A canister contains two cartridges of activated carbon for storing fuel in gasoline powered motor vehicles. A first cartridge operates to prevent release of hydrocarbons vaporized in the fuel tank while the vehicle is not operating. The second cartridge performs two functions. First, the second cartridge traps fuel in vapor displaced during refueling. Second, the second cartridge is charged with adsorbed fuel after the engine is stopped. Vaporous fuel from the first and second cartridges is supplied to fuel the engine upon startup. An air-fuel ratio sensor and a fuel vapor sensor are achieved by comparing the transit time of sound in two chambers, one containing air and the other containing a mixture of air and fuel. After the engine is stopped a solenoid valve is closed and an electrically energized air pump draws vapor from the fuel tank through the second cartridge to charge it with fuel. Charging is terminated when the fuel vapor sensor senses that fuel has passed through the second cartridge without being adsorbed. The air-fuel ratio sensor measures the ratio of air to fuel provided to the engine during initial startup for controlling a valve to maintain a desired air-fuel ratio. A vacuum actuated spool valve reconnects one sensor enabling it to perform both the vapor sensing function and air-fuel ratio sensing function as required.

Gasoline engines emit undesirable amounts of hydrocarbons when first started. This happens because liquid gasoline can become trapped in crevices in a cold engine and not be vaporized in time to participate in combustion and because the catalytic converter does not oxidize hydrocarbons until it reaches a "light-off" temperature. This problem is exacerbated by the need to provide a fuel rich mixture when the engine is first started. One known way to reduce hydrocarbon emissions is to electrically heat part of the catalytic converter before starting the engine. This has the disadvantages of delaying starting and requiring large amounts of electrical energy at times when the battery is least able to supply such energy. Another known way to reduce hydrocarbon emissions at startup is to pass the exhaust through an adsorbent for trapping hydrocarbons. When the catalytic converter reaches operating temperature the adsorbent is flushed and the catalytic converter oxidizes the flushed hydrocarbons.
Canisters of activated carbon have been used for many years to adsorb fuel vaporized while vehicles are not operating. The canisters are purged while the vehicle is operating thereby preparing them to adsorb fuel again. A number of types of activated carbon are in current use or available made from raw materials such as wood and coal.
Vapor in a fuel tank may contain one to three grams of fuel per liter of vapor which is displaced during refueling and may escape into the atmosphere. It is well known that filling a vehicle fuel tank at normal flow rates produces sufficient pressure in the filler tube to cause vapor to pass through a canister of activated carbon where it can be adsorbed to prevent hydrocarbons from entering the atmosphere. This does not happen in current production vehicles because a bypass is provided at the filler tube and canister size is inadequate.
It is also well known that during purging activated carbon releases the most volatile species before releasing less volatile species. Activated carbon charged with vapors from gasoline first releases predominantly butanes, then releases predominantly pentanes.
Oxygen sensors in the exhaust of gasoline engines have been standard equipment for many years. After a brief warmup period they indicate the presence of oxygen in the engine exhaust whereupon the information provided is used to optimize the delivery of fuel to the engine.
The velocity of sound in air is about 330 meters per second and the velocity of sound in butanes is about 215 meters per second. In a mixture the velocity varies between these values. In a stoichiometric mixture of air and butane the velocity of sound is about 9 meters per second slower than in pure air.
A general object of this invention is to provide a means for reducing hydrocarbon emissions and improving operation of gasoline powered engines during initial startup which also overcomes certain disadvantages of the prior art.


Provided is a vibration-insulating rubber composition and a crosslinked vibration-insulating rubber composition which successfully maintain basic physical properties and thermal resistance while being excellent in weather resistance and crack growth resistance, and a vibration-insulating rubber using the vibration-insulating rubber composition and the crosslinked vibration-insulating rubber composition. The vibration-insulating rubber composition of the present invention includes: a rubber component having a conjugated diene compound/non-conjugated olefin copolymer; sulfur by 0.6 parts by mass or less per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component; and a bismaleimide compound by 1 to 5 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

In automobiles and various vehicles, a vibration-insulating rubber is used as a material constituting the torsional damper, the engine mount, and the muffler hanger so as to absorb vibrations occurring when driving an engine, to thereby suppress noise. Such vibration-insulating rubbers for use in vehicles are required to have a vibration-insulating function of suppressing, by absorbing, vibrations of heavy load supported by the rubber, and strength properties capable of supporting heavy load.
Further, when used under a high temperature environment such as in an engine room, the rubber is also required to have high durability and settling resistance, not to mention being excellent in strength properties and vibration-insulating properties while having a low dynamic-to-static modulus ratio.
In particular, the temperature of an engine room tends to be increased in recent years along with high output of engine and reduction in engine room space due to increase in vehicle interior space, with the result that the rubber is often used in a severer environment. Therefore, there are strict requirements for the vibration-insulating rubber for use in automobiles regarding, for example, thermal resistance.
In general, to improve rubber in thermal resistance and settling resistance, it is effective to reduce the content of sulfur. However, the reduced content of sulfur deteriorates durability. To overcome such problems, for example, Patent Literature 1 discloses a technology of providing a rubber composition containing a low content of sulfur and zinc acrylate (ZAA). The technology of adding zinc acrylate (ZAA) or zinc methacrylate (ZMA) is also disclosed in Patent Literatures 2 and 3.
However, a vibration-insulating rubber to be obtained by the aforementioned technology is high in dynamic-to-static modulus ratio, and still far from satisfactory in terms of all aspects including thermal resistance, durability, and settling resistance. Thus, there has been a room for improvement in compounding of the rubber.
Meanwhile, Patent Literature 4 or corresponding Patent Literature 5 discloses a technology of using a rubber composition containing, as a crosslinking agent, bismaleimide having a specific chemical structure and sulfur, to thereby improve thermal resistance and a low dynamic-to-static modulus ratio.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Vibration-damping rubber composition, crosslinked vibration-damping rubber composition, and vibration-damping rubber


The present application describes a method and apparatus for updating a service in a service layer function of a network. In particular, a method for adding a service is disclosed. Initially, a request is received at a service enabler function located in the service layer function to add the service. A service description of the requested service is reviewed to understand its capabilities. A verification request is sent to a service capability located in the service layer function. Further, another service layer function or application is notified that the requested service is enabled.

In more recent times, users have become accustomed to receiving static services from their service providers. Static services occur when a service platform is re-synchronized with updated capabilities and features when new services are added to the system. Namely, the service platform needs to re-organize its resources and re-configure its capabilities and features to integrate the new service into the system. Moreover, all of the applications and other service platforms collaborating with the service platform must also update and/or re-set their configurations. For example, adding a new service in a M2M system may require defining a new type of resource requiring modifications to the specification. These additional steps cause increased downtime and inefficiency for users.
Moreover, while existing device management (DM) protocols include software management functionality, these DM protocols are not service aware. In other words, these DM protocols are configured only to support downloading and installation of software modules onto devices, e.g., software enabling. These DM protocols, however, are transparent to the service provided by the software module. Also, these DM protocols lack additional management functionality for configuring/integrating services into a service layer for clients of the service layer to use.
In one application, for example, Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) includes a set of protocols that allow network devices seamlessly discover each other and establish functional network services. It is generally understood that UPnP focuses on the application layer and IP layer. UPnP includes methods on how a network device discovers other network devices and also is discovered by other network devices after plug-in. The UPnP also includes how to automatically assign the IP address to the new plug-in device, how a new device automatically sets up the configuration, and how a device recognizes and uses the network services. However, UPnP is not capable of dynamically integrating a new service into the service layer so that all network clients could recognize and utilize the new service.
What is needed in the art is an apparatus and method for configuring and integrating new services into a service layer.
What is also needed in the art is an apparatus and method for dynamically adding a service to a system at the service layer without impacting the operability of the system.
What is also needed in the art is an apparatus and method for dynamically removing and/or deactivating a service in the system at the service layer without impacting the operability of the system.
What is further needed in the art is architecture with management functionality to manage service API.


The invention relates to the identification and isolation of DNAs encoding the human Toll proteins PR0285, PR0286, and PR0358, and to methods and means for the recombinant production of these proteins. The invention also concerns antibodies specifically binding the PR0285, or PR0286, or PR0358 Toll protein.

