A site-specific farming system for performing work on an agricultural field while the field is being scouted is disclosed herein. The system includes a vehicle such as a combine or tractor equipped with a tool for working the field such as a header or variable-rate applicator. A sensing circuit detects a site-specific characteristic of the field such as crop yield harvested from the field or fertilizer applied to the field. An input device is used to mark the positions of visible elements associated with the field. A location signal generation circuit generates signals relating to the locations at which the characteristic is sampled and to the positions of the visible elements. Characteristic data is correlated with the locations at which the characteristic was sampled, and scouting data representative of the visible elements is correlated with the positions of the visible elements. The correlated data is stored in a memory. The input device may include re-definable switches. A display may show a field map including characteristic values, visible elements and definitions of the re-definable switches.

Research within the agricultural community has shown that management of crop production may be optimized by taking into account spatial variations that often exist within a given farming field. For example, by varying the farming inputs applied to a field according to local conditions within the field, a farmer can optimize crop yield as a function of the inputs being applied while preventing or minimizing environmental damage. This management technique has become known as precision, site-specific, prescription or spatially-variable farming.
The management of a field using precision farming techniques requires the gathering and processing of data relating to site-specific characteristics of the field. Generally, site-specific input data is analyzed in real-time or off-line to generate a prescription map including desired application or control rates of a farming input. A control system reads data from the prescription map and generates a control signal which is applied to a variable-rate controller for applying a farming input to the field at a rate that varies as a function of the location. Variable-rate controllers may be mounted on agricultural vehicles with attached variable-rate applicators, and may be used to control application rates for applying seed, fertilizer, insecticide, herbicide or other inputs. The effect of the inputs may be analyzed by gathering site-specific yield and moisture content data and correlating this data with the farming inputs, thereby allowing a user to optimize the amounts and combinations of farming inputs applied to the field.
The spatially-variable characteristic data may be obtained by manual measuring, remote sensing, or sensing during field operations. Manual measurements typically involve taking a soil probe and analyzing the soil in a laboratory to determine nutrient data or soil condition data such as soil type or soil classification. Taking manual measurements, however, is labor intensive and, due to high sampling costs, provides only a limited number of data samples. Remote sensing may include taking aerial photographs or generating spectral images or maps from airborne or spaceborne multispectral sensors. Spectral data from remote sensing, however, is often difficult to correlate with a precise location in a field or with a specific quantifiable characteristic of the field. Both manual measurements and remote sensing require a user to conduct an airborne or ground-based survey of the field apart from normal field operations.
Spatially-variable characteristic data may also be acquired during normal field operations using appropriate sensors supported by a combine, tractor or other vehicle. A variety of characteristics may be sensed including soil properties (e.g., organic matter, fertility, nutrients, moisture content, compaction, topography or altitude), crop properties (e.g., height, moisture content or yield), and farming inputs applied to the field (e.g., fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, seeds, cultural practices or tillage parameters and techniques used). As these examples show, characteristics which correlate to a specific location include data related to local conditions of the field, farming inputs applied to the field, and crops harvested from the field.
Certain types of site-specific data may be gathered visually when a farmer traverses a field during scouting operations. Visual features which may be logged while scouting include rocks, weed or insect infestation, wet spots, grass, landmarks such as utility poles, topography features, points along the boundary of the field, and areas of crop that have an unusual appearance (e.g., an area of corn having unusually large ears or small ears). These features or traits of the field are referred to herein as visible elements.
Scouting may be accomplished in several ways. A farmer may walk or drive a vehicle through a field while the positions of visible elements in the field are manually recorded. Positions of visible elements may be determined by reference to a map of the field, or from an electronic positioning unit. This technique, however, produces data which is difficult to integrate into an electronic site-specific farming system since the recorded data must be manually transferred to a site-specific farming database.
Scouting could be performed using a mapping system which correlates position data received by an electronic positioning unit with visible element data manually entered into the mapping system. The system could automatically store the correlated position data and element data into a site-specific database. Such a system, however, would be disadvantageous because it would require scouting to be performed separately from working the field. Performing scouting separately from harvesting the field or applying farming inputs to the field wastes time, increases fuel costs, increases wear and tear on the vehicle used for scouting, and prevents marking the positions of elements visible or noticed only when the field is being worked.

Scouting system for an agricultural field


A wall lining material consists of an upper mat body, a lower mat body and a granular moisture absorbent. The upper mat body and the lower mat body are made of a nonwoven fabric containing a multiplicity of fibers. The moisture absorbent is located between these two mat bodies. The mat bodies are sewn together over the laminated portion at many points by means of needle punching. This needle punching causes the fibers in the upper mat body to be connected with those in the lower mat wed and vice versa.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a mat employed, for example, as building interior material and components of household commodities, and more particularly, to a mat having absorbs moisture and deodorizes, as well as, to a process for producing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, rooms in concrete buildings are highly airtight. The high room airtightness readily induces dew condensation in the room and results in insufficient ventilation of the room. Humidity in the room adversely affects the interior wall and furniture. In order to solve these problems, mats containing moisture absorbents such as silica gel and/or deodorants such as activated carbon are utilized as building interior materials such as for flooring (wall-to-wall) carpets and wall lining materials. Three conventional techniques given below are known as silica gel-containing wall lining materials.
A wall lining material to be formed according to a first conventional technique is composed of a plywood core material, granular silica gel and a sheet. The core material contains a plurality of holes opening on one side thereof. These holes are filled with silica gel, and the openings of the holes are covered with an air-permeable sheet such as a nonwoven fabric. The thus formed wall lining material is applied to the concrete wall surfaces such that the sheet is exposed to the room. The silica gel contained in the holes absorbs moisture in the room through the sheet to prevent dew condensation in the room from occurring.
The wall lining material formed according to a second conventional technique is composed of two sheets of fabric having air permeability and granular silica gel. These two sheets are sewn up together by threads with the silica gel being interposed therebetween. The sheets are sewn up together such that a plurality of pockets are defined therebetween and such that the silica gel is contained in each pocket. Like the first conventional technique, this wall lining material is applied to the concrete wall surfaces such that one sheet is exposed to the room. Thus, the silica gel in the pockets absorbs the moisture in the room through the sheet.
The wall lining material formed according to a third conventional technique is composed of two mat bodies made of air-permeable nonwoven fabric and granular silica gel. The two mat bodies are adhered to each other by an adhesive with a silica gel layer being sandwiched between them. Like the first and second conventional techniques described above, this wall lining material is applied to the concrete wall surfaces such that one mat body is exposed to the room. Thus, the silica gel sandwiched between two mat bodies absorbs the moisture in the room through the mat body.
However, the wall lining materials according to the conventional techniques described above involve the following problems. In the first conventional technique, the silica gel having moisture absorbing function is present only in some holes defined on one side of the core material. The total area of the holes occupying the entire wall lining material is very small, so that the moisture absorbing function of silica gel cannot be fully employed. In order to increase the moisture absorbing area, the number of holes defined on one side of the core material or the area of each hole can be increased. However, this reduces in the strength of the core material. Accordingly, there is a limitation in increasing the number of holes or the area of each hole. Further, the portion of silica gel present at the bottom of each hole cannot fully function to absorb moisture compared with that portion adjacent to the opening of the hole.
In the second conventional technique, if the sheet is applied to the concrete wall surface, the silica gel contained in each pocket gathers at the bottom of the pocket to form a lump, which results in an irregular wall surface and deteriorates the appearance of the wall surface. Further, in the second conventional technique, the moisture absorbing area of the wall lining material is reduced if the silica gel gathers at the bottom of each pocket.
In the third conventional technique, since the mat bodies are adhered to each other by an adhesive, the adhesive is applied on the surface of the silica gel. This adhesive greatly reduces moisture absorbing function of the silica gel. Silica gel has a multiplicity of fine holes on its surface, which absorb moisture by the capillary phenomenon. However, the adhesive blocks these fine holes present on the surface of silica gel.

Functional mat and its manufacturing method


A vapor separator for an outboard motor is disclosed. The outboard motor has a cowling and a water propulsion device. An internal combustion engine is positioned in the cowling and arranged to propel the water propulsion device. The engine includes a top and a bottom side. The engine also includes an engine block defining at least one cylinder bore therein. A crankshaft is supported for rotation with respect to the engine block and is located in a first chamber. A camshaft is supported for rotation with respect to the engine block and is located in a second chamber. The engine further includes a lubrication system for the lubrication of the crankshaft and the camshaft. A lubrication collection area is located on the bottom side of the engine for the gravitational collection of engine lubrication fluid from the first chamber and the second chamber. A breather chamber is located on the top side of the engine first passage providing fluid communication between the lubrication collection area and the breather chamber and a second passage in communication between the second chamber and the first passage wherein the second passage is substantially oblique to the first passage.

