To hang a clay flowerpot and saucer to a fence post, porch or the like, an elongated base of a hanger is mounted to a surface, a saucer is mounted to the hanger in a saucer holder in an upright position and a flowerpot is mounted to the same hanger in a flowerpot holder above the saucer and the saucer holder is positioned, after which the saucer holder is fastened in place. The saucer holder is removably fastenable to said base in a horizontal slot so that it can be moved upwardly and downwardly. The holder for the saucer includes means for gripping the edge of a saucer between a downwardly extending tongue and a slanting surface.

This invention relates to hangers for flowerpots or other containers intended to hold plants.
Under some circumstances, flowers and other plants are grown in pots that are attached to preexisting structures such as fences, porch walls or the like by fasteners such as belts passing around fence posts, screws, nails or the like. One class of hanger for such flowerpots includes an elongated base having apertures through it and a clip extending from the front side. The clip is adapted to receive and support the flowerpot and the apertures on the back receive fasteners for holding the hanger to the preexisting structures.
To support the flowerpot in this class of hanger, the clip includes two outwardly extending substantially horizontal members extending from the base and positioned vertically one under the other with the top member having a vertically oriented downwardly-extending projection or tongue spaced with respect to the bottom horizontal member so that: (1) the inner surface of the projection facing the base rests against the upper inside edge of a flowerpot; and (2) the bottom horizontal member receives a shoulder of the flowerpot rim on its upper surface and receives the inwardly slanting outer walls on its distal surface. The distal end of the bottom horizontal member has its surface at an angle such as that customary for clay flowerpots. With this arrangement, the two parallel horizontally-extending members together support the flowerpot.
In a prior art hanger of this class, the base of the hanger is relatively short vertically and does not include any support for a saucer so the bottom of the flowerpot is fully exposed.
The prior art flowerpot hangers of this class have several disadvantages, such as for example: (1) the flowerpots held by it drain quickly and thus need water more often; (2) the drainage from the flowerpot may drip onto a porch surface or the like; (3) water cannot be placed in a saucer and permitted to move to the plant by capillary action; and (4) they do not have the added decorative feature of a saucer under the flowerpot.


The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a chemical mechanical polishing conditioner, comprising: (A) providing a non-planar substrate; (B) providing a binding layer disposed on the surface of the non-planar substrate; (C) providing a plurality of abrasive particles embedded in a surface of the binding layer, and (D) heat curing the binding layer, such that the non-planar substrate is deformed into a planar substrate during curing the binding layer, and the abrasive particles are fixed to a surface of the planar substrate by the binding layer; wherein, after step (D), tips of the abrasive particles have a leveled height. Therefore, the present can effectively improve the problem of thermal deformation of the substrate of the chemical mechanical polishing conditioner during a heat curing process, and enhance surface flatness of the chemical mechanical polishing conditioner.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a chemical mechanical polishing conditioner, and more particularly to a chemical mechanical polishing conditioner which may provide deformation compensation for a substrate.
2. Description of Related Art
Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a common polishing process in various industries, which can be used to grind the surfaces of various articles, including ceramics, silicon, glass, quartz, or a metal chip. In addition, with the rapid development of integrated circuits, chemical mechanical polishing becomes one of the common techniques for wafer planarization due to its ability to achieve whole planarization.
During the chemical mechanical polishing process of semiconductor, impurities or uneven structure on the surface of a wafer is removed by a polishing pad in contact therewith (or semiconductor element) with optional use of slurry, through the chemical reaction and mechanical force. When the polishing pad has been used for a certain period of time, the polishing performance and efficiency are reduced because the debris produced in the polishing process may accumulate on the surface of the polishing pad. Therefore, a conditioner can be used to condition the surface of the polishing pad, such that the surface of the polishing pad is re-roughened and maintained at an optimum condition for polishing. In the process for manufacturing a conditioner, it is necessary to dispose an abrasive layer by mixing abrasive particles and a binding layer on the substrate surface; and to fix the abrasive layer to the surface of the substrate by brazing or sintering methods. However, during curing of the abrasive layer, the surface of the substrate may be deformed because of the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the abrasive layer and the substrate, thus destroying flatness of the abrasive particles of the conditioner and thereby adversely affecting the polishing efficiency and service life of the conditioner.
Conventionally, the surface flatness of a chemical mechanical polishing conditioner is typically controlled by two ways. One way is to dispose the abrasive particles and the binding layer on the surface of the substrate, followed by pressing down the abrasive particles using a rigid plate to embed and fix the abrasive particles into the abrasive layer such that the surfaces of the abrasive particles and the rigid flat may have the same flatness. Another way is to dispose the abrasive particles into a recess of a mold, followed by covering the non-working surface of the abrasive particles with a binding layer and a substrate, and performing heat curing, and finally, flipping the mold upside down to separate the cured chemical mechanical polishing conditioner from the recess of the mold. However, in the above two methods for manufacturing the chemical mechanical polishing conditioner, during heat-curing the binding layer, the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the binding layer and the substrate may result in deformation of the substrate of the chemical mechanical polishing conditioner after curing, which in turn results in deformation of the surface of the chemical mechanical polishing conditioner and destroys the flatness of the abrasive particles of the conditioner.
Therefore, what is needed is to develop a chemical mechanical polishing conditioner with surface flatness, which cannot only avoid the deformation of the substrate of the chemical mechanical polishing conditioner during curing, but also control the surface flatness of the chemical mechanical polishing conditioner.

