The disclosure relates to a system and method of configuring and validating multi-vendor and multi-region Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices using reinforcement learning. In some embodiments, the method includes generating a matching table for each of a plurality of IoT sensors based on a plurality of sensor attributes extracted from a product data associated with an IoT sensor; acquiring an identification information and operational information associated with the IoT sensor and a set of neighboring IoT sensors for each of the plurality of IoT sensors; identifying an appropriate set of IoT sensors from the plurality of IoT sensors, based on a user requirement, the matching table, the identification information and the operational information, using a Reinforcement Learning (RL) model; and dynamically configuring each of the appropriate set of IoT sensors based on a vendor type.

Today, IoT devices are being used for various applications such as a smart home, a smart energy meter, or a smart manufacturing hub. These IoT based applications are making human lives easier. However, an increasing proliferation of IoT devices in an IoT ecosystem poses a number of challenges. For example, when an output generated by one of the IoT devices is not accurate or not validated properly, then it may result in an undesirable situation. Many a times, even minute variations in the output data of the IoT devices may result in unwanted outcome as the decision is based on the erroneous output data. Consequently, validation of IoT devices is an important aspect for mitigating any undesirable situation.
At times, the IoT devices (also, interchangeably referred to as IoT sensors or IoT sensor devices) generate erroneous data due to un-natural events, particularly when installed outdoor, such as insect covering the IoT sensor device, a leaf or some object covering the IoT device. In such cases, the IoT sensor devices generate wrong outputs for a period of time. Additionally, the IoT devices from different vendors need different kind of validation steps since they are manufactured for different platform, protocol, standards, security and network. The faults and anomaly generated by each of these IoT devices may be reported differently and need to be validated accordingly. Further, the validation steps for sensor devices from same vendor may change based on the region of geography due to regulations, environment and other external factors. Although, various test beds for testing and validating IoT devices for each vendor exist in isolation, they are limited in their scope and utility. For example, many a times, vendors do not validate the IoT sensor devices before deploying. This may cause inconvenience to customers as validation as there is no standard technique to validate multi-vendor and multi-region IoT devices. A concatenation of multiple testbeds at one platform is not practical as it involves a huge set of patterns and databases.
In short, conventional techniques fail to provide for validation of IoT sensor devices for normal and for anomaly. Additionally, conventional techniques fail to provide for an effective and efficient platform for validating a large number of IoT sensor devices, belonging to different vendors and different regions. Further, conventional techniques do not address any type of auto-configuration of the IoT sensor devices across geographies, an anomaly detection while the IoT sensor devices are in working mode, or a selection of multivendor sensor devices based on a user requirement (interoperability)

System and method of validating multi-vendor Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices using reinforcement learning


An image forming device is provided with an external storage, a printing unit, a storage controlling unit configured to store the image data in the external storage or an internal storage. The storage controlling device stores the image data developed from the print data retrieved from the print data stored in the external in the external storage, while stores the image data developed from the print data transmitted from the external device in the internal storage. At least file names of image data stored in the external storage on the displaying unit are displayed for selection when the external storage is connected to the image forming device, and file names of image data stored in the internal storage are displayed when the external storage is not connected to the image forming device. A reprinting unit performs a reprinting operation based on the selected image data.

1. Technical Field
The following description relates to an image forming device capable of performing a direct printing for retrieving print data stored in detachably attached external storage and printing images based on the retrieved print data.
2. Related Art
Conventionally, there is known an image forming device capable of performing the direct printing. The direct printing is a function of retrieving print data stored in the external storage detachably attached to the image forming device, developing image data (e.g., generating bitmap data), and printing images on recording sheets based on the developed image data. Examples of such an image forming device are disclosed in Japanese Patent Provisional Publications No. 2006-76215, No. 2005-103867 and No. HEI 7-9704.
In the image forming device as disclosed in the publications indicated above, when the print data is developed, the developed image data is stored in the external storage such as a USB memory. By storing the image data in the external storage, and retain the same therein, when the image is reprinted, the stored image data can be used, thereby shortening a waiting time in comparison with a case where the image data is developed again from the print data.
When the print data requires security protection, and security is to be ensured, the above configuration is convenient since the image data is stored in the external storage, by removing the external storage, a third party cannot access and print the image data. Image data which need not be secured may be stored in an internal storage such as an HDD (Hard Disk Drive) or the like.


The present disclosure relates to the field of display technology, and provides driving methods of a display panel and a display device.

At present, most display panels are adopting variable refresh rate technology, which can change the refresh rate in different application scenarios and save power consumption. However, when the refresh rate of the display panel changes, its brightness also changes.
FIG. 1 shows the brightness change curve of a display panel measured by an optical measurement tool at the 32 gray scale and a refresh rate switched from 30 Hz to 60 Hz. In the pixel circuit of the display panel, due to the existence of transistor leakage and hysteresis effect, the brightness at the beginning of each frame is lower at low gray levels. The integral of the brightness curve is the average luminous brightness of the display panel. In FIG. 1, the first area 110 shows the brightness of the display panel when the refresh rate is 30 Hz, and the second area 120 shows the brightness of the display panel when the refresh rate is 60 Hz. It can be seen from FIG. 1 that the average luminous brightness of the display panel at 30 Hz is greater than the average luminous brightness at 60 Hz under the 32 gray scale.
Human eyes are very sensitive to brightness changes at low gray scales. Therefore, when the refresh rate of the display panel changes under low gray scales, the brightness changes are easily captured by human eyes, which not only affects the user experience, but also accelerates eye fatigue, damaging human eyes.
It should be noted that the information disclosed in the background art section above is only used to enhance the understanding of the background of the present disclosure, and therefore may include information that does not constitute the prior art known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Driving method of display panel and display device

