A messaging system, including at least one server configured to receive a message from a originating device for delivery to at least one recipient device via a first delivery channel; wherein the at least one server is further configured to select an alternate delivery channel in the event that delivery of the message via the first delivery channel cannot be effected. There is also a method for routing messages including the steps of receiving, at a server, a message from an originating device for delivery to at least one recipient device; forwarding the message to the at least one recipient device via a first delivery channel; awaiting receipt of an acknowledgement message from said at least one recipient device, and in the event that no acknowledgment message is received, the server resending the message to said at least one recipient device via an alternate delivery channel.

The most prolific form of messaging employed in mobile communication systems is the Short Message Service (SMS). Typically Messages are sent from the originating device to a Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) which provides a store-and-forward mechanism. Transmission of short messages between the SMSC and the handset is done using the Mobile Application Part (MAP) of the SS7 protocol. Messages are sent with the MAP mo- and mt-ForwardSM operations, whose payload length is limited by the constraints of the signalling protocol to precisely 140 octets (140 octets=140*8 bits=1120 bits). Short messages can be encoded using a variety of alphabets: the default GSM 7-bit alphabet (shown below), the 8-bit data alphabet, and the 16-bit UTF-16/UCS-2 alphabet.
Depending on which alphabet the subscriber has configured in the handset, this leads to the maximum individual Short Message sizes of 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters (including spaces). Support of the GSM 7-bit alphabet is mandatory for GSM handsets and network elements, [15] but characters in languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese or Cyrillic alphabet languages (e.g. Russian) must be encoded using the 16-bit UCS-2 character encoding (Unicode). Routing data and other metadata is additional to the payload size.
If a recipient is not reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry. Some SMSCs also provide a "forward and forget" option where transmission is tried only once. Accordingly message delivery is best effort, so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient and delay or complete loss of a message is not uncommon, particularly when sending between networks.
In recent years additional message services such as instant message and email have migrated to the mobile environment. In the standard desktop environment Instant Messaging (IM) provided real-time text-based or near real-time communication between two or more participants over a network. Thus the key distinction between IM from such services as email is the perceived synchronicity of the communication between users, messaging is done in real or near real-time. Instant messages are typically logged in a local message history which closes the gap to the persistent nature of emails and facilitates quick exchange of information like URLs or document snippets (which can be unwieldy when communicated via telephone). IM allows effective and efficient communication, featuring immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply.
Mobile Instant Messaging (MIM) differs slightly to that of standard desktop IM application. MIM is a presence enabled messaging service which attempts to transpose the desktop messaging experience to the usage scenario of being on the move. While several of the core ideas of the desktop experience on one hand apply to a connected mobile device, others do not. For example some of the form factor and mobility related differences need to be taken into account in order to create a really adequate, powerful and yet convenient mobile experience such as bandwidth, memory size, availability of media formats, keypad based input, screen output, CPU performance and battery power are core issues that desktop device users and even nomadic users with connected network.
As mentioned above as mobile data networks can be unreliable and messages may go missing (message delivery being best effort). Existing mobile Instant Messaging (IM) "gateway" products treat IM messages as "casual chat". As such there is no guarantee that the message will be delivered to the intended recipient as MIM do not see the loss of a message as being of consequence. As such the current implementations of MIM are not readily suited to a business environment or other applications where the delivery of information is critical.
As discussed above most existing messaging systems (e.g. SMS) offer limited storage capacity. In the case of SMS a local PC backup/archive may be required to provide any sort of message backup capability and then the process is manual in nature. A user wishing to save messages must perform this manual process prior to deleting messages on their mobile device to free up space for new messages.
Accordingly there is a need to provide a reliable messaging solution that will be accepted by a casual as well as a business or critical user. It would also be advantageous to provide a facility to enable users to backup messages sent and received for later review.


A cooling system and method for a wind power generator and a wind power generator set. The cooling system for a wind power generator includes air extraction pipelines and air discharge devices. The air extraction pipelines are located inside a generator case. A pipeline inlet in communication with a generator, a first pipeline outlet in communication with the outside of the generator case, and a second pipeline outlet in communication with the inside of the generator case are arranged on the air extraction pipelines, and the first and second pipeline outlets are provided with air doors.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of a wind turbine generator system in the conventional technology. As shown in FIG. 1, the wind turbine generator system includes a nacelle 11, a generator 12, a cooling device 13, an air extraction pipe 14, a base 15, a tower 16, a hub 17 and a blade 18. The cooling device 13, the air extraction pipe 14 and the base 15 are arranged in the nacelle 11. The nacelle 11 is arranged on the tower 16 via the base 15, and the tower 16 is used to support the nacelle 11. The blade 18 is connected to the generator 12 via the hub 17, and the blade 18 rotates to drive a rotor shaft of the generator 12 to rotate to produce electricity. The generator 12 is a major energy conversion component of the wind turbine generator system, but also a major heat generating component, that is, the generator 12 generates heat during operation. To ensure the normal operation of the generator 12, a cooling system is required to cool the generator 12. As shown in FIG. 1, the cooling device 13 and the air extraction pipe 14 are used to cool the generator 12. The air extraction pipe 14 has one end connected to the generator 12 and another end connected to the cooling device 13, and the air extraction pipe 14 is used to extract hot air generated by the generator 12 during operation and convey the hot air into the cooling device 13. The hot air is cooled by external air flow flowing in a cooling air flow passage 19 arranged in the cooling device 13, and the cooling device 13 conveys the obtained cold air back to the generator 12 to cool the generator 12. The conventional cooling system for a wind turbine generator system is an air-air heat exchange system.
When the wind turbine generator system is in a high-temperature environment, a temperature difference between the ambient temperature and the generator temperature is small, which leads to a poor cooling effect of the external air flow in the cooling air flow passage on the hot air generated by the generator, thereby reducing the cooling efficiency of the generator.
When the wind turbine generator system is in a low-temperature environment, the temperature difference between the ambient temperature and the generator temperature is large, thus the system for cooling the wind turbine generator system may stop, and the hot air generated by the generator may dissipate into the environment due to the large temperature difference, thereby cooling the generator. In this case, if the wind turbine generator system stops, the temperature in the nacelle will be close to the ambient temperature, and before restarting the wind turbine generator system, the temperature in the nacelle needs to be raised to the normal operating temperature for various parts and components and electrical elements. Generally, to make the temperature in the nacelle reach the operating temperature for various components, multiple independent heating devices need to be provided for parts and components of the wind turbine generator system, which will increase the cost and energy consumption.

Cooling system and method for wind power generator and wind power generator set

Beijing Goldwind Science & Creation Windpower Equipment Co., Ltd.


A system for acquiring logging data comprises a controller for causing the generation of a signal in a formation surrounding a wellbore. The controller has a first clock for time-stamping a record of the generated signal. A receiver is deployed in the wellbore and is adapted for detecting the signal. A second clock comprises a double-oven surrounding a crystal oscillator. A controller is operatively coupled to the double-oven to maintain the crystal oscillator temperature substantially at the crystal oscillator turnover temperature. The second clock is synchronized with the first clock before deployment in the wellbore, and the receiver references the second clock in order to record a time-stamp associated with the detected signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to the field of geophysical exploration and more specifically to apparatus and methods of using a seismic receiver in a drill string in a wellbore to acquire seismic data while tripping the drill string from the wellbore.
2. Description of the Related Art
In drilling a borehole to recover oil from the earth, it is often helpful to turn or steer the downhole drill bit toward or away from subterranean targets. To facilitate this geophysical steering, drillers need to know drill bit location on the seismic section. The location of targets ahead of the bit is also required, as well as some warning or indication of drilling hazards such as over-pressured formations or thin, shallow gas intervals. Surface seismic surveys generally include this information, but resolution and depth location is poor because surface seismic surveys are time based (rather than depth based). For example, to determine the depth of a reflection, a speed of sound for the formation must be known. Consequently, these systems require depth calibration to accurately determine locations of target horizons or drilling hazards. Traditionally, this calibration has been provided by either offset well sonic data or wireline checkshot data in the current well. Offset data is often inadequate however due to horizontal variations in stratigraphy between wells.
During surface seismic surveys, a plurality of seismic sources and seismic receivers are placed on the surface of the earth. The seismic sources are triggered in a predetermined sequence, resulting in the generation of seismic waves. These seismic waves travel downward through the earth until reflected off some underground object or change in rock formation. The reflected seismic waves then travel upward and are detected at the seismic receivers on the surface. One or more clocks at the surface measure the time from generation of the seismic waves at each source to the reception of the seismic waves at each receiver. This gives an indication of the depth of the detected object underground. However, the exact speed of sound for these seismic waves is unknown, and thus, the exact depth of the detected object is also unknown. To more closely measure the exact speed of sound, a "wireline checkshot" may be used to calibrate depth measurements. During a "wireline checkshot," a receiver on a "wireline" is lowered a known distance into an already-drilled borehole. A surface seismic source is then triggered and the time is measured for the seismic wave to travel to the wireline receiver. Because the depth of the wireline receiver is known, an average interval velocity indicating the average speed of the seismic wave can be determined with some degree of accuracy. Wireline checkshots, however, require removing the bit out of the hole, commonly known as tripping, and are often prohibitively expensive.
Systems and tools are known in the art for detecting and storing seismic signals downhole for retrieval and processing on the surface. U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,220 to Minto, assigned to the assignee of this application and incorporated herein by reference, describes a seismic receiver deployed to the bottom of a drill string on a slick line for taking seismic survey data. Seismic data is received and stored and the receiver is retrieved to the surface. A clock in a surface controller is synchronized with a clock in the deployed receiver. The source data is time-stamped using the surface clock. The received data is time-stamped using the downhole clock. The accuracy of the resulting seismic profile is dependent upon the accurate synchronization of the clocks. The downhole clock, in particular, is susceptible to drift caused by substantial changes in temperature found in the downhole environment.
Typical deployment times of such tools is 12-48 hours. This fact translates into a need for clock stability better than 1×10−8 over the deployment time. Common downhole clocks that use piezoelectric crystal oscillators tend to drift with temperature and age, and rarely exceed a stability of 1×10−7. Such clocks commonly use a single oven to control the oscillator temperature. As such, the downhole clock drifts out of synchronization with the surface clock, causing unacceptable degradation of the output seismic profile data.
There is a demonstrated need for an improved clock that is resistant to operationally-induced error and drift for use in downhole systems including downhole seismic systems.

