A system for applying liquid to solid particles is provided including a constant volume apparatus having a chamber and an aperture arranged to deliver the particles in a substantially constant volume stream to a moving surface such as a conveyor belt. A mass flow-measuring device having a receiving end positioned adjacent the moving surface whereby the constant volume stream flows through the mass flow-measuring device and engages a curved sliding surface of a discharge pan, the curvature discharging the particles from the mass flow-measuring device in the stream at an angle from vertical. A liquid application chamber is positioned below the pan and has an internal passageway with an inlet positioned to receive the stream of particles flowing from the mass flow-measuring device. The passageway is defined by at least one curved wall. The curved wall has an upper portion positioned at an angle approximately identical to the discharge angle of the pan to receive the stream of particles in sliding fashion. The curved wall continuously curves downwardly to vertical and continues its curvature beyond vertical to an exit angle from which the particles exit in the stream. At least one liquid dispensing apparatus is positioned to dispense liquid onto the stream of particles as the stream moves through the passageway.

The present invention is directed to a spray chamber and a system and method of applying liquid to solid particles.
Spray chambers are known having one or more spray nozzles for directing a spray of liquid onto a solid material, such as a large solid surface, or even onto solid particles such as food pellets, coal and seeds. In many known spray chambers, liquid is sprayed or directed onto a free falling curtain or falling mass of particles, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,197,792; 2,862,511; 3,288,052; 4,491,608; 4,921,674; 5,287,801 and 5,993,903. It should be noted that the term xe2x80x9cspray chamberxe2x80x9d as used herein is meant to describe not only chambers where a conventional spraying device, such as a pressurized nozzle is used to dispense liquid, but also any chamber where liquid is applied whether by actual spraying or by other means such as slinging or dripping.
In some known spray chambers, the particulate materials are directed to impinge upon or slide down flat plates or conical surfaces that have constant slopes, either while the particles are being sprayed, or while being directed to a free fall spray area, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,197,792; 2,862,511; 3,288,052; 3,716,020; 4,491,608; 4,921,674; and 5,993,903, as well as in Canadian Patent 937,552 and Soviet Union Patent No. 1,411,019. In other spray chambers, the particles are sprayed while in a rotating drum or similar chamber, or mixing of the particles in such a rotating chamber is combined with the spraying, such as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,101,040; 3,288,052; 3,716,020; 3,841,262; 5,443,637; and 6,056,822, as well as in U.S. Defensive Publication No T927,005. Finally, in some known spray chambers, the particles are projected into a ballistic trajectory and are sprayed with liquid while in such a trajectory, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 2,685,537.
In these known spray chambers, there are many drawbacks, including a lack of precise control for dispensing a liquid onto particles, particulary in minute quantities of liquid relative to the particles, while assuring that the liquid is evenly distributed onto the particles. The lack of uniformity in the liquid application requires added mixing of the particles following or during spraying which, in turn, causes breakage of the particles. The resulting smaller particles typically contain a larger proportion of the applied liquid, and control over the process can be lost altogether when the same particles become lost due to their small size. Another disadvantage often experienced is that of equipment surfaces which tend to build up spray or overspray. At best this represents added difficulty in cleaning. At worst the overspray is an indication that some liquid intended for application is instead being left behind.
In some applications, minute quantities of liquid must be applied to the solid particles, in a precisely controlled manner, and in a manner where the liquid is not subjected to extreme conditions such as high temperature or high pressure. For example, in the process of producing feed pellets, such as chicken feed, minute quantities of liquid enzymes, vitamins and other additives need to be added to the feed pellets after the pellets have been formed by a process involving high pressure and possibly high temperature. Oftentimes the constituents of the liquid cannot be subjected to the high temperatures and/or pressures without losing their potency. For this reason, the liquids must be applied after the pellets are formed. It is important for the additives to be evenly distributed onto the pellets and that the pellets remain unbroken. Mixing the pellets by tumbling, etc., after application of the additives is not helpful and could be detrimental in that the pellets are highly absorptive, so liquid applied to the pellets will remain on the originally sprayed pellets and will not be distributed onto other pellets merely by mixing the pellets, and the mixing process subjects the pellets to impacts which could lead to breakage of the pellets.
The present invention provides a spray chamber and a system and method of spraying which overcomes the problems in the prior art and allows for a precise amount of liquid, in a relatively minute amount, to be applied to particles in a uniform manner and without requiring separate mixing, while preventing the buildup of overspray on any surfaces which would require separate cleaning.
An integrated system is provided of innovative components which allows for highly predictable results, ease of manufacture and installation as well as control and maintenance.
Particles, which may be pellets, such as animal feed pellets, which are awaiting downstream application of liquid are introduced into the system at a surge hopper. The particles leave the surge hopper and flow downwards into a hood or plenum, which is positioned over a moving surface such as a conveyor belt. A rectangular aperture in the hood permits the particles to flow onto the conveyor in a controlled manner. The aperture is open in the direction of belt travel. The dimensions of the aperture may be adjustable. The resulting ribbon of particles is conveyed away from the plenum and represents a well-shaped pattern of flow. A motor which drives the belt has its speed closely controlled. The shaped flow of particles has a substantially constant volume of flow as the particles enter a mass flow-measuring device.
Variations in the density of the flow of particles are compensated for by a determination of the true mass flow of particles by the mass flow-measuring device. Together with a source of constant volume flow, corrections to the belt speed made by real-time determinations of mass flow by the mass flow-measuring device produces a substantially constant mass of flow as the particles leave the mass flow-measuring device. The particles accelerate during flow through the mass flow-measuring device and begin to separate in space, one from another. The curtain of particles then leaves the mass flow-measuring device in a stream after flowing across a pan. The curtain of particles is then sent into the spray chamber at a certain angle, which is imposed upon the flowing curtain of particles by the pan.
The spray chamber includes an interior passageway, preferably formed of stainless steel, which has a rectangular cross-section that varies in dimension along the path of the particles. The path of ingress into the spray chamber is first against a surface arranged to tangentially intercept the flow of the particles leaving the mass flow-measuring device. The departure angle for the flowing curtain of particles from the pan is commensurate with the angle of ingress into the spray chamber. The spray chamber does not permit the flow of particles to depart from a path of tangential flow along interior surfaces, and the flow of particles is instead made to slide along curved interior surfaces. In a preferred embodiment, the passageway is designed to send the particles by virtue of its vector, first along one wall with a sliding action and subsequently along an opposite wall with the same sliding action. The walls are curved and the path of the particles resembles an xe2x80x9cSxe2x80x9d. Along the described path for the particles through the spray chamber, a liquid is applied to the particles in at least one point, and preferably at at least two separated points in such a manner that any overspraying which may occur is ultimately swept from the same surfaces by the continuing particle flow. The passageway is not sealed, but open at the ends to permit the particle flow. However, the passageway is largely closed to achieve the advantage of closely controlled application of liquid and limited dust and mist escape. Furthermore, the design allows the particles to take a longer sweeping path and prevents the particles from decelerating. Therefore, clogging is eliminated and the particles are not subjected to impacts which could lead to breakage.

Spray chamber and system and method of spray coating solid particles


The present disclosure provides a rotor structure, a permanent magnet auxiliary synchronous reluctance motor and an electric vehicle. A rotor structure includes a rotor body. The rotor body has magnetic steel slot groups. Each of the magnetic steel slot groups includes an outer layer magnetic steel slot including: a first outer layer magnetic steel slot segment, a second outer layer magnetic steel slot segment, a first bent slot, and a second bent slot. The first outer layer magnetic steel slot segment and the second outer layer magnetic steel slot segment are arranged along a radial direction of the rotor body and are opposite to each other. Extended lines of a length directional geometric centerline of the first outer layer magnetic steel slot segment and a length directional geometric centerline of the second outer layer magnetic steel slot segment define a first angle.