Everdisplay Optronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd


The present invention relates to a method for preparing 5- and 6-halomethyl quinoxalines. The method comprises contacting a 5- or 6-methyl quinoxaline with a halogenating agent in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from the group consisting of fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes, trifluorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trifluorotoluene and xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trichlorotoluene. The method for halogenating benzylic methyl groups may also be employed to halogenate a wide variety of halomethyl heterocyclic compounds.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing halomethyl heterocyclic compounds, especially 5- and 6-halomethyl quinoxalines.
The disclosures referred to herein to illustrate the background of the invention and to provide additional detail with respect to its practice are incorporated herein by reference and, for convenience, are numerically referenced in the following text and respectively grouped in the appended bibliography.
Quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid is an important chemical intermediate for the preparation of compounds such as AMPHAKINE CX516(copyright) [1-(quinoxalin-6-ylcarbonyl) piperidine], a drug being tested for the treatment of Alzheimer""s disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Chronic Schizophrenia and male sexual dysfunction (1). The preparation of AMPHAKINE CX516(copyright) involves the conversion of 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid to quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid with sodium glyoxal bisulfite, followed by amidation of the resulting acid with piperidine, as set out below (2, 12).
Although the preparation of AMPHAKINE CX516(copyright) appears straightforward, the synthesis requires the use of 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid, an expensive starting material. For example, preparation of the isomeric 2,3-diaminobenzoic acid employs a multi-step method that includes oxidation, reduction, amidation, nitration, separation of isomers, further reduction, and hydrolysis, as set out below (3). Preparation of the isomeric 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid can be carried out using this multi-step method by isolating and further reacting the 3-amido, 4-nitrobenzoic acid isomer.
Other methods for preparing 3,4-diaminobenzoic-acid involve the electrochemical reduction of 3,4-dinitrobenzoic acid and the hydrogenation of substituted benzofurazans (4). These methods also employ expensive chemical intermediates.
Initial attempts by the applicant to prepare quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid focused on a one step selective oxidation of the benzyl group to a carboxylic acid without affecting the aromatic rings, as set out below.
Many methods are known for the direct oxidation of benzylic methyl groups to carboxylic acids. These methods typically employ a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium permanganate, that reacts with a methyl group providing the remainder of the molecule is not reactive to the oxidizing agent (5). Thus, toluene can be oxidized with potassium permanganate to benzoic acid without affecting the benzene ring (5). Catalytic methods are generally more acceptable for industrial scale because theses methods employ milder oxidizing agents, i.e., air or oxygen, to carry out the oxidation of benzylic methyl groups to the corresponding carboxylic acid (6). The oxidation of 5- and 6-methyl-quinoxalines to 5- and 6-quinoxaline-carboxylic acids is not so straightforward, however, because strong oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate, degrade the aromatic ring yielding 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid (7):
Milder oxidizing agents, i.e., air or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, on the other hand, have no effect on the benzylic methyl group of 5- or 6-methyl-quinoxaline. Air in the presence of a cobalt salt can oxidize toluene to benzoic acid (6) but does not oxidize methyl-quinoxaline to quinoxaline-carboxylic acid. Similarly, air and oxygen in the presence of a palladium or platinum catalyst are also ineffective (8). Most known oxidizing reagents are either too mild to react with methyl-quinoxalines or are too reactive causing structural changes.
Because attempts to prepare quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid via a one-step selective oxidation of the benzyl group were not successful, a two-step method to prepare quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid was developed. In the first step, 6-methyl-quinoxaline is halogenated to provide a 6-halomethyl-quinoxaline intermediate. In the second step, the 6-halomethyl-quinoxaline intermediate is oxidized to the corresponding quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid.
The present invention relates to a method for preparing 5- and 6-halomethyl quinoxalines (I). The method comprises contacting a 5- or 6-methyl quinoxaline (II) with a halogenating agent in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from the group consisting of fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes, trifluorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trifluorotoluene and xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trichlorotoluene, to form the respective 5- or 6-halomethyl quinoxaline (I). X is a halogen.
The present invention also pertains to a method for preparing a halomethyl compound selected from the group consisting of:
The method comprises contacting the methyl precursor compound of the respective halomethyl compound with a halogenating agent in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from the group consisting of fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes, trifluorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trifluorotoluene and xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trichlorotoluene, to form the respective halomethyl compound, wherein X is a halogen.
The present invention also pertains to a halomethyl compound selected from the group consisting of:
X is a halogen.
The present invention also pertains to a method for preparing 6-bromomethyl quinoxaline. The method comprises contacting 6-methyl quinoxaline with N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of a radical initiator in 1, 2-dichloroethane to form 6-bromomethyl quinoxaline.
The present invention pertains to a two-step method for converting benzyl heterocyclic compounds to the corresponding carboxylic acid heterocyclic compounds. The two-step method is especially suitable for converting 5- and 6-benzyl quinoxalines to the corresponding quinoxaline-5- and 6-carboxylic acids. The 5- and 6-benzyl quinoxalines may be prepared from orthodiaminotoluenes, such as 2,3- and 3,4-diaminotoluene, by condensation with sodium glyoxal bisulfite. The method for halogenating benzylic methyl groups may also be employed to halogenate a wide variety of heterocyclic compounds.
In the first step, 6-methyl-quinoxaline is halogenated to provide a 6-halomethyl-quinoxaline intermediate.
In the second step, the 6-halomethyl-quinoxaline intermediate is oxidized to the corresponding quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid.
This second step is more fully described in a copending patent application Ser. No. 09/925,239, entitled xe2x80x9cMethod For Preparing Heterocyclic-Carboxylic Acidsxe2x80x9d filed by applicant concurrently with the present patent application and assigned to the assignee of this application, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
As set out above, 5- and 6-benzyl quinoxalines may be prepared from ortho-diaminotoluenes, such as 2,3- and 3,4-diaminotoluene, by condensation with sodium glyoxal bisulfite. For example, 6-benzyl quinoxaline may be prepared by condensation of 3,4-diaminotoluene with sodium glyoxal bisulfite (9).
Because attempts to prepare quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid via a one-step selective oxidation of the benzyl group were not successful, a two-step method to prepare quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid was developed. In the first step, 6-methyl-quinoxaline is halogenated to provide a 6-halomethyl-quinoxaline intermediate. In the second step, the 6-halomethyl-quinoxaline intermediate is oxidized to the corresponding quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid.
In the first step of the synthesis, a benzylic heterocyclic compound and a halogenating agent, such as N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) or N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), are reacted in the presence of a radical initiator, such as benzoyl peroxide or azobisisobutyronitrile, in a suitable solvent, to form the respective halomethyl heterocyclic compound, such as a 5- or 6-halomethyl quinoxaline (I). Suitable solvents may be selected from the group consisting of fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes, trifluorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trifluorotoluene and xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trichlorotoluene.
The method for halogenating benzylic positions may also be employed to halogenate a variety of heterocyclic compounds. The method typically affords good yields of halomethyl-quinoxalines when [6QX]/[benzoyl peroxide]xe2x89xa640 while maintaining a temperature in the range of 60xc2x0 C. to 115xc2x0 C. for a period of 1 to 12 hours. Yields for benzylic brominations (conversionsxe2x89xa795%, selectivitiesxe2x89xa797%) are in general better than for benzylic chlorinations (conversions 60%, selectivitiesxcx9c75-80%). The 5- or 6-halomethyl quinoxaline may be a 5-halomethyl quinoxaline or may be a 6-halomethyl quinoxaline. The halomethyl may be a chloromethyl or may be a bromomethyl.
In one preferred embodiment, the invention is directed to a method for preparing 5- and 6-halomethyl quinoxalines (I). The method comprises contacting a 5- or 6-methyl quinoxaline (II) with a halogenating agent in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from the group consisting of fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes, trifluorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trifluorotoluene and xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trichlorotoluene, to form the respective 5- or 6-halomethyl quinoxaline (I), wherein X is a halogen.
In another preferred embodiment, the invention is directed to a method for preparing a halomethyl compound selected from the group consisting of:
The method comprises contacting the methyl precursor compound of the respective halomethyl compound with a halogenating agent in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from the group consisting of fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes, trifluorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trifluorotoluene and xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trichlorotoluene, to form the respective halomethyl compound, wherein X is a halogen.
Preferably, the halomethyl compound is selected from the group consisting of:
The method comprises contacting the benzyl precursor compound of the respective halomethyl compound with a halogenating agent in the presence of a radical initiator in a solvent selected from the group consisting of fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes, trifluorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trifluorotoluene and xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trichlorotoluene, to form the respective halomethyl compound. X is a halogen.
The benzylic halogenation of heterocyclic compounds, such as methyl-quinoxalines, depends on a variety of factors including the halogenating agent, the radical initiator, the solvent, temperature, reaction time, reagent concentrations, and procedure.
The halogenating agents which may be employed in the present invention may be any halogenating agent which is capable of selectively halogenating the benzylic methyl group of a heterocyclic compound. The term xe2x80x9chalogenxe2x80x9d, as used herein, refers to the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Preferred halogens are chlorine and bromine. Non-limiting illustrative halogenating agents may be selected from the group consisting of N-chlorosuccinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, Cl2, Br2, t-butyl hypochlorite, N-chloroglutarimide, N-bromoglytarimide, N-chloro-N-cyclohexyl-benzenesulfonimide, and N-bromophthalimide. Preferred halogenating agents are N-chlorosuccinimide and N-bromosuccinimide.
The radical initiators which may be employed in the present invention may be any radical initiator which is capable of catalyzing the halogenating agent to selectively halogenate the benzylic methyl group of a heterocyclic compound. The presence of an initiator is essential for the reaction to occur because radicals propagate these reactions. Non-limiting illustrative radical initiator agents may be selected from the group consisting of benzoyl peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), diacyl peroxides, dialkyl peroxydicarbonates, tert-alkylperoxyesters, monoperoxycarbonates, di(tert-alkylperoxy)ketals, and ketone peroxides. Preferred radical initiators are benzoyl peroxide and azobisisobutyronitrile. Alternatively, radicals can be generated photochemically.
The solvents which may be employed in the present invention may be any solvent which is capable of promoting the halogenating agent to selectively halogenate the benzylic methyl group of a heterocyclic compound. The choice of solvent is critical. The solvent must (a) be a media in which the halogenating agent has a low, but definite, solubility; (b) be stable to the halogenating agent allowing the halogenating agent to react preferentially at the methyl group of the heterocyclic compound to provide a halomethyl-heterocyclic compound that is stable in the solvent under the reaction conditions; and (c) be environmentally acceptable. Most conventional benzylic bromination procedures employ highly toxic solvents which are rigorously restricted on an industrial level. Suitable solvents may be selected from the group consisting of fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes, trifluorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trifluorotoluene and xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trichlorotoluene. Preferred solvents are chlorobenzene and xcex1, xcex1, xcex1-trifluorotoluene.
The temperatures which may be employed in the halogenation reactions of the present invention are important to ensure that the radical initiator decomposes to form radical chain-carriers. Thus, the optimum temperature will depend on the radical initiator used. The temperature should be chosen so that an optimum reaction rate can be reached. Such temperatures may range from about 50xc2x0 C. to about 120xc2x0 C., preferably from about 60xc2x0 C. to about 115xc2x0 C.
The reaction times which may be employed in the present invention play an important role on the selectivity of the product. Thus, reaction times should be optimum to ensure maximum conversion with best selectivities. Suitable reaction times may range from about 0.5 to about 12 hours, preferably from about 0.75 to about 4 hours. In most cases of benzylic brominations, side-reactions between N-bromosuccinimide (or N-chlorosuccinimide) with the aromatic ring are uncommon. In general, quinoxalines are not expected to react with N-bromosuccinimide and N-chlorosuccinimide by electrophilic aromatic substitution because the quinoxaline ring is known to be resistant to electrophilic attack (13).
The reagent concentrations which may be employed in the present invention may be stoichiometric or may be slightly higher in the halogenating agent concentration used. Although 5-(methyl)-quinoxaline reacted almost to completion in both acetonitrile and acetic acid in the presence of an almost stoichiometric amount of N-bromosuccinimide ([NBS]/([5QX]=1.1), the 6-isomer seems less reactive and does not easily reach completion under similar conditions. Typically, 80% conversion and 94% selectivity for 6-(bromomethyl)-quinoxaline can be accomplished under almost stoichiometric conditions ([NBS]/[5QX]=1.1) but with higher N-bromosuccinimide concentrations (i.e., [NBS]/[5QX]=1.5) yields can be improved (conversionxe2x89xa794%, selectivityxe2x89xa797%) to reach almost completion.
Products that can be made by this method are 6-(bromomethyl)-quinoxaline, 6-(chloromethyl)-quinoxaline, 5-(bromomethyl)-quinoxaline and 5-(chloromethyl)-quinoxaline. Other products that can be made by this method are: 4- and 5-(bromomethyl)-benzotriazole, 4- and 5-(chloromethyl)-benzotriazole, 4- and 5-(bromomethyl)-benzimidazolone, 4- and 5-(chloromethyl)-benzimidazolone. Other nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds that can be halogenated using this method include xcex1- and xcex3-picoline, quinaldines, methylphenanthridine.
In another specific embodiment, the present invention is directed to a halomethyl compound selected from the group consisting of:
wherein X is a halogen.
Preferably the halomethyl compound is selected from the group consisting of:
Throughout this disclosure, applicant will suggest various theories or mechanisms by which applicant believes the present methods function. While applicant may offer various mechanisms to explain the present invention, applicant does not wish to be bound by theory. These theories are suggested to better understand the present invention but are not intended to limit the efflective scope of the claims.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples which are presented for purposes of demonstrating, but not limiting, the preparation of the compounds and compositions of this invention.