Watercraft are often powered by an outboard motor positioned at a stern of the craft. The outboard motor has a powerhead and a water propulsion device, such as a propeller. The powerhead includes a cowling in which is positioned an internal combustion engine, the engine having an output shaft arranged to drive the water propulsion device.
Generally, the motor is connected to the watercraft in a manner which permits the motor to be "trimmed" up and down. For example, the motor may be connected through a horizontally extending pivot pin to a clamping bracket which attaches to the watercraft. In this manner, the motor may be moved in a vertical plane about the axis of the pin. This allows an operator of the watercraft to raise the propeller out of the water of place it deep in the water dependent upon the trim angle of the motor.
In addition, the motor is arranged to turn left and right about a generally vertically extending axis. This arrangement permits the operator of the watercraft to change the propulsion direction of the motor, and thus change the direction in which the watercraft is propelled.
The size of the motor, especially the powerhead portion which includes the motor, effects the air drag associated with the watercraft. It is desirable for the motor to have a small profile to reduce the air drag. In addition, it is generally desirable for the engine to be compact, since this makes the task of trimming and turning the motor less difficult.
The engine typically is of the internal combustion type with one or a plurality of cylinders. Internal combustion engines typically incorporate reciprocating piston in the cylinders. The engines typically operate on the two or four stroke principal. In either of the two or four stroke cycle there is a compression stage where the piston is compressing the fuel and air mixture within the cylinder before the ignition system is triggered. During this compression stroke some of the fuel and air mixture passes or "blows" by the piston seal ring and then travels to the crankcase chamber. A portion of the fuel and air mixture also blows-by the valve seat and into the chamber surrounding the camshafts.
As the engine operates, more of the fuel and air mixture builds and accumulates in crankcase and the area surrounding the camshaft. In order to increase the efficiency of the engine as well as decrease the emissions of the motor is it desirable to capture the blow-by gas and route it back to in the intake system of the motor.
A need therefore exists to increase the efficiency of the engine. Further, a need exists to improve the emissions of the engine.
Once the blow-by gas is in the crankcase chamber and the area surrounding the cam shaft it is exposed to the engine oil. Once exposed to the engine oil, the fuel and air mixture combines with the engine oil. Allowing the mixture of engine oil and the fuel and air mixture back into the combustion chamber is undesirable as it will decrease the engine performance as well as increase the emission output.
A need therefore exists for a blow-by gas arrangement that separates the fuel and air mixture from the engine oil.
One solution for this problem is shown in FIG. 14. In FIG. 14 a schematic engine is shown with an engine 26, including crankcase chamber 418 and a camshaft chamber 400 with a blow-by gas passage 404 therebetween. The engine 26 also includes an oil pan 412 to capture the engine oil before it is returned to the galleries where it is used to lubricate the crankshaft and camshaft. Further, the engine contains a breather element 432 to separate the engine oil from the blow-by fuel and air mixture. In this design, the breather element 432 is adjacent to the cam chamber 400 so as too minimize the overall height of the engine to minimize air drag. A problem with this design, however, is that too much of the engine oil is put into the breather element. Therefore, engine oil is being sent into the combustion chamber thereby decreasing engine performance. Furthermore, the engine oil is burning in the combustion process and is increasing the emissions thereby creating smoke and an undesirable smell.
A need therefore exists to improve the arrangement of the components of the engine in order to maintain increase engine performance as well as improve engine exhaust emissions.


A coating composition containing a hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, a phenolic resin, a curing component, and a solvent. The coating composition is useful for protecting elastomeric materials from corrosive materials such as oil or fuel. The coating composition is resistant to fatigue and provides for excellent adhesion to both rigid and flexible substrates.

Elastomeric materials are utilized in numerous industrial applications. For example, elastomeric materials are utilized in the manufacture of various hoses, seals, and insulating devices found in the engines of automobiles and other vehicles. In addition, devices for mounting the engines within these vehicles typically comprise one or more metal parts adhesively bonded to one or more elastomeric parts. In these and many other industrial applications utilizing elastomeric materials, the elastomeric materials are typically exposed to corrosive and degrading materials such as various solvents, oils and fuels. Elastomeric materials have a tendency to degrade when exposed to these types of materials, and there is a continuing search within the elastomer industry to create an elastomer which is resistant to corrosive materials.
One method of rendering elastomeric materials resistant to corrosive materials is to apply a protective coating to the elastomeric material. Various corrosion-resistant coatings previously utilized for both flexible substrates (e.g., elastomeric substrates) and rigid substrates (e.g., steel, stainless steel, aluminum or plastic) include polyurethanes, polysulfides and fluorocarbon elastomers. When applied to rigid substrates, traditional corrosion-resistant coatings such as fluorocarbon elastomers have been found to provide excellent resistance to oil and fuel. However, when applied to flexible elastomeric substrates such as natural rubber or polybutadiene, the fluorocarbon elastomers suffer from poor fatigue resistance, poor low temperature characteristics, and poor adhesion to the natural rubber or polybutadiene substrate.
A need currently exists for a protective coating for flexible elastomeric substrates such as natural rubber and polybutadiene that is resistant to fatigue and temperature variability, and that exhibits effective adhesion to the substrate.


A transformation programming system allows code to be inherited. A question and answer methodology is used among question handlers corresponding to nodes of a graph representing the program being transformed. A question handler can inherit code from another question handler by submitting a question requesting the code.

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
This invention relates to compilers, and more particularly to a transformational programming system in which code can be inherited.
As computer technology has advanced, computer programs have become correspondingly complex to the point where it is very difficult for a programmer to write an application program in the machine language of the computer. Thus, most programs are written in a high-level language that is easier for the programmer to work with and then converted by a compiler into the machine language of the computer.
A co-pending application titled xe2x80x9cExtensible Compiler Architecturexe2x80x9d, Ser. No. 09/322,646, filed concurrently herewith, describes an extensible compiler architecture in which source code received by the compiler is represented as a graph having multiple nodes and interconnecting links. The compiler associates one or more question handlers with each node and uses a reduction engine to pass questions and answers among the question handlers. This question and answer methodology is used to transform the source code in graph form into another language.
The compiler also provides the code that describes the behavior of each of the question handlers. However, given the large number of nodes that can exist in a typical graph, having the compiler designer(s) separately write code for each question handler associated with each node can quickly become overburdening. Furthermore, given that the code for different question handlers may be very similar, if not the same, it would be beneficial to provide a way to avoid having to write the same code over and over for different question handlers.
The invention described below addresses these disadvantages, providing a transformational programming system that allows code to be inherited.
A transformational programming system is described herein that allows code to be inherited. A question and answer methodology is used among question handlers corresponding to nodes of a graph representing the program being transformed. A question handler can inherit code from another question handler by submitting a question requesting the code.
According to one aspect of the invention, when a question handler corresponding to a node receives a question, the question handler submits another question to another question handler corresponding to another node. This other question is a request for a set of instructions to execute in order to respond to the question it received. Eventually, the question handler will receive a response to this other question, the response being the set of instructions to execute in order to respond to the question it received.
According to another aspect of the invention, communication between question handlers is carried out via a reduction engine. The reduction engine also maintains a record of questions that are asked as well as responses given. When a question is received from a question handler requesting a set of instructions to execute, the reduction engine checks whether it has already answered the same question for another question handler. If it has already answered the same question, then the reduction engine provides the set of instructions from the record it maintains rather than submitting the question to another of the question handlers.
According to another aspect of the invention, a first question handler that receives a request from a second question handler for a set of instructions to execute may not know itself what set of instructions the second question handler should execute. Rather, the first question handler submits a request to a third question handler corresponding to yet another node in the graph, requesting a set of instructions for the second question handler to execute. This chain of questioning can continue through multiple additional question handlers until eventually a question is submitted to a question handler that knows the set of instructions the second question handler should execute. A response including this set of instructions is then passed back down through the chain of question handlers, eventually reaching the second question handler.

Inheriting code in a transformational programming system


A control method and a control system, by which a motor can be controlled. The control system includes a central processing module and a drive control module. In a period in which a voltage is not applied to any phase coil of the motor, the drive control module collects voltages of the coil to which the voltage is not applied, and converts the voltages of the coil into digital signals. The central processing module reads the digital signals and determines whether the running speed of the motor is consistent with a preset speed depending on whether an average value of the digital signals falls within a preset threshold range, which helps to improve the control precision.

A motor is installed on a driven device or a driven component. When the motor starts, an actual running speed of the motor does not match with a set speed, while the subsequent operation is based on the set speed, which will cause a large error and even cause a motor burning phenomenon in severe cases. In order to avoid such phenomenon, it is required to control the running speed of the motor.
Therefore, there is a need to improve the conventional technology to solve the above technical issues.

Hangzhou Sanhua Research Institute Co., Ltd.


A system that includes an integrated circuit die and a power supply decoupling unit is disclosed. The system includes an integrated circuit die, and interconnection region, and a decoupling unit. The integrated circuit die includes a plurality of circuits, which each include multiple devices interconnected using wires fabricated on a first plurality of conductive layers. The interconnection region includes multiple solder balls, and multiple conductive paths, each of which includes wires fabricated on a second plurality conductive layers. At least one solder ball is connected to an Input/Output terminal of a first circuit of the plurality of circuits via one of the conductive paths. The decoupling unit may include a plurality of capacitors and a plurality of terminals. Each terminal of the decoupling unit may be coupled to a respective power terminal of a second circuit of the plurality of circuits via the conductive paths.

