A dispensing capsule for a container, a container incorporating the capsule, and a method of manufacture. The capsule includes a product passage reducer, integral with or mounted fixedly on the container and a cap forming a cover, rotatably mounted with respect to the reducer, the reducer and the cap each being provided with an off-center aperture so as to ensure the opening and closing of the capsule by superposing or offsetting the apertures with respect to each other during cap rotation. The top internal surface of the cap includes a joint provided with or forming an off-center slit diaphragm which is located beneath the cap aperture, while the reducer has two projecting funnels offset at an angle, which are off-centered to the same extent as the cap aperture, and the ends of which, in contact with the joint, are opened and closed respectively, the reducer aperture being constituted by the opening of the open funnel such that the capsule opening and closing, respectively, are effected by cap rotation and by superposing the cap aperture and its slit diaphragm with the open funnel or the closed funnel, respectively, of the reducer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a dispenser capsule with an off-center aperture for a container having a product to dispense, and more specifically a liquid or pasty product.
2. Description of Background and Relevant Information
The dispensing capsules preferably replace the simple screw-on caps, said capsules remaining coupled to the container, while the opening and closing are effected by a special maneuvering of the cap.
A capsule is known, for example, which includes, on the one hand, a cap provided with a central dispensing aperture mounted to be screwed and unscrewed between at least two positions, by means of at least one threading provided on the band or neck of the container, and, on the other band, a reducer integral with or attached to the band and provided with a closing end piece, so as to close the aperture of the cap at will depending on its position on the band. With this type of capsule, a more or less substantial remainder of the product usually remains on the top of the cap after use and closure.
A capsule for a container is also known which includes a cover or a reducer integral with or mounted fixedly on the container and a cap rotatably mounted with respect to the said cover, the latter and the cap each being provided with an off-center aperture so as to ensure the opening and closing of the capsule by respectively superposing or offsetting the said apertures with respect to each other during cap rotation.
In this case, the cap rotation is effected in one plane, i.e. without screwing or unscrewing.
By way of example, the documents U.S. Pat. No. 2,324,032 for powdery products, DE-1,143,440 and also WO-9511172 can be cited according to one of its embodiments.
The current systems for liquid or pasty products generally do not provide the product with proper sealing and, generally speaking, the open position by superposing the apertures is often random. In the last cited document, it was necessary to provide all of the surfaces which are in contact in the open and closed positions, in the form of sealing lips whose contours must be studied specifically.

Container dispenser capsule with off-center aperture, and its method of manufacture


A method of ejecting an ink droplet from an inkjet nozzle device having an actuator and a meniscus pinned across a nozzle opening. The method includes the steps of: delivering a sub-ejection pulse to the actuator for perturbing the meniscus from a quiescent state; and subsequently delivering an ejection pulse to the actuator at an instant when the meniscus is perturbed from its quiescent state, the ejection pulse ejecting the ink droplet from the nozzle opening. A time period between a trailing edge of the sub-ejection pulse and a leading edge of the ejection pulse controls a droplet volume of the ejected ink droplet.

The present inventors have described previously a plethora of MEMS inkjet nozzle devices using thermal bend actuation. Thermal bend actuation generally means bend movement generated by thermal expansion of one material, having a current passing therethough, relative to another material. The resulting bending motion may be used to eject ink from a nozzle opening, optionally via movement of a paddle or vane, which creates a pressure wave inside a nozzle chamber. One such example of a thermal bend actuated inkjet nozzle device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,819,503, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In some circumstances, it is desirable to vary a size of ink droplets ejected from a printhead. For example, printing plain text typically requires maximum black optical density (OD) and it may be desirable to eject relatively large droplet volumes in order maximize black OD for such applications. On the other hand, photo printing typically requires high resolution printing, and it may be desirable to eject relatively small droplet volumes for such applications. Different print media types, ink types and ambient conditions may also impact on the optimum droplet volume for optimum print quality.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,997,690 describes a means of printing with variable droplet volumes by varying a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to the printhead. A relatively high hydrostatic pressure produces a convex meniscus in each nozzle and relatively large droplet volumes, whilst a relatively low hydrostatic pressure produces a concave meniscus in each nozzle and relatively small droplet volumes. However, varying the hydrostatic ink pressure may be problematic for several reasons: it complicates the ink delivery system and pressure regulating mechanisms; relatively high hydrostatic ink pressure may cause printhead face flooding and associated printhead maintenance problems; and all nozzles in each color plane must eject droplets of the same volume—for mixed photo and text printing, it may be desirable to eject different droplet sizes in different regions of a page.
It would be desirable to address at least some of the shortcomings described above in connection with U.S. Pat. No. 7,997,690. In particular, it would be desirable to provide an inkjet printhead comprises thermal bend actuated nozzle devices, which does not rely on variable ink pressure for varying droplet volumes.

Method of ejecting ink droplets having variable droplet volumes


A turf maintenance vehicle includes an internal combustion engine and an energy converting device that converts mechanical energy from the engine to electric energy. The vehicle also includes at least one subsystem powered by the electric energy from the energy converting device. The vehicle further includes a demand sensor that detects electrical demand from the subsystem. Also, the vehicle includes a controller that changes a speed range of the engine based on the electrical demand, which changes the operating voltage range output from the energy converting device. A method of operation of the vehicle is also disclosed.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Turf maintenance vehicles (i.e., grounds keeping vehicles) are used for used for various tasks, such as cutting grass, fertilizing soil, and the like. These vehicles can include one or more electrically-powered subsystems. For instance, some mowers include electrically-powered ground traction subsystems for propelling the mower, electrically-powered cutting implement subsystems for cutting grass, electrically-powered steering subsystems for steering the vehicle, and/or electrically-powered accessory subsystems for illuminating headlamps, gauges, and the like. Turf maintenance vehicles of this type are disclosed, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,571,542, U.S. Pat. No. 6,938,400, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0230168, U.S. Pat. No. 6,729,114, U.S. Pat. No. 6,857,253, U.S. Pat. No. 6,644,004, U.S. Pat. No. 6,449,934, U.S. Pat. No. 6,082,084, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,794,422, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
These subsystems can be electrically powered by a variety of power sources. For instance, some turf maintenance vehicles include an internal combustion engine (ICE), such as a gas or diesel engine, which is operatively connected to an energy converting device (ECD), such as an alternator or a generator. The ICE creates mechanical energy from combustion of fuel, and the ECD converts the mechanical energy from the engine to electrical energy. The electrical energy from the ECD is used to power one or more of the sub-systems of the vehicle. Typically, these vehicles also include a voltage regulator that regulates voltage from the ECD to maintain proper operation of the subsystems.
However, the engine speed range remains constant (e.g., between 2700 RPM and 3100 RPM) regardless of the electrical demand of the subsystems. Thus, even when the electrical demand is low, the ICE may still operate at a relatively high speed. As such, the ICE burns fuel excessively and the ICE makes excessive noise. Also, even when electrical demand is high, the ICE may operate at too low a speed, and the electrical demand may not be adequately met by the ECD.

Regulated output voltage generator-set applied to mobile equipment in the turf industry


System and methods for indicating a tire pressure condition are disclosed. Some systems and methods include receiving, by a control unit comprising a processor and a tangible, non-transitory memory, a tire pressure data, determining, by the control unit, a relationship of the tire pressure data to a predetermined tire pressure, and causing, by the control unit, an output device to display a value in accordance with the relationship, wherein the output device is externally located on an aircraft.

Ground crews and pilots are expected to check the tire pressure of each tire at least daily and to ensure that the tire pressure meets a minimum predetermined tire pressure set by manufacturer's guidelines. However, conventional systems and methods either involve ground crews and pilots manually checking each tire individually with a separate tire pressure gauge.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


In a mold press forming process for integrally molding a resin core member and a surface skin member, prior to the step of forming the resin core member, a surface skin member is retained between an upper die half and a lower die half by a surface skin retaining frame which consists of a fixed segment and a moveable segment. The moveable segment is moved vertically relatively to the fixed segment to better adapt the surface skin member to a three-dimensional parting line between the upper and lower half dies. When mounting the surface skin member onto the surface skin retaining frame presents a planar mounting surface, the mounting work is facilitated, and automated mounting devices can be used without any problem. Because the surface skin member can be stretched to a shape which approximately conform to the final shape of the laminated assembly by virtue of the moveable segment of the surface skin retaining frame, the surface skin member is prevented from being stretched excessively in localized parts thereof. Therefore, the surface skin member is prevented from being excessively thinned, whitened or ruptured during the molding process. Residual stress in the surface skin member is also minimized so that the molded laminated assembly is made free from warping which could be caused by excessive stretching of the surface skin member during the molding process.