Method for preparing halomethyl heterocyclic compounds


An electronic device and a wireless communication method in a wireless communication system. The electronic device includes circuitry configured to: set configuration information for D2D communication measurement for a first UE served by the electronic device, wherein the configuration information contains reference signal information about a second UE of a candidate object with which the first UE conducts D2D communication; send the configuration information, to trigger communication link quality measurement between the first UE and the second UE; receive a measurement report from the first UE; determine whether to convert the communication between the first UE and a current communication object to a communication with the second UE based on the measurement report; and send conversion information when the conversion determination unit determines to convert the communication, to notify the first UE and the UE to conduct communication.

This part provides the background related to the present disclosure, but is not necessarily the conventional technology.
In an existing wireless communication system, a centralized control mode is generally adopted. That is, an evolution Node Base Station (eNB) controls a communication behavior of a User Equipment (UE). In this case, the eNB needs to allocate wireless resource overhead to each UE. However, with the rapid development of the wireless communication technology, the number of UEs, service quantities and the like are increasing and being close to a carrying upper limit of the existing wireless communication system. At present, as a key wireless communication technology of the next generation of cellular communication, a Device-to Device (D2D) communication technology; can bring a great performance gain to the communication system, for example, having advantages of improving a frequency spectrum usage rage, reducing a power loss of a user terminal and the like, thereby being concerned by the standardization work and academic research.
A mechanism of establishing the D2D communication generally concerned by current research is approximately as follows. In an RRC-IDLE state and an RRC-CONNECTED state, if it is detected by a base station that a UE and another communication object UE meet a D2D communication condition, such as a short distance between the UEs, the base station notifies the UEs to initiate a D2D terminal discovery and detection. When the UE is connected to the target UE successfully, it indicates that the D2D communication is established successfully, and then the D2D communication is performed.
However, an issue caused by the above process is that, the base station determines whether the UE can perform the D2D communication only based on detection on the base station side, and thus a detection condition of the base station is often instantaneous and unilateral. For a main communication body UE, the detection condition on the base station side can not effectively certify that the UE can perform and maintain an effective D2D communication.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Electronic device and wireless communication method in wireless communication system


An injection stretch blow molding apparatus includes a lower base which is secured on a stage, an upper base which is disposed above the lower base and supports a turntable, and vertical clamping device that raises and lowers the upper base with respect to the lower base. The vertical clamping device includes a pulling plate disposed in the stage under the lower base, a plurality of tie rods which pass through the lower base and connect the upper base and the pulling plate, a vertical clamping toggle mechanism which is disposed in the stage at a position under the injection molding section and expands and contracts with respect to the lower base as a reference position to raise and lower the pulling plate, and a first motor which transmits a driving force to the vertical clamping toggle mechanism.

The present invention relates to an injection stretch blow molding apparatus In particular, the invention relates to an injection stretch blow molding apparatus in which neck molds are intermittently transferred to at least an injection molding section and a stretch blow molding section using a turntable.
In this type of injection stretch blow molding apparatus, a motor is used to drive a turntable, and a hydraulic driving system is used for a driving section (e.g. clamping section) which requires a relatively large driving force. For example, Japanese Patent No. 3722671 utilizes a hydraulic cylinder for vertical clamping of a neck mold attached to a turntable, horizontal clamping of blow cavity split molds, and the like. It is known in the art that an injection molding apparatus which is different from an injection stretch blow molding apparatus and does not perform blow molding utilizes a toggle mechanism which is expanded and contracted using a motor as a vertical clamping mechanism (Japanese Patent No. 3195254 and JP-A-2005-131818).

Injection stretch blow molding apparatus


The compositions of this invention are microemulsions having    a. a surfactant consisting essentially of a mixture of one or more alkoxylated amines or alkoxylated quaternary ammonium salts and one or more preferably branched carboxylic acids or salts thereof,    b. a solvent or oil that is liquid at 25° C. and is insoluble in water, and    c. water,wherein an optically clear isotropic microemulsion is formed.

Microemulsions are useful as compositions that combine the solvency or other desired activity of a solvent or oil phase with the detergency or other desired activity of the surfactants and other components of an aqueous phase. They are optically clear, thermodynamically stable compositions typically comprising water insoluble or sparingly soluble liquid solvents or oils, surfactants or mixtures thereof, various cosurfactants, and water. The cosurfactants can be low molecular weight alcohols containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms, mono or polyglycols, glycol ethers, cyclic ketones, and the like. The purpose of adding the cosurfactants to the formulations is to decrease the interfacial tension between the aqueous phase and the insoluble solvent or oil phase so that the composition becomes a thermodynamically stable mixture of bicontinuous phases. These cosurfactants typically have moderate to high volatility, which may add to the volatile organic compound (VOC) content of formulations and thus may restrict their applications, and also may add distinctive and often objectionable odors. The microemulsion formulations may also contain other components such as detergent builders, alkalies, viscosifying agents, dyes and perfumes commonly found in detergent formulations.
Many microemulsion compositions are known. Examples include U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,824,623, 6,244,685, 5,990,072, and 5,952,287, which describe compositions containing alkyl esters as the oil phase, and various surfactants and other ingredients, all requiring the use of a cosurfactant. Further examples are U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,717,925, 5,616,548, 5,108,643, 5,082,584, and WO2004/07887, which describe microemulsions with a range of insoluble oils and surfactant systems. These compositions and other compositions of the prior art require the use of cosurfactants in their formulation.
Ethoxylated amines and ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salts have been shown to have detergent properties in specific applications, and are occasionally used in detergent compositions. Ethoxylated amines are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,713, 5,719,118, and 5,616,811, incorporated herein by reference.
Fatty acid soaps usually derived from natural oils and fats have been widely used as surfactants in detergent and cleaner formulations since antiquity. Soaps of oleic and linoleic acid have been shown to have utility in forming microemulsions, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,072. They require the use of a cosurfactant to form clear microemulsions.
The use of mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants is usually avoided because the mixtures tend to form precipitates in aqueous systems. However, it is known that these mixtures may have beneficial surfactant properties if they are properly formulated, due to the property of having very low surface and interfacial tension. U.S. Pat. No. 6,617,303 describes mixtures of ethoxylated fatty amines with anionic surfactants, including ether carboxylates. GB Patent No. 2,195,653 describes complexes of ethoxylated amines and higher alkyl fatty acids as emulsifiers for fabric softener quaternary ammonium salt-anionic surfactant complexes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,554 describes asphalt compositions containing ether amine salts of carboxylic acids. U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,064 describes mixtures of alkyl polyether carboxylates and ether arnines or alkyl amines. U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,291 discloses microemulsions formed from charged primary surfactants, cosurfactants, and a secondary surfactant that is oppositely but not highly charged, added to increase the viscosity. EP Patent No. 0160762 discloses microemulsion compositions wherein a nitrogen-containing compound is added to a fatty acid soap containing formulation to provide pH stability. U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,193 describes mixtures of nonionic surfactants with an anionic surfactant and a cationic surfactant. In the '193 patent alkoxylated amines are described as nonionic surfactants, and can be used to stabilize the anionic-cationic complexes.
Mixtures of ethoxylated tallow amine and branched acids are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,945,026, 6,139,775, 6,740,250, and US Pub. No. 2003/001057. These compositions contain cosurfactant alcohols and are used as concentrates for firefighting solutions.
Mixtures of saturated carboxylic acids, which may be branched, and ether amines are disclosed in US Pub. No. 2004/0010967. They are useful as friction modifiers for combustible fuels.
It is an object of this invention to provide highly efficient surfactants for preparing microemulsions.
It is a further object to form microemulsions without the use of cosurfactants, which often add VOC's and objectionable odors.
It is a further object to provide compositions that are isotropic liquids over broad ranges of water content.
It is a further object to provide stable microemulsions that can be formulated with other surfactants, builders, and components common to cleaning formulations without destroying the microemulsion.