Chemical mechanical polishing conditioner and manufacturing methods thereof


The present disclosure relates to a driving module for a display panel. The driving module includes a gate driver configured to output a scan signal according to a first input signal and comprising signal input terminals configured to receive the first input signal. The driving module includes a timing controller configured to provide the first input signal and comprising signal output terminals configured to output the first input signal. The driving module includes switching elements. A first terminal of each switching element is coupled to a corresponding one of the signal output terminals, a second terminal of each switching element is coupled to a corresponding one of the signal input terminals, and a control terminal of each switching element is coupled to a first power terminal through a first resistor circuit or coupled to a second power terminal through a second resistor circuit.

Among liquid crystal display technologies developing rapidly at present, thin film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCDs) have been widely favored due to their advantages such as large capacity, high definition, and high quality full color. With the development of the liquid crystal display field, products are getting thinner and lighter, and integration of internal circuits becomes increasingly high. Common circuit integration schemes include: a timing control module (T-CON module) or a power function module is integrated in a source driver circuit, or the timing control module and the power function module are simultaneously integrated in the source driver circuit, so that components of an external circuit can be greatly reduced.

Driving module used for display panel, display panel and display device

Hefei BOE Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.


The method is for separation of lignin from original black liquor (BLIN) and has the following phases in sequence. A first precipitation phase (PR1) for precipitation of lignin by a first acidification of the original black liquor by adding a first acid or mixture of acids (G1a) followed by a first storage phase wherein precipitated lignin particles are allowed to increase in size, followed by a second precipitation phase (PR2) for precipitation of lignin by a further acidification of the original black liquor by adding a second acid or mixture of acids (G1b). By retaining the acidified black liquor for at least 25 minutes in the storage phase are the precipitated lignin particles allowed to grow in size and the filterability is improved considerably.

