An iontophoretic system including a controller and a patch is provided. The controller has a receiving portion including an upper surface and a lower surface, and a member protruding from the lower surface in a ramp-like fashion toward the upper surface and terminating in a top edge near the upper surface. The patch has an interconnection tab including an opening for engaging the protruding member of the controller when the interconnection tab is inserted into the receiving portion of the controller and the opening falls over the top edge of the protruding member.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a locking and disfiguring mechanism for an iontophoretic system including a patch and a controller.
2. Description of Related Art
Iontophoresis is the migration of ions when an electrical current is passed through a solution containing an ionized species, usually the ionic form of a drug or other therapeutic agent (hereinafter referred to as the "drug"). One particularly advantageous application of iontophoresis is the noninvasive transdermal delivery of ionized drugs into a patient. Iontophoretic drug delivery offers an alternative and effective method of drug delivery over other methods such as passive transdermal patches, needle injection, and oral ingestion, and is an especially effective method for children, the bedridden and the elderly.
Drug delivery via iontophoresis is done by applying current to electrodes of an iontophoretic patch. The current is usually supplied from a controller connected to the patch. The electrodes are respectively arranged within a drug reservoir, containing the drug ions, and a return reservoir, containing an electrolyte. When the patch is placed on the skin of a patient and the controller is turned on, the current applied to the electrodes forces the drug ions contained in the drug reservoir through the patient's skin and into the patient's bloodstream.
The controller usually contains an energy source, for example, a battery, as well as electrical circuitry for generating and regulating the current applied to the patch electrodes. Preferably, the controller is to be reused until its battery dies, while the patch is to be used only once to deliver a full drug dosage and then disposed.
The controller and patch may be connected together via an interconnection tab integral to the patch. This connection is (1) electrical--electrical interconnect leads and terminals connect the electrodes to the current regulating circuitry; and (2) mechanical--the tab is physically engaged in the controller housing. A problem in this connection may arise, however, if the interconnection tab can be easily removed from the controller housing during operation of the system. This will cause the patch to separate, either wholly or partially, from the controller, which in turn causes the patch to disconnect electrically from the controller. Without an electrical connection, drug delivery to the patient will cease, and the patient will receive only a partial drug dosage.
Another problem that may arise is the reuse, by the patient or health care provider, of a partially-used or spent patch. This reuse may be accidental or may be purposeful, but should be avoided. Not only is reusing a patch unsanitary, but will most likely result in the delivery of only a partial drug dosage.

Locking and disfiguring mechanism for an iontophoretic system


A method is provided for determining a position of at least one actuator of an internal combustion engine arrangement, the method including the steps of: receiving parameter values for engine performance parameters of the internal combustion engine arrangement at a first point in time; predicting at least one engine performance parameter value at an at least one second, future point in time; and determining an actuator position for the at least one actuator by an optimization using the parameter values at the first point in time and at the at least one second point in time as input.

