An article of furniture has a sitting portion inner core assembly. The inner core assembly has a frame for providing structural support. Vertical bars connect lower and upper portions of the frame. Horizontal bars connect opposite sides of an upper portion of the frame. Alternative, the upper support structure of the frame uses box springs, free-floating horizontal bars with springs, or a mesh pattern for the structural support of the top portion of the inner core assembly. A cloth or foam pad covering is disposed along a side portion and top portion of the inner core assembly. A fabric material is disposed over at least the side and top coverings and inner core assembly. A back support inner core assembly with back support bars connect to the sitting portion inner core assembly and provide structure support of the back support portion of the furniture.

Furniture designed for sitting and lounging can be found in a myriad of usages and applications. Sitting furniture has uses in the home, business, and outdoor settings. In one example, outdoor furniture is placed on the patio, under the gazebo, and around the pool to create functional spaces for entertaining and relaxing.
Some types of outdoor furniture has a thick foam cushion or pad, e.g., 10–12 inches thick, and enclosed in a durable fabric. The extra thick cushion makes the furniture very comfortable for sitting purposes. The fabric has qualities of being sunlight resilient, water repellant, and washable. The thick fabric-enclosed cushion is often placed on a solid wooden or metal base.
Sitting furniture constructed as described above is generally satisfactory when the piece is relatively new. However, over time and usage, and in the presence of outdoor elements including extreme heat and cold, such furniture tends to fatigue and fail. The foam cushion breaks down and loses its ability to support weight. The fatigue problem is particularly true of larger and thicker cushions along the edges and corners. When a person sits on the older furniture, the cushion no longer provides the same level of support as it did when it was new. The cushion will lose its shape and depress beyond the point of comfort for the user. Ultimately, the sitting furniture will have to be repaired or replaced, typically long before the end of its intended service life. In some cases, the cushion-based outdoor furniture may have to be replaced after only one or two seasons of use.
A need exists for furniture designed and constructed for sitting, which maintains its shape and support features over time and usage, including in the presence of outside elements.

Furniture designed for sitting and having inner core support assembly


An ink jet printer is configured to enhance curability of cationic polymerization ink and to minimize a damaging thermal effect on a recording medium. The ink jet printer for recording a desired image on a recording medium by ejecting ink which includes a cationic polymerization component and which is curable when irradiated with UV light, has: a recording head for ejecting the ink to the recording medium; a UV light irradiation section for irradiating the UV light to the ink placed on the recording medium; a humidity detecting section for detecting humidity around the ink placed on the recording medium; and a controller for controlling UV irradiation of the light to be irradiated from the UV light irradiation section on the basis of the detected humidity.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an ink jet printer and an image recording method.
2. Description of Related Art
An ink jet printer for ejecting ink to a recording medium and recording a desired image on a recording surface of the recording medium has been known well. When so-called cationic polymerization ink, having a cationic polymerization component, is irradiated with UV radiation after it has been ejected by the ink jet printer as a drop on a recording medium at a predetermined position, the ink is cured or polymerized. As a result of polymerization, a dot is formed on the recording medium.
The above-described cationic polymerization ink has humidity dependence. Therefore, the ink may not be cured sufficiently because its sensitivity to UV radiation in a humid environment is lowered. However, when temperature of the ink is raised higher than predetermined temperature (for example, about 40 ° C.), it is possible to prevent the sensitivity of the cationic polymerization ink to UV radiation from being lowered. As a result, to increase the sensitivity of the ink to UV radiation under relatively high humidity, the recording medium is treated at elevated temperatures so as to polymerize ink placed on the recording medium.
When the recording medium is a paper, or the like which is hardly affected by the temperature, elevated temperatures do not cause any significant problems. However, when the recording medium is made of resin or the like, it is affected by the elevated temperatures. Therefore, because the recording medium shrinks or is distorted when heated, heating the recording medium causes image quality to degrade since the recording medium is not precisely conveyed.
Further, it is possible to effectively cure the cationic polymerization ink by irradiating UV radiation of high luminance to the ink. However, because the amount of heat generated from a light source of UV radiation may become large, the temperature of the recording medium is raised. As a result, the same result as the above-described one is caused.

Ink jet printer and image recording method using a humidity detector to control the curing of an image


Three new alkaloids, Hirsutellones A, B, and C, are produced in cultures of fungus such as Hirsutella nivea strain BCC 2594 and Trichoderma sp. strain BCC 7579. The Hirsutellones exhibited potent growth inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Ra strain) with an MIC value of 0.78 μg/ml, while showing weak or no cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. Therefore, Hirsutellones and pharmaceutical compositions containing Hirsutellones may be useful for the treatment of tuberculosis. Also described herein are methods of isolating the Hirsutellones.

Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an important communicable disease worldwide. Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria which has special cell membrane structures different from other bacteria. This renders most antibiotics unable to enter the bacterial cells, leading to the failure of antibiotics to inhibit the growth of the bacteria. Tuberculosis, therefore, requires special drugs for treatment.
Anti-tuberculosis drugs can be divided into two groups. The first line drugs are highly effective and of relatively low toxicity. The second line drugs are less effective and/or of relatively high toxicity, and are used when the bacteria resist the first line drugs. There are five first line drugs, which are isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin. Standard tuberculosis treatment requires four of these drugs which normally include isoniazid and rifampin with two other drugs, usually pyrazinamide and ethambutol or streptomycin. The six month treatment starts with these four drugs for two months, followed by treatment with isoniazid and rifampin for four months. This is because only isoniazid and rifampin are highly effective in killing the bacteria. When M. tuberculosis shows resistance to either pyrazinamide, ethambutol or streptomycin, the treatment requires the switch to the second line drugs but the patient may still be able to complete the treatment within six months. On the other hand, if the organisms are resistant to isoniazid or rifampin, even the switch to other effective drugs may not render successful treatment within six months. The treatment may need to be lengthened up to eighteen months especially if the organisms resist rifampin.
M. tuberculosis is considered a multi-drug resistant strain when it resists both isoniazid and rifampin. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is a very serious public health problem because it cannot be cured during the normal course of treatment or perhaps not at all. This is due to the fact that the bacteria have developed resistance to other drugs during the treatment. The patients may have no serious symptoms even though the treatment cannot eliminate the bacteria because the drugs may have control over the organisms to some extent. The patients can therefore transmit the resistant strains to other people.
The limited number of highly effective drugs is a major problem in tuberculosis control. Although isoniazid and rifampin were discovered over 30 years ago, resistant strains have since emerged. There is thus a need to identify new and effective drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Antituberculosis compounds, Hirsutellones A, B, and C

National Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, National Science & Technology Development Agency


The present invention is particularly, but not exclusively, useful for reducing wear of component parts of impact crushers caused by earth aggregate flows during operation of impact crushers. The present invention includes a stepped central feed cone that allows for cylindrical carbide rods to be press fit therein to reduce wear. The downward steps of the stepped cone urge material fed to the stepped cone outwardly to the table. The top surface of a first rod inserted into a first bore formed in the impeller housing extends a distance beyond the bottom of a second bore on the next step up. The first rod protects the housing material forming the second bore from being washed out by material flow. In one embodiment, the impeller shoes have a geometric shape that reduces excessive normal forces and accompanying high friction of the material against the shoe. The reduction in high friction significantly reduces the wear rate.