Membrane-bound proteins and receptors can play an important role in the formation, differentiation and maintenance of multicellular organisms. The fate of many individual cells, e.g., proliferation, migration, differentiation, or interaction with other cells, is typically governed by information received from other cells and/or the immediate environment. This information is often transmitted by secreted polypeptides (for instance, mitogenic factors, survival factors, cytotoxic factors, differentiation factors, neuropeptides, and hormones) which are, in turn, received and interpreted by diverse cell receptors or membrane-bound proteins. Such membrane-bound proteins and cell receptors include, but are not limited to, cytokine receptors, receptor kinases, receptor phosphatases, receptors involved in cell-cell interactions, and cellular adhesin molecules like selectins and integrins. For instance, transduction of signals that regulate cell growth and differentiation is regulated in part by phosphorylation of various cellular proteins. Protein tyrosine kinases, enzymes that catalyze that process, can also act as growth factor receptors. Examples include fibroblast growth factor receptor and nerve growth factor receptor.
Membrane-bound proteins and receptor molecules have various industrial applications, including as pharmaceutical and diagnostic agents. Receptor immunoadhesins, for instance, can be employed as therapeutic agents to block receptor-ligand interaction. The membrane-bound proteins can also be employed for screening of potential peptide or small molecule inhibitors of the relevant receptor/ligand interaction.
Efforts are being undertaken by both industry and academia to identify new, native receptor proteins. Many efforts are focused on the screening of mammalian recombinant DNA libraries to identify the coding sequences for novel receptor proteins.
The cloning of the Toll gene of Drosophila, a maternal effect gene that plays a central role in the establishment of the embryonic dorsal-ventral pattern, has been reported by Hashimoto et al., Cell 52, 269-279 (1988). The Drosophila Toll gene encodes an integral membrane protein with an extracytoplasmic domain of 803 amino acids and a cytoplasmic domain of 269 amino acids. The extracytoplasmic domain has a potential membrane-spanning segment, and contains multiple copies of a leucine-rich segment, a structural motif found in many transmembrane proteins. The Toll protein controls dorsal-ventral patterning in Drosophila embryos and activates the transcription factor Dorsal upon binding to its ligand Spätzle. (Morisato and Anderson, Cell 76, 677-688 (1994).) In adult Drosophila, the Toll/Dorsal signaling pathway participates in the anti-fungal immune response. (Lemaitre et al., Cell 86, 973-983 (1996).)
A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein has been described by Medzhitov et al., Nature 388, 394-397 (1997). This human Toll, just as Drosophila Toll, is a type I transmembrane protein, with an extracellular domain consisting of 21 tandemly repeated leucine-rich motifs (leucine-rich region—LRR), separated by a non-LRR region, and a cytoplasmic domain homologous to the cytoplasmic domain of the human interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor. A constitutively active mutant of the human Toll transfected into human cell lines was shown to be able to induce the activation of NF-κB and the expression of NF-κB-controlled genes for the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the expression of the constimulatory molecule B7.1, which is required for the activation of native T cells. It has been suggested that Toll functions in vertebrates as a non-clonal receptor of the immune system, which can induce signals for activating both an innate and an adaptive immune response in vertebrates. The human Toll gene reported by Medzhitov et al., supra was most strongly expressed in spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), and the authors suggested that its expression in other tissues may be due to the presence of macrophages and dendritic cells, in which it could act as an early-warning system for infection. The public GenBank database contains the following Toll sequences: Toll1 (DNAX# HSU88540-1, which is identical with the random sequenced full-length cDNA #HUMRSC786-1); Toll2 (DNAX# HSU88878-1); Toll3 (DNAX# HSU88879-1); and Toll4 (DNAX# HSU88880-1, which is identical with the DNA sequence reported by Medzhitov et al., supra). A partial Toll sequence (Toll5) is available from GenBank under DNAX# HSU88881-1.
Further human homologues of the Drosophila Toll protein, designated as Toll-like receptors (huTLRs1-5) were recently cloned and shown to mirror the topographic structure of the Drosophila counterpart (Rock et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 588-593 [1998]). Overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of one human TLR (Toll-protein homologue—Medzhitov et al., supra; TLR4 - Rock et al., supra) leads to the activation of NF-κB and induction of the inflammatory cytokines and constimulatory molecules. Medzhitov et al., supra.


The chemotherapy of malignant tumours is greatly restricted by the generally slight differentiation of the available cytostatic agents between normal and malignant tissue. In order to achieve an improvement of the selectivity in cancer therapy, novel prodrugs have been developed from 6-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-indolene, 5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[3,2-e]indolene and 5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indolene as well as from 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-benzo[f]-quinolines, that may be used within the framework of the ADEP therapy (antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy). The new prodrugs are characterised by a high difference in toxicity between the prodrug and underlying drug and by a very high efficacy of the drug. After splitting off of the glycosidic and/or acetal group on the phenolic hydroxy groups of the prodrugs, a spirocyclopropacyclohexadiene is formed which, being a highly toxic group, effects an alkylation of the DNA or RNA.

1. Field of the Invention
It is known that cancer chemotherapeutic agents available at the present time produce undesirable side effects on account of their low selectivity, that limit the dose that can be applied or may even lead to a discontinuation of the treatment. The aim must therefore be to utilise genetic and phenotype differences between normal and malignant cells in order to achieve a higher selectivity.
2. Description of the Related Art
For this purpose prodrugs may be used that are either acid-catalysed by the pH value reduced by 1 to 2 units in tumour cells or that can be split within the scope of the ADEPT concept (antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy), which is based on the utilisation of conjugates of glycohydrolases and monoclonal antibodies that bind to tumour-associated antigens [see Pharmacology & Therapeutics 83, 67–123, (1999); J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15804–15816, (1997); J. Med. Chem. 41, 1507–1512, (1998); Bioconjug. Chem. 98, 255–259, (1998); Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 44, 305–315, (1997)]. In this connection cytotoxic compounds are used that are detoxified by conversion into enzymatically splitable derivatives (prodrugs). The enzyme-antibody conjugates are selectively present, after their administration, on the surface of the cancer cells and split the prodrugs only in the tumour, with the release of the cytotoxic compound.
As cytotoxic compounds there have inter alia already been used derivatives of the seco-CI analogue of the natural substance CC-1065 that have been converted, inter alia as galactocides, into corresponding prodrugs. Glycohydrolases inter alia have been used for the antibody-enzyme conjugates [see Angew. Chem. 108, 2840–2842, (1996); Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 35, 2674–2677, (1996)]. Essential criteria for the successful use of prodrugs within the framework of the ADEPT concept are the low toxicity of the prodrugs, a very high cytotoxicity of the underlying cytostatic agent, and a rapid splitting of the prodrug in the presence of the corresponding enzyme.
It is furthermore known that malignant cells exhibit an enhanced glycolysis and thus lactate production compared to normal tissue, and that the pH in the tumour tissue can be lowered by intravenously applied glucose [see S. Tanneberger, Experimentelle und klinische Tumorchemotherapie; Allgemeine Tumorchemotherapie; G. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart/New York 1980; Naturwiss. 46, 2 (1959); Cancer Res. 42, 1498 (1982); 42, 1505 (1982); 49, 4373 (1989)].
It is also known that numerous glycohydrolases in a slightly acidic medium have a higher activity than at pH 7.4. Such glycohydrolases may also be bound to monoclonal antibodies that bind selectively to specific tumour-associated antigens on the membrane of malignant cells [see Pharmacology & Therapeutics 83, 67 (1999)].
In the past attempts have been made to utilise these differences in the pH value between normal tissue and tumour tissue for a selective tumour therapy [see Cancer Res. 49, 4179, (1989); Liebigs Ann. Chem. 847 (1987); Tetrahedron Lett. 22, 239, (1981); Angew. Chem. 102, 812, (1990); Liebigs Ann. Chem. 151, (1990)]. The acid-labile non-toxic prodrugs used for this purpose that are obtained from alkylating compounds have however proved not to be sufficiently acid-labile that they can be split selectively in the tumour tissue to form an active cytocidal agent.
Attempts have also been made to convert cytotoxic compounds by derivatisation into enzymatically splitable prodrugs having a reduced toxicity. With the previously synthesised compounds the problem arose that either the differences in the cytotoxicity of the prodrug and the underlying drug were not sufficient, and/or the drug was not sufficiently effective [see Angew. Chem. 108, 2840, (1996)].
In contrast to this the acid-catalysed prodrugs or prodrugs enzymatically splitable preferably with glycohydrolases proposed in the present invention that are obtained from 6-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-indolene, 5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[3,2-e]indolene and 5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indolene as well as from 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-benzo[f]-quinoline derivatives unexpectedly exhibit a selectivity, not hitherto found, of more than 1:1500 between the prodrug and the cytostatic agent on which the prodrug is based, combined at the same time with a high cytotoxicity of the cytostatic agent in the cell culture.


Foams capable of absorbing blood and blood-based fluids, especially menses. These absorbent foams have high capillary absorption pressures required of absorbents used in catamenial products, yet have sufficient openness to allow free movement of the insoluble components in blood-based fluids such as menses. These absorbent foams are made by polymerizing high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) where the volume to weight ratio of the water phase to the oil phase is in the range of from about 20:1 to about 125:1. These foams are particularly useful as absorbent members for catamenial pads.

