor. In addition, the printed images are not durable to solvents.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,762,875 described a printing ink containing pigment and polymer additives for plastics and metal surfaces. However, there is a problem with this invention that the solid content for this ink is high, therefore the viscosity of the ink is too high for inkjet ink applications; in addition, the additives used in this invention is hydrophilic in nature therefore the resulted coatings has poor water resistance.
Therefore, there is a need for an aqueous based ink jet ink that provides good waterfastness, lightfastness, abrasion resistance, good adhesion to non-absorbing substrates including untreated vinyl, and that can be printed reliably through a piezo or thermal printhead.

Inkjet ink composition and ink/receiver combination


A method for preserving semiconductor feature opening profiles for metrology examination including providing semiconductor wafer having a process surface comprising semiconductor feature openings; blanket depositing over the semiconductor feature openings to substantially fill the semiconductor feature openings at least one layer of material comprising silicon oxide; and, preparing a portion of the semiconductor wafer in cross sectional layout for metrology examination.

Since the introduction of semiconductor devices, the size of semiconductor devices has been continuously shrinking, resulting in smaller semiconductor chip size and increased device density. One of the limiting factors in the continuing evolution toward smaller device size and higher density has been the stringent requirements placed on photolithographic processes as line width and step heights have decreased for device features. As one way to overcome such limitations, various methods have been implemented to increase the resolution performance of photoresists and to eliminate photoresist interfering effects occurring in the semiconductor wafer manufacturing process.
For example, several different photoresist interfering effects may occur to form unacceptable photoresist profiles. Typically a photoresist layer is applied to a semiconductor wafer surface, for example, by spin coating a resinous layer over the process surface followed by what is referred to as a 'soft bake' to impart structural stability to the photoresist layer. The photoresist layer is then aligned and exposed to activating light through a photomask after which the photoresist undergoes a post exposure baking (PEB) process to improve adhesion and to initiate catalyzed photoresist reactions in chemically amplified photoresists, for example, deep ultraviolet (DUV) photoresists. For example in DUV photoresists the PEB process a photoacid generated during the exposure process acts to remove a protecting group from the resin thereby rendering the exposed region of the photoresist soluble in a developer. DUV photoresists, typically positive photoresists, are used for critical dimensions (CD's) of less than about 0.25 microns.
The temperature and time period of the PEB process is critical to CD control of developed photoresist profiles. Temperatures must typically be controlled to within about 0.1° C. to prevent CD variations due to undesirable photoresist chemical reactions. Another factor affecting DUV photoresist profiles is the presence of amines on the semiconductor wafer surface that tend to interfere with the acid-catalyzed reaction following exposure of the photoresist. For example, amines may be present within semiconductor wafer materials from previous processes including, for example, the CVD deposition of metal nitrides to form, for example, etching stop or bottom anti-reflectance coating (BARC) layers. As a result, the exposed photoresist region does not become fully soluble thereby resulting in altered photoresist profiles affecting CD's.
Another problem affecting photoresist profiles is the presence of reflected light from wafer process surface to form standing waves along the exposure profile resulting in light intensity exposure variation along the sidewalls of the exposed photoresist region. In addition, the development process must be properly controlled to avoid additional factors adversely affecting photoresist profiles. For example, for positive photoresists a solution typically containing tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is used as the developer. The developer may be applied by a variety of methods including spin-spray methods where the process wafer is rotated at high speeds while the developer is sprayed onto the surface. A number of factors including developer solution normality, developer temperature, and the method of applying the developer can all affect photoresist profiles.
For example, referring to FIG. 1 is shown exemplary cross sectional views of defective photoresist profiles that may be caused by improper exposure and development. For example shown in FIG. 1 is shown a series of conceptual photoresist profiles formed over substrate 10. For example, photoresist profile portion 12 represents underdevelopment of a patterned photoresist profile. Photoresist profile portion 14 represents an incompletely developed patterned photoresist profile. Photoresist profile portion 16 represents an acceptably developed patterned photoresist profile while photoresist profile portion 18 represents an overdeveloped photoresist profile.
Following development, the photoresist is subjected to a hard bake to drive off remaining solvents and achieve maximum densification of the photoresist. Following the hard bake, the process wafer is subjected to metrology inspection to identify unacceptable photoresist profiles and other exposure and development defects. In addition, the photoresist pattern is closely inspected according to various metrology tools such as microscopy to characterize the photo-patterning process in an effort to identify shortcomings in the manufacturing process which require corrective action.
There are two major popular methodologies used for the metrology of photoresist patterns including photoresist profiles. One metrology method for inspecting photoresist patterns is referred to as in-line scanning electron microscopy (SEM) where the wafer can only be examined from a top planar view thus providing little information on cross sectional profile variations. A second metrology method is referred to as off-line SEM where a representative process wafer or cross sectional portion is positioned in cross sectional view to be examined by SEM. One problem with off-line SEM is that sample preparation procedures necessary for producing a satisfactory signal from insulating materials, such as photoresist, include coating the photoresist with a conductive material, altering photoresist profiles thereby complicating the determination of the profile dimensions and determinations of whether variations are caused by the SEM sample preparation procedures or photoresist exposure and development procedures. Another problem with off-line SEM photoresist inspection is that the resolution is limited to about 50 Angstroms. For example, referring to FIG. 2 is a conceptual representation of an off-line cross sectional view of a patterned photoresist layer including typical photoresist profiles e.g., 20A patterned over substrate 20B at a typical magnification where the base portion at e.g., 20C is about 140 nm in width. With increasingly smaller critical dimensions required in semiconductor device processing such resolution is frequently not adequate to gather dimensional CD information required to optimize manufacturing processes.
There is therefore a need in the semiconductor manufacturing art to develop an improved method for patterned photoresist sample preparation and metrology including photoresist profile characterization allowing CD information to be preserved while increasing a characterization resolution.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved method for patterned photoresist sample preparation and metrology including photoresist profile characterization allowing CD information to be preserved while increasing a characterization resolution while overcoming other shortcomings of the prior art.