The present invention relates to a method for determining a position of at least one actuator of an internal combustion engine arrangement. The invention also relates to a corresponding system for determining a position of at least one actuator of an internal combustion engine. The invention is applicable on vehicles, in particularly low, medium and heavy duty vehicles commonly referred to as trucks. Although the invention will mainly be described in relation to a truck, it may also be applicable for other type of vehicles such as e.g. working machines, cars, etc.
In the field of vehicles, in particularly low-, medium- and heavy duty vehicles commonly referred to as trucks, performance and environmental requirements of the engines are continuously increasing due to e.g. local and regional emission legislations as well as a growing demand from the vehicle customers. Accordingly, there is often both a desire to increase the power of the engines as well as reducing fuel consumption and harmful emissions therefrom. These requirements are often in contradiction to each other, i.e. when increasing the power of the engine, the fuel consumption is naturally also increased, and vice versa. Thus, the engine system comprises a plurality of engine parameters and some engine parameters have to be sacrificed when controlling others. A control strategy is thus desired for controlling the engine parameters during operation of the vehicle.
US 2013/0067894 relates to a system for reducing environmentally harmful emissions from an internal combustion engine. An object of the system in US 2013/0067894 is to coordinate a control strategy for the engine in order to achieve maximum achievable performance in terms of NOx emissions and vehicle fuel economy. This is accomplished by coordinating control of the engine and an SCR device which, according to the description of US 2013/0067894, reduces NOx emissions to meet strict clean air regulations while also improving vehicle fuel efficiency.
Although US 2013/0067894 describes a system that improves vehicle engine parameters, there is still room for improvements in terms of e.g. improved control of the engine parameters.
It is desirable to provide a method for determining a position of at least one actuator of an internal combustion engine arrangement which at least partially overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for determining a position of at least one actuator of an internal combustion engine arrangement, the method comprising the steps of receiving parameter values for engine performance parameters of the internal combustion engine arrangement at a first point in time; predicting at least one engine performance parameter value at an at least one second, future point in time; and determining an actuator position for the at least one actuator by means of an optimization using the parameter values at the first point in time and at the at least one second point in time as input.
The wording "engine performance parameter" should in the following and throughout the description be interpreted as a parameter relating to the performance of the engine. Thus, an engine performance parameter affects the performance, in one way or the other, of the engine. As will be described further below, the engine performance parameter may, for example, be a parameter correlating to e.g. fuel consumption, NOx emissions, engine thermal power, air fuel ratio of oxygen content in the intake manifold, temperature of an engine after-treatment system, etc.
The at least one actuator may, for example, be associated with the specific engine performance parameter, as will also be described below. Hence, when determining an actuator position for the at least one actuator, the engine performance parameter is affected. When for example determining an actuator position of an actuator controlling fuel injection, the openness degree of this specific actuator affects the fuel consumption of the engine. The openness degree/position of this specific actuator may also affect other engine performance parameters as well, such e.g. NOx emissions and thermal power, etc.
An advantage of the present invention is that a prediction of future engine behavior is provided as an input when determining the actuator position for the at least one actuator. This will improve the optimization when controlling the actuators such that the respective parameters will have to sacrifice as little as possible which in turn will optimize fuel consumption and harmful emissions. By determining or predicting future engine behavior, transient control of the at least one actuator is improved by the method as the optimization will "know" future and upcoming engine behavior. The at least one second point in time can thus be composed of a plurality of future points in time such as e.g. a future time interval. The at least one second point in time may also in the following be referred to as the second point in time. It should be understood that the invention is not intended to, for example, reduce fuel consumption at all times, but rather to optimize the fuel consumption by taking into account other engine performance parameters. These other engine performance parameters are hence also optimized. Hereby, an optimization of the engine performance parameter values in relation to each other is achieved.
According to an example embodiment, the step of predicting the at least one engine performance parameter value at the at least one second point in time may be executed by the steps of predicting at least one of an engine torque and engine speed at the at least one second point in time; and determining the at least one engine performance parameter value at the at least one second point in time using the prediction of the at least one of engine torque and engine speed.
An advantage of predicting engine torque and/or engine speed at the at least one second, future point in time is that well defined input parameters for optimizing the position of the actuator is provided. Also, by means of a predicted engine torque and/or engine speed, it is possible to determine, either by means of e.g. calculations or further assumptions/predictions, the engine parameter values, which thus improves the accuracy of the optimization. Hereby, it is possible to prepare the engine for future working conditions at the second point in time.
According to an example embodiment, the actuator position may be determined by optimization of a weighted sum using the parameter values at the first point in time and the second point in time as input.
The weighted sum is beneficial since it provides for a relatively simple determination of which parameters to correlate, and how to correlate them, in order to achieve an optimization. By weighting the parameters, a respective weighting coefficient may be provided for each of the engine performance parameters desirable to obtain. The engine performance parameters are hence weighted such that the different engine performance parameters are comparable to each other to obtain a weighted sum.
According to an example embodiment, the actuator position of the at least one actuator may be associated with the at least one engine performance parameter. Hence, when e.g. increasing the exhaust thermal power of the internal combustion engine, the position of at least one actuator is affected.
According to an example embodiment, the method may further comprise the step of controlling the at least one actuator to be positioned in the actuator position.
According to an example embodiment, the method may further comprise the steps of receiving a signal indicative of an engine torque and/or engine speed at a previous point in time and at the first point in time; determining a driver pedal position of a driver pedal of the internal combustion engine arrangement; predicting at least one of the engine torque and engine speed at the at least one second point in time by means of the received signal and the determined driver pedal position; and determining the at least one engine performance parameter value at the at least one second point in time using the prediction of the at least one of engine torque and engine speed.
The wording "previous point in time" should be understood to mean a point in time that already occurred, i.e. a point in time consecutively before the first point in time.
An advantage is that an extrapolation of current and past usage of the internal combustion engine, i.e. current and past engine torque/engine speed, can be made in order to predict the engine torque and/or engine speed at the second point in time. Accordingly, a computational complexity of predicting the engine torque/engine speed at the second point in time can be kept relatively simple. The extrapolation is especially beneficial when predicting engine torque/engine speed at a second point in time which is quite close in time in comparison to the first, present point in time. Hence, the prediction horizon ahead is relatively short which is beneficial for fast dynamics when controlling e.g. engine pressures, mass flow rates, emission transient peaks, etc. Other advantages can also relate to improved air fuel ratio and turbocharger speed of the internal combustion engine arrangement.
According to an example embodiment, the method may further comprise the steps of receiving a signal indicative of road topology data ahead at the at least one second point in time from a global positioning system (GPS); predicting at least one of the engine torque and engine speed at the at least one second point in time by means of the received signal from the GPS; and determining the at least one engine performance parameter value at the at least one second point in time using the prediction of the at least one of engine torque and engine speed.
The prediction may thus be performed based on e.g. topology information, speed limit information, traffic situations, etc. which information is received from the GPS. This may be especially beneficial when predicting engine torque/engine speed at a second point in time which is quite far ahead from the first point in time. Hence, the prediction horizon ahead is relatively long which is beneficial for controlling temperatures of the internal combustion engine, i.e. slow dynamics downstream the engine for e.g. controlling the after-treatment system.
It should be noted that the short term prediction horizon and the long term prediction horizon may be used in combination with each other. Also, other alternatives than the GPS is of course conceivable, such as e.g. a digital map or pre-stored data for a specific road where the vehicle has been previously driven.
According to an example embodiment, the method may further comprise the steps of receiving a signal from an after-treatment system, the signal being indicative of a minimum and/or maximum allowable NOx level for said after-treatment system; and determining parameter values of the engine performance parameters at the at least one second point in time by using the received signal from the after-treatment system.
Hereby, the optimization always fulfils the requirements of NOx emissions. Also, it is advantageous to receive input from the after-treatment system so that the after-treatment system and the engine system are controlled in conjunction with each other and not individually. It is often desirable to avoid a too low NOx level in the after-treatment system. By doing so, ammonia slip can for example be avoided. It might thus be desirable to add extra NOx from the engine which at the same time will reduce fuel consumption for the internal combustion engine arrangement. Furthermore, maximum NOx levels often comes from national legislations and it is therefore desirable to control that NOx levels are below such maximum allowable limits. A further advantage is that fuel consumption and urea consumption are not optimized individually by receiving input signals from the after-treatment system.
According to an example embodiment, each of the engine performance parameters may be associated with a respective weighting parameter, the method comprising the step of determining a respective value for each of the weighting parameters for acquiring a minimization of a weighted sum of the parameter values at the at least one second point in time.
Hereby, a well defined equation system can be formulated which object is to receive a minimized calculation in order to optimize the position of the at least one actuator. An example of such equation is given below in Eq. 1.minU(q1×Fuel consumption+q2×NOx emissions−q3×Thermal power)  Eq. 1
Where U is a vector of controllable variables correlating to the position of the at least one actuator, and q1-q3 are respective weighting parameters for the respective engine performance parameters. Other engine performance parameters are also conceivable, such as e.g. parameters correlating to soot emissions, regeneration of the after-treatment system, etc.
Hereby, each of the weighting parameter has an inverse unit in comparison to its respective engine performance parameter. For example, fuel consumption can be expressed in liters per kilometers. The respective weighting parameter, i.e. q1 in the above example, is therefore expressed in kilometers per liter. Hereby, the result of the expression in Eq. 1 is not expressed in any units, i.e. the expression is "unit free".
According to an example embodiment, the at least one engine performance parameter may be a parameter correlating to at least one of fuel consumption, NOx emissions and thermal power of the internal combustion engine arrangement.
The wording "parameter correlating to" should be understood to mean that the parameter affects the specified engine performance parameter. Hence, the parameter must not be directed directly to fuel consumption but can rather be a parameter which affects the fuel consumption, etc. According to a non-limiting example, engine efficiency and pumping losses could be correlated to fuel consumption.
Other alternatives than the above described fuel consumption, NOx emissions and thermal power are of course conceivable. For example, the engine performance parameters may also relate to engine soot, where maximum and minimum requirements are taken into account, air fuel ratio or oxygen content in the intake manifold, exhaust temperature, etc.
According to an example embodiment, the step of determining the actuator position may be executed by means of a dynamic optimization solver.
A dynamic optimization solver is advantageous since it can control multiple inputs and can adapt during operation. Hence, the dynamic optimization solver can continuously solve the optimization problem and take predicted future engine behavior into account. The solver then either directly or indirectly controls the actuators according to the optimization.
According to an example embodiment, the dynamic optimization solver may be a Model Predictive Control (MPC) solver. An MPC is a control strategy that uses a model of a system in order to predict future outputs over a finite time horizon, and determines an optimal control sequence that optimizes a cost function. An MPC may be beneficial to use as it can represent the behavior of a relatively complex dynamic system and also provides a flexible framework for controlling a relatively complexed constrained dynamic system, i.e. the internal combustion engine system.
According to a second aspect, there is provided a system for determining a position of at least one actuator of an internal combustion engine arrangement, the system being configured to receive parameter values for engine performance parameters of the internal combustion engine arrangement at a first point in time; predict at least one engine performance parameter value at an at least one second, future point in time; and determine an actuator position for the at least one actuator by means of an optimization using the parameter values at the first point in time and at the at least one second point in time as input.
According to an example embodiment, the system may further comprise first subsystem configured to control at least one actuator of an internal combustion engine.
The first subsystem may comprise a dynamic optimization solver, such as the above described MPC solver, in order to control the at least one actuator of the internal combustion engine. The first subsystem may thus be a local system for the actuators of the engine.
According to an example embodiment, the system may further comprise a second subsystem configured to control at least one actuator of an engine after-treatment system.
Hereby, a separate subsystem controls the actuators of the engine after-treatment system which can simplify the respective systems as control functions are separated and does not have to be performed by a single system.
According to an example embodiment, the system may further comprise a third subsystem configured to predict at least one of an engine torque and an engine speed of the internal combustion engine arrangement at the at least one second point in time.
An advantage of using the third subsystem to predict engine torque and/or engine speed is that a hierarchical higher order system is provided. This third subsystem may comprise a dynamic optimization solver and can be connected to the first and second subsystems in such a way as to receive input to the solver from the respective first and second subsystems. Hence, the dynamic optimization solver of the third subsystem can predict engine torque and/or engine speed and by means of input from e.g. the first and second subsystems execute an optimization of its inputs for delivery to the first and second subsystems for use when controlling the respective actuators. Further, since not only models of the first subsystem, which may be the engine system, but also of the second subsystem, e.g. the after-treatment system, is included, a better coordination of both subsystems could be achieved, and hence, a more accurate optimization of the performance parameters such as e.g. fuel consumption and after-treatment fluid consumption.
According to an example embodiment, the first subsystem may be further configured to receive predicted engine torque and/or engine speed at the at least one second point in time from the third subsystem; and determine parameter values for the engine performance parameters at the at least one second point in time by using the prediction of the at least one of engine torque and engine speed received from the third subsystem.
As described above, the third subsystem may be a hierarchical higher system and by allowing the third subsystem to predict the engine torque/engine speed at the second point in time, the third subsystem may provide input predictions and set points to the first subsystem which reduces the computational effort needed by the first subsystem.
According to an example embodiment, the second subsystem may be configured to receive a signal indicative of a temperature level of an engine after-treatment system at the first point in time; and provide said signal indicative of the temperature level to the third subsystem.
Hereby, the third subsystem beneficially receives input values to its dynamic optimization solver also from the second subsystem.
According to an example embodiment, the third subsystem may be configured to determine a minimum and/or maximum allowable NOx-level for the engine after-treatment system by means of the received signal indicative of the temperature level and the prediction of engine torque and/or engine speed at the at least one second point in time; and provide said determined maximum allowable NOx-level to said first subsystem.
Further effects and features of the second aspect are largely analogous to those described above in relation to the first aspect of the present invention.
According to a third aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising program code means for performing any of the steps of the example embodiments described above in relation to the first aspect when the program is run on a computer.
According to a fourth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium carrying a computer program comprising program means for performing any of the steps of the example embodiments described above in relation to the first aspect said program means is run on a computer.
According to a fifth aspect, there is provided a vehicle comprising a system according to any of the example embodiments described above in relation to the second aspect.
Effects and features of the third, fourth and fifth aspects of the present invention are largely analogous to those described above in relation to the first and second aspects.
Further features of, and advantages with, the present invention will become apparent when studying the appended claims and the following description. The skilled person realize that different features of the present invention may be combined to create embodiments other than those described in the following, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Method for determining a position of at least one actuator