Microemulsions containing alkoxylated amine carboxylates


A display device is provided, which includes a back cover and a display module. The back cover has a positioning slot. The display module includes a first frame, a panel module and at least hinge bracket. The first frame is fixed to the back cover. The panel module is fixed to the first frame. The hinge bracket is screwless-mounted to the first frame. One end of the hinge bracket is inserted into the positioning slot to fix the display module to the back cover. Besides, a method for assembling a display device is also provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device and a method for assembling the display device, and more particularly, to a display device with a hinge bracket and a method for assembling the display device with the hinge bracket.
2. Description of Related Art
Owing to the advancement of semiconductor devices and display technology, electronic products have been continuously developed toward the trend of small size, multi-function and easy carry. Common portable electronic products include notebook computers, tablet computers and mobile phones. Taking a notebook computer as an example, it consists of a host and a display device that are pivotably mounted to each other. Users may close the display device and the host of the notebook computer for easy carry, and, when desired, may open the display device with respect to the host for operating the notebook computer or watching the displayed image.
The display device of the notebook computer includes a frame and a hinge bracket. The frame is used to fix the display panel and the backlight module. The hinge bracket is used to assemble a hinge assembly, such that the display device can be pivotably mounted to the host with the hinge assembly. In general, the frame and the hinge bracket are mostly assembled in a screw-mounting manner. In order to provide the room for screw-mounting, the display device must have sufficient thickness and width, which limits the low-profile design of the display device.

Display device and assembling method thereof


A PEGylated polymer is disclosed according to Formula 1 wherein n is any integer from 4 to 200 monomers, and R is a polymer chain comprising a 4 to 200-monomer moiety.

Pulmonary administered therapeutic proteins have considerable clinical potential for treating local and systemic diseases.
These potential benefits can be limited by poor protein conformational stability, potential immunogenicity, and high degrees of protein degradation by proteolytic enzymes. These factors remain significant challenges to the successful pulmonary delivery of protein therapeutics.
Furthermore, most of the inhalation products currently available on the market use lactose as a carrier material. Potential side-reactions occurring at the sugar reducing end of lactose, e.g. Maillard reaction, renders this traditional carrier as unsuitable for formulations that contain primary amino groups, such as peptides and proteins. In an attempt to circumvent these side-reaction problems, non-reducing sugars such as trehalose have been extensively investigated as potential alternatives in inhalable dry powders. Due to the highly hygroscopic and aggregative nature of the amorphous form of trehalose, high concentrations of this sugar typically result in poor aerosolisation properties.
The design of polymer-protein nanosystems represent a potentially effective strategy to overcome barriers associated with the pulmonary delivery of proteins such as protein stability and clearance by proteolytic enzymes in the lungs or immunogenicity. Typically, polymers are covalently conjugated to proteins—e.g. in PEGylated protein therapeutics. However, as each therapeutic protein possesses unique chemistries and reactivity, this approach requires synthetic protocols that need to be developed on a case-by-case basis and often result in loss of the protein intended bioactivity. Within this context, nanocomplexes where synthetic polymers bind to proteins by non-covalent interactions are emerging as very valuable alternatives. However, the size of these polymer-protein nanocomplexes has, until now, precluded their efficient use in the lungs.
Consequently, there remains a need for a clinically accepted polymer that will ensure improved protein-stability, low immunogenicity and/or negligible protein degradation whilst remaining suitable for administration to the lung.


In general, techniques are described for performing decentralized packet dispatch. A network device comprising one or more service processing units (SPUs) and an interface may implement the techniques. The interface receives a packet associated with a session and selects a first one of SPUs to dispatch the packet based on first information extracted from the packet. The first one of the SPUs dispatches the packet to a second one of the SPUs based on second information extracted from the packet. The second one of the SPUs performs first pass processing to configure the network security device to perform fast path processing of the packet such that second one of the SPUs applies one or more services to the packet and subsequent packets associated with the same session without application of services to the packets by the first one of the service processing units.

A private network, such as an enterprise network, typically includes a number of interconnected network devices, including desktop computers, laptop computers, slate or tablet computers, mobile phones (including so-called "smart phones"), servers, routers, hubs, and switches. Each of the network devices may be assigned a layer-three (L3) network address that uniquely identifies each of the network devices within the private network. In some instances, the network devices may employ the L3 network address when communicating with a public network, such as the Internet. However, using the L3 network address to communicate with the public network may expose the topology of the private network to malicious persons, such as so-called "hackers." Knowledge of the topology of the private network may enable these malicious persons to formulate attacks that target vulnerabilities of the private network.
To prevent malicious persons from discovering the topology of the private network, network administrators may deploy one or more network security devices, such as firewall devices, at the edges of the private network to perform a technique referred to as network address translation (NAT) that masks the topology of the private network. To perform NAT, each of the one or more network security devices map the L3 network address assigned to each of the network devices of the private network with a L3 network address assigned to the corresponding one of the one or more network security devices. To differentiate each of the network devices of the private network from each other, the network security devices assign a different source port to each of the network devices of the private network. Upon receiving a packet or other network communication from the network devices of the private network, the network security device replaces the L3 network address assigned to the network devices (e.g., a source L3 network address specified in the header of the packet) with the L3 network address assigned to the network security device while also replacing the source port specified in the header of the packet with the source port assigned by the network security device to the network device. In this way, all packets or other communications originating from the private network appear to originate from the network security device rather than each of the individual network devices of the private network, thereby masking the topology of the private network.
While NAT may provide an effective security measure for masking the topology of the private network, the network security devices have to perform NAT on each and every packet originated by the network devices of the private network. In large private networks, the network security devices may have to perform NAT on a large volume of packets often in very short amounts of time. Performing NAT on such large volumes of packets may overwhelm network security devices, resulting in delay when forwarding packets to their intended destinations in the private network. Moreover, when a large number of packets are required to be processed for NAT in short time durations, the network security devices may fail, potentially compromising the security of the private network.

Decentralized packet dispatch in network devices


To enhance the performance as well as the reliability and safety of a charge/discharge control circuit and a charging type power-supply unit using it, a charge/discharge control circuit 102 is made to have a circuit construction wherein when a load 109 has been connected at a time of a secondary cell 101 being charged and being in a state having been protected from the charging operation, the state of protection from the charging operation is released to thereby make a switch circuit 103 "on" and permit effective performance of the discharging operation while, on the other hand, when a transition occurs from even this state to a state where excess current is consumed from the secondary cell 101 and as a result an excessive amount of current flows through the switch circuit 103, control can be made so that the discharging from the secondary cell 101 may be stopped, thereby enabling avoidance of the FETs from breakage.

The present invention relates to a charge/discharge control circuit which can control electrical charge or discharge of a secondary cell by turning a switch circuit "on" or "off" and a charging type power-supply unit that utilizes the charge/discharge control circuit.
Apower-supply unit whose circuit block diagram is illustrated in FIG. 2 is known as a conventional charging type power-supply unit that is composed of a secondary cell. This structure is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 4-75430, "Power-Supply Unit Of Electrical Charge Type". That is, a secondary cell 101 is connected through a switch circuit 103 to a -VO terminal 105 or +VO terminal 104 which is an external terminal. Further, a charge/discharge control circuit 102 is connected in parallel with the secondary cell 101. This charge/discharge control circuit 102 has a function of detecting the voltage of the secondary cell 101. Either in a case where the secondary cell 101 is in a state of overcharge (a state where the cell voltage value larger than a prescribed voltage value. This state is hereinafter referred to as "an overcharge protection state") or in a case where the secondary cell 101 is in a state of over-discharge (a state where the cell voltage is smaller than a prescribed voltage value. This state is hereinafter referred to as "an over-discharge protection state"), a signal is output from the charge/discharge control circuit 102 so as to turn the switch circuit 103 "off". By stopping the electrical discharge when the voltage of the +VO terminal 104 has reached a certain level of voltage, it is possible to limit the current that flows through the switch 103. That is, when an excessive amount of current is plowing, it is possible to stop the electrical discharge for a (control of excess current). This state is hereinafter referred to as "an excess current protection state". Between the +VO terminal 104 and -VO terminal 105 there is connected an electrical charger 108 for electrically charging the secondary cell 101 or a load 109 that uses the energy of the secondary cell 101.
As another example of the conventional charging type power-supply unit that is composed of a second cell, there is also known a power-supply unit such as that illustrated in a circuit block diagram of FIG. 3. This circuit is one wherein the switch circuit 103 illustrated in FIG. 2 is connected in series with a negative electrode 111.
However, the charge/discharge control circuit that has been constructed as mentioned above has the following drawbacks when a load is connected in the electrical overcharge protection state.
In general, the switch circuit 103 uses two FETs (Field Effect Transistor). As another embodiment wherein this switch circuit is used, there is also known a power-supply unit such as that illustrated in a circuit block diagram of FIG. 4. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the switch circuit 103 is composed of two FETs, i.e., FET-A 112 and FET-B 113.
In the electrical over-discharge state, the charge/discharge control circuit 102 operates so as to turn the FET-A 112 "off" and, in the electrical overcharge state, operates so as to turn the FET-B 113 "off". For this reason, a signal line for controlling the switch circuit is divided into two parts 107A and 107B. Also, in the excess current state, the control circuit operates so as to turn the FET-A 112 "off".
When, in such a circuit, the load is connected to the cell which is in a state of electrical overcharge as illustrated in FIG. 5, since the FET-B 113 is "off", the discharge current flows through a parasitic diode. For this reason, even when the current that is consumed by the load is small, the voltage of the -VO terminal 105 rises necessarily by the forward voltage Vf of the parasitic diode. Since the representative value of the parasitic diode Vf existing in the FET-B 113 is approximately 0.6 V, the voltage of the -VO terminal 105 becomes higher than the excess current detection voltage. Since when the excess current detection voltage is lower than Vf the connecting of the load in the electrical overcharge state results in the state of electrical overcharge and excess current, both the FET-A 112 and the FET-B 113 go "off", with the result that while the electrical charge is stopped, the electrical discharge made with respect to the load is also interrupted. This indicates that while on one hand the cell voltage is in a state of electrical overcharge and therefore is maintained to have an appreciably high level of voltage, on the other hand electrical discharge becomes disabled immediately after the load has been connected to the cell. Since after the electrical charge is effected the electrical discharge is disabled, the secondary cell completely malfunctions.
When the excess current detection voltage is set to be at a higher value, it results that the current that flows through the FETs becomes large in magnitude with the result that the function of the excess current protection ceases to be performed.

