A microfabrication device is provided. The microfabrication device includes a combined substrate including a first substrate connected to a second substrate, the first substrate having first devices and the second substrate having second devices; fluidic passages formed at a connection point between the first substrate and the second substrate, the connection point including a wiring structure that electrically connects first devices to second devices and physically connects the first substrate to the second substrate; dielectric fluid added to the fluidic passages; and a circulating mechanism configured to circulate the dielectric fluid through the fluidic passages to transfer heat.

More data has been created in the last two years than ever before in human history. Big data does not come close to represent the true scale of it. With today's average of 50 Mbps connection speed, it would take 180 million years to download all the data from the internet. This astronomically colossal data need is driving the semiconductor industry more than ever.
With society marching towards an exponential proliferation of semiconductor devices everywhere for all aspects of our life, what used to be mainly a concern for battery life in portable electronics is becoming a civilization sustainability challenge. Indeed, all these devices are consuming a huge amount of energy across the world. Data centers alone already consume 1% of global energy use, about 18 million US homes, with a carbon footprint already equal or larger than the airline industry, and data center construction is on the rise. Even 1% of total electricity use is huge, but it should be noted that the data center energy use has remained flat since 2015 while internet traffic and data center workloads have more than tripled and doubled respectively. This has been possible thanks to major improvements in computing efficiency from data centers, networks and devices, spanning the IT hardware and semiconductor communities as described by Koomey's law and Moore's law. Meanwhile, it is predicted that, past 2021, these efficiency gains will be unable to keep pace with the exponential growth in demand, especially as new technologies emerge. A few examples include high-resolution video streaming, artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, 5G, and virtual reality computing. Electricity generation and management is becoming a significant concern.
One challenging aspect of electricity generation is that electricity usage should be highly efficient. But operating myriad electronic devices generates significant ineffiencies in the form of thermal waste. Consider data centers as an example. Out of the total energy use of a data center, only 60% of that energy is used for actual computations on average. The remaining 40% is dedicated to cool the electronics to maintain optimum performance and reliability. Indeed, during operation of an electronic device, such as a CPU, part of the energy supplied is converted to heat. Because the heat cannot be extracted instantly, the temperature in the chip rises significantly during sustained operation. Performance of devices such as CMOS transistors linearly degrade with a rise in temperature. Transistors are the main source of the heat, which is known as the transistor self-heating effect. Additionally, sustained and repeated operation at high temperature will lead to premature reliability failures of various parts of the transistors and chip's interconnects.
Modern chips have safety mechanisms that will strongly reduce performance to limit the self-heating and avoid long-term damages. To maintain high performance for non-stop operation of any modern computer, robust and adequate cooling solutions are used. The heat generated in data centers is extreme due to the exceptional density of computers packed together inside the limited volume of a building. Cooling solutions commonly found on personal PCs such as heatsinks and fans are quickly overwhelmed and must be supplemented by extreme measures such as air-cooling the whole building to maintain chip temperature under a limit.
The semiconductor industry has been successful in relentlessly increasing the transistor density generation after generation. That in turn enabled great technological and societal progress, but the state of technology is now at a point where the self-heating effect has become a global primary source of performance cost, environmental cost and financial cost. Most of the solutions currently remain largely inefficient and wasteful as the heatsinks or heat exchangers are either at the package level or at the circuit board level, relatively far from the heat sources. As research is investigating solutions to achieve dense 3D integration for ever-higher transistor volume density, like CFET and Gate-on-Gate stacking, highly efficient and integrated cooling becomes an equally important part of the technology to manage high power densities.

Integrated high efficiency gate on gate cooling


A filter media product and method of making the same wherein at least two independent filter media thicknesses of differing coarse and fine pore sizes are held in face-to-face relationship with the pore sizes being so calculated that the overall average pore size of successive thicknesses is smaller than the pore size of the finest fiber thickness.

The present invention relates to multi-layered filter media and more particularly to a unique and novel arrangement for further improving the construction and particulate removal performance efficiency of multi-layered filter media.
The present invention comprises still another efficient and economical layered filter media arrangement such as disclosed in recently issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,373, issued to Kyung-Ju Choi on Oct. 19, 1999, in which issued patent 'there was included spacer filter arrangements to provide a through-flow void space for fractionated distribution of particles between successive spaced layers of filter media so as to maximize particulate holding capacity of an overall filter arrangement.
As noted in above U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,373, it has been long known in the filtration art to separate particulate material from a particulate-laden fluid stream by passing such fluid stream at a given face velocity through a variable density sheet of filter media of a preselected face area with the density of the filter media increasing from the upstream face of the filter media toward the downstream face of the filter media. Or, in other words, the porosity of the filter media has been greater adjacent the upstream face of the media so as to capture the larger size particulate materials from a fluid stream to be treated and to then capture the smaller size particulate materials adjacent the downstream face of the filter media. The prior art also has recognized that such a filtration function can be accomplished with the utilization of successively or immediately layered sheets of filter media, the resulting filter media being of preselected increasing density and of finer or smaller porosity from upstream to downstream face of the layered facing sheets of filter media.
In this regard, attention is directed to U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,476, issued to B. E. Kalbaugh, et al. on Jan. 21, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,743, issued to J. D. Miller, et al, both of which patents teach more recent arrangements of immediate filter media layering, attentions further directed to U.S. Pat. No. 4,661,255 and also as set forth in above U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,373, issued to G. Aumann, et al, on Apr. 28, 1987, and to U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,675, issued to A. Badolato, et al, on Mar. 22, 1988, both of which patents teach multi-layered filter media of varying density but which also fail to recognize the inventive features set forth herein, let alone provide a unique apparatus and method to accomplish the novel arrangement herein described. Further, attention is directed to the additional patents made of record in the above U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,373, which teach additional filter media arrangements but which failed to anticipate the invention of U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,373 and which also fail to anticipate the novel filter media arrangement set forth herein. These additional patents are: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,322,385, issued to G. W. Goetz on Mar. 30, 1982; 4,589,983, issued to R. M. Wydeven on May 20, 1986; and, 5,858,045, issued to M. J. Stemmer et al on Jan. 12, 1999.
Finally, as in above U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,373, attention is directed to several bullets of interest relating to pore size characteristics: namely, ASTM, Designation F3 16-86, published Apr. 1986 and entitled, "PORE SIZE CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBRANE FILTERS BY BUBBLE POINT AND MEAN FLOW PORE TEST"; Advances in Filtration and Separation Technology", Vol. 8, AFS Society pp. 97-99 (1994), entitled, "AIR PERMEABILITY AND PORE DISTRIBUTION OF A DUAL-LAYERED MICROGLASS FILTER MEDIUM", by Kyung-Ju Choi; Fluid Particle Separation Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1, Mar. 1994 entitled, "PORE DISTRIBUTION AND PERMEABILITY OF CELLULOSIC FILTRATION MEDIA", by Kyung-Ju Choi; TAPPI 1995 non-woven conference, pp. 44-50, entitled, "PERMEABILITY PORE SIZE RELATIONSHIP OF NON-WOVEN FILTER MEDIA", by Kyung-Ju Choi; INJ., Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 62-63, 1994 entitled, "PREDICTION OF AIR PERMEABILITY AND PORE DISTRIBUTION OF MULTI-LAYERED NON-WOVENS"., by Kyung-Ju Choi; and, FLUID PARTICLE SEPARATION JOURNAL, Vol. 9, No. 2, Jun. 1996, pp. 136-146, entitled, "FLUID FLOW THROUGH FILTER MEDIA AT A GIVEN DIFERENTIAL PRESSURE ACROSS MEDIA", by Kyung-Ju Choi.
The present invention, further recognizing the filtration performance limitations of past filter medium arrangements, as well as the reasons therefore, provides a further unique and novel filter media arrangement involving a novel product and method which does not include the more costly and time consuming selective spacing of past arrangements to further optimize filtration efficiency and capacity of a novel product in an even more straight forward and economical manner than in past filter media arrangements, all being accomplished by the present invention in a straight forward and economical manner, requiring a minimum of additional parts and operating steps to accomplish the same. In effect, the present invention provides a unified filter media product and method of manufacturing the same, which achieves effective particle capture and long life to optimize filtration performance.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been recognized that there is a critical need in the fluid filtration art to provide filtration media with extended life and with finer particle filtration capabilities. In the past and as can be seen in the afore discussion of prior art, to achieve effective particle capture and long filtration life, the multi-layered filter media concept has been generally accepted in the filtration market. To design multi-layered filtration media so as to improve filtration performance, extensive research and development has been required in the past due to the complexity of variables associated with the combination of filtration media layers.
To minimize the research and development, the present invention recognizes and has found it expedient to utilize a comparatively straightforward and novel equation which can be utilized with novel filtration media whether the media is comprised of a single layer of varying face-to-face thicknesses or a plurality of face-to-face layers, each of selected thickness. Given filtration characteristics such as mean flow pore size, pore size distribution, permeability, mean fiber size, porosity defined as pore volume over total volume and dust loading characteristics of individual thickness, filtration characteristics of combined media thicknesses can be calculated in accordance with the present invention by utilizing the unique and novel formula set forth hereinafter. Pursuant to the present invention, selected filtration media characteristics of combined filter media thicknesses—whether the thicknesses are in face-to-face thicknesses in single layer form or in multiple face-to-face layers of thicknesses—which filtration characteristics are superior to the filtration characteristics of individual filter media thicknesses when utilizing the inventive filter media formula hereinafter set forth.
Various other features of the present invention will become obvious to one skilled in the art upon reading the disclosure set forth herein.