In related art, an anti-demagnetization ability of a rotor is improved by forming a space between two ends of a magnet accommodating slot and two ends of a permanent magnet respectively. Related art only gives a range of a pole arc between permanent magnets; that is, a spatial range of a bent slot is given. A flux barrier is also provided at an end of the permanent magnet in related art, and angles of the flux barrier, the permanent magnet, and between the permanent magnets in the V-shape are specified. However, the flux barrier is closer to a centerline of a pole relative to an extended line of the permanent magnet, which is not conducive to increase flux linkages in the permanent magnets. Secondly, the angle between the two permanent magnets in the V-shape is from 130° to 160° in related art. When a number of poles is less than 6, the angle can be well achieved. However, when the number of poles is relatively large, such as 12, the angle occupied by each pole is only 30°, and keeping that large angle of the two permanent magnets in the V-shape will only greatly decrease the sizes of the permanent magnets, which affects output of the motor.
Related art also provides an anti-demagnetization design for the reluctance rotor using U-shaped or V-shaped permanent magnets. The main technical point is that the flux barrier at an end of the permanent magnet of the rotor is chamfered. The permanent magnet is chamfered as well. A preferred chamfering angle range is given. However, in the given range of the length ratio of two sides of the chamfer and the given range of the chamfering angle, a situation may exist that the distal end of the permanent magnet may be cut into a bevel when the permanent magnet is very thin and the chamfering angle is large. The anti-demagnetization ability of the permanent magnet has a great relation with a thickness of the permanent magnet. When the permanent magnet is cut into this shape, the thickness decrease in the magnetization direction may cause serious demagnetization.
The permanent magnets of some rotors are composed of multiple pieces. Under an effect of a demagnetization magnetic field, the demagnetization rates for some pieces are large, such as more than 20%, and the demagnetization rates for other pieces are small, such as less than 3%. Generally, the overall anti-demagnetization ability of the permanent magnet is decided by the single piece that has the weakest demagnetization ability. Therefore, the motor in related art has problems such as an unpractical structure and a poor anti-demagnetization ability.

Rotor structure, permanent magnet auxiliary synchronous reluctance motor and electric vehicle

GREE ELECTRIC APPLIANCES, INC. OF ZHUHAI


A repeatable regeneration process for developers comprised of introducing unremarkable sulfites or their derivatives to new and partially exhausted developers for use as a formula conditioner, base and repeatable regeneration supplement for extended development of color or B&W images utilizing silver halide or silver chloride as used in photographic materials.

1. Field of the Invention
For use with developers and activators as a supplement, conditioner, or as the basis of a formula to be used with photographic or radiographic processes and materials, widely used in but not limited to the graphic arts, printing, photography, radiography, publishing, medical, dental, microform, science, journalism, and aerospace industries.
2. Descriptions of the Prior Art
All other prior art makes claims as preservatives to extend either storage life or aging life, not usage life, and is almost always specifically targeting or proportioned for use with either color, or B&W, using different chemicals and compounds than those of this invention, and employing either standard industry methods or different methods not relative to those of this invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,928,042 issued Dec. 23, 1975 claims preservative benefits through the use of salts, esters and amides of plicatic acid for the extension of storage life only. Column 2 line 50 states "The preservatives of the invention therefore achieve best results and are accordingly preferably used in photographic negative processing or with photographic stock solutions prior to their dilution for photographic paper processing". Prior to their dilution|
U.S. Pat. No. 3,549,370 issued Dec. 22, 1970 claims quaternary ammonium bisulfites, sulfites or pyrosulfites as developer preservatives. No claims are made purporting the extension of usage life but instead claims the promotion of preservative effects with all kinds of hardeners, alkalines and alkaline buffer systems.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,713,826 issued Jan. 30, 1973 claims sulfite esters as preservatives for B&W developing agents. This patent applies only to B&W developers which does not encompass color, radiographic, graphic arts materials such as lith, rapid access, hybrid chemistries, or the new fourth generation chemistries.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,627,530 issued Dec. 14, 1971 photographic developer solutions of high sulfite content and pH states usefulness in forming multicolor images in color films and in forming colored radiographic images. It also states that developer baths are stable over a long period of time but is specifically related to color photography. Stability is achieved in many ways. Stability does not mean repeatable usage life extensions. More specifically it is touted for use with "rapid access radiographic processes."
U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,439 issued Oct. 11, 1993 promotes a method of replenishing solution with replenisher and is specifically geared towards color developer replenishment. The use of two different replenishment solutions of opposing pH's are used to avoid precipitate.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,787 issued May. 8, 1990 photographic element containing scavenger for oxidized developing agent uses hydrazide as the scavenger and is for use in the prevention of fog and stain formation in developed color images.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,298 issued Mar. 23, 1993 photographic developing solution containing an ascorbic acid derivative. The developing properties of ascorbic acid have been published since the turn of the century. This invention promotes the lack of sulfite ions.

Process repeatedly regenerates developers


An aircraft local area augmented landing assistance system that employs a differential global positioning system (GPS) to assist aircraft (102) landing is disclosed. One or more GPS ground stations (120), each including at least one GPS receiver (122) and a datalink transmitter (126), calculate and transmit GPS correction data to an aircraft (102). An aircraft (102) employs a GPS receiver (106) for receiving ranging signals (112) from GPS satellites (108), and a datalink receiver (116) for receiving GPS correction data from a GPS ground station (120). The ground station datalink transmitter (126) employs code division multiple access spread spectrum techniques to transmit a datalink signal (128) that is QPSK modulated within the VHF navigation band. The datalink signal (128) is additionally used as a ranging signal by the aircraft, to augment the differential GPS.

Modern aircraft employ landing navigation systems to assist a pilot in maintaining an aircraft along a predetermined glide path associated with a particular landing strip or runway. Commercial aircraft commonly incorporate an Instrument Landing System (ILS) or a Microwave Landing System (MLS). ILS systems suffer from several problems, including RF interference from nearby FM broadcasting stations and guidance beam distortions due to increased development in airport environs. Economic concerns have limited the acceptance of MLS systems.
A Global Positioning System (GPS) employs spaced-apart satellites in circular orbits at locations that are readily available to the public. One reference for satellite information is the Interavia Space Directory (1990-1991), available from James Information Group, which contains the nominal orbital locations of GPS satellites. GPS satellites continuously broadcast signals that may be received by anyone with the proper equipment. The GPS satellite signals contain ephemeris data that precisely describes the orbits of the satellites. A GPS operates on the principle of multilateration, wherein a GPS receiver makes range measurements based on the GPS signals generated by multiple satellites. The range from a satellite is determined by measuring the satellite signal transmission and receiving time in conjunction with a clock synchronized to the satellite's clock, and calculating the distance from a specified position of the satellite at the transmission time. The specified satellite position is obtained from the broadcast ephemeris data. The intersection of the multiple range measurements made simultaneously is used to ascertain latitude, longitude, and altitude. Range measurements from at least three sources are necessary to ascertain a position in three-dimensional space.
Each range measurement contains an error called an offset bias, created by the unsynchronized operation of the satellite and user clocks. This error will yield an erroneous range measurement, making it appear that the user is either closer to or farther from each of the satellites, as compared with the true distance. These measurements are therefore more accurately termed pseudoranges.
An additional error is introduced by the content of the GPS satellite transmission itself. Each GPS satellite transmits an encrypted signal for military use and a degraded, unencrypted signal for civilian use. The unencrypted signal used by commercial aircraft may introduce errors from zero meters to 100 meters or more. Physical factors also introduce uncertainty in range calculations. Atmospheric propagation delays and multipath interference are two such major factors.
One technique for reducing the effects of the error in a GPS utilizes differential corrections for the pseudoranges measured by a GPS receiver to eliminate common errors, namely, offset biases. Differential corrections can be determined by placing a GPS ground station receiver at a precisely known, fixed reference site, and determining pseudoranges to GPS satellites. Actual errors are then determined by comparing the calculated pseudoranges with the values expected for the known reference site. The differences between the received and expected values are then transmitted to the GPS receiver over a separate datalink to enable the receiver to correct pseudorange measurements before the position of the receiver is computed.
A fixed differential GPS (DGPS) ground station used in an aircraft landing environment typically includes a datalink signal transmitter for transmitting GPS correction data and approach data associated with a particular landing strip. Approach data includes the identity of the approach and coordinates that sufficiently describe the desired flight path for the approach to the landing strip.
Current systems offering DGPS for private use and commercial aircraft are built to a Requirements and Technical Consideration for Aeronautics (RTCA) standard known as "Special Category I" (SCAT I), which is documented in RTCA document DO-217. The SCAT I system uses a datalink situated in the VHF navigation band (112 to 118 MHz). The physical layer uses a differentially encoded eight-phase shift keyed (D8PSK) waveform. The media access sublayer uses time division multiple access (TDMA) with a slot structure maintained by synchronization with GPS time.
One shortcoming of SCAT I is that it lacks precisely specified performance standards of interfaces necessary to support interoperability. This makes it difficult for avionics manufacturers to build equipment to a standard such that the equipment will work with any ground station equipment. Another shortcoming of the SCAT I system is the relatively crowded nature of the VHF navigation band. In some areas of the world, this band is heavily used. Additional frequencies may not be available within the VHF navigation band for use in a DGPS. Thus, a need exists for an improved method of transmitting datalink signals to an aircraft, while minimizing interference caused by heavy use of the VHF navigation band.
DGPSs that use of one or more pseudolites to augment satellite GPSs have been proposed for implementation in aircraft landing systems. A pseudolite consists of a ground-based station with a transmitter that transmits signals similar to those transmitted by a GPS satellite. An aircraft can combine the range measurements calculated from pseudolite signals with satellite range measurements to further reduce errors. The use of a pseudolite in addition to a differential ground station increases the costs of building and maintaining a DGPS system. In summary, a need exists for an improved, economical method of providing range measurements to an aircraft during landing. This invention is directed to fulfilling this need.