Charge/discharge control circuit and charging type power-supply unit


A surgical instrument comprising a housing, a drive system configured to generate rotary motion, an elongate shaft, and an end effector is disclosed. The end effector comprises a first jaw, a second jaw, and a fastener cartridge. The fastener cartridge comprises fasteners, a drive screw configured to rotate about a drive axis, and a firing member configured to move through a firing stroke. The firing member comprises a first cam surface configured to engage the first jaw and a second cam surface configured to engage the second jaw. The fastener cartridge further comprises a sled translatable within the fastener cartridge by the firing member during the firing stroke and a plurality of fastener drivers configured to rotate about an axis orthogonal to the drive axis in response to the translation of the sled. The plurality of fastener drivers deploy the fasteners by way of a rotational motion.

In general, the present invention relates to surgical instruments and, more particularly, to minimally invasive surgical instruments capable of sensing and recording various conditions of the instrument.
Endoscopic surgical instruments are often preferred over traditional open surgical devices because a smaller incision tends to reduce the post-operative recovery time and complications. Consequently, significant development has gone into a range of endoscopic surgical instruments that are suitable for precise placement of a distal end effector at a desired surgical site through the cannula of a trocar. These distal end effectors engage the tissue in a number of ways to achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic effect (e.g., endocutter, grasper, cutter, staplers, clip applier, access device, drug/gene therapy delivery device, and energy device using ultrasound, RF, laser, etc.).
Known surgical staplers include an end effector that simultaneously makes a longitudinal incision in tissue and applies lines of staples on opposing sides of the incision. The end effector includes a pair of cooperating jaw members that, if the instrument is intended for endoscopic or laparoscopic applications, are capable of passing through a cannula passageway. One of the jaw members receives a staple cartridge having at least two laterally spaced rows of staples. The other jaw member defines an anvil having staple-forming pockets aligned with the rows of staples in the cartridge. The instrument includes a plurality of reciprocating wedges which, when driven distally, pass through openings in the staple cartridge and engage drivers supporting the staples to effect the firing of the staples toward the anvil.
An example of a surgical stapler suitable for endoscopic applications is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,895, entitled SURGICAL STAPLER INSTRUMENT, which discloses an endocutter with distinct closing and firing actions. A clinician using this device is able to close the jaw members upon tissue to position the tissue prior to firing. Once the clinician has determined that the jaw members are properly gripping tissue, the clinician can fire the surgical stapler with a single firing stroke, or multiple firing strokes, depending on the device. Firing of the surgical stapler causes severing and stapling of the tissue. The simultaneous severing and stapling avoids complications that may arise when performing such actions sequentially with surgical tools that only sever or staple.
One specific advantage of being able to close upon tissue before firing is that the clinician is able to verify via an endoscope that the desired location for the cut has been achieved, including verifying that a sufficient amount of tissue has been captured between the opposing jaws. If an insufficient amount of tissue is captured between opposing jaws, the jaws may draw too close together resulting in pinching at their distal ends. Pinched jaws may not effectively form closed staples in the severed tissue. At the other extreme, an excessive amount of tissue clamped between the jaws may cause binding and an incomplete firing.
When endoscopic surgical instruments fail, they are often returned to the manufacturer, or other entity, for analysis of the failure. If the failure resulted in a critical class of defect in the instrument, it is necessary for the manufacturer to determine the cause of the failure and determine whether a design change is required. In that case, the manufacturer may spend hundreds of man-hours analyzing a failed instrument and attempting to reconstruct the conditions under which it failed based only on the damage to the instrument. It can be expensive and very challenging to analyze instrument failures in this way. Also, many of these analyses simply conclude that the failure was due to improper use of the instrument. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a surgical instrument that records various conditions during its use to facilitate a failure analysis if such an analysis is later necessary.
Additionally, motor-driven surgical instruments generally do not provide sufficient user feedback during the cutting and stapling operations. In general, for example, a robotically-controlled endoscopic instrument does not alert the user to the deployment forces and position of the cutting instrument during the cutting and stapling operations. Consequently, motor-driven endocutters where the operations are actuated by merely pressing a button are generally not accepted by physicians. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a surgical instrument that records end effector conditions and provides the user with feedback during the instrument's operation.
The foregoing discussion is intended to illustrate various aspects of the related art in the field of the invention at the time, and should not be taken as a disavowal of claim scope.