Product and method of forming successive layers of face-to-face adjacent media with calculated pore size


An information provision method and apparatus of a mobile terminal is provided for managing and providing information items associated with a plurality of communication accounts of a user in an integrated manner. An information provision method for a mobile terminal includes configuring a plurality of identity informations associated with communications of a specific contact item; detecting an input for selecting an integrated contact management menu; and displaying the identity informations or communication informations associated with individual identity informations in an integrated manner.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile terminal and, in particular, to an information provision method and apparatus of a mobile terminal for managing and providing information associated with a plurality of communication accounts of a user in an integrated manner.
2. Description of the Related Art
With its widespread use, a mobile phone has become one of the indispensable tool in modern life. Recently, the mobile phones have evolved into multifunctional communication terminals capable of supporting various supplementary services as well as basic voice communication service.
Owing to the functional expansion of the mobile terminal, it has become possible to use the mobile terminal for accessing various communication services such as Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Message Service (MMS), Email, Social Network Service (SNS), and Instant Messenger (IM). In order to use one of such communication services, the user has to execute the corresponding application, i.e. one of the SMS, MMS, Email, SNS, and IM applications that are available in the mobile terminal. Accordingly, during a multiple communication service mode, the user has to activate and deactivate each application independently for operation, thus resulting in user inconvenience.

Providing information associated with a plurality of communication accounts of a user of a mobile terminal


Casting polycrystalline silicon includes placing a bottomless cooling crucible divided at least partially in the axis direction into a plurality of parts in the peripheral direction and having an inner surface coated with a release agent containing nitrogen, in an induction coil of a chamber charged with an inert gas; melting a raw material of polycrystalline silicon in the bottomless cooling crucible by electromagnetic induction heating using the induction coil; and pulling out the molten silicon downward while cooling and solidifying it. Pullout of the solidified molten silicon is performed through adjusting the carbon concentration of the molten silicon to 4.0×1017 atoms/cm3 or more to 6.0×1017 atoms/cm3 or less, the oxygen concentration thereof to 0.3×1017 atoms/cm3 or more to 5.0×1017 atoms/cm3 or less, and the nitrogen concentration to 8.0×1013 atoms/cm3 or more to 1.0×1018 atoms/cm3 or less.

Currently, as substrates for solar cells, silicon crystal is chiefly used. Such silicon crystal is divided into single crystals and polycrystals, and solar cells using single crystal silicon as a substrate have higher conversion efficiency for converting energy of incident light into electrical energy than ones using polycrystalline silicon as a substrate.
Single crystal silicon is produced as a dislocation-free high quality crystal for example by Czochralski process. However, when single crystal silicon is produced by Czochralski process, the production cost is high and such single crystal silicon is not practical being used as a substrate for solar cells. It is therefore common to produce solar cells using polycrystalline silicon which can be cast from inexpensive materials.
One of the methods of casting such polycrystalline silicon is electromagnetic casting (for example, see JP 2007-051026 A (PTL 1)). Electromagnetic casting is a method in which a silicon raw material in a crucible is heated and melted by high frequency induction, meanwhile molten silicon is suspended by the action of strong electromagnetic force, thereby continuously growing an ingot. On this occasion, the molten silicon is not contact with the crucible, so that a high quality ingot can be cast. A polycrystalline silicon wafer obtained from a thus cast polycrystalline silicon ingot is characterized by enabling the production of solar cells that have high uniformity in quality in the casting direction, less variation in the conversion efficiency, and stable characteristics.
In order to increase the conversion efficiency of solar cells, it is important to appropriately control impurities such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen that are contained in a polycrystalline silicon wafer. Among others, carbon promotes the precipitation of oxygen and the precipitated oxygen serves as dislocation multiplication sources. The formed dislocations serve as recombination centers of carriers, which results in reduced conversion efficiency of solar cells; thus, it has been considered that the lower the carbon content is in the wafer, the better. For example, WO 2006/104107 (PTL 2) describes a technique of controlling the carbon concentration to 1×1017 atoms/cm3 or less (the interstitial oxygen concentration is 2×1017 atoms/cm3 or more), thereby realizing high conversion efficiency of solar cells.

Polycrystalline silicon and method of casting the same


The present invention discloses a CDMA intelligent network system and a method for implementing an international roaming service. The CDMA intelligent network system includes: a Home SCP, a Home Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC) or Home International Switching Center (ISC), and a visited GMSC or visited ISC; further, the CDMA intelligent network system includes a roaming SSP. The SCP is in communication with the roaming SSP, and voice channels are established among the roaming SSP, the Home GMSC or ISC, and the visited GMSC or ISC. The present invention further discloses a roaming Service Switching Point, which is adapted for signaling exchanging with the Home SCP of subscriber in international roaming, so as to establish a service route for the subscriber in international roaming in the CDMA intelligent network.

As the global economic integration evolves, economic exchanges and people contacts among countries is getting increasingly popular. Accordingly, in a CDMA system, a user has a common demand for international roaming.
Presently in the world, most operators of mobile communication system have entered into agreements on signaling connections between countries and settlement between the operators for CDMA roaming, so that the international roaming of a Post-Paid Charging subscriber can be properly implemented. However, for a Pre-Paid Charging subscriber, the charging for which is always accomplished in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) because account information of the subscriber is stored on a Home Service Control Point (SCP) in the HPLMN. In other words, each time acting as a calling party or a called party, the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber must be authenticated by the Home SCP, which determines whether to establish a call or not and the duration of the call; here, the call can be made only if the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber has an account with enough balance. Furthermore, during the call of the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber, the HPLMN would monitor the call and charge for the subscriber in real time. Therefore, in view of above characteristic of the Pre-Paid Charging service, the Pre-Paid Charging service has a higher requirement for the network and a further requirement that the call control and charging rules must be determined by the HPLMN. As a result, most operators are unable to provide international roaming service for Pre-Paid Charging subscribers at present.
Even if the international roaming of a Pre-Paid Charging subscriber is allowed, the function of real-time charging for the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber in international roaming can not be completely implemented based on protocols of the CDMA intelligent network system in the art.
1. In the case where a Pre-Paid Charging subscriber becomes a called party after internationally roaming to the Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN):
If the Mobile Switching Center/Service Switching Point (MSC/SSP) in the VPLMN has a Wireless Intelligent Network (WIN) capability, then the Home Location Register (HLR) in the HPLMN dispatches a Trigger configuration of a Pre-Paid Charging subscriber to the MSC/SSP in the VPLMN when the terminal of the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber carries out location registration. However, usually there is no coordination on signaling addressing configuration at the intelligent network between operators in two countries/regions, respectively, therefore, no signaling exchange is carried out between the MSC/SSP in the VPLMN and the SCP in the HPLMN; as a result, in the case where a Pre-Paid Charging subscriber in international roaming becomes the called party, the SCP in the HPLMN cannot charge for the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber in real time.
For example, if the calling party is a subscriber in the HPLMN, due to the fact that the called process of an intelligent network subscriber is triggered at the initial calling office, i.e., at the MSC/SSP in the HPLMN, and the TANSWER (i.e., the called party answers) and TDISCONNECT (i.e., the called party releases) have to be reported by the MSC/SSP in the VPLMN because of special requirements of CDMA protocols; thus, the reporting may fail due to the network, resulting in that the SCP in the HPLMN cannot charge for the called party accurately.
If the calling subscriber is also in the VPLMN, the initial calling office of the call is the MSC in the VPLMN. In this case, after identifying the called number as a HPLMN number, the MSC in the VPLMN relays the call to the Gateway Mobile Switching Center in the HPLMN for triggering the called service logic of CDMA network, the signaling process herein is essentially identical to that in the case where a HPLMN subscriber calls a subscriber has roamed to the VPLMN; similarly, the SCP in the HPLMN therefore cannot charge for the called party.
2. In the case where a Pre-Paid Charging subscriber initiates a call after internationally roaming to the VPLMN:
If the MSC/SSP in the VPLMN has a WIN capability, then the HLR in the HPLMN dispatches a Trigger configuration of a Pre-Paid Charging subscriber to the MSC/SSP in the VPLMN when the terminal of the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber carries out location registration. However, usually there is no coordination on signaling addressing configuration at the intelligent network between operators in two countries, respectively, therefore, no signaling exchange is carried out between the MSC/SSP in the VPLMN and the SCP in the HPLMN; in this case, when the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber initiates a call, the MSC/SSP in the VPLMN cannot authenticate the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber, as the result, the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber is unable to initiate the call.
If having no WIN capability, the MSC/SSP in the VPLMN would not carry out signaling exchange with the SCP in the HPLMN; as the result, the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber in international roaming is out of the control of the SCP in the HPLMN, and therefore the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber may initiate calls freely, just like a Post-Paid Charging subscriber.
In the conventional art, the CDMA intelligent network cannot control and charge for a call of the Pre-Paid Charging subscribers in international roaming, and therefore cannot provide an international roaming service for the Pre-Paid Charging subscriber.

