The invention is directed towards cutting inserts having a top surface, a bottom surface, at least three side surfaces extending from the top surface to the bottom surface, and a nose corner connecting two adjacent side surfaces. The intersection of the cutting insert may include an intersection of the nose corner and the top surface wherein at least a portion of the intersection defined by a multi-segment spline curve. The multi-segment spline curve may be a B-spline curve. The intersection may also be defined by two arcs at each end of the B-spline curve. The invention also includes a method of designing a turning insert having the steps of designing a nose corner with multi-segment spline curve. The multi-segment spline curve may be a B-spline curve. The method may be a computer implemented method of designing a turning insert having the steps of determining the shape and size of the desired turning insert, determining the desired contact mode between the turning insert and the machining surface at a specific lead angle, and developing a B-spline curve that is smoothly and tangentially connected to the two arcs symmetrical to the bisector line of nose corner.

It is well known to employ material cutting tools for turning operations wherein chips are removed from workpieces being machined. A turning operation is a machining process for forming external surfaces on a workpiece by the action of a cutting tool, usually on a rotating workpiece. Typically, the workpiece is mounted on a lathe. Most metal removal in lathe turning is accomplished by cutting tools with a single point in contact with the workpiece. These cutting tools may be produced in one piece from a solid bar of tool steel with the appropriate cutting edge ground on one end. They also may be constructed in two pieces, typically including a holder and a turning insert made of carbide or some other hard material. The turning insert of the two-piece tool may be held in place mechanically holder. Brazed, soldered, or welded inserts typically may be resharpened, while inserts held in place mechanically usually are removed, discarded, and replaced with a new, sharp insert after they become worn. Carbide turning inserts manufactured from powdered metals have replaced one-piece ground carbide tools in most turning applications due to their low cost and high wear resistance.
FIG. 1 is a end view of a typical turning operation of a cylindrical workpiece 10 being turned with a two piece cutting tool including a typical turning insert 12 secured in a holder 14. The workpiece 10 is being rotated on a lathe (not shown) about an axis of rotation 16. The turning operation is set up to turn to a depth 18 with a clearance angle 15. FIG. 2 is a plan view of turning insert 12. Turning insert 12 is a diamond shape turning insert with an 80° nose corner angle 26 on nose corner 24. The main cutting edge 22 move in the direction of feed to perform most of the cutting of the workpiece while the secondary cutting edge 20 performs significantly less cutting of the workpiece.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has developed standard nomenclature for identification of replaceable turning inserts. Each ANSI standard insert is identified by a nine digit alphanumeric string that specifically identifies the features of the insert. Insert holders are also designed according to ANSI standards for uniformity. Each holder is designed to accommodate and securely hold ANSI standard inserts. The nine digit alphanumeric string specifies the following features of a turning insert: shape, clearance, tolerance, type, size, thickness, corner, edge condition, and hand. A typical turning insert numerical signature could be, for example, SNMG432AR, and the meaning of an ANSI alphanumeric string for a turning insert will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. ANSI standard turning inserts typically have a nose corner radius of between 1/16 inch and ¼ inch.
The efficiency and quality of turning operations depends on the cutting parameters set on the lathe, the characteristics of the cutting insert, and the characteristics of the material being turned. The relevant cutting parameters include, for example, the feed rate, the lead angle of the turning insert, and workpiece rotational speed. Machinists attempt to optimize these parameters based on the turning insert employed and the material being turned to obtain the highest feed rate while achieving the required surface quality on the finished product.
Tremendous forces are exerted on a turning insert during a typical cutting operation. As the insert begins to cut, it is subjected to large compressive forces. The insert experiences widely varying axial and radial forces as the turning insert moves through the workpiece due to constantly changing chip thicknesses. High axial forces can cause vibration and chatter. Conversely, high radial forces can cause the workpiece to move in the lathe causing poor tolerances and poor surface quality.
The lead angle of the insert on the lathe primarily dictates the relative magnitude of axial and radial cutting forces produced. The lead angle also has a significant influence on the way the radial and axial forces are exerted on the workpiece and the turning insert during a typical machining operation. The lead angle is defined as the angle between the main cutting edge and the direction of feed. The forces that the workpiece exert upon the turning insert change as the lead angle is adjusted. As the lead angle increases, the radial forces decrease and the axial forces increase. Using a lead angle of 45° and a standard radius nose corner insert, the radial and axial forces exerted upon the turning insert are approximately equal. Machinists must attempt to balance these forces in order to optimize surface smoothness and dimensional accuracy.
The shape and features of an insert are also critical to the efficiency and quality of the turning process. The nose radius is a curve defined by the edge of the insert that connects the main cutting edge to the secondary cutting edge. A conventional turning insert has a single radius, with the edge of the insert that connects the main cutting edge and the secondary cutting edge being a segment of a circle with a constant radius. A turning insert with a relatively large radius will produce a finished workpiece with the best surface quality. However, a larger nose radius will increase the cutting forces, both axially and radially, required to perform the turning operation and often results in poor chip control.
Vibration of the workpiece and the lathe may also occur when using a turning insert with a large nose radius in a turning operation. Vibrations may adversely affect the smoothness of the turned metal surface and, also, the service life of the turning insert. Therefore, the use of a turning insert having a large nose radius in metal turning operations is very limited. However, for rough machining operations, an insert with a large nose radius provides the strongest cutting surface and, therefore, the longest service life. Accordingly, round, square or rectangular inserts with a large radius are, typically, chosen for roughing applications.
For metal finishing operations, a triangular, trigon, or diamond-shaped turning insert with a small nose radius is usually selected to produce the smoothest finished surface. Turning inserts with a smaller cutting tip angle (i.e., the angle between the main cutting edge and the secondary cutting edge.) and a smaller nose corner radius allow greater control of the forces generated in the turning operation and provide a smoother surface on the finished workpiece. Such inserts are not as strong as turning inserts with larger radius nose corners and larger cutting tip angles and, therefore, have a higher wear rate and shorter service life.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a turning insert that combines the advantages of both a small nose radius and a larger nose radius. In an attempt to address that need, wiper turning inserts have been developed. As used herein, a "wiper turning insert" is a turning insert that has a radius that is not a curve of constant radius between the main cutting edge and the secondary cutting edge. U.S. Pat. No. 5,634,745, for example, describes a turning insert that includes a nose corner defining at least five circle segments between the main cutting edge and the secondary cutting edge. The design solution provided by the insert of the '745 patent is limited in that the transition between one circle segment and the adjacent segment is abrupt, though tangent, and constrained to certain limitations. The nose corner of the turning insert of the '745 patent is limited in that it may only be described by circle segments. In addition, the largest radius among the multiple circle segments as described in the patent '745 is limited to less than 8 or 10 mm. The research under the present invention indicates that an arc radius beyond 10 mm would not only benefit the surface finish but also reduce the sensitivity of surface finish variations due to inevitable manufacturing inaccuracy of both cutting inserts and tool holders.
Thus, there remains in the art a need for a turning insert that can provide smooth surface finish on a machined surface over a wide range of cutting conditions. There also exists a need for a turning insert that combines the advantages of small nose radius turning insert with the advantages of larger nose radius turning inserts. There is also a need for a method of designing a wiper insert manufacturing a nose corner having smooth no-abrupt transition point sand large radius arcs.


Generating exception delay messages when messages communicated between asynchronous messaging applications are delayed and for forcibly retaining the original message. Specifically, the invention provides methods and systems for generating an exception delay message after a time threshold has expired without deleting the original message. The exception delay message may be sent once when the time threshold first expires or each time that the time threshold expires.

Asynchronous messaging involves communication between two or more applications. This communication is accomplished by way of putting and getting messages. The applications may attach to the same or different message queue managers, which are entities that manage receiving, storing, and transmitting messages. The message queue managers may be hosted on the same or different nodes in a computer network.
When a message is put, it is possible for the processing of that message to be delayed. The message might be delayed at the source message queue manager, the destination message queue manager, or any message queue manager through which the message passes.
Current solutions to message delays typically involve generating an expiry message to communicate that the original message has not been delivered and instead has been deleted. The application that receives the expiry message is typically the application that generated the original message and typically takes an application specific action upon receipt of the expiry message. Such actions may include raising an alert and regenerating the original message.
What is needed is a method for effectively processing messages that have been delayed without deleting the original message.