Technical Field
Embodiments described herein relate to integrated circuits, and more particularly, to techniques for decoupling power supplies.
Description of the Related Art
A variety of electronic devices are now in daily use with consumers. Particularly, mobile devices have become ubiquitous. Mobile devices may include cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smart phones that combine phone functionality and other computing functionality such as various PDA functionality and/or general application support, tablets, laptops, net tops, smart watches, wearable electronics, etc.
Such mobile devices may include multiple integrated circuits, each performing different tasks. In some cases, circuits that perform different tasks may be integrated into a single integrated forming a system on a chip (SoC). The different functional units within a SoC may operate at different power supply voltage levels. In some designs, power supply or regulator circuits may be included in the SoC to generate different voltage levels for the myriad functional units included in the SoC.
High frequency noise on the power supplies may be created by the power supply and regulation circuits and may affect the performance of the functional units within an integrated circuit. In some cases, one functional unit may create noise on a power supply that may affect the operation of other functional units. Power supplies coupled to circuits or functional units particularly affected by power supply noise may be filtered in order to mitigate the effects of the power supply noise.

Integrated circuit die decoupling system with reduced inductance


An apparatus and method for processing a gray scale in a display device is provided. In the gray scale processing method, a video data is randomly error-diffused by using random coefficients, and the error-diffused video data is dithered by using average picture level (APL) masks, thereby enhancing a gray scale expression and minimizing an error diffusion noise.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device, and more particularly, to a gray scale processing apparatus and method capable of enhancing a gray scale expression and minimizing an error diffusion noise.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, a plasma display panel (PDP), which facilitates fabrication of a large-sized panel, has come into notice as a flat panel display. The PDP reproduces pictures by adjusting the respective gas discharge periods of pixels depending on digital video data.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a structure of a discharge cell in the related art PDP.
Referring to FIG. 1, the discharge cell of the PDP includes a sustain electrode pair 12A and 12B formed on an upper substrate 10 and a data electrode 20 formed on a lower substrate 18.
The sustain electrode pair 12A and 12B each have a double-layer structure of a transparent electrode and a metal electrode. The sustain electrode pair 12A and 12B are divided into a scan electrode 12A for supplying a scan signal for address discharge and a sustain signal for sustain discharge, and a sustain electrode 12B for supplying a sustain signal alternating with the scan electrode 12A. The data electrode 20 is formed to intersect with the sustain electrode pair 12A and 12B, and supplies a data signal for address discharge.
An upper dielectric layer 14 and a protective layer 16 are stacked on the upper substrate 10 on which the sustain electrode pair 12A and 12B are formed. The upper dielectric layer 14 and a lower dielectric layer 22 accumulate charges generated by discharge. The protective layer 16 prevents damage of the upper dielectric layer 14 by sputtering of plasma particles during the discharge and increases an emission efficiency of secondary electrons. Accordingly, a driving voltage applied from the outside can be lowered by the upper and lower dielectric layers 14 and 22 and the protective layer 16.
The lower dielectric layer 22 is formed on the lower substrate 18 where the data electrode 20 is formed. A barrier rib 24 is formed on the lower dielectric layer 22 with the data electrode 20 interposed therebetween. A phosphor layer 26 is formed on surfaces of the lower dielectric layer 22 and the barrier rib 24. The phosphor layer 26 includes a red (R) phosphor layer, a green (G) phosphor layer and a blue (B) phosphor layer. The phosphor layer 26 separates a discharge space to thereby prevent ultraviolet rays generated by gas discharge in the discharge space from leaking toward its neighboring discharge space. The phosphor layer 26 is radiated by ultraviolet rays generated by gas discharge to thereby emit R, G and B visible rays. The discharge space is charged with inert gases for gas discharge.
Although only one discharge cell is shown in FIG. 1, the PDP can also include a plurality of discharge cells arranged in matrix form.
A discharge cell is selected by address discharge of the data electrode 20 and the scan electrode 12A, and the selected discharge cell maintains discharge by sustain discharge by the sustain electrode pair 12A and 12B. During the sustain discharge, the phosphor 26 is radiated by ultraviolet rays generated in the selected discharge cell and thereby emits R, G and B visible rays. Accordingly, the discharge cell represents a gray scale by adjusting a sustain discharge period, namely the frequency of a sustain discharge according to video data. Combination of 3 discharge cells respectively coated with R, G and B phosphor layers 26 enables representation of a color of one pixel.
As an exemplary method of PDP driving method, there is an ADS (address and display separated) driving method that drives a PDP in such a way that an address period is separated from a display period, namely, a sustain period. The ADS driving method divides one frame 1F into a plurality of sub-fields SF1 through SF8 corresponding to respective bits of video data. Each of the sub-fields is then subdivided into a reset period RPD for initialization of a discharge cell, an address period APD for selection of a discharge cell, and a sustain period SPD for maintenance of the selected discharge cell's discharge. Different weights are given to sub-fields during the sustain period SPD, and the sustain periods are combined according to video data, whereby a gray scale is represented.
The PDP uses an error diffusing method so as to enhance an gray scale expression.
The error diffusing method calculates quantization error data of digital video data by using the Floyd-Steinberg error diffusing filter, applies different weights according to the calculated quantization error data and then diffuses the error to neighboring pixels.
For example, if an error diffusing operation about a current pixel P5 is performed as shown in FIG. 3, the error diffusing method gives a weight 1/16 to a pixel P1 neighboring the current pixel P5, a weight 5/16 to a pixel P2, a weight 3/16 to a pixel P3, and a weight 7/16 to a pixel P4, and thereby calculates error diffusion coefficients about the respective pixels P1 through P4. Thereafter, the error diffusing method generates a carry signal by adding the calculated error diffusion coefficients and then obtains a current pixel value by adding the carry signal to a current pixel value P5.
However, the error diffusing method has a problem in that error diffusion coefficients (that is, weights) about neighboring pixels are constantly set and repeated at every line and at every frame, whereby an error diffusing pattern is generated.
Further, the prior art error diffusing method has a limitation in a gray scale expression of video data.

Apparatus and method for processing gray scale in display device


A method of operation of a navigation system includes: detecting a current location for locating a vehicle; determining a road type as multi-layered at the current location for identifying a multi-layer road structure; calculating a first average speed outside an intersection location; calculating a second average speed at the intersection location; determining a difference speed between the first average speed and the second average speed; and determining a road layer location from the difference speed for locating the current location along the multi-layer road structure for displaying on a device.

Modern portable consumer and industrial electronics, especially client devices such as navigation systems, cellular phones, portable digital assistants, and combination devices are providing increasing levels of functionality to support modern life including location-based information services. Research and development in providing location-based technologies on a wide range of portable and mobile devices can take a myriad of different directions.
Location based services allow users to create, transfer, store, and/or consume information in order for users to create, transfer, store, and consume in the "real world". One such use of location based services is to efficiently transfer or route users to the desired destination or service.
Navigation systems and location based services enabled systems have been incorporated in automobiles, notebooks, handheld devices, and other portable products. Today, these systems aid users by incorporating available, real-time relevant information, such as maps, directions, local businesses, or other points of interest (POI). The real-time information provides invaluable relevant information. At the same time, road systems around the world have become more complex, with surface, elevated, or underground road systems to ease traffic congestion on surface roads.
Thus, a need still remains for a navigation system with multi-layer road capability that provides information on whether a navigation system is located on a surface road or one of the layers in a multi-layer road structure. In view of the ever-increasing commercial competitive pressures, along with growing consumer expectations and the diminishing opportunities for meaningful product differentiation in the marketplace, it is critical that answers be found for these problems. Additionally, the need to reduce costs, improve efficiencies and performance, and meet competitive pressures adds an even greater urgency to the critical necessity for finding answers to these problems.
Solutions to these problems have been long sought but prior developments have not taught or suggested any solutions and, thus, solutions to these problems have long eluded those skilled in the art.

Navigation system with multi-layer road capability mechanism and method of operation thereof


Plastic liner sections define a drainage channel when placed end to end. Each end has a stiff, double walled flange at each side of the end adapted to butt up to a similar flange at the adjacent end of the next sections. The double walled construction of the flanges stiffens the ends significantly reducing the risk of deformation by the hydrostatic forces produced by wet concrete during installation. A groove is formed inwardly of the flanges on a female end of the liner section and receives a sealing ring, which is held in place by a lip formed on a male end.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the sealing of channel drainage systems, and more specifically to the sealing of high capacity channels typically referred to as wide channel drainage systems.
2. Description of Related Art
Robust drainage channels with a high hydraulic capacity are required for surface drainage in large areas such as distribution centres, car parks, airports and farm yards. The water carried in the drains from such surfaces will inevitably carry environmental pollutants such as hydrocarbons, pesticides, organic effluents and milk. It is therefore important to prevent such water from leaking out of the drain into the surrounding sub-soil where it may contaminate ground water supplies and produce other harmful environmental effects such as eutrophication. Natural stormwater leaking from the drainage system into surrounding contaminated land may also disturb and mobilise any latent toxins that may reside in the soil, particularly on brownfield site applications.
Polymer concrete U shaped channel drain sections are typically joined by being butted together end to end to form a channel. These joints are not water tight and the concrete haunch is relied upon to prevent leakage into the surrounding sub-soil. Escaping water may erode and therefore weaken the concrete. Where sealing is required sealing compounds are used.
Zurn Industries, Inc. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,000,881 describes a modular polymeric trench drain system in which the modules act as both former and liner. The Zurn modules define a U shaped channel section terminating in a restricted throat defining a slot drain at the surface. Zurn describes the technical problem of pressure from wet concrete against the trench drain walls causing deformation during installation. Flanges are formed at each end of the modules to facilitate joining of the sections. At one end the flange has a peripheral groove member to form a female section that mates with a male section on an adjacent flange of the next module section. In an alternative embodiment the flanges are omitted and a lip serves as a male section for engaging into a female section that is not illustrated
GB-A-2 373 530 (ACO Technologies plc) describes a wide channel drainage system in which plastics channel liner sections each defining a complete pipe section, are connected to form a continuous channel. In that specification it is taught to interlock the channels by means of male and female connection details at opposite ends. However since the sections have no significant structural strength and are lightweight, it has been found that an unacceptable deformation occurs at the weaker, male end of the channel section. This is due to the hydrostatic forces exerted by the wet concrete surrounding the channel section.
Although Zurn acknowledges the technical problem of channel section deformation, the only solution proposed is the provision of clips to allow reinforcing and support rods to be held in horizontal and vertical axes at either side of the sections. This leaves the ends vulnerable.