CDMA intelligent network system and its method, device for realizing international roaming service


An optical transceiver includes a chassis, a printed circuit board, a conducting strip, a cover and a gasket. The chassis has a first reference. The printed circuit board has a second reference. The conducting strip is adjacent the printed circuit board and the cover is coupled over the printed circuit board. The gasket is positioned between the conducting strip and the cover thereby capacitive coupling the first reference to the second reference.

The present invention relates to an optical transceiver. More particularly, the optical transceiver of the present invention is provided a signal ground and a chassis ground that are capacitive coupled utilizing an insulated gasket.
A transceiver module is typically configured with an optical subassembly coupled to a printed circuit board with a processing circuit. The optical subassembly and processing circuit on the printed circuit board are used to transform optical signals coming from optical fibers to an electrical signal, and to transform an electrical signal to an optical signal. A photodiode, pin diode or similar optical receiver contained by the optical subassembly transforms the optical signal to the electrical signal and then sends the electrical signal to the processing circuit. A laser diode, pin diode or similar optical emitter contained within the optical subassembly transforms the electrical signal coming from the processing circuit to the optical signal.
The process of converting optical signals to electrical signals and electrical signals to optical signals in a relatively small package can produce significant electromagnetic radiation and create electromagnetic interference for other electronic devices and components. Although one way to decrease the electromagnetic interference is to directly couple a ground reference from the processing circuit to a ground for the entire transceiver module, it is often not desired in some applications, or is not practicable in other applications, to have such a direct connection of grounds. For these and other reasons, there is a need for the present invention.

Optical transceiver with capacitive coupled signal ground with chassis ground


A multi-gas sensor is provided which modulates a polarized light beam over a broadband of wavelengths between two alternating orthogonal polarization components. The two orthogonal polarization components of the polarization modulated beam are directed along two distinct optical paths. At least one optical path contains one or more spectral discrimination element, with each spectral discrimination element having spectral absorption features of one or more gases of interest being measured. The two optical paths then intersect, and one orthogonal component of the intersected components is transmitted and the other orthogonal component is reflected. The combined polarization modulated beam is partitioned into one or more smaller spectral regions of interest where one or more gases of interest has an absorption band. The difference in intensity between the two orthogonal polarization components is then determined in each partitioned spectral region of interest as an indication of the spectral emission/absorption of the light beam by the gases of interest in the measurement path. The spectral emission/absorption is indicative of the concentration of the one or more gases of interest in the measurement path. More specifically, one embodiment of the present invention is a gas filter correlation radiometer which comprises a polarizer, a polarization modulator, a polarization beam splitter, a beam combiner, wavelength partitioning element, and detection element. The gases of interest are measured simultaneously and, further, can be measured independently or non-independently. Furthermore, optical or electronic element are provided to balance optical intensities between the two optical paths.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the simultaneous measurement of two or more gases using optical path switching. More specifically, it relates to such measurement using dual beam spectroscopy, including gas filter correlation radiometry.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Optical path switching has many potential applications, particularly in the field of dual beam spectroscopy. In dual beam spectroscopy, light from a radiation source traverses a measurement path and is then divided between two optical paths. Each optical path generally contains some medium through which the radiation is transmitted and thus partially absorbed and/or reflected. The key measurement in this type of spectroscopy is related to the intensity difference of the radiation that takes these two paths. For illustrative purposes, a gas filter correlation radiometer (GFCR), one example of a dual beam spectrometer, will be discussed in detail.
Gas filter correlation radiometers (GFCRs) may infer the concentration of a gas species along some measurement path either external or internal to the GFCR. In many GFCRs, gas sensing is accomplished by viewing alternately through two optical cells the emission/absorption of the gas molecules along the measurement path. These two optical cells, often called the correlation and vacuum cells, are an example of the media found in the two optical paths of a dual beam spectrometer. The correlation cell contains a high optical depth of gas species i and thus strongly absorbs radiation at the molecular transition wavelengths of the particular gas. In effect, the correlation cell acts as a spectral "notch filter" to the incoming radiation, the spectral notches being coincident with the band structure of gas species i. The vacuum cell generally encloses a vacuum or a gas or gas mixture exhibiting negligible or no optical depth, e.g., nitrogen, an inert gas, or even clean dry air. The difference in signal between these two views of the emitting/absorbing gas species i within the spectral region of interest plus, or in combination with, the sum of the signals of these two views can be related to the concentration of this gas along the measurement path.
In one known GFCR for measuring a single gas concentration in a particular quantity disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,797, issued to Sachse et al. and assigned to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the specification of which is hereby incorporated by reference, a non-mechanical optical path switch comprises a polarizer, polarization modulator and a polarization beam splitter. The polarizer polarizes light from a light source into a single, e.g., vertically polarized, component which is then rapidly modulated into alternate vertically and horizontally polarized components by a polarization modulator. The polarization modulator may be used in conjunction with an optical waveplate. The polarization modulated beam is then incident on a polarization beam splitter which transmits light of one orthogonal component, e.g., horizontally polarized, and reflects light of a perpendicular component, e.g., vertically polarized. In a gas filter correlation radiometer application, the transmitted horizontally polarized beam is reflected by a mirror, passes through a gas correlation cell, and is transmitted through a second beam splitter. The reflected vertically polarized beam passes through a vacuum cell, is reflected by a mirror and then reflected by the second beam splitter. The beam combiner recombines the horizontal and vertical components into a single beam which is read by a conventional detector. This approach has numerous advantages, such as no mechanical means being required to alternate the view of the detector through the correlation and vacuum cells, fast response, etc.
It would be desirable, in numerous applications, to be able to measure two or more gas concentrations simultaneously, either independently or non-independently, with a single device using an optical path switch. It further would be desirable to do such measurement with optimal optical balance.

The United States as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration


Approaches provide for a management component to manage distribution of configuration information or other information in a network environment. For example, a request to deploy a security appliance configured to replicate functionality, behavior, and/or an identity of a computing device is received. The request includes selection criteria specifying one or more computing devices to replicate. Using the selection criteria, a computing device is identified as well as information associated with the computing device. The identified information is modified based on configuration requirements for a security appliance. The modified information is used to generate configuration information which is used to perform one of a number of actions, including, for example, configuring the security appliance or generating a new security appliance, among other such actions, where at least a portion of the operating behavior, functionality, or identification information of the security appliance substantially matches that of the identified computing device.

As an increasing number of applications and services are being made available over networks such as the internet, monitoring these networks is important to ensure reliable operation, fault detection, timely mitigation of potentially malicious activities, etc.
Conventional network environments rely on a combination of human resources and partially automated systems to perform security management, ad hoc data mingling, alert curation, and organizational understanding. Many of these network environments reply on network monitoring systems such as a honeypot network to collect network data and analyze the network data for information about attacks and other anomalous activities.
However, oftentimes it is difficult to configure network monitoring devices so that they go undetected from malicious attackers. In many situations, configuring network monitoring devices is a manual approach and generally requires customization of source code in order to match the operating behavior and identity of a specific complex computing device. Manual analysis can be time-consuming and inefficient. Further, manual analysis can result in delays. Further still, in many situations, it is impossible to completely match the specific operating behavior, network identity, and functionality of a specific computing device.
A need exists, therefore, for systems, methods, and devices that overcome this disadvantage.


One aspect relates to initiating, by a device, a connection with an application server associated with one or more application services. A gateway derives an uplink network token and/or a downlink network token. The tokens are provisioned to the device and/or an application server over the user-plane. The tokens are included with uplink and/or downlink packets, respectively. Another aspect relates to receiving a data packet at a gateway. The gateway determines a requirement for a network token from the packet. The gateway derives the network token based on a device subscription profile maintained by a network. The network token may be sent with the packet to a destination address associated with the packet. A packet including a network token may be received at a gateway. The gateway may verify the network token and send the data packet to an application server or a device if the verifying is successful.