System and method for generating exception delay messages when messages are delayed

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention provides a method of inhibiting the activation of the NF.kappa.B transcription factor in an animal in need of such treatment comprising the step of administering to said animal a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin. Also provided is a method of inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of the NF.kappa.B transcription factor in a cell or in an animal in need of such treatment comprising the step of administering to said animal a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the fields of immunology and protein chemistry. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of curcumin to inhibit activation of the transcription factor, NF.kappa.B
2. Description of the Related Art
Members of the transcription factor NF-.kappa.B family play a central role in various responses leading to host defense, activating a rapid progression of gene expression. These transcription factors are dimeric complexes composed of different members of the Rel/NF-.kappa.B family of polypeptides. This family is distinguished by the presence of a Rel homology domain of about 300 amino acids that displays a 35% to 61% identity between various family members (for references see 1). Although NF-.kappa.B is a ubiquitous transcription factor, it plays a critical role in the cells of the immune system, where it controls the expression of various cytokines and the major histocompatibility complex genes. The inappropriate regulation of NF-.kappa.B and its dependent genes have been associated with various pathological conditions including toxic/septic shock, graft vs host reaction, radiation damage, atherosclerosis, and cancer (1, 2). Thus, NF-.kappa.B is an important target for therapeutic intervention.
Unlike other transcription factors, the NF-.kappa.B proteins and other members of the Rel family reside in the cytoplasm in a n inactive state but upon activation, they are translocated to the nucleus. The nuclear translocation of Rel proteins is induced b y many agents, including inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lymphotoxin (LT), and interleukin (IL)-1), mitogens, bacterial products, protein synthesis inhibitors, oxidative stress (H.sub.2 O.sub.2), ultraviolet light, and phorbol esters (3, 4). Upon activation of NF-.kappa.B, a large number of genes are induced including various inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and Rel proteins (for reviews 3 and 4).
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) has been shown to block many reactions in which NF-.kappa.B plays a major role. This agent is a major active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and gives specific flavor and yellow color to curry. The compound has been shown to display anticarcinogenic properties in animals as indicated by its ability to inhibit both tumor initiation induced by benz (a) pyrene and 7,12 dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (5-8) and tumor promotion induced by phorbol esters (9,10), which are known to activate NF-.kappa.B. Curcumin has also been shown to inhibit type 1 human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat (HIV-LTR) directed gene expression and virus replication stimulated by TNF and phorbol ester (11), which likewise require NF-.kappa.B activation. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of curcumin have been well documented (12-14). How these inhibitory responses are modulated by curcumin is not understood.
The prior art is deficient in the lack of effective means of inhibiting the activation of the transcription factor, NF.kappa.B. The present invention fulfills this longstanding need and desire in the art.

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibition of NF.kappa.B activation


In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a telescope stop assembly for a steering column having a jacket is provided. The assembly includes a cam having a cam surface, the cam rotatable between a locked position and an unlocked position, and a pin operatively associated with the cam. The cam surface acts on the pin to move the pin between an extended position and a retracted position. In the extended position, an end of the pin is configured to extend into a telescope channel formed in the jacket to facilitate limited telescoping movement of the steering column, and in the retracted position, the end of the pin is located outside the telescope channel.

Some steering columns may be adjustable in a rake direction and a telescope direction. A traditional adjustable steering column includes a jacket clamp positioned about a steering column jacket and configured to apply a clamping force to the steering column jacket to prevent adjustment of the steering column in the telescope direction. In addition, a traditional adjustable steering column may include a rake clamp configured to apply a clamping force to the jacket clamp and/or steering column jacket to prevent adjustment of the steering column in the rake direction. The adjustable steering column is in a locked condition with the telescope clamp and the rake clamp respectively apply clamping forces to prevent adjustment of the adjustable steering column in the rake and telescope directions. The adjustable steering column is in an unlocked condition when respective clamping forces from the telescope clamp and the rake clamp are released so that the steering column may be adjusted.
The steering columns may include a lever actuated between a first position corresponding to the locked condition of the adjustable steering column and a second position corresponding to the unlocked condition of the adjustable steering column. However, some steering columns may inhibit travel during an impact event such as a crash event. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a steering column to limit travel during telescope travel while also enabling travel during an impact event.

STEERING SOLUTIONS IP HOLDING CORPORATION


Embodiments of the invention describe a multimedia stream switch capable of multiplexing the audio and the video data of a multimedia stream separately. The multiplexing features of embodiments of the invention enable a multimedia stream switch to control each multimedia data type separately instead of multiplexing the whole streams (i.e., multiplexing sets of audio/video data together). Furthermore, prior art multimedia stream switches need to regenerate audio clocks by using phase locked loop (PLL) circuitry which incurs manufacturing and development costs. Embodiments of the invention provide the mixing of audio and video data from different sources without the need for PLL circuitry.

Systems transmit and receive multimedia content including audio and video data. For multimedia data that includes high-resolution video data and/or high-fidelity audio data, it is desirable to transmit the data in uncompressed digital form. Examples of such multimedia data include High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) data (e.g., data consistent with HDMI Specification Version 1.4a, published Mar. 4, 2010), Digital Visual Interface (DVI) data (e.g., data consistent with DVI Specification Revision 1.0, published Apr. 2, 1999), DisplayPort data (e.g., data consistent with the VESA DisplayPort Standard Version 1 Revision 1a, published Jan. 11, 2008), and Mobile High-definition Link (MHL) data (e.g., data consistent with MHL 1.0 Specification, published Jun. 30, 2010).
FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a prior art multimedia stream switch. Switch 100 receives a plurality of multimedia streams as input. In this figure, streams 101, 102, 103 and 104 are shown to be received by switch 100.
Switch 100 will output one of the input streams as multimedia output stream 190. The respective input stream is determined by stream select 110. Switch 100 is limited in that a user cannot select audio data from one stream to be output with video data from another stream (e.g., audio data from stream 1 cannot be output with video data from stream 2). Thus, even though a device is operatively connected to an input port of switch 100, a user cannot selectively only watch video or listen to audio sent from the device connected to the input port because switch 100 can control only one multimedia stream at a time.
FIG. 1B is a block diagram of the internal components of prior art multimedia stream switch 100, which includes three main components: multimedia stream decoders (in this figure decoder 121 is shown to receive multimedia stream 101, and decoder 122 is shown to receive multimedia stream 102; it is to be understood that each received multimedia stream has its own decoder), switch matrix 125 and multimedia stream encoder 126. Multimedia stream decoders 121 and 122 extract video data and audio stream internally. Switch matrix 125 then selects multimedia data from one of the ports and transfers them to encoder 126, which combines the video and audio data to generate outgoing multimedia stream 190.
Multimedia stream decoder 121 is shown to include video data extractor 131 (to extract video data 144), audio data extractor 133 and audio data information extractor 132 (it is understood that decoder 122, although not shown, includes similar components). It is understood that the audio and video data included in multimedia streams are transferred by sharing bandwidth. In most multimedia streams, a link clock (shown here as link clock 145) will be included with the audio/video data, where there exists a rational (integer divided by integer) relationship between link clock 145 and the video clock. Thus the regeneration of the video clock may be simply generated from the link clock by using a constant clock divider and multiplier.
However, audio clock regeneration (ACR) requires additional logic (i.e., divider 134 and multiplier 135) because there is no such relationship between link clock 145 and the audio clock. Since the relationship is unknown, information representing the relationship needs to be transferred periodically. This information can be represented by two terms: numerator N (shown as signal 142) and denominator cycle time stamp (CTS) values (shown as signal 140). The relationship between the link clock and audio clock is:faudio=flink*N/CTS
where faudio is the frequency of the audio clock and flink is the frequency of the link clock 145. Value N 142 is extracted from multimedia data stream 101 via audio data information extractor 132 by referring to the frequency of the audio clock. During N audio clock cycles, which is the same duration of time as one cycle of stamping clock 141 (fstamp=faudio/N), audio data information extractor 132 counts the number of the link clock cycles, which becomes CTS value 140 at the corresponding stamping period. At every stamping clock cycle, both N value 142 and CTS value 140 are transferred to the ACR logic. The ACR logic then recreates audio clock 143 from link clock 145 by using clock divider (by CTS) 134 and clock multiplier (by N) 135. When link clock and audio clock are asynchronous, CTS value 140 may slightly vary at every cycle of stamping clock 141. Audio clock 143 and audio data 147 (extracted from audio data extractor 133) are thus combined via logic 136 to form audio data stream 146.
Switch matrix 125 selects which set of video data, audio data stream and link clock to forward to multimedia stream encoder 126 as video data 180, audio data stream input 182 and link clock 181. Multimedia stream encoder 126 includes audio stream receiver 171 to extract audio clock 187, audio data 185 and N value 184 (e.g., if stream 101 is selected, audio clock 187 will correspond to audio clock 143, and audio data 185 will correspond to audio data 147). Logic 172 may divide audio clock 187 by N value 184, and forward the result to Cycle Time Counter logic 173 to obtain CTS value 183. Data signals 180, 181 and 183-185 may then be processed via logic 174 to format the data into multimedia output stream 190.
Thus, multimedia stream switch 100 requires audio clocks to be regenerated. Phase Locked Loop (PLL) circuitries, such as multiplier 135, are used for each input multimedia stream port to generate an output clock whose phase is related to the phase of the input reference clock signal. PLLs are also used to synthesize the local clock with lower or higher frequency than the input reference clock. For audio clock regeneration, a PLL is used to generate an audio clock that is faster than the stamping clock by the factor N.
The cost of implementing PLL blocks is high. PLL blocks on most high-speed chips pose design and verification challenges. PLL blocks also require large on-chip area and consume large amount of power.
Descriptions of certain details and implementations follow, including a description of the figures, which may depict some or all of the embodiments described below, as well as discussing other potential embodiments or implementations of the inventive concepts presented herein. An overview of embodiments of the invention is provided below, followed by a more detailed description with reference to the drawings.