Conventionally, a typical automotive upholstery component, which is suitable for use on the inner wall surface of vehicle body panels, consists of a laminated assembly of a resin core member and a surface skin member. The resin core member is molded into a desired shape, and is provided with a sufficient rigidity to retain its shape, and to be securely mounted on the vehicle body panel. The surface skin member is provided with a suitable cushioning property.
In recent years, the resin core member is given with increasingly complicated, three-dimensional shapes, and the molding process known as a mold press forming process has been widely used for producing such resin core members. To simplify the molding process, the surface skin member is often attached to the surface of the resin core member simultaneously as the resin core member is molded into a desired shape.
FIG. 12 illustrates a typical conventional arrangement for molding an assembly consisting of a resin core member and a surface skin member. First of all, a surface skin member 3 is placed on a surface skin retaining frame 2 of an upper die half 1 of a mold press forming die assembly, and the upper die half 1 is lowered along with the surface skin retaining frame 2. As illustrated in FIG. 13, when a certain gap is defined between the upper die half 1 and a lower die half 4 of the die assembly, molten resin M for forming a resin core member is distributed over the die surface of the lower die half 4 from an injection molding device 5 connected to the lower die half 4. Thereafter, as illustrated in FIG. 14, the two die halves 1 and 4 are closed upon each other so that a resin core member 6 is mold press formed into a prescribed shape while the surface skin member 3 is integrally attached to the surface of the resin core member 6.
The parting line of the die assembly normally lies on a single plane, but modern vehicle design requires highly complex upholstery components which involve three-dimensional parting lines as shown in FIG. 15. In such a case, a gap h is created between the general parting line a and the special parting line b as illustrated in FIG. 16. Because the parting line thus does not lie on a single plane and, in particular, because the surface skin retaining frame 2 is spaced from the special parting line b, the part of the surface skin member 3 adjoining the special parting line b tends to be excessively stretched during the molding process with the result that parts of the surface skin member 3 may be excessively stretched, thinned or whitened or may be even ruptured. Even when such catastrophic results are avoided, due to the excessive tension applied to the surface skin member 3, the spring back of the surface skin member 3 may cause warping or other deformation to the resin core member 6 attached thereto with the result that undesirable gaps may be created between the laminated assembly, and the vehicle panel member or the laminated assembly may interfere with adjoining components.

Method for integrally molding a thermoplastic laminated assembly


A method and apparatus for determining the best fit of a population mixture model to data. In the digital imaging area, the use of histogram data is employed. A plurality of sub-population functions are defined and then optimized to fit the data. An objective function is employed, which is based upon the parameters of the underlying functions. The number of underlying functions is added to the parameter mix, such that no a priori knowledge of the number of sub-populations is required. In an illustrative embodiment, a genetic algorithm is used to evolve the objective function to an optimal fit of the data. Once an optimal fit is found, through comparison with stopping criteria in a fitness function, the data is segmented according to threshold determined based of classification error in the data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to data processing. More particularly, the present invention relates to the field of population mixture modeling and threshold segmentation of data.
2. Description of the Related Art
Optimization problems arise in nearly every area of science and engineering. For example, a chemist may want to determine the minimum energy structure of a certain polymer, a biologist may need to investigate optimal dosages and scheduling of drugs administered to a cancer patient, a civil engineer may need to decide how many elevators to place in an office building so that waiting times are minimized, or an image scientist may wish to be able to automatically locate people in an image. A typical optimization problem takes the form of: minimize ƒ(x); subject to xεD. Where x=(x1, x2, . . . , xn)T is a vector of parameters, and ƒ is an objective function. Stated another way: find x* such that ƒ(x*)≦ƒ(x) for all xεD. Note that the converse problem, maximization problem, can be posed in this manner by simply negating ƒ(x). If D is a discrete set, the problem is referred to as a combinatorial optimization problem. On the other hand, if D is closed and ƒ(x) is continuous over its domain, this is a continuous optimization problem.
A variety of methods exist to determine local solutions for both combinatorial and continuous optimization problems. That is, x′ is a local solution if ƒ(x′)≦ƒ(x) for all xεN∩D, where N is a neighborhood of x′. For combinatorial problems, a simple choice is the iterative improvement method, which is also properly described as a 'deterministic descent' method. More sophisticated methods, such as a branch and bound method, which is a method that solves a series of continuous optimization problems, are also known in the art. For continuous problems, a variety of local minimization methods also exist. Such methods require function values (simplex), function values and derivatives (conjugate gradient and quasi-Newton methods), or function values first and second derivatives (Newton and restricted step methods). In situations where D is compact, it can be represented by the intersection of equality and inequality constraints. Such constrained optimization problems arise frequently in practice and can be solved in a variety of ways; many of which are based on the theory of Lagrange multipliers.
The problem of global optimization is much more complicated. Theoretically, global minimization is as simple as finding the minimum of all local minima and boundary points. In application, this can be impractical. Most local optimization techniques require an initially feasible point x(1)εD from which to begin an algorithmic process of optimization. In order to find a given local minima, it is necessary to choose a feasible point that will converge to that minima. However, because there are often times many local minima, determining such a feasible point for a particular local minima can be as difficult as solving the optimization problem itself.
Global optimization problems can be categorized as either stochastic or deterministic problems. Stochastic, or Monte Carlo, methods (e.g., random search, Metropolis algorithm, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, etc.) randomly sample D in an attempt to locate feasible points that are local minima (or lie sufficiently close to local minima). Deterministic methods carry out some non-random search procedure to sift through local minima and find the global minimum. For example, branching techniques set up simple sub-problems, which are individually solved. Sub-energy tunneling techniques iteratively transform the objective function to remove local minima. Path following techniques indirectly locate local minima by solving a system of differential equations.
In the field of digital imaging, optimization techniques are useful as part of a point-based image segmentation process. Segmenting grayscale images is a useful task in imaging science. Image segmentation can be used directly for image compression or as a preprocessing step for background removal, feature detection, or pattern recognition algorithms, or possibly other applications. A wide variety of segmentation techniques have emerged in the literature over the last two decades. The simplest methods, and the most efficacious to representation as a global optimization problem, are point-based, where each pixel is quantized based on thresholds determined by analysis of the histogram of the image. There also exist more sophisticated (and time consuming) approaches that are the region-based methods, which take into account local spatial characteristics of the image while quantizing each pixel. Naturally, these techniques are equally applicable to color images.
Generally, point-based image segmentation is comprised a several discrete operations. First a histogram of a digital image is generated. Second, parameters for a plurality of probability density functions are determined, which correspond to a like number of sub-populations in the histogram data. Third, threshold levels are specified segmenting the image data population according to the probability density functions. And fourth, the threshold levels are applied to the histogram. Optimization, or more particularly minimization, occurs with respect to the second operation.
A population mixture model is a probability density function that can be expressed as the weighted sum of multiple sub-populations (other probability density functions). In applications such as image segmentation or cluster analysis, algorithms exist in the prior art that require fitting a population mixture model to a given set of data (a histogram in the case of image segmentation). Current methods for determining the optimal parameters of the population mixture model require prior knowledge of the number of sub-populations appropriate for the data being analyzed. In the prior art, this knowledge is frequently attained by manual inspection or by an automatic pre-processing step. Alternatively, optimization techniques utilizing a multi-start approach have been employed. Such methods fit the model repeatedly for different numbers of sub-populations. Multi-start approaches have two major drawbacks, however. The maximum number of sub-populations is arbitrarily chosen by some preprocessing step, and the computational effort required to repeatedly fit the model is immense.
Therefore, there is a need in the art to eliminate manual, preprocessing, and other multi-start approaches to population mixture modeling that require a priori knowledge of the number of sub-populations appropriate to a given data set prior to conducting an optimization process, or require immense computational effort, like the multistart approach.