Surgical instrument for deploying fasteners by way of rotational motion


The present invention provides a management system and method for a telecommunications system, the telecommunications system having a plurality of objects representing elements of the telecommunications system and/or operations that may be applied to those elements. The management system comprises a management controller connectable to an item of telecommunications equipment of the telecommunications system for passing messages over a communications link between the management controller and a management element of the telecommunications system to invoke management operations. Further, the management system comprises means for defining a number of messages which may be generated by the management controller or the management element for passing over the communications link, each message being arranged to include one or more information elements. At least one of the messages is arranged to identify one of said objects as an information element and to cause different management operations to be invoked dependent on the object identified.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the management of a telecommunications system, and more particularly to management systems and methods for interfacing with the telecommunications system to perform management functions.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In a typical telecommunications system, a subscriber terminal may be located at a subscriber""s premises for handling calls to and from that subscriber. One or more lines may be provided from the subscriber terminal for supporting one or more items of telecommunications equipment located at the subscriber""s premises. Further, a central terminal may be provided for controlling a number of subscriber terminals, and in particular for managing calls between a subscriber terminal and other components of a telecommunications network.
As the number of users of telecommunications networks increases, so there is an ever increasing demand for such networks to be able to support more users. As techniques are developed to enable such systems to support more and more subscriber terminals, and hence more users, then it is clear that the telecommunications systems become more complex, and that thus the issue of managing such telecommunications systems becomes more complicated.
As the number of elements in the telecommunications system increases, then clearly the volume of management information to be handled will tend to increase. For example, the various elements within the telecommunications system will need to be configured, and hence configuration information will have to be distributed to those elements. Further, management functions such as the management of alarms generated by the elements of the telecommunications system, and the downloading of software to the telecommunications system, will need to be implemented.
It is known to provide a management system, such as an element manager, to handle the various management functions. Typically, the management system would be arranged to establish a connection with an item of telecommunications equipment, for example a central terminal, and to then initiate the various management functions. However, as the size of the telecommunications system increases, and hence more and more elements need to be managed, then the variety of management information and functions which must be passed over the communications link between the element manager and the telecommunications system tends to become quite large, resulting in a complex interface being required between the management system and the telecommunications system.
It is hence an object of the present invention to provide an improved technique for managing a telecommunications system.
Viewed from a first aspect, the present invention provides a management system for a telecommunications system, the telecommunications system having a plurality of objects representing elements of the telecommunications system and/or operations that may be applied to those elements, the management system comprising: a management controller connectable to an item of telecommunications equipment of the telecommunications system for passing messages over a communications link between the management controller and a management element of the telecommunications system to invoke management operations; means for defining a number of messages which may be generated by the management controller or the management element for passing over the communications link, each message being arranged to include one or more information elements; at least one of the messages being arranged to identify one of said objects as an information element and to cause different management operations to be invoked dependent on the object identified.
In accordance with the present invention, a management controller of the management system is arranged to establish a communications link with a management element of the telecommunications system so as to enable management operations to be invoked. Further, the management system has access to a number of messages which can be generated for passing over the communications link so as to invoke the management operations, each message being arranged to include one or more information elements. The telecommunications system has a plurality of objects representing elements of the telecommunications system and/or operations that may be applied to those elements, and, in accordance with the present invention, at least one of the messages is arranged to identify one of the objects as an information element and to cause different management operations to be invoked dependent on the object identified.
By this approach, a separate message is not required for each management operation, and instead particular management operations can be invoked by virtue of the object specified within a particular message. This enables the number of messages required to operate the interface between the management system and the telecommunications system to be drastically reduced, thereby significantly simplifying the interface between the management system and the telecommunications system. Furthermore, by this approach, it is possible to develop a generic interface between the management system and the telecommunications system that is independent of the particular management functions that need to be performed on any particular telecommunications system. Hence, this enables the management system to be readily reused with different telecommunications systems without the requirement to alter the message interface between the management system and the telecommunications system.
The objects provided by the telecommunications system can represent various entities. For example, at least one of the plurality of objects may represent an element of the telecommunications system. Further, at least one of the plurality of objects may represent an element of the telecommunications system and an operation to be applied to that element. It will also be apparent that the objects may represent other combinations of elements and/or operations. For example, an object may represent a single element and a group of operations to be applied to that element, or alternatively an object may represent a group of elements and an operation to be applied to that group of elements.
In preferred embodiments, said means for defining defines a first message that is arranged to include two information elements, a first information element identifying a particular object from said plurality of objects, and the second information element identifying object data to replace corresponding object data in the particular object. Hence, this message can be used to change the content of a particular object, and so for example may be used to alter configuration data of an object.
However, in preferred embodiments, the particular object identified by the first information element may represent an element of the telecommunications system and an operation to be applied to that element, the management controller being arranged to pass the first message over the communications link to the management element to invoke a management operation, the management operation invoked depending on the operation represented by the particular object. Hence, this first message can also be used to invoke a number of different management operations, the exact management operation being invoked depending on the operation represented by the particular object. This enables the same basic message to be used over the communications link between the management system and the telecommunications system, whilst the objects provided by the telecommunications system and referenced in the message determine the management function to be employed. Therefore, the message set for the interface between the management system and the telecommunications system can be developed independently of the structure of the telecommunications system, and of the management functions to be performed in respect of that telecommunications system.
In preferred embodiments, said means for defining defines a second message that is arranged to include an information element identifying one of said plurality of objects, receipt of the second message causing the identified object to be retrieved and output as an information element within a third message defined by said means for defining.
Further, in preferred embodiments, said means for defining defines a fourth message that is issued to acknowledge receipt of a message passed over the communications link. Preferably, the fourth message is issued if the message to be acknowledged by the fourth message could not be processed correctly, the fourth message including as an information element an indication of the processing problem. For example, the information element may specify that the message being acknowledged was sent to an unknown object, or, in the case of the first message, that the object data intended to replace the addressed object was of a size which did not correspond to the addressed object, etc.
In the simplest embodiment, the item of telecommunications equipment to which the management controller connects will also contain the management element. However, in alternative embodiments, the management controller is connectable to a first item of telecommunications equipment of the telecommunications system, and the management element of the telecommunications system resides on a second item of telecommunications equipment, and the messages are routed to and from the management element via a connection medium of the telecommunications system connecting the first and second items of telecommunications equipment. In such embodiments, the connection medium is preferably a backhaul used to transfer telecommunications signals between the first and second items of telecommunications equipment, a management slot being provided on the backhaul to facilitate transfer of the messages between the management element and the first item of telecommunications equipment.
Viewed from a second aspect, the present invention provides a telecommunications system, comprising: a storage for maintaining a plurality of objects representing elements of the telecommunications system and/or operations that may be applied to those elements; a management element for communicating over a communications link with a management system; and a management system in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention.
Viewed from a third aspect, the present invention provides a method of managing a telecommunications system, the telecommunications system having a plurality of objects representing elements of the telecommunications system and/or operations that may be applied to those elements, the method comprising the steps of: connecting a management controller to an item of telecommunications equipment of the telecommunications system; selecting a message from a number of messages, each message in the number of messages being arranged to include one or more information elements; passing the selected message over a communications link between the management controller and a management element of the telecommunications system to invoke a management operation; and invoking the management operation, at least one of the messages being arranged to identify one of said objects as an information element and to cause different management operations to be invoked dependent on the object identified.

Management of a telecommunications system

Abstract: By this approach, a separate message is not required for each management operation, and instead particular management operations can be invoked by virtue of the object specified within a particular message. This enables a simple generic interface to be provided between the management system and the telecommunications system that is independent of the particular management functions that need to be performed on any particular telecommunications system. Hence, this enables the management system to be readily reused with different telecommunications systems without the requirement to alter the message interface between the management system and the telecommunications system.


A hand grip and arm protection device composed of a water-resistant and stain-proof material, having temperature control characteristics and having a pair of sheets, with each sheet having a textured, recessed imprint on one surface providing a non-slip contact surface, while the opposite surface of the sheet, composed of a close fabricated fabric, is affixed to the sheet of textured, non-slip contact surface material. The fabric sheet of nylon/polyester composition is affixed to the non-slip contact surface sheet composed of a chloride rubber composition. The two-piece pair of sheets are sewn together by means of a zigzag lock stitch employing nylon thread. Both exterior surfaces include a cross-cut textured recessed imprint.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to multipurpose kitchen implements for supporting, holding or gripping a variety of hot or cold articles, such as cooking pots, pans, lids, handles, or the like and for protecting the hand, wrist or arm during the handling of such hot or cold articles.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
In the past, it has been the conventional practice to employ cloth mitts and/or potholders for protecting the hands of the user from injury or burning when handling excessive hot or cold articles in the kitchen, such as cooking pots, pans, frozen products or the like. Also, fabric or other porous materials are currently being used for supporting heated articles in order to protect a table or counter surface. In some instances, temperature resistance materials are used in the form of gloves or non-contoured pads. Such conventional kitchen implements are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,261,064; 3,535,708; 4,071,921 and 6,298,488.
However, these prior kitchen implements cover only the hand and leave the wrist, arm and shoulder uncovered and subject to injury from an excessively hot or cold surrounding environment.
Further problems and difficulties have been encountered when using such conventional kitchen implements which stem largely from the fact that the hand grips are composed of cloth and are not water-repellant, stain resistant and lack temperature control. The prior kitchen implements permit liquids to penetrate straight through to the hand or fingers of the user when used as a mitt or potholder. Such penetration serves as a conductor for hot or frozen substances and transmits the excessive heat or cold directly to the user's hands. Furthermore, the liquid or substance stains the material and now must be treated and laundered. During the treatment and laundering procedure, the soiled mitt or potholder is out of service requiring the user to have backup implements. Even after laundering, conventional mitts, potholders and trivets remain permanently stained.
Additionally, prior hand grips do not provide extended ridges, lobes, or reinforcement pads that surround or encircle the article to be gripped. Gloves, mitts, and flat pads are examples. Also, a substantial exterior area of conventional grips or gloves are unused for carrying indicia for advertising or entertainment purposes. No visual effects are carried on conventional mitts or gloves.


A fluid intake assembly adapted for use with a turbo-machine is provided. The fluid intake assembly provides an efficient fluid inlet assembly including a casing adapted to guide fluid into the turbo-machine. The casing includes an inner wall, the inner wall having a lining of a resin infused composite material. A method of producing a fluid intake assembly for use with a turbo-machine is also provided.

The inlet casing for an industrial turbo-machine may be required to serve two functions which can be to guide fluid into the turbo-machine and to support the rotor bearings. The common material chosen for this casing is sand cast SG-Iron (SG: spheroidal graphite) which combines the feature of required low temperature ductility with relatively low cost. The draw back of this material and production method is high surface roughness and poor tolerance control especially in the fluid washed area. These causes high scrap and rework costs and potential performance loss.
"SG-Iron" is an abbreviation for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. As the name implies, graphite is present in spheroidal form instead of flakes and compared with Grey Cast Iron it has higher mechanical strength, ductility and increased shock resistance.


The ultra wide band communication system of the present invention includes a transmitter (station) and a receiver (station). The transmitter and the receiver employ spreading code comprised of code groups, which respectively comprise varied, auto-correlated codes. Consecutive information bits are spread and de-spread with differing code and the code groups are correlated with each other (e.g., orthogonal) so as to reduce channel impulse response estimation noise. At the receiver, subsequent channel estimates can be added or averaged with an initial channel estimate so as to reduce the channel impulse response estimation noise and thereby provide a relatively more accurate channel response.