Audio and video data multiplexing for multimedia stream switch


A CPU to be operable in at least first and second modes is used to execute a resume processing program set to be executed only in the first mode. In the case where resume processing is carried out if the power supplied from a power source is cut off when the CPU is operating in the second mode, the second mode is saved in a backup RAM, and the CPU is set to operate in the first mode in which the resume processing program can be executed. Upon restoration of the power source, restoring procedure is carried out. After the restoring procedure is completed, the CPU is set to operate in the second mode saved in the backup RAM, and resumes the interrupted processing.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a resume control system suitable for a personal computer having a resume function and also to a method used in the system.
2. Description of the Related Art
The development of semiconductor technology has enabled microprocessors and memory LSIs of high performance to be manufactured at very low cost. In particular, some of these microprocessors can simultaneously perform 8-bit processing, 16-bit processing, and 32-bit processing, and hence can process data at high speed. The following products, made by Intel Co., Ltd in the U.S.A., and generally used in personal computers, are listed as such microprocessors: iAPX86 (8086), iAPX88 (8088), iAPX186 (80186), iAPX286 (80286), and iAPX386.
The iAPX286, for example, can operate in two modes, i.e., real address mode and protective virtual address mode. In the real address mode, a memory having a capacity of less than 1 MB can be accessed, and the programs made for iAPX86 or iAPX186 also can be executed without being modified. In the protective virtual mode, a memory having a capacity of 1 MB or more can be memories such as a virtual memory. The protective virtual mode and real address mode are determined by setting and resetting a protection enabling bit provided in the iAPX286, respectively.
The memories are addressed by the use of segment registers and offset registers in the real address mode, and addressed by the use of global descriptor tables (GDT), segment selectors, and offset registers, in the protective virtual address mode.
A personal computer, using the iAPX286 and having resume function, has been developed in recent years.
Heretofore, most application programs were prepared using microprocessors prior to the introduction of the iAPX286 microprocessor. In recent years, however, various application programs which are executed in the protective virtual mode are being prepared. Accordingly, there is a desire to be able to effect the resume function in the protective virtual address mode as well.
However, the conventional resume processing programs can be executed in the real address mode only. As is described above, the memories are addressed in different ways between the real address mode and protective virtual address mode. Accordingly, these conventional programs cannot be executed in the protective virtual address mode, unless they are modified. Alternatively, it costs a lot to
However, a complicated control would be required in order to allow a resume processing program adapted for execution in the real address mode to also be effective in the virtual address mode. prepare respective resume processing programs for the real address mode and protective virtual address mode.
The present invention is related with the inventions disclosed in the following U.S. Patent applications assigned to the present assignee.
U.S. Pat. application No. 343,356 filed Apr. 26, 1989 (Title: Method and System for Resuming Data Processing in Computer; Inventor: Toshimitsu SAITO) discloses a method and a system for resuming data processing. In this method, the resuming mode is set after the computer system is bootloaded. When the power switch is turned off, the power source generates a power switch-off signal. In the resume mode, the system data is stored in a file upon detection of the power switch-off signal. After a predetermined period of time has elapsed from the switch-off, or if a signal is generated for indicating that the storage of the system data has been completed, the power is cut off. When the power switch is turned on again, the initialization of memories and the like, and the system data stored in the file are read out of it, and then restored in the memories. Thus, the data processing can be resumed in the state of the system having been assumed immediately before the power switch was turned off.
U.S. Pat. application No. 507,490 filed Apr. 11, 1990 (Title: Computer Having Resume Function; Inventor: Shizuka GUNJI) discloses a computer having a resume function. In this system, it is first selected whether or not to enable the resume function, and whether or not to check a password. If it is selected to enable the resume function, and to check the password, the data processing system commands that one should input the password upon turning on the power switch. When the password is input by the use of the keyboard or the like, the data processing system performs resume processing. If the correct password is not input, the resume processing is inhibited, which prevents the stored data from being known or broken into by a third party.
U.S. Pat. application No. 540,643 filed Jun. 19, 1990 (Title: Computer Having A Resume Function And Operable On An Internal Power Source; Inventors: Toshimitsu SAITO; Junko KONNO) discloses a computer having a resume function and operable by a battery, which incorporates a circuit for checking voltage output from the battery, and a control circuit. If the voltage output from the battery is reduced lower than a predetermined value during processing, the resume processing is executed to protect data, irrespective of whether or not the resume mode is set, thereby storing the data processing then having been executed. When the output voltage of the battery is returned to more than the predetermined value, the data processing is resumed from the interrupted state.
U.S. Pat. application No. 549,934 Title: Method And System For Performing Display Data Resuming Process; Inventor: Makoto ARAI; Priority Date: Jul. 11, 1989) discloses a method and a system for executing the resume processing of display data. This method is applied to a personal computer having no backup batteries for a display memory owing to restrictions in the design of the hardware. The power switch is turned off after the data stored in the display memory is stored in the backup memory of a system memory having its own backup battery. When the power switch is turned on again, the display data stored in the backup memory is restored in the display memory. In this way, the display data, stored in the display memory immediately before the turn-off of the power switch, can be restored in the display memory.

Resume control system and method for executing resume processing while checking operation mode of CPU


An electronic device includes a device body having a installation section provided on the outer surface and an internal circuit provided therein, and a connector section which can be attached to the installation section and can be removed from the installation section. The connector section has at least one functional section for connection to an external device and a first terminal electrically connected to the functional section. The device body has a second terminal electrically connected to the internal circuit and exposed on the inner surface of the installation section. The second terminal is arranged at a position where the second terminal is connected to the first terminal when the connector section is attached to the installation section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic device having a mechanism to be connected to various external devices for the transmission and reception of data and power feeding.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, with the widespread of personal computers (PC), smartphones, tablet terminals, and wearable terminals for collecting biological information and the like, various data and information have been transmitted and received between various electronic devices.
Also, with the widespread of portable (mobile) electronic devices, power feeding for charging a secondary battery (rechargeable battery) incorporated in a device has been frequently performed.
In the transmission and reception of data (hereinafter referred to as "data transmission") and power feeding between electronic devices, a known method using a wire cable or wireless communication is generally used. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) Publication No. 2000-339067 discloses a technique where a USB (Universal Serial Bus) cable is used for data transmission and power feeding between a PC and another electronic device. Also, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) Publication No. 2001-251335 discloses a technique where data transmission is performed by using a wireless communication technology corresponding to communication standards such as Bluetooth (registered trademark).
However, in these disclosed methods, a communication cable is required to be kept available for data transmission and power feeding between electronic devices. In addition, an operation of connecting the electronic devices by the communication cable is required to be performed, which is burdensome for the device user.
In particular, because the shapes and the specifications of communication cables for use in data transmission and power feeding often vary according to their electronic device manufacturers, communication standards, and the like, users having a plurality of electronic devices may be required to keep a plurality of communication cables of different types available, and reconnect or switch them.
In addition, in cases where data transmission via wireless communication is performed between the electronic devices, functional sections for wireless communication are required to be incorporated into electronic devices in advance, which disadvantageously increase the sizes of the electronic devices, complicate the structures, and affect the production costs.


A multiple input multiple output wireless communication system and a channel decomposition method thereof are provided. The wireless communication system includes a precoding unit, a channel estimation unit, a channel decomposition unit and a quantization unit. The precoding unit receives a plurality of transmission data streams and wireless channel information to provide a plurality of transmission symbols to a wireless channel. The channel estimation unit estimates the wireless channel to provide a channel matrix. The channel decomposition unit makes a plurality of elements on a diagonal and adjacent to a side of the diagonal as real numbered elements through an element ration and correspondingly rotates a first unit matrix and a second unit matrix to obtain channel state information. The quantization unit provides the wireless channel information according to the channel state information.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to a wireless communication system, and particularly relates to a multiple input multiple output wireless communication system and a channel decomposition method thereof.
2. Related Art
Configuration of a wireless communication system can be single input single output (SISO) or multiple input multiple output (MIMO), where the MIMO system may apply a spatial multiplexing (SM) technique, such that the MIMO system can send different signals through different antenna sets, i.e., the MIMO system can generally provide a higher throughput.
However, when the spatial multiplexing technique is applied to transmit signals, the simultaneously transmitted signals are attenuated and interfered in a wireless channel, which influences a data transmission rate. Therefore, a precoding technique based on channel state information (CSI) is developed. However, it is a complicate operation to decompose the CSI from a channel matrix of the wireless channel, i.e., complexity of a hardware design of an operator is relatively high. Therefore, how to decrease the complexity for decomposing the channel matrix has become an important issue for developing the MIMO wireless communication system.