Population mixture modeling with an indeterminate number of sub-populations


A semiconductor memory device and method of fabricating the same includes a first insulation layer and a first conductive layer formed on a substrate; conductive sidewall spacers protruding upwardly on the sides of the first conductive layer; a second insulation layer formed on the substrate and covering the conductive sidewall spacers; a second conductive layer, a third insulation layer, a third conductive layer, and a fourth insulation layer sequentially formed on the second insulation layer; a contact hole formed through the second and third conductive layers and the second through fourth insulation layers; insulative sidewall spacers formed on the sidewalls of the contact hole; and a fourth conductive layer formed in the contact hole so as to be in contact with the first conductive layer. The gate structure of the semiconductor memory device effectively prevents electrons from tunneling from the fourth conductive layer (data line) to the third conductive layer (control gate) through the inter-layer insulation layer formed on the second conductive layer (floating gate) by providing a strong electrical field at the upper tips of the conductive sidewall spacers, though a low voltage is applied to the gate electrode of the semiconductor memory device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device, and more particularly to an improved gate structure of a flash memory device and a method of fabricating the same, which allows programming and erasing operations using a low applying voltage.
2. Description of the Background Art
FIG. 1 shows a layout of a conventional gate structure of a flash memory device, FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view taken along line II--II in FIG. 2, and FIGS. 3A-3E show cross-sectional views of the conventional gate structure illustrating a conventional method of forming the same.
As shown in FIG. 2, the conventional gate structure of a flash memory device includes a semiconductor substrate 1, a gate insulation film 2 formed on a portion of the substrate 1, a first polysilicon film 3 formed on the gate insulation film 2 and serving as a gate electrode, and a tunnel insulation film 4 formed over the substrate 1, the gate insulation film 2 and the gate electrode 3. The tunnel insulation film 4 is thinner than the gate insulation film 2.
The conventional gate structure further includes a second polysilicon film 5 serving as a floating gate, an inter-dielectric film 6 formed on the second polysilicon film 5, a third polysilicon film 7 serving as a control gate, an insulation film 8 formed on the third polysilicon film 7, and a leveling film 9 formed on the insulation film 8. The gate structure also includes a contact hole 10 for exposing an upper surface of the gate electrode 3, sidewall spacers 11a formed on the sidewalls of the contact hole 10, and a metallic layer 12 formed on the leveling film 9 and in the contact hole 10.
Referring to FIGS. 3A through 3E, the conventional method of forming the above-described gate structure of the flash memory device will now be described.
As shown in FIG. 3A, a gate insulation film is deposited on the substrate 1 by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and patterned to form a gate insulation film 2. A first polysilicon film 3 is formed on the gate insulation film 2.
As shown in FIG. 3B, a thermal oxidizing process is performed on the substrate 1 and first polysilicon film 3 so as to form a tunnel insulation film 4 which is thinner than the gate insulation film 2.
As shown in FIG. 3C, a second polysilicon film 5, an inter-dielectric film 6, a third polysilicon film 7 and an insulation film 8 are sequentially formed on the tunnel insulation film 4. A boron phosphorous silicate glass (BPSG) is coated on the insulation film 8 and etched back to form a leveling film 9.
As shown in FIG. 3D, using an etching mask, portions of the leveling film 9, insulation film 8, third polysilicon film 7, inter-dielectric film 6, second polysilicon film 5 and tunnel insulation film 4 are etched to form a contact hole 10 therethrough. An insulation film is deposited in the contact hole 10 and on the leveling film 9, and etched back using CVD to form sidewall spacers 11a on the sidewalls of the contact hole 10.
As shown in FIG. 3E, a metallic layer 12 is formed on the leveling film 9 and in the contact hole 10, thereby completing the formation of gate structure of the conventional flash memory device.
In the conventional flash memory device, a negative voltage is applied to the gate electrode 3, a positive voltage is applied to the control gate 7, a positive low voltage is applied to a drain region (not shown), and a ground potential is applied to a source region. Thereafter, electrons are implanted from the gate electrode 3 into the floating gate 5 using a Fowler Nordheim (FN) tunneling method to program the device. A MOSFET (metal oxide silicon field effect transistor) of the flash memory device monitors the programming operation. The amount of electrons injected into the floating gate 5 depends on time. As more electrons are injected into the floating gate 5, the less current flows through the drain region which increase the threshold voltage of the device. Therefore, when programming is performed on a cell array, the threshold voltage of all of the cells being programmed can be controlled to converge to a certain value, automatically.
Meanwhile, when a bias (which is an opposite type to the bias condition applied to the device during programming) is applied to perform an erasure operation in the conventional flash memory device, the electrons accumulated in the floating gate 5 in accordance with the FN tunneling method are implanted into a source/drain region or a channel region, thereby increasing the current flowing through the drain and decreasing the threshold voltage of the device.
The conventional flash memory device, however, provides weak electric field between the gate electrode 5 and the control gate 7 in accordance with an applied bias voltage. As a result, there may occur at times erroneous operations when the electrons are not injected from the floating gate 5 to the control gate 7.
Furthermore, if the applied voltage is raised to a higher level, there is a problem of electrons tunneling from a data line (metallic layer) 12 directly to the control gate 7.

Flash memory device and method of fabricating the same


A component supplying apparatus includes a chute section including a sliding surface on which an electronic component is slidable. The chute section includes: a pair of bottom support members which oppose each other in a lateral direction perpendicular to a sliding direction such that a distance between the bottom support members is changeable, and each of which includes an upper surface defining the sliding surface; a pair of side support members which oppose each other in the lateral direction such that a distance between the side support members is changeable, and which support lateral side surfaces of the electronic component sliding on the sliding surface; and a top support member which opposes the sliding surface such that a distance between the top support member and the sliding surface is changeable, and which prevents the electronic component sliding on the sliding surface from escaping upward.

1. Technical Field
One or more aspects of the present invention relate to a component supplying apparatus including a chute section which includes a sliding surface on which an electronic component delivered from a component delivering section is slidable.
2. Background Art
As a component supplying apparatus which supplies an electronic component such as a connector or a component with lead to a component pickup position of a component mounting apparatus, there is an apparatus including a chute section which moves an electronic component while causing the electronic component to slide on a sliding surface (for example, see JP-A-H02-271699). The chute section includes, in a cross-sectional view, a sliding surface on which an electronic component is slidable; a pair of side support surfaces which support lateral side surfaces of the electronic component sliding on the sliding surface; and a top support surface which prevents the electronic component sliding on the sliding surface from escaping upward. The chute section allows an electronic component to be surely conveyed in a stabilized posture to a predetermined position.

PANASONIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CO., LTD.


Just My Code debugging allows developers to work on problems within their own code without noise from libraries, plugins and other unrelated code. Typical debugger behaviors may be modified based upon the identification or characterization of JavaScript code as “My Code,” “Library Code,” or “Unrelated Code.” The debugger behaviors that may be automatically determined using heuristics or set using a code-characterization file provided by a host application. The debugger receives project file information from the host application via a debugger-host interface. The debugger applies code-designation heuristics to undesignated code segments. If a code characterization file is received with the project information, the debugger designates application code segments based upon definitions in the code-characterization file. Once the debugger has characterized the code segments, it performs debugging operations on the application code. The behavior of the debugging operations may be selected depending upon the designation of the application code segments.

A broad array of tools, such as libraries and plugins, are available for JAVASCRIPT computer programs and simplify development of JAVASCRIPT-based applications. Because these libraries have already been debugged and optimized, a JAVASCRIPT developer can usually assume that the libraries themselves do not have to be debugged. Additionally, many of these tools are compressed and minified so that the underlying code is obfuscated and made unreadable to the developer, which prevents JAVASCRIPT developers from further modifying or debugging these third-party libraries. Errors in a JAVASCRIPT developer's code may create errors within these libraries, which can cause confusion when debugging the code if the error appears to originate in the library code.
Unrelated or third-party code or content may also create errors in the developer's code. The developer generally cannot or does not want to modify the library or unrelated code. Instead, the developer is likely more interested in identifying only the errors that originate in his or her own code.
While debugging applications that use JAVASCRIPT code, different code documents may have different levels of importance to a developer who is debugging them. A typical debugger tool treats all code documents the same way, which is not always helpful to the developer who may want to focus on the code that he or she has actually written as opposed to debugging library or other third-party code.

Classification of JavaScript code for debugging using just my code


The present invention relates to AUR1 and/or AUR2 polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding such polypeptides, cells, tissues and animals containing such nucleic acids, antibodies to such polypeptides, assays utilizing such polypeptides, and methods relating to all of the foregoing. Methods for treatment, diagnosis, and screening are provided for AUR1 and/or AUR2 related diseases or conditions characterized by an abnormal interaction between a AUR1 and/or AUR2 polypeptide and a AUR1 and/or AUR2 binding partner.

The following description of the background of the invention is provided to aid in understanding the invention but is not admitted to be prior art to the invention.
Cellular signal transduction is a fundamental mechanism whereby external stimuli that regulate diverse cellular processes are relayed to the interior of cells. One of the key biochemical mechanisms of signal transduction involves the reversible phosphorylation of proteins, which enables regulation of the activity of mature proteins by altering their structure and function.
The best characterized protein kinases in eukaryotes phosphorylate proteins on the alcohol moiety of serine, threonine and tyrosine residues. These kinases largely fall into two groups, those specific for phosphorylating serines and threonines, and those specific for phosphorylating tyrosines. Some kinases, referred to as "dual specificity" kinases, are able to phosphorylate on tyrosine as well as serine/threonine residues.
Protein kinases can also be characterized by their location within the cell. Some kinases are transmembrane receptor-type proteins capable of directly altering their catalytic activity in response to the external environment such as the binding of a ligand. Others are non-receptor-type proteins lacking any transmembrane domain. They can be found in a variety of cellular compartments from the inner surface of the cell membrane to the nucleus.
Many kinases are involved in regulatory cascades wherein their substrates may include other kinases whose activities are regulated by their phosphorylation state. Ultimately the activity of some downstream effector is modulated by phosphorylation resulting from activation of such a pathway.
The serine/threonine kinase family includes members found at all steps of various signaling cascades, including those involved in controlling cell growth, migration, differentiation and secretion of hormones, phosphorylation of transcription factors resulting in altered gene expression, muscle contraction, glucose metabolism, control of cellular protein synthesis, and regulation of the cell cycle.
Chromosomal abnormalities are a hallmark of human cancer, reflecting the deleterious consequences of the gain or loss of genetic information (Mitelman et al., Nature Genet. 15:417–474, 1997; Hartwell et al., Science 266:1821–1828, 1994). Some of these defects may have a causal role in cellular transformation due to loss of a negative growth regulator, loss of a gene responsible for maintenance of genome integrity, or through the amplification or activation of an oncogene (Kinzler et. al., Nature 386:761–763, 1997; Hunter Cell 88:333–346,1997). Alternatively, these abnormalities may be a consequence of tumor progression where mitotic checkpoints have been disrupted, resulting in abnormal nuclei, miss-segregated chromosomes, and aneuploidy (Elledge Science 274:1664–1672, 1996; Sherr Science 274:1672–1677, 1996).