The desire for wireless communication and faster communication speeds are considerable and ever increasing. As time goes on, more and more devices from portable computers and portable digital assistants to cellular phones are utilizing and demanding more communication speed and bandwidth. In addition to the number of devices, the amount of data being transferred via wireless communication is also increasing because of the types of data being sent. Communications have advanced from merely transporting voice data to transporting multimedia information, including graphical and video information, which employ greater amounts of information.
One particular type of wireless communication is ultra wide band communication (UWB), which operates at about the 3.1-10.6 GHz range and relies on the principle that a high data-rate communication is achievable at a small transmission power when signal bandwidth is appreciably large. As a result, UWB promises to permit high data rates for less power than at least some conventional wireless communication systems. This characteristic can permit devices to transfer more data while operating with less power, which could extend battery life of devices (e.g., cellular phones, laptop computers, and the like) along with other benefits. Additionally, UWB communication is at such a relatively low power that it can mitigate interference with other types of communication. For example, a UWB transmission could appear as merely white noise to a conventional receiver.
One potential problem or difficulty that can be encountered with substantially all wireless communication technologies, and particularly UWB, is that of multipath signals. Multipath signals are generated when a transmitter sends or broadcasts a signal, generally in all directions, and a number of copies of that signal are received at a receiver. Signals often do not travel in a straight line from a transmitter to a receiver (line of sight), but can often bounce off objects so as to end up at the receiver. The copies occur because the original signal bounces against objects during transmission resulting in the number of copies arriving at the receiver, generally with varying delays. Multipath signals can cause a receiver to misinterpret the information being transmitted and/or introduce erroneous information into communication.
Another potential problem or difficulty that can be encountered with substantially all wireless communication technologies, and particularly UWB, is channel estimate noise. Even if multipath signals are resolved or partially resolved, resultant channel estimates can contain substantial amounts of noise. This noise can lead to data errors and the like.

Spreading code structure for ultra wide band communications


A heat transfer device wherein a vapor chamber is combined with a pin structure that allows the highly conductive cooling vapors to flow within the pins of a pin array maximizing the efficiency of both components of the heat sink into one unit is disclosed. In one embodiment the heat transfer device comprises a thermally conductive chamber having a first thermally conductive chamber portion having a base thermally coupleable to a heat dissipating device; a second thermally conductive chamber portion having a plurality of hollow protrusions extending away from and in fluid communication with the first thermally conductive chamber portion wherein the thermally conductive chamber comprises a fluid vaporizable when in thermal communication with the heat dissipating device and condensable when in thermal communication with the hollow protrusions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for cooling electronic components, and in particular to a heat transfer device having a chamber thermally coupled to the component and in fluid communication with a second chamber having hollow protrusions.
2. Description of the Related Art
High performance electronic devices typically generate large amounts of heat due to their power consumption requirements. To dissipate the heat generated from such devices a large heatsink is usually attached to their surface through a thermal interface material (TIM). In order to efficiently transmit heat from the device (or devices), which is usually a concentrated heat source, a heat sink is employed. Such heat sinks often consist of a large base structure that is highly conductive and a finned or pinned structure that is used to couple the thermal energy from the base structure to the cooling medium which is generally air. Ideally, the base structure should transmit the thermal energy with zero loss so that the finned or pinned structure which is much more efficient at transferring thermal energy to the cooling medium can operate at maximum efficiency. Thus, the base structure of a heat sink commonly utilizes copper or aluminum because these metals have excellent thermal conductivity, e.g., 200 to 400 W/m-K. However, in highly demanding cooling applications even the use of large base structures employing highly conductive metals is not adequate. In such cases, use is often made of vapor chambers to provide highly efficient distribution of heat from the concentrated heat source to the distributed fin structure. Such vapor chambers often have internal thermal conductivities exceeding 50,000 W/m-K. However, even though the heat may be efficiently transported to the fin structure using vapor chambers the individual pins or fins still have thermal conduction losses which reduce their ability to operate at maximum efficiency in transferring the thermal energy to the cooling medium. What is needed is a device that allows the flow of highly conductive cooling vapors between the pin/fin array and the vapor chamber to maximize the efficiency. The present invention satisfies that need.
To address the needs described above, the present invention discloses a heat transfer device wherein a vapor chamber is combined with a pin structure that allows the highly conductive cooling vapors to flow within the pins of a pin array maximizing the efficiency of both components of the heat sink into one unit. In one embodiment the heat transfer device comprises a thermally conductive chamber having a first thermally conductive chamber portion having a base thermally coupleable to a heat dissipating device; a second thermally conductive chamber portion having a plurality of hollow protrusions extending away from and in fluid communication with the first thermally conductive chamber portion wherein the thermally conductive chamber comprises a fluid vaporizable when in thermal communication with the heat dissipating device and condensable when in thermal communication with the hollow protrusions. The method comprises the steps of forming a first portion defining a thermally conductive chamber having a first thermally conductive chamber portion and a second thermally conductive chamber portion having a plurality of hollow protrusions extending away from and in fluid communication with the first thermally conductive chamber portion; inserting a wick structure in the first portion; coupling a base to the first portion; and inserting a working fluid into the thermally conductive chamber.
The present invention enables a highly efficient transmission of thermal energy from a concentrated heat source such as an electronic circuit assembly to an array of pin fins or other fin arrays that are designed to efficiently couple and transfer that energy to air or other vapors or fluids. This energy transference is accomplished by combining the prior art of vapor chambers and heatpipes into one efficient and economical assembly in which the thermal transmission to all surfaces of the pin array is accomplished with minimum thermal resistance, thus, maximizing the thermal transmission to the air or other vapors or fluids.


An adhesion layer containing a second solid polymer electrolyte is disposed between a solid polymer electrolyte membrane and a fuel electrode and/or an oxidant electrode containing a first solid polymer electrolyte and a catalyst substance. The solid polymer electrolyte membrane and the adhesion layer are made of the same solid polymer electrolyte. In this manner, the adhesion at the interface between the electrode surface and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is enhanced to implement the elevation of the cell characteristics and the elevation of the reliability of the cell.

A solid polymer fuel cell is a power-generating apparatus wherein hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to the fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode, respectively. The fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode are bonded to the respective surfaces of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane containing perfluorosulfonic acid acting as an electrolyte.
The following reactions take place in the respective electrodes.                Fuel Electrode: H2 2H++2e        Oxidant Electrode: ½ O2+2H++2e H2O
Higher power of 1 A/cm2 or more can be obtained at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure in accordance with the reactions in the solid polymer fuel cell.
In the fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode, mixtures consisting of carbon particles supporting catalyst metal and a solid polymer electrolyte are present. Generally, these mixtures are applied on the electrode substrates such as carbon paper acting as layers for diffusing fuel gas. These two electrodes sandwiching therebetween the solid polymer electrolyte membrane are thermally bonded under pressure to configure the fuel cell.
In the fuel cell thus configured, hydrogen gas supplied to the fuel electrode reaches to the catalyst after passing through fine pores in the electrode to be converted into the hydrogen ions by releasing the electrons. The released electrons are introduced to an external circuit after passing through the carbon particles and the solid polymer electrolyte, and flow into the oxidant electrode through the external circuit.
On the other hand, the hydrogen ions generated on the fuel electrode reach the oxidant electrode through the solid polymer electrolyte in the fuel electrode and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane sandwiched between both the electrodes, and then form water by means of the reaction with oxygen supplied to the oxidant electrode and the electrons flowing from the external circuit in accordance with the above reaction formula. As a result, the electrons flow from the fuel electrode toward the oxidant electrode in the external circuit to provide electric power.
In order to improve the characteristics of the fuel cell having the above configuration, a larger adhesive force is important at the interfaces between the electrodes and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane. That is, a higher ionic conductivity of the hydrogen ions generated through the electrode reaction is desired at the interfaces between them. A poor adhesion on the interface increases the electric resistance due to the decrease of the conductivity of the hydrogen ions and results in a reduction of the cell efficiency.
While the fuel cell using the hydrogen as the fuel has been described heretofore, the research and the development regarding a fuel cell using an organic liquid fuel such as methanol have been extensively conducted in recent years.
In the fuel cell using the organic liquid fuel, it is known that the organic liquid fuel is modified to the hydrogen gas for use, or the organic liquid fuel is directly supplied to the fuel electrode as represented by the direct-methanol type fuel cell.
In the fuel cell in which the organic liquid fuel is directly supplied to the fuel electrode, no apparatus such as a reformer is required because the organic liquid fuel is directly supplied to the fuel electrode. Accordingly, the cell structure can be made simpler and the entire apparatus can be advantageously made downsized. Further, the organic liquid fuel has an advantage of being more easily and safely transported than the gas fuel such as the hydrogen gas and hydrocarbon gas.
Generally, in the fuel cell using the organic liquid fuel, the solid polymer electrolyte membrane made of solid polymer ion exchange resin is used as the electrolyte. In order to operate the fuel cell, the hydrogen ion is required to move from the fuel electrode to the oxidant electrode through the above membrane, and the movement of the hydrogen ion is accompanied with the movement of water. Accordingly, the membrane is required to contain a certain amount of moisture.
However, in case of using the organic liquid fuel having the higher hydrophilicity to water such as methanol, a problem to be overcome arises that organic liquid fuel diffuses in the solid polymer electrolyte membrane containing the moisture to further reach to the oxidant electrode (crossover). The crossover brings about the reductions of the voltage, the output and the fuel efficiency because the organic liquid fuel which should essentially supply electrons to the fuel electrode is oxidized on the oxidant electrode so that the organic liquid fuel is not effectively used as the fuel.
In view of overcoming the problem of the crossover, the suitable selection of polymer having lower water content as the material of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is desirable for suppressing the diffusion of the organic liquid fuel such as the methanol with the water. However, in connection with the catalyst layer on the surface of the electrode which is adjacent to the above electrolyte membrane, it is important to supply a plenty of the hydrogen ions thereto by efficiently moving, from the electrode layer, the organic fuel cell to be used as the fuel. That is, it is desirable that the catalyst layer on the electrode surface allows the organic liquid fuel to better permeate and electrolyte membrane does not allow the organic liquid fuel to permeate. In order to achieve these, it is suitable that a material having a higher water content and a higher permeability regarding the organic liquid fuel is used as the polymer forming the catalyst layer on the electrode surface, and a material having a lower water content and lower permeability regarding the organic liquid fuel is used as the polymer which forms the solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
JP-A-2001-167775 describes a technique regarding a membrane having ionic conductivity in which the crossover of methanol can be suppressed while maintaining the ionic conductivity. In the publication, the surface layer of the ionic conductive membrane having fluorine resin as its main structure, such as Nafion (registered trademark) is modified by the electron beam radiation such that the conductivity of the surface layer is lower than the interior of the membrane.
However, when the materials of the catalyst layer of the electrode surface and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane are different from each other, the sufficient adhesion cannot be obtained and thereby the peel-off may take place at the interface between the electrode surface and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane. The peel-off increases the electric resistance on the interface and cause the reduction of the reliability regarding the cell performance. The modification of the surface layer of the ionic conductive membrane as described in the above JP-A-2001-167775 also has a problem that the surface strength increase at the time of swelling of the ionic conductive membrane worsens the adhesion with the catalyst layer of the electrode surface. In view of these circumstances, an object of the present invention is to increase the adhesion at an interface between an electrode surface and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, thereby improving cell performances and reliability of a cell.
Another object of the present invention is to suppress crossover of an organic liquid fuel while maintaining excellent hydrogen ion conductivity on the electrode surface and permeability of the organic liquid fuel.