The development of highly absorbent articles for blood and blood-based fluids such as catamenial pads (e.g., sanitary napkins), tampons, wound dressings, bandages and surgical drapes can be challenging. Compared to water and urine, blood and blood based fluids such as menses are relatively complex mixtures of dissolved and undissolved components (e.g., erythrocytes or red blood cells). In particular, blood-based fluids such as menses are much more viscous than water and urine. This higher viscosity hampers the ability of conventional absorbent materials to efficiently and rapidly transport these blood-based fluids to regions remote from the point of initial discharge. Undissolved elements in these blood-based fluids can also potentially clog the capillaries of these absorbent materials. This makes the design of appropriate absorbent systems for blood-based fluids such as menses particularly difficult.
In the case of catamenial pads, women have come to expect a high level of performance in terms of comfort and fit, retention of fluid, and minimal staining. Above all, leakage of fluid from the pad onto undergarments is regarded as totally unacceptable. Improving the performance of such catamenial pads continues to be a formidable undertaking, although a number of improvements have been made in both catamenial structures, and materials used in such structures. However, eliminating leakage, particularly along the inside of the thighs, without compromising fit and comfort, has not always met the desired needs of the consumer.
The users of sanitary napkins, and the like, have also come to expect the surface of such products to provide a cleaner, more sanitary and drier aspect than common cloth or nonwoven materials have historically provided. Current sanitary napkin products are typically provided with nonwoven or formed-film permeable topsheets that are designed to move discharged menstrual fluids rapidly through and into an underlying absorbent structure. This rapid movement of acquired menstrual fluids is designed to provide a drier and cleaner surface adjacent the wearer of the product.
The absorbent structures of current catamenial (e.g., sanitary napkin) pads have typically comprised one or more fibrous layers for acquiring the discharged menstrual fluid from the permeable topsheet and distributing it to an underlying storage area. Absorbent structures for relatively thin versions of prior catamenial products usually comprise a fluid acquisition layer (often called a "secondary topsheet") that is adjacent to the permeable topsheet. This "secondary topsheet" typically is made from an air-laid-tissue web or a synthetic nonwoven. Underlying this secondary topsheet is the main absorbent core that is typically made from air-laid or wet-laid tissue. The absorbent core often contains a particulate absorbent gelling material that can be encased or enveloped within this tissue. Such encased or enveloped cores are often referred to as tissue laminate cores. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,264 (Osborn), issued Aug. 21, 1990 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,653 (Osborn), issued Apr. 23, 1991, that disclose tissue laminate cores used in sanitary napkin products.
Prior catamenial absorbent structures made from fibrous layers have a number of problems. One is the difficulty in ensuring adequate topsheet dryness. In particular, the acquired menstrual fluid can potentially leak back through the main topsheet. This phenomenon is often referred to as "rewet." Rewet can be significantly reduced by increasing the fluid capillary pressure exerted by the absorbent core for fluid relative to the main and secondary topsheet. The greater the disparity in fluid capillary pressure between core and topsheet elements, the greater the potential for providing a dry topsheet surface in contact with the body. This potential, however, can only be realized if the kinetics of fluid movement throughout the core is sufficiently fast.
Prior catamenial absorbent structures, and in particular catamenial pads using such structures, have also had a greater chance of causing panty and body soiling. This is because the absorbent structure lacks resilience, leading to bunching of the pad. This lack of resilience, and consequent bunching, has also caused these prior catamenial pads to provide poorer fit and comfort for the user.
An alternative to conventional catamenial absorbent structures are absorbent foams. Absorbent foams can possess desirable wet integrity, can provide suitable fit throughout the entire period the article is worn, and can minimize changes in shape during use (e.g., uncontrolled swelling, bunching, etc.). In addition, catamenial products containing such foam structures can be easier to manufacture on a commercial scale. For example, absorbent cores can simply be stamped out from continuous foam sheets and can be designed to have considerably greater integrity and uniformity than conventional absorbent fibrous webs. Such foams can also be prepared in any desired shape, or even formed into single-piece catamenial pad, or other absorbent article used to absorb blood or blood-base fluids such as tampons, wound dressings, bandages and surgical drapes.
Foams of various types have been suggested for use in tampons, sanitary napkins and other articles that absorb blood and blood-based fluids. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,110,276 (DesMarais), issued Aug. 29, 1978 (soft, flexible, open celled foams made from polyurethanes, cellulose, or styrene/butadiene rubber that can be used in tampons and sanitary pads); U.S. Pat. No. 4,752,349 (Gebel), issued Jun. 21, 1988 (foams of "medium cell size" hydrophilized by surfactant treatment and having a density within the range of 0.1 to 0.8 g/cc); U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,543 (Dabi), issued Sep. 28, 1986 (hydrophilic cellular polymers used in catamenial products); U.S. Pat. No. 3,903,232 (Wood et al.), issued Sep. 2, 1975 (compressed hydrophilic polyurethane foams useful in biomedical applications, including catamenial devices); U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,592 (Marans et al.) issued Sep. 20, 1977 (biodegradable hydrophilic polyurethane foams highly absorptive upon contact with liquids or bodily fluids having utility in sanitary napkins and the like). Prior foams used in these products have tended to have relatively large cell sizes. As a result, these prior foams do not exert sufficient fluid capillary pressure for blood and blood-based fluids to acquire discharged menstrual fluids quickly from and through the topsheet of catamenial products such as sanitary napkins. This results in undesirable rewet since the surface in immediate contact with the body retains some of the fluid that is not absorbed into the core and is available to be transferred back onto the body of the wearer.
Suitable absorbent foams for absorbent products have also been made from High Internal Phase Emulsions (hereafter referred to as "HIPE"). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,345 (DesMarais et al), issued Nov. 9, 1993 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,224 (DesMarais et al), issued Dec. 7, 1993. These absorbent HIPE foams provide desirable fluid handling properties, including: (a) relatively good wicking and fluid distribution characteristics to transport fluid away from the initial impingement zone and into the unused balance of the foam structure to allow for subsequent gushes of fluid to be accommodated; and (b) a relatively high storage capacity with a relatively high fluid capacity under load, i.e. under compressive forces. These HIPE absorbent foams are also sufficiently flexible and soft so as to provide a high degree of comfort to the wearer of the absorbent article; some of these foams can be made relatively thin until subsequently wetted by the absorbed body fluids. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,345 (Young et al), issued Sep. 15, 1992 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,554 (Young et al), issued Jun. 7, 1994, which disclose absorbent cores having a fluid acquisition/distribution component that can be a hydrophilic, flexible, open-celled foam such as a melamine-formaldehyde foam (e.g., BASOTECT made by BASF), and a fluid storage/redistribution component that is a HIPE-based absorbent foam.
HIPE foams can provide the fluid capillary pressure necessary to remove most of the menstrual fluid from the body, or topsheet adjacent to the body, thus minimizing rewet. However, it has been found that the residual hydratable salts such as calcium chloride typically present in prior HIPE foams can impair the rapid acquisition blood and blood-based fluids by these foams, and especially the wicking of such fluids within these foams. As noted above, blood and blood-based fluids such as menses are more highly viscous than water and especially urine. The higher viscosity of these fluids is further increased by the presence of these salts. Moreover, prior HIPE foams typically have a foam microstructure too small to admit readily the undissolved components of blood and blood-based fluids such as red blood cells.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to be able to make an open-celled absorbent polymeric foam material, in particular an absorbent HIPE foam, that: (1) can rapidly absorb blood and blood-based fluids such as menses; (2) can be used as absorbent members for relatively thin catamenial pads (e.g., sanitary napkins) and other catamenial products such as tampons, as well as wound dressings, bandages, surgical drapes and the like; (3) allow storage components having higher capillary or osmotic absorption pressures to partition away this fluid; (4) keep the source of the blood-based fluids relatively free of rewet, even in "gush" situations and under compressive load; (5) are soft, flexible, resilient, and comfortable to the wearer of the absorbent article, and (6) have a relatively high capacity for fluid to provide efficient in their utilization of costly components.
While thin catamenial products are desired by many users, there is significant demand for relatively thick products. For example, a thick product may provide a perceived ability to better absorb and retain fluid. Also, a thick product may offer improved fit. It would therefore be desirable to have a relatively thin absorbent foam material(s) as the absorbent core of a catamenial product that allows the use of inexpensive filler materials (e.g., airfelt) to provide bulk/thickness.

Absorbent articles containing foams useful for absorbing blood and blood-based liquids


The present invention relates to a childproof container (1) comprising a store (2) and a closure system (7) and defining a compartment (8). The container comprises a safety device (11) with a first coupling portion (12) and a second coupling portion (13) configured to engage each other stably in an internal volume of the container (1) in a closing condition of the closure system (7) to define a locking condition wherein they prevent the closure system (7) from switching from the closing to the opening condition. The closure system (7) comprises an unlocking portion (18) configured to define a through access (19) that allows, in the locking condition of the safety device (11), the insertion of an opening device (20) into the internal volume of the container (1) that allows the disengagement between the first and second coupling portions (12, 13). The container comprises a guide body (24) carried by at least one between the second coupling portion (13) and the closure system (7). The guide body (24), in the closing condition of the closure system (7), is placed in the internal volume of the container (1) and is configured to guide the opening device (20) towards the safety device (11).

As is well known, childproof containers are available on the market which are designed to be difficult to open by a majority of children under 5 years of age; for example, these types of containers are used in the pharmaceutical field to prevent children from ingesting medications potentially harmful to them and thus prevent accidental poisoning.
A known type of childproof container is described in patent application No. WO 2016/198978 A1. Such container comprises a store for the storage of products: the store has a passage opening at which a closure system is hinged. Inside the store there is a hook suitable to cooperate with a respective hook carried by the closure system; the hooks of the store and of the closure system are configured to stably engage each other during a closing condition of the closure system so as to prevent the opening of the container. Moreover, the container has one or more slots, defined on a top wall of the closure system, which allow the insertion of a tab inside the container to allow the release of said hooks and thus the opening of the container.
A different type of container is described in US patent application No. US 2001/030135 A1. Such application describes a tamper evident cigarette package comprising a store for containing cigarettes closable by means of a closure system; during the manufacturing step, the closure system is joined in one piece to the store by means of weakened portions configured to break following a first opening of the package to give evident of a first opening of the package.