Apparatus and methods for acquiring seismic data while tripping


A transmitter for a quantum communication system, comprising:                a photon source unit comprising a photon source;        a first intensity modulator, configured to receive an input light pulse from the photon source unit, the first intensity modulator comprising:                    a first element, configured to split the input light pulse into two components;            a phase modulator, configured to apply a phase shift between the two components; and            a second element, configured to interfere the two components;            wherein at least one of the first element and the second element is asymmetric.

In a quantum communication system, information is sent between a transmitter and a receiver by encoded single quanta, such as single photons. Each photon carries one bit of information encoded upon a property of the photon, such as its polarization, phase or energy/time. The photon may carry more than one bit of information, for example, by using properties such as angular momentum.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technique which results in the sharing of cryptographic keys between parties: for example between a transmitter (often referred to as "Alice") and a receiver (often referred to as "Bob"), or between two transmitters (in a measurement device independent QKD protocol for example). The technique provides a test of whether any part of the key can be known to an unauthorised eavesdropper, often referred to as "Eve". In many forms of quantum key distribution, two or more non-orthogonal bases are used to encode the bit values. The laws of quantum mechanics dictate that measurement of the photons by Eve without prior knowledge of the encoding basis of each causes an unavoidable change to the state of some of the photons. These changes to the states of the photons will cause errors in the bit values. By comparing a part of their common bit string, the parties can thus determine if Eve has gained information.
Various protocols can be used for QKD. Many protocols, for example those based on decoy states, use multiple intensity levels. There is a continuing need to improve the security and stability of such systems.

Transmitter for a quantum communication system, a quantum communication system and a method of generating intensity modulated photon pulses


Chewing gum formulations including sodium bicabornate and encapsulated aspartame are disclosed. Methods of manufacturing chewing gum are also disclosed.

The present invention generally relates to chewing gum. More specifically, the present invention relates to chewing gums including aspartame.
It is of course known to prepare chewing gum including a variety of different ingredients. Some of these ingredients are used to add a flavor or sweetness to the chewing gum. One of the difficulties encountered in adding certain ingredients to chewing gum is that they are vulnerable to degradation.
One of the ingredients that has been recently added to chewing gum formulations are high intensity sweeteners. One such high intensity sweetener is aspartame. Aspartame is a sweetener that has been approved for use in food products including chewing gum in the United States and many different countries. One of the difficulties in using aspartame in chewing gum is that it is vulnerable to degradation; upon exposure to moisture, aspartame will degrade.
Another ingredient that has been used in chewing gum products is sodium bicarbonate or baking soda. Sodium bicarbonate provides chewing gum with dental health benefits. These benefits include possible tooth whitening.
Generally, sodium bicarbonate containing chewing gums are sugarless. Thus, these gums may desirably include aspartame. However, when chewing gum including sodium bicarbonate is provided due to its higher pH, the aspartame becomes less stable in the product. Indeed, the greater amount of sodium bicarbonate used in the formula, the lower the stability of the aspartame in the formula. This results in a chewing gum product wherein the aspartame degrades. Thus, although desirable, such chewing gum products including sodium bicarbonate and aspartame are very problematic.

Chewing gum product including encapsulated aspartame and sodium bicarbonate and process of preparing


A motor rotor has a rotor yoke having a polygonal column structure, a plurality of magnet fixing sections formed on the lateral surface of the rotor yoke, segment magnets respectively fixed to the magnet fixing sections and extending in the axial direction of the rotor yoke, and projections provided on the rotor yoke and protruding outward from the rotor yoke, the projections being provided at each boundary section located between each of the adjacent magnet fixing sections and being provided in pairs in the axial direction of the rotor yoke.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a motor rotor which has segment magnets extending in the axial direction of a rotor yoke and respectively fixed to a plurality of magnet fixing sections formed on the lateral surface of the rotor yoke, and an electric power steering apparatus provided with a motor having the rotor as a motive power source.
2. Description of the Related Art
This type of rotor has a structure in which a plurality of grooves extending in the axial direction of a rotor yoke are formed on the lateral surface thereof, and segment magnets are fixed in each groove by being received therein. The segment magnets are sandwiched in the width direction by projections formed between adjacent grooves, and movement of the segment magnets in the width direction is restricted (see Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2006-271057 (JP-A-2006-271057)).
However, as shown in the magnetic flux distribution diagram of FIG. 9, when a projection 2 is provided between segment magnets 1,1, although magnetic flux should inherently pass between the segment magnets 1 and the stator core 3 of the motor, magnetic flux extends in the form of a loop between the segment magnet 1 and the projection 2, resulting in the occurrence of so-called "magnetic leakage". For example, the magnetic leakage is occurring on the right end of the segment magnets 1 in FIG. 9. In a rotor as described above, since projections are formed continuously extending between both ends of the rotor yoke in the axial direction, leakage of magnetism to the projections occurs over the entire axial direction of the rotor yoke, thereby resulting in the problem of exacerbation of motor characteristics. In addition, in an electric power steering apparatus assisted by a motor, it is necessary to improve motor characteristics since exacerbation of motor characteristics is transmitted to the hands and a driver feels poor steering feel.

Motor rotor and electric power steering apparatus


A structure is provided for supporting and spacing rolls of web material. The structure includes an elongated member with first and second opposed surfaces. The first surface has a plurality of spaced, semi-cylindrical indentations therein for receiving the rolls of webbed material. A recess is located in each side portion of each semi-cylindrical indentation so as to form corresponding convex protrusions on the second, opposed surfaces. Bridging is placed along the second surface between the convex protrusion formed by a recess and a first semi-cylindrical indentation and the convex protrusion formed by the recess in a second, adjacent semi-cylindrical indentation.