Regardless of the precise nature or function of an apparatus in which components are subjected to wear by a material flow, wear causes need for repair and replacement of components and delays in use of the apparatus while one or more worn components is identified, inspected, removed, and replaced. Wear of components adds to the expense of maintaining and operating the apparatus. Such delays, costs, and expenses are compounded if the apparatus in which wear occurs is located at a remote site.
For example, a wide variety of impact crushers are used in commerce to reduce the size of larger earth materials to smaller sized aggregate. The construction industry trades employ a variety of impact crushers to reduce large aggregate to aggregate sizes and shapes required to satisfy construction specifications for mixtures and admixtures of aggregate with cement and other ingredients and for further processing of size reductions, chemical leaching, and other stages of use. The construction industry's use of impact crushers is but one example of the need to reduce wear caused by a materials flow in an apparatus used to effect the size of particles in the materials flow, to make substantially uniform the size of particles in a materials flow, and to prepare materials for further processing.
Generally, impact crushers provide a device for introducing aggregate into a device for crushing the aggregate. Most impact crushers are designed to rely on centrifugal force to disperse large aggregates through the crusher and to impact the aggregate against a wide variety of impact crusher components to break up, reduce in size, and ultimately eject from the crusher, aggregates composed of desired shapes, sizes, and consistency. Intense efforts have been devoted to improvements in the design and construction of components of impact crushers to reduce the cost of acquiring and operating crushers, to enhance wear resistance of the component parts of crushers, and to facilitate rapid replacement of worn parts of crushers to enable the user of crushers to lose the least possible amount of time during which a crusher is inoperative due to worn parts.
Such improvements are exemplified by those shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,955,767 issued May 11, 1976 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,341 issued Sep. 1, 1987. The Hise Patents are instructive on the number and variety of components which may be included in an impact crusher and consequently exposed to wear during operation of an impact crusher. All components of an impact crusher exposed to a material flow of aggregate, as exemplified in the Hise Patents and other impact crushers, are subject to abrasion, decomposition, fracture, friction, impact, pulsation, wave action, grinding, and other actions causing wear to components of an impact crusher is due to the velocity, acceleration and composition of aggregate flows against, across, and around the components during operation of a crusher (collectively, "wear"). For example, an impeller of an impact crusher may receive and hurl aggregate against one or more crusher components generally known in the art as anvils. An impeller of an impact crusher is known to rotate at speeds from about 500 to about 2000 RPM. The rotation of an impeller, in combination with centrifugal force, creates a material flow of aggregate consisting of a variety of sizes and shapes of aggregate being projected at, over, and around many of the components of the crusher. It is significant that persistent wear occurs not just on anvils, which are designed to cooperate with other crusher components in crushing aggregate, but also on any other component of an impact crusher which may be exposed to the aggregate flow during operation of the crusher.
As a result of persistent wear caused by material flows, components of crushers must be replaced. Replacement of components causes "down time" to repair, refit, and replace components. Additional expenses are associated with replacing the worn part or component, inventorying replacement components, and delivering a replacement component to what is often a remote site.
An impeller may include but is not limited to one or more impeller tables, one or more impeller covers, and brackets holding and connecting the tables and covers. An impact crusher may be designed to use shoes attached to an impeller assembly. The shoes, in combination with centrifugal force, hurl and direct an aggregate flow generated by operation of an impeller assembly against one or more anvils located within the crusher.
The face of the prior art shoes are radially oriented with respect to the central axis of the impellers. The impeller shoes change the direction of the material flowing outwardly along the impeller table due to centrifugal force. The accelerating mass of the material applies a substantial force vector normal to the surface of the shoe. The normal force against the surface of the shoe results in high friction and high wear rates of the shoe.
The table section adjacent the shoes are also exposed to continual material flow and, therefore, higher wear rates than the remainder of the table. Further, the central feed section of impact crushers are subjected to higher wear rates.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,282 to Britzke et al. discloses an impeller assembly having wear rods made from a hard material press fit into bores formed in the vertical crusher assembly. Such impeller designs with wear resistant rods in the prior art have a flat central feed disc for receiving vertical material flow. Vertical impact crushers such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,282 incorporate a flat central feed disc for receiving material from a hopper. Such a design has limited use with respect to the selection of materials that can be employed with the impact crusher. For instance, finer materials such as lime are not adequately fed to the impeller shoes so as to permit proper propulsion of the lime by the shoes against the anvils for disintegration of the lime material.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,282, the matrix of bores are disclosed as being equidistant from axes through the center of the bores. Such insert rod patterns did not take into consideration areas of impeller assemblies that are more prone to wear because they are subject to greater material flow, material flow forces, and material flow loads.
Ackers et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,090,673 discloses a centrifugal impact rock crusher having a central feed area with a central feed cone. The central feed area is subject to large impact forces that may arise when rock is fed from the central hopper to the centrifugal impact crusher. Feed cones made from a uniform steel alloy as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,090,673 must be frequently replaced.
What is needed, therefore, is a device for reducing wear of components of apparatus exposed during operation to a material flow. Particularly, what is needed is a device for reducing wear of components of an impact aggregate crusher caused by a material flow of aggregate during operation.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an impact crusher assembly when exposed to material flows during operation of the impact crusher that will increase the wear life of components by resisting wear caused by a material flow across, over, and around the impact crusher assembly.
Still, another object of the present invention is to provide a design for reducing wear of components of impact crushers during operation and a method for manufacturing wear reducing components which are easy to manufacture, use and to practice and which are cost effective for their intended purposes.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of such components for reducing wear by a material flow will become apparent to those skilled in the art when read in conjunction with the accompanying following detailed description, drawing figures, and appended claims.

Wear resistant center feed impact impeller


A precoding circuit for minimizing distortion of an input signal in a communication channel having a compound transfer function in the Z-Domain: H(z)=(1+a1.z−1+a2.z−2+a3.z31 3+ . . . +an.z−n)/(1+b1.z−+b2.z−2+b−3.z−3+ . . . +bp.z−p). A feedback circuit comprises a first FIR filter and a transfer function corresponding to the inverse of a feedforward part of a transfer function of the communication channel. A feedforward circuit comprises a second FIR filter and a transfer function corresponding to the inverse of a feedback part of a transfer function of the communication channel. A first subtracting circuit subtracts a feedback signal of the feedback circuit from a feedforward signal of the feedforward circuit and outputs a difference signal which is added to a transmit end signal by a first adding circuit. The difference signal is also added to the input signal by a second adding circuit, the output from the second adding circuit is fed to a quantizing circuit which outputs a value kM which is subtracted from the input signal by a second subtracting circuit.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and to a precoding circuit for minimising distortion of a signal being transmitted through a communication channel whereby the distortion is due to the transfer function of the communication channel. In particular, the invention relates to a method and a precoding circuit for pre-equalising a subset of communication channels where the first coefficient of the feedforward part of the transfer function is equal to zero, although the invention is not so limited.
(2) Description of Related Art
It is known to provide a Tomlinson-Harashima precoding circuit and method for pre-equalisation of a communication channel whose impulse response is finite and known, in other words, for communication channels with a feedforward transfer function which can be expressed by the following equation in the Z-Domain:H(z)=(1+a1.z−1+a2.z−2+a3.z−3+ . . . +an.z−n)
The Tomlinson-Harashima precoding method and circuit is disclosed in "New Automatic Equaliser Employing Modulo Arithmetic", Electronic Letters, Vol. 7, Nos. 5/6, Mar. 25, 1971, pp. 138–139 by Tomlinson, M and Digital Communication, 2nd edition, by Edward A. Lee and David G. Messerschmidt, Kluwer Academic Publishers. FIG. 1 illustrates a block representation of such a precoding circuit according to Tomlinson-Harashima. An input data signal in the range
            +              M        2                                    to              -      M    2  is applied to a communication channel at the transmit end and is received at the receive end. In the Tomlinson-Harashima precoding circuit a feedback circuit is provided at the transmit end of the communication channel, and the feedback circuit has the transfer function which is the inverse of the feedforward part of the transfer function of the communication channel. A feedback signal from the feedback circuit is subtracted from the signal at the transmit end of the communication channel. A modulo operator is provided in the communication channel between the input and the output of the feedback circuit whereby a function kM is subtracted from the signal at the transmit end of the communication channel. The term k is an integer which may be positive, negative or zero and is chosen so that the output of the modulo operator is in the range
            +              M        2                                    to              -            M      2                          .  . A similar modulo operator is provided at the receive end of the communication channel through which the signal at the receive end is passed for facilitating the recovery of the input data at the receive end. However, the Tomlinson-Harashima precoding circuit and method while it is suitable for pre-equalisation of a communication channel, it is only suitable for dealing with the feedforward part of the transfer function of the communication channel.
There is therefore a need for a method and a precoding circuit for pre-equalisation of a communication channel for minimising distortion of an input signal being transmitted in the communication channel which takes account of both the feedforward and feedback parts of the transfer function of the communication channel.

Modified Tomlinson-Harashima precoding method circuit for infinite impulse response (IIR) channels


A method for using a rollover shipping cushion is presented. The cushion is formed by folding, in a specific manner, a single sheet of die-cut corrugated fiberboard to create the cushion. When properly folded, the cushion includes a central shipping cavity that is surrounded by shock-absorbing tubes on all six sides of the central shipping cavity. An item is then placed within the central shipping cavity for shipment.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to the field of shipment packaging, and in particular to corrugated fiberboard packing. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a single piece of corrugated fiberboard that, when folded, creates a six-sided cushion for fragile shipments.
2. Description of the Related Art
Light and fragile products, including electronic equipment, are typically shipped from a manufacturer to a customer or distributor via a common carrier. The products must therefore be packaged to prevent being damaged in transit from physical shock (jarring) caused by being dropped, jostled, etc. The force of such physical shock can be as much as 70 g's.
One method of protecting such equipment is to encase it with shock absorbing material such as Styrofoam® "peanuts." However, such systems are messy, as the peanuts' light weight makes them prone to being scattered both during packing at the manufacturer's site as well as unpacking at the customer's site. Furthermore, Styrofoam® peanuts are not environmental friendly, since Styrofoam® is not biodegradable. Of even greater engineering significance is that peanuts are inconsistent in their protection against shock. That is, peanuts can shift about during transit, such that different areas within a shipping container are afforded unpredictably varying levels of impact protection.
Another method of protecting such equipment is to engineer a packing cushion, either from fabricated foam or molded material. Fabricated foam (such as polyurethane) is hand or die cut, and then assembled (typically using heat welding) to create a custom shaped protector. Fabricated foam is thus both labor intensive (in assembly steps) and materiel expensive (in the cost of component shapes and scrap material inherent in the assembly process). Molded material (such as polystyrene) is formed by a mold that is specific to the shape of the product being shipped. Molded materials are thus also both labor intensive (in creating and using the molds), equipment expensive (in the molding machines), and materiel expensive (cost of the molding material). Like the use of dunnage such as peanuts, fabricated foam and molded material are also environment unfriendly.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

International Business Machines Corporation


A method for reducing a network addressing header is executable by a network communication device. Upon receiving a network packet, a first address in an IPv4 header of the packet is converted to a mapping index. A least significant segment of an address field of an IPv6 header of the packet is generated based on the mapping index, and the IPv6 header is utilized to encapsulate the packet. The IPv4 header is recoverable via the least significant segment of the IPv6 header, so that the IPv4 header may be optionally omitted in transmission of the packet.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to electronic network communication systems and devices, and to a method for reducing a network addressing header.
2. Description of Related Art
Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) has long been used as the Internet addressing standard. The number of IPv4 addresses, while vast, is finite, and address exhaustion is an emerging problem. Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) was developed to solve address depletion associated with IPv4-based Internet use, and has features such as an expanded 128-bit address system, a simplified header structure, improved quality of service (QoS), and enhanced security.
However, long packet addressing headers degrade the processing speed of routers and nodes that process Internet traffic, thereby slowing down the overall performance of the Internet. In particular, multimedia traffic, such as voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) traffic or video conference traffic, is significantly affected by transmission delay or jitter of the network.
In reality, the current Internet cannot be rapidly converted into an IPv6 network since the IPv4 network is widely used. The IPv4 network and the IPv6 network will coexist for the time being while the IPv4 network is gradually replaced by the IPv6 network.
Coexistence of IPv6 hosts/routers and IPv4 hosts/routers in an IPv4/IPv6 combination network induce coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 addressing headers during packet transmission, such as in an IPv4 over IPv6 context or an IPv6 over IPv4 context. Coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 addressing headers slows down addressing header processing.