Some client devices may have network access, but their network access may be limited to a set of application services. Network operators may use policies to impose such limitations. In one example, a particular application service provider may sponsor network access of a client device. The client device may be limited to application services run by the application service provider on its server. In another example, a client device with network access may be part of a contract that allows for special charging or handling of data (e.g., bit rate or quality of service) associated with a given application service. For example, a client device may have a cellular subscription through a cellular provider and that cellular provider may wish to impose one or more restrictions on the client device. In one example, a corporation that is today known as a provider of social media, but not known as a cellular provider, may play a role as a cellular provider in the future. In this example, the client device may have a subscription with the corporation. As part of its subscription agreement, the client device may gain access to the Internet but may be restricted to use the social media site of the corporation to the exclusion of other social media sites. By way of another example, a client device may have a subscription with a provider of streaming media services. In this example, as part of an agreement, the client device may gain access to the Internet through various cellular providers (e.g., mobile network operators). However, access may be restricted by agreement (between the provider of streaming media services and the various cellular providers and/or the user of the client device) to use the site of the provider of media services for all streaming media services. By way of another example, for certain access point names (APNs), only certain traffic (e.g., control-plane signaling and/or user-plane messages) may be allowed to be sent from a client device based on a policy or subscription limitation.
Network policies may be instituted in connection with application services to ensure that a client device is not violating any agreements, is being provided access to agreed upon application services, and/or is being provided with an agreed upon level of service. A network may enforce such policies against uplink (UL) packets sent from a client device toward, for example, an application server on a packet data network (e.g., the Internet). A network may additionally enforce such policies against downlink (DL) packets sent from the application server toward the client device.
Today, policy enforcement for application services occurs at a gateway to a network. An example of such a gateway is a packet data network gateway (P-GW), which serves as a gateway between a core network (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC)) and a packet data network (PDN), such as the Internet. One problem exists in that policy enforcement (e.g., enforcement of service access policies) may require a P-GW to validate all UL and DL packets sent between a client device and application servers. Moreover, each UL packet and DL packet may need to be steered to its destination address via a particular bearer or data flow. A destination address may be comprised of two parts: a prefix part and a suffix part.
Network policies may be enforced by validation of UL and DL packets at the P-GW. Enforcement may ensure that a client device is only sending/receiving packets to/from an authorized application service. Validation may include verifying the destination address or the destination address and the port number of packets passing through the P-GW. Validation may additionally include verifying the source address of each packet. Verifying the source address of each packet may be useful for anti-spoofing (e.g., by preventing packets from unauthorized client devices from fooling a network by appearing to come from an authorized client device). Packet steering may be needed to ensure that an agreed upon quality of service (QoS) is achieved.
Current practices incur substantial overhead and add forwarding latency due to processing delay. The current practice is typically realized using packet inspection (e.g., deep packet inspection, shallow packet inspection) and traffic flow template (TFT) and service data flow (SDF) templates. The P-GW confirms that the packets conform to a TFT/SDF template defined for the service(s) by inspecting the headers of each packet.
FIG. 1 is a prior art illustration of a role of an SDF template 102 in detecting a downlink part of a service data flow 104 and mapping that part to bearers, such as the Internet Protocol-Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) bearers 106 shown. FIG. 1 is based on 3GPP technical specification (TS) 23.203, FIG. 6.4.
An SDF template 102 is created to validate and map downlink packets. However, use of the set of packet filters (see, e.g., packet filters a-f in the SDF template 102) requires the use of tables and table lookup procedures. Use of such tables and procedures affects efficiency in that the use requires memory storage space and processor resources to execute the procedures. Additionally, time resources are wasted in that each packet must be filtered through a plurality of filters before any given packet is applied to a filter that meets all of the requirements of the filter.
Using packet inspection and TFT/SDF templates at the P-GW (for either or both of uplink and downlink packets) is therefore problematic, for example, because their use incurs substantial overhead (e.g., processing and memory resources for memory lookup and pattern matching) and adds forwarding latency due to processing delay. Additionally, fine-grain policy control (e.g., per service) is difficult because additional policy control would incur additional overhead and processing delay because a packet would need to be tested against additional filtering rules realized by TFT/SDF templates. Furthermore, use of TFT/SDF templates is not scalable for sponsored connectivity. An increase in the number of sponsors of different services (perhaps thousands of services in the years to come) would mean an increase in the time needed to filter packets through a correspondingly increased number of TFT/SDF templates. This, again, would incur additional overhead and processing delay.
What is required is an alternative to supplement and/or enhance packet inspection and to improve efficiency in enforcement of uplink and downlink network policies.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Efficient policy enforcement using network tokens for services—user-plane approach


A jaw tracking device, which fits entirely in the mouth and can be attached to conventional removable dental appliances, tracks the location and movement of the lower jaw with high precision and speed when the mouth is closed or nearly closed by recording the projection of light from a light emitting diode, laser diode, or fiberoptic source fixed to the lower dental arch onto one or two position sensitive detectors (PSDS) fixed to the upper dental arch. Since the system acquires data quickly enough to record the minute deflections of the lower jawbone which occur each time the jaw is closed eccentrically, it can be used with acoustic sensors attached to the individual teeth in order to analyze a person's bite. Since each PSD relies on only four outputs, its data can be easily transmitted by telemetry so that it can be used to track the location of the jaw during sleep without requiring wires protruding from the mouth of the sleeping subject.

This invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for detecting alignment of upper and lower teeth and more particularly to methods and apparatus for tracking the movement of the lower jaw relative to the upper jaw. There have been many types of jaw tracking devices developed for use in dentistry. They can generally be categorized as electromechanical devices and electro-optical devices.
Of the known prior art electro-optical devices used for jaw tracking, many employ reference points, either visually identifiable points or light emitting diodes, carried by frameworks attached to both upper and lower jaws and viewed by an externally mounted video camera. Most prior art electro-optical devices employ light emitting diodes carried by frameworks attached to the lower jaw and a video camera or other light sensing means attached to the head or upper jaw.
One problem with prior art electro-optical jaw tracking devices is that the frameworks by which the components are attached to the jaw or jaws must be custom fabricated for each patient and tend to interfere with natural jaw movements. The extraoral sensing means may either be attached or unattached to the patient. Unattached devices must be able to sense the positions of extraoral signal generating components or reference points attached to both upper and lower jaws. Attached devices must be attached to the patient's head or upper jaw by a framework affixed to the patient. Frameworks cemented onto the patient's teeth either cover the surfaces of the teeth and thereby alter the bite as well as the jaw movement pattern or must be custom fabricated for each subject in a way that allows them to fit around the teeth so as to avoid interfering with the bite. Such custom fabricated frameworks have been used for research, but they are too difficult to fabricate for routine clinical use. Furthermore, any framework that must extend through the lips interferes to some degree with neuromuscular proprioception and thereby also with natural jaw-movement patterns.
Another problem with prior art jaw tracking devices is that they cannot acquire data rapidly enough to track the minute deflections of the jawbone that are generated by inclined tooth contacts on many jaw closures. In 1980 Dr. David Watt published recordings of jaw tracking using a high speed camera to show that eccentric jaw closing trajectories frequently result in initial tooth contacts on steep inclines, which force the jaw to suddenly alter its direction and slide a fraction of a millimeter toward a more central position where subsequent multiple tooth contacts occur. D. Watt, Gnathosonic Diagnosis and Occlusal Dynamic. Furthermore, Dr. Watt showed that, during a single jaw closure, the jaw may change its direction more than once by striking multiple deflective tooth contacts before settling into a stable position. High speed cameras, like the one Watt used, are able to track jaw movements accurately if the lips are kept apart so that the cameras can track a point on an upper and a lower tooth. Keeping the lips apart, however, interferes with natural jaw movements much like frameworks do.
Most of the prior art devices track the movements of the jaw by means of charge coupled devices (CCD). However even a CCD screen cannot be scanned quickly enough to record the multiple rapid shifting of the jaw, which can occur in time frames of 10 to 50 milliseconds after an initial unstable tooth contact and before the final resting of the jawbone in stable interdigitation. Knowing the direction of slide of the jawbone after a deflective initial tooth contact helps determine which area of a tooth was actually hitting prematurely.
Another disadvantage with prior art jaw tracking devices is that they are not designed to be compatible with free head movement. Recently the use of miniature acoustic sensors has been developed to allow dentists to analyze and adjust a patient's bite. These sensors can determine which teeth hit first each time the jaw is closed. But the order of tooth contacts depends on the closing trajectory taken by the jawbone, and that trajectory varies a great deal within an area extending a couple of millimeters around the fully closed and maximally interdigitated jaw position. For example, if the jaw closes slightly to the right of the midline, the teeth on the right are likely to hit before the teeth on the left. In order for the dentist to accumulate enough tooth contact and jaw tracking data to create a map of these tooth contact patterns, known as the occlusal interface, the patient needs to be able to tap the teeth repeatedly while moving the jaw and the head into a wide variety of different postures. The prior art jaw tracking devices employ extraoral frameworks that interfere with the ability of the head and jaw to exhibit a normal and natural range of motion.
Still another disadvantage of all prior art jaw tracking devices is that they cannot be used with telemetry during sleep. Horizontal jaw tracking is needed during sleep to record the jaw positions used for nocturnal bruxism (grinding and clenching of the teeth). Many dentists believe that nocturnal bruxism is a common cause of dental problems. Studies have shown that nocturnal bruxism often occurs with forces that are significantly greater than even maximal voluntary forces while awake. Furthermore, there is evidence that much of nocturnal bruxism occurs in jaw positions that are shifted to the side, forward, or backward from the fully closed and maximally interdigitated jaw position. Knowing the horizontal jaw position in which a person's bruxism occurs allows a dentist to restore the teeth in a manner that can best resist the forces that arise during nocturnal bruxism. None of the prior art jaw tracking devices, however, can be used during sleep because they all employ frameworks that would interfere with sleep. The Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1996 23: 622-626 recently published an account of an effort to record jaw position during sleep by means of a device that employed two magnetic reed switches. But the system of reed switches used was only able to approximate the position of the jaw, because each switch simply produced a signal if the magnet attached to the lower jaw on its side was closer than 2.65 mm from the switch.
Thus, it is an object of this invention to provide a jaw tracking device that is small enough to be located completely in the mouth without the need for any framework that extends through the lips.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a jaw tracking device that acquires data rapidly enough to record the direction of the very small slide of the lower jawbone during the time interval between the first tooth contact and subsequent tooth contacts.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a jaw tracking device that relies on few enough outputs so that they can be transmitted by telemetry during sleep without any need for wires coming out of the mouth.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a jaw tracking device that can be carried on existing removable dental appliances.