Multiple input multiple output wireless communication system and channel decomposition method thereof


A device for retrieving and securing golf tees and ball marks while providing several modes of motion of the secured ball mark employs a frame having paired magnets oppositely positioned within a circular securing surface, and resilient tubes for frictionally engaging tees.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the game of golf, and more particularly concerns a device for retrieving coin-shaped devices typically employed for marking the location of a golf ball, and for releasibly securing golf tees.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Devices for marking the location of a golf ball, generally referred to as "ball marks" are frequently emplaced and retrieved within a single game of golf. The ball marks are generally rigid circular discs bounded by opposed substantially flat surfaces, and having a diameter of about 25 mm and thickness of about 1.5 mm. They are generally fabricated of ferromagnetic material such as iron, and contain a protective coating which may include embossing, as in coinage. One or both surfaces generally contain decorative or informational indicia.
In order to minimize the annoyance of having to frequently deploy and retrieve a ball mark during a game, magnetic techniques have been disclosed whereby the ball mark can be attached to and released from a golf bag or article of clothing such as a cap. This requires the two-fold sequence of retrieving the ball mark by hand from the turf, and then storing it upon a securing substrate.
Most golfers still prefer to put the ball mark in their pant's pocket, and the pocket is often cluttered with other items. The retrieval of the ball mark from a pant's pocket is often challenging because of the small size of the ball mark and the sometimes tight-fitting pants usually preferred by women golfers.
A "fidgeting" hand manipulation has been known to sometimes relieve stress. This effect was made famous by the actor Humphrey Bogart in the classic film "The Caine Mutiny", where Bogart manipulated three steel balls in one hand. So, a ball mark securing device which permits a specialized or challenging movement via finger manipulation whether in or out of a golfer's pocket, could have special appeal to certain golfers.
The aforesaid indicia on the surfaces of the ball mark are generally intended to advertise products, organizations or institutions. Such feature of ball marks also cause them to be collectible items, especially when they may represent a significant golf tournament. Prior ball mark securing devices, especially those which cause the ball mark to magnetically attach to a substantially flat surface, prevent visual observation of both surfaces.
Golf tees are utilized to support a golf ball above the turf. The tee, generally fabricated of wood or plastic, has a length between 2⅛ and 4 inches, extending between a pointed lower extremity and a broadened top extremity of cup-shaped configuration. Several such tees are needed in the course of a game, and their storage and retrieval presents certain challenges. If placed in the golfer's pocket, the pointed extremity will damage the fabric of the pocket, and could cause retrieval difficulties by engaging said fabric upon upward lifting. Furthermore, loose tees can painfully jab the golfer's fingers.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a device for securing ball marks and tees, and specially suited for accommodation within a golfer's pants pocket.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a device of the aforesaid nature which can secure a ball mark in a manner to enable both surfaces of the ball mark to be seen.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a device of the aforesaid nature which, when confined within a golfer's pants pocket, will automatically attract and secure a ball mark entered into said pocket.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide a device of the aforesaid nature which enables a ball mark retained thereby to be manipulated in a challenging manner by the golfer's hand.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide means which facilitate the insertion and removal of said device into and out of the golfer's pocket.
These objects and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description.

Device for securing golf tees and ball marks


A lighting assembly has a grid (5) arranged to be adjustable at a light outlet of a housing (1). In one embodiment, there is a plurality of grids (4, 5, 6), preferably arranged one behind the other in a direction of light rays, which are movable relative to one another. When the position of a grid (5) of such a lamp assembly is adjusted, a light emission angle of the lighting assembly is adjusted. When, in a preferred embodiment, slats of the grids are arranged in true alignment to one another, a light emission angle is relatively small. By adjusting the grids, for example by one half step adjustments relative to one another, the light emissions angle is enlarged accordingly. Thus, a directional effect can be achieved without a focussing effect, even with the use of fluorescent tubes.

Light sources for film and television lighting come in several different categories.
Open-face lamp assemblies are characterized by having light sources and reflectors. If a distance between such a light source and a reflector can be varied, the light therefrom can be focussed. Open-face lamp assemblies are not always really "open", often light outlet openings thereof are covered by light-transmissive shields. In some instances, light-diffusing foils are mounted at varying distances for increasing an illumination, radiation, or reflecting, angle and enlarging an illuminated area.
Directly-radiating open-face lamp assemblies usually do not produce good quality light. Blinds, or shutters, used with such lamp assemblies often cause double shadows, a focus area thereof is small and light quality thereof does not necessarily meet high standards. Directly lighting an object with open-face lamp assemblies creates hard shadows.
Indirectly-radiating open-face lamp assemblies, which include lighting pans, or bowls, have light sources which do not emit light directly towards objects. Light is emitted towards reflectors which, in turn, reflect it towards the objects. Thus, illuminated areas are enlarged and shadows become softer. Such lamp assemblies cannot be focussed.
A projecting lamp assembly normally comprises a light source and a reflector which can be moved together. A lens (almost always a step lens) is immovably mounted. Such lamp assemblies can be focussed. Their light is of better quality than that of open-face lamp assemblies. Blinds, gates, or shutters, do not cause double shadows typical for some open-face lamp assemblies.
All lamp assemblies which emit light directly (that is, without light diffusers) cast hard shadows; particularly in small rooms the use of several such lamp assemblies causes multiple shadows (the calling card of a bad cameraman).
An attempt to enlarge an illuminated, or reflecting, area by mounting diffusing material in a frame in front of such a lamp assembly results in loss of control by the lamp assembly itself of the illumination, or radiation, angle, because this is then determined by the diffusing materials. Thus, portions of the object are often lighted which actually should not be lighted. Therefore, black shutters are mounted on upper, left, right and bottom sides in front of such a diffuser frame for again limiting the radiation angles of the light. Such an arrangement (for a single light source) works only with a stand for the lamp assembly, another for the diffuser frame and four more for the black shutters, or blinds. This might possibly work in a studio, but at original film sites where, nowadays, many television series are filmed, this takes up a lot of space, is cumbersome and requires too much time. Therefore, it would be beneficial for many lighting arrangements if an illuminated area could be enlarged without enormous construction and multiple stands (thus saving space), while, at the same time, control of the illumination angle is maintained.
It is important to be able to control the illumination angle when working with "spotlights", that is, light that falls onto an object from the direction of the camera. Controlling the illumination angle is important, because in this manner one can prevent portions of the set which are not to be illuminated from this direction from being illuminated (thus allowing also for control of shadows). Even more important is the ability to control a light outlet when light is used behind an actor (as a highlight, such as side lighting coming from behind and the side). This direction of light is particularly important for a one-eyed film and television camera for "setting off.revreaction., or distinguishing, an actor from his background. When using such light sources, of course, no light should fall directly onto the camera, thus, limiting the outlet angle is particularly important. When using conventional lamp assemblies (open-face projecting lamp assemblies or step-lens projecting lamp assemblies) for this purpose, light outlets are easily controllable by blinds mounted on the lamp assembly, possibly also by viewing hoods. However, the reflecting area remains small and the shadows are hard.
Many television series today are filmed on site with main light sources of a room being used as well. These may be fluorescent tubes on office ceilings or large window areas. Particularly in such rooms, it is not desirable to use lamp assemblies with small illuminated areas, because with such lighting arrangements hard shadows appear to be unnatural. Nevertheless, the light must be structured, or controlled.
In the near future, light sources with fluorescent tubes will substantially gain in significance for such lighting arrangements.
To date, all light sources with fluorescent tubes have been large and cumbersome. In addition, their light intensities have not been high enough to allow for noticeable lighting effects at greater distances.
New technologies concerning fluorescent tubes, such as folded coupled tubes, now allow, in connection with high-frequency operation of these tubes, one to fabricate smaller lamp assemblies with fluorescent tubes and to increase their light output so as to cover greater distances.
At the same time, light sensitivity of video cameras and films has increased. All of these factors allow one to work with substantially less light than before. All of these factors favor the use of lamp assemblies with fluorescent tubes.
Since fluorescent tubes use substantially less energy than other light sources, sufficient lighting can be provided in rooms with regular power outlets without requiring special electrical provisions. In addition, light of fluorescent tubes is cooler (more lumen per Watt).
Lamp assemblies having fluorescent tubes cannot be focussed. In this regard, optical provisions cannot be used for directing their light, because light sources thereof are not pin-pointed. Reflectors can increase light efficiency, but they cannot have a significant effect because of the given, very wide illumination angles of these lamp assemblies. Grids are sometimes mounted at the fronts of these lamp assemblies to somewhat influence the direction of the light from their light sources. Many office lamp assemblies have such light grids. In offices working with monitor screens, the grids are mounted relatively low and slats of the grids are spaced closer together to decrease an illumination angle. Such a grid is mounted higher with slats thereof being spaced wider apart for enlarging the illumination, or reflecting, angle.
It is an object of this invention to provide a lighting assembly which allows alteration of an illumination angle in an uncomplicated manner, even when fluorescent tubes are used.


Electronic circuit breakers and systems for isolating a load from a power-supply unit are provided. One electronic circuit breaker includes a current sensor, a switching element coupled to the current sensor, and a switch controller coupled to the current sensor and the switching element. The switch controller is powered by the power-supply unit and is configured to switch OFF the switching element when the current sensor detects an amount of current from the power-supply unit greater than a predetermined amount. An electronic system includes a power-supply unit, a load, and the above-referenced electronic circuit breaker coupled to the power-supply unit and the load.

Over-current protection is an important safety feature in commercial electrical applications. In high-reliability applications (e.g., aerospace applications), fuses or mechanical circuit breakers are generally used for over-current fault isolation; however, both fuses and mechanical circuit breakers have respective shortcomings. For example, the nature of a fuse is such that fuses present a reliability risk during operation since they may be OFF at start-up and need to be replaced after the fuse is blown. Similarly, the nature of mechanical circuit breakers makes mechanical circuit breakers subject to vibration, and must be physically reset when tripped.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide electronic circuit breaker apparatus and systems that are powered ON at start-up and can be electrically reset when tripped. It is further desirable to provide electronic circuit breaker apparatus and systems for use in high voltage and/or high-current applications. In addition, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.