Aircraft satellite navigation precision-approach system including CDMA datalink


A device for use in training in the treatment of finger or toe nails, comprises an artificial digit (2) having a nail (4) removably mounted thereon. The nail may be attached by a screw (18), a ratchet arrangement, or by embedding it in a resilient layer on the surface of the digit.

This invention relates to a device for use in training in the treatment of finger or toe nails, for example in the application of false nails.
The application of false nails is an established cosmetic process involving attaching the false nails by means of adhesive to the natural nail, and then shaping the nail to give the effect of perfectly manicured natural nails. A high degree of skill is required in applying and shaping a set of nails quickly and safely while achieving a satisfactory appearance. The adhesives used in attaching the false nails can cause discomfort if allowed to contact bare skin, while excessive abrasion in the preparation of the natural nail to receive the false nail can result in exposure of the underlying nail bed, causing the customer pain, even before contact by the adhesive. It can therefore take many weeks of training before an operator becomes suitably profident, particularly since the risk of damage to the customer by an unskilled operator deters volunteers from assisting in training.
The use of mannequin hands has not hereinbefore proved useful in assisting in training of operators, since it is impossible with a solid hand to simulate the typical feel of a natural hand and the variety of different types of natural nail and shapes and sizes of finger which might be encountered in practice. Some natural nails are readily accessible, while others may be recessed deeply in the surrounding flesh. The trainee must learn to handle all types of fingers safely without risk of damage to surrounding flesh or to the nail bed. While articulated fingers, for example as found in the wooden hands used as artists""may help to simulate the feel of the natural hand, such models do not usually include nails, or have a correct fleshy feel.
U.S, Pat. 4,403,442 teaches a novelty device for dolls that simulates the growth of fingernails and toenails through the use of lengths of extendable nail material stored within the body of the doll. This device permits a child to play by manicuring and painting the exposed portions of the nail material. Subsequently each length of nail material can be extended longitudinally to enable the used portion to be trimmed off, thereby exposing a new portion of the nail material for the child to play with. It also envisages that such doll hands and attached arm portions could be made of life size so that they are capable of receiving the hands and arms of a first child, thereby affording her playmate the opportunity to give her a manicure without the inherent dangers to the child of trimming, cutting and polishing. However, it does not teach how a child could safely insert her hands and arms into the device which is filled with the lengths of nail material and associated electrical motors operating drive rollers to extend the lengths of nail material. Whilst the concepts taught by U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,442 provide possibilities for children to play with expendable nail material supported by artificial digits, its features are unsuitable for use as a serious training device by adults. Each length of extendable nail material must essentially pass with working clearance under the cuticle and then be received within nail tracks extending the length of the nail. Any attempt by a trainee to apply adhesive to the exposed nail surface would inevitably introduce the adhesive into the small clearances between the extendable nail material and the nail tracks thereby permanently securing the extendable nail material to the doll""s fingers. Similarly, when the surface of the nail material is abraded prior to application of a false nail, fragments of nail material and the abrasive would collect in the gap between the cuticle and the extendable nail material and would absorb the adhesive thereby forming a blockage which will eventually lock the extendable nail material to the doll""s finger. The use of fixed nail tracks also does not enable training to take place on nails of different shapes or having different degrees of bedding in the finger.
According to the invention a nail treatment training device has an artificial nail which is mounted against an artificial digit tip and has an edge that is seated against the artificial digit tip to define the junction between the nail and the digit.
Preferably at least part of the digit tip is formed from a resiliently compressible material to simulate a natural digit tip. In this event the mounting of the artificial nail may permit adjustment of the depth to which the edge is seated in the digit tip.
The mounting of the artificial nail may permit longitudinal adjustment of the nail relative to the digit tip and may permit adjustment of the depth to which the edge is seated in the digit tip. The digit tip preferably defines a resilient recess in which the nail is mounted.
The artificial digit tip may comprise a replaceable surface layer carried by the substrate. In this event the replaceable surface layer may either be a segmented preformed skin folded over and attached to the substrate, or a resilient sheath engaged over the substrate.
The nail is preferably secured to a member which extends through the replaceable surface layer and is attached to the substrate. In this event the member may be attached to the substrate by a device which permits adjustment of the depth to which edge is seated in the replaceable surface layer. This device may either comprise a threaded connection reacting between the member and the substrate, or a ratchet means operable between the member and the substrate.
The device may comprise an artificial hand or foot having five artificial digits each having its tip provided with an artificial nail. The digits may be articulatedly joined to a main or palm section of the hand or foot, and the digits may be provided with articulated joints between the segments thereof. The joints are preferably arranged to permit a degree of twisting of one segment of the digit relative to another, and more preferably the degree of twisting is such as to permit each digit to twist relative to the main section by up to 30 degrees.
The tip of the digit on which the nail is mounted may be detachably connected to the remainder of the digit so as to be replaceable.
In one embodiment of the invention, at least the tip of the digit is provided with a resiliently compressible surface, the nail being adjustably mounted whereby the nail may be positioned at a selected height relative to the surface. The resiliently compressible surface may be provided by way of a replaceable surface layer on a rigid, or less compressible, substrate. Preferably, the resilient material will be chosen to have, as nearly as possible, the same consistency, feel and properties as natural flesh.
The nail may be attached to the tip of the digit by a screw attachment, for example by providing the nail on the underside thereof with a threaded socket into which a screw is engaged through a hole through the digit tip, thereby securing the nail in such a manner that the compression of the nail in the resilient layer may be adjusted to simulate different types of finger, for example more or less fleshy fingers and nails more or less deeply bedded in the flesh. Alternatively, the nail may be provided on the underside thereof with ratchet means engageable in an aperture in the digit tip whereby the nail may be positioned at a predetermined height relative the to the surface. Longitudinal adjustment of the nail relative to the digit may be provided for.
In yet another embodiment, the nail is mounted on a resilient sheath engageable over the tip of the digit, the sheath simulating skin and the compressible surface of the flesh of the digit.
Different thicknesses of resilient surface layer may be used to simulate different degrees of fleshiness of the digits.
Different sizes and shapes of nails may be fitted selectively to provide the trainee with experience of a wide range of different nail types. these may be, for example, large or small, symmetrical or asymmetrical.
In a still further embodiment of the invention, the tip is provided with a resilient recess into which the nail is pressed.
The hand or foot is suitably mounted on a stand in such a manner as to permit a range of movements which simulates the typical movements of a natural hand or foot during treatment. This may be achieved by, for example, ball-and-socket mountings, sliding mountings or the like.
The device of the invention provides an accurate representation of a client""s hand, with nails which can be adjusted to simulate those likely to be encountered by the operator in every day practice, so that the operator can be rapidly trained to best practice without dependence on volunteers and without risk of damage to clients"" hands. After use, the resilient surface layer and the nail will typically be removed from the digit tip and replaced with fresh materials for the next training exercise.
It will be appreciated that both left and right hands (or indeed feet) can be used to give the trainee the most realistic training.