Diagnosis and treatment of AUR1 and/or AUR2 related disorders


In one example, a server obtains an indication that a first mobile device is in a predetermined proximity to a non-mobile device. In response, the server permits the first mobile device to pair with the non-mobile device. The server generates whitelisted information associated with the first mobile device by adding information associated with the first mobile device to a whitelist that controls mobile device pairing for the non-mobile device. The server also obtains an indication that a given mobile device has obtained one or more keep-alive messages from the non-mobile device. Based on the whitelisted information, the server determines whether to permit the given mobile device to pair or remain paired with the non-mobile device. In response to determining to permit the given mobile device to pair or remain paired with the non-mobile device, the server permits the given mobile device to pair or remain paired with the non-mobile device.

"Hot desking" is a shared work space concept. It refers to an environment in which multiple workers can use the same work space (e.g., desk) in an office at different times. A hot desking environment can encourage collaboration among co-workers by offering flexible and dynamic seating arrangements. Enterprises that adopt hot desking environments can also experience significant real estate savings.

Device pairing in hot desking environments


The present disclosure relates to the field of materials, and in particular, to a method for preparing anti-coking Ni-YSZ anode materials for SOFC. The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a SOFC anode material, including: (1) providing the mixed powder of NiO and YSZ; (2) subjecting the mixed powder provided in step (1) to two-phase mutual solid solution treatment; (3) adjusting the particle size of the product obtained in the solid solution treatment in step (2). The SOFC anode material provided by the present disclosure could prepare the SOFC anode with good carbon deposition resistance. The anode material as a whole has the advantages of low cost, good catalytic performance, desirable electronic conductivity and well chemical compatibility with YSZ, etc. The long-term stability of cell performance is strong, and the cell preparation method is also easy to achieve industrialization.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a power generation method that directly converts chemical energy in fuel and oxygen into electricity without burning. There is no need to follow the Carnot cycle. The conversion efficiency is high, and the total efficiency of the cogeneration efficiency may exceed 80%. The products of the electrochemical reaction are hot water and carbon dioxide. Due to the high concentration of carbon dioxide to be easily recycled, the products of power generation are clean. Therefore, SOFC is an efficient and green power generation method. Commercially, the intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) as the second-generation cell operates at about 750° C. The first-generation cell is electrolyte-supported and belongs to the high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell, of which the operating temperature is more than 850° C. IT-SOFC generally adopts the anode-supported cell structure with electrolyte film. The major obstacle to the commercialization of IT-SOFC is the carbon deposition of cell anodes. When operating at about 750° C. under hydrocarbon fuels, carbon deposition will be easily observed during the operation of traditional Ni-YSZ anodes (mixed porous metal ceramics of metal nickel and yttria-stabilized zirconia), which would result in the rapid degradation of cell performance. It will be necessary to make various modification or doping for traditional Ni-YSZ to improve its carbon deposition resistance, or use reformed hydrocarbon fuels. However, the former would greatly increase the manufacturing cost of the cells or bring the poor long-term stability of the cells, and the latter would make it inconvenient for using and then result in other problems. In addition, due to the lack of other better anode catalysts to replace Ni, the commercial SOFC still use traditional Ni-YSZ as anodes. Therefore, it's a key problem to improve the anti-coking tolerance of traditional Ni-YSZ anodes, which needs to be urgently solved in the commercialization of SOFC.

Method for preparing SOFC anti-coking Ni-YSZ anode materials


In one aspect, a bushing for use in a pin assembly that includes a swinging housing and a stationary housing is provided. The bushing includes a first end portion, a second end portion, and a central portion extending between the first and second end portions and including a plurality of flexible fingers, each of said flexible fingers includes a retention feature configured to engage one of the swinging housing and the stationary housing in a snap-fit configuration.

The field of the disclosure relates generally to a pin clamp assembly, and more specifically, to snap-fit bushings for use in a pin clamp assembly.
Clamp assemblies, such as clamshell clamps, are used to mount and/or secure one or more components. For example, clamp assemblies may be utilized to mount engines in an aircraft. In at least some known clamp assemblies, a component is oriented between a sliding pin that has limited freedom of movement in an axial direction and a stationary pin.
In at least some known clamp assemblies, the stationary pin and sliding pin are each inserted into a respective clamp. Bushings are typically positioned between the pin and clamp to provide a wear surface and to prevent damage to the pin and/or clamp. In at least some known clamp assemblies, specialized tools and/or parts are required to install, to retain, and/or to remove the bushings from the clamps. For example, at least some known clamp assemblies utilize pins and springs to retain the bushings in the clamps. However, such specialized tools and parts may be relatively expensive, and it may be relatively time-consuming and difficult to install and/or to remove bushings using such tools. Further parts used for retaining the bushings in the clamps may consume space, increasing the footprint of the clamp assembly.
Further, in at least some known clamp assemblies, the dimensions of known components may vary due to thermal expansion, machining tolerances, and/or forces acting on the components (e.g., differential air pressures and internal forces due to acceleration). If these variations are not accounted for in the design of the clamp assembly, such variations may damage and/or render inoperable at least some known clamp assemblies.