Childproof container and process of making the same


A stabilizing system stabilizes light-weight articles carried on conveyors for automated bulk processing equipment. In a preferred embodiment, the light-weight articles, such as, for example, tobacco leaf products or wood chips, are moved and stabilized along a conveyor from a first infeed end to a second discharge end where they are projected in-air along a trajectory through an illumination station and sorting station. An enclosed off-belt housing is provided within which the light-weight articles are projected along a controlled trajectory to be processed by the optical inspection and sorting systems.

Automated bulk optical processing equipment can perform a variety of tasks such as, for example, inspecting or sorting bulk articles including raw or processed fruit, vegetables, wood chips, recycled plastics and other similar products. The articles may be characterized according to size, color, shape or other qualities. Modern bulk optical processing equipment can rapidly separate very large quantities of articles into numerous categories.
Such equipment typically includes a conveyor system that moves the articles past an inspection station where cameras or other detection devices examine the articles as they pass by a scan line. The inspection station sends signals to a sorting or treatment station where the articles are sorted or otherwise treated by category. For example, defective or foreign articles may be removed from the flow of articles carried by the conveyor system.
Rapid inspection or sorting of large quantities of articles typically requires high-speed conveyor systems such as, for example, conveyor belts with widths of 2-6 ft (0.6-1.8 m) and that carry articles at speeds of over 10 ft/sec (3 m/sec). A problem with conveyor systems driven at such speeds is that many articles are relatively unstable on the belts and tend to roll, tumble, bounce and collide with one another. Unstable articles carried by a high-speed conveyor system are difficult to inspect, sort or otherwise process for at least two reasons.
First, automated bulk optical processing equipment includes cameras or other optical detectors that optically determine selected characteristics of the articles (e.g., size, color or shape). The rolling, tumbling or bouncing of an article typically diminishes the clarity with which an image of the article is generated, thereby decreasing the accuracy and reliability of the optical information about the article. As extreme examples, rolling could cause a cubic article to appear round or an article with regions of two different colors to be of a single mixed color.
Second, unstable articles moving on a conveyor belt can move laterally across the belt or along the belt in its direction of travel. Lateral movement of the articles is undesirable because it misaligns the articles as they pass from the inspection station to the processing station, thereby resulting in incorrect processing. Similarly, articles that move along the belt in its direction of travel have different effective speeds along the belt and may be temporally misaligned for subsequent processing operations.
Some articles have increased susceptibility to unstable motion on a conveyor, such as light-weight articles and articles of low and non-uniform density. Examples of such articles include tobacco products such as stripped-leaf tobacco or laminae, ground tobacco stems, and re-claim. Other examples include wood chips. Yet other such light-weight articles might include debris such as, for example, feathers, paper or plastic wrappers or string that may incidentally be included within the acceptable articles. As a consequence, these types of articles are difficult to inspect and sort accurately at high speeds.
One attempt to solve such instability problems can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,297,667 for a System For Stabilizing Articles On Conveyors, assigned to the assignee of this patent application. This device uses a hood located just above the belt to create a flow of gas (e.g., air) projected along the conveyor belt in a direction generally parallel to that in which the articles are carried by the belt. The air flow has a velocity substantially the same as that above the belt to reduce aerodynamic resistance that would otherwise bear against the articles causing them to become unstable. Since this resistance is reduced, the articles carried by the belt are relatively stable. The articles are accelerated by and propelled from the belt in-air along a known and predictable trajectory to a sorting or processing station. The successful operation of the sorter or processor depends on the fact that the products are propelled along the known trajectory. Thus, the processor notes the exact position of the articles as they pass by and can separate defective or undesirable articles from the volume of acceptable articles. This type of system has been successful for articles having a relatively high mass. Articles with high mass are able to maintain their velocity in-air as they are projected from the belt and continue along their predicted trajectory.
Another attempt to stabilize articles as they are moved along a conveyor belt is the use of a second counter-rotating conveyor belt located above and close to the conveyor belt on which the articles are positioned. Instead of blowing air through a hood that encloses the conveyor belt, the second counter-rotating conveyor belt creates a flow of air in a direction generally parallel to the direction of travel of the articles. The flow of air generated by the second counter-rotating conveyor belt has a velocity about the same as the article-conveying belt to reduce any aerodynamic resistance that would otherwise bear against the articles. One example of such a system is the Tobacco Scan 6000 manufactured by Elbicon located near Brussels, Belgium.
However, these systems are inadequate for very light articles such as the tobacco products described above, wood chips, light-weight debris or articles having a weight of between 1.5-5 pounds per cubic foot. Light-weight articles become unstable after they leave the belt and travel along an unknown trajectory. This happens because air flow becomes unstable after it leaves the belt. The air profile separates into a random flow pattern. A portion of the air flows downward while another portion flows straight. Yet other parts of the air may flow upward or in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of the belt. The light-weight articles do not have enough mass to continue along a predicted trajectory. They lose velocity and are drawn into a random air flow pattern. The positions of the articles cannot be predicted at a specific time. This makes accurate processing of the articles difficult and impractical.
Another problem with existing systems is inadequate illumination of the articles. In current systems, an illumination station includes light tubes to illuminate the articles. Clear plastic covers are placed over the light tubes to protect them from the articles as they are projected past the illumination station. This increases the distance between the light tubes and the articles. The distant placement of the light tubes from the articles may cause shadows to appear. The camera may improperly view the shadow as another article, thereby resulting in a miscalculation and improper processing. The light tubes cannot be placed directly over the scan line because they would block the camera's view of the articles. It is desirable to place the light tubes as close to or as collinear with the camera scan line as possible to reduce shadows.

Off-belt stabilizing system for light-weight articles


A light emitting apparatus including a substrate, at least one light emitting diode chip mounted on the substrate, a light-transmitting member disposed on the substrate to form a space between the light-transmitting member and the substrate, and a resin disposed in the space to seal the light emitting diode chip, the light-transmitting member including at least one resin-injection inlet and at least one air vent, the space being filled with the resin injected into the space through the resin-injection inlet.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitting apparatus configured to illuminate a display or be used as a flash or the like in a camera, and which uses, in particular, a light emitting diode (LED) as a light source, a method for producing the light emitting apparatus and an assembly incorporating the light emitting apparatus.
2. Description of Related Art
In a light emitting apparatus configured to illuminate a display or be used as a flash or the like in a camera, and which uses, in particular, a light emitting diode (LED) chip as a light source, a potting system or transfer forming has been used in recent years as a process to seal the LED chip with a sealing resin.
With a light emitting apparatus using an LED chip as a light source, because it is usual to mix a colorant, pigment, phosphor or a combination thereof in the sealing resin to adjust color or chromaticity of light emitted from the LED chip, it is important to guarantee provision of a fixed amount of the sealing resin to achieve stable chromaticity.
However, the light emitting apparatus formed by either of the above-mentioned potting system or transfer forming has the following problems.
The first problem is that, although production facilities in the potting system are relatively inexpensive, because the injection time and injection pressure of the sealing resin are controlled by a machine, the amount of the sealing resin or phosphor injected varies according to mechanical accuracy. Also, because the potting system is easily influenced by environmental conditions, it is difficult to control the amount of the sealing resin. Consequently, it is difficult to stabilize chromaticity of the light emitted from the LED chip.
On the other hand, in the transfer forming, it is easier to control the amount of the sealing resin than in the potting system, but there are some problems such as restrictions on utilization of the sealing resin, increment of cost for production facilities because the mold is very expensive, influence of the mold release agent on the optical characteristics of the light emitting apparatus resulting from the fact that such a mold release agent must be mixed in the sealing resin to prevent the sealing resin from becoming adhered to the used mold, low level of adhesion between the sealing resin and other parts, and so on.
Furthermore, it has also been pointed out that, when a light emitting apparatus is formed by mounting an LED chip on a lead frame using transfer forming, there is no way of avoiding increased thickness of the light emitting apparatus thus formed (for reference, see Japanese Patent No. 3137823, paragraph 0007).
The second problem concerns the strength of the sealing resin to protect the LED chip.
Because the sealing resin is configured to be exposed without being covered by a cover or the like so as to output light from the light emitting apparatus, it is easily influenced by external forces. However, when a sealing resin with a high degree of hardness is used in order to reduce the influence of external forces, there is a reliability problem in that parts may become separated and the bonding wires to electrically connect the LED to the electrodes may be subjected to damage and tend to become greatly deformed when the LED chip is sealed by the sealing resin.
The third problem concerns heat-resistance of the sealing resin for sealing the LED chip.
For example, with a conventional sealing resin which might be made of epoxy, because it is difficult for heat emitted from the LED to be released, the light emitting apparatus suffers the undesirable problem of a cycle of "heating up→lowering of VF value→further increment of current→further heating up exceeding absolute maximum specified rate→departure form assured range".
Some proposals have been made to resolve the above-mentioned problems.
For example, in one proposal a hole is provided in a substrate and an LED chip is mounted on a metallic portion provided on a back surface of the substrate facing the hole to improve heat release characteristics from the LED chip and achieve a thinned light emitting device with improved emission efficiency (for reference, see Japanese Patent No. 3137823).
However, in this proposal, the above-mentioned first problem concerning stabilization of color and second problem concerning strength of the sealing resin have still not been resolved.
There is also a proposal which basically relates the same method as that disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3137823, more specifically, a method in which a hole is provided in a substrate and a sealing resin of an LED chip may be formed by a transfer-mold (for reference, see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-31850).
However, in this proposal, there is no intention at all to resolve the first problem concerning stabilization of color and the second problem concerning strength of the sealing resin.
There is a further proposal to stabilize color by reducing the air bubbles in a sealing resin when forming the sealing resin having low heat resistance and a thinned shape (for reference, see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-12576).
However, what is disclosed in this proposal is a structure which presupposes that if there are no air bubbles in a sealing resin, the color is stable. Therefore, if there is the slightest amount of air bubbles, it is difficult to obtain a stable color.