Embodiments relate to a computer system, computer program product, and method to prevent unauthorized file dissemination and replication. A file parameter is defined, with the defined file parameter including a file dissemination characteristic. The file is encoded with the defined file parameter as file metadata. Dissemination and replication of the file is managed responsive to the encoded file parameter. The defined parameter is assessed along with a physical replication destination. The file is selectively replicated or transmitted responsive to the file parameter and the destination assessment.

The present embodiments relate to geography aware file dissemination. More specifically, the embodiments relate to encoding a geographic designation in file metadata to manage dissemination of file data, and in one embodiment to prevent unauthorized dissemination of the file data.
It is understood in the art that there is or may be an express or inherent value to data. Cloud computing provides a venue of remote sources for data storage. Cloud based application and data are both accessible for virtually any internet-connected device. With respect to storage, users can select public, private, or hybrid storage offerings, depending on security needs and other considerations. Cloud storage allows data and files to be saved in an off-site location that can be accessed through an internet connect or a dedicated private network connection. A cloud service provider typically stores the data on multiple machines for redundancy and to support and enable continuity in the event of a disaster.
Restrictions regarding data usage are increasing at a time when cloud computing infrastructures are spanning the globe. Regulations governing data have long focused on data security and auditability, but are increasingly placing restrictions upon physical locations as well. Recent regulatory policies, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, have imposed restrictions on geographical data placement. With automatic data redundancy and disaster recovery solutions being commonplace, it is important that a system understands the restrictions placed on each piece of data in deciding viable locations for data storage and backup.

International Business Machines Corporation


A method of molding a golf ball core utilizing a single cavity mold that moves on a continuous conveyor system wherein heated preps are automatically and individually taken directly from the extruder and robotically placed into a bottom mold half that is integral with and moves along a conveyor at a speed consistent with the output from the extruder. This eliminates the prep's inefficient loss of heat during storage that is associated with the batch process. The method provides preheating each top and bottom mold half in separate conveyor ovens to about 350° F. prior to the prep being loaded into the bottom mold half. After the prep is loaded, the top and bottom mold halves are assembled to create the single cavity mold. The single cavity mold compresses the prep into a spherical core shape by utilizing spring force and retainer plates to exert about 384 lbs of force. The core is then moved by conveyor into a convection oven wherein the core is cured to a temperature of about 350° F. The cores are then robotically removed from the mold and transferred to a site wherein an intermediate or cover layer is placed over it.

Regardless of the form of the ball, players generally seek a golf ball construction that has particular play characteristics of velocity and spin, which match their swing style and club preference. It is well know in the golf ball industry that both initial ball velocity and spin have both been determined to be substantially dependent on the compression of the core. Typically the optimal level of cross-linking of the core material is predetermined and adjusted by the level of cross-linking agent to arrive at the desired core compression. Once players select a ball construction, they want consistent play characteristics between individual balls. Thus, to maintain consistent play performance between individual balls of a particular construction, manufacturers must produce golf balls with very consistent level of core manufacture.
Golf ball cores are typically formed within a compression type mold, which is heated to accelerate the core stock cross-linking reaction. The magnitude of temperature of the mold affects the time rate of cross-linking of the core stock and therefore will affect the length of time the stock must reside in the mold (or cure time) to achieve complete or optimal level of cross-linking. The mold is typically comprised of multiple cavities to facilitate high volume manufacturing and is placed into the mold press in batch quantities. Cavity temperature and compression will vary in different locations within the core mold, for example cavity locations along the outside perimeter will be cooler than the cavity locations in the inner regions of the mold. Therefore, in order to achieve complete cross-linking for all cores in all cavity locations, the cure time must be adjusted for the coolest regions that will have the lowest rate of reaction of the core stock.
Typically, core material is heated and extruded to form an elongated slug which is cut into desired lengths of cylindrical preps and loaded into jigs. A jig allows large numbers of preps to be held in the position and orientation needed in order to be placed properly in a mold, wherein they correspond to the multiple cavities of a mold platen.
Inefficiency, particularly as to loss of heat, is a major drawback of conventional golf ball core forming techniques, in that the preps come from the extruder in a heated form and cool during storage. Another inherent problem is that human errors result in misaligned preps which in turn results in defective cores. In addition, the proximity of human operators to the mold press for prep loading and core unloading limits the temperature of the molds for operator safety.
One disadvantage of the process described above is that the procedure of loading the preps into the jig, such that all the preps are oriented properly, is a time consuming manual process. On occasion, this manual process can result in improper loading of a prep, which can lead to the mold defects described above. In addition, the preps can lose their proper alignment for a number of other reasons. Once loaded, for example, the mold may be moved or jarred so that preps may move before the mold is closed. Removal of the jig also may cause preps to become misaligned.
There is a need to manufacture cores more efficiently, conserving energy costs, increasing production speeds, reducing space requirements, improving quality control, reducing ergonomic issues, and generally making a better core at a lower cost. The present invention provides such a method of making cores.


A golf putting trainer adapted for releasable attachment to a golf putter and for folding neatly into a storage position and placing in a golf bag when the training is completed. The golf putting trainer includes a "U" shaped grip support having a lower grip arm with strap for wrapping around a lower portion of a golf putter grip and an upper grip arm for engaging a butt end on an upper portion of the golf putter grip. A wrist swivel with wrist swivel adjustment nut is mounted on the upper grip arm. A lower end of a height adjustment rod is pivotly attached to the wrist swivel and secured thereto using a pivot adjustment nut. An upper end of the height extension rod is slidably received in a lower end of a height extension tube and secured thereto using a height extension nut. A forearm swivel tube is pivotly mounted on an upper end of the height extension tube and secured thereto using a forearm swivel nut. One end of a right forearm extension arm is slidably received in the forearm swivel tube and secured thereto using a right forearm adjustment nut. Also, one end of a left forearm extension arm is slidably received in the forearm swivel tube and secured thereto using a left forearm adjustment nut. A right forearm cup is mounted on an opposite end of the right forearm extension arm. A left forearm cup is mounted on an opposite end of the left forearm extension arm. The right forearm cup and the left forearm cup are used to engage the forearms of the golfer and lock the forearms in place to prevent movement during the putting stroke.

(a) Field of the Invention This invention relates to golf training devices and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a golf putting trainer used with a golf putter for greatly improving a golfer's putting stroke.
(b) Discussion of Prior Art
In the world of golf, there are great number of teaching and training aids for helping both amateur and professional golfers improve their golf club swing and putting stroke. U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,516 to Bickler discloses a golf putting aid. This patent describes a "V" shaped brace which inserts into the top of a putter. The "V" shaped brace helps keep a putter's wrist in a locked position for a pendulum stroke. Also, there is currently on the golf accessory market a putting aid called the "Kortis Krutch". This device goes between the golfer's forearms and snaps onto the putter for helping provide a consistent stroke. The "Kortis Krutch" has similar features to the subject invention but does not provide the combination of the structural features, objects and advantages as described herein and for providing what is considered a perfect putting stroke. Further, there is for sale a putting aid called the "Master Putt". The Master Putt provides a large "T" shaped device which goes under the golfer's arms and is attached to the putter. The device is designed to help the golfer with a perfect pendulum stroke. Still another putting device is available and called a "Putting Connection". The Putting Connection is a brace which is held between a players biceps. The brace helps lock the golfer's arms to ideally provide a pendulum stroke.
The subject golf putting trainer provides a unique putting stroke device which is releasably attached to a golf putter and used when practicing putting strokes. The trainer can be also be quickly folded neatly into a storage position for placing in a golf bag when putting practice is completed. None of the prior art putting aids and devices provide the unique structure and function of the subject putting trainer as described as follows.