A hybrid position and force control system for a robotic manipulator. A displacement error signal of an end effector such as a robotic hand is multiplied by a pseudo-inverse of a matrix product of a selection matrix and a Jacobian matrix to provide a joint displacement error signal in the coordinates of the various joints of the manipulator. The system may be tuned for obstacle avoidance and the like by means of a joint tuning signal having displacement and force components each produced by multiplying a user-provided tuning signal by a matrix difference between an identity matrix and a matrix product of a pseudo-inverse of the Jacobian mattrix and the Jacobian matrix.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to robotic control systems and more particularly to hybrid position and force control systems of the kind that are used for controlling robotic manipulators.
2. The Prior Art
Manipulators having end effectors such as robotic "hands" find many uses. For example, such a manipulator might install an electronic component having many leads on a printed circuit board with each lead in the correct hole for soldering. Another might perform a machining operation such as cutting or grinding a workpiece. Manipulators are particularly well suited for performing manual operations in hostile environments such as outer space or a radioactive area of a nuclear reactor where humans cannot readily go. Frequently the operations performed by a manipulator involve interaction with the environment under circumstances requiring great precision both in positioning the end effector and in the amount of force it exerts. Accordingly there has been a need for an efficient and effective means to control the operation of these manipulators.
FIG. 1 provides an example of a typical manipulator generally 100. An end effector such as a robotic hand 101 is rotatingly coupled to a link 103 by a joint 105. The link 103 is pivotingly coupled by a joint 107 to another link 109, and the link 109 in turn is pivotingly coupled by a joint 111 to another link 113. The link 113 is coupled through a joint 115 to an upper vertical link 117. The link 117 is rotatingly and telescopingly coupled by a joint 119 to a lower vertical link 121 which is supported by a base 123. The manipulator is controlled by a controller 125 which typically includes a communication terminal 127 and calculating and memory circuits (not shown).
As shown in cutaway view, motive means such as an electric motor 129 rotates the upper vertical link 117 with respect to the lower vertical link 121 as indicated by an arrow 131. Similarly, other motive means (not shown) such as motors or pneumatic actuators move the various other links in varying ways according to the physical structure of the joints. A sensor such as an optical encoder 133 provides feedback respecting the angular orientation of the link 117 with respect to the link 121. Other sensors (not shown) provide feedback respecting the positions of the various other joints with respect to their associated links or other parts. A sensor such as a strain gage 135 provides feedback respecting the torque being exerted by the upper link 117. Other sensors (not shown) provide similar feedback respecting the forces and torques being exerted by other parts of the manipulator.
The position and orientation of the hand 101 are typically described relative to some convenient coordinate system of interest. For example, for the manipulator 100 it might be convenient to use a fixed Cartesian coordinate system having an origin 137 at a desired location, an x-axis 139 and a y-axis 141 which define a horizontal plane parallel to the base 123, and a vertical z-axis 143 parallel to the vertical link 117. In other applications it might be preferable to use another coordinate system such as spherical or cylindrical or a system in which the origin is not fixed.
The required motion of the end effector of a robotic manipulator is often very complex, and various systems have been proposed for accurately and automatically controlling this motion. One such system, known as a "hybrid" control system, provides unified control of both the displacement of an end effector and the forces exerted thereby (for convenience, the term "displacement" will be used herein to refer to the position and orientation of an end effector).
In general, a hybrid control system controls either displacement or force in any one direction of motion. The main concept is to control force in directions in which it is difficult to control displacement, for example because the geometry is not well defined or is unknown or because a certain contact force is required. Hybrid control systems have functioned satisfactorily in specialized applications, but in general such systems have not provided stable control. This lack of guaranteed stability has limited the applicability and acceptability of hybrid control systems.
FIG. 2 provides a functional block diagram of a prior art hybrid control system as proposed by Craig, J. J., and M. H. Raibert in "A Systematic Method of Hybrid Position/Force Control of a Manipulator", Computer Software and Applications Conference, IEEE Computer Society, November 1979, Chicago, Ill., pages 446-451. The purpose of this control system is to control both the displacement of, and the force applied by, an end effector of a manipulator 11. It will be understood that the manipulator 11 may represent any of a number of different kinds of manipulators, of which the manipulator 100 shown in FIG. 1 is merely exemplary. Similarly, the manipulator 11 may have any of various kinds of end effectors. The nearly symmetrical upper and lower halves of FIG. 2 depict displacement and force control portions, respectively, of the hybrid control system.
In the upper half of FIG. 2, a summing node 13 receives a desired displacement vector x.sub.d that represents a desired displacement of the end effector of the manipulator 11 and an actual displacement vector x.sub.a that represents the actual displacement thereof. As indicated above, each of these displacement vectors represents both position and orientation of the end effector and therefore typically is a six-element vector. In some applications less than six elements may be required; for example, in the case of an end effector that moves entirely in a plane, a three-element vector giving x and y coordinates and a single orientation value would be sufficient.
In some situations it may be desirable to enhance system performance by further describing the motion of the end effector, for example by means of one or more other vectors such as velocity and acceleration in addition to the displacement vector.
In any given situation, particular values of the elements of the desired displacement vector x.sub.d are provided by a user or may be calculated by a computer or the like. The values of the elements of the actual displacement vector x.sub.a are derived from signals provided by sensors such as those discussed with reference to the manipulator 100 that detect the actual positions and orientations of the various joints of the manipulator or of the end effector itself.
The summing node 13 algebraically combines the actual and desired displacement vectors x.sub.a and x.sub.d and produces an end effector displacement error vector x.sub.e indicative of any difference; that is, EQU x.sub.e =x.sub.d -x.sub.a.
Control signals are derived from x.sub.e and are used to move the end effector toward its desired position and orientation, as will be explained in more detail shortly.
Similarly, in the lower half of FIG. 2 a summing node 15 receives a desired force vector f.sub.d that represents a desired force to be exerted by the end effector of the manipulator 11 and an actual force vector f.sub.a that represents the actual force exerted by the end effector. These force vectors actually represent both force and moment information and therefore, like the displacement vectors, they typically have six elements.
Particular values of the elements of the vectors f.sub.d and f.sub.a are determined in a similar manner to that which is used to determine values of the elements of the vectors x.sub.d and x.sub.a, respectively.
The summing node 15 algebraically combines the actual and desired force vectors f.sub.a and f.sub.d and produces an end effector force error vector f.sub.e indicative of any difference, in a manner analogous to the determination of the end effector displacement error vector x.sub.e as previously described. Control signals are derived from f.sub.e and are used to cause the end effector to exert the desired force.
The method by which the end effector displacement and force error vectors x.sub.e and f.sub.e are used to generate the control signals will now be described in more detail.
It will be necessary to select those terms of x.sub.e that correspond to axes along which the displacement of, and not the force exerted by, the end effector is to be controlled. As indicated by a function block 17, this selection is accomplished by means of a diagonal selection matrix (designated S).
Each diagonal element of the selection matrix S has a value of either one or zero. A value of one indicates an axis along which displacement is to be controlled, whereas a value of zero indicates an axis along which displacement is not to be controlled. The matrix S is typically a 6.times.6 diagonal matrix.
The vector x.sub.e is multiplied by the matrix S to obtain a selected end effector displacement error vector x.sub.e.sbsb.s as follows: EQU x.sub.e.sbsb.s =Sx.sub.e ( 1)
The vector x.sub.e.sbsb.s must be converted into values representative of displacements of the various joints of the manipulator. As indicated by a function block 19, this conversion is accomplished by means of an inverse of a certain matrix known as the Jacobian matrix.
The Jacobian matrix (designated J) is a first order approximation of a function that maps differential motions of the joints of a manipulator, represented by a joint displacement error vector .theta..sub.e, into differential motions of the end effector in terms of the coordinate system of interest. The differential motions of the end effector, of course, are represented by the end effector displacement error vector x.sub.e. This mapping is expressed in the following linearized relationship: EQU x.sub.e =J.theta..sub.e ( 2)
The vector .theta..sub.e has one element associated with each joint; if the robot has n joints then the vector .theta..sub.e is an n-element vector. The derivation of the Jacobian matrix J is given, for example, in Paul, R. P., Robot Manipulators: Mathematics, Programming and Control, MIT Press, 1981.
If the vector .theta..sub.e is already known, then the vector x.sub.e may be calculated according to Eq. (2). But in the present situation the vector x.sub.e is known and it is desired to calculate the vector .theta..sub.e ; therefore, what is required is an inverse of the mapping provided by the matrix J. A unique inverse mapping exists if J is a square matrix of maximal rank, in which event a joint displacement error vector .theta..sub.e may be calculated from the end effector displacement error vector x.sub.e as follows: EQU .theta..sub.e =J.sup.-1 x.sub.e ( 3)
Eq. (3) has been used in an attempt to compute a desired selected joint displacement error vector .theta..sub.e.sbsb.s from the selected end effector displacement error vector x.sub.e.sbsb.s as determined in Eq. (1) as follows: EQU .theta..sub.e.sbsb.s =J.sup.-1 x.sub.e.sbsb.s ( 4)
However, calculating the selected joint displacement error vector .theta..sub.e.sbsb.s in this manner can result in instability and therefore limits the usefulness of the hybrid control system.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that if J is not square, the pseudo-inverse J.sup.+ would be used in Eqs. (3) and (4) in place of the inverse J.sup.-1. For simplicity, the term J.sup.-1 will be used herein to denote the inverse of J if J is square and the pseudo-inverse of J if J is not square.
When the selected joint displacement error vector .theta..sub.e.sbsb.s has been computed, it is used to calculate elements of a position-correcting torque vector .tau..sub.p as indicated by a "position control law" function block 21. The vector .tau..sub.p represents control signals to be applied to the motive means of the joints to cause the end effector to move to the desired position and orientation.
The position control law typically is a linear differential equation, but it could be any function that operates upon an input vector to produce a unique output. In practice, the control law is often a P-I-D (proportional, integral, differential) control law, although an adaptive or other type of control law could be used instead.
Analogously to selecting terms of x.sub.e corresponding to axes along which the position of the end effector is to be controlled, terms of the end effector force error vector f.sub.e corresponding to axes along which the force exerted by the end effector is to be controlled must also be selected. This selection is accomplished by means of the matrix I-S (where I is the identity matrix) as indicated by a function block 23. The matrix I-S is the orthogonal complement of the selection matrix S.
Each diagonal element of the matrix I-S has a value of either one or zero. A value of one indicates an axis along which force is to be controlled, whereas a value of zero indicates an axis along which force is not to be controlled. In the embodiment being described, this matrix typically is a 6.times.6 diagonal matrix. Force control is orthogonal to position control and therefore the mathematical definition is EQU S.sup..perp. =I-S.
It should be understood that the zeros in the diagonal of S correspond with the ones in the diagonal of S.sup..perp. and vice versa.
The vector f.sub.e is multiplied by the matrix S.sup..perp. to obtain a selected end effector force error vector f.sub.e.sbsb.s as follows: EQU f.sub.e.sbsb.s =s.sup..perp. f.sub.e
The values of the end effector selected force error vector f.sub.e.sbsb.s must be converted into torques to be exerted by the various joints. This is done by means of J.sup.T, the transpose of the Jacobian matrix J, according to the following relation: EQU .tau..sub.e =J.sup.T f.sub.e.
The preceding equation, unlike Eq. (3), is not an approximation and therefore is correct for any J and f. It follows that a desired joint force error vector .tau..sub.e.sbsb.s may be calculated according to the following relation: EQU .tau..sub.e.sbsb.s =J.sup.T f.sub.e.sbsb.s
as indicated by a function block 25, without introducing any instability into the system.
After the joint force error vector .tau..sub.e.sbsb.s has been computed, it is used to calculate elements of a force-correcting torque vector .tau..sub.f as indicated by a "force control law" function block 27. The vector .tau..sub.f represents control signals to be applied to the motive means of the joints to cause the end effector to exert the desired force.
Finally, the position-correcting torque vector .tau..sub.p and the force-correcting torque vector .tau..sub.f are algebraically combined, as indicated by a summing node 29, to produce a final set of control signals that are applied to the motive means associated with the various joints of the manipulator so as to cause the end effector to move to the desired position and orientation and to exert the desired force and moment.
FIG. 2 shows a typical means to calculate the actual displacement and force vectors x.sub.a and f.sub.a. Displacements of the various joints as measured by sensors are represented by a joint vector .theta..sub.a. The actual displacement vector x.sub.a is computed from the joint vector .theta..sub.a according to a forward kinematics equation as indicated by a function block 31. Similarly, as indicated by a function block 33, the actual force vector f.sub.a is computed from the measured forces f.sub.h such as those measured by the sensors at the various joints by means of a force transform equation.
The hybrid control system as described above is typical of various kinds of hybrid control systems that have been proposed. Although these systems have functioned satisfactorily in some special applications, in general they can become unstable for certain combinations of S and J.sup.-1. That is, an infinite (or near-infinite) or unbounded oscillatory position-correcting torque vector .tau..sub.p may be produced in response to finite values of x.sub.e.sbsb.s. This potential for unstable operation has limited the applicability and acceptability of hybrid position and force control systems. Accordingly there is a need for a way to realize a stable hybrid control system for a robotic manipulator.

System for hybrid position and force control


A nanocrystal display device includes a plurality of pixels; a gate line extended in a row direction; a data line extended in a column direction; and a second insulating layer on the data line. Each pixel includes first and second pixel areas adjacent to each other in the column direction; first and second pixel electrodes on the second insulating layer of the first and second pixel areas; a first black matrix on the second insulating layer, and having a step difference greater than that of the first and second pixel electrodes; a common electrode extended in the row direction, contacting the first black matrix and spaced apart from the second insulating layer in the first and second pixel areas, and a tunnel-shaped cavity between the common electrode, the first black matrix and the second insulating layer; and a liquid crystal layer in the tunnel-shaped cavity.