Light emitting apparatus method for producing it and assembly incorporating it


A plate making machine of a compact size has a mechanism for dealing with jamming, by which jammed master paper can be easily removed, and the maintenance of an exposure stage and a supply transfer system can be performed without disassembling the machine body. The supply transfer system for feeding the master paper X to the exposure stage 9 is provided in a generally horizontal direction at an upper portion of the plate making machine body 1. A lamp house 13 for projecting the original image is provided above the exposure stage 9. An exposure plate 24 is provided at the exposure stage 9, and the exposure plate is tiltable about tilting shaft 25 provided at the side thereof opposite to the supply transfer system. An endless feed belt 33 for feeding and discharging the master paper X relative to the exposure plate 24 is provided in surrounding relation to the exposure plate 24. A discharge transfer system is provided in a slanting manner below the supply transfer system, and the discharge transfer system takes up the master paper X, subjected to exposure, from the exposure plate 24 so as to develop and fix the latent image when the exposure plate 24 is in a tilted position.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a plate making machine for making a printing master, and more particularly to a small-size plate making machine for making a small-size master such as one for a double postal card.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is well known, a plate making machine is used to produce an image master used in a printing machine. In a conventional plate making machine, a supply transfer system and a discharge transfer system (both of which transfer master paper) are provided respectively on opposite sides of an exposure stage (at which an original image is exposed) in adjacent relation to each other in a horizontal direction. After the master paper is electrostatically charged at the supply transfer system, the master paper is supplied to the exposure stage. Then, the master paper which has received a latent image of the original image at the exposure stage is fed to the discharge transfer system where the original image is made visible, and then the master paper is subjected to development and fixing, and then is fed to a discharge tray.
In the conventional plate making machine, since the supply transfer system and the discharge transfer system (both of which transfer the master paper) are thus provided respectively on the opposite sides of the exposure stage (at which the original image is exposed) in adjacent relation to each other in a horizontal direction, the size of the plate making machine in the horizontal direction tends to become large. Particularly in the field of light printing using a small-size master such as one for a double postal card, the space of installation of the plate making machine becomes large as compared with that of the printing machine, and therefore there has been a demand for a compact-size design of the plate making machine.


A power external output mechanism in muic box comprising a music drum in which a power external output shaft (4) is inserted thereto and integrated with each other in the axial and rotary directions, wherein an engaging means is provided in a drum body (1) of muxic box, by which the drum and the external output shaft are engaged with each other so as to prevent the external output shaft to be break away therefrom, said engaging means is an elastic leg abuttal (5) with a type of thin wall which is formed on an external end plate (2) of the drum and extended inward in aixal direction of the shaft. An inner flange (10) formed on a free end of the leg abuttal (5) and an inner cave annular groove (11) formed on the peripheral surface of the shaft (4) are engaged with each other to form an interlock in axial drection. The inner end plate (3) and an end (9) of the external output shaft (4) are fitted with each other to form a connection in the direction of rotation. The fixation of power output shaft in accordance with the invention is very firm and reliable.

The present invention relates to a fixation of power external output shaft in music box and more particularly to a system construction of external output shaft which is fixed firmly in music box.
In the prior art, the U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,524 has disclosed a power external output mechanism (see FIGS. 7 and 8), its external output shaft is fixed in the axial direction by means of that a plurality of elastic arms (16) which integrated with external end plate (4) are in cooperation with a annular groove (14c) which is formed on peripheral surface of the external output shaft (14) so as to form its fixation in the axial dirction. However, the firmness of the engagement with each other between the elastic pawls (17) and the annular groove (14c) is not so good, thus the external output shaft is easy to break away from the engagement when it is undergone a pull force in axial direction thereof, such is the case that on the music box an attachment such as dolls or the like is to be attached thereto.

Power external output mechanism in music box


This invention provides vaccines comprising two or more recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) proteins selected from a gD protein, a gC protein and a gE protein; and methods of impeding immune evasion by HSV thereby vaccinating a subject against HSV and treating, suppressing, inhibiting, and/or reducing an incidence of an HSV infection or a symptom or manifestation thereof, comprising administration of a vaccine of the present invention.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are common human pathogens and cause a variety of clinical illnesses, including oral-facial infections, genital herpes, ocular infections, herpes encephalitis, and neonatal herpes. HSV-1 is more frequently associated with non-genital infection and is mostly acquired during childhood via nonsexual contact. In the last decade, however, it has become an important cause of genital herpes. HSV-2 is the cause of most cases of genital herpes, and it infects an estimated 500,000 persons annually in the United States. Despite the availability of antiviral agents to treat HSV disease, genital HSV-2 infections have remained a persistent problem with a seroprevalence of approximately 17% among 14-49 year old subjects in the United States, with much greater prevalence rates in parts of South America and Africa.
Methods for preventing primary (first time) infection and preventing recurrences of HSV-1 and HSV-2 are urgently needed in the art.
Herpes simplex virus is also a major risk factor for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Individuals who are seropositive for HSV-2 have a 2-fold increased risk of acquiring HIV. Acquisition rates appear greatest following initial HSV-2 infection, when HSV-2 reactivation is most frequent. Treatments and vaccine strategies aimed at reducing HSV infection may prevent HIV transmission, acquisition, and disease progression.

Herpes simplex virus combined subunit vaccines and methods of use thereof

The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania


Briefly and in general terms a paper size adjusting apparatus for a paper supply tray. The apparatus includes a paper supply tray having a bottom wall, left and right side walls, a front wall and a rear wall; a side wall paper guide laterally movable with respect to and connected to the supply tray; and a front wall paper guide longitudinally moveable with respect to and connected to the supply tray. The apparatus further includes a mechanical connector that engages both the paper guides in a manner such that the movement of one of the guides generates a corresponding movement of the other guide. The apparatus provides for a coupled width and length adjustment thereby allowing the user to conform both dimensions with only one manipulation.

Paper supply trays are used in printers, such as ink-jet or laser printers, to support and align the media for feeding into the printer. The paper supply tray aligns the paper in two dimensions, width and length. In operation, a paper stack is manually placed in the paper supply tray. The tray is then securely positioned adjacent the printer. This positioning places the paper stack adjacent the paper picking mechanism within the printer. The paper picking mechanism operates by picking the top sheet from the stack and forcing the sheet into the printer.
In the art of printing it is desirable for the printer to accommodate different sizes of paper or other media such as overhead projector transparency film. Examples of papers with different dimensions include: "A" size, 81/2 inch.times.11 inch, commonly referred to as U.S. letter size; "A4" size, 210 mm.times.297 mm, commonly referred to as international letter size; and 81/2 inch.times.14 inch, commonly referred to as legal size.
It is important that the width and length dimensions of the paper are correctly aligned in the supply tray. Lack of proper alignment can prevent the paper from being fed into the printer feed mechanism or cause the paper to be fed in a skewed orientation. This skew, in turn, can lead to either a jam in the feed mechanism or a distorted printed page. Several methods have been used by printer manufacturers to address the problem of matching the paper supply tray to different sizes of paper. In one approach, a unique tray is designated for each paper size that the printer accommodates. This will insure that the right size paper is inserted in a given tray. This approach, however, has several disadvantages. The disadvantages to the manufacturer or reseller are increased cost in molding numerous sized and configured trays, and increased cost in maintaining inventory of multiple trays. To the user, the disadvantages include storing trays not presently in use; purchasing, often at an additional cost, trays which are not initially provided with the printer; and interchanging of paper trays to accommodate different sizes of paper.
Another approach, allows the manufacturer to produce one paper supply tray that can be configured for the various sizes of paper. This approach reduces manufacturing cost by requiring only one mold for all paper trays. However, these trays require two separate adjustments, one to adjust for the length and the other to adjust for the width of the paper. Two adjustments are not only cumbersome, but also many times the user does not change the width adjustment either out of unawareness or forgetfulness. Lack of correct adjustment, as stated above, can prevent the paper from being fed into the printer or cause the paper to be fed in a skewed orientation.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that although there are many paper supply tray apparatus for supporting and aligning media, there is still a need for a design that provides low manufacturing cost and ease of use.