Method for improved metrology by protecting photoresist profiles

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. Ltd


Embodiments of a digital bass drum kick for a bass drum are provided. A digital bass drum kick includes an acoustic unit, a connection unit, and a support member. The acoustic unit has a first primary side and a second primary side. The first primary side is configured to receive impacts by a bass drum beater of a bass drum pedal. The second primary side is configured to conformably contact a drumhead of a bass drum, the acoustic unit configured to output a digital bass drum signal representative of a sound of the bass drum in response to the first primary side receiving an impact. The connection unit is configured to couple to a hoop of a bass drum. The support member is coupled between the acoustic unit and the connection unit, and is configured to elevate the acoustic unit a predefined distance from the connection unit.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to the field of electronic musical instruments and, more particularly, to digital bass drum kicks.
2. Description of the Related Art
Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size. A bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch, and is typically cylindrical with the diameter much greater than the height. There is normally a struck head, or drumhead, at both ends of the cylinder of the bass drum. The drumheads may be made of calf skin or plastic, and there is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by strings.
A bass drum pedal operates much the same as a hi-hat control. Specifically, a footplate is connected to pull a chain, belt, or metal drive mechanism downward, bringing a beater or mallet forward into the drumhead. Typically, the beater head is usually made of either felt, wood, plastic, or rubber, and is attached to a rod-shaped metal shaft. The pedal and beater system are mounted in a metal frame and, like the hi-hat, a tension unit controls the amount of pressure needed to strike and the amount of recoil upon release.


A powered test-tube agitation device includes a small plate having a rest for a test tube to be agitated and operated in agitation by a powered mechanism. The powered mechanism is started by optical detection of the entry of an object into a predetermined zone above the small plate. Advantageously the detector is a photoelectric infrared reflection detector.

Test tube agitation devices are known in the prior art and include a powered support on which the test tube to be agitated is set. To activate the agitation movement, either a manually activated switch or a microswitch arranged beneath the support and to be started by pressure of the test tube on the support is used. In the first case there is the disadvantage of having to use two hands, one to hold the test tube and the other to operate the switch, and the disadvantage of forgetting the started agitator after use. In the second case, one is required to manually exert a certain pressure on the test tube to start it with the possible risk of breaking test tubes of thinner glass and in any case with the need of a small physical effort that might in time bring a not negligible fatigue of the hand, especially in large analysis-laboratories where the same analyst performs a large number of agitations each day.