1. Field
The invention relates to a nanocrystal display. More particularly, the invention relates to a nanocrystal display capable of preventing delay of a data signal and stabilizing an arrangement of liquid crystal molecules.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various display devices, such as a liquid crystal display device, an organic light emitting diode display, an electrowetting display device, an electrophoretic display device, a nanocrystal display device, etc., have been developed. In general, a display device includes a plurality of pixels to display an image. The pixels receive data signals in response to gate signals, and display gray scales corresponding to the data signals.
Among the display devices, the liquid crystal display device has a relatively narrower viewing angle when compare to the other display devices. To improve the viewing angle of the liquid crystal display device, various driving modes, e.g., a patterned vertical alignment ("PVA") mode, a multi-domain vertical alignment ("MVA") mode, a super-patterned vertical alignment ("S-PVA") mode, etc., have been researched and developed. Among them, each pixel of the S-PVA mode liquid crystal display device includes two sub-pixels applied with different data voltages from each other. Human eyes recognize an intermediate value between the two different data voltages. Accordingly, distortion of a gamma curve is reduced or effectively prevented under an intermediate gray scale, so that a side visibility of the liquid crystal display device is improved.
In general, the liquid crystal display device includes two substrates, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the two substrates. The two substrates are spaced apart from each other to accommodate the liquid crystal layer therebetween, and a distance between the two substrates is maintained by a spacer. The spacer is formed on one of the two substrates when the liquid crystal display device is manufactured, and the other one of the two substrates is adhered to the spacer. As a result, a manufacturing process of the liquid crystal display device is complex and a manufacturing cost of the liquid crystal display device is increased.

Nanocrystal display including black matrix between common electrode and data line in boundary between pixel areas


A hair curler constituted by a full body (10) of cylindrical shape and a net member (11) removably applicable to said body (10). At least the cylindrical body is made of a material capable of being heated by immersing same in a hot liquid and of slowly releasing the heat to a lock of hair (14) to which the hair curler is applied. On the cylindrical body (10) there is formed a protuberance (13) helically extending throughout the whole length of the cylindrical body (10).

At present there are commercially available hair curlers that are heated by slipping them onto special appendixes of apparatuses fitted with electric resistors. In some other cases, such apparatuses contain a liquid that is heated up when the hair curler is introduced in a heat source.
Commercially available hair curlers of the aforesaid and still other kinds have the task of releasing heat slowly to the hair that is wound thereupon in such manner as to give a hair-set without having to use an electric hair dryer.
Italian Utility Model No. 0 197 245 discloses a type of the above discussed hair curlers, consisting of a full body of cylindrical shape on which a net is applied after winding it on a lock of hair so as to hold it firmly. According to this disclosure, the cylindrical body of the hair curlers made of a material such that the hair curler can simply be immersed in hot water to gain heat quickly and then release it later in a sufficiently elongated period of time once it is positioned on the lock of hair, thereby attaining the desired hair-set. The main advantages of such a hair curler are its simple construction and extremely easy use, as it does not require the utilisation of electric appliances to be heated up, nor does it need to be filled with heating liquids or other materials. However, this prior art hair curler has turned out to be scarcely efficient in creating curls of hair, as the hair comes out simply undulated, without long-lasting curls. To attain curls, it is necessary to wind the locks of hair in helical manner on the hair curler and not simply in circles as disclosed in Italian Utility Model No. 0 197 245.

Heatable hair curler capable of releasing heat slowly


A multilayer electronic component includes a ceramic body including a plurality of insulating layers; an internal coil part in which a plurality of first internal coil patterns and a plurality of second internal coil patterns disposed on the insulating layers are connected to each other; and a first external electrode connected to first lead parts of the first and second internal coil patterns, and a second external electrode connected to second lead parts of the first and second internal coil patterns, wherein the first and second internal coil patterns are disposed on the insulating layers adjacent to each other and are connected to each other in parallel, and the via electrodes are disposed such that a plurality of via electrodes configure a single connection terminal.

The present disclosure relates to a multilayer electronic component.
In a multilayer inductor, in a case in which the number of turns of an internal coil part is increased in order to implement a high inductance, a direct current (DC) resistance may be increased, such that a quality factor Q may be decreased.
Therefore, in order to decrease the DC resistance of the multilayer inductor, a parallel structure in which layers of internal coil patterns connected to external electrodes are connected in parallel with each other and the internal coil patterns having the common shapes are repeatedly formed in double layers, is used.
However, in a case in which the parallel structure as described above is used, via connections between layers may be inevitably increased.
Therefore, in accordance with the increase in the via connections in the multilayer inductor having the parallel structure, a quality factor Q may be decreased due to a resistance increase in a via connection portion. In a case in which the via connections are weak, an open defect may be caused.


An optical heterodyne receiver and a method of extracting data from a phase-modulated input optical signal. In one embodiment, the optical heterodyne receiver includes: (1) a photonic quadrature demodulator having first and second optical inputs and first and second electrical outputs and configured to generate at the first and second electrical outputs an in-phase signal and a quadrature-phase signal, respectively, in response to receiving a modulated optical signal at the first optical input and a reference optical oscillator signal at the second optical input, (2) a passive radio frequency single sideband demodulator coupled to the photonic quadrature demodulator and configured to extract at least one sideband of the in-phase signal or the quadrature-phase signal and (3) at least one analog-to-digital converter coupled to the passive radio frequency single sideband demodulator and configured to receive and sample the at least one sideband.

Optical transmission systems, which use coherent (laser) light and optical fibers to send data, often employ phase modulation to encode data in an optical carrier wave.
The phase-modulated light must eventually be received and demodulated by an optical receiver to yield electrical signals. It is vital that the receiver be capable of receiving, demodulating and decoding the data contained in the optical signal as quickly as it is received.
Some traditional phase demodulation techniques rely on a phase discriminator (typically a simple delay-line filter), an envelope detector and an integrator. Unfortunately, phase discriminators exhibit nonlinearities, which limit their dynamic range. Other phase demodulation techniques rely on fast phase tracking. Unfortunately, phase tracking works well for rather small signal bandwidths and low carrier frequencies.
The wide-band rectifier narrowband amplifier (WIRNA) receiver architecture, which originally was developed for amplitude modulation (AM) - coherent systems, has been successfully demonstrated in a coherent phase-modulated link. WIRNA uses a nonlinear device to mix beat tone and a sideband to a lower frequency to cancel out laser phase noise. Unfortunately, this non-linear process exhibits intermodulation distortion (IMD) at high carrier frequencies. Furthermore, the nonlinear device has to operate at two to three times the operating frequency of the link. Therefore, the WIRNA architecture cannot be used for a receiver required to operate with respect to a wide range of center carrier frequencies.
All of the above-described techniques require bandwidths that are several multiples of the incoming signal bandwidth to recover data reliably. Unfortunately, the bandwidth that is required of the receiver becomes immense. Traditional phase demodulation techniques become essentially unworkable.
Accordingly, it may be desirable to have a fundamentally new optical receiver topology that does not require a bandwidth that is several times that of the incoming optical signal. It may also be desirable to have a better way to receive and demodulate optical signals.

Optical heterodyne receiver and method of extracting data from a phase-modulated input optical signal


Methods, computing systems and computer program products implement embodiments of the present invention that include presenting, on a display, multiple storage objects and their respective current utilizations, and forecasting a respective subsequent utilization for each of the storage objects at each of one or more future times. Examples of the storage objects include of a storage facility having multiple sites, one or more storage systems at a given site, storage pools in the storage systems, and logical volumes in the storage pools. Upon receiving a first input indicating a change to the multiple storage objects, and receiving a second input indicating a given future time, the respective forecasted subsequent utilizations of the changed multiple storage objects at the given future time is presented on a display. Examples of changes to the storage objects include adding an additional storage object and moving or resizing a storage object.

Multi-site storage facilities typically comprise multiple granularities. For example, a storage facility may comprise multiple sites, each of the sites comprising multiple storage systems such as storage controllers. Each of the storage systems may store multiple storage pools, and the storage pools can be used to implement thick and/or thin provisioning for logical volumes. Utilization of the storage facility can be measured at different granularities such as the storage facility, a give site in the storage facility, a group of storage systems at a given site, a given storage system, a given pool in a given storage system, and a given volume in a given pool.
The description above is presented as a general overview of related art in this field and should not be construed as an admission that any of the information it contains constitutes prior art against the present patent application.

Interactive visual storage capacity forecasting

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A battery pack provided with a battery core pack having a plurality of battery cells held by a holding part of a cell holder, and a case for accommodating the battery core pack. The cell holder has a peripheral wall part surrounding the holding part. A plurality of slits extending along the peripheral direction on an end surface of the peripheral wall part are provided to the peripheral wall part.