Network communication system, device, and method for reducing a network addressing header


The present invention provides a system and method for providing global traffic optimization for a mix of applications running at multiple locations connected by a WAN. Various techniques are provided via WAN accelerator, edge shapers, and WAN bandwidth, route, QoS, and packet control to maximize application performance while minimizing cost, in accordance with customer policy.

Telecommunications networks today are becoming more flexible and agile. For example, technologies such as reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexers and optical cross-connects enable 2.5, 10 Gigabit, and 40 Gigabit per second dense wave division multiplexed service channels to be switched virtually instantaneously from one pair of endpoints to a different endpoint under management software control. Technologies such as the Virtual Concatenation and Link Capacity Adjustment enable Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) bandwidth layer channels to be incremented or decremented by relatively fine grained STS-1 increments in services such as Optical Mesh Service, available from AT&T, Inc., of San Antonio, Tex. Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) enables specification of specific routes through Virtual Private Network (VPN) Routing and Forwarding (VRF) tables, and alternate specific routes through MPLS Fast Reroute capability. MPLS also offers Quality of Service control, where, briefly, different packets traversing an MPLS network are given higher or lower priority for transport, and therefore experience different average latency in transmission. Also, technologies such as the Intelligent Routing Service Control Point (IRSCP), also available from AT&T, provide very fine grained route control and packet control at the IP layer. For example, a specific flow, comprising a given source IP address, destination IP address, and port number, may be sent to the destination along a specific route, and/or specific packets in the flow may be dropped, quarantined, or forwarded according to that header information.
In summary, a variety of technologies built into current and evolving telecommunications network equipment, or provided by telecommunications service providers, enable much greater flexibility and control than traditionally has been the case in what may be generally referred to as route control, bandwidth control, packet control, and quality of service (QoS) control. Route control is the ability to specify a sequence of nodes or hops for transported traffic to take. Bandwidth control is the ability to increment or decrement the capacity of a network link to carry traffic. QoS control is the ability to specify priority treatment of packets. Packet control is the ability to specify differential treatment of packets based on characteristics of the packet.
Separately, Wide Area Network (WAN) acceleration or application acceleration appliances are coming on the market. These include the Wide Area Acceleration System (WAAS), from Cisco systems of San Jose, Calif., as exemplary of a class of appliances that attempt to enhance performance of distributed applications used across a wide area network through a variety of techniques. One such technique is to cache recently accessed content at the edge, so that it may be accessed again locally without resorting to the Wide Area Network usage. Similar techniques include predictive caching and also protocol spoofing, that is, reducing the "chattiness" of protocols used by common applications such as Excel and Word from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., by "fabricating" local responses rather than require a large number of synchronous responses that need to occur via transactions carried (slowly, relative to a Large Area Network (LAN)) over a Wide Area Network.
Finally, a group of technologies such as are available from Packeteer and Ipanema conduct what may be referred to as edge shaping, where a pair of appliances at a source and destination location may be used, in combination with a policy control layer, to prioritize traffic from one application over that arising from another. Such shaping can include dropping packets from the lower application.
As discussed above, various approaches, such as, WAN flexibility through route, bandwidth, packet, and QoS control, WAN acceleration through edge caching, edge shaping etc., are available to fulfill the application performance requirements. When faced with a variety of potential approaches, one is faced with an issue of what is the best strategy for a given application mix, that is, rather than a single monolithic application, a mix of applications such as voice over data, e.g., Voice over IP, video, application data, file transfer, storage applications such as mirroring and replication, etc. For example, if the transaction rate increases, one is faced with a point in question as to what is the better strategy, whether the overall system should increase bandwidth, or should it use shaping to reduce the offered load to the network of that application.
Thus, there is an extreme need to provide a globally optimum solution that leverages available approaches to best meet application performance requirements.

System and method for global traffic optimization in a network


The present invention relates to a mask pack sheet using bio-cellulose obtained from fermented ginseng extracts, and more particularly, to a method for manufacturing a cosmetic mask pack sheet, comprising injecting microbial strains into a culture medium containing ginseng extracts so as to ferment the ginseng extracts and prepare a bio-cellulose sheet, and dipping the sheet into a cosmetic liquid.

Generally, a sheet-type mask pack in the cosmetic field is a face-shaped sheet product which can exhibit moisturizing and cleansing effects when applied to a face without the need to apply cosmetic lotion with hand. Examples of sheet-type mask packs, which are on the market, include a sheet designed to completely cover a face, a composite sheet comprising an upper sheet and a lower sheet, and sheets conforming to specific portions, including the portion under the eye, the eye rims, and the sides of the mouth. The sheet-type mask pack has a support in which an emulsion can be impregnated so as to act on the skin for a longer period of time than general cosmetic emulsions. Also, the occlusive effect of the support increases the skin penetration of a skin active ingredient, and thus the sheet-type mask pack has excellent effects on improvements in skin moisturization and conditions.
In this cosmetic mask pack sheet, a nonwoven fabric made of either plant cellulose fiber (derived mainly from cotton or pulp) or synthetic fiber is generally used not only as an element in which a cosmetic emulsion is impregnated, but also a mask-shaped support. The touch feeling and effect of the cosmetic mask pack sheet may vary depending on the material or kind of nonwoven fabric. In addition to fiber nonwoven fabric, supports made of various and unique materials may be used to support the cosmetic emulsion in the cosmetic mask pack sheet. Furthermore, studies on various materials have been conducted to improve the touch feel, wearing feel and effect of the cosmetic mask pack sheet.
Meanwhile, cellulose produced by microbial culture is known as bio-cellulose or microbial cellulose and is used as a material for a medical burn-treating agent or a cosmetic mask pack. The production of general bio-cellulose is mainly performed by microbial culture in a fruit juice medium. Microbial strains that produce bio-cellulose include Acetobacter sp., Rhizobium sp., and Agrobacterium sp. Among them, Acetobacter sp. has the highest production yield, and Acetobacter xylinum is the most well-known microorganism among members of Acetobacter sp. (see Korean Patent No. 0405776). In addition, in an attempt to increase the production yield of bio-cellulose, Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-0067226 discloses a method for producing bio-cellulose, the method comprising stationary- or shake-culturing a mixture of an Acetobacter sp. microorganism, which produces bio-cellulose, and a lactic acid microorganism which produces bacteriocin for preventing microbial contamination.
Bio-cellulose is a polymer material produced by the culture of various kinds of bacteria, particularly an Acetobacter sp. strain and is produced in a pellicle form in a culture medium under stationary culture conditions (see GB Patent No. 2131701). Bio-cellulose is a polymer having β-1,4-bonded glucose, like plant-derived cellulose, but it has a fiber width significantly smaller than that of plant-derived cellulose and has a three-dimensional network structure. Thus, bio-cellulose has a high ability to retain water and can give a soft touch feeling and a smooth wearing feeling, like a hydrogel mask. Accordingly, bio-cellulose is highly industrially applicable compared to plant-derived cellulose. Also, in order to apply produced bio-cellulose as a cosmetic sheet mask, the death of microorganisms injected for fermentation and the removal of medium should be essentially carried out. For this purpose, efficient processes are required to be applied for the manufacture of a sheet mask after culture.
Ginseng is a well-known oriental herb and is widely used in Chinese medicine, the health industry field and the cosmetic field. Various studies on the effects of ginsenosides (typical components of ginseng) on skin cells have been conducted, and particularly, it was reported that ginsenosides activate the production of hyaluronic acid in the human body by increasing the expression of hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) in human cells (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 316 (2004) 348-355). Thus, it was found that ginsenosides of ginseng have very excellent skin beauty effects, including anti-aging, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in skin cells. In order to use such skin beauty effects, various types of products comprising ginsenosides have been developed and applied.

Method for manufacturing a cosmetic bio-cellulose mask pack sheet and use thereof


The field of the present invention relates to genetically engineered fusion molecules, methods of making said fusion molecules, and uses thereof in anti-tumor immunotherapies. More specifically, the present invention relates to fusion molecule constructs wherein a tumor associated antigen (TAA) antibody (Ab) serves as a targeting moiety to selectively deliver a cytokine to a tumor cell for purposes of killing or inhibiting the growth or proliferation of said tumor cell. In various embodiments, the engineered fusion molecules comprise a TAA Ab fused to an interferon-alpha (IFN-α) mutant molecule. The engineered Ab-IFN-α mutant fusion molecules of the present invention demonstrate improved therapeutic index and preserved or increased efficacy as compared to Ab-wildtype IFN-α fusion molecules, and/or demonstrate improved PK properties as compared to Ab-wildtype IFN-α fusion molecules.