The invention provides a composition comprising at least about 10 different diamondoid compounds selected from the group consisting of methyl-substituted and ethyl-substituted adamantane, diamantane, and triamantane, wherein each of said selected diamondoid compounds comprises no more than about 10 weight percent of said composition. The composition is useful as high quality lubricating fluid and exhibits the unusual combination of high Viscosity Index and very low pour point.

Efforts to improve upon the performance of natural mineral oil based lubricants by the synthesis of oligomeric hydrocarbon fluids have been the subject of important research and development in the petroleum industry for at least fifty years and have led to the relatively recent market introduction of a number of superior polyalpha-olefin synthetic lubricants, primarily based on the oligomerization of alpha-olefins or 1-alkenes. In terms of lubricant property improvement, the thrust of the industrial research effort on synthetic lubricants has been toward fluids exhibiting useful viscosities over a wide range of temperature, i.e., improved Viscosity Index, while also showing lubricity, thermal and oxidative stability and pour point equal to or better than mineral oil. To match synthetic lubricants with their intended application, these lubricants have, in the past, been formulated for specific properties. For example, poly-alpha-olefins (PA) were produced from 1-decene polymerization over promoted BF.sub.3 or AlCl.sub.3 catalysts. PAOs which have usually very high VI and very low pour points and low traction coefficients are particularly desirable lubricants because they not only function effectively over a broad range of temperatures, but are also highly energy efficient. Synthetic fluids with high traction coefficients have, in the past, been considered to be a different group of synthetic fluids. Traction coefficients are usually dependent on the chemical compositions of the fluid, and the literature discloses a correlation between traction coefficient and pressure-viscosity coefficient, which is also related to oil film thickness. M. Muraki and Y. Kimura, Traction Characteristics of Synthetic Hydrocarbon Oils, 7 Journal of JSLE 119 (International Edition, 1986); Mobil EHL Guidebook, 3rd Edition, Commercial Marketing, Technical Publications, 3225 Gallows Road, Fairfax, Va. 22037. Generally, fluids with higher traction coefficient generate thicker films, which means better protection of machine parts and less wear and reduced metal fatigue. Fluids with high traction coefficients not only offer better lubricating protection, but also are useful as traction fluids, providing high power transmission at low slip.
Mechanisms such as automotive transmissions, automotive power steering pumps, shock absorbers, industrial hydraulic systems, and gear reducers contain power transmission fluids. These fluids must have relatively high resistance to shear, but must also be relatively noncorrosive toward the materials of construction used in the power transmission mechanism. Further, the fluids must resist degradation (e.g., oxidation) over extended periods of use. To meet these rigorous criteria, industry has turned to synthetic power transmission fluids, examples of which include Santotrac (a registered trademark of the Monsanto Corporation) and the Delvac 1 and Mobil 1 power transmission fluids (Delvac 1 and Mobil 1 are registered trademarks of Mobil Oil Corporation).
Viscosity Index (VI) is the most common measure that is applied to the decrease in viscosity of petroleum oils with increasing temperature. A series of Pennsylvania oils exhibiting relatively small change in viscosity with changing temperature is arbitrarily assigned a VI of 100,whereas a series of Gulf Cost oils whose viscosities change relatively greatly is assigned a VI of 0. From the viscosity measurements at 40.degree. and 100.degree. C., the VI of any oil sample can be obtained from detailed tables published by the ASTM (ASTM D-2270) 14 Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 489 (Wiley, 1981). U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,794 to Le et al. teaches a method for improving the Viscosity Index of a lubricant stock and is incorporated herein by reference for its discussions of Viscosity Index and lubricant upgrading processes.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,671,598 to Moore relates to the isomerization of adamantane-containing compounds in the presence of sulfuric acid to provide useful traction fluids.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,648,531 to Duling et al. teaches a traction drive containing a fluid comprising an alkyladamantane dimer or an alkyladamantanol dimer.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,671,600 to Moore teaches ethylation of an adamantane nucleus in the presence of a strong acid and BF.sub.3 etherate.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,793,203 to Driscoll et al. discloses polyolefins, paraffins, and polar compounds containing a gem-dialkyl substituted back-bone structure which are useful as traction fluids.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,903,001 to Gates et al. and 4,180,466 to Newingham et al. teach synthetic lubricants for limited slip differentials.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,966,624 to Driscoll et al. relates to a hydrogenated polymeric traction fluid containing a light olefin oligomer and at least one saturated adamantane compound.
Oxygenated compounds from polyisobutylene (e.g., ketones, esters, and alcohols) useful as traction fluid components are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,972,941 to Driscoll et al. Example 6 at column 7 notes that the additives of the '914 patent can be blended with paraffinic or naphthenic lubricants or with synthetic naphthenes or adamantanes.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,972,243 to Driscoll et al. relates to polyolefins, paraffins, and polar compounds containing a gem-structured backbone structure which are useful as lubricant additives and traction fluid components.
The completely hydrogenated dimers of alpha-methylstyrene as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,994,816 to Wygant illustrate the well-known problem of low Viscosity Index in power transmission fluids. The temperature/viscosity data shown at column 6 for 2,4-dicyclohexyl-2-methylpentane containing 3% cyclic dimer indicate a Viscosity Index of about 9.
Traction fluids containing compounds having two adamantane nuclei linked through an alkylene radical are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,251 to Moore et al.
Fluorinated adamantanes have also been found to be useful traction fluids, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,041,086 to Moore et al. Ethers of adamantane have similarly been found to be useful as traction fluids, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,043,927 to Duling et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,329,529 to Nambu teaches a traction fluid produced by hydrogenating the alkylation product of styrene with xylene and/or toluene, and optionally with ethylbenzene.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,726 to Horita et al. relates to a traction fluid containing three substituted cycloalkane rings, while U.S. Pat. No. 4,675,459 to Yuasa et al. teaches a traction drive fluid comprising a base stock which contains compounds having fused cyclohexane and norbornene rings.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,751,335 to Kubo et al. teaches a method for making a traction fluid by decomposing a compound having four aromatic rings.
Traction fluids comprising cis- and trans-perhydroacenaphthene are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,761,510 and 4,783,565 to Naruse et al.
Ester compounds containing one or two cyclic or bicyclic alkanes which are useful as traction fluids are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,427 to Dare-Edwards.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,649 to Murai et al. teaches a oxidatively stable traction fluid containing 2,4-dicyclohexyl-2-methylpentane, polycyclohexlalkane, and a perhydroindane derivative.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,503 to Del Rossi et al. discloses alkylated polycycloparaffinic compounds useful as lubricating stocks which are prepared by alkylating a polycycloparaffinic compound in the presence of a catalyst having a Constraint Index of from about 1 to about 10.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,568 to Chen teaches a lubricant additive and composition comprising the copolymer of 1-vinyladamantane and a 1-alkene having from about 4 to about 16 carbon atoms, wherein the copolymer has a Viscosity Index of at least about 80 and a kinematic viscosity of at least about 6 cS at 212.degree. F.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,792 to Narihiko et al. relates to a synthetic traction fluid comprising two substituted cyclohexane nuclei connected through an ester linkage.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,041 to Abe et al. relates to a synthetic traction fluid derived from a 1,1-dicyclohexyl cycloalkane.
Many of the fluids described in the above patents have high traction coefficients, but typically have very low VI. For example, the hydrogenated dimer of alpha-methyl-styrene (2,4-dicyclohexyl-2-methylpentane) has a VI of only 9. Known adamantane-based traction fluids (discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,966,624, 3,648,531, 4,043,927, 4,008,251, 3,994,816, and 4,889,649) have high traction coefficients but very low Viscosity Indices and tend to lose their viscosities quickly as the operating temperatures increase. When the fluid loses its viscosity, it also loses its lubricating film and thus its protection capability. For these reasons, it would be beneficial to provide a fluid having a high traction coefficient and also high VI and low pour point, which would lubricate effectively over a wide operating temperature range.
Meeting the competing requirements of stability, lubricity, traction coefficient, good low temperature properties, and noncorrosivity has, in the past, required mixing an additive package of specialty chemicals with the base stock. Thus it would be desirable to provide a base stock which itself has a high Viscosity Index and low pour point.