Electronic circuit breaker apparatus and systems


A screen with an improved luminance uniformity is provided. A diffusion film that is disposed at the front surface of the screen is attached to a Fresnel lens with an adhesive. The Fresnel lens is attached to a reflective layer that is deposited on a base film with an adhesive that has a refractive index lower than that of the Fresnel lens and as low as possible.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a screen with an improved luminance uniformity.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, overhead projectors and front projectors have widely been used for presentations in meetings and conferences. Liquid crystal video projectors and moving-image projectors are also becoming widespread for household use. These projectors project light on a screen by modulating light from a light source via, for example, a transmissive liquid crystal panel to form a light image and emitting the light image through an optical system, such as lenses.
For example, a projector that forms color images on a screen includes an illuminating optical system that separates light from a light source into red (R), green (G), and blue (B) and then converges them on a predetermined optical path; a liquid crystal panel that modulates each red, green, and blue flux separated by the illuminating optical system (light valve); and a unit for combining the red, green, and blue fluxes modulated by the liquid crystal panel, a color image combined by the unit being magnified and projected on the screen through a projector lens.
Recently, a projector with a narrow-band RGB light source in which RGB fluxes are spatially modulated by a grating light valve (GLV) in place of a liquid crystal panel has been developed.
Screens that display images from these projectors typically include light diffusion layers that scatter light onto the screens to achieve an excellent viewed image. The light diffusion layers have uniform diffusion properties over the screens and a luminance distribution of bilateral symmetry with the maximum at a scattering angle of 0° for light at an incident angle of 0°, as shown in FIG. 4. Diffusion properties of the diffusion layers are usually represented by the angle of the full width half maximum (FWHM) or the half width half maximum (HWHM) of the maximum luminance, as shown in FIG. 4.
When screen gain is increased, such uniform diffusion properties over the screen cause a large difference in luminance between the center and the periphery of the screen with a bright image in the center and a dark image at the periphery. This is because projected light has an incident angle larger than 0° at the periphery, and is largely reflected away from the viewer.
To overcome such luminance difference on the screen, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 10-142699 discloses a screen that includes a reflective layer having gradually increasing surface roughness from the center to the periphery. The diffusibility of light reflected from the screen gradually increases from the center to the periphery.
Furthermore, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-162710 discloses a screen that includes a group of mirrors coupled orthogonally with each other and achieves a uniform luminance distribution by adjustment of the tilt angle of each coupled mirror.
Although the screen that includes the reflective layer with controlled surface roughness has an improved luminance distribution, a reflected-light component having the highest luminance at the periphery of the screen is still directed away from the viewer and many reflected-light components do not contribute to the viewed image. Thus this screen uses projected light inefficiently and it is difficult to improve the overall luminance of the screen.
On the other hand, the screen that includes the coupled mirrors can have a horizontally uniform luminance distribution, but cannot have a vertically uniform luminance distribution because of its structure.


A pulse shaping filter for the .pi./4-shift QPSK modulator employed in IS-54 and JDC. The pulse shaping filter includes symbol determining circuits of the I-channel and the Q-channel, demultiplexers for inverse multiplexing each of the input signal value from the symbol determining circuits, a plurality of shift registers for shifting data from each of the demultiplexers according to odd and even symbol clock, a multiplexer for multiplexing each data from the shift registers to produce the corresponding address values, a plurality of ROM tables for storing the multiplexed address value, and a multiplexing and adding unit for multiplexing the address value stored in the ROM tables and adding the resulting multiplexed value.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a pulse shaping filter for .pi./4-shift QPSK(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulator. In particular, this invention relates to a digital shaping filter for reducing memory required by a pulse shaping filter for the .pi./4-shift QPSK modulator of the digital mobile communication systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is well-known that the .pi./4-shift QPSK modulation scheme is a scheme that has combined a conventional QPSK modulation scheme with an Offset QPSK (OQPSK) scheme, and it is mainly used in North America mobile communication system IS-54 and Japan digital cellular system JDC.
Since the conventional .pi./4-shit QPSK modulation scheme was realized with analog quadrature modulators, distortion and drift were incurred in signal phase, direct-current offset and gain, thus deteriorating the performance of the whole system.
In order to improve that problem, it has been proposed to realize the mobile communication system with digital integrated circuits.
Further, there has been an effort to reduce the cost, size and power consumption of mobile communication terminals in order to realize an economical mobile communication system.
In particular, such digital integrated circuits are suitable for miniaturizing the integrated circuit of a modulator and realizing more stable terminals.
It is assumed that an identical memory look up table scheme is used in all modulators described below.
When a conventional .pi./4-shift QPSK modulator shaping filter has employed a prescribed memory look up table scheme, the number of address bits is doubled, thereby requiring a large memory of 2.sup.2N *S words, where N is the number of shift register steps and S is the number of samples per symbol.
As above, a digital shaping filter used in the .pi./4-shift QPSK modulator of a prescribed memory look up table scheme requires 2 bits per symbol to represent a group of transmission signal points on the orthogonal coordinate system.
Therefore, when a shaping filter is realized by a prescribed memory look up table scheme, the memory required by the conventional .pi./4-shift QPSK modulator is .sub.2.sup.N times as large as that of a general QPSK modulator.
Considering the .pi./4-shift QPSK modulation scheme, every odd symbol requires 2 bits to represent a symbol, while every even symbol requires only one bit.
FIG. 1 shows the transmission signal points of .pi./4-shift QPSK modulation scheme.
As shown in FIG. 1, two bits are required to represent the amplitude values of the transmission signal points shown as `.sym.`, and the amplitude values of the transmission signal points shown as `` can be represented by one bit.
Such scheme is disclosed in a paper in IEICE TRANS. COMMUN. Vol. E77-B, July 1994, p. 921-p. 926, entitled "A New Fully-Digitalized .pi./4-Shift QPSK Modulator for Personal Communication Terminals" by SAKADA et al. In this scheme, when the number of shift register steps increases, a prescribed memory look up table method is used to reduce the volume of the required memory considerably. In this case, however, still a large memory is required.
Further, the scheme proposed by SAKADA et al. was so improved that it reduces the required memory 2.sup.3N/2 times that of the QPSK modulation scheme, but there is still a problem that the required memory is large for VLSI implementation.

Pulse shaping filter for .pi./4-shift QPSK modulator

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


An apparatus for the application of a test load apparatus 100 is disclosed. The apparatus consists of a body 101, having an upper and lower collar 101a, 101b and a spool 102 formed therebetween. A conductive load 202 is then wound about the spool 102 with one end of the conductive load 202 being coupled to a connector 203 such that a portion of the coiled conductor is retained within a central passage provided within the body 101.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to radio frequency communication systems. In particular although not exclusively the present invention relates to an apparatus for applying a load to a given point within a network for diagnostic purposes.
2. Discussion of the Background Art
Quality of Service (QOS) is of major importance to today's communication network providers. One of the major factors effecting QOS in most modern communication is interference. The two most appreciable forms of interference present in most communication systems result from Active and Passive intermodulation. In each case multiple transmitting frequencies combine in ways that cause interference to receiving equipment.
In the case of Active Intermodulation (AIM) interference the transmitter or receiver actively amplify interfering signals in the in the environment that cause harmful interference. Passive Intermodulation (PIM) interference is similar to active intermodulation interference except that it almost occurs exclusively in passive elements when two or more frequencies are simultaneously present. When signals F1 and F2 for example encounter a non-linear device they combine as follows, mF1±nF2, (m,n=1, 2, 3 . . . ) to produce interfering signals.
Presently it has been relatively difficult to test for PIM on-site. Historically the equipment required to perform the testing was rather large and cumbersome and not readily suited for in-field deployment and has been widely considered by most in the communications industry as being impractical. Typically such on-site PIM testing requires each junction, line and interconnect to be checked. Without a PIM tester on-site, this operation is extremely labour intensive, requiring a technician to physically check/remake each connection as installed, and as such is extremely costly.
To allow for on-site analysis of PIM interference along with other communication system parameters the applicant has devised a number of portable test units which are the subject of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/936,968 filed 8 Nov. 2007 and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/941,712 filed 10 Oct. 2007 the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
While the portable test apparatus developed by the applicant greatly reduce the time and cost involved indentifying sources of PIM interference in a communications system, a technician is still none the less required to attach a test load to a various points in order to obtain a reading for a given section of the network. Typically the test load are made from length of coiled electrical cable, such a load can be extremely bulky and unwieldy to use particularly in confined areas. In addition to this the use of different brands of cable to construct the desired load, means that the PIM tolerance for loads of similar resistance can vary greatly. This variance can affect the accuracy of the measurement of PIM interference within the system.
Accordingly the applicant has realised that there is a need for a standardised test load for the measurement of PIM interference within a communications system, which is relatively compact and easy to use.


This invention offers a signal-off detection circuit allowing arbitrary setting of an issuing time (response time) of a signal disconnection alarm without being affected by a time constant of a direct current feedback circuit giving an offset voltage to an amplifier for amplifying a data signal. Input data signals per a fixed time determined by a timer is counted by a counter, and a count value is compared with a predetermined set value in a comparator. A configuration is made such that a signal disconnection alarm may be issued by detecting a disconnection state of the data signal according to a comparison result. Thereby, an issuing time of a signal disconnection alarm can be set without being affected by a time constant of a direct current feedback circuit giving an offset voltage to an amplifier for amplifying a data signal of a preceding stage.