Combined tobacco leaf-rolled wrappers and packaging includes a water-impermeable carrying case with an open top end that is provided with a lid pivotally coupled to a longitudinal side thereof such that the lid covers the top end when articulated to a closed position. The apparatus further includes a plurality of flexible and uniformly shaped tobacco leaves adapted to a rolled and tubular position and a mechanism for maintaining the rolled tobacco leaves in a sealed and air-tight condition while nested within the carrying case so that the rolled tobacco leaves are prevented from becoming saturated with humidity in ambient air.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to tobacco wrappers and, more particularly, to combined tobacco leaf-rolled wrappers and packaging for creating home-made cigarettes.
2. Prior Art
Cigarettes have been around for many centuries, but it wasn't until the 1800s that they gained their paper wrappers and came to some degree of acceptability. In France, especially with women, smoking cigarettes was considered the height of fashion. Ask any smoker today why they find so much pleasure in a cigarette and it is very likely that a plethora of reasons will be given. Whether inhaling the sweet tobacco calms the nerves during stressful times or simply holding a cylindrical smoke allows one to feel enveloped in an aura of cool, smoking provides much enjoyment to the many who indulge in this habit.
While cigarettes are very popular, quality smokes tend to be extremely expensive, especially for college students and financially-struggling young adults just entering the job market. Premium brands can cost, on the low end, between $5.00 and $8.00 per pack in some areas of the country. Seeking a way to enjoy a good cigarette without having to pay a fortune, young smokers often choose to just make their own. One solution is to purchase cheap, inferior paper, then wrap up their own chosen blends inside. While this method may be an effective way for cash-strapped individuals to create an affordable smoke, such a makeshift means can lack glamour and sophistication when image is just as important as taste. Obviously, it would be advantageous to provide users an affordable means to produce their own quality cigarettes.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,234,471 to Fitzgerald discloses cigarettes that possess smokable rods having paper wrapping materials having additive materials applied thereto as patterns. The additive materials, which can have the forms of liquid or paste formulations (e.g., aqueous formulations incorporating starch or modified starch), are applied to a continuous paper web on the cigarette making apparatus. The formulation is applied to the paper web using an application apparatus possessing rollers or a series of rollers. For example, additive material is applied to the roll face of a transfer roller due to roll interaction of that transfer roller with a pick-up roller; roll interaction of the transfer roller with an application roller causes transfer of the additive material from the transfer roller to the application roller; and additive material from the application roller is transferred to the paper web that passes between the application roller and a back-up roller. A radiant dryer is used to dry the additive material that has been applied to the paper web. The radiant dryer is located on one component of a two component assembly that is used to manufacture cigarettes. A first component of the two component assembly provides a source of paper web, applies additive material to that web in a pattern and dries the paper web; while a second component receives the paper web, supplies tobacco filler and manufactures a cigarette rod from the paper web and tobacco filler. Unfortunately, this prior art example does not provide a method for allowing a user to wrap their own cigarettes.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,216,652 to Fournier discloses a tobacco smoking article wrapper which selectively reduces the content of gaseous components in the smoke delivered during the use of the smoking article. The gaseous components can be low molecular weight aldehydes in the smoke produced during combustion/pyrolysis of the smoking article. The wrapper can comprise cigarette paper having an ammonium-containing compound filler therein for reducing the aldehyde content in the smoke. The ammonium-containing compound filler evolves ammonia upon combustion/pyrolysis of the smoking article which can chemically react with aldehydes in tobacco smoke and/or modify the combustion/pyrolysis reactions thereby reducing the initial formation of aldehydes to selectively reduce such aldehydes from the smoke inhaled by a smoker. The ammonium-containing compound can be magnesium ammonium phosphate used alone or in combination with one or more other fillers such as calcium carbonate. Unfortunately, this prior art example does not provide a method for allowing a user to wrap their own cigarettes.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,935,346 to Bushby discloses a smoking article comprising a wrapper enwrapping a tobacco smoking material. The wrapper comprising a ceramic material and is capable of mechanically trapping mainly aqueous particulate phase materials in the sidestream smoke, thereby reducing sidestream smoke deliveries considerably despite the use of the wrapper with conventional tobacco materials. Unfortunately, this prior art example does not provide a method for allowing a user to wrap their own cigarettes.
Accordingly, the present invention is disclosed in order to overcome the above noted shortcomings. The present invention satisfies such a need by providing an apparatus that is convenient and easy to use, lightweight yet durable in design, and designed for creating home-made cigarettes. The present invention is simple to use, inexpensive, and designed for many years of repeated use.


An integrated communication device having a substrate layer of substantially electrically nonconductive material with two substantially parallel surfaces, an antenna element disposed on one of the surfaces, a ground layer of substantially electrically conductive material disposed on the other surface and having an opening formed therethrough opposite from the antenna element, and a transceiver device mounted to the ground layer to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic energy through the opening.

Antenna systems are widely used in both ground based applications (e.g., cellular antennas) and airborne applications (e.g., airplane or satellite antennas). For example, so-called "smart" antenna systems, such as adaptive or phased array antennas, combine the outputs of multiple antenna elements with signal processing capabilities to transmit and/or receive communications signals (e.g., microwave signals, RF signals, etc.). As a result, such antenna systems can vary the transmission or reception pattern (i.e., "beam shaping" or "spoiling") or direction (i.e., "beam steering") of the communications signals in response to the signal environment to improve performance characteristics.
A typical phased array antenna may include, for example, one or more element controllers connected to a central controller. Among other functions, the element controllers process beam control commands generated by the central controller (e.g., beam steering signals and/or beam spoiling signals) and provide output control signals for each of the phased array antenna elements. More particularly, each antenna element may have a phase shifter, attenuator, delay generator, etc., and the output control signals from the element controller may be used to control a phase, attenuation, or delay thereof. Thus, the transmission or reception pattern may be varied, as noted above. In such phased array antennas, temperature changes may have a significant impact on phase shifters, attenuators, or operating frequencies of the phased array antenna that may result in undesirable signal characteristics. This problem is compounded by the fact that the power amplifiers driving these phased array antennas generate a relatively considerable amount of heat. Therefore, maintaining the operating temperature within a desirable range is critical to the performance of a phased array antenna system.
Phased array antennas are typically designed using either a "brick" architecture or a "tile" architecture. In a brick architecture, the active and passive communication components are mounted on rectangular Transmit Receive Modules (TRMs) that resemble bricks, and are placed behind the radiating elements perpendicular to the array face. In a tile architecture, the components are placed on small modules that mount parallel to the array face, much like common tiles. FIG. 1 depicts a schematic side view of a portion of a phased array system utilizing a tile architecture, including a transceiver device in the form of an integrated circuit (IC) chip 10 (such as a Monolithic Microwave IC or MMIC) mounted on an insulating substrate 20. The insulating substrate is separated from an antenna substrate 30 by a ground plane 40. Mounted upon the antenna substrate is an antenna element 50 for transmitting and receiving radio signals. The ground plane 40 is formed of an electrically conductive material and includes an opening 42 overlying the antenna element 50. The insulating substrate 20 is typically formed of ceramic material, which is an excellent electrical insulator and also a poor heat conductor. Therefore, a cooling manifold 60 is usually located behind the chip 10, on the side opposite the antenna elements 50. This approach to cooling phased array antenna systems has been moderately successful, but entails the additional costs and complexity associated with the cooling manifold fabrication and attachment.
Components on tiles are typically mounting using standard "pick and place" and wirebonding techniques, which are costly and time consuming procedures that prohibit cost effective manufacturing of very large arrays. Coupling between the input/output antennas and the MMIC circuit is typically accomplished by transitioning off the communication chip using a standard technique (e.g. wire bonding), then transitioning to the antenna using other types of transitions. This technique has been known to adversely impact the efficiency of energy transfer between the communication chips and the antennas due to inaccurately placed or lossy wirebonds.
To avoid problems associated with the creation of plated-through holes (or vias), aperture coupling is a commonly used method for exciting patch antennas and has a number of advantages over other methods such as probe coupling or in-plane excitation from components mounted next to the antennas. Probe coupling through a ground plane aperture requires additional processing steps to provide conductive feed-through holes (vias) in the antenna substrate, which restricts the types of materials used for the antenna substrate (e.g., Sapphire is difficult to drill or etch through). On the other hand, mounting the MMIC components on the antenna substrate next to the antenna elements may eliminate the need for plated through holes, but this approach places the MMIC components directly within the radiated fields of the antenna array, potentially causing spurious coupling between different sections of the transmit or receive circuitry, and possibly causing spurious scattering of the radiated fields due to the additional circuitry present on the antenna layer. Additionally, this also reduces the surface area available for chip placement, which is already severely limited by the large areas typically occupied by the antenna elements. Aperture coupled patch antennas eliminate these issues by shielding the MMIC components safely behind a ground plane, and utilizing ground plane apertures to efficiently couple the signals to and from the antenna elements, without the need for plated through holes. As further shown in FIG. 1, aperture coupling entails transitioning off the chip 10 using a wire bond 70 to a conductive microstrip 80 which couples electromagnetically with the antenna element 50 through the opening 42 in the ground plane 40.
The present invention further improves upon the design of phased array antennas and enhances their operating efficiency by more efficient coupling and improved cooling performance.