Paper size adjusting apparatus for a paper supply tray


Methods and apparatus are provided for delivering drugs, gene vectors, naturally-occurring or synthetic hormones or proteins or other bioactive agents within a patient's vasculature. In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus comprises a material that elutes or secretes a bioactive agent and is held in place within the patient's vessel by an anchor. The material may comprise a biocompatible, and optionally, absorbable matrix, or a culture medium that sustains and nourishes stem cells, spleen cells or pancreatic islets or other beneficial cells. The anchor and material are sized and/or collapsible from a delivery configuration, in which the anchor and material may be delivered into the patient's vasculature within a delivery sheath, to a deployed configuration, wherein the anchor engages an interior wall of the patient's vessel. The apparatus of the invention may be temporarily or permanently implanted, and may in addition self reconfigure after a predetermined period of residency.

According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 4,000 specific conditions are known to be caused by genetic detects. The GeneMed Network states that each human being carries roughly a half dozen defective genes, and that about one in ten people has or will develop an inherited genetic disorder.
A composite of approximately 150,000 individual genes constitutes a human being. Variation in the structure of these genes can lead to disease. Many diseases are hereditively passed by a single gene, while many others are influenced by a collection of genes.
Several years ago, the Human Genome Project began mapping every human gene. The project is fostering an understanding of the very foundation of human disease and is enabling new therapies to treat and predict the onset of disease. One such therapy is gene therapy, which seeks to directly and beneficially modify the expression of genes through delivery of engineered genetic material. Foreign nucleotide sequences of either DNA or RNA are inserted into a patient's cells to result in either expression of non-integrated sequences or integration of sequences directly into the DNA of the cells.
Safe and efficient delivery of nucleotide sequences to appropriate cells poses one of the primary challenges to gene therapy. Vectors, which encapsulate therapeutic genes, have been developed to deliver the sequences. These vectors may be either viral or synthetic. Viral vectors, derived from viruses, are the primary vectors in experimental use today. Viruses efficiently target cells and deliver genome, which normally leads to disease. However, viral vectors for gene therapy are modified so that they may not cause disease. Rather, therapeutic recombinant genes are inserted into the vectors and delivered to target cells. Optimally, the modified viruses retain their ability to efficiently deliver genetic material while being unable to replicate.
Research in the field of gene therapy is still in the formative stages. Human trials only began in 1990 with ex vivo techniques, wherein a patient's cells were harvested and cultivated in a laboratory and incubated with vectors to modify their genes. Cells were then harvested and intramuscularly transplanted back into the patient. Trials quickly shifted to in vivo techniques, in which viral vectors are administered directly to patients, again intramuscularly. A variety of diseases are currently being evaluated as candidates for gene therapy, and a need exists in the art for improved vector delivery techniques.
While significant progress has been made, current gene therapy delivery techniques have many drawbacks. Viral vectors are inherently dangerous due to the innate ability of viruses to transmit disease. Furthermore, long-term effects of using viruses as delivery vehicles are unclear. Chances for error in modifying the viruses to vectors are significant, and consequences may be substantial, including potential irreversible alteration of the human gene pool. Also, delivery of the vectors to an efficacious portion of diseased cells has proven difficult and expensive.
Synthetic vectors have been developed to address the potential for disease transmission with viral vectors. These vectors are complexes of DNA, proteins, or lipids, formed in particles capable of efficiently transferring genes. However, synthetic vectors have thus far proved less effective than viral vectors and have been slower to gain acceptance.
Perhaps even more problematic than limitations of the vectors, intramuscular in vivo techniques, wherein vectors are delivered into a patient's muscle tissue, have proven somewhat ineffective in clinical use. Systemic expression of inserted sequences is not realistic since therapy is localized.
In view of the drawbacks associated with previously known methods for delivery of gene therapy, it would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus that overcome such drawbacks.
In addition to gene therapy techniques, research has focused on the selective implantation or injection of cells or specific proteins to mitigate disease states, cause tissue regeneration or improve organ function. For example, researchers have investigated improvement of cardiac function by injecting cells via epicardial, endocardial or coronary sinus access routes into the myocardium. See, e.g., Thompson, C. A., et al., Percutaneous Transvenous Cellular Cardiomyoplasty, A Novel Nonsurgical Approach for Myocardial Cell Transplantation, J. Am. Coll. Card., 41(11):1964-71 (2003).
Others have investigated injecting cells into the pancreas or liver to improve insulin production in diabetics. Kodama et al., Islet Regeneration During the Reversal of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice, Science, 302(5648):1223-1227 (2003), describes the injection of donor spleen cells from non-diabetic mice into diabetic mice so that a protein complex secreted by the spleen cells could mitigate the autoimmune disorder causing diabetes. Hering, B. J., et al., Transplantation of cultured islets from two-layer preserved pancreases in type 1 diabetes with anti-CD3 antibody, Am. J. Transplant. 4(3):390-401 (2003), describes infusion of isolated islets of Langerhans into a patient to alleviate Type-I diabetes. Panaro, F., et al., Auto-islet transplantation after pancreatectomy, Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 3(2):207-14 (2003), describes the infusion of isolated islet cells through a catheter and into a vein in a patient's liver following partial pancreatectomy, so that the islets graft onto and function similarly to the removed liver.
Still others have discovered that certain proteins, such as apolipoprotein A-I Milano, when introduced into the rats fed a high cholesterol diet, inhibits the onset of arterial thrombus formation, as reported in Li, D. et al., Inhibition of arterial thrombus formation by ApoAl Milano, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19:378-83 (1999). Chiesa, G. and Sirtori, C. R., report in Apolipoprotein A-I(Milano): current perspectives, Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 14:159-63 (2003) that recombinant apolipoprotein A-I (Milano), formulated as synthetic HDL with phospholipids, appears to exert a direct removing effect on arterial cholesterol when infused into subjects at different doses.
In view of the foregoing, it further would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus for delivering cells, cell components or naturally-occurring or synthetic proteins into the vascular system of a patient to achieve a treatment goal.
It still further would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus for providing localized delivery of genes, cells or bioactive agents into a patient's vascular system that have a preselected residency beyond that obtainable by systemic or localized intravascular infusions.
It also would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus for delivering viral vectors, synthetic vectors, drugs, cells, or naturally-occurring or synthetic proteins or other therapeutic agents in a manner that nourishes and sustain production and secretion of the therapeutic agents in vivo.
It would also be desirable to provide methods and apparatus for delivering bioactive agents intravascularly, wherein, once the efficacious agent has dispersed, the delivery system reconfigures to mitigate risk of complication to the patient.

Implantable device for treating disease states and methods of using same


A wafer probing test machine including a loading/unloading section defined by a first frame to enclose plurality of cassette stages therein, a test section defined by a second frame for enclosing a test stage therein, an elevator for moving at least one of the cassette stages up and down, and a wafer transfer system having a multi-jointed arm for taking out the wafer from a cassette and transferring the wafer onto the test stage.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wafer probing test machine for testing each of the pads on a semiconductor wafer chip and more particularly, relates to an improvement of the wafer transfer system for transferring the wafer between a cassette stage and a test stage.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the course of testing wafers of semiconductor devices, pads of the wafer chip are contacted with probes to test or examine whether or not the electric circuit on each chip is disconnected and also to test electric characteristics of each chip. The wafer probing test machine (or wafer prober) is used for this wafer test.
The wafer prober includes a test section and loading/unloading section. The test section includes a test stage and a probe card. A plurality of probes are planted on the probe card and each of the probes is electrically connected to a tester.
The wafers are carried one by one from the loading/unloading section into the test section and the pads on each semiconductor wafer chip are contacted with the probes. A signal is applied from the tester to the electric terminals to check whether or not the electrical circuit on the chip is disconnected.
In the case of the conventional wafer probers, the place where the wafers are taken out from and returned into the cassette is located on the body frame of the prober because this outside place makes it easy to handle wafers and cassettes. According to this conventional wafer prober, the wafer cassette is mounted on an elevator at the loading/unloading section. While intermittently lifting the elevator at a certain pitch, the wafer is picked up by a pincette (or vacuum holding) system. The wafer thus took out is then carried into the test section defined by the body frame.
As the circuit on each of the semiconductor devices is integrated more and more, it is necessary that the atmosphere around the wafers be made cleaner because the existence of particles adhering to any of the wafers make them faulty. It has been therefore been attempted that the atmosphere in the clean room be kept as clean as possible and that particles caused by the machine itself be kept as few as possible.
In the case of the conventional wafer probers, however, the wafer take-out/return place is located outside of the machine, that is, on the body frame of the machine. This makes it difficult to prevent particles also caused by operators' behaviors around the wafers from adhering to the wafers.
On the other hand, the cleanliness in the clean room can be made extremely high by improving the flow of atmosphere in the clean room and enhancing the capacity of filters used. However, the clean room thus built so high in its construction and maintenance costs as to make it impractical or not economical.