This invention relates to packaging elements, and in particular, to a structure for supporting and spacing rolls of web material during shipment and storage.
Web materials are commonly stored and transported in rolls because the rolls are compact and facilitate the mounting of the material to automatic web handling equipment. While possessing numerous advantages, the rolls of web material exhibit certain disadvantages, particularly in the storage and transport of the material. For example, rolls have a propensity for movement if laid on their side, and tend to tip if stood on their ends. As a result, it is difficult to package the rolls for bulk shipment on a pallet or other shipping equipment.
The problem of shipping rolls of web material is particularly acute with relatively brittle materials such as cellophane, which require a high degree of protection during shipment. The failure to properly protect these materials may result in the web becoming torn on the edge of the roll or becoming nicked during transport and handling. Should this occur, the web will tear when tension is applied during subsequent processing and use of the material. End nicks are particularly acute since they tend to be radial in occurrence, causing repeated tearing along the length of the web and often rendering the whole roll unusable. Further, if the rolls become crushed during shipment, the resulting out of round condition may create difficulty in mating the core of the roll with the automatic web unwinding machine.
In order to alleviate the foregoing problems, various types of supporting and spacing members have been developed with varying degree of success. A highly successful supporting and spacing member is disclosed in Bell, U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,732, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, Great Northern Corporation, and incorporated herein by reference. The Bell '732 patent discloses a member for protectively supporting and spacing a plurality of rolls of web material such as cellophane, in a multi-layered stack. The members are comprised of an elongated bar having a plurality of spaced indentations along at least one surface of the bar for receiving the rolls of the stack therein. The bar is formed with sufficient flexibility to permit limited, relative movement among the rolls of the stack. This provides a high degree of protection to the rolls. At the same time, the bar has sufficient strength to prevent crushing of the stack. The bar may be formed of expanded polystyrene foam and may be formed with edging at the sides of the indentations in order to protect the ends of the rolls.
While supporting and spacing members constructed from expanded polystyrene have been highly successful, these types of supporting and spacing members have been perceived by some to be environmentally unfriendly. As is known, expanded polystyrene is not as readily recyclable as some packaging products like corrugated containers and inner packing, or aluminum cans, and therefore has sometimes been view unfavorably. Further, some insurance companies require special storage requirements for the warehousing of expanded polystyrene foam due to fire related concerns. While such concerns may not be justified, users of expanded polystyrene supporting and spacing members have sought alternative products.
To address the environmental concerns, supporting and spacing members formed from molded pulp have been developed. However, these molded pulp supporting and spacing members are often times inferior due to insufficient strength to adequately support the rolls of web material. Further, due to the substantial flexibility of products formed from molded pulp, molded pulp supporting and spacing members tend to be too flexible, thereby compromising the amount of protection for the web material.
In order to optimize the strength and flexibility of molded pulp supporting and spacing members, recesses are often times placed in the side portions of the semi-cylindrical indentations which receive the rolls of web material.
These recesses or depressions in the semi-cylindrical indentations provide greater flexural cushioning by the members when clamped to the rolls of web material, just as in the supporting and spacing members constructed from expanded polystyrene. However, due to the flexibility of products formed from molded pulp, often times molded pulp supporting and spacing members are still too flexible for use in connection with rolls of web material.
Therefore, it is a primary object and feature of the present invention to provide a molded pulp supporting and spacing member which optimizes the strength and flexibility characteristics of the member in order to protect rolls of web material during shipment.
It is a further object and feature of the present invention to provide a supporting and spacing member which is simple to mold, and is inexpensive to manufacture.
It is a still further object and feature of the present invention to provide a supporting and spacing member which is readily recyclable and hence, environmentally friendly.
In accordance with the present invention, a structure is provided for supporting and spacing of rolls of web material. The structure comprises an elongated member with first and second opposed surfaces. The first surface has a plurality of spaced, semi-cylindrical indentations therein for receiving rolls of web material. The second surface includes a generally planar outer edge. A recess is located on the side portion of each semi-cylindrical indentation and bridging is positioned along the second surface between the recess in a first semi-cylindrical indentation and the recess in a second, adjacent semi-cylindrical indentation in order to optimize the strength and flexibility of the structure. In the preferred embodiment, the elongated member is generally rectangular and is defined by first and second sides, and first and second ends.
The structure may also include a second, generally rectangular elongated member defined by first and second sides, and first and second ends, wherein the first side of the first elongated member is interconnected to the first side of the second elongated member. The second elongated member includes first and second opposed surfaces. The first surface has a plurality of spaced, semi-cylindrical indentations therein for receiving rolls of web material. The second surface of the elongated member includes a generally planar outer edge. The second elongated member further includes a recess located in the side portion of each semi-cylindrical indentation and bridging along the second surface of the second elongated member between the recess in a first semi-cylindrical indentation and the recess in a second adjacent semi-cylindrical indentation.
The first and second elongated members may be interconnected by a hinge. The hinge allows the first and second elongated members to pivot with respect to each other between a first position wherein a portion of each second surface lies in a common plane, and a second position wherein the outer edge of the second surface of the first elongated member engages the outer edge of the second surface of the second elongated member. The first and second elongated members and the hinge are integrally molded from a molded pulp material.

Molded roll support and spacing member having reinforcing bridges


Provided is a device for iontophoretic delivery of a drug to or into a tissue, including an arrangement that prevents operation of the device at a current density that is higher than a predetermined value, the arrangement including first means responsive to a first data item, indicative of the surface area through which the current is to pass, as to set the maximal current allowed at the surface area indicated by the data item. Also provided is a method for iontophorectivally administering drug to or into a tissue, including determining a maximal allowed level of current density and preventing application of current density above the maximal allowed level.

Iontophoresis is a noninvasive technique, in which an electric current is used to enhance the penetration of charged drugs to a tissue.
Iontophoresis has been used in various fields of medicine, including transdermal administration of local anesthetics, testing for cystic fibrosis by transcutaneous delivery of pilocarpine, administration of vidarabine to patients with herpes orolabialis, fluoride administration to patients with hypersensitive dentin, and gentamicin administration for bacterial otitis.
Transcorneal or transscleral iontophoresis of various charged drugs have been reported. High levels of antibiotics were measured in the cornea and aqueous humor after transcorneal iontophoresis, compared with topical application or subconjunctival and intravenous injection which do not achieve adequate drug levels and involve other complications. Moreover, published data confirm that high drug concentrations penetrate also the posterior segments of the eye after transscleral iontophoresis, allowing the treatment of posterior disorders of the eye, such as posterior uveitis and endophthalmitis. These studies used iontophoresis of drug solution, which is technically clumsy, may cause mechanical injuries to the cornea and demands sterilization of the solution and cup before each treatment.
While iontophoresis has been developed for the eye, little attention was given to the damages that the iontophoresis can inflict to the eye.
In addition, in most reports, patents and patent applications, mentioned below, no distinction was made between the sites on the eye where the iontophoresis is applied. The following is summary of art related to the present invention:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,016 describes an iontophoretic device using a solution chamber where current flow is adjusted to a desired value by adjusting a potentiometer for a flow passage of a diameter of 0.25 to 0.5 millimeters, which is equivalent to a range of current density of 200 milliampere to 2000 milliamperes per cm2. This is a huge amount of current that may electrify the patient or at least cause a significant damage to the eye.
WO 91/12049 describes an iontophoretic system for focal transcleral destruction of living human tissue for the purpose of immediate decreasing eye pressure. A current of about 3.0-4.0 milliamperes for about 30 seconds to 5 minutes is applied in dozens locations on the sclera. The surface area that this apparatus is applied for is in the range of 0.2 to 2 mm, preferably 0.3-0.6 mm in diameter which translates to about 0.3 mm2 or a current of about 1200 milliampers per cm2.
Barza M, Peckman C, and Baum J. Ophthalmology. 1986 January; 93(1):133-9, describes transscleral iontophoresis of cefazolin, ticarcillin, and gentamicin in the rabbit. The authors applied 2 milliampers for 10 minutes and were able to achieve mean vitreal concentrations of cefazolin, ticarcillin, and gentamicin of 94-207 micrograms/ml in the normal rabbit eye. The current density applied onto the sclera, in this publication is 254 milliamperes/cm2. After 10 minutes of such application, no doubt that a high amount of drug is found in the inner parts of the eye as the process drilled a hole in the sclera.
Maurice D M, Ophthalmology. 1986 January; 93(1):128-32, describes iontophoresis of fluorescein into the posterior segment of the rabbit eye. As stated in the article, iontophoresis of appreciable quantities of fluorescein into the vitreous body of the rabbit results from the use of a high electrical current density (127-254 mA/cm2) over a limited area of the globe. This is achieved by passing current through the fluorescein when it is held against the region of the ora serrata in a tube less than 1 mm in diameter. The retina is destroyed over a corresponding area when the current enters the eye. Again, current density of over 100 milliamperes/cm2 was applied to the sclera and caused damage while inserting a high dose of drug.
WO 99/40967, to one of the present inventors, describes an invention, wherein drugs are delivered to the eye using solid hydrogel discs of a size of 3 millimeter in diameter applying onto the cornea a current of up to 1 milliamper which is translated to about 14 milliamperes/cm2.
It is clear from the art described above that very little attention was given to the adverse effect that the iontophoresis process might have on the tissue on which it is applied and on the long term undesired effects of such treatment. This is particularly surprising in relation to iontophoresis application to the eye, as the occular tissue is known to be particularly sensitive and vulnerable. Moreover, on the basis of the prior art one may apply a current as high as 2000 milliamperes per cm2 that may electrify the patient as well as the medical personnel applying the treatment. Also, no information is available on the sensitivity differences between different tissues, such as the eye versus other tissues, as well as between different portions of the eye.

Safe device for iontophoretic delivery of drugs

Hadasit Medical Research Services & Development Limited

Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ltd.


The present invention relates to novel mixtures, to processes for preparing these mixtures, to compositions comprising these mixtures, and to the use thereof as biologically active compounds, especially for control of harmful microorganisms or pests in crop protection and in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to novel mixtures, to a process for preparing these mixtures, to compositions comprising these mixtures, and to the use thereof as biologically active mixtures, especially for control of harmful microorganisms or pests in crop protection and in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
Description of Related Art
It is known that phthalic acid amides (Ryanodine receptor inhibitors class) have insecticidal activity (see, e.g., EP 0 919 542, WO 2004/018410 or WO 2010/012442). Cyano group containing phthalic acid amide-based compounds and their preparation are further disclosed in WO 2012/034472.