Interferon is an important cytokine which has multiple effects on the immune response (Theofilopoulos et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol., 23:307-336, 2005). Interferons include type 1 interferons (e.g., interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and interferon-beta (IFN-β)) and type 2 interferons (e.g., interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)). All type 1 IFNs are recognized by a shared receptor (IFN-αR) composed of two transmembrane proteins, IFN-αR1 and IFN-αR2. IFN-α's are known to inhibit angiogenesis (Sidky Y A and E C Borden, Cancer Res., 47:5155, 1987), mediate stimulation and differentiation of dendritic cells (Santini et al., J Exp Med, 191:1777, 2000), and are important in in vivo proliferation, expansion and long-term survival of antigen specific CD8+ T cells (Tough D F et al., Science, 272:1947, 1996). Although first described for their ability to inhibit viral replication, IFN-α's have multiple properties exhibiting antiproliferative effects, induction of apoptosis (Rodriguez-Villanueva J and T J McDonnell, Int J Cancer, 61:110, 1995) and induction of the tumor suppressor gene, P53, in tumor cells (Takaoka A et al., Nature, 424:516, 2003). Thus, IFN-α's were the first recombinant proteins used for the treatment of various cancers.
Unfortunately, the use of IFN-α to treat cancer has been limited by its short half-life and associated systemic toxicities (Weiss K, Semin Oncol, 25:9, 1998; Jones G J and Itri L M, Cancer, 57:1709, 2006). Because of the short in vivo half-life of IFN-α, frequent administration is required. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies have indicated that only 0.01% of subcutaneously injected IFN-α reaches the target tumor site (Suzuki K et al., Gene Ther., 10(9):765-773, 2003). The most common adverse events associated with IFN-α therapy are flu-like symptoms, fatigue, anorexia, and central nervous system and psychiatric reactions, and some of these side-effects may become dose-limiting (Jones G J and Itri L M, Cancer, 57:1709, 2006). Given these limitations, it is difficult to achieve effective IFN-α concentrations at sites of malignant disease without causing systemic toxicity. The limitations of systemic IFN-α therapy have led to the exploration of alternative strategies to deliver IFN-α safely and effectively into the tumor vicinity.

Methods of treating tumors with engineered antibody-interferon mutant fusion molecules


The construction of a collapsible rotary torso exercise machine is disclosed. The machine's extended parts fold down and/or detach so that it may be stored in a small space. The machine is also lightweight and therefore portable. Three different types of resistance mechanism are specifically disclosed: 1) piston in cylinder resistance 2) friction resistance and 3) elastic member resistance. The collapsible rotary torso exercise machine preferably has variable resistance and for each type of resistance mechanism disclosed, a mechanism or method for varying the resistance is also disclosed.

(1) Field of Invention
This invention relates to the field of rotary torso exercise machines.
(2) Description of Prior Art
Rotary torso exercise machines are known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,456,245 discloses an exercise machine designed to provide the user with a means to exercise torso rotation muscles. This machine provides means to vary the resistance to the torso rotation exercise via weights connected to a pulley and cam mechanism. However the machine is quite large and extremely heavy and is therefore primarily suited for use only in a commercial gym or in the largest, most expensive home exercise rooms, its space and budget requirements putting it well beyond the means of the average consumer desiring to purchase a rotary torso exercise machine for home use.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,052,684 discloses another apparatus for training the waist portion of the body. This machine features upper and lower portions, engaged with one another by a drive chain and sprockets, and which turn in opposite directions from one another to accomplish the twisting exercise motion. Brakes are provided as a means for variable resistance to the exercise motion. Though the machine is considerably less bulky than that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,456,245, and would be suitable for home use, it does not offer collapsibility for ready storage in a small space.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,608 B1 discloses a rotary torso exercise machine as well. According to the inventor, its purpose is to assist in stimulating the acupuncture points along the spine simply by allowing the user to twist the body in the rotary manner. Its size makes it suitable for home use however no means of external resistance is provided whatsoever and so resistance (strength) training of the rotary torso muscles cannot be accomplished using the device. Further, it does not offer collapsibility for ready storage in a small space.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,047 B1 discloses an exercise device for strengthening the abdominal and lower back muscles. It utilizes an elongated resilient spring member to provide resistance to exercise motions. Although a limited degree of rotary torso exercise could be accomplished using this device, it is not primarily designed to isolate this motion and would certainly be an inefficient way to exercise the torso rotary motion. As the only resistance provided by this machine is in relation to the deviation of the handlebar from the central neutral position, the machine cannot offer resistance to exercise through the full range of rotary torso motion. Further no means for adjusting the quantity of resistance offered is provided.
U.S. Pat. No. Des. 281,712 discloses the ornamental design for a torsion exercising apparatus apparently using two piston in cylinder assemblies for resistance. It appears to be suitable for home use but has no collapsibility features for storage. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. Des. 344,993 discloses an ornamental design for a torso exercise machine. It also appears to be suitable for home use but likewise has no collapsibility features for storage in small spaces.
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a collapsible rotary torso exercise machine which offers resisted exercise through a full 90 degree range of torso rotation from 45 degrees clockwise orientation to 45 degrees counterclockwise orientation and vice versa. It is also the purpose of this invention to provide such a rotary torso exercise machine which features variable resistance. It is a further purpose of the present invention to provide such a rotary torso exercise machine which can be stored in a small space, is lightweight and readily portable, and which can be manufactured inexpensively enough so as to be within the budget of the average consumer. The present invention is thus ideally suited for home use where both space and monetary concerns are common issues.

Collapsible rotary torso exercise machine


A semiconductor integrated circuit device is disclosed. The device includes a memory cell array, an I/O buffer, a read/write buffer, an error checking and correcting circuit, and an initialization checking circuit. N-bit data is input to the I/O buffer and the I/O buffer outputs N-bit data. The I/O buffer inputs N-bit data to the read/write buffer, and the read/write buffer outputs N-bit data to the I/O buffer. The memory cell array inputs up to M×N-bit data to the read/write buffer, and the read/write buffer outputs up to M×N-bit data to the memory cell array. The read/write buffer writes a variable number of bits to the memory cell array (N is a natural number equal to or larger than 1, and M is a natural number equal to or larger than 2).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit device, and in particular, to a semiconductor integrated circuit device having a semiconductor memory comprising an error checking and correcting circuit.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is important for memories with error checking and correcting (ECC) circuits to make ECC operations invisible to minimize adverse effects on write/read accesses. The ECC operation may result in a useless access. Methods for minimizing the adverse effects on write/read accesses are roughly classified into:
(1) a type of method for performing an ECC operation during a cycle that does not relate to original write/read accesses, and (2) a type of method for performing an ECC operation with its adverse effects on accesses minimized.
For example, data the number of which is larger than that of I/O data are collectively read from a memory cell array. An ECC operation is performed on these data, which are then held in a temporary storage such as a register. A write/read operation is then continuously performed. Such an operation in combination with a continuous operation in a page or burst mode is more effective. However, larger power consumption results from an ECC operation performed on data the number of which is larger than that of I/O data.
Such a method is disclosed in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2005-25827.


A check valve assembly for the forced gas cooling system of a vacuum heat treating furnace is disclosed. The check valve assembly includes a check valve for installation on the exterior of a hot zone wall in a vacuum heat treating furnace. The check valve includes a valve body forming an inlet, an outlet, and a channel extending longitudinally through the valve body. The valve body has an inner wall that forms a recess near the inlet. The channel contains a flap pivotally supported on a shaft that extends through the recess. The flap pivots in and out of the channel to permit a cooling gas to flow through the valve body in one direction while substantially preventing the flow of gas through the valve body in the opposite direction. The flap is operable between a closed position in which the flap extends into the channel to obstruct the channel, and an open position in which the flap is pivoted out of the channel and into the recess. A vacuum heat treating furnace and a vacuum furnace hot zone utilizing the above-described check valve assembly are also described.

In the known vacuum heat treating furnaces, the metallic workload is heat treated in a hot zone and subsequently cooled with a cooling gas. The cooling gas is injected into the hot zone through one or more nozzles that penetrate through the hot zone wall. The nozzles have unobstructed channels that reduce inert gas partial pressure and allow heat to escape from the hot zone during the heating portion of a heat treatment cycle. The gas pressure and heat loss result in poor temperature uniformity around the workpiece. In order to overcome this problem, some vacuum heat treating furnaces include valves or other hardware connected to the cooling gas nozzles on the inside of the hot zone. The valves allow cooling gas to enter into the hot zone through the nozzles, but limit the escape of gas partial pressure and heat through the gas injection nozzles during the heating cycle.
Valves installed in the interior of the hot zone are subject to breaking and wear in a short period of time, because many have moving parts that cannot withstand repeated exposure to the high temperatures in the hot zone. In addition, many of the known valves are formed from materials that cannot withstand such high temperatures. Failure of these devices can create significant down time, because the furnace and hot zone must be opened to access the broken or worn valve. Also, when the valves are arrayed radially about the interior of the hot zone, special measures must be implemented to maintain some of the valves in a closed position because the force of gravity tends to open them. It can be seen that the devices presently used to limit the loss of pressure and temperature from hot zones have limitations that cause them to fall short of the needs of those who operate such furnaces.