Training aid for application of false nails


A method of coating a polymeric resinous thin film on the surface of a tubular braid reinforcing material, wherein a polymeric resinous coating material is spin coated on the surface of an annular braid, the coated braid is extruded into the air, and the coating material is coagulated in a coagulating bath, wherein the ratio of the spin coating feed ratio (Q) one the braid advancing speed (v) with respect to a unit outer diameter (D0) of the braid is represented by the formula

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a polymer separation membrane having an excellent chemical resistance, filtration reliability, mechanical strength and water permeability, and more particularly, to a composite hollow fiber membrane.
Recently, polymer separation membranes are being utilized in more various fields as well as existing application fields with the improvement of their techniques. Particularly, with the importance of environment, demands for them are being increased in the fields of water treatment. In all application fields of separation membranes, a mechanical strength always stands out as an important factor as well as selectivity and water permeability. Particularly, in water treatment fields, an excellent mechanical strength is necessarily required, simultaneously with a high permeability, from the viewpoint of the reliability of a separation membrane system.
A hollow fiber-shaped membrane has a high permeability per installation area and is suitable for water treatment, whereas the mechanical strength thereof has been a problem to be solved due to the characteristics of a porous membrane structure. Thus, a hollow fiber membrane is reinforced with a fabric or tubular braid having an excellent strength as a support of the separation membrane.
2. Description of Related Art
Such a general idea of a composite membrane is a well known fact. Techniques thereof are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,821, U.S. Pat. No. 3,644,139, U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,607 and the like.
Among them, a general idea of a composite hollow fiber membrane using a tubular braid was disclosed for the first time in U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,821 to Hayano et al. In this technique, however, the tubular braid is not used as a support for coating, but it is completely embedded in the membrane in order to compensate for a reduction of water permeability due to the shrinkage occurred when an acrylonitrile hollow fiber type membrane is solely used at a temperature higher than 80° C. Such a composite membrane has a larger thickness than the thin film coated on a support, and the embedded braid increases the resistance of fluid flow for thereby significantly reducing the water permeability.
Unlike the prior art, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,607, a reinforcing material is not embedded in the membrane, but is coated on its surface with a thin film by coating method of the existing flat membrane. In manufacturing a composite hollow fiber membrane having a thin film layer coated on the surface of a reinforcing material or supporting material of a tubular braid, thermodynamic stability differs according to the composition of a dope to be used for coating. This determines the structure of the coated thin film layer.
That is to say, in case of a thermodynamically stable dope, it has a finger type structure. On the contrary, a dope with a low thermodynamic stability has a sponge structure with no defect region. For instance, in the case of a dope using a solvent having a strong solvent power such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) among organic solvents, it can easily form a finger-type structure because it has a high thermodynamic stability.
Additionally, the water permeability and mechanical strength of the overall composite hollow fiber membrane depends upon the structure and properties of the thin film layer. This is because the thin film layer has small pores and a low mechanical strength than a tubular braid reinforcing material having relatively much larger pores and a higher strength. In other words, the filtrate having passed through the thin film layer passes through a braid supporting layer with relatively large pores without a large resistance. While, since the thin film layer has a large flow resistance, the water permeability of the overall membrane is determined according to a microporous structure and porosity of the thin film layer.
In view of strength, the tensile strength, pressure resistance and the like are complemented by the braid reinforcing material having a far superior mechanical strength. However, if the strength of the thin film is reduced, the thin film is separated or damaged.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,821 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,607, the significance of the coated thin film layer structure was overlooked in relation to the present invention. Particularly, the structure of the thin film layer in the two U.S. patents has a porous region larger than 5 μm in an inner layer of a skin, that is, the inner layer has some micro pores having a pore diameter higher than 5 μm.
FIG. 2 is an exploded sectional view of a composite hollow fiber membrane disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,821; and FIG. 3 is an exploded sectional view of a composite hollow fiber membrane disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,607. These membranes are in a finger like structure as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 and have a macrovoid functioning as a defect in the thin film layer as seen from the well-known fact.
Thus they act as a defect in expressing the mechanical properties of the thin film. Particularly, when the skin of a dense layer is damaged, a material capable of being cut off by the inner layer is permeated. This reduces the relative filtration reliability of the membrane.
The composite hollow fiber membrane is suitable, particularly for filtration modules in the fields of water treatment due to its superior mechanical strength. In such a filtration module, there is a possibility of damaging the surface of the membrane by the friction and physical impact generated between membranes due to aeration.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a hollow fiber membrane having an excellent mechanical strength, filtration reliability, and water permeability by coating a polymeric resinous thin film on a braid support.
The present invention provides a hollow fiber membrane having a polymeric resinous thin film, including a skin layer of a dense structure and an inner layer of a sponge structure in which the diameters of the pores are continuously and gradually increased toward to the central axis of the hollow fiber, coated on the reinforcing material of a tubular braid.
In addition, the present invention provides a hollow fiber membrane which has a high porosity, good mechanical strength and filtration reliability as well as excellent water permeability by forming gradient-type micro pores smaller than 10 μm in the inner layer of a sponge structure of the hollow fiber membrane.
The polymer resinous thin film structure of the hollow fiber membrane of the present invention can be made by specifying the composition (including additives) of a spinning dope and regulating the thermodynamic stability of the spinning dope.

Abstract: k              (              g                          /                                  m          2                    )        =            Q                    (                  g                                /                              min                )                            v                          (                      m                                      /                                    min                    )                                            D          0                                  (          m          )                                    within the range of 200 to 3,000 g/m2.


A rear side of an operator's cabin body is resiliently supported by a rubber mount, and a front side of the operator's cabin body is resiliently supported by a spring mount, of which a spring constant is set to be smaller than that of the rubber mount. Accordingly, a vibration transmissibility of pitching transmitted from a revolving frame to the operator's cabin body can be kept small, and pitching is damped by an oil damper which constitutes the rubber mount. Further, bounce and rolling transmitted to the operator's cabin body are converted into pitching for attenuation of vibration.

Generally, in a working machines which is provided with an operator's cab, for example, as in the case of hydraulic power shovels or the like, a box-like body of an operator's cab is mounted on a support frame of a working machine body, and a cushioning support means is located between the box-like cab body and the support frame to damp transmission of vibrations from the support frame to the operator's cab. By suppressing transmission of vibrations to the cab body, including vibrational excavation reaction forces which occur during ground excavating operations and vibrations which occur while the machine is in travel on the ground surface, the cushioning support means of this sort contribute to prevent degradations in amenity of the operating space within the cab and in operationability on the control levers which are provided in the operator's cab.
As for conventional working machines of the sort which are equipped with an operator's cab, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application H6-108493 discloses a hydraulic power shovel which is provided with a cushioning support means consisting of a combination of coil springs compressedly interposed between a support frame and a cab body and oil dampers each having upper and lower ends thereof connected to the cab body and support frame.
The prior art hydraulic power shovel just mentioned contemplates to lower the intrinsic vibration frequency of the cab body by setting a small spring constant for the coil springs and at the same time to lower the vibration transmission rate from the support frame to the cab body by suppressing the resonance through vibration attenuating actions of the oil dampers.
On the other hand, in order to cope with problems which would result from the use of coil springs with a small spring constant, that is to say, in order to prevent the operator's cab from being tilted to an excessively large degree in lateral directions or in forward and rearward directions on the support frame due to reductions in rigidity of the support against vibrations in sideward or lateral directions of the operator's cab (rolling) and against vibrations in forward and rearward directions (pitching), a parallel link mechanism containing torsion bars, is provided between the cab body and support frame thereby to connect them more rigidly.
Nevertheless, in the case of this prior art working machine with an operator's cab, the parallel link mechanism contributes to increase the rigidity of the operator's cab against rolling and pitching but as a result vibrations of the working machine can be more easily transmitted to the operator's cab during excavating operations or the like.
In this instance, the vibration attenuating characteristics of the oil dampers, which are employed for the cushioning support means, are determined in such a way as to balance with a small spring constant which is set for the coil springs. Therefore, the oil dampers can efficiently damp the transmission of vibrations to the operator's cab through the cushioning support means.
However, since neither the parallel link mechanism nor the torsion bars have functions to attenuate vibrations, it is difficult to damp the transmission of vibrations to the operator's cab by means of the parallel mechanism and torsion bars. Consequently, there still remains a problem that the cab body can be put in resonance on the support frame to deteriorate the amenity of the working space within the operator's cab as well as the operationability of control levers which are provided in the operator's cab.