Binary insecticidal or pesticidal mixture


An agricultural baler has a flywheel that is connected via a cardan coupling to a PTO of a tractor, the cardan coupling includes a torque-limiter adapted for disengaging the flywheel from the PTO when a predetermined torque is exceeded, wherein the cardan coupling further includes a transmission switchable between a startup state and a running state, in the startup state the transmission is configured to only partially transmit rotational movement of the PTO to the flywheel while in the running state the transmission is configured to fully transmit rotational movement of the PTO to the flywheel.

Agricultural balers typically comprise a flywheel. A flywheel is provided as a buffer between the continuous power supply of the tractor and the pulsed power consumption of the baler mechanics. Over the years, balers have become more and more powerful, meaning that larger bales can be compressed to a higher density. This requires a large amount of power to be transmitted from the tractor to the mechanics. Therefore, modern balers tend to have large and heavy flywheels.
A drawback from large and heavy flywheels is that it requires a lot of energy to accelerate the flywheel from a standing still state to a working state. Typically a flywheel rotates at about 1000 rpm (rotations per minute) in a conventional working state. The flywheel is typically connected to a PTO (power take off) of a tractor via a cardan coupling. Although the latest generation tractors might be constructed to be able to startup a heavy large flywheel, most older tractors don't. When such large and heavy flywheel is connected to a tractor that is not adapted to handle such flywheel, the tractor is stalled and the flywheel can not be started.
Suggestions have been made in the prior art to rotate a flywheel via a hydraulic system. However, such hydraulic systems are costly and complex in use.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an agricultural baler that is adapted to transmit high powers from PTO to the baler mechanics while preventing stalling of the tractor during startup.


A method and data processing apparatus for performing automated trust negotiations between first and second parties connected over a network can include providing each party with a set of credentials. The method also can include classifying one or more credentials in the set of credentials for the first party as sensitive, such that they can only be disclosed to another party subject to certain predetermined criteria. The method further can include establishing negotiations over the network between the first and second parties in order to complete a desired transaction, wherein the transaction is only authorized to proceed if at least one of the parties receives certain predetermined credentials from the other party. Finally, the method can include transmitting at least one of the one or more sensitive credentials from the first party to the second party as part of said negotiations, subject to the first party previously receiving from the second party one or more credentials that satisfy said certain predetermined criteria.

The present invention relates to the problem of distributed software components, and how such components can communicate in a is reliable and secure context, for example in an e-business environment.
Distributed software subjects face the problem of determining one another's trustworthiness. Current mainstream approaches to establishing trust presume that communicating subjects are already familiar with one another. There are essentially two approaches based on this assumption. The first is identity-based: identifying a subject is often a sufficient basis for doing business. The second is capability-based: subjects obtain capabilities that are specific to the resources they wish to use. Both approaches require that familiarity be established out of band. Identity- and capability-based approaches are both unable to establish trust between complete strangers. Other solutions are needed in open systems, such as the web, where the assumption of familiarity is invalid.
Property-based digital credentials [1] (see the end of this description for full details of references) (or simply credentials) are the on-line analogues of paper credentials that people carry in their wallets. They present a promising approach to trust establishment in open systems. Credentials, which generalize the notion of attribute certificates [22], can authenticate not just the subject's identity, but arbitrary properties of a subject and its relationships with other subjects. Those properties can be used, for instance, when a client attaches appropriate credentials to service requests, to support service authorization.
Trust establishment between strangers is particularly important in the context of e-business. Credential exchange between strangers promises to enable software agents to establish trust automatically with potential business partners. For instance, a software agent might be charged with finding new candidate suppliers of commodity goods and services. Even when an automatically generated list of such candidates eventually would be culled by a human, information such as requirements and availability of the desired goods might be sensitive, requiring trust establishment as part of the automated process of identifying candidates.
Credential-based authentication and authorization systems can be divided into three groups: identity-based, property-based, and capability-based systems. The original, public key certificates, such as X.509 [22] and PGP [20], simply bind keys to names (although X.509 version 3 certificates later extended this binding to general properties). Such certificates form the foundation of identity-based systems, which authenticate a subject's identity or name and use it as the basis for authorization. Identity is not a useful basis for our aim of establishing trust among strangers. Property-based credentials were introduced by Bina et al. [1] to incorporate the binding of arbitrary attributes. Trust establishment between strangers can be based on the properties of the subjects without requiring prior contact between subjects or their designees. Systems have emerged recently that use property-based credentials to manage trust in decentralized, distributed systems [6][12][15][18]. Capability-based systems [2][3][4][21], discussed further below, manage delegation of authority to operate on a particular application. Pure capability-based systems are not designed for establishing trust between strangers, since clients are assumed to possess credentials that authorize specific actions with the application server.
Winslett et al. [19] focus on establishing trust between strangers. They present an architecture for using credentials to authorize access to distributed resources. Client and server security assistants manage both the credentials and the policies governing access to sensitive resources. They emphasize the need for credential and policy exchange with little intervention by the client. Seamons et al. [15] continue in this vein, developing policies written in Prolog that use credentials and credential attributes to authenticate clients to roles that have attributes, which can be used in authorization decisions. This work addresses credential sensitivity by using mobile policies to support private client selection of credentials to submit for authorization.
Johnston et al. [11] use both attribute certificates (property-based credentials) and use-condition certificates (policy assertions) to determine access control. Use condition certificates enable multiple, distributed stakeholders to share control over access to resources. In their architecture, the policy evaluation engine retrieves the certificates associated with a user to determine whether all use conditions are met. The certificates are assumed not to be sensitive.
The Trust Establishment Project at the IBM Haifa Research Laboratory [12][13] has developed a system for establishing trust between strangers according to policies that specify constraints on attribute-contents of public-key certificates. Servers use a collector to gather supporting credentials from issuer sites. The system assumes that credentials are not sensitive. The companion Trust Policy Language (TPL) is a special-purpose logic programming language, with XML syntax, that maps certificate holders to roles. TPL policies also map the issuers of each supporting credential to a role. These roles can be used by existing role-based access control mechanisms.
The capability-based KeyNote system of Blaze et al. [2][3][4] manages delegation of authority. A KeyNote credential is an assertion that describes the conditions under which one principal authorizes actions requested by other principals. A policy is also an assertion that delegates authority on behalf of the associated application to otherwise untrusted principals. Thus an application's policy defines the root of all delegation chains. KeyNote credentials express delegation of authority in terms of actions that are relevant to a given application.
KeyNote policies do not interpret the meaning of credentials for the application. This is unlike policies designed for use with property-based credentials, which derive roles from credential attributes, or otherwise bridge the divide between the application and credentials that were issued for unrelated purposes. The IETF Simple Public Key Infrastructure [21] uses a similar approach to that of KeyNote by embedding authorizations directly in certificates.
The Delegation Logic (DL) of Li et al. [9] [10] combines aspects of capability and property-based approaches. While this logically well-founded model focuses directly on authorization, rather than on authenticating subjects to roles, it allows authorizations to be delegated based on properties of subjects, which can be represented by DL credentials.
SSL [6], the predominant credential-exchange mechanism in use on the web today, and its successor TLS [6][7], support credential exchange during client and server authentication. There is no opportunity for the server to authenticate any information about the client before disclosing server credentials. That is, sensitive server credentials cannot be protected. Furthermore, if the credential disclosed by the server does not satisfy the client, the client has no opportunity to request additional credentials from the server. This presents a serious problem when the client and server are strangers: it is unlikely that any single issuer would be an acceptable authority on all server attributes of interest to all potential clients.
Thus a particular problem exists in automated trust establishment between strangers through credential exchange when credentials are themselves potentially sensitive. A sensitive credential contains private information. For instance, access to a credential containing medical information could be restricted to primary care physicians and HMO staff. Access to a credit card credential could be limited to businesses that are authorized to accept a VISA card and that adhere to guidelines for securing credit card numbers. Prior trust establishment systems based on credential exchange have addressed credential sensitivity only manually, requiring a user at the client to decide which credentials to submit to each new service. In 2 addition to requiring human intervention, this approach provides to the human making the trust decision no assistance in evaluating the trustworthiness of the server. A partial solution to these problems is presented in [17] and [18]. However these earlier documents do not disclose any extensive or rigourous analysis of two negotiation strategies, or provide a prototype trust-negotiation system.