Monomers and polymers, and a method of making polymers that retain the ability of the polymer to form reversible and irreversible bonds are provided. Gels comprising the polymers have the ability to coordinate metal ions and bind biopolymers.

Catechol functional groups are of broad interest to the polymer community due to their unique physical and chemical bonding behavior, having the potential to serve as adhesive or toughening moieties in various soft material systems. Catechols have been introduced into macromolecules in various strategies. See for example, Farure et al., Progess in Polymer Science, 38(1):236-270 (2012). A common approach is to couple the amino acid L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to polymers via carboxylic acid or amine-containing sidechains. See Holten-Andersen, et al. PNAS, 108(7):2651-2655 (2011). Alternatively, a number of vinyl-based monomers with protected or unprotected catechol substituents have been polymerized directly under free radical conditions.
However, one major difficulty of polymerizing catechol-functionalized monomers is control over their solubility in water at physiological pH when targeting high fractions of catechol. Homopolymers of some vinyl-based catechol-containing monomers are typically reported to be insoluble in water below a pH of approximately 10. See Guvendiren et al., Biomacromolecules 9(1):122-128 (2008). Solubility is also an issue for post-functionalized polymers, as a large conversion of acid or amine sidechains can lead to chain collapse under aqueous conditions at mild pH. Nevertheless, a number of applications for lightly-to-moderately-functionalized catechol polymers are actively being explored, including the development of PEG-based tissue adhesives for wound sealing during surgical operations. See Bilic et al., American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 202(1):85.e1-85.e9 (2010).
When oxidized, catechols can couple to themselves, or react with various nucleophiles present in extracellular matrix proteins on the tissue surface. Thus, catechol-functionalized polymers may be used in many diverse applications, including biological and chemical sensing (See Ruan et al., Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2013, 177: 826-832), incorporation into polyelectrolyte multilayers (See Min et al., Chem. Mater. 2011, 23 (24): 5349-5357), as components of antifouling strategies, and as adhesives for marine and biomedical applications (See Lee et al., Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2011 41: 99-132). Retaining the ability to process the highly-functionalized polymers under aqueous, physiological conditions will be transformative for many of these application areas. Water-processable, catechol-functionalized polymers in use today typically are synthesized via post-functionalization of a water-soluble polymer. Because the catechol moiety itself is insoluble except under strongly basic conditions (pH>10), this generally leads to an upper limit on the catechol content of these polymers.
Therefore, there is a need for a highly soluble, catechol-rich polymer that can be synthesized without interfering with the catechols' ability to form reversible and irreversible intermolecular bonds.

Catechol-rich polymers from N-substituted maleimides


Aromatic maleimides can be prepared by reacting corresponding aromatic amines with maleic anhydride in the presence of a solvent mixture of halogenated hydrocarbon and a dipolar aprotic solvent, with the addition of acid and a polymerization inhibitor.

The preparation of aromatic maleimides is known. Thus, for example, DE-A 2 127 025 describes a process for the preparation of aromatic maleimides which proceeds in two stages. In the first stage, the aromatic compound is added on to maleic anhydride in tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. In the second stage, a cyclization reaction of the maleic acid monoamide to give maleimide takes place, water being split off. Equimolar amounts of acetic anhydride and sodium acetate, based on the amide groups, must be employed in this reaction. According to DE-A 2 715 503, the cyclization reaction is carried out with triethylamine instead of with sodium acetate, and according to DE-A 2 719 903, a manganese/cobalt/lithium salt is employed for the cyclization reaction.
A disadvantage of the processes described above for the preparation of aromatic maleimides is that, for example, tetrahydrofuran is employed as the solvent, which requires considerable expenditure on appropriate safety measures because of its tendency to form peroxide and its low flash point. The situation is similar when triethylamine is employed, this having a comparably low flash point to that of tetrahydrofuran. The use of acetic anhydride is stoichiometric, and after the reaction gives equimolar amounts of acetic acid, which must be disposed of accordingly.
The solvent mixture of, for example, tetrahydrofuran, acetic acid, optionally residues of acetic anhydride and triethylamine, coupled with product residues and by-products, which is obtained after the reaction cannot be worked up without a relatively high technical expenditure, or cannot be recycled without appropriate purification.

Process for the preparation of aromatic maleimides


An isolation mount mounts a device, such as an acoustic projector or trancer, to a hull structure while mechanically and acoustically isolating the device from the hull structure. The isolation mount comprises an isolation collar made of an elastomeric material that surrounds at least a portion of the device. A device mounting member made of rigid material is coupled to one end of the isolation collar, for mounting to the device, while a hull mounting member made of a rigid material is coupled to the other end of the isolation collar for mounting to the hull structure. At least a portion of the device is received within a device receiving region formed by the device mounting member and the isolation collar. The isolation mount is adapted to be used with an existing mounting arrangement, such as around an existing aperture in a hull structure, and is capable of providing a waterproof mount.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to isolation mounts and in particular, to an isolation mount for mounting an acoustic projector or transducer to a hull structure of an underwater vehicle.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Acoustic projectors are commonly used in underwater vehicles to generate sound which propagates through the water, for example, as part of an underwater vehicle guidance system. In the past, acoustic projectors 10, FIG. 1, have been mounted directly in the wall 12 of the cylindrical hull 14 of the underwater vehicle. Typically, the hull 14 includes a cavity or aperture 16 cut through the wall 12. The acoustic projector 10 is received through the cavity 16 and is fastened to the hull with bolts 18 such that the projector 10 forms a flush contour with the hull 14. An `O` ring seal 19 typically provides a water tight seal between the acoustic projector 10 and the wall 12 of the hull 14. Similarly, transducers used to detect and measure energy, such as acoustic energy, are also mounted directly to the hull 14 of an underwater vehicle.
An acoustic projector 10 is generally designed to have certain characteristics with respect to frequency response and range of operation. The way in which the acoustic projectors are mounted directly to the underwater vehicle hull adversely interferes with the operation of the acoustic projector. When sound is generated by the acoustic projector, energy from the projector is coupled into or transmitted to the hull structure, resulting in resonances and interference with the sound being propagated into the water. The frequency response of the acoustic projector is thereby degraded and will adversely affect the guidance system or other system in which the acoustic projector is used. Vibrations and acoustic energy generated by or transmitted through the hull structure to the projector can also interfere with operation of the projector.
Some attempts have been made to mechanically and acoustically isolate noise generating devices and transducers from a support structure. Existing isolation mounts, however, are not capable of being retrofitted with existing mounting arrangements without physically modifying the hull structure and/or the projector. Existing isolation mounts also do not provide the water tight seal that may be necessary when mounting acoustic projectors or other devices to the hull of an underwater vehicle.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


The invention relates to a process for forming bilayer resist images with a chemically-amplified, radiation-sensitive bilayer resist. The bilayer resist is disposed on a substrate and comprises (i) a top imaging layer comprising a radiation-sensitive acid generator and a vinyl polymer having an acid-cleavable silylethoxy group and (ii) an organic underlayer. The bilayer resist is used in the manufacture of integrated circuits.

There is a desire in the industry for higher circuit density in microelectronic devices made using lithographic techniques. One method of achieving higher area density is to improve the resolution of circuit patterns in resist films. It is known in the art that increasing the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens system of the lithographic imaging tool increases the resolution at a given wavelength. However, increasing the NA results in a decrease in the depth of focus (DOF) of the imaging radiation, thereby requiring a reduction in the thickness of the imaging resist film. Further, the industry-wide shift to shorter wavelength exposure systems also results in a decrease in the DOF. A decrease in the resist film thickness can lead to problems in subsequent processing steps (e.g., ion implantation and etching).
In order to overcome these problems, bilayer resists have been developed. Bilayer resists generally comprise a top thin film imaging layer coated on a thick organic underlayer. The resist is patterned by: (i) imagewise exposure and development of the top layer, and then (ii) anisotropically transferring the developed pattern in the top layer through the thick underlayer to the substrate. Suitably, the top layer contains precursors to refractory oxides such as silicon, boron, or germanium which enable the use of oxygen-reactive ion etching (RIE) in the image transfer step. However, the incorporation of silicon into the photoresist film often leads to the degradation of resolution and imaging performance.
Bilayer resists are known in the art. However, these resists were generally developed before the advent of deep U.V. lithography (e.g., 248 nm and 193 nm) and are of little utility for high-resolution imaging. For example, in the review article "Polymeric Silicon-containing Resist Materials", Advanced Material for Optics and Electronics, Vol. 4, pp. 95-127 (1994), there is disclosed on page 112 a positive bilayer resist having a top layer comprising the copolymer poly(co-trimethylsilylmethyl methacrylate and mono-oximido .alpha. diketone). The top layer is imaged by radiation chain scission and the image is transferred with oxygen R.I.E. However, the resist is not commercially viable due to slow photospeed and other resist performance problems. Therefore, there still is a need in the art for a bilayer photoresist suitable for commercial use.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved bilayer photoresist.
Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the following disclosure.