Test-tube agitation device, comprising means for the optical detection of a test-tube


A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor device having a semiconductor region of an n conductivity type connected to a high-potential power supply, in which a p-channel MOSFET is formed, and a semiconductor region of a p conductivity type connected to a low-potential power supply, in which an n-channel MOSFET is formed, characterized in that at least one of the following two states, that is, one state in which a source of said p-channel MOSFET is connected to a lower high-potential power supply having a potential lower than that of said high-potential power supply and another state in which a source of said n-channel MOSFET is connected to a higher low-potential power supply having a potential higher than that of said low-potential power supply is realized.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor device (to be simply referred to as a CMOS device hereinafter) capable of preventing an abnormal operation called a latch-up phenomenon.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A CMOS device which constitutes a circuit by connecting p-channel MOSFETs and n-channel MOSFETs in series is a high-speed device with a low current consumption and used as the core device of a MOS semiconductor device. However, in the CMOS device of a single well scheme or double well scheme, a pnpn junction is inevitably formed in the device because of its structure. This device substantially has a serious problem such that this parasitic thyristor may be turned on to set the device in a latch-up state.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a general CMOS device. As shown in FIG. 1, an n-channel MOSFET (to be referred to as an nMOS hereinafter) having n.sup.+ impurity regions 2 and 3, a p.sup.+ impurity region 13 for applying a substrate potential, and an n-well 7 are formed in a p-type semiconductor substrate 8. P.sup.+ impurity regions 4 and 5 serving as the source and drain regions of a p-channel MOSFET (to be referred to as a pMOS hereinafter) and an n.sup.+ impurity region 6 for applying a substrate potential to the well are formed in the n-well 7. The p.sup.+ impurity region 4 serving as the drain region of the pMOS and the n.sup.+ impurity region 3 serving as the drain region of the nMOS are commonly connected to an output terminal OUT. The p.sup.+ impurity region 5 serving as the source region of the pMOS and the n.sup.+ impurity region 6 are commonly connected to a high-potential power supply V.sub.DD. The n.sup.+ impurity region 2 serving as the source region of the nMOS and the p.sup.+ impurity region 13 are commonly connected to a low-potential power supply V.sub.SS (ground).
As shown in FIG. 1, a parasitic pnp transistor Q1, a parasitic npn transistor Q2, and parasitic resistances R1 and R2 are formed in this CMOS device. If one of the two parasitic transistors, e.g., the parasitic npn transistor Q2 is turned on due to some reason, the base potential of the parasitic pnp transistor Q1 is lowered. When the emitter-base path of this transistor is forward-biased, the parasitic pnp transistor Q1 is also turned on. A positive feedback loop constituted by the transistors Q1 and Q2 operates to flow a large current between the power supplies V.sub.DD and V.sub.SS With this operation, the device erroneously operates. In the worst case, thermal breakdown occurs.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 3-96272 has proposed a technique in which a guard band is formed between the two MOSFETs as a means for preventing the latch-up phenomenon. FIGS. 2A and 2B are sectional and plan views, respectively, of a CMOS device proposed in this prior art. As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, a guard band 16 as an n-well is formed between an nMOS region 11 and a pMOS region 12. An n.sup.+ impurity region 15 in this guard band 16 is connected to a power supply V.sub.DD. A p.sup.+ impurity region 14 formed in contact with a p-type semiconductor substrate 8 is connected to a low-potential power supply V.sub.SS.
In the CMOS device having the above structure, a parasitic npn transistor Q2 and a dummy npn transistor Q3 having a base resistance lower than that of the parasitic npn transistor Q2 are connected in parallel with each other. With this structure, the dummy npn transistor Q3 can be turned on prior to the parasitic npn transistor Q2, so that the operation of the positive feedback loop constituted by a parasitic pnp transistor Q1 and the parasitic npn transistor Q2 is suppressed.
As a more reliable latch-up prevention means, a technique of isolating the pMOS with an insulating layer has been proposed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-61942.
In the conventional CMOS device shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, guard bands must be formed between all the pMOS regions and nMOS regions, resulting in an increase in chip area. In particular, when a large substrate current flows as in an IC having power elements mounted on the same substrate, the parasitic npn transistor Q2 is subsequently turned on after the dummy npn transistor is turned on. For this reason, it is difficult to prevent the latch-up phenomenon only by the use of the dummy npn transistor.
In the technique proposed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-61942 in which the MOSFET is enclosed with an insulating layer, since the process becomes complex, and the manufacture process takes a long time, the yield decreases, and the manufacturing cost increases.

CMOS device connected to at least three power supplies for preventing latch-up