A nonvolatile memory device includes a single-layer gate, a first area, and a second area. The first area includes a first well region, a first contact region arranged in the first well region, and source and drain regions arranged at both sides of the single-layer gate in the first well region. The second area includes a second well region, a second contact region arranged to overlap a part of the single-layer gate in the second well region, and a third contact region arranged in the second well region.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a nonvolatile memory device, a method of operating the same, and a memory cell array thereof and, more particularly, to a nonvolatile memory device having a single-layer gate, a method of operating the same, and a memory cell array thereof.
Various nonvolatile memory cell and memory cell array structures have been proposed for a memory device in which data stored in the memory cells is retained without access to power. In the conventional memory cell structure of a nonvolatile memory device, a stacked gate structure in which a gate insulating layer, a floating gate, an inter-gate insulating layer, and a control gate are sequentially arranged in a vertical direction has generally been employed. However, as the size of electronic apparatus continues to shrink and fabrication technology is developed, semiconductor devices capable of performing various functions have been embedded in one semiconductor chip. This type of semiconductor chip layout, called a system on chip (SoC), includes logic devices and memory devices and has emerged as a core part of advanced digital products. A fabrication technology of an embedded nonvolatile memory device embedded in a system on chip (SoC) has been developed.
The embedded nonvolatile memory device embedded in the system on chip (SoC) is fabricated in process steps that are the same as those of the logic devices of the system on chip (SoC). The nonvolatile memory device may employ a transistor with a stacked gate structure, while the logic devices employ a transistor with a single gate structure. When the nonvolatile memory device with a stacked gate structure and the logic devices with a single gate structure are embedded in the same substrate, the fabrication process thereof becomes very complicated. Therefore, attempts have been made to employ a single-layer gate in a nonvolatile memory device instead of the stacked gate structure. In employing a nonvolatile memory device having a single-layer gate, the system on chip (SoC) may be easily fabricated through the general fabrication processes of complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) used when fabricating logic devices.

Nonvolatile memory device having single-layer gate, method of operating the same, and memory cell array thereof


A folding swivel chair comprised of an upper section having a seat portion. A swivel mechanism is secured to the seat portion of the upper section. The device includes a lower section having a pair of folding leg sections foldably secured together by two cross bars. The two cross bars are secured to the swivel mechanism. The swivel mechanism allows the upper sections to swivel in relationship to the lower section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a folding swivel chair and more particularly pertains to providing a chair having both foldability and swiveling features with a folding swivel chair.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of folding chairs is known in the prior art. More specifically, folding chairs heretofore devised and utilized for the purpose of providing foldability for chairs are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,358,263 to Aldus et al. discloses a wheel chair made of a lightweight metal frame having a series of caster wheels for providing rotatability.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,108,490 to Marin discloses a folding chair having a seat member and four legs at the corners of the seat member with the two front legs extending from the seat member downwardly and with the two rear legs extending both upwardly and downwardly from the seat.
U.S. Pat. No. Design 284,529 to Reed discloses the ornamental design for a folding stool.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,583,778 to Liebhold discloses a folding knock-down chair with swingable seat support.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,245 to Hardarson discloses a folding chair.
U.S. Pat. Design 250,498 to Hogford discloses the ornamental design for a folding stool.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objective and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not describe a folding swivel chair for providing a chair having both foldability and swiveling features.
In this respect, the folding swivel chair according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of providing a chair having both foldability and swiveling features.
Therefore, it can be appreciated that there exists a continuing need for new and improved folding swivel chair which can be used for providing a chair having both foldability and swiveling features. In this regard, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.
In the view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of folding chairs now present in the prior art, the present invention provides an improved folding swivel chair. As such, the general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new and improved folding swivel chair and method which has all the advantages of the prior art and none of the disadvantages.
To attain this, the present invention essentially comprises an upper section having a seat portion. The seat portion has a back rest portion foldably secured to a distal end thereof. The upper section has a pair of arm rest portions foldably secured to the back rest portion and extending inwardly therefrom. Each arm rest portion has a bracket foldably secured to the seat portion. The device includes a swivel mechanism comprised of an upper plate, a lower plate, and a neophreme layer therebetween. The upper plate and the lower plate and the neophreme layer are coupled together by a nut and bolt extending through a bushing through the coupled together upper plate, lower plate, and neophreme layer. The upper plate has two pairs of outwardly extending brackets secured to opposing sides thereof. The brackets are secured to the seat portion of the upper section. The lower plate has two pairs of outwardly extending brackets secured to opposing sides thereof. The device includes a lower section having a pair of folding leg sections foldably secured together by two cross bars. The two cross bars are secured to the two pairs of outwardly extending brackets of the lower plate of the swivel mechanism.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution in the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto.
In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and system for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved folding swivel chair which has all the advantages of the prior art folding chairs and none of the disadvantages.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved folding swivel chair which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new and improved folding swivel chair which is of durable and reliable construction.
An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved folding swivel chair which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such a folding swivel chair economically available to the buying public.
Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved folding swivel chair which provides in the apparatuses and methods of the prior art some of the advantages thereof, while simultaneously overcoming some of the disadvantages normally associated therewith.
Even still another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved folding swivel chair for providing a chair having both foldability and swiveling features.
Lastly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved folding swivel chair comprised of an upper section having a seat portion. A swivel mechanism is secured to the seat portion of the upper section. The device includes a lower section having a pair of folding leg sections foldably secured together by two cross bars. The two cross bars are secured to the swivel mechanism. The swivel mechanism allows the upper section to swivel in relationship to the lower section.
These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.


The present invention is directed to novel PCP derivatives which are synthesized for the covalent attachment to antigens or receptors (proteins or polypeptides) for the preparation of antibodies or receptors to PCP and PCP analogue metabolites. The resulting novel antigens may be used for the production of antibodies or receptors using standard methods. Once generated, the antibodies and the novel derivatives which are covalently attached to proteins, polypeptides or labels may be used in the immunoassay process.

Phencyclidine (PCP) was developed as an anesthetic for humans but has become a highly abused drug. The illicit use of PCP and PCP analogues, such as cyclohexamine, phenylcyclohexylpyrrolidine, phenylcyclopentylpiperidine and thienylcyclohexylpiperidine has resulted in a medical need for antibodies and diagnostics to rapidly detect the PCP and PCP analogue metabolites in order to monitor and treat PCP abuse.
The preparation of antibodies to PCP and PCP analogues requires the synthesis of a PCP derivative in order to covalently attach the derivative to an antigenic polypeptide or protein. In addition, the PCP derivative is covalently attached to various polypeptides, proteins or labels for use in screening antibodies and in the immunoassay process. The PCP derivative should mimic the structure of the PCP and PCP analogue metabolites sought to be measured. Therefore, the selection and synthesis of the types of PCP derivatives for covalent attachment to proteins, polypeptides or labels is critical. In addition, the PCP derivatives need to be stable to hydrolysis in an aqueous solution.
PCP compounds and conjugates for immunization and immunoassay have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,281,065 and 4,446,065.

Phencyclidine derivatives and protein and polypeptide phencyclidine derivative conjugates and labels


The outer shape of a quartz crystal blank is processed to have a predetermined shape, thereby providing an SC cut crystal resonator capable of reliably and reproducibly suppressing B mode resonance. In this SC cut crystal resonator, the surface of the quartz crystal orthogonal to the Y axis is rotated through 33° to 35° about the X axis and is then rotated from this rotated position through 22° to 24° about the Z axis, and a slender quartz crystal blank oblong in an X′ axis direction is cut from the rotated surface. The end surface of the quartz crystal blank orthogonal to the Z′ axis is tilted in a direction rotated through +7° to +13° or −7° to −13° about the X′ axis.