International Business Machines Corporation


A pump includes an ink pressurizing chamber, an inlet port and an outlet port communicating with the chamber, a first valve member provided near the inlet port, a second valve member provided near the outlet port, a pressure adjustment channel communicating with the chamber, an electrode provided on a wall surface forming the channel, a driver IC which applies a voltage to the electrode, an insulating film provided on a surface of the electrode and in which when the voltage is applied to the electrode a wetting angle of ink on a surface of the insulating film is greater than that when no voltage is applied to the electrode, and a common electrode always in contact with ink in the chamber and held at a ground potential. Accordingly, a pump having a simple structure without any movable parts and with a low noise and less energy consumption can be provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a pump which transports a liquid having a conductivity, and a liquid transporting apparatus which is provided with the pump, and a liquid moving apparatus which moves a liquid having a conductivity.
2. Description of the Related Art
An ink supply pump which supplies ink to an ink-jet head which discharges a conductive ink onto a paper, is available as a pump which applies pressure on a liquid having conductivity, and various types of pumps are hitherto used for this ink supply pump. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,637,872 B2 (FIGS. 7 and 8) corresponding to Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2001-310477, describes a tube pump which applies pressure to ink in a tube by pressing two rollers fixed to a roller holder which rotates. U.S. Pat. No. 6,637,872 B2 also describes a diaphragm pump which applies pressure to the ink in a housing by transmitting a torque of a cam to a diaphragm via a compressed coil spring.
However, since the ink supply pump of U.S. Pat. No. 6,637,872 B2 includes movable parts such as the rotating roller holder and the cam, it is necessary to have these movable parts, a structure to drive these parts, and furthermore a structure to transmit a rotational energy of the movable parts. As a result, the structure of the pump becomes complicated and the number of components is increased. Moreover, a noise generated during the rotary drive of the moving parts is high. Furthermore, a substantial amount of energy is required for the rotary drive of the moving parts and it is not favorable also in view of the running cost.

Pump, liquid transporting apparatus provided with the same, and liquid moving apparatus


The present disclosure provides a connector assembly including a receptacle connector, a shielding shell and a heat sink. The shielding shell covers the receptacle connector. The heat sink is assembled to the shielding shell and includes a heat dissipating base plate and a heat dissipating fin soldered on the heat dissipating base plate. The heat dissipating base plate has a soldering region on which solder is provided and a recessed channel provided between a rim of the heat dissipating base plate and an outer periphery of the soldering region. The solder is provided within the soldering region in a manner such that a face of the soldering region is covered by the solder.

Chinese invention patent application issuance publication No. CN101959389B (corresponding to U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,245,763 B2, 8,459,336 B2 and 8,578,605 B2) discloses a heat dissipating device, in which heat dissipating fins and a heat pipe are assembled by a soldering manner. Surfaces of the heat dissipating fins which are connected with the heat pipe are provided with a guiding trace line, where the guiding trace line is used to guide a solder paste to be coated on the surfaces of the heat dissipating fins.
Chinese utility model patent application issuance publication No. CN206160785U discloses a heat sink, where the heat sink includes a heat dissipating fin, a bottom plate, and a heat pipe limited between the heat dissipating fin and the bottom plate. The bottom plate is formed with a heat pipe lower groove which receives the heat pipe, and the heat dissipating fin is formed with a heat pipe upper groove which corresponds to the heat pipe lower groove. In the process of soldering, the heat pipe upper groove is not fully filled by a solder, and a gap remains at the solder to accommodate a redundant part of the solder.
The technical features of the foregoing related art are only to solve a problem in soldering between the heat dissipating fin and the heat pipe, but do not solve a problem in soldering between the heat dissipating fin and the bottom plate. The problem in soldering between the heat dissipating fin and the bottom plate in the related art lies in overflowing of the solder at a rim of the bottom plate and the efficiency of the heat dissipation after soldering.
In order to have higher heat dissipating efficiency, existing heat dissipating fins are arranged on a whole top face of the bottom plate. In order to reduce overflowing of the solder, the whole top face of the bottom plate will not be completely coated with a solder paste when the solder paste is coated, for example, the coating manner employs a grid node arrangement manner to coat a solder paste; however, such a coating manner will result in that a soldering between the heat dissipating fins and the top face of the bottom plate is spot soldering, that is, many gaps without the solder paste are present between the heat dissipating fins and the top face of the bottom plate, and thus such soldering will affect heat dissipating efficiency. Additionally, such a coating manner of the solder paste in the grid node arrangement is still necessary to precisely control an amount of the solder paste, otherwise, the problem in overflowing of the solder at the rim of the bottom plate still occurs.


A thermochromic window that can effectively insulate heat when warming is conducted in winter. The thermochromic window that includes a substrate, a thermochromic thin film formed on the substrate, and a transparent conductive film formed on at least one surface of the upper surface and the undersurface of the thermochromic thin film. The emissivity of the transparent conductive film is lower than the emissivity of the thermochromic thin film.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a thermochromic window, and more particularly, to a thermochromic window, the infrared (IR) transmittance of which is adjusted depending on the temperature.
2. Description of Related Art
Thermochromism refers to the phenomenon in which an oxide or a sulfide of a transition metal undergoes a change in its crystalline structure below and above a specific temperature (i.e. its transition temperature (Tc)), whereby its physical properties (electrical conductivity and infrared (IR) transmittance) significantly change.
When a glass is coated with a thin film that has such thermochromic capability, a "smart window" can be produced, which transmits visible light but blocks near infrared (NIR) radiation and infrared (IR) radiation at or above a predetermined temperature in order to prevent the indoor temperature from increasing. The application of smart windows to vehicles or buildings may be very effective in saving energy.
Materials that exhibit thermochromism include oxides of several transition metals, of which vanadium dioxide (VO2) is being widely studied since its transition temperature is 68° C., which is relatively close to the temperature at which practical application becomes possible.
When such a thermochromic thin film is applied to an architectural glass, low emissivity is required in order to minimize heat loss when warming is conducted in winter. However, the traditional thermochromic thin film does not have low emissivity, which is problematic. In particular, a vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin film has a problem in that it cannot effectively insulate heat when warming is conducted in winter since it has high emissivity of 0.84 that is similar to that of typical glass.
The information disclosed in the Background of the Invention section is only for better understanding of the background of the invention, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that this information forms a prior art that would already be known to a person skilled in the art.


A halogenated bisdiarylaminopolycyclic aromatic compound, polymers made therefrom, and polymeric light emitting diode devices using the polymers are described. The halogenated compound is represented by formula (I), wherein Ar and Ar′ are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups and Z is a polycyclic arylene group, wherein at least one of the Ar′ groups is a haloaryl group. Devices using polymers prepared from the halogenated compound exhibit improved performance and longer lifetime, presumably as a result of the presence of the geometrically constrained diarylaminopolycyclic aromatic groups in the polymer backbone.

The present invention relates to halogenated bisdiarylaminopolycyclic aromatic compounds and polymers thereof and devices made using these polymers.
Conjugated polymers such as polyfluorenes, polythiophenes, polyphenylenes, and poly(p-phenylene vinylenes) are useful as semiconducting layers for light emitting diode devices. For example, fluorene based homopolymers are known to have a high photoluminescent capacity, which is a necessary prerequisite for electroluminescent (EL) applications. However, the homopolymers are not particularly suitable for electroluminescent devices (also known as polymeric light emitting diode devices or pLEDs) because of the inefficiency with which electrons are transferred from the homopolymers to the anode. This sluggishness of electron removal, also known as hole injection, to form radical cations (holes) in the polymer backbone is presumably due to an energy mismatch between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the homopolymer and the work function of the anode. This mismatch has been addressed to some degree by Woo et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,763 by incorporating triarylamines into the backbone of a polymer that contains structural units of a 9,9-dialkyl-fluorene-2,7-diyl. The presence of triarylamine repeat units have been found to increase the efficiency of hole injection from the anode to the polymer, thereby improving the efficiency of the device. Similarly, Hsieh in U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,821 describes the incorporation of triarylamines into a conjugated polymer to make a more efficient conjugated charge transport polymer.
Radical cations (holes) formed in the polymer backbone as a result of hole injection from the anode combine with radical anions (electrons) formed through electron injection from the cathode to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the polymer to create excited states (excitons). These excitons then undergo radiative relaxation to the ground state and emit light at a wavelength corresponding to the band gap of the polymer. The efficiency and lifetime of the device, therefore, depends on the ability of the injected electrons and holes to "find" each other and recombine to form excitons. Thus, although the introduction of triarylamines into the backbone of conjugated polymers has improved the efficiency of hole injection from the anode to the polymer, there is a further need in the art to improve the efficiency of propagation or transport of holes and electrons through the polymer layer to further increase the lifetime and efficiency of the device.