The polarization and diffraction characteristics of x-rays incident upon a magnetic material are manipulated to provide a desired magnetic sensitivity in the material. The contrast in diffracted intensity of opposite helicities of circularly polarized x-rays is measured to permit separation of magnetic signals by element type and by atomic environment. This allows for the direct probing of magnetic signals from elements of the same species in nonequivalent atomic environments to better understand the behavior and characteristics of permanent magnetic materials. By using known crystallographic information together with manipulation of the polarization of x-rays having energies tuned near element-specific electronic excitations and by detecting and comparing the incident and diffracted photons at the same frequency, more accurate magnetic measurements can be made over shorter observation periods.

Magnetic materials are key components in a large number of technologies and devices such as car starters and alternators, microwave bandpass filters, and insertion devices for synchrotron radiation sources. Permanent magnets are an important class of magnetic materials and are defined as materials that retain a high degree of magnetization after a magnetizing field is removed. The amount of magnetic energy stored per the material's unit volume has increased ten-fold in the past few years due to technological progress in the synthesis of modern permanent magnets which feature rare-earth atomic constituents. This has allowed miniaturization of permanent magnets and increased versatility in their use. The resulting complex artificial structures, however, feature not only more than one type of magnetic atom, but atoms of the same species in different atomic environments. The simultaneous presence of rare-earth constituents in dissimilar crystal sites, or atomic environments, hinders our ability to understand their individual magnetic contributions by means of current detection methods. Not being able to fully understand existing materials inhibits the ability to develop new generations of permanent magnetic materials with improved performance in areas such as magnetic hardness (stability against demagnetizing fields) which are dictated by the interaction of magnetic moments with the local crystalline environment. Previous attempts to understand these properties have used established techniques such as Mossbauer spectroscopy and neutron diffraction. More recently, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism has also been used to detect and measure these and other characteristics of magnetic materials.
The main limitation of the neutron diffraction technique is that it probes all magnetic elements simultaneously. In the case of modern high-strength magnets, the majority of the magnetic atoms in the structure are transition metal atoms, such as Iron, while only a minority are rare-earth type. The magnetic hardness, however, is dominated by the minority rare-earth atoms. Understanding and improving magnetic hardness requires accurate detection of magnetic signals from these rare-earth atoms only. This is not possible using neutron diffraction. Finally, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism can separate magnetic contributions by element type, but cannot separate contributions from the same element in nonequivalent crystal sites or atomic environments. Only in special circumstances, where absorption thresholds between atoms in nonequivalent sites are large enough (vary rare), can this technique yield the information needed. In summary, none of the methods briefly discussed above, even when taken together, have been able to provide a complete understanding of the way in which modern permanent magnetic materials function and behave.

Digital lock-in detection of site-specific magnetism in magnetic materials

The United States of America as represented by the Department of Energy


A unitary feed structure for sliding installation in a passage in the insulative core of a dielectrically-loaded antenna comprises the unitary combination of a tubular outer shield conductor and elongate inner conductor which extends through the shield conductor and is insulated from the latter. The shield conductor and inner conductor have oppositely directed radially extending connection members at an end of the feed structure, these connection members being integrally formed as part of the respective conductors so that the feed structure can be inserted as a unit into the passage in the antenna core so that the connection members engage respective connection portions formed on an end face of the core adjacent on end of the passage. Soldering of the connection members to the connection portions can be performed as a single operation so as to connect the feed structure to conductive antenna elements plated on the outer surface of the core.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a feed structure for a dielectrically-loaded antenna and to a method of producing a dielectrically-loaded antenna.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
British Patent Applications Nos. 2292638A and 2310543A disclose dielectrically-loaded antennas for operation at frequencies in excess of 200 MHz. Each antenna has two pairs of dielectrically opposed helical antenna elements which are plated on a substantially cylindrical electrically insulative core made of a material having a relative dielectric constant greater than 5. The material of the core occupies the major part of the volume defined by the core outer surface. Extending through the core from one end face to an opposite end face is an axial bore containing a coaxial feeder structure comprising an inner conductor surrounded by a shielded conductor. At one end of the core the feed structure conductors are connected to respective antenna elements which have associated connection portions adjacent the end of the bore. At the other end of the bore, the shield conductor is connected to a conductor which links the antenna elements and, in these examples, is in the form of a conductive sleeve encircling part of the core to form a balun. Each of the antenna elements terminates on a rim of the sleeve and each follows a respective helical path from its connection to the feed structure.
British Patent Application No. 2367429A discloses such an antenna in which the shield conductor is spaced from the wall of the bore, preferably by a tube of plastics material having a relative dielectric constant which is less than half of the relative dielectric constant of the solid material of the core.
Dielectrically-loaded loop antennas having a similar feed structure and balun arrangement are disclosed in GB2309592A, GB2338605A, GB2351850A and GB2346014A. All of these antennas have the common characteristic of antenna elements on the outside of the core which are top-fed from a coaxial feed structure passing through an axial bore in the core. The balun provides common-mode isolation of the antenna elements from apparatus connected to the feeder structure, making the antenna especially suitable for small handheld devices.
Hitherto, the feed structure has been formed in the antenna as follows. Firstly, a flanged connection bush, plated on its outer surface, is fitted to the core by being placed in the end of the bore where the feed connection is to be made. Then, an elongate tubular spacer is inserted into the bore from the other, bottom, end. Next, a coaxial line of predetermined characteristic impedance is trimmed to length and an exposed part of the inner conductor at one end is bent over into a U-shape. The formed section of coaxial cable is inserted into the bore and the elongate tubular spacer from above and the entire top connection is soldered in two soldering steps: (a) soldering of the inner conductor bent portion to connection portions of the antenna elements on the top face of the core, and (b) soldering of the flanged bush to the shield conductor and to further antenna element connection portions on the top face of the core. The core is then inverted and a second plated bush is fitted over the outer shield conductor of the cable where it is exposed at the opposite end of the core from the bent section of the inner conductor so as to abut the plated bottom end face of the core. Finally, this second bush is soldered to the outer shield conductor and to the plated bottom end face of the core.


A method for recovering and recycling catalyst coated fuel cell membranes includes dissolving the used membranes in water and solvent, heating the dissolved membranes under pressure and separating the components. Active membranes are produced from the recycled materials.

It is believed that over the next few decades many of the currently used power sources, such as internal combustion engines in automobiles will be replaced by polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC's). In order to make these technologies cost effective, and also to meet recycling and reuse standards such as those set by the European Union for vehicle waste, recycling and reuse of the fuel cell materials is essential. (Handley et al., 2002).
Conventional technologies for platinum group metal (PGM) recovery are based on acid dissolution of the PGMs, or a high temperature melt alloying process. The temperatures used sometimes exceed 2000° C. and the methods are thus energy intensive. The above process is most widely applied in the recycling of precious metals from internal combustion engine exhaust gas catalytic converters (Barnes et al, Chemistry and Industry 151, (Mar. 6, 1982); Benson et al., Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 31,1, (2000); Bhakta J. Met., 36 (February, 1994); Hageluken Metall, 55, 104 (March, 2001); Hoffmann Journal of Metals, 40 (June, 1988); Wernick et al., Ann. Rev. Energy Environ., 23, 465, (1998)). Although this recycling technology may be applicable to the recycling of certain fuel processor catalytic components, it is ill suited for PGM recovery from catalyst coated membranes (CCM).
Perfluorosulfonic acid polymer (PFSA) membranes are the most frequently used membrane in the PEM fuel cells. Commercially available polymers include NAFION® marketed by Dupont. The presence of the PFSA, which results in contamination of the high temperature furnace equipment unless expensive HF scrubbing equipment is added, is a major technical limitation in the recycling and reuse of the fuel cell materials. In fact one of the largest reactors in the U.S. is located in the Engelhard facility and is capable of handling at most 10 lbs/hour of perfluoronated polymer material. In Japan the largest PGM recycling facility operated by Tanaka for recycling is based on the Rose process, which cannot tolerate the presence of any F containing material. Regarding hydrometallurgy, the presence of the PFSA™ may block access of the reagent to the Pt sites, thus resulting in poor yields of metal recovery.
Recycling of used perfluorosulfonic acid membranes such as NAFION® from the Chlor-alkali industry also represents a significant source of low cost polymer at the current time. In fact several 10's of thousands of kilograms are sent to landfills annually. The recovery of these materials would allow for a lower cost source of polymer than is currently available.