Conventionally, as a doubly rotated crystal resonator, an SC cut crystal resonator is known as shown for example in FIG. 3, in which electrodes are formed on a quartz crystal blank 1 cut from a surface of a quartz crystal where the surface of the quartz crystal orthogonal to a Y axis is rotated through approximately 33° about the X axis and then from this rotated position it is rotated through approximately 22° about the Z axis (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (TOKKYO KOKAI) No. Hei 11-177376).
This SC cut crystal resonator has temperature characteristics expressed in a cubic curve similar to that of an AT cut, and its inflection point is in the vicinity of 94° C. It is used as a crystal resonator of a so-called oven controlled crystal oscillator, in which a crystal resonator is temperature controlled.
However, as shown in FIG. 4, in the SC cut crystal resonator, secondary vibration of B mode (denoted by B in FIG. 4) and A mode (denoted by A) vibration occurs in the vicinity of a C mode resonance (vibration) (denoted by C), which is a main vibration, and is on the high pass side thereof.
Here, since the value of an equivalent resistance (hereunder referred to as "CI" (Crystal Impedance)) of the A mode vibration is greater than a CI of the C mode, then as an oscillator, the signal cannot be easily output. Therefore particularly in a crystal resonator this does not become a problem.
On the other hand, the CI of the B mode vibration is equal to the CI of the C mode vibration or may be smaller in some cases. Furthermore, their frequencies are close to each other, with that of the B mode being approximately 1.09 times that of C mode.
Therefore when the oscillator is actually manufactured, occasionally this oscillates in the B mode, which is a secondary vibration.
Thus, in the case of using an SC cut crystal resonator, it is essential to be able to suppress the B mode vibration in order to reliably excite the C mode vibration, so that it is necessary to make the CI of the B mode larger than the CI of the C mode. Therefore suppression of the B mode vibration is performed by adding mass to the plate surface of the quartz crystal blank, or by designing the holding position thereof, to suppress the spurious oscillation.
However, in order to sufficiently suppress the B mode vibration, a continuing process of trial and error is necessary, which and takes a lot of work, and reproducibility of the process is extremely poor.
The SC cut crystal resonator of the present invention has been achieved in consideration of the problems of such a conventional SC cut crystal resonator, with an object of providing an SC cut crystal resonator wherein, by cut-processing an outer shape of a quartz crystal blank into a special shape, resonance (vibration) due to the B mode can be reliably suppressed with excellent reproducibility.


A corneal preservation and rehydration device includes a box body and a box lid (1), wherein the box body and the box lid are detachably connected. A corneal bracket (2) is provided in the box body for holding a cornea, wherein a surface of the corneal bracket for placing a cornea is a convex spherical surface (21), and a blocking portion (22) is arranged at the surrounding of the convex spherical surface (21) for preventing a cornea from dropping out.

A cornea is one layer of a transparent film in the front part of an eye. When a cornea is damaged or has a lesion, a corneal transplantation surgery is in need for therapy. And a cornea used in the corneal transplantation surgery may be an artificial bio-cornea or a cornea donated from a human body.
The artificial bio-cornea or the cornea donated from a human body needs to be packaged, stored and transported prior to the transplantation surgery to avoid the cornea being contaminated or degenerating during its storage and transportation. During a procedure of corneal preservation, a cornea usually needs to be preserved or needs to be dried and preserved. A dried and preserved cornea, before use, needs to be placed in water for rehydration.
A packaging box in the prior art is a penicillin bottle or a common box body structure, and a cornea is placed directly in a box body for storage. In this way, the cornea is easy to slide off, overturn, get folds or deformation, or even be damaged during movement and transportation prior to clinical use, because the cornea is not positioned effectively in the packaging box. In a packaging box with desiccant to store, movement and sliding off of a cornea will cause the cornea to contact with the desiccant, and thus the cornea will be contaminated. Such that, it is not easy to maintain an original shape of a cornea, and it easily results in a change in obverse and reverse of an artificial bio-cornea, thus the clinical use will be affected. Furthermore, before the transplantation surgery is performed, a cornea usually needs to be rehydrated. A clinician needs to remove the cornea into another container to perform a rehydration procedure in the prior art, this undoubtedly increases the risk of contaminating and damaging the cornea.

Corneal preservation and rehydration device

SHENZHEN AINEAR CORNEA ENGINEERING CO., LTD.


A mass transit system of a transit authority automatically determines and applies the lowest possible transit fare to a patron's account, thereby releasing the patron from decisions leading to the most cost effective fare instrument for his or her transit pattern. A fair fare system and method utilizes the transit authority's existing hardware infrastructure, i.e., mainframe, vendors, gates, smart card and Point of Issue (POI) devices, with additional processing mechanisms for determining the best fare over rolling time periods. Because a relatively large storage capacity of the fare instrument is required, smart cards are employed for use with the fare fair system.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates generally to mass transit fares, and more specifically to a transit fare collection system for automatically determining and charging a transit patron the lowest possible fare based upon the transit patron's transit pattern.
2. Background
Transit patrons are presented with a vast number of choices as to the fare instruments that they may purchase for use with mass transit systems including bus, rail, and parking. The optimal financial deal often depends upon the transit patron being able to predict his or her travel patterns and comply with that prediction over a long period of time. In addition, transit fares may vary within a time period due to special rates and promotions. The patron likely is not aware of the special fares to which he or she may have access and/or rights to receive or purchase.
Transit systems of the prior art typically have different fare structuring for each of the modes of transportation. For example, a weekly fare pass for a bus does not apply to rail or parking, or a special rate for parking does not apply for bus travel. Although a patron's pass may be usable for all the mass transit options, the patron does not receive the best possible fare for the combined usage of the mass transit systems. Thus, a need exists for a fare program that allows a transit patron to receive the best fare possible based upon his or her actual travels.