The invention concerns antimicrobial compositions comprising free fatty acids emulsified with membrane lipids or hydrolyzed derivatives thereof, and pharmaceutical formulations comprising same. The compositions can be used in the treatment of prophylaxis of microbial infections. They can also regulate the rate of blood clotting rendering them suitable for incorporation in catheter locking solutions and for use in wound care.

This invention relates to antimicrobial compositions containing free fatty acids and to pharmaceutical formulations containing same.
Free fatty acids are essentially insoluble in water. Their insolubility and the fact that they are incompatible with many conventional excipients have seriously restricted their medicinal use to date. While salts of free fatty acids are soluble in water, they are known to have greatly reduced antimicrobial effect. Several methods have been used to "solubilise" free fatty acids, including the use of alcohols and surfactants and derivitisation by re-esterification to form mono-glycerides and/or ethoxylation and propoxylation procedures.
The antimicrobial properties of free fatty acids have been known for many years (Kabara J. et al. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, July 1972; 2(1): pp 23-28).
Bergson et al. (Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, November 2001, pp 3209-3212), reported that both capric and lauric acid were effective in killing the yeast Candida albicans.
Sun et al. (Chemico-Biological Interactions 140 (2002), pp 185-198), identified the superior microbicidal properties of caprylic, capric and lauric acid, concluding that lauric was most potent against gram positive bacteria while caprylic was optimal against gram negative organisms.
The anti-viral properties of free fatty acids were reported by Halldor et al. (Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; January 1987, pp 27-31).
WO 03/018049 discloses the antimicrobial activity of milk serum apo-proteins in combination with free fatty acids from milk fat. It is illustrated that the adhesion inhibitory properties of milk extracts are exclusively attributable to the water soluble protein fraction, and that the lipid component makes no contribution to this effect.
WO 2009/072097 discloses properties of compositions of free fatty acids such as melting point depression and sequestration which affect antimicrobial potency. Also disclosed are emulsification methods used to incorporate blends of free fatty acids in a milk whey protein isolate.
Sprong et al. (Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol 45, No 4, 2001, pp 1298-1301), report microbicidal effects for sphingosine and sphingomyelin and some slight effect from lyso-phosphatidyl ethanolamine and lyso-phosphatidyl choline, but no effect was observed from any of the unmodified phopsholipids. It is notable that these results are reported for exposure times in excess of 2 hours at 37° C., in contrast to the present invention where microbicidal effects are shown for combinations of membrane lipids and free fatty acids, for exposure times of less than 5 minutes.
Jones et al: Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2003, Vol 55, No 1. pp 43-52 discloses the use of lecithin in combination with cholesterol as a surface coating to inhibit bio-film formation on medical devices.
It is an object of the invention to provide improved antimicrobial compositions containing free fatty acids.

Antimicrobial compositions containing free fatty acids


In one aspect, orders for goods or services are enabled to be received from electronic devices situated at multiple points at which orders are to be placed, and the orders are received electronically through a communication medium that enables automatic identification of the location at which each of the orders is placed.

Order processing occurs in a very wide variety of settings. In some settings, the orders are for goods or services, for example, consumer goods that are to be prepared and delivered quickly after the orders are placed.
In restaurants serving what is sometimes referred to as "fast food", customers line up at one or more queues at a front counter and place orders for food items. Such restaurants are also sometimes referred to as "quick-serve" restaurants. The customers wait nearby until the orders are processed and delivered at the front counter. Customers then walk to tables with their delivered orders. In this scenario, workers at the restaurant's front counter enter the customer orders into registers, assemble the orders (from food items that are made in response to the orders or are prepared in advance), and deliver the orders. Food items include entrees, appetizers, beverages, and desserts, for example, and any other edible items, whether prepared to order or prepared in advance.
In general, quick-serve restaurants are distinguished from other types of restaurants by the short time interval between when a customer places an order and when the customer receives the order. In some cases this period could be as long as five or ten minutes or as short as 10 or 15 seconds.
Quick-serve restaurants also often have drive-through service that enables customers to place orders at an order point and pick up orders at a delivery point while remaining in an automobile. To reduce the delay during busy periods, multiple drive-through service lanes can be provided.
Order processing for some kinds of goods and services, for example, clothing or electronic products, is done using telephone call centers.


A field effect transistor (10) for chemical sensing by measuring a change in a surface potential of a gate electrode (48) due to exposure to a fluid has a semiconductor substrate (12) with a trench (18,20). The trench has a first sidewall (30) and a second sidewall (32) disposed opposite the first sidewall to provide a fluid gap (50) for the fluid to be sensed. The gate electrode is disposed overlying the first sidewall of the trench, and a source region (54) and a drain region (56) are disposed in the second sidewall of the trench. A channel region (52) is disposed between the source and drain regions, and the gate electrode is disposed opposite the first channel region across the fluid gap. A heater (26) for regulating the temperature of the gate electrode is disposed in the first sidewall of the trench.

The present invention relates, in general, to semiconductor devices and, more particularly, to a field effect transistor for measuring a change in surface potential of the transistor's gate electrode due to exposure to a chemical as used in, for example, a chemical sensor.
Field effect transistors have been previously used in some cases as chemical sensors for measuring the concentration of a chemical in a fluid. One such prior sensor uses a gate electrode that is horizontally suspended over the channel region so as to provide a gap in which fluid may enter and contact an exposed surface of the gate electrode. A chemical in the fluid, to which the gate electrode is particularly sensitive, is adsorbed onto the exposed surface and changes the surface potential of the gate electrode. The drain current of the transistor changes in response to this surface potential change. Thus, if a constant gate voltage source is applied to the gate electrode during sensing, the change in drain current can be correlated to the concentration of the chemical in the fluid.
It has been found that the surface chemical reactions of this prior sensor, which include adsorption/desorption reactions of the chemical to be sensed onto and off of the exposed gate electrode surface, are very sensitive to temperature, so it is desirable that the temperature of the gate electrode be more directly regulated to optimize the output of the sensor. Also, it has been found to be desirable that this temperature be elevated above the ambient temperature to provide improved performance for the sensor. However, prior chemical sensors do not provide an integrated heating element for direct temperature control of the gate electrode. Instead, an external heater is required to heat the entire sensor assembly, rather than the gate electrode directly. Such an external heater is inconvenient to provide in a final, fully-manufactured chemical sensor assembly and increases the manufacturing cost thereof. Also, an external heater requires significant power consumption during operation.
In addition to the above, it is important that the gap size of the sensing transistor be readily controllable during manufacture so that the operating characteristics of the transistor are consistent over a large number of manufactured sensors. Also, it is important that the gap structure be stable under thermal loads, and the gap structure should be mechanically robust to improve reliability along with ease of handling and packaging.
Further, the mechanical structure of the transistor should permit ready diffusion of the fluid to be sensed into and out of the gap of the transistor. This ready diffusion is important to provide a faster response time of the sensor to chemical changes in the fluid. These changes cannot be fully sensed until the species corresponding to the chemical change diffuses through the gap of the transistor structure to contact the gate electrode of the sensor. Prior sensor structures do not provide a readily controllable gap size and such ready diffusion into the gap. Further, prior sensor structures need to be more compatible for integration into standard device process flows for devices for control circuitry incorporated on the same chip as the sensor.
Accordingly, there is a need for a chemical sensing field effect transistor that provides an integrated heater and a fluid gap in a transistor structure that permits improved control of the gap size, improved diffusion of a fluid into the gap, and improved compatibility with other standard device process flows.

Chemical sensing trench field effect transistor and method for same


Active circuits with isolation switches are described. In one design, an apparatus includes first and second amplifiers coupled in parallel. Each amplifier receives an input signal and provides an output signal. Each amplifier has a switch that isolates the amplifier when the amplifier is turned off. The first and second amplifiers may be high and low gain amplifiers or two low noise amplifiers (LNAs). The first and second amplifiers may be for different communication systems, different frequency bands, and/or different gain ranges. In general, any number of amplifiers may be coupled in parallel, and each amplifier may have a switch to isolate that amplifier when turned off. A switch for an amplifier may be a shunt switch coupled between an internal node of the amplifier and ground. The shunt switch may be closed when the amplifier is turned off and may be opened when the amplifier is turned on.

I. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to circuits, and more specifically to active circuits such as amplifiers.
II. Background
A modern communication receiver may support operation in multiple modes, on multiple frequency bands, etc. The multiple modes may be for different communication systems that may have different signal characteristics and requirements. In order to support multi-mode and/or multi-band operation, the receiver may have multiple radio frequency (RF) paths. Each RF path may be designed for one or more frequency bands in one or more modes. An appropriate RF path may be selected for use depending on the frequency band and mode being received. Typically, only one of the RF paths may be enabled at any given moment, and the remaining RF paths may be disabled. It is desirable to achieve good performance for the enabled RF path with as little degradation from the disabled RF paths as possible.


Novel resin compositions are provided which possess excellent heat resistance and thermal color stability, alone, or in admixture with bulk resins. The claimed resin compositions comprise homo- and/or copolymers of N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) maleimide, alone, or in further combination with resins composed of copolymer components, such as vinyl copolymers and rubber-grafted vinyl copolymer resins. The resin compositions have improved heat resistance and produce molded articles with desirably light colors. Also provided is an improved process to make maleimide monomers by using selected polar solvents whereby the amount of uncyclizable trans-amic acid is held at tolerable levels and the desired maleimide is obtained in high yields, free from by-products.

The present invention relates to novel resin compositions and to improved methods to prepare monomers to produce such resins and other valuable compounds. More particularly, it relates to resins derived from N-(substituted) maleimide monomers, the resins having excellent heat resistance, per se, and the ability to enhance heat resistance when mixed with other bulk resins, and to an improved method for the preparation of such maleimide monomers using judiciously selected polar solvents.
A variety of N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides have been used to improve the heat stability of homo- and especially co-polymers prepared from vinyl monomers. Typically, the bulk resins comprise, ABS (poly-(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene)) or a polyblend of poly-(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) and poly-(styrene-co-acrylonitrile); PVC (poly(vinyl chloride); SAN (poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)); PMMA (poly-(methyl methacrylate)); and the like. The maleimides can be copolymerized with other monomers such as acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and many other comonomers. A more preferred practice in the industry is to produce copolymers of maleimides with other monomers such as styrene and optionally acrylonitrile and to blend these with ABS and SAN resins. In any event, the polymer compositions are adjusted so that the copolymers are fully compatible with the bulk resins, e.g., ABS and/or SAN) as shown by the presence of a single glass transition point, T.sub.g, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Maleimide-containing aromatic vinyl resins prepared by suspension polymerization in the presence of organic peroxides and/or azo compounds, and their use in the manufacture of parts for automobiles, electrical and electronic machinery and appliances, because of their good heat resistance, impact resistance and moldability, are described, for example, in Japanese Patent Publication Nos. J02004810, Jan. 9, 1990; J62288655, Dec. 15, 1987; and J02147610, Jun. 6, 1990; and also in Park, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,651.
Among the numerous maleimides described in the literature, N-phenylmaleimide (NPMI) appears to be the monomer of choice so far. NPMI shows excellent properties as a material to improve heat resistance. The major drawbacks are its relatively low solubility in common organic solvents, high toxicity and deep yellow color which imparts dark color to the finished molded articles. Thus, related compounds without such drawbacks would be distinctly advantageous. It does not appear that N-(di(lower)alkylphenyl) maleimides, and especially N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) maleimide, although known, have ever been used commercially in place of NPMI. Furthermore, homopolymers and copolymers of the known compound N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) maleimide have never apparently been described although they can be said to have been described generically. That is, the above mentioned Japanese Publications describe the preparation of copolymers of alkyl substituted aryl maleimides, but N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) maleimide is not included in the list. N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) maleimide is described for use as an industrial microbiocide and as a human anti-fungal agent in a number of publications, among which are Japanese Patent Publication Nos. J02240002, Sep. 25, 1990; J57016804, Jan. 28, 1982; British Patent No. 1533067, Nov. 22, 1978; and "Nippon Kagaku Kaishi" (9), 1616-19 (1989).
Applicants have now prepared this N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl) maleimide and discovered that it is a pale yellow solid and appears to be less toxic than the phenyl analog (NPMI). It has higher solubility than the phenyl analog; and, surprisingly, its novel homo- and co-polymers are easily compatible with SAN and with other polymers. As an important part of this work, applicants have also discovered an improved process for the preparation of N-(substituted) maleimides, which depends on the use of specific aprotic and protic polar solvents. The non-polar solvent, xylene, seems to have been the solvent of choice until now (see, for example, the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Publication No. J02240002; and GB No. 1533067, both of which use xylene). While not intending to be bound by any theory of operation, it appears that careful selection of the solvent reduces the amount of trans-amic acid formed in the first stage of reaction between maleic anhydride and the amines. Because the cis-isomer is preferentially produced and the trans-isomer does not cyclize, but the cis-isomer does, high yields of the desired maleimide are surprisingly obtained.

Heat resistant resin composition comprising polymers of N-(substituted) maleimides and improved process for the preparation of said maleimides


Described herein are systems, devices, methods, and media for activating emergency response assets in response to emergency alerts.

A person in an emergency situation may request help using a mobile communication device such as a cell phone to dial a designated emergency number like 9-1-1 or a direct access phone number for the local emergency service provider (e.g. an emergency dispatch center). This call is assigned to one or more first responders by the emergency service provider. However, in various situations, the first responders may be delayed in providing timely assistance at the location of the emergency such as due to distance from the emergency location, inaccurate location, or a lack of available first responders.

Systems and methods for identifying and activating emergency response assets


The invention concerns an elastic hose with a shaped unsymmetrical cross-section for the delivery of liquids or gases through apertures along the hose, the delivery rate being uniform even over long lengths of hose. The hose is optionally housed in an outer tension-proof cover tube with an open cross-section, in particular a tube open along a generatrix, for the reception of additioned liquids or gases.

In the case of such cross-sectionally deformed hoses which have wall thicknesses which are adapted in accordance with the functioning principle and are intended for the uniformly metered discharge, or the uniform extraction by suction, of liquids or gases over long lengths by way of outlet locations which are arranged lengthwise at certain distances apart, possible categories are "the admission/extraction of air" and "the admission/extraction of water" with the special criteria of "uniform large-surface-area treatment".
In the case of the already known hoses for the metered discharge of gases or liquids, the outlet quantity at the individual outlet locations depends on the internal pressure at the site where they are arranged. The feed-in pressure provided at one hose end drops sharply as the hose length increases (due to friction and branching losses). Along the hose, this results in normally large differences in outlet quantities at the openings, with the result that, for this reason, only short hose lengths are used if there is a need for a relatively uniform liquid or gas discharge per meter.
The uniform discharge is also adversely affected if mechanical drilling in plastics produces burrs in the bore. In the case of a change in pressure, these burrs are forced into the openings again. This results in outlet openings of different sizes, through which, both in the pressureless state and in the pressurized state, the discharge of uniform quantities at each outlet location is not possible.

Method for the delivery or reception of uniform quantities of liquids or gases, and hose with a shaped cross-section for use in the method


A baseboard radiator having notched fins. The notches are retained by a flange on a back plate mounted to a wall. The fins are further retained by a flange in the upper portion of the back plate.

Baseboard radiators, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,937, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, are mounted on a wall. U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,033, incorporated herein by reference, notes the desire for easier installation of baseboard heaters, and the desire for attractive coordinating covers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,470 notes that present baseboard heaters are relatively complicated to install.
Baseboard heaters can be heavy and bulky. Flow of fluid in the pipes can be affected by improper leveling of the radiator during installation, and the radiator must be mounted above floor level for proper air circulation.
Among the considerations for installation is the need for an air space. For example, an article on Hydronic Baseboard Basics by John Siegenthaler, P.E. states, "When baseboard is installed before finish flooring, remember to leave at least a 1 inch space beneath the enclosure. This ensures that the finished floor will not block air coming into the enclosure." Also to prevent noise, it suggests using hangers that flex as the pipe expands and which are coated for handing copper tubing.

Radiator with cover and mounting board and method of installation


A method for ascertaining a fill level of at least one exhaust-gas component, which can be stored in a catalytic converter and which is generated in a combustion process, in the catalytic converter, wherein a variation of the fill level of the at least one exhaust-gas component in the catalytic converter during the combustion process is determined, wherein, during time periods in which the combustion process is not operated, a diffusion-induced change of the fill level of the at least one exhaust-gas component in the catalytic converter is determined, and wherein, on the basis of the determined variation during the combustion process and the diffusion-induced change, a fill level of the at least one exhaust-gas component in the catalytic converter is ascertained. The invention furthermore relates to a processing unit and to a computer program for carrying out such a method.