Halogenated bisdiarylaminopolycyclic aromatic compounds and polymers thereof


A process for dyeing hair by preparing and thereafter applying to the hair an aqueous reaction medium comprising dopa and an oxidant, said aqueous reaction medium further containing at least one hair dyeing agent selected from the group consisting of primary intermediates and couplers and also containing a buffer to maintain the pH in the range from 6 to 10 during the reaction, and removing said aqueous reaction medium from the hair within about one hour following its preparation.

As reported, for example, in Prota, Progress in the Chemist of Melanins and Related Metabolites, Med. Res. Reviews, 8:525-56 (1988), melanins are naturally occurring pigments present in hair and skin. In humans biosynthesis takes place in tyrosinase containing melanocytes. The tyrosinase enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa and its subsequent oxidation to dopachrome. Once formed, dopachrome undergoes a series of complex reactions in the formation of eumelanins and phaeomelanins. Melanins provide black and deep brown pigments, and are formed by oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole derived biogenetically during the melanogenesis. On the other hand, phaeomelanins provide yellow to reddish brown pigmentation to hair, and are formed by oxidative polymerization of cystein-S-yl-dopas via 1,4-benzothiazine intermediates.
Synthetic 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) has been disclosed in the prior art for use in hair and skin dyeing. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,934,396 to Charle discloses a process for dyeing hair by contacting hair with an aqueous solution of DHI having a pH of at most 7 for 5 to 60 minutes, followed by an application of an aqueous solution capable of inducing oxidation and/or polymerization of DHI.
Dopa and dopamine are disclosed as hair dyeing precursors in the process of Herlihy, U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,322, wherein the aqueous hair dyeing composition comprises said precursor, an organic compound to assist dye dispersion and an iodate or periodate. The dopa or dopamine dye precursor is present in the aqueous hair dye composition in an amount of from about 1 to about 100 mg/ml, preferably from about 5 to about 25 mg/ml. Dopamine is preferred, according to Herlihy. The iodate or periodate is present in the composition at a concentration of 1 to about 50 mg/ml, while the dispersing agent is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to 30% (wt./vol.). Optionally, a color modifier can be incorporated into the aqueous composition of Herlihy, at a level of from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/ml. pH may be maintained between about 3 to about 7 by incorporation of an effective amount of a buffer. According to Herlihy, the above-described aqueous compositions disperse the dye on the hair shaft "with little or no penetration into the hair shaft." Column 2, lines 56-58.
The prior art fails to provide a commercially feasible process for effectively, permanently dyeing hair using dopa as a starting reagent. It is believed this failing is attributable to an inability of the prior art processes in making a melanin precursor available on the hair at concentrations suitable for its diffusion into the hair, for subsequent conversion to nondiffusable melanin, as further explained in detail below.
Indeed, the inability to provide an inexpensive yet effective process for dyeing hair with a melanin precursor has prevented use of melanogenesis in the commercial dyeing of hair.
Interest in melanogenesis to dye hair is quite high, however. This is because synthetic melanin pigments provide an exceptionally natural-looking deep brown or black color. Moreover, they are not irritating to the skin. Nor are they mutagenic.
According to U.S. Ser. No. 07/766,606 filed Sep. 26, 1991, an effective melanin-forming hair dyeing amount of 5,6-dihydroxyindole is generated during the reaction of dopa with an oxidant inexpensively and under commercially feasible conditions, to achieve a permanent hair color. The process described in the '606 application is quite useful in obtaining melanin pigments that provide a black or gray color to hair, but is not suitable to achieve chromatic colors.
It has now been found, quite advantageously, that hair may be dyed a range of shades by including in the reaction mixture one or more oxidative hair dye compounds selected from the group consisting of primary intermediates and couplers.


A protecting circuit monitors a voltage of a secondary battery and supplies the signal to permit a discharge to a gate terminal of a discharge control FET when the voltage is equal to or more than a lower limit value in a rated voltage range. When the discharge control FET receives this signal, it is connected and passes a discharge current. In the other cases, it shuts off the discharge current. Further, when the voltage is equal to or more than a predetermined value, a signal of a voltage of a battery voltage or more is supplied from a voltage converter to the gate terminal. When the voltage is equal to or less than an upper limit value in the rated voltage range, the protecting circuit supplies the signal to permit a charge to a gate terminal of a charge control FET. Further, when the voltage is equal to or more than a predetermined value, the voltage output from the voltage converter is supplied to the gate terminal. A battery pack in which by applying the voltage of the battery voltage or more to the gate terminal, the discharge control FET and the charge control FET are controlled and an energy loss is suppressed to the minimum is provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a battery pack of a secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery or the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
Since a lithium ion battery is weak against an overcharge or an overdischarge, generally, it has a construction of a battery pack in which a battery cell and a protecting circuit are integrated. The protecting circuit has three functions of protection against the overcharge, the overdischarge, and an overcurrent. Those protecting functions will be simply explained hereinbelow.
The overcharge protecting function will now be described. When the lithium ion battery is charged, a battery voltage continues to rise even after exceeding a full charge state. Such an overcharge state can cause a danger. Therefore, it is necessary to charge the battery at a constant current and a constant voltage and at a charge control voltage that is equal to or less than a rated value (for example, 4.2 V) of the battery. However, there is a risk of occurrence of the overcharge due to a failure of a charger or use of a charger for a different kind of battery. When the battery is overcharged and the battery voltage is equal to or more than a certain value, the protecting circuit turns off a charge control FET (Field Effect Transistor), thereby shutting off a charge current. Such a function is the overcharge protecting function.
The overcharge protecting function will be further described with reference to FIGS. 14 to 16. FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing a normal state of a lithium ion battery pack 150. The lithium ion battery pack 150 has two cells 152 and 153, a discharge control FET 154, and a charge control FET 155. An IC for control 151 measures voltages at a plurality of predetermined positions, controls the discharge control FET 154 and the charge control FET 155 in accordance with results of the measurement, and shuts off a flow of a current in a predetermined direction. The discharge control FET 154 is controlled by a signal which is sent from the control IC 151 through a signal line 156. The charge control FET 155 is controlled by a signal which is sent from the control IC 151 through a signal line 157.
The lithium ion battery pack 150 is connected to a load 158 and a charger 159. Arrows (A and B) indicative of the directions of the currents flowing in the discharge control FET 154 and the charge control FET 155 are shown in a lower portion of FIG. 14. That is, when the load 158 is connected, a discharge current flows in the direction shown by the arrow A and when the charger 159 is connected, a charge current flows in the direction shown by the arrow B.
FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing a state of a lithium ion battery pack 160 in the case where the foregoing overcharge protecting function acts. An IC for control 161 detects that, for example, a voltage of either a cell 162 or a cell 163 is equal to or more than 4.3 V±50 mV and controls so as to turn off a charge control FET 165 (a discharge control FET 164 is ON), thereby shutting off the charge current. In this case, however, since the discharge current by a load 168 flows through a parasitic diode, only a charge by a charger 169 is inhibited.
The overdischarge protecting function will now be described. When the battery is discharged down to a rated discharge terminating voltage or less and enters the overdischarge state where the battery voltage is equal to or less than, for example, 2 to 1.5 V, there is a case where the battery fails. When the battery is discharged and the battery voltage is equal to or less than a certain voltage value, the protecting circuit turns off a discharge control FET, thereby shutting off a discharge current. Such a function is the overdischarge protecting function.
FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing a state of a lithium ion battery pack 170 in the case where the foregoing overdischarge protecting function acts. An IC for control 171 detects that, for example, a voltage of either a cell 172 or a cell 173 is equal to or less than 3.0 V and controls so as to turn off a discharge control FET 174 (a charge control FET 175 is ON), thereby shutting off the discharge current. In this case, however, since the charge current by a charger 179 flows through a parasitic diode, only a discharge by a load 178 is inhibited.
The overcurrent protecting function will now be described. When (+) and (−) terminals of the battery are short-circuited, a large current flows, so that there is a risk of abnormal heat generation. When a discharge current of a certain value or more flows, the protecting circuit turns off the discharge control FET, thereby shutting off the discharge current. Such a function is the overcurrent protecting function.
Although an explanation in conjunction with diagrams is omitted with respect to the overcurrent protecting function, the overcurrent protecting function is fundamentally similar to the overdischarge protecting function and is controlled so that the charge control FET is turned on when the discharge control FET is OFF.
As mentioned above, in the battery pack of the secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery or the like, the protecting functions are realized by controlling the discharge control FET and the charge control FET. The control of those FETs is made by applying a battery voltage to a gate terminal of each FET. A resistance (ON resistance) between a drain and a source of the FET depends on the voltage which is applied to the gate terminal.
Such a relation is shown in a graph of FIG. 17. For example, when the gate voltage is equal to 3 V, the resistance between the drain and the source is equal to 18.1 mΩ and when the gate voltage is equal to 10 V, the resistance between the drain and the source is equal to 12.8 mΩ. In the case of the battery pack comprising one lithium ion battery, the battery voltage usually changes from 4.2 V to 3.0 V. Therefore, the resistance of the FET changes from 15.8 mΩ to 18.1 mΩ.
Hitherto, a battery pack which comprises a protecting circuit including a discharge switch, a charge switch, and the like and outputs a predetermined voltage by combining a secondary battery and a step-down type voltage converter has been disclosed in JP-A-7-7864.
However, there was not such an idea that the resistance of the FET upon discharging and that upon charging are reduced by applying a signal of a high voltage to the gate terminals of the discharge control FET and the charge control FET. Since there are such problems that when the resistance of the FET is large, a voltage drop due to the FET at the time of the large current discharge increases and the like, it is unpreferable. For example, the voltage drop at the time of the discharge of 2 A is equal to 36.2 mV when the gate voltage is equal to 3 V, and it is equal to 31.6 mV when the gate voltage is equal to 4.2 V. If the gate voltage is high, a voltage loss and an energy loss decrease, so that a duration time of a main body using such a battery pack can be prolonged.