The invention provides systems and methods for ergonomic dental instruments for dental professionals with small hands. In one embodiment, a dental instrument includes an elongated metal handle having a length in the range of about 3- 7/16 inches to about 3- 15/16 inches and a diameter in the range of about ¼ inches to about ¾ inches. A working end may be operably coupled to one or both ends of the handle via a sweated fit. The length and knurling of the elongated metal shaft and terminal shaft facilitate optimum performance for the user.

There is a large range of hand-held dental instruments available for the removal of supra and subgingival calculus, including ultrasonic devices, probes, explorers, curettes, sickles, hoes, files and chisels. Such hand-held dental instruments have long been known and are useful in connection with dental hygiene as well as diagnostic and restorative treatments.
The overall size of hand-held dental instruments has not changed significantly since their invention in the 1930's. The size of dental instruments was originally designed with a large handed person in mind, since most dental professionals were men. A clinician with larger hands could not fit his fingers inside the patient's mouth, so the handle and instrument end had to be longer. In this way, the professional could place his fingers on the exterior of the mouth to establish the fulcrum to work on the patient's teeth. Presently, larger sized instruments are not optimal for clinicians with small hands.
In recent years, dental practice has shifted toward an ergonomic focus. A few examples of ergonomic advancement in the dentistry field include new operator stool designs that include arm rests, magnification loupes that improve visibility while optimizing posture and new instrument handles with scoring patterns and larger diameter handles. Much has been written about cumulative trauma disorders (CTD), yet these injuries continue to be problematic for dental professionals. In some cases, despite costly and painful treatment, the pain and dysfunction return. CTD can affect daily life, from simple tasks like holding the telephone to recreational activities like gardening or knitting. CTD affects everything that requires good hand dexterity.
Cumulative trauma disorders include work-related musculoskeletal disorders, repetitive motion injury/disorders, and repetitive strain injuries. These injuries can affect the nerves, tendons, and neurovasculature of upper extremities and thus gravely impact the ability to practice in the dental field.
In particular, there is a high prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome among dental practitioners. Periodontal procedures, such as scaling and root planing, practiced by both dentists and dental hygienists, are among the high-risk tasks. Currently, non-powered hand instruments are still important in performing these tasks. Studies on instrument handle designs indicate that handles have a strong effect on operator performance and muscle stress. It is therefore crucial to design ergonomic hand instruments for dental professionals with small hands to reduce operator muscle load during dental procedures. Preferably, such instruments will be easy to pick up and use, and will include features to minimize fatigue and injuries when the instruments are in use.

Ergonomic dental instruments for small hands


A fusing unit used with a color laser printer includes a pair of rollers which heat and press a sheet of paper, onto which an image is transferred, and fuse the transferred image on the sheet of paper, and plastic mold bearings which rotatably support the rollers to be centered on frames.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fusing unit to heat and press a toner image transferred onto paper, and more particularly, to a fusing unit used with a color laser printer.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, color laser printers develop an electrostatic latent image formed on a photosensitive body with toner in a powder state, transfer the developed image onto paper, heat and press the transferred image, and fuse the heated and pressed image on the paper. A fusing unit of the color laser printers which performs a fusing operation has a structure schematically shown in FIG. 1. Two rollers 10 and 20, in which heaters 11 and 21 are respectively disposed, are in close contact with each other and rotate while a sheet of paper 1 passes therebetween. In this procedure, a toner image formed on the sheet of paper 1 is heated by heat generated by the heaters 11 and 21 and pressed by an adhesion force formed between the two rollers 10 and 20, and then is completely fused on the sheet of paper 1. In general, an upper roller 10 is referred to as a heat roller, and a lower roller 20 that is in close contact with the heat roller 10 by a spring 25 is referred to as a pressure roller. Outer circumferences of aluminum cores 12 and 22 of the heat roller 10 and the pressure roller 20 are respectively covered with silicon rubber layers 13 and 23, and Teflon layers 14 and 24 are respectively coated on the silicon rubber layers 13 and 23.
In the conventional color laser printer, metallic ball bearings 30, as shown in FIG. 2, are generally used to support the heat roller 10 and the pressure roller 20. In other words, the cores 12 and 22, acting as rotating axes of the two rollers 10 and 20, are rotatably supported to be centered on a frame 40 via a respective metallic ball bearing 30 and are rotated by a motor (not shown).
However, in addition to high manufacturing costs, since it is difficult to process the metallic ball bearings 30, the metallic ball bearings 30 are formed into a ring-shape. Thus, a support structure to support the metallic ball bearings 30 is defined by a circular hole indicated by a reference numeral 41 shown in FIG. 2. As printers recently become smaller, the shape of a fusing unit also becomes very complicated and compact in consideration of shapes of other peripheral structures and a combinational relationship therebetween. To this end, the shape of a frame 40, in which a support structure is provided, needs to be optimized. However, due to the restriction on the shape of the metallic ball bearings 30, it is difficult to optimize the shape of the frame 40 and to implement a compact fusing unit.

Fusing unit used with a color laser printer


A non-volatile IC memory comprising in addition to a PROM region divided into blocks a RAM region having a capacity corresponding to one of the blocks wherein the entire data stored in the corresponding block in the PROM region designated by an address sent out from the outside is transferred to the RAM region. After data in the corresponding portion in the RAM region designated by the address is rewritten by data sent out from the outside, the data in the RAM region is written back in the corresponding block of the PROM, thereby data is rewritten by a word unit or a bit unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a non-volatile IC memory (hereinbelow simply called as non-volatile memory) and more specifically relates to an improvement of a large capacity rewritable non-volatile memory represented by such a flash memory which requires data erasing by a block unit to a non-volatile memory which does not necessitate the data rewritting by a block unit.
2. Description of Related Art
A non-volatile memory includes a non-rewritable mask ROM and a rewritable PROM, and the PROM includes a rewritable after erasing EPROM and a rewritable after electrically erasing EEPROM.
The advantages of the EEPROM are that it endures rewritings for a relatively great number of times (100.about.100,000 times) and enables rewriting on-board. However most of the EEPROMs are a plurality of transistors per cell type of which storage capacity per a predetermined area is poor in comparison with that of a single transistor per cell type such as the mask ROM and an erasable with ultraviolet EPROM.
It is a current demand to increase memory capacity for resolving the above mentioned drawback of the EEPROMs, which single transistor per cell type EEPROMs have been studied to reduce them to practice and as one of the typical examples thereof a so called inclusively erasable flash memory is now reduced to practice.
The problem with regard to the capacity is resolved by changing the memory structure from that for a plurality of transistors per cell type to that for a single transistor per cell type. However, as reflections thereof advantages associated with the constitution of the plurality of transistors per cell type memory are lost. For example, the single transistor per cell type memory includes no selection transistor such that it is generally impossible to specify an individual cell and to erase only the data in the specified individual cell. In other words, when data erasing is required for the purpose of such as rewriting, it is necessary to erase an entire memory cell in the IC or, in case of a memory type wherein the inside of the memory is divided into a plurality of blocks, it is necessary to erase memory cells by a block unit.
In these kinds of the single transistor per cell type non-volatile memories, the data rewriting can not be performed by a bit unit or by a word unit (usually 4 or 8 bits) but has to be performed by at least a block unit (usually more than several thousand bits). This requirement presents a new restricting condition to the users of these non-volatile memories. Thereby the selectability thereof by the users is narrowed, and such is one of the reasons to prevent a spreading use of the flash memory.


Disclosed herein are methods for enhancing the efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (“EGCg”) in mitigating skeletal muscle loss in a subject. Providing EGCg to a subject in a nutritional composition reduces muscle protein degradation, thereby mitigating skeletal muscle loss in the subject. The combination of EGCg with zinc in a nutritional composition enhances the mitigating effect that EGCg has on muscle loss. Specifically, when used in combination, a nutritional composition containing both EGCg and zinc requires less EGCg to obtain the same mitigating effect that occurs in the same nutritional composition containing EGCg but no zinc.

Skeletal muscle loss in a subject due to age-, inactivity-, or disease-related disorders may have a negative impact on the overall health and well being of the subject. For example, skeletal muscle loss may lead to weakness, frailty, further muscle loss, susceptibility to injury, a decrease in the ability or desire to exercise, and so forth in the subject. Typically, skeletal muscle loss is regulated by two separate pathways: (1) decreased muscle protein synthesis and (2) increased muscle protein degradation. Together, these pathways generally accelerate and promote rapid muscle loss. Individually, each pathway on its own promotes skeletal muscle loss. Thus, inhibiting or preventing each pathway, individually or together, will have a mitigating effect on skeletal muscle loss.
With respect to the second pathway, age disorders (as evidenced by sarcopenia), disease disorders (as evidenced by cachexia), or general inactivity disorders (e.g., muscle wasting or atrophy due to lack of use or immobilization) may increase or upregulate muscle protein degradation. Thus, the loss of skeletal muscle attributable to age, inactivity, or disease may be mitigated by inhibiting, i.e., decreasing or preventing, muscle protein degradation.