An object is to lighten a pickup and reduce the size of a driving device and, as a result, to reduce the size of an optical information recording apparatus, an optical information reproducing apparatus and an optical information recording/reproducing apparatus, and to improve the transfer rate by enabling to make an access to the optical information recording medium at a high speed. In an optical information recording apparatus using holography, having: a light source 32, an information expressing device 63 for generating information light by adding information to light from the light source; a reference light generator 65 for generating reference light from the light from the light source; and an objective lens 70 for irradiating the information light and the reference light onto an optical information recording medium 1, the apparatus comprises a fixed unit 73 including at least the information expressing device 63 and a moving unit 75 including at least the objective lens 70, which moves for making access to a prescribed recording position of the optical information recording medium 1.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical information recording apparatus, optical information reproducing apparatus and an optical information recording/reproducing apparatus using holography, and specifically, to an optical information recording apparatus, an optical information reproducing apparatus and an optical information recording/reproducing apparatus in which an objective lens is moved for making access to a prescribed recording position or reproducing position of an optical information recording medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
In holographic recording for recording information onto a recording medium using holography, in general, the information light carrying image information and reference light are overlapped with each other in the recording medium and the interference pattern generated thereby is written onto the recording medium. For reproducing the recorded information, reference light is irradiated to the recording medium for diffracting the interference pattern so as to reproduce the image information.
The information light carrying the image information is generated by spatially modulating the intensity or the phase of the light. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-311938 mentions holographic recording and modulation of light. In Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-311938 (paragraph [0024]), it is noted that a liquid crystal device can be used as a spatial light modulator for spatially modulating light. Also, it is considered possible to use a DMD (digital micro mirror device) as a spatial light modulator for spatially modulating light. A DVD can modulate the intensity of incoming light by changing the reflection direction by each pixel and modulate the phase of the incoming light by changing the reflection position by each pixel.
However, when the pitch of pixels in the spatial light modulator is reduced for increasing the amount of information to be carried by the information light, a kind of diffraction grating is formed due to minute pixels of the spatial light modulator. Therefore, redundant diffraction light is also emitted from the spatial light modulator. If such diffraction light is also used as the information light, holography necessary for recording information becomes too large and the recording capacity of the recording medium is decreased. Thus, it is possible to prevent the holography from becoming too large by shielding the diffraction light.
However, when the diffraction light is shielded, the information light becomes dark by shielding light. Thus, efficiency of being able to use the information light becomes low.
As described, when the information is spatially modulated by minute pixels, it becomes necessary to deal with the diffraction light.
A prior application (Japanese Patent Application laid-open 2003-29968) discloses an optical information recording apparatus and optical information recording/reproducing apparatus in which diffraction light can be dealt with while suppressing a decrease in recording capacity of a recording medium and deterioration of efficiency for using the information light.
First, the optical information recording apparatus and the optical information reproducing apparatus of the prior application will be described.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory figure showing the configuration of the optical information recording/reproducing apparatus of the prior application. The optical information recording/reproducing apparatus includes an optical information recording apparatus and an optical information reproducing apparatus.
An optical information recording medium 1 used in the optical information recording/reproducing apparatus shown in FIG. 3 is formed by laminating a hologram recording layer 3 as an information recording layer to which information is recorded utilizing volume holography, a reflector film 5, a substrate (protective layer) 8 in this order on one face of a disk-type transparent substrate 2 formed with polycarbonate or the like.
The hologram recording layer 3 is formed with a hologram material in which the optical properties such as the refractive index, dielectric constant, reflectance and the like change according to the intensity of a laser beam when being irradiated by the laser beam for a prescribed length of time. For example, photopolymers HRF-600 (name of the product), the products of Dupont, or the like can be used as the hologram material.
The reflector film 5 is a film for reflecting light (reproduction-specific reference light and the like), and the reflector film 5 is formed with, for example aluminum.
The substrate (protective layer) 8 is a substrate with address formed by, for example, injection. In the substrate (protective layer) 8, an address servo area and a data area (not shown) are provided. By using the address servo area, irradiating position of light in the optical information recording medium 1 can be servo-controlled. Also, in the data area, information to be recorded in the optical information recording medium 1 can be recorded by means of holography.
A pickup 11 irradiates reference light and information light onto the optical information recording medium 1 and receives reproduction light from the optical information recording medium 1. The pickup 11 comprises an objective lens 12, an actuator 13, a quarter-wave plate 14, a half mirror 26, convex lenses 27a, 27b, an optical detector 28, a laser light source 32, a collimator lens 34, a half-wave plate 35, a polarization beam splitter 36, a mirror 38, a spatial light modulator (information expressing device) 40, a shutter 42, a convex lenses 44a, 44b, a diaphragm 46, a half-wave plate 48, a half mirror 50, a mirror 52, a mirror 54 and a convex lens 56.
The information light is the light to which information to be recorded is added. In FIG. 3, the information light is obtained by modulating the laser light generated by the laser light source 32 by the spatial light modulator 40 and is irradiated onto the optical information recording medium 1. The refraction light generated by the minute pixels of the spatial light modulator 40 also carries information, however, it is referred to as the refraction light as being discriminated from the information light in this specification.
As the reference light, there is recording-specific reference light for forming holography by being interfered with the information light and reproduction-specific reference light for reproducing information from the holography. Further, the reproduction light is the light returned from the optical information recording medium 1 to the pickup 11 when the reproduction-specific reference light enters the optical information recording medium 1. The reproduction light carries the information reproduced form the optical information recording medium 1.
The objective lens 12 is positioned on the transparent substrate 2 side of the optical information recording medium 1. The reference light and the information light enter the optical information recording medium 1 after transmitting through the objective lens 12. The reproduction light from the optical information recording medium 1 transmits through the objective lens 12 and proceeds towards the half mirror 26.
The actuator 13 is for moving the objective lens 12 in the thickness direction and the radial direction of the optical information recording medium 1.
The quarter-wave plate 14 converts the transmitted light from the linear polarization to circular polarization when the linear polarization light such as P-polarization or S-polarization enters and the angle of the direction of the linear polarization is 45° with respect to the optical axis of the crystal in the quarter-wave plate 14.
The information light is P-polarization and is converted to circular polarization after passing the quarter-wave plate 14, and enters the optical information recording medium 1. The reproduction light is circular polarization and is converted to S-polarization after passing the quarter-wave plate 14, and reaches the optical detector 28 through the convex lenses 27a, 27b.
The half mirror 26 allows the information light to transmit and directs it to the quarter-wave plate 14, while reflecting the reproduction light and directs it to the convex lenses 27a, 27b. These convex lenses 27a, 27b, upon receiving the reproduction light, direct it to enter the optical detector 28. Further, the optical detector 28 receives and detects the reproduction light. Thereby, the information recorded in the optical information recording medium 1 can be reproduced.
The laser light source 32 is for generating the laser light. The laser light becomes the base for the information light and the reference light. The collimator lens 34 converts the laser light into parallel light rays upon receiving it from the laser light source 32. The half-wave plate 35 converts the parallel light rays from P-polarization to S-polarization upon receiving them from the collimator lens 34. The polarization beam splitter 36, upon receiving the P-polarization and the S-polarization from the half-wave-plate 35, allows the P-polarization to transmit through and reflects the S-polarization. The transmitted P-polarization proceeds towards the mirror 38 and the reflected S-polarization proceeds towards the convex lens 44a. The P-polarization becomes the base for the information light and the S-polarization becomes the base for the reference light. The mirror 38, upon receiving the P-polarization, reflects it towards the spatial light modulator 40.
The spatial light modulator (information expressing device) 40 generates the information light by reflecting the P-polarization upon receiving it from the mirror 38. The generated information light transmits through the shutter 42 and the polarization beam splitter 36, and proceeds towards the convex lens 44a. The diffraction light is also emitted from the spatial light modulator 40.
The shutter 42 is open when information is recorded in the optical information recording medium 1 and closed when information is reproduced from the optical information recording medium 1 (see FIG. 4). The convex lens 44a builds an image on the diaphragm 46 upon receiving the information light and the diffraction light from the spatial light modulator 40. At this time, the information light and the diffraction light near the optical axis passes through a hole 46a of the diaphragm 46. However, the diffraction light distant from the optical axis cannot pass through the diaphragm 46. The distance between the convex lens 44a and the diaphragm 46=distance between the convex lens 44b and the diaphragm 46=distance between the spatial light modulator 40 and the convex lens 44a=distance between the convex lens 44b and the mirror 52=f=focal distance. The half-wave plate 48 converts the S-polarization reflected by the polarization beam splitter 36 into the P-polarization. This becomes the reference light.
The half mirror 50 reflects the information light and directs it to the half mirror 26 while allowing the reference light to transmit and directs it towards the mirror 52. The mirror 52 reflects the reference light towards the mirror 54 which faces the optical information recording medium 1. The mirror 54 reflects the reference light and directs it towards the convex lens 56. The convex lens 56 diffracts the reference light so as to focus it onto a position in front of the optical information recording medium 1.
In the above-described configuration, when recording operation information about recording/reproduction of the optical information to the optical information recording medium 1, the laser light generated by the laser light source 32 transmits through the collimator lens 34, the half-wave plate 35, the polarization beam splitter 36, is reflected by the mirror 38, and proceeds to the spatial light modulator 40. Then, the laser light becomes the information light by the spatial light modulator 40, which then passes through the shutter 42, the polarization beam splitter 36, the convex lens 44a, the diaphragm 46, the convex lens 44b, the half-wave plate 48, is reflected by the half mirror 50, transmits through the quarter-wave plate 14, and proceeds towards the objective lens 12. The optical elements from the spatial light modulator 40 to the objective lens 12 (the convex lens 44a, the diaphragm 46, the convex lens 44b, the half-wave plate 48, the half mirror 50 and the like) correspond to an information light obtaining means for obtaining the information light from the spatial light modulator 40.
The laser light generated by the laser light source 32 becomes the recording-specific reference light after transmitting through the collimator lens 34, the half-wave plate 35 and then being reflected by the polarization beam splitter 36. The recording-specific reference light passes through the convex lens 44a, the diaphragm 46, the convex lens 44b, the half-wave plate 48, the half mirror 50, is reflected by the mirrors 52, 54, and is diffracted by the convex lens 56 to be heading towards the objective lens 12.
The objective lens (holography forming device) 12 forms holography through making the information light interfere with the recording-specific reference light in the hologram recording layer 3 of the optical information recording medium 1.
When reproducing information from the optical information recording medium 1, as shown in FIG. 4, the laser light generated by the laser light source 32 becomes the reproduction-specific reference light after transmitting through the collimator lens 34, the half-wave plate 35, and being reflected by the polarization beam splitter 36. The reproduction-specific reference light passes through the convex lens 44a, the diaphragm 46, the convex lens 44b, the half-wave plate 48, the half mirror 50, is reflected by the mirrors 52, 54 and is diffracted by the convex lens 56 to be heading towards the objective lens 12.
The objective lens (reproduction-specific reference light irradiating device) 12 diffracts the reproduction-specific reference light and irradiates it to the hologram recording layer 3. Thereby, the reproduction light carrying the information as the subject of reproduction is generated from the hologram recording layer 3 of the optical information recording medium 1. The reproduction light transmits through the objective lens 12, the quarter-wave plate 14, is reflected by the half mirror 26, transmits through the convex lenses 27a, 27b and then is received by the optical detector 28. The optical detector 28 receives and detects the reproduction light as the incoming light and obtains the information. The objective lens 12, the quarter-wave plate 14, the half mirror 26, and the convex lenses 27a, 27b correspond to a reproduction light obtaining means for obtaining the reproduction light. The optical detector 28 corresponds to an information reproducing means for reproducing information by receiving the reproduction light. The optical detector 28 is, for example, a CMOS sensor or a CCD array sensor.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-311938 (paragraph [0024])
The above-described optical information recording/reproducing apparatus disclosed in the prior application has a configuration in which the pickup 11 moves for making access to a prescribed recording position and reproducing position of the optical information recording medium. However, the pickup 11 includes the objective lens 12, and also a number of optical devices, the light sources 32 and the like so that the pickup 11 becomes heavy. Thus, the driving device for driving the pickup becomes large-scaled and, as a result, the optical information recording/reproducing apparatus also becomes large-scaled.
Also, in the optical information recording/reproducing apparatus, the pickup 11 is heavy and, due to inertia, the pickup 11 cannot be brought to make access to the optical information recording medium at a high speed, thereby decreasing the transfer rate.
In order to overcome the foregoing problems, conventionally, in a CD (compact disc) drive or a DVD (digital versatile disc) as an optical information recording/reproducing apparatus which does not use holography, the objective lens is moved in accordance with the irradiation position of the recording medium since it is only required that the optical system transfers the intensity (energy) of the light.
However, the optical system of the holographic recording irradiates the spatially modulated information light and the recording-specific reference light onto the recoding medium 1 by the objective lens for making them interfere with each other in the information recording layer 3 of the recording medium 1 for achieving recording. Thus, it is necessary to build an image of at least the information light which is spatially modulated by the spatial light modulator (information expressing device) 40 in an incident pupil surface of the objective lens 12. Also, for reproduction, it is necessary to build an image of the reproduction light generated from the information recording layer 3 of the recording medium 1 by the reproduction-specific reference light in the optical detector 28 at last.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are illustrations showing the optical system of holographic recording in which the position of the spatial light modulator (information expressing device) 40 is fixed and the position of the objective lens 12 is moved.
As shown in FIG. 5A, when recording the optical information on the outer periphery side (left side in the figure) of the optical information recording medium 1 or reproducing the optical information from the outer periphery side of the optical information recording medium 1, it is necessary that the position of the spatial light modulator 40 shown as an image surface or the optical detector 28 and the incident pupil surface of the emission pupil surface of the objective lens 12 (positions of half mirrors 50: 26 in FIG. 5A) are set to be used alternately. For building an image on both positions, it is necessary that each space between the image surface and each of a pair of lenses 44a, 44b: 27a, 27b opposing to each other, the focal point f of the convex lens, the incident pupil surface: the emission pupil surface is set to be the first focal distance f1. The terms and numerals for reproduction are mentioned after ":", following the terms and numerals for recording.
Meanwhile, as shown in FIG. 5B, when recording the optical information on the inner periphery side (right side in the figure) of the optical information recording medium 1 or reproducing the optical information from the inner periphery side of the optical information recording medium 1, it is necessary that each space between the image surface and each of a pair of lenses 44a, 44b: 27a, 27b opposing to each other, the focal point f of the convex lens, the incident pupil surface: the emission pupil surface is set to be the second focal distance f2. The movable range of the objective lens 12 and the half mirrors 50:26 is defined as D.
In order to build images in both the outer periphery side and the inner periphery side of the optical information recording medium as described by the image surface and the incident pupil surface or the emission pupil surface of the objective lens 12, the focal distance (thickness) of each of the convex lenses 44a, 44b: 27a, 27b has to be changed. Thus, the configuration in which only the objective lens is moved, which is employed in the conventional CD drive or the DVD drive, cannot be employed in holographic recording and the optical system from the image surface to the objective lens is moved as a whole.