In an embodiment, a storage electrode of a capacitor in a semiconductor device is resistant to inadvertent etching during its manufacturing processes. A method of forming the storage electrode of the capacitor is described. The storage electrode of the capacitor may include a first metal layer electrically connected with a source region of a transistor through a contact plug penetrating an insulating layer on a semiconductor substrate. A polysilicon layer may then be formed on the first metal layer. A second metal layer is formed on the polysilicon layer.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of fabricating the same, and more particularly, to a storage electrode of a capacitor of a semiconductor device and a method of forming a storage electrode of a capacitor.
2. Discussion of Related Art
A DRAM device generally includes a cell array composed of cells to store information, and a peripheral circuit to transfer the information to an exterior region. A memory cell of the DRAM device is generally composed of a transistor for a switching function, and a capacitor for storing information. Hence, an important factor in a DRAM semiconductor device is a capacitance of the cell capacitor for storing information. In this respect, providing a capacitor having a maximized capacitance with a small area is important in the fabrication of the DRAM device that has a reduced minimum line width and high integration.
A capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the permittivity of its dielectric layer and the area of its electrodes. The capacitor is also inversely proportional to the interval between the capacitor's electrodes. So one way to maximize the capacitance is to increase the areas of the capacitor's electrodes, reduce an interval between the capacitor's electrodes, and use a material layer having a high permittivity for the capacitor's dielectrics.
A bridge may result between storage electrodes (lower electrodes) of different cells due to procedure misalignment and lack of process margins. This problem is a manifestation of a reduced design rule with a highly integrated DRAM device. The bridge may cause twin bit or multi-bit failures. Specifically, the magnitude of the bridge problem in a stack cell structure is inversely proportional to the interval between the storage electrodes (lower electrodes). That is, if the interval is increased, the number of bridges will decrease. But then surface areas of the storage electrodes (lower electrodes) are reduced, and thus, a capacitance of a capacitor is reduced.
Recently, methods proposed to solve the bridge problem include a concave capacitance structure. The concave structure is divided into a box type and a cylinder type.
FIGS. 1 to 4 are cross-sectional views illustrating processes of a conventional method of forming a storage electrode of a concave structure capacitor.
Referring to FIG. 1, an insulating layer 102 is formed on a semiconductor substrate 100 having an isolation layer (not shown) and a transistor (not shown) formed thereon. The insulating layer 102 may be a silicon oxide layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a phosphosilicate glass (PSG) layer, an undoped silicate glass (USG) layer, a borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) layer, a plasma enhanced tetraethylothosilicate glass (PE-TEOS) layer, a TEOS layer, or a combination of these layers. Then, a contact plug 104 is formed to penetrate the insulating layer 102 and to contact with a source region (not shown) of the transistor. Then, a lower mold layer 106, an etch stop layer 108, and an upper mold layer 110 are formed on the surface of the resultant structure including the contact plug 104. The upper mold layer 110 is formed of a silicon oxide layer, and is formed of a material layer having a high etch rate in an oxide layer etch recipe, such as for a P-TEOS or SOG group. Then, the upper mold layer 110, the etch stop layer 108, and the lower mold layer 106 are sequentially patterned, forming a storage electrode hole 112 exposing the contact plug 104.
Referring to FIG. 2, a storage electrode layer 116 and a sacrificial layer such as a sacrificial oxide layer 118 are formed on the surface of the resultant structure including the storage electrode hole 112. The storage electrode layer may be a metal layer and a metal nitride layer. The metal layer may be a titanium layer. The metal nitride layer may be a titanium nitride layer. The sacrificial oxide layer 118 may be a silicon oxide layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a PSG layer, a BSG layer, a BPSG layer, a TEOS layer, a PE-TEOS layer, a spin-on-glass (SOG) layer, a photosensitive layer, or a combination of these layers.
Here, a thin TiSix layer (for example, TiSi2 layer) 117 is formed between the storage electrode layer 116 and the contact plug 104 during the formation of the storage electrode layer 116, to increase adhesiveness between the storage electrode layer 116 and the contact plug 104.
Referring to FIG. 3, after the sacrificial oxide layer 118, which buries the storage electrode hole 112, is formed, a node separation process for the storage electrodes is performed. First, the sacrificial oxide layer 118 and the storage electrode layer 116 are planarized and etched until the upper mold layer 110 is exposed, separating a storage electrode 116s into a cell unit. The storage electrode 116s is a cylinder type or a box type, depending on the shape of the storage electrode layer 116. That is, the storage electrode layer 116 fully filling the storage electrode hole 112 forms the storage electrode 116s having a box structure, and the storage electrode layer 116 conformally covering the inner wall of the storage electrode hole 112 forms the storage electrode 116s having a cylinder structure. Then, the sacrificial oxide layer 118 remaining inside the cylinder of the cylinder-structured storage electrode 116s is removed using a wet etch process, to expose the inner wall of the storage electrode 116s.
Referring to FIG. 4, the upper mold layer 110 is isotropically etched, thereby exposing the etch stop layer 108, and concurrently, exposing the outer wall of the storage electrode 116s.
Then, subsequent processes of forming a capacitor are performed such as conformally forming a capacitor dielectric layer 120 on the surface of the resultant structure in which the outer wall of the storage electrode 116s is exposed.
FIGS. 5 to 8 are views illustrating a problem generated in the conventional method of forming a storage electrode of a capacitor.
Referring to FIGS. 5 to 8, the sacrificial oxide layer 118 remaining inside the cylinder of the cylinder-structured storage electrode 116s is removed using a wet etch process. Further, after the storage electrodes 116s are separated into a cell unit, the upper mold layer 110 (FIG. 3) surrounding the storage electrode 116s is removed by an isotropic etching using a wet etch process.
While either the sacrificial oxide layer 118 inside the cylinder of the storage electrode 116s or the upper mold layer 110 is removed using a wet etching, an etch solution may penetrate into the grain boundary of the storage electrode 116s, to reach the TiSix layer (for example, TiSi2 layer) 117, and etch the TiSix layer (for example, TiSi2 layer) 117.
Further, the etch solution may penetrate into the lower mold layer 106 existing below the etch stop layer 108 through the interface between the storage electrode 116s and the etch stop layer 108, to etch the lower mold layer 106.
Then, the etch solution penetrates into the storage electrode 116s, and there occurs a Galvanic reaction between the storage electrode 116s and the contact plug 104. The contact plug 104 partially corrodes so that cavities are generated. The phenomenon brings snail-shaped defects, which may be so called 'snail defect' by one skilled in the art.
As shown in FIG. 6, a height of the storage electrode 116s is formed relatively high compared to its width, to maximize the capacitance of the capacitor within a limited area. Hence, the lower mold layer 106 functions to support the lower portion of the storage electrode 116s having a high aspect ratio. However, during the removal of the sacrificial oxide layer 118 and the upper mold layer 110, the lower mold layer 106 and the insulating layer 102 may be inadvertently etched by the penetrating etch solution. Then the storage electrode 116s may fall, causing a bridge to occur between neighboring storage electrodes 116s, thereby causing twin bit or multi-bit failures.
Further, the etching of the lower mold layer 106 and the insulating layer 102 during the operation of removing the sacrificial oxide layer 118 and the upper mold layer 110 may cause a lift-up phenomenon, wherein the storage electrode 116s lifts up from the lower mold layer 106 and the insulating layer 102, and the structure of the storage electrode 116s formed through the node separation process may be distorted during an operation of forming a capacitor dielectric layer or an operation of annealing the capacitor dielectric layer. That is, if the lower mold layer 106 and the insulating layer 102 are excessively etched during the operation of removing the sacrificial oxide layer 118 and the upper mold layer 110, the interfaces of the storage electrode 116s, the lower mold layer 106, and the insulating layer 102 may be completely separated, thereby causing a lift-up phenomenon, in which the storage electrode 116s is lifted up. The etch for the lower mold layer 106 and the insulating layer 102 during the operation of removing the sacrificial oxide layer 118 and the upper mold layer 110 is not excessive enough to cause the lift-up phenomenon. Even so, cavities may be generated by the etch of the lower mold layer 106 and the insulating layer 102, causing the structure of the storage electrode of the capacitor to be distorted during subsequent processes of forming a capacitor dielectric layer, or annealing the capacitor dielectric layer.
Further, with the degree of integration of semiconductor memory devices further increased in recent years, unit cell pitches have reduced. Hence, the thickness of the storage electrode 116s becomes even thinner. However, when the storage electrode 116s formed on the sidewall of the storage electrode hole 112 is further reduced in thickness, the etch solution used for removing the sacrificial oxide layer 118 penetrates more easily into the lower mold layer 106 and the insulating layer 102. Thus the problems described above are exacerbated.
FIGS. 7 and 8 are photographs illustrating the storage electrode of the capacitor in which the snail defect phenomenon occurs. FIG. 7 illustrates a leaning hole phenomenon caused by the inclined storage electrode, and FIG. 8 illustrates that cavities are generated in the lower mold layer due to the snail defect phenomenon.