1. Field of the Present Invention
The present invention relates to a signal-off detection circuit and an optical receiving device using the detection circuit and, in particular, to improvement of a signal-off detection circuit used in optical receiving devices.
2. Description of the Prior Art
When data signals to an optical receiving device are disconnected, that is, in the case of a break in the optical fiber and in the case of a failure of OFA (Optical Fiber Amplifier) in a WDM (Wave Length Division Multiplex) scheme, a function detecting a transmission line failure and issuing an alarm (LOS: Loss Of Signal) is required for isolating a failure to a transmission line failure and a device failure. Thus, this function is prescribed as an essential function by ITU (International Telecommunication Union).
When this alarm is issued, the system checks the operating state of its opposite device and performs operations such as switching the transmission line to a standby system (such an operation control is performed by a network management system of each device). After that, when all abnormal conditions have been resolved, the network management system checks communication to and from the opposite device and switches back from the standby system to the current use system. In this way, the alarm signal basically acts as a trigger for carrying out automatic switching between the system and the opposite device, and thus reliable operation for issuing alarms is required.
Further, although an issuing time of a signal disconnection alarm is not particularly defined by ITU, the Bellcore standard requires alarm-issuing at 2.3 s to 100 s of a data signal-off. In this case, in consideration of the switching of a cross-connecting apparatus or the like and continuation of the same symbol, it is required that a signal disconnection alarm should not be issued within 2.3 s of a data signal-off.
In an example of a conventional signal-off detection circuit for issuing such a signal disconnection alarm, there is a configuration shown in FIG. 12A. Referring to FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B showing operating waveforms of the circuit of FIG. 12A, the configuration is as follows. An input data signal is converted from an optical signal to an electrical signal, which is amplified to a fixed amplitude by an amplifier 20. Then, waveforms of the input data signal in the lower side than a direct current offset voltage Vdc are folded back to the upper side in a full-wave rectifying circuit 30, thus providing a peak value of the data signal, and the peak value is detected in a peak value detecting circuit 31. If the detected peak value is equal to or less than a reference voltage of a comparator 32, a signal disconnection alarm is issued.
By the way, the direct current offset voltage Vdc added to the input of the amplifier 20 is generated by a direct current feedback circuit 21, wherein the offset voltage Vdc is assumed to be the direct current component of the output of the amplifier 20.
Also, another example of the signal-off detection circuit is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-91148, and its configuration is shown in FIG. 13 and examples of its operation wave forms are shown in FIG. 14. In FIG. 13, an interval generation circuit 1 generates a monitoring interval signal S2 from an input signal S1 and outputs it to a flip flop (D-type F F) 2A, and at the same time, outputs a signal S5 having the same period as the interval signal S2 to a flip flop (D-type F F) 3A.
In the flip flop 2A, based on the monitoring interval signal S2 input thereto, a signal pulse to-be-monitored S3 within the time between the monitoring interval signals is detected, and a detection signal S4 of the detection result is output to a judgement flip flop 3A. The judgement flip flop 3A is configured to examine the state of the detection signal S4 for each of the monitoring interval times and output a signal-off detection information S6.
In the signal-off detection circuit having such a configuration, the interval generation circuit 1 divides the input signal S1 to generate a monitoring interval signal S2 such as shown in a timing chart of FIG. 14, and then outputs the signal S2 to the flip flop 2A and, at the same time, outputs a judgement signal S5 having the same period as the interval signal S2 to the flip flop 3A.
In the flip flop 2A, due to the input of the monitoring interval signal S2, when the interval signal S2 is "L", initialization is performed in a unit of the interval. "H" is always input to the data terminal of the flip flop 2A. When at least one pulse of the signal to-be-monitored S3 is input within the interval time after the initialization, the flip flop 2A outputs the detection signal S4 of "H" showing normality of signals. On the other hand, when no signal to-be-monitored S3 is input within the interval time after the initialization, the flip flop 2A outputs the detection signal S4 of "L" showing a signal-off.
In the flip flop 3A, the detection signal S4 just before the initialization performed by the monitoring interval signal S2 is judged based on the judgement signal S5 input. Then, if normal, the signal-off detection information S6 of "H" is output, and if a signal-off is judged, the signal-off detection information S6 of "L" is output.
However, in the conventional configuration shown in FIG. 12A, the output voltage of the peak value detection circuit 31 after the signal-off converges on the offset voltage Vdc according to the time constant of the direct current feedback circuit 21, as shown in FIG. 12B. Therefore, the time of alarm-issuing depends on the time constant of the direct current feedback circuit 21. Generally, for the sake of the stability of control system, the time constant is required to be large, which is resulting in much time required from a signal-off to a signal disconnection alarm-issuing. For this reason, for a system in which the issuing time of a signal disconnection alarm is defined, design becomes difficult.
Also, in the conventional circuit configuration shown in FIG. 13, if only one pulse of the input signal S3 is input within one monitoring interval time, the flip flop 2A detects the one pulse and outputs the detection signal S4 of "H". Therefore, for a system requiring that when input signals present within this interval time are equal to or more than a certain defined number (a number more than 1), then data input is judged as being present, and when less than the number, data input is judged as being absent, the circuit of FIG. 13 can not be used.
That is, the conventional example of FIG. 13 uses a scheme in which if at least one input signal is present within the monitoring interval time, input signals is judged as being present and, otherwise, input signals is judged as being absent. Therefore, it is impossible to use the convention example of FIG. 13 for a signal-off detection circuit in an optical receiving device for receiving an optical signal. This reason is because an optical receiving device requires the fact that when the number of data signals present within a certain period is equal to or more than a defined value, data input is judged as being present, and if less than the value, data input is judged as being absent, as described above.
Also, because the configuration of the circuit of FIG. 13 judges an input signal as being present if only one pulse is input thereto, even in the case in which no input data but only noise is present within the monitoring interval time, the circuit of FIG. 13 judges that a data signal is present within the time. However, because an optical signal input to an optical receiving device includes a lot of noise components, there is a disadvantage that the circuit of FIG. 13 described above can not be used at all for a signal-off detection circuit of an optical receiving device in an optical transmission system for handling such an optical signal.