Optical information recording apparatus, optical information reproducing apparatus, and optical information recording/reproducing apparatus


In some examples, a device includes a waveguide transition section comprising a first mode suppressor, an attenuation section coupled to the first waveguide transition section via a first adjustable rotation joint, wherein the attenuation section is operable to attenuate the electromagnetic signal, and a first quarter-wave plate section coupled to the attenuation section, wherein the first quarter-wave plate section is operable to introduce a first differential phase shift between a first mode of the electromagnetic signal and a second mode of the electromagnetic signal. The device also includes a second quarter-wave plate section coupled to the first quarter-wave plate section via a second adjustable rotation joint, wherein the second quarter-wave plate section is operable to introduce a second differential phase shift between the second mode of the electromagnetic signal and the first mode of the electromagnetic signal.

Various applications, including communications systems, navigation systems, observation platforms, and other applications may use electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy emitted and absorbed by charged particles which exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space. Such electromagnetic signals may have various properties, such as a wavelength, a frequency, an amplitude, a phase, a polarization, or other properties. Properties of electromagnetic signals can affect the way in which the signals interact with their environment or with other electromagnetic signals. For instance, two signals having the same frequency and amplitude but having opposite phases may, in some examples, negate one another or cancel each other out.
Certain properties of electromagnetic signals, such as microwave signals or radio signals, can be changed or modified to fit a given application or implementation requirement. For instance, changing the amplitude of a signal may change the distance which the signal can travel through space. As another example, changing the phase of the signal may enable the signal to be combined in various ways with other signals.


A multi-unit foldable carrier including a pair of opposed side walls, a pair of opposed end walls and a bottom wall, formed from two panels, adjacent to the side and end walls to form an open, generally rectangular container. A handle allows the carrier to be lifted and is formed from at least two panels extending upwardly from the bottom wall and also acting to divide the generally rectangular container into at least two sections. A divider construction is coupled to at least one of the side walls or one of the end walls for further dividing the rectangular container into more than two separate volumes. Each of the side walls, end walls, bottom wall panels, handle means and divider means is formed as sections of a single sheet of laminar stock demarcated by scored lines adapted to allow the sheet to be folded along the creased lines to form each of the sections. A multi-unit foldable carrier which is capable of receiving more than two items in the more than two volumes of the container is provided.