Storage electrode of a capacitor and a method of forming the same


A cassette filter assembly for removing particles from an air stream, in particular from a gas stream entering a gas turbine, has an upstream end and a downstream end and comprises a header frame to which a filter media is fitted and which has an inlet guide on said mounting face, the inlet guide having a plurality of openings, each opening being defined by a pair of lofted short sides and a pair of lofted long sides.

Filters are employed in a wide range of applications, from usages to filter intake air in building ventilation systems to large scale industrial facilities and equipment. By way of example, air intake filters are utilized in connection with gas turbine combustion systems employed for power generation.
In such applications high volumes of air are utilized in the combustion process. In turn, high volume filtration apparatus are necessary to condition intake air streams for combustion optimization and for reducing wear on componentry. In this regard, it is desirable for such filter apparatus to provide for relatively high volume gas filtration with relatively low pressure drop while providing reliable removal of particles and liquid from the intake air. In particular, in gas turbine applications, the removal of relatively small particles and liquid droplets is desirable to minimize degradation of turbine componentry (e.g., corrosion of compressor blades) and loss of compressor efficiencies. As may be appreciated, replacement of turbine componentry is not only expensive, but may also entail significant down time.
In order to realize high volume air filtration, cassette filters in the form of V-panel filters are often employed. In V-panel filters, adjacent filter packs are generally oriented at acute angles to define a V-shaped configuration along and across an airstream. The V-panel filter is referred as cassette filter hereto.
The aforementioned applications have in common that they require a large amount of air to be filtered with high particle filtration efficiency. In some applications, a single cassette filter has the capacity for filtering more than 1000 m3 per hour, with a typical filter size of 600 mm×600 mm×300 mm or 600 mm×600 mm×400 mm (length×width×depth) filtering about 2,500 m3 to 5,000 m3 per hour. Many cassette filters may be used in parallel in order to filter an amount of air of more than 10,000 m3 per hour or even more than 1,000,000 m3 per hour. In such applications, cassette filters or cassettes are mounted in a partition which separates an upstream volume generally referred to as the "dirty air section" from a downstream volume generally referred to as the "clean air section". The partition may be in the form of a wall with openings in which the cassette filters are mounted or may be in the form of a rack defining a plurality of openings in which the cassette filters are mounted so as to create a substantially airtight partition between the dirty air and clean air sections.
Many installations have limited space due to obstructions or installed equipment. Such constraints limit the depth to which the cassette filter can extend into the clean side, and has therefore limited the size of cassette filters. The size limitation limits the amount of media that can be installed in a filter. This problem is particularly acute when retrofitting existing filter systems with high efficiency media. High efficiency media often has increased pressure drop, making it particularly important to maximize filter area when retrofitting existing filtration systems.
The size and weight of the inlet filtration system is a critical factor in some systems, for example, offshore platform. There is an industry trend to reduce size and weight by designing more compact filter housings. The smaller footprint results in fewer filters in the housing and therefore higher airflow per filter and pressure drop. To keep a lower pressure drop, more filter media is deployed by extending the length of the filter. However, the face area of the filter area remains the same. The restriction from the narrow openings in the filter header frame increases significantly at high flow rate, 6,000 m3/h or more per filter. Pressure drop has a negative impact on engine performance. As a general rule, every 250 Pa increase of inlet pressure drop results in 0.4% penalty in engine power output and 1.67% increase in heat rate.
Cassette filters typically comprise a plurality of filter packs arranged so that pairs of panel filters form V-shapes extending from the cassette filter's upstream end to the cassette panel filter's downstream end. Each filter panel is composed of multiple pleats of filter media extending generally parallel to the overall filtration path, so that air or gas to be filtered passes through the pleats in a generally straight manner. The filter packs are mounted in a casing and are sealed to a header frame at one end of the filter. The header frame provides a mounting face for mounting the cassette filter to a corresponding mounting face of the partition so that the cassette filter extends into and through the opening of the partition into the clean air section. Filter cassettes may be accessed from the dirty air section side and may be easily removed and replaced.
In addition, many applications now require filters to have the capacity to filter extremely large volumes of air—in some cases, 6,000 m3/hour or more for each filter. Such high flow rates dramatically increase the pressure drop across the filter. Efficient filtration requires minimizing this pressure drop.
A known attempt to minimize pressure drop involves the use of an inlet guide placed over the header frame. The known inlet guide has a plurality of openings each having circular surface on the long sides to help manipulate the air flow and reduce pressure drop. While effective to some degree, even greater reduction of pressure drop in high flow rate applications is desirable.


A control system is provided for use with an engine. The control system may have a coolant pressure sensor configured to generate a first signal indicative of a pressure of coolant circulating through the engine, and an oil pressure sensor configured to generate a second signal indicative of a pressure of oil circulating through the engine. The control system may also have a controller in communication with the coolant and oil pressure sensors. The controller may be configured to determine functionality of the coolant and oil pressure sensors during operation of the engine, and to selectively allow operation of the engine in a semi-protected mode when the coolant pressure sensor or the oil pressure sensor is determined to be non-functional.

A mobile machine, for example a locomotive, is equipped with an internal combustion engine that provides motive power for the machine. When the engine malfunctions, the locomotive is typically shut down to avoid a more expensive catastrophic failure of the engine. Shutting down the engine during completion of a mission, however, could leave the locomotive and associated train stranded at a location where service of the engine is difficult to achieve.
One attempt to address the above-described problem is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication 2013/0067994 (the '994 publication) of Worden et al. that published on Mar. 21, 2013. In particular, the '994 publication discloses a locomotive system capable of detecting an engine coolant leak. The locomotive system includes an engine speed sensor, a coolant pressure sensor, a coolant level sensor, and a controller in communication with the sensors. The controller is configured to create a pressure profile based on a measured coolant pressure and a measured coolant level at a given engine speed. The controller is then configured to diagnose problems with the engine when the profile deviates from an expected profile. When a problem is diagnosed, the controller is configured to generate different levels of low-pressure warnings notifying an operator of different low-pressure coolant conditions. When a measured coolant pressure falls below a critical level, engine power can be derated or the engine can be shut down to prevent damaging temperatures until maintenance can be performed. The decision to derate, shut down, or continue operating when the coolant pressure is outside of a standard pressure range is made by the operator or the locomotive system based on the measured pressures and temperatures within the engine.
Although the locomotive system of the '994 publication may be able to protect a locomotive engine from high temperatures without always shutting the engine down, it may still be less than optimal. Specifically, the locomotive system does not disclose what should be done during loss of sensor data, or how to affect engine operation during a cooling system malfunction when engine temperatures are still within acceptable limits. In addition, the locomotive system may do little to prevent an engine that is near failure from being used to the point of failure at an inconvenient time and/or location.
The disclosed engine system is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above.

Engine control system for mobile machine


In one embodiment, a method is provided that may include generating, at least in part, an identifier to be associated with a group of devices. The group of devices may comprise at least two devices. The identifier may be generated, at least in part, based, at least in part, upon respective source identifiers identifying, at least in part, respective sources of the at least two devices. Of course, many modifications, variations, and alternatives are possible without departing from this embodiment.

In one conventional data storage network, a computer node includes a host processor and a host bus adapter (HBA). The HBA communicates with a plurality of physical data storage devices in a redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID). The data storage devices may be identified by respective unique world wide names (WWNs) that the HBA may use to identify the data storage devices in its communications with the data storage devices.
From the vantage point of a human user's management of, and interaction with the data storage arrangement, it may be desirable to consider the plurality of physical data storage devices as constituting a single logical or virtual data storage device. In order to facilitate the user's management of and interaction with such a logical or virtual data storage device, the HBA may generate a WWN to identify the logical or virtual data storage device that comprises the plurality of physical data storage devices. If the WWN generated by the HBA conflicts with the WWN of another physical, logical, or virtual device in the network, it may no longer be possible to uniquely identify the devices having the conflicting WWNs. Disadvantageously, this may have a deleterious effect on the network's performance and manageability.
Although the following Detailed Description will proceed with reference being made to illustrative embodiments of the claimed subject matter, many alternatives, modifications, and variations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the claimed subject matter be viewed broadly, and be defined only as set forth in the accompanying claims.