The present invention relates to a method for ascertaining a fill level of an exhaust-gas component in a catalytic converter, and to a processing unit and a computer program for carrying out said method.
Modern motor vehicles are commonly equipped with catalytic converters for the aftertreatment of an exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine. In many cases, these catalytic converters are monitored and/or controlled in closed-loop fashion.
In the case of an incomplete combustion of the fuel/air mixture in an Otto engine, numerous combustion products are emitted aside from nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), of which combustion products hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are limited by legislation. The applicable exhaust-gas limit values for motor vehicles can, in the current state of the art, be adhered to only by way of catalytic exhaust-gas aftertreatment. Said pollutant components can be converted through the use of, for example, a three-way catalytic converter.
In three-way catalytic converters, a simultaneously high conversion rate for HC, CO and NOx is attained only in a narrow lambda range around the stoichiometric operating point (lambda=1), the so-called "catalytic converter window" or "conversion window".
For the operation of the three-way catalytic converter in the conversion window, it is typically the case in modern engine control systems that closed-loop lambda control is used, which is based on the signals of lambda probes arranged upstream and downstream of the three-way catalytic converter. For the closed-loop control of the air ratio lambda, which is a measure for the composition of the fuel/air ratio of the internal combustion engine, the oxygen content of the exhaust gas upstream of the three-way catalytic converter is measured by means of an inlet-side lambda probe arranged there. In a manner dependent on this measured value, the closed-loop control corrects for example the fuel quantity or injection duration, which is predefined in the form of a base value by a pilot control function.
In the context of the pilot control, base values of fuel quantities to be injected are predefined in a manner dependent on, for example, rotational speed and load of the internal combustion engine. For even more exact closed-loop control, the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas downstream of the three-way catalytic converter may additionally be detected by means of a further lambda probe. The signal of this outlet-side lambda probe can be used for master control, which is superposed on the closed-loop lambda control upstream of the three-way catalytic converter based on the signal of the inlet-side lambda probe. As a lambda probe arranged downstream of the three-way catalytic converter, use is generally made of a two-step lambda probe, which has a very steep characteristic curve at lambda=1 and can therefore indicate lambda=1 very exactly.
Aside from the master control, which generally corrects only small deviations from lambda=1 and which is configured to be relatively slow, another functionality for large deviations from lambda=1, in the form of lambda pilot control, may be provided in order that the conversion window is reached again quickly, which is important for example after overrun cut-off phases, in which the three-way catalytic converter is charged with oxygen. The charging with oxygen impairs the NOx conversion.
Owing to the oxygen storage capacity of the three-way catalytic converter, lambda=1 may prevail downstream of the three-way catalytic converter for a further several seconds after rich or lean lambda has been set upstream of the three-way catalytic converter. This characteristic of the three-way catalytic converter of temporarily storing oxygen is utilized in order to compensate brief deviations from lambda=1 upstream of the three-way catalytic converter. If lambda not equal to 1 prevails upstream of the three-way catalytic converter for a relatively long period, the same lambda will also take effect downstream of the three-way catalytic converter as soon as, in the case of lambda >1 (excess of oxygen), the oxygen fill level exceeds the oxygen storage capacity, or as soon as, in the case of lambda <1, there is no longer any oxygen stored in the three-way catalytic converter.
At this point in time, a two-step lambda probe downstream of the three-way catalytic converter then also indicates a departure from the conversion window. Up to this point in time, the signal of the lambda probe downstream of the three-way catalytic converter however does not indicate the impending breakthrough, and master control based on this signal therefore often first reacts so late that the fuel metering can no longer react in good time before a breakthrough. As a consequence, increased emissions occur. Such closed-loop control concepts therefore have the disadvantage that they identify a departure from the conversion window, on the basis of the voltage of the two-step lambda probe downstream of the three-way catalytic converter, only at a late point in time.
DE 10 2016 222 418 A1 has disclosed a model-based closed-loop control concept in which in each case one lambda sensor is arranged upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter in a flow direction of the exhaust gas and a catalytic converter model is used to model a fill level of the catalytic converter with regard to one or more exhaust-gas components, in particular with regard to oxygen.

Method and processing unit for ascertaining a fill level of an exhaust-gas component in a catalytic converter


Systems and methods to secure near field communications (NFC) are disclosed. An NFC polling device may detect a change in voltage when attempting to communicate with another NFC device and based at least in part on the magnitude of the change in voltage if there is an attempted hacking and/or snooping event. The NFC polling device may further identify the number of modulation voltage levels detected and determine if there is an attempted hacking event based on the number of modulation voltage levels detected.

Near Field Communications (NFC) is a relatively short range communications protocol that uses electro-magnetic (EM) fields for data transfer. In some cases, the NFC protocol may be defined by the NFC forum or other suitable standards bodies. NFC technology may be incorporated into user devices, such as smart phones and tablet computing devices, or smart cards. Using NFC technology, users may be able to conveniently transfer information from one user device to another by simply tapping the two devices or bringing the two devices in close proximity, such as a few inches. NFC devices, when transferring information, may not be configured to detect hacking and/or snooping attempts, particularly at a physical level.

Systems and methods for securing near field communications


Provided is a system for controlling a seat effect for a facility of showing pictures, and particularly, a user on a rear line may easily and safely control an effect provided to the user himself/herself even while a seat is in motion operation at the time of showing pictures by controlling an effect synchronized with pictures by relaying control information inputted from the user on the rear-line seat by using an effect controlling device of a front-line seat, in the facility of showing pictures, which provides the effect (for example, a water shot, an air shot, or a scent) synchronized with the pictures to the user on the rear-line seat.

In a facility of showing pictures, such as a theater or a cinema, only the pictures were shown to spectators in the related art, but various effects have been provided to the spectators while the pictures have been shown in recent years.
A cinema of showing general pictures is a 2D cinema and a cinema of showing specially photographed pictures for the spectators to feel a 3D effect at the time of viewing the pictures is a 3D cinema, and a cinema for the spectators to view the pictures while feeling five senses by simulating the sense of touch, the sense of smell, and the like in addition to the senses of sight and hearing is a 4D cinema.
In the 4D cinema, a motion base that moves a seat on which the spectator sits is installed below the seat and special effect devices providing various effects to the spectators are installed on the seats and inner walls or a ceiling of the cinema.
When the spectator views a movie while sitting on the seat, the spectator may improve excitement and immersiveness on the movie while directly experiencing the motion synchronized with the picture and effects such as water, wind, smoke, flash, heat, and the like, not viewing only the picture.
In the 4D cinema which is being operated at present, a plurality of seat sets is placed, and the seat sets includes 4D effect devices that shoot water, wind, or scent installed on a back surface of a seat set positioned at a front line in addition to the motion bases. These 4D effect devices shoot materials that take a 4D effect to a spectator who sits on a seat set positioned on a rear line, from the back surface of the seat set positioned on the front line.
These 4D effect devices are controlled by a central device that controls the entire cinema and provide the same 4D effect to each of the spectators.
However, some of the spectators may dislike the 4D effect that is shot to their own faces. When the same 4D effect is provided to all the spectators, the 4D effect may cause displeasure in some spectators while showing the movie. Some spectators like the 4D effect, but when the 4D effect is provided more strongly than their own tastes, immersiveness on the movie which the spectator feels may be decreased.
Meanwhile, a plurality of seat sets installed in the 4D cinema is positioned to be adjacent for each of front lines and rear lines. In this case, a spectator who sits on the rear-line seat is unable to easily control the 4D effect device installed on the rear-line seat which the spectator himself/herself sits on while showing the pictures. If a switch for controlling the 4D effect shot from the front-line seat is attached to the front-line seat, the spectator who sits on the rear-line seat needs to control the 4D effect device attached to the back surface of the front-line seat by moving to the front-line seat in order to control the 4D effect provided to the spectator himself/herself. In the case where the seat is in motion operation, there is a risk that the spectator will be dropped or injured.
In order to solve the problem, wiring may be connected for each of front/rear-line seats of all the seat sets, but the wiring may be complicated between the seats and a problem may arise or a trouble may occur in the wiring due to the motion operation of the seats. Moreover, in the case where the wiring for controlling the 4D effect devices has already been installed complicatedly for each front/rear-line seat, if a new wiring for controlling the front-line seat on the rear-line seat is installed, the wiring becomes even more complicated.
Meanwhile, in the seats installed in the facility of showing the pictures, which provide the 4D effect in the related art, the spectator at the rear line is disable to optionally select the strength or type of the 4D effect that is spot from the front-line seat. All the spectators are provided with the 4D effect having the same type or strength because the spectator is disable to select the type or strength which the spectator himself/herself likes among the 4D effects.

System for controlling seat effect for facility of showing pictures


Provided herein are methods and compositions for expression of a nucleic acid construct comprising nucleic acids encoding a) a recombinant polypeptide, and b) a prototrophy-restoring enzyme in a host cell that is auxotrophic for at least one metabolite. In various embodiments, the host cell is auxotrophic for a nitrogenous base compound or an amino acid. The invention involves introducing an analogue into the growth media for the host cell such that the analogue is incorporated into the recombinant polypeptide or a nucleic acid coding sequence thereof. In various embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein result in improved recombinant protein expression compared to expression of recombinant protein in an antibiotic selection system, or compared to expression of the recombinant protein in an expression system that lacks a metabolite analogue.