The invention is generally directed to a multi-cell carrier construction and in particular to a multi-cell carrier construction designed to carry a plurality of bottles, containers or other solid objects of generally similar size and shape. In addition the invention is directed to a multi-cell carrier constructions which may be quickly and conveniently assembled from a single sheet of laminar material such as corrugated cardboard, corrugated plastic or similar materials.
Liquor stores, grocery stores and other stores which sell bottles of wine, beer and other types of stores which sell loose items of various sorts have the need for open topped multi-celled carriers which allow a customer to circulate throughout the store, selecting merchandise as they move through the aisles and placing selections in a carrier to ease the ability to collect and transport the items prior to purchase. Similarly, the carriers are often designed to implement a policy at the stores where a customer receives a special discount in the event that they purchase more than a minimum number of units of varying types. For example, many liquor and grocery stores provide discounts of 10% or more to customers who purchase six bottles of wine. Wine is traditionally sold in cases of 12 bottles and when a customer purchases a case of a particular type the store staff aids the customer in moving the case. However, there is a growing market for consumers who do not purchase wine by the case and thus purchase only one or several bottles of wine at a time. Rarely do they purchase a case of any single type of wine. Thus, as a promotional element the stores have gone to promotions which induce the customer to purchase six bottles of wine which may be mixed and matched and thus receive a discount regardless of the brands or types of wines included in the selection.
To promote this activity the liquor stores and grocery stores have sought out carriers which may be used by the customers in place of shopping wagons or traditional baskets. The shopping wagons and traditional open baskets with handles are ill suited to wine bottles which can break if they jiggle and fall against each other. Likewise, a customer is generally unable to carry more than two or three bottles of wine without severe discomfort or danger of dropping and breaking a bottle of wine. Accordingly, stores of this sort have sought carrier constructions, generally made from corrugated paper, cardboard or similar sheet like or laminate materials with integral handle that allows a customer to carry two, four, six or eight bottles of wine or spirits in such a way that the bottles will not fall, do not bang against each other and include a handle which allows relatively easy transporting of the bottles around the store and to the cash register. The carrier may then either be returned or reused by the store or may be provided to the customer to aid them in transport in the purchases to their car and home.
Previous attempts at this type of carrier include light cardboard constructions manufactured for carrying six packs of beer. Generally, these constructions are relatively flimsy and are also constructed from a variety of different panels of thin cardboard which are glued together to form the carrier. These carriers, once constructed, are not conveniently shipped or useful for consumer loading or unloading. Often, they are damaged when they are unloaded and tend to acquire their stability from the presence of the full complement of bottles within the carrier. Thus, if only two or three bottles remain in the carrier it becomes unstable and has a tendency to rip or buckle.
Other attempts have been made to manufacture multi-cell carriers with a single sheet of cardboard which is glued together at various points and which is scored and cut in accordance with a pattern to provide a finished three-dimensional multi-cell carrier construction. However, these prior art constructions have utilized substantial amounts of sheet material and are particularly complicated and difficult to assemble in the field.
Two major problems that exist in this area are the ease with which the finished product may be assembled from a generally flattened shipping state to a fully assembled three dimensional carrier configuration and the amount of sheet material utilized to accomplish the result with a generous excess of strength for the construction.
The prior art constructions manufactured from a single sheet of material are generally complex configurations requiring a substantial level of skill to assemble as well as a particularly strong, thick and therefore expensive grade and quantity of sheet material. Because these constructions require such substantial amounts of sheet material and numerous creases, cuts and similar design and manufacturing steps prior to delivery they raise the cost for these products, increase the tare weight and thus reduce the utility and minimize the market for these products.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved multi-cell carrier construction which may be shipped flat, assembled quickly and simply and which retains the required strength characteristics with a reduced amount of material including thinner wall constructions and fewer assembly steps.


A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device including a MOS transistor, wherein a second resist pattern having openings respectively defining gate, source, and drain regions is formed while leaving a first resist pattern on a gate material film, i.e., a polycrystalline silicon film, which is used to form a gate electrode. Impurities are implanted into the source and drain regions by using the first and second resist patterns as a mask. The impurities are stopped in the inside of the first resist pattern on the gate and are not implanted into the gate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing semiconductor devices having a source region, a gate region, and a drain region, and in particular, to a method of manufacturing semiconductor devices in which impurities are implanted to the source and the drain region by using as a mask a gate pattern of a transistor (FET: Field Effect Transistor) having a metal-oxide semiconductor structure.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Semiconductor devices having a so-called MOS (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) structure which employs a capacitor structure constituted by a metal-oxide semiconductor are widely known in the art. The semiconductor devices having the MOS structure are manufactured by a process in which various technical improvements such as self alignment, thin film formation, application of polycrystalline silicon, micro lithography, field isolation (LOCOS), ion implantation, etc., are included. By virtue of the technical improvement as mentioned above, an improvement in performance, a reduction of pattern, an improvement in integration density, and the like have been achieved one by one. Furthermore, such a method is introduced in which the density of elements is increased by overlapping polycrystalline silicon layers into double layers, or triple layers in a three-dimensional fashion.
As a technique of forming a minute pattern in these applied technologies, there is a self alignment technique which does not use a mask. This technique offers advantages in which highly accurate pattern alignment can be achieved without retaining a margin for mask alignment, degradation of performance and decrease in yield due to a deviation in positioning are small, and the number of times of use of mask can be reduced. Accordingly, the improvement in accuracy and the simplification of the manufacturing process can be achieved, and thus, the self alignment technique is widely used recently in a semiconductor manufacturing process.
In an electrode self alignment process for forming an electrode by the use of the self alignment technique mentioned above, for example, in the case of forming a silicon gate electrode, as shown in FIG. 5, an element isolating oxide film 103 is formed on an N type silicon substrate 101, and after forming a channel region 105 for controlling a threshold voltage, by an ion implantation of impurities, a gate oxide film 107 is formed. Then, after forming a gate material film 109 on the gate oxide film 107, a first resist pattern on the gate material film 109 is removed by etching. Following this, a second resist pattern 111 having openings defining a gate region and a drain region is formed. Subsequently, by using the gate material film 109 and the second resist pattern 111 as a mask, impurities such as p (phosphorus), B (boron), As (arsenic), or the like are implanted into the source region 113 and the drain region 115. This impurity implantation technique is primarily performed in order to enable to carry out introduction of low concentration impurities, doping through an insulator, or the like which is impossible or very difficult by a method of thermal diffusion.
Owing to the recent progress in the miniaturization technique, for example, in CMOS VLSIs (Complementary MOS Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) having a channel length of 0.5 micrometers or less, the thickness of a gate electrode and a gate oxide film is made thin in accordance with a miniaturization pattern. Due to the formation of such thinner films of the gate electrode and the gate oxide film, a serious problem arises which has not posed any problem in the prior art technique.
Specifically, in the above-mentioned electrode self alignment technique, impurities are implanted through the gate material film as a mask. As a result, if the gate material film is formed with a sufficiently thick mask material with respect to a range of ions implanted therein, the ions will stop in the inside of the gate material film and will not reach into a substrate underlying the mask. However, due to the recent thinner film formation of the gate material film, the possibility of reaching of the ions into the inside of the substrate is increasing. Furthermore, even if the gate material film is designed to have a large thickness as compared with the range of ions taking into account the energy of implanted ions, the kind of ions, the state of a substrate, etc., for example, if a subsequent heat treatment is performed for the purpose of annealing for activating impurities, and for the purpose of oxidation of a semiconductor substrate, the impurities which have been stopped inside the gate material film will be thermally diffused into a channel region penetrating through a gate oxide film. Here, the diffusion of the impurities into the channel through the gate oxide film is referred to as "penetration of impurities through the oxide film" as is usually called. Since this penetration through the oxide film alters a preset impurity concentration in the channel, for example, a threshold voltage and a current characteristic of a MOS transistor will be varied from desired values. This, in turn causes non-uniformity in the quality of products, and causes reduction of the reproducibility, the rate of good products, the yield, etc., of the products. This effect of thermal diffusion of impurities is reported by semiconductor researchers. (For example, refer to the article by J. Y. C. Sun et al. "Study of Boron Penetration through Thin Oxide with P.sup.+ Polycilicon Gate", 1989 symposium on VLSI technology, p.17, 1989)
As a method of interrupting the thermal diffusion, it is known in the art to form a gate insulation film consisting of SiN or SiON.
However, since the SiN film contains many electron traps, the amount of electric charges trapped in the SiN film is not stabilized after a semiconductor device is completed. Accordingly, there is a problem in that the transistor characteristics including a threshold voltage, conductance, and the like are not stabilized, and that the transistor characteristics are changed due to trapping of electrons in the SiN film resulting in degradation of the reliability of the products.
Although the SiON film can relieve the problem posed by the SiN film, it is not sufficient to ensure the reliability of the products. Furthermore, the SiON film is inferior to the SiN film in the capability of interrupting the thermal diffusion of impurities.
Moreover, in order to form the gate insulation film consisting of SiON, it is necessary to perform a nitriding treatment under a high temperature in an atmosphere of NH.sub.3 or N.sub.2 after an SiO.sub.2 film is formed. Thus, a problem arises in that the number of processes is increased, and the productivity is lowered.

Method of manufacturing semiconductor devices having a resist patern coincident with gate electrode