International Business Machines Incorporated


Techniques for performing substantially concurrent add-compare-select-add operations and substantially concurrent compare-select-add operations for use in turbo decoders are provided. In one aspect of the invention, a technique for processing data in accordance with a turbo decoder comprises the following steps. Data values of two sets of input data are respectively added to generate a set of sums. Substantially concurrent with the addition step, correction values are respectively added to the sums to generate a set of corrected sums. Substantially concurrent with the respective input data value and correction value addition steps, the sums are compared against one another, and an absolute value of a difference between the sums is compared against base and bound values. Then, one of the corrected sums is selected based on the comparison steps. Preferably, respective sub-steps within the input value addition step, the correction value addition step, and the comparison step are performed concurrently.

The use of so-called "turbo codes" in decoders of communication systems was first proposed by C. Berru et al. in "Near Shannon Limit Error-Correcting Coding and Decoding: Turbo Codes," ICC'93, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1064–1070, May 1993, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Since then, the error correcting capabilities of turbo codes have been of significant interest in communication system design.
In general, the decoding of turbo codes is performed by using soft input/soft output (SISO) decoders. SISO decoders provide a real number that serves as a measure of the probability of a correct decision on a received bit. The probability measures are iteratively improved. The SISO decoder proposed by C. Berru et al. incorporates a modified maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding algorithm, also known as the Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv (BCJR) algorithm, which was first proposed in L. Bahl et al., "Optimal Decoding of Linear Codes for Minimizing Symbol Error Rate," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. IT-20, pp. 284–287, March 1974, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. A decoding technique that bears resemblance to the BCJR algorithm had been proposed by Gallager in his work on low density parity check codes, see, e.g., R. G. Gallager, "Low Density Parity Check Codes," IRE Trans. Inform. Theory, Vol. IT-8, pp. 31–38, January 1962, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
The MAP algorithm evaluates the most likely information bit that might have been transmitted in a coded sequence. In contrast, the Viterbi algorithm determines the most likely code word that might have been transmitted. It is well known that MAP decoders outperform Viterbi decoders at low signal-to-noise ratios and high bit error rates. Owing to design economy considerations, a direct implementation of the original MAP algorithm in hardware is not favored.
However, simplifications of the MAP algorithm render feasible VLSI (very large scale integration) implementations. Known simplifications of the MAP algorithm include the "log-MAP" algorithm, the "max-log-MAP" algorithm and the "max*-log-MAP" algorithm. In the logarithmic domain, otherwise expensive multiplications and divisions are transformed to more inexpensive addition/subtraction operations. For example, in turbo decoders, add-compare-select-add operations are typically employed for evaluating state metrics used in determining the measure of probability of a correct decision on a received bit.
However, existing add-compare-select-add operations, as well as other arithmetic operations, are generally sequential in nature, which can lead to significant processing bottlenecks in the turbo decoders.
Thus, in turbo decoders, there is a need for techniques which improve arithmetic operation performance, which overcome the existing drawbacks inherent in a sequential handling of such operations.

High speed arithmetic operations for use in turbo decoders


An applicator for applying seamless flooring material is disclosed. The preferred embodiment includes a chassis steerably mounted on wheels. A hydraulic pump pumps fluid in series through hydraulic motors on the wheels to provide propulsion. A dispensing hopper is supported at the rear end of the chassis with the height of the hopper adjustable on each side. The applicator is part of a seamless flooring material application system, which additionally includes a forklift liftable dumpster, top-fillable with flooring material from mixing apparatus and positionable above the dispensing hopper of the applicator, and bottom-openable to dump the flooring material into the applicator hopper.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to apparatus for the application of seamless flooring materials.
A typical seamless floor is an epoxy overlay, mixed with aggregate, and screeded onto a subfloor, typically concrete. Such flooring is commonly used in industrial sites and the like.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, manual equipment has been used to apply the flooring material. Such manual equipment includes hand-pulled dollies having open-bottomed rectangular hoppers through which the material is dispensed. Typically the flooring material is simply dumped into the hopper from a wheelbarrow or a pail. Such manual equipment is inefficient to operate, however, and is not sufficiently sophisticated to provide an even, consistent application of the flooring material without undue labor input.
Once the material is on the floor, in both the prior art and the present invention, it is compacted and finished by, for example, a hand trowel or power trowel. However, both for quality and efficiency, it is highly desirable to have the initial application be as smooth and even as possible.
The invention addresses the problem of efficiently and effectively applying the flooring material to the subfloor. In the prior art, this can be quite a labour intensive process. The present invention greatly reduces the manpower requirements.

Apparatus for applying seamless flooring material


A ventilation sole for shoes is disclosed. The ventilation sole of the present invention has a vent hole (110), which is formed in a sidewall of the sole, an air supply hole, which is formed in the upper surface of the sole (100), and an air passage, which communicates the air supply hole with the vent hole, such that outside air is supplied into the shoe. Furthermore, the present invention is characterized in that a vent hole control device (200), which is opened or closed by a knocking operation, is installed in the vent hole (110) such that part thereof protrudes outside the sole (100), thus making it possible for a user to selectively open or close the vent hole (110), as necessary.

In the case of typical shoes, because they are made of leather or synthetic resin, which is poorly ventilated, when a user wears the shoes for a long time, the space inside the shoes is heated and the shoes absorb moisture resulting from sweat of the user. Thereby, mold accumulates in the shoes, thus raising problems of foot odors and athlete's foot.
To solve the above-mentioned problems, ventilation soles for shoes which can ventilate the space inside the shoes were proposed.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a representative conventional ventilation sole for shoes.
As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional ventilation sole 100 for shoes has vent holes 110, which are formed in the sidewall of the sole 100, air supply holes 130, which are formed in the upper surface of the sole 100, and air passages (not shown), through which the air supply holes 130 communicate with the vent holes 110, so that outside air can be supplied into the shoe.
However, in the conventional ventilation sole, because the vent holes are always open, regardless of the intention of a user, when it rains, or in places where there is a lot of dust, there are problems in that rainwater permeates the shoe through the vent holes or in that dust enters and clogs the vent holes.


A stacked card connector (1) includes two insulative housings (10, 11) each having a contact receiving chamber (101) defining a number of contact receiving holes (1013) therethrough for receiving a number of contacts (13). A grounding plate (12) is mounted above each contact receiving chamber (101) for shielding the contacts (13). An ejecting means (16) is connected to each housing (10, 11) for guiding a card to be received in the connector (1) and for ejecting the inserted card. The contacts (13) of each housing (10, 11) are aligned with and inserted in through holes (21) defined through a corresponding daughter board (14) by means of a guiding and fastening means (2) which also securely retains each daughter board (14) at an end of each housing (10, 11). After soldering the contacts (13) and the grounding plates (12) to the corresponding firmly secured daughter board (14), each daughter board (14) is received in a corresponding slot which is mounted to a mother board.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a card connector, and particularly to a stacked card connector having guiding and fastening means for facilitating the connection and retainment of the connector to a daughter board of a computer.
2. The Prior Art
Present laptop computers are often equipped with card connectors for receiving memory cards or I/O cards. One of three different interconnection means is commonly employed for connecting the card connector to the computer. The first type configures the connector to have conductive contacts formed at right angles for directly linking the connector to a mother board. The second kind of interconnection means utilizes a daughter board horizontally arranged with the contacts of the connector and mounted to the mother board by means of an intermediate board-to-board connector. Lastly, a daughter board can be orthogonally fixed between the connector and the mother board by receiving the contacts of the connector in holes defined through a surface thereof for soldering thereto and then being inserted in a socket mounted to the motherboard. The card connector of the present invention refers to this last type of interconnection means.
Related interconnection means have been disclosed in Taiwan Pat. Nos. 80207449, 81216447, 81217278, 82205600, 83107162, 83202199, and 83208140, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,810,203, 4,818,239, 4,878,856, 5,085,590, 5,149,276, 5,176,523, 5,286,207, 5,290,174, 5,324,204, and 5,334,046.
However, the prior art interconnection means has many drawbacks. First of all, alignment and insertion of the contacts of the connector into the holes defined through the daughter board are troublesome. In addition, no fastening means exists between the daughter board and the connector so that when the daughter board is fixed to the connector by performing a wave soldering procedure on the contacts inserted in the daughter board, the two elements will become slightly offset with respect to each other. This leads to defective soldering junctions which result in short or open circuits between adjacent contacts due to misalignment. Furthermore, to obtain better positioning of the contacts with the daughter board, several jig tools are required, thus, making assembly laborious and increasing manufacturing costs.
Hence, there is a need for a card connector with a guiding and fastening means to eliminate the above mentioned defects of current card connectors.