Mechanism for generating a virtual identifier


The invention relates to a method of producing Fusarium resistant tetraploid wheat by crossing a hexaploid Fusarium resistant wheat with a teraploid durum wheat.

Durum wheat (the tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum L. var. durum, synonym T. durum) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. Also known as "hard" wheat or macaroni wheat, it is cultivated in semiarid regions of the world such as North Africa, Mediterranean Europe, the North American Great Plains and the Middle East. Its kernel size, hardness and golden amber color make it most suitable for manufacturing a unique and diverse range of food products. Pasta and couscous are the most common paste products made from durum wheat.
Durum wheat also can be used for making bread, however, bread wheat (the hexaploid wheat T. aestivum) is the main source of flour for making bread. Generally bread wheat is not used to manufacture pasta or couscous.
Wheat belongs to the genus Triticum, all members of which contain a multiple of the basic haploid set of seven chromosomes (x=7). The wheats form an all polyploid series with diploid (2n=2x=14), tetraploid (2n=4x=28), and hexaploid (2n=6x=42) species. Within each species, chromosomes pair in a diploid-like fashion, and the mode of inheritance is disomic.
Cytogenetic, biochemical, morphological and genetic analyses have been used to assess the evolutionary development of the cultivated tetraploid and hexaploid wheat. The designated A-genome is derived from the diploid T. monococcum L. (synonyms T. boeoticum and T. urartu). T. monococcum was long considered the A-genome donor. At the wild tetraploid level, T. dicocoides (AABB) may have the A-genome from T. monococcum and the B-genome of T. speltoides (Tausch) Gren. Ex Richter, synonym Aegilops speltoides. Common bread wheat, the hexaploid T. aestivum (AABBDD) has the A- and B-genomes of a tetraploid T. turgidum and the D-genome derived from T. taushii (Coss.) Schmal., synonym Aegilops sqarrosa. The two species T. turgidum L. var. dicoccoides and Aegilops sqaurrosa are considered the nearest wild progenitors of common bread wheat. T. dicoccoides is the only wild member of the wheat group fully interfertile with cultivated T. turgidum L var. durum.
The tetraploid emmer wheats T. dicoccum shrank, T. dicoccoides, and T. turgidum L var. durum also can be crossed directly with hexaploid wheats. The F1 generation may exhibit a high degree of sterility, but seed set can be obtained.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is caused by the fungus Fusarium, typically F. graminearum Schwabe (telomorph Gibberella zea (Schwein.) Petch) but other causal agents can include F. culmorum and F. avenaceum. Fusarium head blight is a serious threat to durum wheat. Since 1993, it is estimated that Fusarium head blight has cost over $3 billion in direct and indirect losses in North Dakota (Sayler, Scab on rampage: where do we go from here? Prairie Grains, November/December, issue 10 pp 14, 19-21, 35 and 39 (1997)). Fusarium head blight not only reduces yield but also reduces the quality of the end products of durum wheat (Dexter et al., Cereal Chem., 74:519 (1997)). The fungus is also associated with mycotoxins, particularly trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON vomitoxin), that are hazardous to humans and other animals.
There is a continuous decline in harvested durum acreage and production in North Dakota because of Fusarium head blight. The harvested acreage in North Dakota in 2001 was 2.25 million acres. This acreage is 22% less than the year 2000 (State of North Dakota, Agriculture Statistics). In 2001 North Dakota produced 60.75 million bushels of durum wheat, which was a 22% decrease in production as compared to production in the year 2000 (National Agriculture Statistics, 2001). The decline in harvested acreage and durum production in North Dakota is disastrous to the farm economy and has direct impact on the national pasta industry. In addition, the international export market is also greatly affected since North Dakota on average produces 75% of the durum in the United States.
Fungicides can be used to improve yield and other agronomic traits but the level of improvement is below the margin of the economic return (McMullen, Evaluation of fungicides for suppression of Fusarium head blight. in Current research on Fusarium head blight of small grains, November (1997) NDSU research publication, Fargo, N.Dak. (1997)). Although fungicides may reduce Fusarium head blight, the use of genetic resistance is the most environmentally safe and economical way to control the disease. Durum wheat with appropriate combinations of resistant genes could effectively control the disease. Accordingly, what is needed is the development of wheat, particularly durum wheat, that is genetically resistant to Fusarium.


A forming assembly comprises two presser members (22,24) each having a corrugated surface for receiving a workpiece made up of generally diamond-shaped pockets (10). Each presser member is made up of sections (22a,22b; 24a, 24b) mounted on slide rods (38) for movement between a spaced-apart position, in which a workpiece can be located therebetween, and a closed position, movement into which, while the workpiece is held between the presser members, is effective to compress the workpiece laterally. For holding the pockets in their diamond shape formers (20) are inserted therein. A flange (18) is formed at one end of the workpiece and integral therewith by pressing outwardly folded material against a lateral end face of the presser members (22,24) using a presser plate (52). This forming method is especially suitable for forming self-supporting filter units.

This invention is concerned with a method of forming a workpiece made up of two portions of material secured together to form pockets therebetween, and also with a forming assembly for use in carrying out such a method.
There is described in our co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/872902 a method or process of forming a workpiece made up of two portions of material secured together to form pockets therebetween, said method comprising the steps of inserting formers into said pockets, each former having a cross-sectional shape to be imparted to the pocket in which it is accommodated, and thereafter placing the workpiece, with the formers thus accommodated in the pockets thereof, between two presser members having corrugated presser surfaces corresponding to the cross-sectional shape of the formers such that adjacent pockets of the workpieces each together with its former are accommodated in adjacent cooperating corrugations of each presser member, and then applying forming pressure to the presser members and thus to the workpiece retained therebetween.
The method is particularly suitable, but not exclusively so, for the manufacture of self-supporting filter units having a plurality of passages defined by air-permeable wall portions through which air to be filtered can pass and be drawn off along said passages, but which prevent the passage therethrough of dust and/or other debris carried by such air. To this end, in the forming process the presser members are heated to a sufficiently high temperature to cause the material of which the workpiece is made up to be rendered rigid, while retaining its air-permeability.
In using such a method as described in the aforementioned patent specification the presser members each comprise a continuous corrugated presser surface into which, therefore, the workpiece, with the formers accommodated in the pockets thereof, has first to be arranged. In practice, the operator places the workpiece on top of a first presser member and ensures that each corrugation accommodates its own pocket with accommodated former, whereafter the other presser member is brought into surface contact from above and the workpiece is thus held between the presser members. In most cases, however, there is more "bulk" in the workpiece before forming than after, due to the application of heat and pressure in the forming operation. Thus, the loading of the unformed workpiece onto the lower presser member and maintaining it in position thereon while the other presser member is brought into surface contact therewith is time-consuming and tedious and may lead to unreliable location.

Method of forming workpieces by means of multi-sectional pressing members


A method of extending a virtual address space of a process executed in an operating system includes selecting a virtual address range included in a virtual address space corresponding to the process and the number of a plurality of extended virtual address ranges, extending and thereby setting the virtual address space to a multi-virtual address space based on the selected virtual address range and the selected number of the plurality of extended virtual address ranges, and providing the multi-virtual address space to the process.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and system for extending a virtual address space of a process executed in an operating system, and more particularly, to a technology of extending a linear virtual address space of a process to a multi-virtual address space including a plurality of linear virtual address spaces.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the current development in a hardware process technology, a memory capacity is increasing and accordingly, an in-memory computing method of maximizing the use of an increased memory is being utilized.
However, a sudden increase in the memory capacity may require a further extended address space compared to a linear virtual address space supportable at a process. Accordingly, there is a need for a method of extending a single linear virtual address space assigned to a process.