Methods for enhancing the effect of EGCg on mitigating skeletal muscle loss


A semiconductor device includes a first diode connected transistor of a first conductivity type and a second diode connected transistor of a second conductivity type connected in series, each of the first and second diode connected transistors being configured to exhibit negative differential resistance in response to an applied voltage. The first drain and first source regions of the first diode connected transistor include dopants of the first conductivity type at degenerate dopant concentration levels and a gate of the first diode connected transistor has a work function that corresponds to that of the semiconductor containing dopants of the second conductivity type. The second drain and second source regions of the second diode connected transistor include dopants of the second conductivity type at degenerate dopant concentration levels and a gate of the second diode connected transistor has a work function that corresponds to that of the semiconductor containing dopants of the first conductivity type.

A static random-access memory (SRAM) device is a type of semiconductor memory that uses bistable latching circuitry to store each data bit. SRAM devices, in contrast with dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) devices, have the ability to maintain the stored data without needing the data to be periodically refreshed. A memory cell in a conventional SRAM device is shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1, the single SRAM cell may comprise first and second driving transistors TN1 and TN2, first and second load transistors TP1 and TP2, and first and second access transistors TN3 and TN4. Source terminals of the first and second driving transistors TN1 and TN2 may be connected to a ground voltage line Vss, and source terminals of the first and second load transistors TP1 and TP2 may be connected to a power voltage line Vdd.
The first driving transistor TN1 comprising an NMOS transistor and the first load transistor TP1 comprising a PMOS transistor may be configured as a first inverter, and the second driving transistor TN2 comprising an NMOS transistor and the second load transistor TP2 comprising a PMOS transistor may be configured as a second inverter.
Output terminals of the first and second inverters may be connected to source terminals of the first and second access transistors TN3 and TN4. In addition, input and output terminals of the first and second inverters may intersect with each other and be connected to each other. Drain terminals of the first and second access transistors TN3 and TN4 may be connected to first and second bit lines BL and /BL, respectively.
As shown in FIG. 1, a single SRAM memory cell may comprise six transistors, which may consume significant SRAM layout real estate in integrated circuit memory devices as SRAM device density increases.

CMOS compatible resonant interband tunneling cell


According to one embodiment, a communication system includes an analog voice bridge coupling one secure network domain to another. The analog voice bridge includes two codecs that are each coupled to a secure network domain and to each other through an analog voice line. One codec decapsulates an analog voice signal from a digital voice stream received from a terminal, and transmits the analog voice signal to the other codec through the analog voice line. The other codec encapsulate the analog voice signal in another digital voice stream and transmit the encapsulated digital voice stream to another terminal coupled through the other secure network domain. The analog voice line conveys the analog voice signal from the first codec to the second codec while restricting communication of the digital packet stream between the two secure network domains.

Traditional voice telephony has been provided by the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The public switched telephone network is a circuit-based architecture in which call sessions may be selectively established among multiple users using point-to-point connection protocols, such as a time division multiplex (TDM) protocol. The advent of Internet protocol (IP) based systems, however, has provided voice communication and other associated communications networks using a mesh-based architecture, such as the Internet. Newer telephony networks have been migrating towards Internet protocol (IP) based systems. Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) is a particular type of protocol that has been established to promote the use of voice communications over packet-based networks, such as the Internet.


The present invention described secures a computer account against unauthorized access caused as a result of identity-theft, and insider-espionage using artificial intelligence and behavioral modeling methods. The present invention has the ability to detect intruders or impersonators by observing “suspicious” activity under a computer account. When it sees such suspicious behavior, it uses artificial intelligence to authenticate the suspect by interrogation. The present invention asks the suspect questions that only the legitimate computer account owner can verify correctly. If the suspect fails the interrogation, that proves that he/she is an impersonator and therefore further access to the computer account is denied immediately. On the other hand if the suspect passes, access to the computer account is restored. The present invention uses a Programmable Artificial Intelligence Engine (PAIE) to interact with computer users in human natural language. The PAIE can also be programmed to suit other applications where natural language interaction with humans is helpful.

1. Field of the Present Invention
The present invention relates generally to automated computer systems used to monitor and detect against unauthorized use of a computer network or system and more particularly to a system and method for securing computers against unauthorized use and access.
2. History of Related Art
In today's world, most businesses, government agencies and organizations depend on computer systems to communicate, transfer classified and unclassified information, and carry out various security-sensitive transactions such as executing financial payments using credit cards. It is estimated that nearly 70% of an organization's value is stored inside computer systems. This makes computer systems a prime target for thieves who might wish to steal this important information. It is important to secure computers against such information theft.
Firstly, one method by which thieves try to steal information is through the use of stolen user identities, often called computer identity-theft. Due to security concerns, computer systems were designed to grant access to trusted persons and deny access to those who are not authorized. This is carried out by the use of authentication systems which requires that a user first establish his/her legitimacy to use the computer system by first providing a user name and a password. Some other authentication systems require different access data such as smart cards and a personal identification number, biometrics, etc. However, in the real world, user identities (consisting of user names and passwords, smart cards etc.) are often stolen by thieves who later on use these user identities to log into the computer account of the person whose identity was stolen. In such cases the intruder will have full access to the computer account without being caught because the thief will be disguised using the identity of an authorized user. This is a serious problem because such security breaches never get detected since they appear legitimate. It is important that computer identity-theft attempts should be defeated.
Secondly, another means by which thieves steal information from computer systems is through insider espionage. This occurs when trusted computer users belonging to an organization such as employees or contractors (often called "insiders") choose to use their access rights for the wrong reasons. This problem is often called the "insider threat". Sometimes, employees may choose to use their access rights to steal company information with the objective of divulging it to unauthorized outsiders. It is important that such insider security breaches should be detected and thwarted.
Thirdly, computers are tools that have a tremendous amount of power and can do many things much faster and better than humans. Although computers have made life much easier for people, they can be a little bit difficult to use or communicate with. Computer software developers and engineers have developed several input devices, computer software systems and output devices to make it easier for people to use computers. However, sometimes it is still difficult to use computer systems because of their complexity. Therefore it is necessary to make it easier for people to communicate with computer systems.
In summary, computer security breaches caused as a result of identity-theft and insider espionage are very big problems facing the computer industry. Also, because computer systems are becoming more complex, it would be beneficial to allow humans to communicate with computers more easily. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide a computer system that can communicate easily with humans and also protect against identity theft and insider security breaches.

System and method for securing computer system against unauthorized access


A linear power amplifier having a pulse density modulated switching power supply including a power supply providing at least a relatively high DC voltage output; a voltage amplifier connected to an external signal source to amplify a relatively low voltage signal received from the external signal source into a relatively high voltage signal; a current amplifier connected to the voltage amplifier to increase the current flow associated with the relatively high voltage signal, as needed, in order to properly drive a load, wherein the current amplifier is powered by a pulse generator. The pulse generator is connected to a first line carrying the relatively high voltage signal to the load, and to a second line supplying power to the current amplifier. The pulse generator (i) compares the instantaneous voltage amplitude of the relatively high voltage signal with the instantaneous voltage level powering the current amplifier, (ii) provides fixed duration pulses, at the relatively high DC voltage, to power the current amplifier whenever, and so long as, the instantaneous voltage amplitude of the relatively high voltage signal rises high enough relative to the instantaneous voltage level powering the current amplifier to cause the current amplifier to approach saturation, (iii) compares the instantaneous voltage level powering the current amplifier with an internal reference voltage standard, and (iv) provides fixed duration pulses at the relatively high DC voltage to power the current amplifier whenever, and for so long as, the instantaneous voltage level powering the current amplifier is less than the internal reference voltage standard.

Linear power amplifiers are well known in the art. In general, these devices serve to provide voltage gain and/or current gain to a relatively low level input signal. Linear power amplifiers have a wide variety of applications, such as servo-control, cathode ray tube deflection, audio frequency signal amplification, electric motor drivers, etc. Unfortunately, many prior art linear power amplifiers suffer from various deficiencies, including high power consumption and high heat generation.
Many prior art linear power amplifiers utilize a multi-stage design. First, the low level input signal (e.g. from a microphone amplifier, a CD player, a computer sound card, etc.) is fed into a voltage amplifier. The low level input signal experiences a voltage gain when it passes through the voltage amplifier. The voltage-amplified signal is then passed through a current amplifier. The signal experiences a current gain when it passes through the current amplifier. The voltage-amplified and current-amplified signal is then applied to a load such as a loudspeaker.
With prior art multi-stage linear power amplifiers, it has been found that so long as the voltage amplitude of the signal being applied to the current amplifier remains below a certain level vis-a-vis the voltage powering the current amplifier, the current amplifier will not saturate, and the linear power amplifier will be able to power the load without degradation of the signal. However, when the voltage amplitude of the signal applied to the current amplifier rises high enough relative to the level of the voltage powering the current amplifier, the current amplifier will saturate, thereby clipping the output signal voltage and limiting the current output to the load.
Typically, this problem is avoided by simply boosting the level of voltage powering the current amplifier so as to eliminate clipping. Unfortunately, this solution has the effect of increasing the power consumed by the linear power amplifier and, consequently, increasing the heat generated by the various amplifier components. This results in the need to apply additional heat sinks to the linear power amplifier, which increase its size and cost.
Other prior art power amplifiers have been proposed to minimize the foregoing problems associated with linear power amplification. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,890 issued Aug. 16, 1977 to Eckerle, a power amplifier is disclosed which uses a signal processor to control the state of a controllable switch. The switch gates the output of a source of relatively high AC voltage. The Eckerle amplifier can be used to drive a wide variety of loads. However, the Eckerle type of circuit requires intermediate analog-to-digital conversion of the original signal, which add to its complexity.