The invention provides an information retrieval system wherein, even when a plurality of data bases are retrieved simultaneously, information retrieval can be performed at a high speed without necessity for special hardware and without being influenced by the magnitudes of the data bases of a retrieval object. The information retrieval system includes a plurality of retrieval servers for performing retrieval processing, and a retrieval management server for managing operation of the plurality of retrieval servers. The retrieval management server is constructed so as to divide a data base of a retrieval object and relating information regarding the data base and allocate resulting divided parts of the data base and the relating information corresponding to the divided parts in sets to some or all of the plurality of retrieval servers. The plurality of retrieval servers are constructed so as to perform information retrieval for the divided parts of the data base allocated by the retrieval management server parallelly to and independently of each other.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an information retrieval system, and more particularly to an information retrieval system which retrieves desired information at a high speed from various data bases such as a file system.
2. Description of the Related Art
As well known in the art, since information retrieval processing of an information retrieval system is performed using a large amount of resources of a computer such as a central processing unit (CPU), a memory and input/output (I/O) apparatus, the load to the computer sometimes becomes very heavy, resulting in a drop of the speed of retrieval.
Thus, in an ordinary information retrieval system, hardware for exclusive use for information retrieval and so forth is added to reduce the load to the computer in order to achieve improvement in speed of retrieval.
However, even where hardware for exclusive use for information retrieval is added as described above, as the scale of a data base which makes an object of retrieval such as, for example, a text base which holds text documents such as news papers and patent documents has a large scale, the speed of retrieval is decreased still from a limitation in retrieval capacity of the hardware. Further, addition of such hardware for exclusive use for information retrieval is very disadvantageous also in terms of the cost.
Further, generally since an information retrieval system is basically a sequential system, that is, a system wherein comparison and determination processing of information in a text base and information to be retrieved is effected sequentially to perform retrieval, it has another subject to be solved in that, for example, when a plurality of users must simultaneously utilize the system to retrieve a plurality of text bases or a like case, the speed of retrieval is decreased remarkably.


A workstation at a packaging machine with a tool having an upper part (2) and a lower part (3) whereby at least one of said parts (3) is driven with a stroke-type movement and a compressive force is exerted via said tool onto a workpiece (4) in the working position, and said tool has a spring arrangement (26), the prestress and deflection path of which can be adjusted. A device (25) for measuring the compressive force on the workpiece (4) in the working position is provided and so located in the area of the upper and/or lower part (2 and/or 3) of the tool that it is loaded by the compressive force in the working position.

A workstation of the type described above is known. It is constructed as a sealing station at a thermoforming machine. The tool is formed by an upper and lower part, whereby the lower part is driven with a stroke-type movement via a bell crank lever mechanism and acts upon the workpiece, namely the two foil webs, in the working position which represents the closed position of the tool. In doing this it is important that the workpiece is worked upon under compressive force. In order to achieve such a reproducible compressive force, spring arrangements are known which consist of one or more springs. These spring arrangements are provided in the path of one of the two parts of the tool and serve the purpose of creating the compressive force not via the bell crank lever mechanism in direct frame-type support on the workpiece, but rather to allow the force of the spring arrangement to act on the workpiece in the closed position of the tool which might be the working position. For this purpose, the spring arrangement is somewhat compressed in the working position. The spring arrangement is provided in a fettered position. It is known to arrange the prestress and the spring deflection path so that they may both be adjusted. By prestress is meant the force with which the spring arrangement is prestressed in the open position of the tool. By spring deflection path is meant the path through which the spring assembly was compressed into the working position. It is understood that the compressive force, corresponding to the compression or rather, the deflection path of the spring arrangement, exerted by the spring arrangement on the workpiece is greater than the prestress set in the open position of the tool. The setting of the prestress and the spring deflection path is carried out according to the dimensional specifications of the manufacturer of the workstation. As the synthetic foils forming the workpiece have different properties according to the particular case, i.e. in particular, different thicknesses or tolerance ranges for the thicknesses, it is necessary, for correct functioning of the workstation to readjust or rather set the compressive force, for example so that in a sealing station, the lidding foil is so sealed onto the cup foil that long-term tightness is achieved. Accordingly, the setting of the prestress is altered or rather, adapted to a process which is dependent on the skill of the operator. Alterations to the prestress as a consequence of aging, breakage, setting of the spring arrangement, etc. can have a disadvantageous effect on production results and can often remain unnoticed over long production cycles. It can also happen that a lidding foil only becomes detached after several days or even weeks so that appropriate inspections directly after sealing do not detect this error which occurs as a result of a deviation to the compressive force. The number of rejects which can be produced in this way can be considerable.
A workstation at a packaging machine, the basic arrangement of which is comparable to the foregoing, is also known from DE-AS 26 56 219. The spring arrangement is formed by a single Bellville spring washer, neither the prestress nor the spring deflection path of which are adjustable. It is not possible to satisfy the required operating conditions in this manner. However, the workstation does have the advantage of an overload safety device essentially consisting of two gear wheels which can be turned against each other so that, in one position, the teeth support each other but, however, in the other position, in which the gear wheels are offset against each other by half of one pitch, a power support is avoided.


The presently disclosed embodiments relate in general to electrophotographic imaging members, such as layered photoreceptor structures, and processes for making and using the same. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to an additive of porphine or porphine derivatives to eliminate ghosting in specific conditions and improve image quality.

Herein disclosed are imaging members, such as layered photoreceptor devices, and processes for making and using the same. The imaging members can be used in electrophotographic, electrostatographic, xerographic and like devices, including printers, copiers, scanners, facsimiles, and including digital, image-on-image, and like devices. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to an imaging member or a photoreceptor that incorporates specific molecules, namely porphine and porphine derivatives.
Electrophotographic imaging members, e.g., photoreceptors, typically include a photoconductive layer formed on an electrically conductive substrate. The photoconductive layer is an insulator in the substantial absence of light so that electric charges are retained on its surface. Upon exposure to light, charge is generated by the photoactive pigment, and under applied field charge moves through the photoreceptor and the charge is dissipated.
In electrophotography, also known as xerography, electrophotographic imaging or electrostatographic imaging, the surface of an electrophotographic plate, drum, belt or the like (imaging member or photoreceptor) containing a photoconductive insulating layer on a conductive layer is first uniformly electrostatically charged. The imaging member is then exposed to a pattern of activating electromagnetic radiation, such as light. Charge generated by the photoactive pigment move under the force of the applied field. The movement of the charge through the photoreceptor selectively dissipates the charge on the illuminated areas of the photoconductive insulating layer while leaving behind an electrostatic latent image. This electrostatic latent image may then be developed to form a visible image by depositing oppositely charged particles on the surface of the photoconductive insulating layer. The resulting visible image may then be transferred from the imaging member directly or indirectly (such as by a transfer or other member) to a print substrate, such as transparency or paper. The imaging process may be repeated many times with reusable imaging members.
An electrophotographic imaging member may be provided in a number of forms. For example, the imaging member may be a homogeneous layer of a single material such as vitreous selenium or it may be a composite layer containing a photoconductor and another material. In addition, the imaging member may be layered. These layers can be in any order, and sometimes can be combined in a single or mixed layer.
Typical multilayered photoreceptors have at least two layers, and may include a substrate, a conductive layer, an optional charge blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, a photogenerating layer (sometimes referred to as a "charge generation layer," "charge generating layer," or "charge generator layer"), a charge transport layer, an optional overcoating layer and, in some belt embodiments, an anticurl backing layer. In the multilayer configuration, the active layers of the photoreceptor are the charge generation layer (CGL) and the charge transport layer (CTL). Enhancement of charge transport across these layers provides better photoreceptor performance.
The demand for improved print quality in xerographic reproduction is increasing, especially with the advent of color. Common print quality issues often arise in these conventional imaging members. For example, conventional materials used for photoreceptor layers have been problematic because print quality issues are strongly dependent on the quality of these layers. For example, charge deficient spots ("CDS") and bias charge roll ("BCR") leakage breakdown are problems the commonly occur. Another problem is "ghosting," which is thought to result from the accumulation of charge somewhere in the photoreceptor. Consequently, when a sequential image is printed, the accumulated charge results in image density changes in the current printed image that reveals the previously printed image.
Thus, conventional formulations used to make these photoreceptor layers, while suitable for their intended purpose, do suffer from print quality issues such as ghosting. However, changing the existing formulations to address such issues may impact the way the photoreceptor layers interact and could adversely affect other electrical properties.
Thus, there is a need, which is addressed herein, for a way to minimize or eliminate charge accumulation in photoreceptors, without sacrificing the other electrical properties.
The term "electrostatographic" is generally used interchangeably with the term "electrophotographic." In addition, the terms "charge blocking layer" and "blocking layer" are generally used interchangeably with the phrase "undercoat layer."
Conventional photoreceptors and their materials are disclosed in Katayama et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,496; Yashiki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,579,801; Yashiki, U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,669; Seki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,605; Kawahara, U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,407; Markovics et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,599; Monbaliu et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,734; Terrell et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,080; and Yoshihara, U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,449, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
More recent photoreceptors are disclosed in Fuller et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,716; Maty et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,309; and Dinh et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,334, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Imaging member having porphine or porphine derivatives