Signal-off detection circuit and optical receiving device using the same


Novel anti-cancer agents, including, but not limited to, antibodies, that bind to human frizzled receptors are provided. Novel epitopes within the human frizzled receptors which are suitable as targets for anti-cancer agents are also identified. Methods of using the agents or antibodies, such as methods of using the agents or antibodies to inhibit Wnt signaling and/or inhibit tumor growth are further provided.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the developed world, with over one million people diagnosed with cancer and 500,000 deaths per year in the United States alone. Overall it is estimated that more than 1 in 3 people will develop some form of cancer during their lifetime. There are more than 200 different types of cancer, four of which—breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate—account for over half of all new cases (Jemal et al., 2003, Cancer J. Clin. 53:5-26).
The Wnt signaling pathway has been identified as a potential target for cancer therapy. The Wnt signaling pathway is one of several critical regulators of embryonic pattern formation, post-embryonic tissue maintenance, and stem cell biology. More specifically, Wnt signaling plays an important role in the generation of cell polarity and cell fate specification including self-renewal by stem cell populations. Unregulated activation of the Wnt pathway is associated with numerous human cancers where it can alter the developmental fate of tumor cells to maintain them in an undifferentiated and proliferative state. Thus carcinogenesis can proceed by usurping homeostatic mechanisms controlling normal development and tissue repair by stem cells (reviewed in Reya & Clevers, 2005, Nature 434:843; Beachy et al., 2004, Nature 432:324).
The Wnt signaling pathway was first elucidated in the Drosophila developmental mutant wingless (wg) and from the murine proto-oncogene int-1, now Wnt1 (Nusse & Varmus, 1982, Cell 31:99-109; Van Ooyen & Nusse, 1984, Cell 39:233-40; Cabrera et al., 1987, Cell 50:659-63; Rijsewijk et al., 1987, Cell 50:649-57). Wnt genes encode secreted lipid-modified glycoproteins of which 19 have been identified in mammals. These secreted ligands activate a receptor complex consisting of a Frizzled (Fzd) receptor family member and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 5 or 6 (LPR5/6). The Fzd receptors are seven transmembrane domain proteins of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and contain a large extracellular N-terminal ligand binding domain with 10 conserved cysteines, known as a cysteine-rich domain (CRD) or Fri domain. There are ten human FZD receptors: FZD1-10. Different Fzd CRDs have different binding affinities for specific Wnts (Wu & Nusse, 2002, J. Biol. Chem. 277:41762-9), and Fzd receptors have been grouped into those that activate the canonical β-catenin pathway and those that activate non-canonical pathways described below (Miller et al., 1999, Oncogene 18:7860-72). To form the receptor complex that binds the FZD ligands, FZD receptors interact with LRP5/6, single pass transmembrane proteins with four extracellular EGF-like domains separated by six YWTD amino acid repeats (Johnson et al., 2004, J. Bone Mineral Res. 19:1749).
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway activated upon receptor binding is mediated by the cytoplasmic protein Dishevelled (Dsh) interacting directly with the Fzd receptor and results in the cytoplasmic stabilization and accumulation of β-catenin. In the absence of a Wnt signal, β-catenin is localized to a cytoplasmic destruction complex that includes the tumor suppressor proteins adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and Axin. These proteins function as critical scaffolds to allow glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β to bind and phosphorylate β-catenin, marking it for degradation via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Activation of Dsh results in phophorylation of GSK3β and the dissociation of the destruction complex. Accumulated cytoplasmic β-catenin is then transported into the nucleus where it interacts with the DNA-binding proteins of the Tcf/Lef family to activate transcription.
In addition to the canonical signaling pathway, Wnt ligands also activate β-catenin-independent pathways (Veeman et al., 2003, Dev. Cell 5:367-77). Non-canonical Wnt signaling has been implicated in numerous processes but most convincingly in gastrulation movements via a mechanism similar to the Drosophila planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Other potential mechanisms of non-canonical Wnt signaling include calcium flux, JNK, and both small and heterotrimeric G-proteins. Antagonism is often observed between the canonical and non-canonical pathways, and some evidence indicates that non-canonical signaling can suppress cancer formation (Olson & Gibo, 1998, Exp. Cell Res. 241:134; Topol et al., 2003, J. Cell Biol. 162:899-908). Thus, in certain contexts, Fzd receptors act as negative regulators of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. For example, FZD6 represses Wnt-3a-induced canonical signaling when co-expressed with FZD1 via the TAK1-NLK pathway (Golan et al., 2004, JBC 279:14879-88). Similarly, Fzd2 antagonized canonical Wnt signaling in the presence of Wnt-5a via the TAK1-NLK MAPK cascade (Ishitani et al., 2003, Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:131-9).
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway also plays a central role in the maintenance of stem cell populations in the small intestine and colon, and the inappropriate activation of this pathway plays a prominent role in colorectal cancers (Reya & Clevers, 2005, Nature 434:843). The absorptive epithelium of the intestines is arranged into villi and crypts. Stem cells reside in the crypts and slowly divide to produce rapidly proliferating cells that give rise to all the differentiated cell populations that move up out of the crypts to occupy the intestinal villi. The Wnt signaling cascade plays a dominant role in controlling cell fates along the crypt-villi axis and is essential for the maintenance of the stem cell population. Disruption of Wnt signaling either by genetic loss of Tcf7/2 by homologous recombination (Korinek et al., 1998, Nat. Genet. 19:379) or overexpression of Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), a potent secreted Wnt antagonist (Pinto et al., 2003, Genes Dev. 17:1709-13; Kuhnert et al., 2004, Proc. Nat'l. Acad Sci. 101:266-71), results in depletion of intestinal stem cell populations.
Colorectal cancer is most commonly initiated by activating mutations in the Wnt signaling cascade. Approximately 5-10% of all colorectal cancers are hereditary with one of the main forms being familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal dominant disease in which about 80% of affected individuals contain a germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Mutations have also been identified in other Wnt pathway components including Axin and β-catenin. Individual adenomas are clonal outgrowths of epithelial cell containing a second inactivated allele, and the large number of FAP adenomas inevitably results in the development of adenocarcinomas through addition mutations in oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes. Furthermore, activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, including gain-of-function mutations in APC and β-catenin, can induce hyperplastic development and tumor growth in mouse models (Oshima et al., 1997, Cancer Res. 57:1644-9; Harada et al., 1999, EMBO J. 18:5931-42).
A role for Wnt signaling in cancer was first uncovered with the identification of Wnt1 (originally int1) as an oncogene in mammary tumors transformed by the nearby insertion of a murine virus (Nusse & Varmus, 1982, Cell 31:99-109). Additional evidence for the role of Wnt signaling in breast cancer has since accumulated. For instance, transgenic overexpression of β-catenin in the mammary glands results in hyperplasias and adenocarcinomas (Imbert et al., 2001, J. Cell Biol. 153:555-68; Michaelson & Leder, 2001, Oncogene 20:5093-9) whereas loss of Wnt signaling disrupts normal mammary gland development (Tepera et al., 2003, J. Cell Sci. 116:1137-49; Hatsell et al., 2003, J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 8:145-58). More recently mammary stem cells have been shown to be activated by Wnt signaling (Liu et al., 2004, Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 101:4158). In human breast cancer, β-catenin accumulation implicates activated Wnt signaling in over 50% of carcinomas, and though specific mutations have not been identified, upregulation of Frizzled receptor expression has been observed (Brennan & Brown, 2004, J. Mammary Gland Neoplasia 9:119-31; Malovanovic et al., 2004, Int. J. Oncol. 25:1337-42).
FZD10, FZD8, FZD7, FZD4, and FZD5 are five of ten identified human Wnt receptors. Fzd10 is co-expressed with Wnt7b in the lungs, and cell transfection studies have demonstrated that the Fzd10/LRP5 co-receptor activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in response to Wnt7b (Wang et al., 2005, Mol. Cell Biol. 25:5022-30). FZD10 mRNA is upregulated in numerous cancer cell lines, including cervical, gastric, and glioblastoma cell lines, and in primary cancers including approximately 40% of primary gastric cancers, colon cancers, and synovial sarcomas (Saitoh et al., 2002, Int. J. Oncol. 20:117-20; Terasaki et al., 2002, Int. J. Mol. Med. 9:107-12; Nagayama et al., 2005, Oncogene 1-12). FZD8 is upregulated in several human cancer cell lines, primary gastric cancers, and renal carcinomas (Saitoh et al., 2001, Int. J. Oncol. 18:991-96; Kirikoshi et al., 2001, Int. J. Oncol. 19:111-5; Janssens et al., 2004, Tumor Biol. 25:161-71). FZD7 is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and is up-regulated in one out of six cases of human primary gastric cancer (Kirikoshi et al., 2001, Int. J. Oncol. 19:111-5). Expression of the FZD7 ectodomain by a colon cancer cell line induced morphological changes and decreased tumor growth in a xenograft model (Vincan et al., 2005, Differentiation 73:142-53). FZD5 plays an essential role in yolk sac and placental angiogenesis (Ishikawa et al., 2001, Dev. 128:25-33) and is upregulated in renal carcinomas in association with activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling (Janssens et al., 2004, Tumor Biology 25:161-71). FZD4 is highly expressed in intestinal crypt epithelial cells and is one of several factors that display differential expression in normal versus neoplastic tissue (Gregorieff et al., 2005, Gastroenterology 129:626-38). The identification of FZD receptors as markers of cancer stem cells thus makes these proteins ideal targets for cancer therapeutics.


A computer-implemented method and system of automatically detecting and removing extraneous material from a digital dental impression includes detecting one or more dental features in a digital dental impression, filtering the one or more dental features, digitally joining the one or more dental features, and determining one or more regions of interest from the joined one or more digital dental features.

Specialized dental laboratories typically use computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) milling systems to manufacture dental prostheses based on patient-specific instructions provided by dentists. In a typical work flow, the dental laboratories receive information about a patient's oral situation from a dentist. Using this information, the dental laboratory designs a dental prosthesis on the CAD system and manufactures the prosthesis on the CAM system with a mill or other fabrication system. To use the CAD/CAM system, a digital model of the patient's dentition is required as an input to the process. Several techniques may be used to produce a digital dental model. Traditional dental laboratories use a stone and plaster process to scan and digitize a physical dental impression into a digital dental model.
Although digitizing a physical dental impression can provide a digital dental model for a CAD/CAM system, digital dental impressions can contain extraneous data that is not useful for dental processing and can interfere with viewing useful information. This extraneous data can represent walls and other extra material, for example. The presence of walls and extra material in the digital dental impression can be problematic, for example, since it can obscure views of teeth and gums in the model from certain views/angles. This can limit the ability of a dental professional to view, diagnose, and/or manipulate the digital dental model. The presence of extraneous data can thus reduce the use of the digital dental model. Detection of and removal of the extraneous data from the digital dental impressions while preserving teeth and gum regions would be desirable. However, empirically detecting the boundary between teeth and gum regions and the extraneous material and removing the extraneous material from the digital dental model can be problematic.

James R. Glidewell Dental Ceramics, Inc.


A method for connecting a first and second component in a logic device is disclosed. A path is generated between the first and second components with an appropriate amount of delay to satisfy short-path timing constraints that define a minimum delay on the path. A first interconnect line from a plurality of interconnect lines and a second interconnect line to connect with the first interconnect line sub-optimally from a delay minimization perspective are selected in order to satisfy the short-path timing constraints.