Linear power amplifier with a pulse density modulated switching power supply


A composition for and a method of promoting the flow of a concrete slurry through a pump and a conduit is provided. The composition is a dry particulate mixture comprised of a water soluble, inorganic material and a solvatable, organic polymer. The composition, when mixed with a suitable quantity of water, is useful in a method of priming a pump used to pump a concrete slurry. The composition, when mixed with a concrete slurry, is useful to improve the flow of the slurry through a conduit.

1. Technical Field of the Invention.
This invention broadly relates to concrete. It further relates to materials added to concrete or otherwise employed therewith to adjust the properties or to enhance and/or to facilitate the use thereof. This invention further, and more specifically, relates to an additive composition for and a method of promoting the flow of concrete and particularly the flow thereof through a pump and a conduit.
2. Description of the Prior Art and Problems Solved
It is well known that concrete is useful as a basic and highly versatile material of construction. The versatility of concrete stems, at least in part, from the fact that concrete initially occurs in a fluid condition, which, after a period of time, converts into a monolithic solid condition. In the fluid condition, concrete, being comprised of discrete solids dispersed in water, has little or no compressive strength; it can be pumped; and it will flow into and assume the shape of a container, referred to in the art as a form. After a period of time, the fluid concrete sets into the dense, rigid, monolithic solid condition having the shape of the form and exibiting substantial compressive strength.
For purposes of this disclosure, the fluid condition of concrete, which is referred to in the concrete construction art as "plastic concrete," featuring the dispersion of solids in water, is referred to herein as a concrete slurry, and the monolithic solid condition of concrete is referred to herein as set concrete. The dispersed solids are usually comprised of hydraulic cement and aggregate wherein the aggregate ordinarily, but not always, consists of graded coarse aggregate, i.e. rock, mixed with graded fine aggregate, i.e. sand.
It is known that a concrete slurry can be prepared for use in one location, which can be remote from the place of its intended use, and then conveniently transported by known means, such as in a truck, to the place of its intended use. It is also known that a concrete slurry can be prepared while being transported to the intended place of use. A truck ordinarily employed to transport a concrete slurry is referred to in the art as a ready mix truck.
When a concrete slurry is delivered to the intended location of use, it is known that it can be caused to flow by gravity or by pumping into a form where, because of its fluid condition, it conforms to the shape of the form. After the concrete slurry is in the form it is permitted to remain undisturbed therein for a period of time sufficient to enable the cementious material to hydrate to thereby produce the set concrete.
One of the problems involved in the placement of a concrete slurry, which is the problem specifically addressed in this disclosure, concerns the potential difficulty of causing the slurry to flow through a conduit. In this regard, it is sometimes necessary, or otherwise convenient, to place the slurry in the desired form by pressuring it, by means of a pump, through a conduit over a distance to the desired form. However, due to the nature of a concrete slurry, it has sometimes been found essential, in order to initiate movement of a slurry to and through the pump and conduit, to first fill the pump used to pressure the slurry through a conduit with a fluid which is easily pumped and which will lubricate the conduit itself, followed by pumping such fluid ahead of the slurry. The process of filling a pump with a fluid which is easily pumped followed by pumping in order to initiate slurry movement is referred to as priming.
It is known that a concrete slurry which contains coarse aggregate which is irregular in size and/or shape and/or which contains solids which are not uniformly dispersed in the water phase and/or which has a low volume ratio of hydraulic cement to total concrete slurry cannot be pumped easily, if at all, unless the pump is first primed.
A concrete slurry having a low volume ratio of hydraulic cement to slurry, which is known in the art as a low strength mix, does not contain sufficient hydraulic cement to lubricate the pump, conduit and aggregate to enable satisfactory slurry flow. It is believed that a low volume ratio of hydraulic cement to slurry is one featuring about 10 volume parts or less of hydraulic cement per 100 volume parts of concrete slurry.
The flow of a concrete slurry which includes coarse aggregate which is not of proper size gradation, as set out in ASTM C33-92a (Std. Spec. for Concrete Aggregates), or which is andgular or broken or in which solids are not uniformly dispersed in the water phase or any combination thereof will tend to be at least impeded and perhaps even will be completely blocked and will, accordingly, require the application of priming.
It is highly desireable that the combination of aggregate, water and hydraulic cement act together in the flowing slurry to produce a condition, referred to in the art as the ball bearing effect, which results in the smooth and uninterupted flow of the concrete slurry.
Coarse and fine aggregates often used in the formulation of a concrete slurry are not the type which will produce the ball bearing effect principally due to the fact that the more desireable type of coarse aggregates, i.e. aggregates which are round, smooth, unbroken and of proper size gradation, are in short supply or are simply not available in view of various factors including the high demand for concrete construction and decreasing convenient sources of such aggregates. Accordingly, the need for improved compositions for and methods of priming a concrete pump and lubricating a conduit to ease slurry flow is current and will continue to increase with the passage of time.
The prior art has addressed the problem of priming a concrete slurry pump by employing methods featuring the use of two different compositions, one of which is called a "priming grout mix" and the second of which is called a "priming slurry." The methods of priming a concrete slurry pump with either a priming grout mix or a priming slurry, as heretofore employed, are similar and suffer a common disadvantage. The disadvantage originates from the fact that the concrete slurry being pumped is not compatible and cannot be admixed with either one of the prior art priming compositions because any such admixture adversely affects the strength of the set concrete. Accordingly, when employing either one of the prior art methods, the delivery end of the conduit cannot be placed in the form until all of the priming composition has exited therefrom in order to avoid any admixing of slurry and priming composition.
Because the prior art compositions cannot be admixed with the concrete slurry, as explained above, the priming compositions must be directed to and placed in a separate location to enable hydration and subsequent disposal thereof. Accordingly, a waste disposal and potential environmental hazard inherently accompanies the use of prior art priming compositions.
Thus a problem to be solved is to devise a composition for and a method of priming a concrete slurry pump which will not only permit a slurry to be successfully pumped, but which will also avoid the waste disposal and environmental problems associated with methods currently employed.
A priming grout mix usually consists of concrete sand, hydraulic cement and water in the weight ratio of 10 to 2 to 1, respectively. In typical practice about one-half cubic yard of priming grout mix is placed in a ready mix truck which then transports the mix to the location of the concrete slurry pump, which is ordinarily a positive displacement pump; the mix is there employed to prime the pump in order to cause a concrete slurry to move through the pump and conduit to the desired form. In the example just cited, one-half cubic yard of priming grout mix includes about 1500 pounds of sand, 300 pounds of dry cement and 150 pounds of water. In view of the fact that a ready mix truck ordinarily holds at least about 8 cubic yards of material it is apparent that a truck employed to transport a priming grout mix is dramatically under utilized in that it is solely used to transport a material which cannot be added to the concrete slurry.
A priming slurry typically consists of one bag of hydraulic cement dispersed in 6 or 7 gallons of water. As used herein, a bag of cement weighs about 94 pounds; since a gallon of water weighs about 8.33 pounds, the weight ratio of cement to water in a typical priming slurry is an amount in the range of from about 1.6 to about 1.9 pounds of cement per pound of water. In practice about one-half of the required cement and water is thoroughly mixed and added to an apparatus, referred to in the art as a hopper, which is in direct fluid communication with the suction side of the concrete pump, thereafter the balance of the cement and water is thoroughly mixed and added to the hopper prior to the initiation of pumping.
Although use of a priming slurry does not involve an extra ready mix truck, as is required in the case of a priming grout mix as described above, it is required that extra bags of dry cement be transported to the pump location to enable on-site preparation of the the priming slurry.