A three-dimensional image display apparatus is provided that can integrate and visualize 3D measurement data obtained from a stereo image with an image of a measuring object to which stereoscopic texture is applied. The apparatus includes: an orientation section for finding relationship as to corresponding points in a stereo image of a measuring object; a three-dimensional coordinate data section for obtaining three-dimensional coordinate data on the corresponding points of the measuring object; a model forming section for forming a model of the measuring object based on the three-dimensional coordinate data on the corresponding points; an image correlating section for correlating the stereo image of the measuring object stored in the stereo image data storage section and the model formed by the model forming section; and a model display section for displaying an image of the measuring object to which stereoscopic texture is applied.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a three-dimensional image display apparatus and method for directly correlating 3D data (three-dimensional shape data) measured on a measuring object and an image (single photographic image or stereo image) of the measuring object, and concurrently displaying the measurement data and the image of the measuring object.
2. Related Art
Methods for obtaining 3D data on a working object or a manufacturing object include an approach of obtaining data with a three-dimensional measurement apparatus (total station), and a stereo image measurement approach of obtaining 3D data by stereo measurement of a stereo image photographed using a measuring object and a comparative calibrated body. The approach using a three-dimensional measurement apparatus is superior in accuracy of obtained 3D coordinates and therefore used to measure reference positions in affixing an image. In particular, recent motor-driven total stations have become capable of obtaining a relatively large number (about several tens, for example, for each measuring object) of three-dimensional coordinates. In the stereo image measurement approach, several thousands—several tens of thousands of three-dimensional coordinates can be obtained relatively conveniently by performing work called orientation in affixing 3D data and an image.
However, 3D data obtained with a three-dimensional position measurement apparatus is basically constituted of three-dimensional coordinate data including distance data. Therefore, problems have become apparent that it is difficult to correlate 3D data obtained with the three-dimensional position measurement apparatus and the site conditions, and that it is difficult to decide which part of a measuring object is measured in tying the 3D data with image information on the measuring object.
On the other hand, in the stereo image measurement approach, 3D measurement is performed on a stereo image to display the image in stereo, so that 3D data and the stereo image can be compared. However, a stereoscopic monitor or deflector glasses are required to compare the 3D data and the stereo image. In addition, some people can achieve stereoscopic vision well while others cannot. That is, there has been a problem that not everyone can always make recognition easily. Also, in the stereo measurement of the measuring object or the tying work between the 3D data and the stereo image, correlation need be established between the image information and the 3D data or between the images, to perform orientation work. The orientation work involves great differences among individuals and thus cannot be performed with ease and accuracy, which has been another problem.
Further, there has been a demand from customers for a stereoscopic display of a measuring object even in cases of a single photographic image, which is a single photograph representing the measuring object.
A first object of the present invention, which has been made to solve the foregoing problems, is to provide a three-dimensional image display apparatus and method for integrating and visualizing 3D measurement data obtained from a stereo image with an image of a measuring object to which stereoscopic texture is applied.
Also, a second object of the present invention, which has been made to solve the foregoing problems, is to provide a three-dimensional image display apparatus and method for conveniently extracting a characteristic point included in a stereo image, to conveniently integrate 3D measurement data obtained from the stereo image with an image of a measuring object to which stereoscopic texture is applied.
A third object of the present invention, which has been made to solve the foregoing problems, is to provide a three-dimensional image display apparatus and method for using an image of a measuring object and separately obtained 3D measurement data, to conveniently create a stereoscopic two-dimensional image of the measuring object. A fourth object is to provide a three-dimensional image display apparatus and method for using a stereo image of a measuring object and separately obtained 3D measurement data, to create a stereoscopic two-dimensional image of the measuring object with accuracy. A fifth object is to provide a three-dimensional image display apparatus and method for simplifying photographing work of a measuring object.

Three-dimensional image display apparatus and method


A novel strategy for monitoring the location of a transgene in a mammal is disclosed. A sodium iodide symporter is genetically fused to either the N-terminus or C-terminus of the product of a transgene through a linker peptide which bears the recognition sequence of a host cell protease. Expression of the transgene confers the activity of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS)to a host cell which expresses the transgene. Subsequent administration of labeled iodine results in transport of the labeled iodine into the cell bearing the NIS, which can then be localized and measured using standard imaging techniques. The system is particularly useful for monitoring the location of therapeutic transgenes and tissue-specific distribution of the therapeutic gene product.

In the context of gene therapy in a mammal, it is important to monitor the localization of a transgene. Where the transgene encodes a therapeutic polypeptide, such as a protein targeted to kill cancer cells, it is advantageous to have information as to the location, that is, the specific organs, tissues and/or cells which are expressing the polypeptide. There is a need in the art for methods and materials that permit the monitoring of tissue- or cell-specific transgene expression without the requirement to sample and directly test genetically modified cells or tissues.