The use of bacterial cells to produce protein based therapeutics is increasing in commercial importance. One of the goals in developing a bacterial expression system is the production of high quality target polypeptides quickly, efficiently, and abundantly. An ideal host cell for such an expression system would be able to efficiently utilize a carbon source for the production of a target polypeptide, quickly grow to high cell densities in a fermentation reaction, express the target polypeptide only when induced, and grow on a medium that is devoid of regulatory and environmental concerns.
There are many hurdles to the creation of a superior host cell. First, in order to produce a recombinant polypeptide, an expression vector encoding the target protein must be inserted into the host cell. Many bacteria are capable of reverting back into an untransformed state, wherein the expression vector is eliminated from the host. Such revertants can decrease the fermentation efficiency of the production of the desired recombinant polypeptide.
Expression vectors encoding a target peptide typically include a selection marker in the vector. Often, the selection marker is a gene whose product is required for survival during the fermentation process. Host cells lacking the selection marker, such as revertants, are unable to survive. The use of selection markers during the fermentation process is intended to ensure that only bacteria containing the expression vector survive, eliminating competition between the revertants and transformants and reducing the efficiency of fermentation.
The most commonly used selection markers are antibiotic resistance genes. Host cells are grown in a medium supplemented with an antibiotic capable of being degraded by the selected antibiotic resistance gene product. Cells that do not contain the expression vector with the antibiotic resistance gene are killed by the antibiotic. Typical antibiotic resistance genes include tetracycline, neomycin, kanamycin, and ampicillin. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes in a bacterial host cell, however, presents environmental, regulatory, and commercial problems. For example, antibiotic resistance gene-containing products (and products produced by the use of antibiotic resistance gene) have been identified as potential biosafety risks for environmental, human, and animal health. For example, see M. Droge et al., Horizontal Gene Transfer as a Biosafety issue: A natural phenomenon of public concern, J. Biotechnology. 64(1): 75-90 (17 Sep. 1998); Gallagher, D. M., and D. P. Sinn 1983. Penicillin-induced anaphylaxis in a patient under hypotensive anaesthesia. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 56:361-364; Jorro, G., C. Morales, J. V. Braso, and A. Pelaez. 1996. Anaphylaxis to erythromycin. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 77:456-458; F. Gebhard & K. Smalla, Transformation of Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413 by transgenic sugar beet DNA, Appl. & Environ. Microbiol. 64(4):1550-54 (April 1998); T. Hoffmann et al., Foreign DNA sequences are received by a wild type strain of Aspergillus niger after co-culture with transgenic higher plants, Curr. Genet. 27(1): 70-76 (December 1994); D K Mercer et al., Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonoii DL1 by plasmid DNA in human saliva, Appl. & Environ. Microbiol. 65(1):6-10 (January 1999); R. Schubbert et al., Foreign (M13) DNA ingested by mice reaches peripheral leukocytes, spleen, and liver via the intestinal wall mucosa and can be covalently linked to mouse DNA, PNAS USA 94:961-66 (Feb. 4, 1997); and A A Salyers, Gene transfer in the mammalian intestinal tract, Curr. Opin. in Biotechnol. 4(3):294-98 (June 1993).
As a result of these concerns, many governmental food, drug, health, and environmental regulatory agencies, as well as many end users, require that antibiotic resistance gene nucleic acid be removed from products or be absent from organisms for use in commerce. In addition, evidence demonstrating clearance of the selection antibiotics from the final product must be provided in order to secure regulatory clearance. The United Kingdom, Canada, France, the European Community, and the United States have all addressed the use of antibiotic resistance genes in foods, animal feeds, drugs and drug production, including recombinant drug production. Clearance of these agents, and especially demonstrating such clearance, is expensive, time consuming, and often only minimally effective.
Because of the concerns inherent in the use of antibiotic resistance genes for selection in the production of recombinant polypeptides, alternative selection methods are needed.

Production of recombinant proteins utilizing non-antibiotic selection methods and the incorporation of non-natural amino acids therein


Disclosed is a semiconductor optical emitter having an optical mode and a gain section, the emitter comprising a low loss waveguide structure made of two alternating layers of semiconductor materials A and B, having refractive indexes of Na and Nb, respectively, with an effective index No of the optical mode in the low loss waveguide between Na and Nb, wherein No is within a 5% error margin of identical to a refractive index of the gain section and wherein the gain section is butt-jointed with the low loss waveguide, and wherein the size and shape of the optical mode(s) in the low loss waveguide and gain section are within a 10% error margin of equal. Desirably, at least one of the semiconductor materials A and B has a sufficiently large band gap that the passive waveguide structure blocks current under a voltage bias of 15 V.

A quantum cascade laser is a unipolar device. It utilizes intersubband transitions, unlike the traditional direct band gap semiconductor lasers, and it usually emits in the mid-infrared ("mid-IR") or far-infrared ("far-IR") wavelength range.
Mid-IR sources are of interest for various reasons. Strong absorption lines in the mid-IR region from the vibration of chemical bonds can be used to identify molecular composition. For example, FIG. 1 (prior art) shows a strong absorption line of CO2 near 4.3 um. A single wavelength Mid-IR light source such as a QCL can be used to detect gas molecules such as CO2 by detecting the absorption of a characteristic wavelength such as 4.3 um.
To achieve single wavelength emission, grating structures may be added to the QCL in the active region to make a distributed-feedback ("DFB") quantum-cascade laser ("DFB QCL"). DFB QCLs generally emit a single wavelength and can only be tuned over a small wavelength range, which allows them to be used to detect a single species of small gas molecule such as CO2. However, some big molecules in solid or liquid phases have wide and/or complex absorption spectra, like the explosive substances in FIG. 2, for example, which shows infrared absorption spectra for PETN 102, RDX 104, TATP 106 and TNT 108. For detecting and differentiating substances with such wide and/or complex absorption spectra, QCLs with both single wavelength emission and wide tuning range are desirable. Range R indicated in the figure, for example, may be used to detect, and differentiate among, the spectra shown.
External cavity QCLs can have both single wavelength emission and wide tuning range, but they are usually expensive and bulky. A distributed Bragg reflector ("DBR") QCL has one or both reflective gratings outside the gain region of the laser, allowing for a more independent thermal tuning of the gratings and a wider tuning range than a DFB QCL. A DBR QCL is thus a potential alternative to external cavity QCLs with the advantages of relatively low cost and a compact, robust, monolithic form.
DBR QCLs typically have an essentially uniform, common core, as shown in FIG. 3 (prior art). The grating layers on DBR sections are formed directly on the layer(s) of the common core. Since the region of common core under the DBR is passive in operation (not part of the gain region) receiving no or minimal pump current during operation (due to additional associated current blocking structures or the like), it has relatively strong resonant absorption.
Implementing a waveguide different from the waveguide of the active region in a DBR QCLs is disclosed in the related applications referenced above. By using for the DBRs a different waveguide transparent (or at least more transparent than the active region waveguide) to wavelengths in the operating wavelength range, absorption losses in the DBRs can be reduced, allowing higher maximum power and wider total tuning (lasing) range in the laser device.

Passive waveguide structure with alternating GaInAs/AlInAs layers for mid-infrared optoelectronic devices


A combination of an insertable tool (2), e.g. a drill or chisel, for an electrical machine for drilling and/or impact operation and a tool holder (20) for the insertable tool is disclosed. The insertable tool includes a tool shaft (11) provided with a round core cross section (1) not weakened or reduced at any point along the tool shaft (11) up to an inserted tool shaft end. The tool shaft has longitudinal struts (6) for torque transmission and axial guidance extending beyond the round core cross section (1) and the longitudinal struts (6) are shaped to merge with the core cross section in front of a cylindrical end portion (3). The tool holder (20) has a receiving sleeve (21) including a front portion (21a) for sealing and guidance of the tool shaft (11) and another portion (21b) including radially inwardly protruding longitudinal cleats (25) engagable between the longitudinal struts (6) for rotary driving of the insertable tool (2), an impact bolt (24) arranged for impact on the tool shaft (11) of the insertable tool (2) and at least one locking body (23) arranged between two adjacent longitudinal cleats (25) so that the at least one locking body (23) is radially movable between a locking position locking the insertable tool (2) in the receiving sleeve (21) and another position in which the insertable tool is released from the receiving sleeve.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an insertable tool for an electrical machine, particularly a hand-held tool for drilling and/or impact operations, including a tool shaft that can be inserted into a respective tool holder of the machine, the shaft having means for rotary driving and axial locking. The invention also relates to a tool holder for the machine having a receiving sleeve and an impact bolt for the tool shaft of the insertable tool.
2. Prior Art
From German Patent Disclosure DE 43 17 273 A1, embodiments for improving the rotary driving of insertable tools are already known, in which, in addition to the rotary driving grooves on the tool shaft, rotary driving cleats are also disposed on the circumference of the shaft. Although this does increase the rotary driving face and thus reduces wear, nevertheless the core cross section of the shaft is still weakened by both the rotary driving grooves and locking troughs, so that in impact operation, the shock wave introduced into the tool shaft by the impact bolt of the machine is not optimally carried to the tool tip. Moreover, notching effects arise at the base of the rotary driving grooves, and under severe rotary stress or rebound impact if the chiseling tool is titled can lead to breakage of the shaft. Such embodiments are therefore adequately stable and wear-resistant only for lighter-weight machines and lighter-weight insertable tools.
Swiss Patent CH 429 630 also discloses an impact drill head as an insertable tool, mounted on the end of a drill rod linkage for large drilling tools. Its tool shaft is embodied as a splined shaft, but for axial locking a chord-like recess that weakens the core of the shaft is provided for receiving a locking body inserted at the drill head holder. Once again, this embodiment leads to weakening of the drill head and to an impairment of the shock waves during operation.

Insertable tool and tool holder for drilling and/or impacting electric machines