Composition for and method of pumping concrete


An electronic device for and method of determining a calibration code is provided. The electronic device includes a modem configured to receive a transmission signal, determine a calibration code that minimizes distortion of the transmission signal, and calibrate the distortion of the transmission signal using the calibration code.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates generally to a transceiver of an electronic device, and more particularly, to a calibration apparatus and method for minimizing distortion of a signal of a wireless transceiver.
2. Description of the Related Art
Technologies that use a frequency mixer to convert a baseband signal or an intermediate frequency signal into a Radio Frequency (RF) signal, or to convert an RF signal into a baseband signal or an intermediate frequency signal, have been widely utilized in the wireless communication field.
However, a Local Oscillator (LO) leakage signal (or carrier leakage) may act as an interference signal in the frequency mixer, and thus, the required wireless communication standard may not be satisfied or the modulation accuracy of a communication signal may deteriorate. The carrier leakage may occur when an LO signal leaks due to a parasitic capacitance component of the frequency mixer or may occur when a frequency component of a Direct Current (DC) component existing in a baseband circuit flows into the LO signal. The leakage of the LO signal may be calibrated by applying a DC offset signal that corresponds to an inverse of the LO leakage signal to an input of the frequency mixer. The DC offset may be embodied in a Digital-to-Analog Convertor (DAC) having a resolution of a predetermined bit length, and an algorithm for determining a DAC control code for obtaining an optimal (that is, minimized) carrier leakage, is needed. For example, when the resolution of a DAC for calibration is N bits, as many as 2N events may occur. The frequency mixer of a transceiver is formed of an I-path and a Q-path, and an I-DAC and a Q-DAC exist as a DAC for calibration and thus, the number of events for selecting an optimal control code may be 22N (=2N×2N).
In addition, I/Q mismatch may occur in the frequency mixer. The I/Q mismatch refers to a mismatch of a size (or gain) and a phase between transfer characteristics of the I-path and the Q-path of the front end including the frequency mixer of the transceiver, and the I/Q mismatch may generate an image signal of a modulation signal and may deteriorate the quality of a transmission signal.
To calibrate the I/Q mismatch, a calibration circuit corresponding to an inverse of the frequency mixer, which may be modeled using a size (g) and a phase (Φ), may be used. The calibration of the size and the phase may be executed based on a method of searching for a calibration code having a determined bit length from a digital domain. This may be executed in the same manner as the method of searching for an optimal control code for calibration of carrier leakage.
In addition, in a wireless receiver, a high frequency interference signal may act as noise in a baseband by a 2nd order non-linear component (or 2nd harmonic signal or 2nd order intermodulation distortion (hereinafter referred to as a 2nd order intercept-point (IP2))) generated from a frequency down-conversion mixer for converting an RF signal into a baseband signal. To calibrate the above, an IP2 calibration procedure is needed. The IP2 calibration may also be executed through a process of searching for an optimal control code that minimizes an IP2 component of an I/Q frequency mixer. For example, the receiver requires a function of calibrating the I/Q mismatch and IP2.
A function associated with an amount of carrier leakage based on a control code (I-code and Q-code), that is, an I-DAC and a Q-DAC, for calibration of carrier leakage, generally has two characteristics. First, the size of carrier leakage may show a monotonic increment or monotonic decrement as an I-code value or a Q-code value increases, and is provided in a form of a convex quadratic parabola. Second, an amount of carrier leakage is observed by changing an I-code by one for each time, so as to detect an I-code (Imin) that minimizes carrier leakage. In this instance, Imin may be changed based on a Q-code. The characteristic may be identical in the case of a Q-code that minimizes carrier leakage. That is, Imin|Q=Q1≠Imin|Q=Q2 and Qmin|I=I1≠Qmin|I=I2. Therefore, in the case of an I-DAC and a Q-DAC having N-bit resolution, when the search for a code is executed with respect to the number of combinations of all codes (=2N×2N) so as to detect a code combination (Iopt and Qopt) that minimizes carrier leakage from among all code combinations of the I-code and the Q-code in two-dimensions, the time expended to search for the code may be great. For example, when N=8, 65,536 (=28×28) searches may be executed to detect Iopt and Qopt.
As a method of improving a code searching time, a method of determining a Q-code, detecting an Imin code that minimizes carrier leakage by repeatedly changing an I-code, fixing an I-code based on the detected Imin, and detecting a Qmin code that minimizes carrier leakage by repeatedly changing a Q-code, may be used. Due to the I/Q dependency problem in which an Imin and an Qmin are affected by a Q-code and an I-code, respectively, a method of fixing a Q-code as a Qmin and repeatedly detecting an Imin that minimizes carrier leakage by changing an I-code and repeats the process with respect to the Q-code, may be used. In this instance, at least four code search processes are required (I-code→Q-code→I-code→Q-code→ . . . ). When the number of repeated searches is Nrepeat, a total of (Nrepeat×2N) searching time is required. For example, when N=8 and the search is repeated only 4 times which is a smallest number of repeats (Nrepeat=4), (4×28=1,024) searches may be required. However, the method still requires a large number of searches and there is a large probability of failing an optimal code Iopt and Qopt when I/Q code searching is insufficiently repeated.
As described above, a code searching time is long due to the characteristics of a function of a control code and I/Q dependency, when the search for an optimal I/Q code for calibration of carrier leakage, the search for an optimal I/Q code for calibration of I/Q mismatch, and the search for an optimal I/Q code for calibration of IP2 are executed.

Method and apparatus for calibrating distortion of signals


A connector includes a rear cover which is fixed to a rear portion of an outer housing in non-contacting relation to an inner housing. A strain relief structure, including a wire bending portion for bending and holding wires, is provided at the rear cover. The connector further includes springs. The inner housing is mounted in the outer housing such that the inner housing 11 is urged forward by the springs.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a connector which receives and holds terminals therein, and has wires (connected to the respective terminals) led out of the connector, and more particularly to a connector having a strain relief structure by which vibration of each wire due to external vibration, an impact, a pulling force, etc., will not directly influence the terminal.
2. Related Art
There is known one conventional connector in which a cover is fixed to a female connector housing receiving terminals therein (see, for example, JP-A-2004-273135). This conventional connector will be described with reference to FIG. 3.
As shown in FIG. 3, in the connector 100, the terminals 150 are received within respective terminal receiving chambers 102 of the female connector housing 101, and wires 151 connected to the respective terminals 150 are supported by a rubber plate 104 within the cover 103, and pass through a corrugated tube 105, and are led out of the female connector housing 101. The cover 103 is fixed to a rear portion of the female connector housing 101.
In this connector 100, the terminals 150 are received within the female connector housing 101, and the cover 103 supporting the wires 151 is firmly fixed to the female connector housing 101. Therefore, when vibration develops in the wire 151, this vibration is transmitted directly to the female connector housing 101 via the cover 103, and as a result the associated terminal 150 within the female connector housing 101 is shaken, which leads to a possibility that a contact portion of this terminal held in contact with a terminal of a mating connector is worn.
And besides, the wire 151 is fixed to extend linearly within this connector 100, and therefore vibration applied to the wire 151 is liable to be directly transmitted to the terminal 150.

Connector having a strain relief structure


An automatic search method and a video apparatus using the method are provided. According to the automatic search method, the video apparatus deletes characters satisfying specific conditions from additional information which is received, and generates keywords. Therefore, a user may acquire search results without needing to directly input keywords, and it is possible to prevent undesired information from being displayed as a search result.

1. Field of the Invention
Apparatuses and methods consistent with the present invention relate to automatically searching for information, and more particularly, to automatically searching for information desired by a user.
2. Description of the Related Art
Users have obtained access to vast amounts of information as a result of the growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web. In particular, search engines with excellent performance have enabled users to easily search for information, and have also provided users with richer and more accurate information.
Users need to input keywords individually using keyboards or other input means in order to search for desired information, thereby increasing user inconvenience.
Therefore, there is a need for methods for searching for information desired by users without the user's direct input as described above. Additionally, there is a need for methods for obtaining search results including only information desired by users, and excluding information which users do not desire to obtain.

Method for automatically searching for information and video apparatus using the same


An auxiliary power unit (APU) inlet muff anti-icing system that uses high pressure, high temperature APU compressor delivery air to melt any accumulation of ice and snow near the bottom of the muff with a tracer line coupled to a perforated gull wing fairing mounted within the inlet muff and that uses the compressor delivery air as the primary stream for an ejector to suck ice and snow melt accumulating near the fairing overboard.

The inlet ductwork leading from the surface of an aircraft to the inlet of an aeronautical auxiliary power unit (APU) is subject to accumulating snow and ice under winter conditions. The snow and ice tend to gather within the vicinity of the APU "inlet muff". The inlet muff is a duct that is shaped to receive air from an inlet duct that typically has a rectangular cross-section. The muff receives and distributes ambient air from the inlet duct around the periphery of the inlet to the APU. The APU inlet is commonly defined by a ring shaped perforated cylinder that passes the air whilst providing APU structure protection from objects being drawn into the engine. The muff itself has an open side, typically located above the APU engine centreline. The flow into the muff is generally in the downward direction.
Some quantity of ice and snow tends to accumulate on the APU inlet protection screen near the muff inlet, but a greater quantity tends to accumulate on the side opposite the muff inlet, near the bottom of the muff. The bottom of the muff usually has a "gull-wing" fairing that avoids stagnating the airflow and inhibits the inlet air from oscillating from side to side within the muff.
The greater quantity of ice and snow that accumulates near the bottom of the muff is difficult to remove. Accumulation of ice and snow in this location can build up to the point that it obstructs air from entering the APU. This condition leads to inlet pressure loss that can build up to the point of compromising the APU power capability.

Inlet muff anti-icing system for an auxiliary power unit


In a method for automated hyperlinking, a computer receives user input specifying a set of character sequence columns in a table to use for character sequence comparison. The computer detects whether a character sequence entered into an electronic communication in a user interface on a display matches one or more character sequences in fields of the set of character sequence columns. Responsive to the character sequence matching a single character sequence of the one or more character sequences in the fields of the set of character sequence columns, the computer retrieves, from an associated link field in the table, a hyperlink associated with the single character sequence. The computer inserts the hyperlink into the electronic communication.

In computing, a hyperlink (or link) is a reference to a document that a reader may directly follow, or that is followed automatically. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. A software system for viewing and creating hypertext is a hypertext system, and to create a hyperlink is to hyperlink (or simply to link). A user following hyperlinks is said to navigate or browse the hypertext. A hyperlink has an anchor, which is the location within a document from which the hyperlink may be followed; the document containing, a hyperlink is known as its source document. The target of a hyperlink is the document, or location within a document, to which the hyperlink leads. Users may activate and follow the link when its anchor is shown; usually by touching or clicking on the anchor with a pointing device. Following the link has the effect of displaying its target, often with its context.

Automated hyperlinking in electronic communication