System for monitoring the location of transgenes

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research


A method of manufacturing magnetic heads comprises the step of: fabricating a magnetic head substructure by forming components of a plurality of magnetic heads on a single substrate, wherein a plurality of rows of pre-head portions that will be the respective magnetic heads later are aligned in the substructure; and fabricating the magnetic heads by separating the pre-head portions from one another through cutting the substructure. In the substructure first resistor elements and second resistor elements are formed. Each of the first resistor elements has a resistance that varies depending on the location of an end of an MR element located in a medium facing surface along the direction orthogonal to the medium facing surface. Each of the second resistor elements has a resistance that varies depending on the location of an end face of a track width defining portion located in the medium facing surface along the direction orthogonal to the medium facing surface. The medium facing surfaces are formed while monitoring the resistance values of the first and second resistor elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to magnetic heads used for writing data on a recording medium and a method of manufacturing the magnetic heads, and to a magnetic head substructure used for manufacturing the magnetic heads.
2. Description of the Related Art
The recording systems of magnetic read/write devices include a longitudinal magnetic recording system wherein signals are magnetized in the direction along the surface of the recording medium (the longitudinal direction) and a perpendicular magnetic recording system wherein signals are magnetized in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the recording medium. It is known that the perpendicular magnetic recording system is harder to be affected by thermal fluctuation of the recording medium and capable of implementing higher linear recording density, compared with the longitudinal magnetic recording system.
In each of the longitudinal magnetic recording system and the perpendicular magnetic recording system, magnetic heads typically used have a structure in which a reproducing (read) head having a magnetoresistive element (that may be hereinafter called an MR element) for reading and a recording (write) head having an induction-type electromagnetic transducer for writing are stacked on a substrate.
In each of the longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic recording systems, the write head comprises a coil for generating a magnetic field corresponding to data to be written on a recording medium, and a magnetic pole layer for allowing a magnetic flux corresponding to the field generated by the coil to pass therethrough and generating a write magnetic field for writing the data on the recording medium. The pole layer incorporates a track width defining portion and a wide portion, for example. The track width defining portion has an end located in a medium facing surface that faces toward the recording medium. The wide portion is coupled to the other end of the track width defining portion and has a width greater than the width of the track width defining portion. The track width defining portion has a nearly uniform width.
To achieve higher recording density, it is a reduction in track width, that is, a reduction in width of the end face of the pole layer taken in the medium facing surface, and an improvement in writing characteristics that is required for the write head. An improvement in writing characteristics is, for example, an improvement in overwrite property that is a parameter indicating an overwriting capability. The overwrite property is reduced if the track width is reduced. It is therefore required to achieve a better overwrite property as the track width is reduced. Here, the length of the track width defining portion taken in the direction orthogonal to the medium facing surface is called a neck height. The smaller the neck height, the better is the overwrite property.
A magnetic head used for a magnetic disk drive such as a hard disk drive is typically provided in a slider. The slider has the above-mentioned medium facing surface. The medium facing surface has an air-inflow-side end and an air-outflow-side end. The slider slightly flies over the surface of the recording medium by means of the airflow that comes from the air-inflow-side end into the space between the medium facing surface and the recording medium. The magnetic head is typically disposed near the air-outflow-side end of the medium facing surface of the slider. In a magnetic disk drive, the magnetic head is aligned through the use of a rotary actuator, for example. In this case, the magnetic head moves over the recording medium along a circular orbit centered on the center of rotation of the rotary actuator. In such a magnetic disk drive, a tilt called a skew of the magnetic head is created with respect to the tangent of the circular track, in accordance with the position of the magnetic head across the tracks.
In a magnetic disk drive of the perpendicular magnetic recording system that exhibits a better capability of writing on a recording medium than the longitudinal magnetic recording system, in particular, if the above-mentioned skew is created, there arise problems, such as a phenomenon in which data stored on an adjacent track is erased when data is written on a specific track (that is hereinafter called adjacent track erasing) or unwanted writing is performed between adjacent two tracks. To achieve higher recording density, it is required to suppress adjacent track erasing. Unwanted writing between adjacent two tracks affects detection of servo signals for alignment of the magnetic head and the signal-to-noise ratio of a read signal.
A technique is known for preventing the problems resulting from the skew as described above, as disclosed in the Published U. S. Patent Application No. 2003/0151850A1, the Published Unexamined Japanese Patent Application 2003-203311, and the U.S. Pat. No. 6,504,675B1, for example. According to this technique, the end face of the track width defining portion located in the medium facing surface is made to have a shape in which the side located backward in the direction of travel of the recording medium (that is, the side located on the air-inflow-end side of the slider) is shorter than the opposite side. Typically, in the medium facing surface of a magnetic head, the end farther from the substrate is located forward in the direction of travel of the recording medium (that is, on the air-outflow-end side of the slider). Therefore, the above-mentioned shape of the end face of the track width defining portion located in the medium facing surface is such that the side closer to the substrate is shorter than the side farther from the substrate.
As a magnetic head for the perpendicular magnetic recording system, a magnetic head comprising a pole layer and a shield is known, as disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,546, for example. In the medium facing surface of this magnetic head, an end face of the shield is located forward of an end face of the pole layer along the direction of travel of the recording medium with a specific small space. Such a magnetic head will be hereinafter called a shield-type head. In the shield-type head, the shield prevents a magnetic flux from reaching the recording medium, the flux being generated from the end face of the pole layer and extending in directions except the direction perpendicular to the surface of the recording medium. The shield-type head achieves a further improvement in linear recording density.
The U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,493 discloses a magnetic head having a structure in which magnetic layers are provided forward and backward, respectively, in the direction of travel of the recording medium with respect to a middle magnetic layer to be the pole layer, and coils are disposed between the middle magnetic layer and the forward magnetic layer, and between the middle magnetic layer and the backward magnetic layer, respectively. This magnetic head is capable of increasing components perpendicular to the surface of the recording medium among components of the magnetic field generated from the medium-facing-surface-side end of the middle magnetic layer.
Consideration will now be given to a method of forming a pole layer in which the end face of the track width defining portion located in the medium facing surface has a shape in which the side closer to the substrate is shorter than the side farther from the substrate, as mentioned above. In prior art, frame plating has been often employed as a method of forming such a pole layer. According to the method of forming the pole layer by frame plating, an electrode film is first formed on a layer serving as a base of the pole layer. Next, a photoresist layer is formed on the electrode film. The photoresist layer is then patterned to form a frame having a groove whose shape corresponds to the pole layer. Next, plating is performed by feeding a current to the electrode film to form the pole layer in the groove. The frame is then removed. Next, portions of the electrode film except the portion below the pole layer are removed.
When frame plating is employed, it is difficult to form a groove having a small width in the photoresist layer by photolithography. Therefore, the problem is that it is difficult to reduce the track width when the pole layer is formed by frame plating. To solve this problem, it is possible that, after forming the pole layer by frame plating, both side portions of the track width defining portion are etched by dry etching such as ion beam etching so as to reduce the track width.
In the course of manufacturing magnetic heads, a plurality of magnetic head elements to be the magnetic heads are formed in a single substrate (wafer). The substrate in which the magnetic head elements are formed is cut such that the surface to be the medium facing surfaces appears. This surface is then polished to form the medium facing surfaces.
FIG. 73 illustrates an example of shape of the top surface of the pole layer when the track width is reduced by etching both side portions of the track width defining portion as described above. FIG. 73 illustrates a neighborhood of the boundary between a track width defining portion 201 and a wide portion 202 of the pole layer before the medium facing surface is formed. In FIG. 73, 'ABS' indicates a region in which the medium facing surface is to be formed, 'TW' indicates the track width, and 'NH' indicates the neck height as designed.
When the track width TW is reduced by etching the side portions of the track width defining portion 201, it is likely that the pole layer goes out of a desired shape. As a result, particularly when the neck height NH is small, it is likely that the track width defining portion 201 forms a shape in which the width varies depending on the location along the direction orthogonal to the medium facing surface (the vertical direction in FIG. 73), as shown in FIG. 73.
When the track width defining portion 201 has a shape as shown in FIG. 73, the neck height is strictly the length between the region ABS and the point at which the width of the track width defining portion 201 starts to be greater than the width thereof in the region ABS. However, if the neck height is thus defined, it is difficult to precisely determine the neck height when the track width defining portion 201 has the shape as shown in FIG. 73. Therefore, the neck height is defined as will be described below when the track width defining portion 201 has the shape as shown in FIG. 73. In the top surface of the pole layer, an imaginary line L1 passes through the intersection point of the region ABS and the side portion of the track width defining portion 201, and extends in the direction orthogonal to the region ABS. An imaginary line L2 extends from a straight line portion of the side portion of the wide portion 202 connected to the side portion of the portion 201 and extends in the direction in which the straight line portion extends. The intersection point of the imaginary lines L1 and L2 is defined as C. The distance between the region ABS and the point C is defined as the neck height. The neck height as thus defined is nearly equal to the neck height NH as designed.
When the track width defining portion 201 has the shape as shown in FIG. 73, if the location of the medium facing surface goes out of a desired location and the neck height then goes out of a desired value, there is a possibility that the track width TW is out of a desired value, too.
An example of method of manufacturing magnetic heads will now be described. First, components of a plurality of magnetic heads are formed in a single substrate to fabricate a magnetic head substructure in which a plurality of rows of pre-head portions that will be the magnetic heads later are aligned. Next, the magnetic head substructure is cut to fabricate a head aggregate including a row of the pre-head portions. Next, a surface formed in the head aggregate by cutting the magnetic head substructure is polished (lapped) to form the medium facing surfaces of the pre-head portions that the head aggregate includes. Next, flying rails are formed in the medium facing surfaces. Next, the head aggregate is cut so that the pre-head portions are separated from one another, and the magnetic heads are thereby formed.
An example of method of forming the medium facing surfaces by lapping the head aggregate will now be described. In the method, the head aggregate is lapped so that the MR heights of a plurality of pre-head portions are made equal while the resistances of a plurality of MR elements that the head aggregate includes are detected. The MR height is the length of each of the MR elements taken in the direction orthogonal to the medium facing surface.
According to the method of forming the medium facing surfaces as described above, it is possible to form the medium facing surfaces so that the MR heights are of a desired value. As a result, according to the method, a portion of each medium facing surface at which an end of the MR element is exposed is placed at a desired location. Furthermore, if the angle formed between the medium facing surface and the top surface of the substrate is 90 degrees, a portion of the medium facing surface at which an end face of the track width defining portion is exposed is placed at a desired location, too. As a result, the neck height is of a desired value, too.
In prior art, however, the angle formed between the medium facing surface and the top surface of the substrate is other than 90 degrees in some cases. This is caused by a shift in positions of the head aggregate and a jig with respect to each other, the jig supporting the head aggregate when the aggregate is lapped. If the angle formed between the medium facing surface and the top surface of the substrate is other than 90 degrees, the portion of the medium facing surface at which the end face of the track width defining portion is exposed is placed at a location other than the desired location even though the portion of the medium facing surface at which the end of the MR element is exposed is placed at the desired location. As a result, the neck height is of a value other than the desired value. In FIG. 73, the range indicated with numeral 203 shows a range of displacements in location of the portion of the medium facing surface at which the end face of the track width defining portion is exposed.
As described above, if the neck height is of a value other than the desired value, the track width is of a value other than the desired value, too. As thus described, the problem is that there are some cases in prior art in which the portion of the medium facing surface at which the end face of the track width defining portion is exposed is placed at a location other than the desired location, and the track width is of a value other than the desired value. As a result, the yield of magnetic heads is reduced.

Magnetic head and magnetic head substructure including resistor element whose resistance corresponds to the length of the track width defining portion of the pole layer