Method and system for extending virtual address space of process performed in operating system

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE


A magnetic transistor includes a first magnetic section, a second magnetic section, a conductive section, a first metal terminal, and a second metal terminal. The conductive section is disposed between and is in direct contact with both the first and second magnetic section. The first metal terminal is disposed on one end of an opposite surface to the conductive section of the first magnetic section. The second metal terminal is disposed on one end approximately diagonal to the first metal terminal on an opposite surface to the conductive section of the second magnetic section. While the magnetic transistor structure is turned on, a current flows through the first magnetic section and the second magnetic section via the conductive section.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a transistor. More particularly, the present invention relates to a structure of magnetic transistor.
2. Description of Related Art
The Giant Magnetoresistance Effect (GMR) is a quantum mechanical effect observed in structures with alternating thin magnetic and thin nonmagnetic sections. The GMR effect shows a significant change in electrical resistance from the zero-field high resistance state to the high-field low resistance state according to an applied external field.
FIG. 1 is a structure diagram depicting a conventional magnetic transistor 100 of the prior art. The conductive section 106 is disposed on the second magnetic section 104, and the first magnetic section 102 is disposed on the conductive section 106. The first metal 108 is adjacent to and completely covers one side of the first magnetic section 102, the conductive section 106, and the second magnetic section 104. The second metal 110 is adjacent to and completely covers the other side of the first magnetic section 102, the conductive section 106, and the second magnetic section 104.
Operation of the conventional 2-terminal magnetic transistor 100 is explained as follows. The operation of the magnetic transistor 100, for example, is according to an external applied field (for example, using the third metal 112 and the fourth metal 114 to control the direction of the dipoles of the first magnetic section 102 and the second magnetic section 104). When the conventional 2-terminal magnetic transistor 100 is turned on, a current is generated and flows in the direction of the first metal and the second metal. The current may avoid crossing any magnetic boundary (for example, a boundary between the first magnetic section 102 and the conductive section 106, or a boundary between the conductive section 106 and the second magnetic section 104, or both boundaries), and only a small percentage of the current actually passes through both boundaries resulting in only a few percent resistance changed which means a smaller GMR effect. Further, the conventional 2-terminal magnetic transistor 100 has only two output terminals, the current can only either be outputted from the first metal 108 or the second metal 110.
For the foregoing reasons, there is a need to have a magnetic transistor possess the larger GMR effect with a multi-terminal outputted capability.


A busbar holder includes a supporting base having engaging prongs located at opposing ends of the supporting base. These engaging prongs engage receptacles in a printed circuit board (PCB) to secure the supporting base to the PCB. Four securing prongs extending vertically upward and having catch hooks at their free end are attached to the respective corners of the supporting base. A supporting wall extending vertically upward is attached to the supporting base and located intermediate the four securing prongs. Busbars are inserted between the wall and two of the securing prongs and are secured in place by the catch hooks.

A busbar assembly for attachment to printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,826. In this arrangement two individual busbars are attached to opposing sides of a support member. This support member is affixed to a printed circuit board by connecting members of the support member that are engaged with receptacle cavities in the printed circuit board. The busbars are secured to the support member by pins. These pins engage apertures in the support member and are flattened into a head to secure the pin and busbar in place. This busbar assembly must be complete before the overall assembly is attached to the PCB. The assembly is rigid and allows no or little flexibility in the assembly process.

Busbar holder for securing busbars to a PCB


An anisotropically conducting adhesive includes an adhesive base material; and conductive particles which are dispersed in the adhesive base material and which have provided on the surface of the conductive particles a separating agent comprised of at least one ligand which is selected from the group consisting of triphenylphosphine and propionic acid, which decomposes during use of the anisotropically conducting adhesive in an adhesion process and which is non-polymeric. A method for producing a bonded, electrically conductive connection between a plurality of strip connectors includes (a) providing the foregoing anisotropically conducting adhesive; (b) positioning strip connectors on opposite surfaces of the anisotropically conducting adhesive; (c) applying pressure to the anisotropically conducting adhesive and the strip connectors; and (d) decomposing the at least one ligand of the anisotropically conducting adhesive.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention concerns an anisotropically conducting adhesive in accordance with the preamble to claim 1.
2. Description of the related Art
Anisotropically conducting adhesives are known. These show finely dispersed conductive particles in a base material, for example in a thermoplastic material. The conductive particles there are dispersed as a granular powder in the base material. The anisotropically conductive adhesives, for example, exist in the shape of a foil and are suitable for bonding together two contacts to be electrically conductive, for example two strip conductors. Under the effects of pressure and temperature, the strip conductors are pressed onto opposite sides of the conductive adhesive so that the base material deforms and the electrically conductive particles dispersed in this material create an electrically conductive connection between the applied strip conductors. The base material here functions as an adhesive for the strip conductors.
It becomes clear that the resolution of the anisotropically conductive adhesive, that is the minimal possible space between two neighboring electrically conductive connections, depends on the composition of the dispersed electrically conductive particles. So that these particles permit an electrically conductive connection in one direction only, they must be at a sufficient distance from each other so that an undesired electrically conductive connection between the particles themselves is avoided. However, one disadvantage is that coagulation occurs during the dispersion of the conductive particles in the base material, meaning the lumping together of a majority of these electrically conductive particles. Because of that, the known anisotropically conductive adhesives can be used only to connect strip conductors or similar devices that are arranged relatively far from each other because otherwise a sufficient contact safety is not ensured.


Provided is a test apparatus that tests fluctuation of a power supply voltage supplied to a device under test, including an oscillator that outputs a clock signal having a frequency that corresponds to the power supply voltage supplied to the power supply input terminal of the device under test, and a measuring section that measures the frequency of the clock signal. For example, the oscillator outputs as the clock signal an output signal of any one negative logic element from among an odd number of negative logic elements connected in a loop, and at least one of the negative logic elements operates using, as a voltage source, a voltage corresponding to the power supply voltage supplied to the power supply input terminal of the device under test.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a test apparatus and a test method. More particularly, the present invention relates to a test apparatus and a test method for testing fluctuation of a power supply voltage supplied to a device under test.
2. Related Art
A test apparatus for a semiconductor device tests whether the semiconductor device fulfills certain specifications. One type of test performed by a test apparatus is a power supply voltage fluctuation analysis test. When performing the power supply voltage fluctuation analysis test, the test apparatus changes the consumed current by moving the semiconductor device from a standby mode to a maximum operational mode and measures the resulting voltage fluctuation of the power supply voltage.
In conventional power supply voltage fluctuation analysis tests, it is common to directly measure fluctuation of the power supply voltage of the semiconductor device using an analog-digital converter (hereinafter referred to as an "ADC").
Because no prior art documents are known at this time, a description thereof is omitted.
When measuring the power supply voltage fluctuation using the ADC, however, a circuit size of the test apparatus becomes undesirably large. Furthermore, when measuring the power supply voltage fluctuation using the ADC, it is difficult to increase the accuracy of the measurement.


An adhesive application device for applying, includes a nozzle unit having a number of nozzles for applying an adhesive to a material which is moved along a direction of transport, said nozzles being displaceable transversely to the direction of transport along a first guide spindle; and plural individual gluing heads, each being arranged separately from each other on respective second separate guide spindles, so as to be displaceable transversely to the direction of transport.

The invention relates to an adhesive application device for applying an adhesive to a material which is moved along a direction of transport x, comprising a nozzle unit having a number of nozzles for applying the adhesive to the material, and to a method for applying adhesive to a material which is moved along a direction of transport x.
Adhesive application devices of this type are used for example in the production of window envelopes. In this case, as a rule first of all a web of paper is guided through a roller system having a number of cutter rollers or similar cutting implements in order to produce an envelope blank. In this case, in a separate cutting process the envelope blank is provided with a cutout for a window. Around this cutout, in a subsequent method step, an adhesive agent is then applied, and a window material is glued on. In this case, as a rule a roller system is also resorted to for applying the adhesive agent. A gumming roller comprising adhesive stamp or a format part for applying the adhesive agent to the envelope blank or to a window film which is adapted to the height and width of the window is rolled onto the envelope blank or the window film, so that the edges of the cutout are provided with sufficient adhesive agent. What is disadvantageous about this method is that a variation in the size of the window, but also a variation in the positioning of the window, always results in the gumming roller being replaced. Thus not only does a separate gumming roller have to be provided and held available for each desired format, they even have to be changed in a costly manner and with production being stopped upon each change of format.
In the case of gluing of paper or cardboard blanks over a large surface area, in addition to the above-mentioned gumming rollers also strips comprising a number of metering nozzles, through which an adhesive agent or an adhesive is applied to the blank, are used. A nozzle system of this type is known for example from the document DE 10 2007 002 980 A1. The metering strip in this case extends over the entire width of the paper web and comprises a number of individual nozzles which are arranged at fixed distances from one another and can be activated individually. Fixed systems of this type are, however, suitable only to a limited extent for use in gluing window elements and, furthermore, are very costly to clean. Owing to the only slight gap between the nozzles and the paper blanks or the roller which transports these paper blanks, cleaning of the nozzles is impeded, which again results in relatively long downtimes of the installation.

Device for applying adhesive to a material