Electronic designs may be large systems that include millions of gates and megabits of embedded memory. Of the tasks required in managing and optimizing electronic designs, synthesis, placement, and routing utilizing available resources can be among the most challenging and time consuming. The complexity of large systems often requires the use of electronic design automation (EDA) tools to manage and optimize designs. EDA tools perform the time-consuming tasks of synthesis, placement, and routing. Some EDA tools allow users to specify long-path timing constraints such as, for example, FMAX (maximum clocking frequency), TSU (setup time), and TCO (clock-to-output time), in order for designs to meet performance targets. Only recently have EDA tools taken into account short-path timing constraints.
Current FPGA architectures do not offer features specifically designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of short-path timing optimization in EDA tools. Consequently, it is difficult to add the right amount of delay to solve short-path timing constraints in the presence of other constraints of a system. For example, in order to add delay, wires are often wasted because routing patterns on an FPGA do not support a more efficient solution. In some instances, the appropriate delay within legal delay bounds may also not be achievable because the routing patterns on the FPGA may only support routes that have too little delay (causing a short-path timing violation) or too much delay (causing a long-path timing violation).
Thus, what is needed is a method and apparatus for facilitating the efficient and effective optimization of short-path timing constraints.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method and apparatus for facilitating effective and efficient optimization of short-path timing constraints


A seal assembly primarily for recreational vehicles that have an expandable room. The seal assembly seals the opening in a fixed wall of the vehicle through which the expandable room extends. The seal assembly includes a retainer that is attached to a fixed wall of the vehicles, the retainer holding a bulb-type seal properly in place. The retainer securely holds the bulb seal in place until it is compressed by the expandable room, and the retainer further functions to prevent the bulb seal from being crushed which could cause premature failure of the seal. The seal assembly also provides for relative movement in different directions between the meeting surfaces of the fixed room and moveable room. In this way, it acts as a low friction bearing surface while still maintaining a complete and positive seal at all times.

This invention relates generally to expandable rooms, and more particularly to room structures that are moveable between retracted and expanded positions. The invention particularly relates to vehicles such as recreational vehicles that are provided with one or more expandable room or room portions that are capable of moving from a retracted position to an expanded position to provide additional internal space. Typically, one portion of the room is nested within a portion of an existing room of the vehicle that remains fixed. Although similar structures can be used effectively in static structures, the description and disclosure focuses primarily on such rooms that are used in vehicles.
As is well known to those skilled in the art, when a recreational vehicle equipped with an expandable room is in motion, the room typically remains in a retracted position. This is necessary in order for the vehicle to move over the road and remain within vehicle width limitations. However, when the vehicle is stopped for a period of time, it is often desirable to increase the size of the internal accommodations, and in order to do so the user will cause the moveable portion of the room to move outwardly to an expanded position.
The prior art discloses various structures for moving the room from a retracted to an expanded position and returning the room to the retracted position where it is typically held in place. Because such rooms, especially those used in vehicles, are exposed to a variety of weather conditions, it is necessary to provide a proper, weather-tight seal between the moveable room structure and the fixed structure from which the room expands and retracts. These seals are subjected to considerable force and must seal against movement in both a horizontal and a vertical direction since there can be slight movement between the expandable room and the fixed structure even when the room is retracted and held in a retracted position. The expandable rooms are typically quite large and heavy and exert considerable force and can move vertically even when in the retracted position due to forces that occur when the vehicle is driven over the road. In addition, some of the mechanisms for moving the room from a retracted to an expanded position move the room downwardly as it is expanded so that the floor of the expanded room will be level with the floor of the fixed structure. This is commonly referred to as the 'level out' feature. As the expandable room is retracted or expanded, there is some vertical movement between the expandable room and the fixed structure of the vehicle as the moveable room engages the seals between the fixed structure and the moveable room structure.
It is therefore the principle object of the invention to provide an improved seal between the expandable room and the fixed structure under all anticipated conditions and forces that may be exerted between the structures.


A floppy module includes a floppy disk controller (FDC), a control circuit, and a display. The FDC has a first control terminal, a second control terminal, and a plurality of third control terminals. Wherein, the first control terminal and the second control terminal may respectively output a first control signal and a second control signal, and the first and second control signals having the same statuses are used for controlling a floppy disk. The display has a fourth control terminal and a plurality of data terminals respectively coupled to a portion of the third control terminals. Additionally, the control circuit may use the first control signal to replace the second control signal for controlling the floppy disk, and transmit the second control signal to the fourth control terminal such that a status information is shown on the display as the floppy disk being idle.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a floppy module, and more particularly, to the floppy module for showing a status of a computer.
2. Description of Related Art
Floppy disk is an earliest movable storage medium used in a personal computer. There are 3 types of floppy disks such as 8 inch, 5.25 inch, and 3.5 inch floppy disks. Wherein, a most commonly-used floppy disk is the 3.5 inch floppy disk with a capacity of 1.44 MBytes. The floppy disks are also divided into a hard-sectored and a soft-sectored.
With development of hardware manufacturing technology, a size of the floppy disk gets smaller with the capacity increased gradually. However, since a read/write head is required to touch the floppy disk when reading data from or writing data into the floppy disk, after a multiple times of reading and writing, data on the floppy disk is easily damaged due to wear out on the floppy disk. In addition, the floppy disk is easily influenced by external environmental factors such as heat and humidity, thereby impacting upon lifetime of the floppy disk, therefore a perseverance of data is very limited. Meanwhile, the floppy disk cannot satisfy data access of large amount and high speed. To sum up reasons mentioned previously, the floppy disk is gradually discarded and replaced by optical storage media or flash memory.
Currently, on a computer, there is a trend of gradually reducing allocating the floppy drive from two to one and even not allocating the floppy drive as standard equipment. Even so, in a system of the computer, there are still reserved control signals and mechanisms for controlling the floppy disk. However, with a low usage rate of the floppy disk, these signals are also idle without addition applications and resulting in a waste.

Computer having function for displaying status of operation and floppy module


A vehicle seat assembly includes a seat back shell having upper and lower ends, and a bracket mounted to the seat back shell having a slot formed therethrough. A flexible plate is positioned adjacent the seat back shell and slidable within the slot. A cushion is positioned adjacent the S-shaped flexible plate. At least one inflatable lumbar bladder is positioned between the shell and the flexible plate between the bracket and the lower end. At least one inflatable thoracic adjustment bladder is positioned between the shell and the flexible plate between the bracket and the upper end. The contour of the seat assembly is adjustable by inflating and deflating the lumbar and thoracic bladders. A head restraint system includes a damper mechanism positioned between the upper end of the shell and the head restraint for energy management in a high energy impact.

In a high energy impact, large impact forces may be delivered to the occupant by the seat in a rearward impact. As the occupant is forced against the seat, a large energy pulse may be experienced.
A particular safety problem may arise if the occupant has not properly adjusted the head restraint system or if the seat back does not closely, evenly and firmly support the entire spine during the impact. Undesirable spacing between the occupant and the seat back and head restraint may allow the occupant to be propelled against the seat.
No known seat assembly exists which provides close and firm support of the entire spine for the occupant, provides an adjustable seat back contour, and also manages energy in the head restraint in a high energy impact. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide such a vehicle seat assembly with an adjustable contour to closely fit against the spine of the occupant while including an adjustable head restraint system with energy management capability.

Seat assembly with pneumatically adjustable contour and energy absorption


A new Diascia plant particularly distinguished by medium-sized rose pink flowers with reddish markings, medium-green foliage with narrow leaves, and a medium-sized semi-upright, tight, and well-branched plant habit is disclosed.

The present invention comprises a new and distinct cultivar of Diascia, botanically known as Diascia barberae, and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name 'Dala Rossa'. The new cultivar originated from a hybridization made in 2002 in Andijk, The Netherlands. The female parent is a proprietary Diascia plant designated 'DSY-3-1' (unpatented), having pink flowers and the male parent is a proprietary Diascia plant designated 'DSY-18-1' (unpatented), having a deep rose flower color. The seeds produced by the hybridization were sown in November 2002, and the resulting seedlings were selected in February 2003. A single plant selection was chosen for further evaluation and for asexual propagation in the summer of 2003.
The new cultivar was created in 2002 in Andijk, The Netherlands and has been asexually reproduced repeatedly by vegetative cuttings and tissue culture micropropagation in Andijk, The Netherlands over a two-year period. The plant has also been trialed at Gilroy, Calif., and Andijk, The Netherlands. The present invention has been found to retain its distinctive characteristics through successive asexual propagations.
Plant Breeder's Rights for this cultivar were applied for in Europe on Jan. 24, 2005 and in Canada on Mar. 31, 2005.


Disclosed is a device for reducing deterioration of image quality which can get rid of speckle by equalizing a laser from a light source on a screen by vibrating a reflective mirror installed between the light source and the screen at a predetermined amplitude. The device for reducing deterioration of image quality in a display system using a laser as a light source includes: a reflective mirror formed at the path of light positioned between the light source and a screen, for reflecting the laser; and a driving unit connected to the reflective mirror and vibrating the reflective mirror at a predetermined amplitude by using an electromagnetic force.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to, and more particularly, to a device for reducing deterioration of image quality resulted from speckle displayed on a display or rough outlines in a display system using laser light sources.
2. Description of the Background Art
In general, a laser has monochromaticity and directivity. By using such characteristics, the laser has been used in variety of fields such as optical communication, high-precision instrumentation, display or the like. As for a display system among them, a projection display method using laser light sources has been actively studied.
However, in case that an image is displayed by projecting a laser beam onto a screen or media equivalent to the screen, speckle noise formed by scattering or interference is generated.
Speckle noise is a phenomenon where the local brightness is generated on the screen at random. Since such speckle noise reduces image quality remarkably, reduction of speckle noise has arisen as the important task.
A device for reducing speckle for improving image quality should reduce speckle, operate with low power consumption. In addition, the device should be manufactured at the low unit price by not making a system excessively complicated, and be easy-to-assemble because of a small number of components.
Moreover, the device should allow its easy miniaturization, provide rapid responsiveness and secure reliability of its operation.

Device for reducing deterioration of image quality in display using laser