One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for forwarding packets in an Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) which includes a central node and at least one remote node. During operation, the system associates a logical link identifier (LLID) to a logical link between the central node and a remote node, wherein the logical link corresponds to a priority level based on a certain service level agreement (SLA). After receiving a packet to be forwarded to a remote node, the system then determines the value of one or more fields within the packet which is used to indicate a priority level for the packet. Subsequently, the system assigns an LLID to the packet based on the value of the one or more fields, thereby facilitating differentiated service qualities within the EPON.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the design of Ethernet passive optical networks. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for facilitating differentiated service qualities in an Ethernet passive optical network.
2. Related Art
In order to keep pace with increasing Internet traffic, optical fibers and associated optical transmission equipment have been widely deployed to substantially increase the capacity of backbone networks. This increase in the capacity of backbone networks, however, has not been matched by a corresponding increase in the capacity of access networks. Even with broadband solutions, such as digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable modem (CM), the limited bandwidth offered by current access networks creates a severe bottleneck in delivering high bandwidth to end users.
Among the different technologies that are presently being developed, Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) are one of the best candidates for next-generation access networks. EPONs combine ubiquitous Ethernet technology with inexpensive passive optics. Hence, they offer the simplicity and scalability of Ethernet with the cost-efficiency and high capacity of passive optics. In particular, due to the high bandwidth of optical fibers, EPONs are capable of accommodating broadband voice, data, and video traffic simultaneously. Such integrated service is difficult to provide with DSL or CM technology. Furthermore, EPONs are more suitable for Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, because Ethernet frames can directly encapsulate native IP packets with different sizes, whereas ATM passive optical networks (APONs) use fixed-size ATM cells and consequently require packet fragmentation and reassembly.
Typically, EPONs are used in the "first mile" of the network, which provides connectivity between the service provider's central offices and business or residential subscribers. Logically, the first mile is a point-to-multipoint network, with a central office servicing a number of subscribers. A tree topology can be used in an EPON, wherein one fiber couples the central office to a passive optical splitter, which divides and distributes downstream optical signals to subscribers and combines upstream optical signals from subscribers (see FIG. 1).
Transmissions within an EPON are typically performed between an optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network units (ONUs) (see FIG. 2). The OLT generally resides in the central office and couples the optical access network to a metro backbone, which is typically an external network belonging to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or a local exchange carrier. An ONU can be located either at the curb or at an end-user location, and can provide broadband voice, data, and video services. ONUs are typically coupled to a one-by-N (1×N) passive optical coupler, where N is the number of ONUs, and the passive optical coupler is typically coupled to the OLT through a single optical link. (Note that one may use a number of cascaded optical splitters/couplers.) This configuration can significantly save the number of fibers and amount of hardware required by EPONs.
Communications within an EPON can be divided into downstream traffic (from OLT to ONUs) and upstream traffic (from ONUs to OLT). In the downstream direction, because of the broadcast nature of the 1×N passive optical coupler, data frames are broadcast by the OLT to all ONUs and are selectively extracted by their destination ONUs. In the upstream direction, the ONUs need to share channel capacity and resources, because there is only one link coupling the passive optical coupler with the OLT.
To interoperate with other Ethernet equipment, an EPON needs to comply with the IEEE 802 standards, which specify two types of Ethernet operation: shared-medium operation and point-to-point operation. In a shared-medium Ethernet segment, all hosts are coupled to a single access domain over a common medium (e.g., a copper cable). Because the transmission medium is shared by all the hosts, only one host can transmit at a time while others are receiving. Point-to-point operation is proper when one link couples only two hosts. With a full-duplex point-to-point link, both hosts may transmit and receive simultaneously when communicating with each other.
An Ethernet bridge interconnects multiple Ethernet segments and forwards Ethernet frames among these segments. A bridge typically has a number of ports, each of which may couple to either a shared-medium segment or a point-to-point segment. According to the IEEE 802 standards, a bridge forwards a frame to a port associated with the frame's destination medium access control (MAC) address. A bridge does not forward a frame to a port on which it arrives. It is generally assumed that, if the frame's destination address is associated with the port on which the frame arrives, a frame's destination host is on the same shared-medium segment (called "broadcast domain") as the source host. This is because communication between hosts on the same broadcast domain can usually be performed without the help of the bridge.
A bridge maintains a MAC address-port mapping table by associating the source MAC address of a frame with the port on which it arrives. When an arriving frame's MAC destination address does not correspond to any port (i.e., the bridge has not established a MAC address-port mapping relationship for this address), the bridge floods the frame to every port except for the one on which the frame arrives.
In an EPON, an OLT generally behaves like an Ethernet bridge. The tree topology of an EPON, however, presents a problem: if the head end (OLT side) of the upstream link is coupled to one single port of the bridge residing in the OLT, the bridge will not forward any frames sent by an ONU to another ONU. This is because the entire EPON, which couples to the bridge through one port, appears to be a single shared-medium segment to the bridge. Because of the one-way broadcast nature of an EPON, an ONU cannot receive signals sent by other ONUs, unless the signals are switched and re-transmitted downstream. Fortunately, one can solve this problem by creating a logical link between each ONU and the OLT, and creating a virtual port on the bridge corresponding to this logical link. In this way, each ONU has its own logical port on the bridge, and operates as if there is a point-to-point link between the ONU and the OLT (this is called point-to-point emulation, PtPE). An upstream frame from an ONU is assigned a logical link identifier (LLID) that identifies to which virtual port this frame should go.
Although PtPE solves the bridging issue, the default bridge behavior of an OLT still has limitations. One such limitation is that an OLT typically does not have a mechanism to facilitate differentiated service qualities. Such differentiation is desirable because different end users would want different services at different prices. For example, while residential customers typically do not require strict, high quality of service (QoS), commercial or enterprise customers would like to purchase high quality services with guaranteed QoS. At present, there is no available mechanism within an OLT to accommodate various service level agreements (SLAs) with differentiated QoS.
Hence, what is needed is a method and an apparatus for facilitating differentiated service qualities in an EPON which allows a service provider to provided more diversified services.

Method and apparatus for facilitating differentiated service qualities in an ethernet passive optical network


An apparatus comprises a tray and a reader. The tray is configured to hold a first card and a second card in a stacked configuration with contact pads on the first card and contact pads on the second card facing the same direction. The reader has a first set of contacts for engaging contact pads on the first card and a second set of contacts for engaging contact pads on the second card. The first set of contacts and the second set of contacts extend from a first side of the reader. A second side of the reader is mountable to a printed wire board.

1. Technical Field
The exemplary and non-limiting embodiments described herein relate generally to card readers in electronic devices and, more particularly, to a card reader capable of accommodating electronic cards such as a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory card, or both a SIM card and a memory card.
2. Brief Description of Prior Developments
Electronic devices such as cellular phones generally employ subscriber identity modules (SIMs) to store information pertaining to particular user accounts associated with particular devices. Some information stored on a SIM is used by a communication network to configure and control user access through the communication network. Other information can be collected from the electronic device (e.g., in the form of digital photos from a camera connected to the device) and stored on the SIM. However, SIMS are generally limited in the amount of data that can be stored thereon. Because additional storage space is often desired, secondary memory devices such as secure device (SD) cards are used in conjunction with the SIMs.


Provided are a method and a device for transmitting an acknowledgement/not-acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) of a terminal which is set with a plurality of serving cells. The method comprises the steps of: receiving data in a subframe n of a second serving cell; and transmitting an ACK/NACK signal for the data in a subframe n+kSCC(n) of a first serving cell connected to the subframe n of the second serving cell, wherein the first serving cell is a primary cell for the terminal to execute an initial connection establishment procedure or a connection reestablishment procedure, and uses a frequency division duplex (FDD) wireless frame, the second serving cell is a secondary cell allocated to the terminal in addition to the primary cell, and uses a time division duplex (TDD) wireless frame, and the kSCC(n) is a previously determined value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to wireless communication and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for transmitting reception acknowledgement for a Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) in a wireless communication system in which serving cells using different types of radio frames are aggregated.
2. Related Art
Long Term Evolution (LTE) based on 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Specification (TS) Release 8 is the leading next-generation mobile communication standard.
As disclosed in 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.7.0 (2009 May) "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8)", in LTE, a physical channel can be divided into a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) and a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), that is, downlink channels, and a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) and a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUSCH), that is, uplink channels.
A PUCCH is an uplink control channel used to send uplink control information, such as a Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ), an acknowledgement/not-acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) signal, a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), and a Scheduling Request (SR).
Meanwhile, 3GPP LTE-Advanced (A) that is the evolution of 3GPP LTE is in progress. Technology introduced into 3GPP LTE-A includes a carrier aggregation.
A carrier aggregation uses a plurality of component carriers. A component carrier is defined by the center frequency and a bandwidth. One downlink component carrier or a pair of an uplink component carrier and a downlink component carrier correspond to one cell. It can be said that a terminal being served using a plurality of downlink component carriers is being served from a plurality of serving cells.
In a Time Division Duplex (TDD) system, the same frequency is used in uplink and downlink. Accordingly, one or more DL subframes are associated with an UL subframe. The "association" means that transmission/reception in the DL subframe is associated with transmission/reception in the UL subframe. For example, when a transport block is received in a plurality of DL subframes, a terminal sends HARQ ACK/NACK (hereinafter referred to as ACK/NACK) for the transport block in an UL subframe associated with a plurality of DL subframes. Here, a minimum time is necessary to send the ACK/NACK. This is because the time taken to process the transport block and the time taken to process the ACK/NACK are necessary.
In a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) system, different frequencies are used in uplink and downlink. An UL subframe and a DL subframe have a 1:1 relationship. In this case, ACK/NACK for a transport block received in a DL subframe is transmitted in an UL subframe after four subframes.
Meanwhile, in the next-generation wireless communication system, a serving cell using TDD and a serving cell using FDD can be aggregated. That is, a plurality of serving cells using different types of radio frames can be allocated to a terminal. In this case, whether ACK/NACK will be transmitted using what method is problematic.

Method and device for transmitting ACK/NACK in wireless communication system