Fuel cell, fuel cell electrode and method for fabricating the same


An impulse steam turbine has a rotor and a stator and a plurality of stages each constituted by a diaphragm with stationary blading followed by moving blading comprising blades that rotate with the rotor. The moving blades are mounted directly on the rotor, and not on disks, with the stationary blading providing more than 85% of the pressure drop at the base of each stage. Such turbines may be provided with improvements that reduce secondary losses. Efficiency is improved by several percentage points.

In conventional impulse turbines the moving blades are molted on disks that are seared to the rotor.
For reasons relating to the dynamic behavior of the rotor (see FIG. 1), it is essential to give the rotor sufficient stiffness, thus retiring a hub of adequate diameter DR. In contrast, for reasons of efficiency, it is necessary to keep this diameter as small as possible: reducing the diameter serves to reduce the leakage section between the stationary and moving portions, thereby reducing leakage itself. These two rules enable the rotor diameter DR to be determined as a compromise.
In order to be able to fix the moving blades on a rotor disk without the disk loosing its mechanical qualities, it is necessary to leave sufficient space between the base of a blade and the shaft of the rotor. Under such conditions, when the diameter DR is fixed, there exists a bottom limit on the blade base diameter DB.
In addition, to improve efficiency (see FIG. 2) it is advantageous to increase the slenderness ratio Z (the ratio between the tip diameter of the blade D.sub.s to the base diameter of the blade DB). The greater Z (for given blade width), the lower the losses due to secondary flows (e). However, once the operating conditions of the machine have been fixed, the steam flow section is determined. This section is proportional to DB.sup.2 (Z.sup.2 -1). It is therefore clear that to improve efficiency, DB should be reduced as much as possible, down to its lower limit.
In addition, it is necessary to reduce as much as possible all leakage between the stationary portions and the moving portions (f, f') in order to increase efficiency.
In particular, steam leakage (f') passing beneath the stationary blading gives rise to a large efficiency penalty: not only does this steam provide no useful work, but because of the presence of disks downstream from the stationary blading, it also penetrates radially into the main flow and degrades it.
Finally, in some cases, the relatively low pressure forces (p) on the rotor and on the moving blading may give rise to a balancing piston of diameter slightly greater than DR being provided at the head of the machine, thereby also contributing to a small drop in efficiency.
There also exist "reaction" steam turbines in which the pressure drop across a stage is split into two substantially equal portions between the stationary blading and the moving blading of the stage.
The moving blades are fixed directly on the rotor shaft. The base diameter of the blades DB is close to the shaft diameter DR (drum rotor).
Because of the pressure drop across the moving blading, the thrust on said blading is very high and necessarily gives rise to a balancing piston of large diameter being provided at the head of the machine to balance said thrust, with the diameter of the piston possibly being as great at DS (moving blade tip diameter). This contributes greatly to reducing efficiency.
It can thus be seen that thrust problems penalize the efficiency of reaction turbines greatly because of the leakage due to the large diameter of the balancing piston.
It is not possible in reaction turbines to reduce leakage by reducing the base diameter DB.
Such an operation would lead to an increase in the number of stages that would be unacceptable from the point of view of cost and from the point of view of the longitudinal size of the module under consideration, particularly if it is a high-pressure module.
Finally, it should be observed that in reaction machines, i.e. drum rotor machines, the leakage passing beneath the stationary blades does not have the same disturbing effect as it has in impulse machines with disks.

Impulse turbine with a drum rotor, and improvements to such turbines


A control system for a refrigeration system having a refrigeration compartment and a quick chill/thaw pan. A main controller board, electrically connected to a temperature adjustment board and a dispenser board through the serial communications bus, controls the temperature of the refrigeration compartment and the quick chill/thaw pan. The control system accepts a plurality of inputs to determine a refrigeration mode and to execute a plurality of software algorithms to control the refrigeration compartment as both a chill pan to rapidly chill food and beverage items without freezing and a thaw pan to timely thaw frozen items at controlled temperature levels.

This invention relates generally to refrigeration devices, and more particularly, to control systems for refrigerators.
Current appliance revitalization efforts require electronic subsystems to operate different appliance platforms. For example, known household refrigerators include side-by-side single and double fresh food and freezer compartments, top mount, and bottom mount type refrigerators. A different control system is used in each refrigerator type. For example, a control system for a side-by-side refrigerator-controls the freezer temperature by controlling operation of a mullion damper. Such refrigerators may also include a fresh food fan and a variable or multi-speed fan-speed evaporator fan. Top mount refrigerators and bottom mount refrigerators are available with and without a mullion damper, the absence or presence of which affects the refrigerator controls. Therefore, control of the freezer temperature in top and bottom mount type refrigerators is not via control of a mullion damper. In addition, each type of refrigerator, i.e., side-by-side, top mount, and bottom mount, have different optimal control algorithms for most efficiently controlling refrigerator operation. Conventionally, different control systems have been employed to control different refrigerator platforms, which is undesirable from a manufacturing and service perspective. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a configurable control system to control various appliance platforms, such as side-by-side, top mount, and bottom mount refrigerators.
In addition, typical refrigerators require extended periods of time to cool food and beverages placed therein. For example, it typically takes about 4 hours to cool a six pack of soda to a refreshing temperature of about 45° F. or less. Beverages, such as soda, are often desired to be chilled in much less time than several hours. Thus, occasionally these items are placed in a freezer compartment for rapid cooling. If not closely monitored, the items will freeze and possibly break the packaging enclosing the item and creating a mess in the freezer compartment.
Numerous quick chill and super cool compartments located in refrigerator fresh food storage compartments and freezer compartments have been proposed to more rapidly chill and/or maintain food and beverage items at desired controlled temperatures for long term storage. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,747,361, 4,358,932, 4,368,622, and 4,732,009. These compartments, however, undesirably reduce refrigerator compartment space, are difficult to clean and service, and have not proven capable of efficiently chilling foods and beverages in a desirable time frame, such, as for example, one half hour or less to chill a six pack of soda to a refreshing temperature. Furthermore, food or beverage items placed in chill compartments located in the freezer compartment are susceptible to undesirable freezing if not promptly removed by the user.
Attempts have also been made to provide thawing compartments located in a refrigerator fresh food storage compartment to thaw frozen foods. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,385,075. However, known thawing compartments also undesirably reduce refrigerator compartment space and are vulnerable to spoilage of food due to excessive temperatures in the compartments.
Accordingly, it would further be desirable to provide a quick chill and thawing system for use in a fresh food storage compartment that rapidly chills food and beverage items without freezing them, that timely thaws frozen items within the refrigeration compartment at controlled temperature levels to avoid spoilage of food, and that occupies a reduced amount of space in the refrigerator compartment.
In order to provide a quick chill and thawing system it would be desirable to have an electronic controller that controls the operation of the refrigerator and controls the operations of the quick chill thaw compartments.

Electronics architecture for a refrigerator quick chill and quick thaw system