Battery packs that have a battery core pack including a plurality of battery cells held in a cell holder, and a case accommodating the battery core pack, are known as battery packs that can be removably mounted in electric vehicles such as electric power-assisted bicycles, electric motorcycles, and the like, for example.
Battery packs of this type may undergo an impact load if, for example, they fall while being attached to or removed from an electric vehicle etc. In order to avoid a situation where the impact load reaches to the battery cells through the case and cell holder and the battery cells suffer a load exceeding its load capacity, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2014-049225, for example, proposes providing impact mitigating ribs on the cell holder. This cell holder has a holding portion for holding a plurality of battery cells. The outer peripheral surfaces of the holding portion face the peripheral walls of the cell holder at an interval. The impact mitigating ribs have a bent shape that connects the outer peripheral surface of the holding portion and the peripheral wall of the cell holder.
The impact mitigating ribs deform elastically in the direction in which the impact load is applied, to thereby mitigate the load transmitted to the battery cells.


The invention relates to the technical field of semiconductor memories, in particular to a tunnel transistor structure integrated with a resistance random access memory and a manufacturing method thereof. The tunnel transistor structure in the present invention comprises a semiconductor substrate, and a tunnel transistor and a resistance random access memory formed on the semiconductor substrate, wherein the gate dielectric layer of the tunnel transistor extends to the surface of a drain region of the tunnel transistor; the part of the gate dielectric layer on the surface of the drain region of the tunnel transistor forms the resistance-variable storage layer of the resistance random access memory. In this invention, the high-quality gate dielectric layer of the tunnel transistor and the resistance-variable storage layer of the resistance random access memory are obtained by primary atomic layer deposition which integrates the resistance random access memory and tunnel transistor together without increasing steps. This process is simple and can combine the shallow trench isolation or field oxygen isolation and ion implantation or diffusion of source electrode and drain electrode to make integration convenient.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of semiconductor memories with a dimension below 20 nm, in particular to a tunnel transistor structure integrated with a RRAM and a manufacturing method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Information reading and writing of the RRAM is realized by reading or changing the resistance of the resistance-variable material. Usually, the resistance-variable material has a high resistance state and a low resistance state. The RRAM stores information using these kinds of materials by switching between the two states. FIG. 1 illustrates a sectional view of a typical RRAM unit. In this RRAM unit 10, a resistance-variable storage layer 12 is placed between a top electrode 11 and a bottom electrode 13. By the action of an external voltage, the resistance of the resistance-variable storage layer 12 can be in a high state and a low state, which are represented by "0" and "1". With different voltages, the resistance of the RRAM can be switched between the high state and the low state to realize information storage. The RRAM has advantages of simple preparation, high storage density, low operation voltage, quick speed of reading and writing, long service time, nondestructive access, low power, and in comparison with CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor), high process compatibility, and therefore is regarded as one of the most powerful candidates for the next generation of "universal" memories.
At present, MOS transistor structures (metal-oxide-semiconductors, namely field effect transistors) are usually adopted as the driving circuit of the RRAM, and the RRAM is usually formed in the subsequent interconnection procedure of the MOS transistor. Meanwhile, along with the continuous development of the technologies of integrated circuit devices, the leakage current between the drain region and drain region rises rapidly along with the reduction of the length of the trench. Below 30 nm, it is necessary to use a new device to realize a small leakage current so as to lower the power consumption of the chip. One of the schemes to solve the above mentioned problem is to adopt a tunnel transistor structure. The tunnel transistor has a very tiny leakage current and can further reduce the dimensions of the circuit and the voltage to lower the power consumption of the chip.

Tunnel transistor structure integrated with a resistance random access memory (RRAM) and a manufacturing method thereof


Extruded rectangular-channel ceramic honeycombs wherein the channels have a rectangular cross-section of aspect ratio 1.2:1 or greater and a hydraulic diameter D.sub.h and constant temperature Nusselt Number N.sub..mu. ("shape" heat transfer characteristic) yielding an "effective" channel surface area factor N.sub..mu. /D.sub.h of at least about 70, provide catalytic substrates for engine exhaust emissions control offering better light-off performance, enhanced conversion efficiency at current converter pressure drops, and/or equivalent efficiency at reduced pressure drops.

The present invention is in the field of emissions control and relates more particularly to improved catalytic converters for the abatement of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons generated by internal combustion engines such as used in stationary and mobile applications, e.g., in automobiles.
At present, the majority of catalytic converters for automotive engine emissions abatement applications comprise one or more platinum group metal catalysts dispersed on a refractory high-surface-area coating, the coating and catalyst being supported within the channels or "cells" of a ceramic honeycomb support through which the engine exhaust stream is passed. Ceramic honeycomb supports useful for this application, conventionally comprising an inlet face, an outlet face, and a plurality of parallel open-ended channels or cells traversing the support between the inlet and outlet faces, the channels being defined by interconnecting, criss-crossing cell walls, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,885,977. Methods and apparatus for the production of such supports by ceramic powder extrusion processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,790,654 and 4,731,010.
Past theoretical work in the area of extruded cellular ceramic supports has concentrated on pressure drop and conversion efficiency. Conventionally, conversion efficiencies have been considered to be directly related to the geometrically calculated surface areas of the cellular supports, i.e., to the total of all of the surface areas of all of the walls forming the channels of the cellular (honeycomb) supports. Thus designers in this field have customarily based predictions of the catalytic performance of each commercial square-celled extruded product largely on the calculated geometric surface area of the support. As data have accumulated, however, discrepancies between the calculated surface areas and measured catalytic performances have raised doubts about the exact relationship between these two parameters.
A particular example of such a discrepancy is illustrated by performance comparisons between a 400-cell extruded ceramic honeycomb (i.e., a honeycomb having a cell density of 400 cells per square inch of honeycomb inlet surface area) and a 400-cell wrapped metal honeycomb. The geometric surface area of the metal honeycomb is approximately 33% higher than that of the ceramic honeycomb, due largely to the sinusoidal shape of the cells or channels in the metal honeycomb. However, in tests of the emissions performance of the two products, conducted at the same substrate volume (i.e., with the metal honeycomb maintaining a surface area advantage of 33%), the performance of the two products is found to be virtually identical.
Past approaches to improve the performance of catalytic converters by increasing honeycomb geometric surface area have a number of disadvantages. First, significant surface area increases require increases in cell density. Such increases tend to reduce the cell hydraulic diameters and increase gas pressure drops across the converters, even though some reductions in cell wall thickness to reduce converter pressure drop can be made. Reductions in cell wall thickness, however, are limited by product strength requirements and other considerations, including increased difficulty of manufacture which can greatly increase the cost of the products.
These and other concerns suggest that a deeper understanding of the material and/or geometric factors affecting emissions performance will be required if significant improvements in the performance of honeycomb catalytic converters for gas treatment applications are to be secured.
It is therefore a principal object of the present invention to provide catalytic converters of improved performance, by specifying the design parameters of the honeycomb substrate in light of a further analysis of the factors governing converter performance.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description thereof.


Bottom electrodes of memory cell capacitors are recessed to prevent electrical shorts between neighboring memory cells. A partially fabricated memory cell capacitor has a bottom electrode comprising titanium nitride (TiN) and hemispherical grained (HSG) silicon. The container housing the capacitor is filled with photoresist and then planarized. The TiN layer is then selectively recessed with a peroxide mixture and subsequently the HSG silicon layer is recessed using tetramethyl ammoniumhydroxide. Thus, the bottom electrode is recessed below the level of particles which may overlie the memory cell capacitors and cause shorts by contacting the bottom electrode.

As a consequence of many factors, including demand for increased portability, computing power and energy efficiency in modem electronics, integrated circuits are continuously being reduced in size and the density of electrical devices, e.g., capacitors and transistors, in these integrated circuits are constantly increasing as a result of this size reduction.
The trend of increasing electrical device densities is evident, for example, in memory circuits such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), ferroelectric (FE) memories, etc. To take one example, DRAM is typically fabricated by forming millions of identical circuit elements, known as storage or memory cells, on a single semiconductor wafer. Each of these cells is an addressable location that can store one bit (binary digit) of data. In its most general form, a memory cell typically consists of two electrical devices: a storage capacitor and an access field effect transistor. By increasing the density of these electrical devices, the memory cell density of these memory circuits can be increased, thereby increasing the storage capacity of a single memory chip.
As part of this trend of increasing electrical device density, there is constant pressure to decrease the feature size or area occupied by these devices, such as capacitors, to allow for further increases in device density. Nevertheless, capacitors must have a capacitance large enough to retain a certain minimum charge, as determined by design and operational parameters, to ensure reliable operation of the memory cell. Because capacitors are, most generally, two electrodes on either side of a dielectric and because capacitance is proportional to the surface areas of opposing electrodes, one way to increase the capacitance of a memory cell capacitor, while minimizing the area occupied by the capacitor, is to increase the surface area of the lower electrode of the capacitor. For this purpose, hemispherical grain (HSG) silicon, which forms a convoluted surface with numerous protrusions, has been used to increase the surface area of the lower electrode of capacitors.
While capacitors using HSG silicon for electrodes have allowed further increases in device densities, increasing device densities have also made integrated circuits more susceptible to shorts between devices. In particular, it has been found that neighboring capacitors in memory circuits are particularly prone to electrical shorts between their bottom electrodes.
Accordingly, there is a need for methods of preventing electrical shorts between electrical devices such as capacitors.

Reduced cell-to-cell shorting for memory arrays


A design structure, and more particularly, to a design structure for manufacturing a JFET in SOI, a JFET and methods of manufacturing the JFET are provided. The JFET includes a gate poly formed directly on an SOI layer and a gate oxide layer interposed between outer edges of the gate poly and the SOI layer.

A junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET) is a simple type of field effect transistor. JFETs are used advantageously in some low-noise, high input-impedance op-amps and in switching applications. In fact, JFETs offer faster switching speed than bipolar transistors since JFETs are a majority carrier device.
A JFET consists of a long channel of semiconductor material doped so that it contains positive charge carriers (p-type) or negative charge carriers (n-type). In operation, electric current flows from the source to the drain, with the gate determining how much current flows through the device. By applying an increasing negative (for an n-channel JFET) bias voltage to the gate, the current flow from the source to drain can be impeded by pinching off the channel, in effect switching off the transistor.
This behavior is due to the depletion region of the PN junction expanding under the influence of a reverse-bias voltage, eventually occupying the entire width of the channel if the voltage is great enough. This operational behavior is opposite of the bipolar junction transistor or standard CMOS enhancement mode MOSFET transistors, which are normally-off. (JFETs, on the other hand, are normally-on devices where no voltage applied to the gate allows maximum current through the source and drain.)
In order to pinch off the channel, it is necessary to produce a certain voltage in a reverse direction (VGS) of the junction. The precise value of this pinch off voltage varies with individual JFETs, with typical values ranging between 0.5 to 10 V. The appropriate voltage bias can be easily remembered, as the n-channel device requires a negative gate-source voltage (VGS) to switch off the JFET and the p-channel device requires a positive gate-source voltage (VGS) to switch off the JFET.
The larger voltage pn junction avalanche breakdown (10V or greater for gate to drain or gate to source) capabilities make JFETs a candidate for certain applications such as power amplifiers. In comparison, standard CMOS SOI MOSFET devices cannot typically handle 10 V or greater thus making them not ideal candidates for certain applications such as that required for power amplifiers. Also, LD MOS process integration may not be cost effective for power amplifier applications as this process integration adds numerous mask levels and the extended lateral dimension increases circuit area requirement and hence lowers the profit margin.
Accordingly, there exists a need in the art to overcome the deficiencies and limitations described hereinabove.

Structure and method for fabrication JFET in CMOS

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for driving a plasma display panel. The method for driving a plasma display panel, the method including the steps of: tracing an average locus by using luminous centers existing at each gray scale; extracting gray scales corresponding to the luminous centers existing within a predetermined range of the average locus; and deducing non-extracted gray scales by using the extracted gray scales.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plasma display panel, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for driving a plasma display panel in which false contour can be reduced.
2. Description of the Related Art
As the information processing system advances and its supply is expanded, a display device is of increasing importance as visual information transmitting means. A cathode ray tube forming a main stream of such display devices has disadvantages of a large volume, a high operation voltage and a screen distortion. Recently, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), a Field Emission Display (FED) and a Plasma Display Panel (PDP) are under development for solving the aforementioned disadvantages of the cathode ray tube.
Among such flat display devices, the PDP is a device to display a picture through excitation and radiation of a phosphor by a vacuum ultraviolet generated at the time of discharging an inert mixture gas. The PDP has advantages in that it can be slimmed and large-sized, its manufacture is easy due to a simple structure, and luminance and radiation efficiency are higher than those in other flat display devices. Especially, an alternate current surface discharge PDP has advantages of a low voltage operation and a long life since a wall charge is accumulated on a surface at the time of a discharge and the accumulated chargers protects the electrodes from sputtering generated by the discharge.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional three-electrode alternate current surface discharge type plasma display panel.
Referring to FIG. 1, the alternate current surface discharge type PDP includes a front glass substrate 1 having a front electrode 9 formed thereon, and a rear glass substrate 2 having an address electrode 4 formed thereon. The front glass substrate 1 and the rear glass substrate 2 have a barrier rib 3 interposed therebetween and are distant away from each other in parallel. A mixture gas such as Ne+Xe, He+Xe, He+Ne+Xe is injected into a discharge space provided by the front glass substrate 1, the rear glass substrate 2 and the barrier rib 3.
Two front electrodes 9 are paired within one plasma discharge cell. Each of the front electrodes 9 includes a transparent electrode having a wide width, and a bus electrode having a narrow width connected to an edge of one side of the transparent electrode. Any one of the paired front electrodes 9 is used as a scan electrode for allowing a facing discharge to be generated together with an address electrode in response to a scan pulse supplied at an addressing period, and then allowing a surface discharge to occur with an adjacent front electrode in response to a sustain pulse supplied at a sustain period, and the other one is used as a sustain electrode paired with the scan electrode to commonly supply the same sustain pulse therethrough.
A front dielectric layer 7 and a protective layer 8 are layered on the front glass substrate 1 having the front electrode 9 formed thereon. When a plasma discharge is performed, the front dielectric layer 7 limits a discharge current and concurrently, charges the wall charge therein. The protective layer 8 is formed of magnesium oxide (MgO). The protective layer 8 prevents the front dielectric layer 7 from being damaged by the sputtering generated at the time of the plasma discharge, and increases an emission efficiency of a secondary electron.
A rear dielectric layer 6 is formed on the rear glass substrate 2 to cover the address electrode 4. The rear dielectric layer 6 protects the address electrode 4. The barrier rib 3 for partitioning the discharge space is formed on the rear dielectric layer 6. On surfaces of the rear dielectric layer 6 and the barrier rib 3 is coated a phosphor 5 excited by the vacuum ultraviolet for generating visible rays of Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B).
Generally, in order to express a gray scale of a picture, the PDP is time-division driven in a so-called Address and Display Separated (ADS) way of performing a separation into an address period during which a pixel is selected, and a sustain period during which a display discharge is generated from the selected pixel. That is, one frame period is divided into several sub-fields having the number of the sustain pulses (that is, sustain discharge times) that are differently set according to a luminance weighting value. Each of the sub-fields is divided into a reset period, the address period and the sustain period. For example, in case that it is intended to express a gray scale of 256, a frame period (16.67 ms) corresponding to 1/60 second is divided into eight sub-fields (SF1 to SF8) as shown in FIG. 2. Additionally, each of the eight sub-fields is divided into the reset period, the address period and the sustain period as described beforehand. At this time, the reset period and the address period are identical with each other every sub-field, whileas the sustain period and the number of the sustain pulses allocated at the sustain period are increased in a ratio of 2n (n=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) at each of the sub-fields.
Accordingly, the number of the sustain pulses allocated to each of the sub-fields is combined to express a certain gray scale. For example, in order to express a gray scale of 64, the discharge should be made as many as the number of the sustain pulses that are generated by switching on the sub-fields SF1, SF2, SF3, SF4, SF5, SF6 to respectively accumulate the luminance weighting values of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25.
However, if a moving picture is expressed in the above ADS driving way, contours unpleasant to the eye appear around a moving object thereby deteriorating a screen quality. This is called a false contour. The false contour is caused by a difference between luminous centers on a time axis. Herein, the luminous centers represent temporal light centers of the sub-fields that are switched-on (that is, selected during the address period) within one frame. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the sub-fields SF1, SF2, SF3, SF4, SF5 are switched on to accumulate the luminance weighting values of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 so as to express a gray scale of 31, whileas only the sub-field SF6 is switched on to embody the gray scale of 31 only using the luminance weighting value 25 so as to express a gray scale of 32. At this time, the discharge should be made during a long period of as much as the sub-fields SF1, SF2, SF3, SF4, SF5 so as to express the gray scale of 31, but the discharge should be made during a short period of as much as the sub-field SF5 so as to express the gray scale of 32. That is, the gray scale of 31 and the gray scale of 32 have a difference of one gray scale therebetween, but the luminous centers of the gray scale of 31 and the gray scale of 32 are considerably different from each other. That is, as shown in FIG. 2, the luminous center at the time of expressing the gray scale of 31 is positioned after a middle portion of one frame, whileas the luminous center at the time of expressing the gray scale of 32 is positioned at an initial portion of one frame such that each of the luminous centers of the gray scale of 31 and the gray scale of 32 is positioned with a considerable difference in time.
After all, the false contour occurs when the luminous center between adjacent gray scales is rapidly changed on the time axis of the frame when the moving picture is embodied.
For example, as shown in FIG. 3, if a gray scale of 127 and a gray scale of 128 move to the right, when an observer traces an object moving along a locus of (A), he/she perceives a brightness with the gray scale of 127, and when tracing an object moving along a locus of (C), he/she perceives a brightness with the gray scale of 128.
However, if the observer traces the object moving along a locus (B) positioned at a boundary of the locus (A) and the locus (C), he/she perceives a very shining brightness with the gray scale of 255 obtained by accumulating the gray scale of 127 and the gray scale of 128.
This applicant suggests a method for not only enabling a high speed drive, but also improving a contrast and the false contour of the moving picture by using a selective write sub-field at which an on-cell is selected and a selective erase sub-field at which an off-cell is selected during one frame period through a Selective Write Selective Erase sub-field (SWSE) driving way, in earlier filed Korean Patent Application Nos.: 1020000012669, 1020000053214, 1020010003003 and 1020010006492.
However, even the above earlier filed applications have a disadvantage in that the false contour appears since the luminous centers can be differentiated on the time axis when the adjacent gray scales are expressed.

Method and apparatus for driving plasma display panel