The advantages with lignin separation from black liquor is already described in WO 2006/031175 and WO02006/038863. These patents disclose the novel process LignoBoost™ that is now sold by Metso, and wherein WO 2006/031175 discloses the basic two stage acidic wash process and WO2006/038863 disclose an improvement of the process where sulphate or sulphate ions are added to the process.
An important aspect of the process is that the required charge of chemicals for the acidification may be high. If this is the case the cost of fresh chemicals is a large part of the operational cost and the commercial viability of the process is lower. These problems could be reduced, if the process is optimized for minimum requirement for charges of fresh chemicals, making the lignin product commercially sound. Acidifiers in form of mill generated waste flows are thus preferable as it may solve a waste disposal problem and lessen environmental impact. As the precipitation of lignin requires acidification of alkaline black liquor flows, much of the total amount of acidifier is used to decrease the pH level down to the point of where lignin starts to precipitate. The first phase reaching this pH level typically reduce the pH level from about pH 13 in the original black liquor down to a pH level about 11.5, and normally do not involve any nucleation of lignin particles. The amount of acidifier needed is nevertheless relatively high for this first phase as the pH follows a logarithmic scale, and any following additional lowering of pH from 11.5 requires far less acidifier for the same order of lowered absolute pH value.
The Lignoboost process produce a lignin product which if used as fuel is classified as a "green" fuel as being based upon recovered fuel. The idea with classification of "green" fuels is based upon the concept not to increase the carbon dioxide footprint, i.e. the emissions, by burning fossil fuels. The most promising acids for this process is carbon dioxide for at least initial precipitation of the lignin, and then using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for washing and leaching out metals from the lignin. The sulfuric acid could be added as a fresh sulfuric acid from a chemical supplier, or as preferred using so called "spent acid" from a chlorine dioxide generator often used at a pulp mill. The latter usage of this spent acid already at hand in most mill sites further emphasize that the lignin product is considered as a "green" fuel.
Another problem with the process disclosed in WO 2006/031175 is that there may be a disposal problem with the strongly odorous H2S gases that are emitted from the reslurrying tank and bled out from the process, and it is suggested that these hydrogen sulfides could be added to the pulping process in order to increase sulfidity and possibly increase the yield in the pulping process. However, such rerouting of the strongly odorous H2S gases to another part of the pulp mill introduces risks for emissions of these gases during transport and storage. It is far better to use these gases at the location or process producing these gases.
As the chemical constitution of the original black liquor may change during operation, typically due to changes in the pulping process as of changes in wood material used or cooking conditions, the first precipitation process for precipitating lignin particles from the original black liquor may need adaption to the present conditions. As differing requirements apply for the first precipitation phase, where mainly lowering of pH is the objective, and the second precipitation phase, where lignin starts to precipitate it will be difficult to design a system that meets both these requirements.
As the precipitated lignin needs to be separated from the acidified black liquor slurry, which still is kept alkaline at a pH level above 7, it is important that the filterability of the precipitated lignin is high. If the filterability is improved could smaller separation equipment be used, and less investments is needed.

Method for lignin separation from black liquor involving multiple acidification steps


A wedge clamp activator and circuit card extractor is provided for selective tightening and loosening of a wedge clamp on an electrical apparatus. The actuator includes a shaft for rotating the screw of the wedge clamp. The shaft is provided with pivot pins. A lever mounted to the pivot pins enables rotation of the actuator and the wedge clamp screw to which the actuator is attached. The lever includes a fulcrum dimensioned for engagement with a rigid support on the electrical apparatus. The lever may be translated into a position where the fulcrum engages the support. The lever may then be rotated about the fulcrum for extracting the circuit to which the wedge clamp is mounted from the electrical apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention relates to an apparatus for activating and deactivating a wedge clamp on a circuit card and to facilitate extraction of the circuit card from an electrical apparatus.
2. Description of the Prior Art.
Prior art electrical and electromechanical apparatus include circuit boards to which a plurality of circuit cards are connected. Electrical components and circuitry on the circuit card may be required to supplement or control functions enabled by circuits and components on the circuit board. However, the circuit card must be removably engageable with the circuit board to enable replacement of damaged components or to alter the performance of the apparatus.
Circuit boards with circuit cards removably connected thereto often are used in high-vibration environments, such as on aircraft and in some land vehicles. Vibrations can cause the circuit card to vibrate free of its electrical connection with the circuit board. An unintentional separation of a circuit card from a circuit board can have a catastrophic effect on the performance of the apparatus in which the electrical circuitry is disposed.
The prior art has recognized a need to securely, but releasably, clamp a circuit card into an electrically connected condition on a circuit board. A prior art electrical apparatus with a circuit board and a clampingly engageable circuit card is illustrated schematically in FIGS. 1 and 2 and is identified generally by the numeral 10. The prior art apparatus 10 includes a circuit board 12 having a substrate 14 with an array of circuits printed or otherwise disposed thereon. Electrical components will be connected to conductive traces on the substrate 14 in accordance with the function to be performed by the apparatus 10. The circuitry and electrical components do not form a part of the subject invention, and are not illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.
The circuit board 12 further includes at least one socket 16 mounted to the substrate 14. The socket 16 includes a plurality of apertures 18 and a corresponding plurality of electrically conductive terminals (not shown) mounted therein. Each terminal will include a contact portion aligned with the corresponding aperture 18 and a solder tail, or other such member, for soldered electrical connection to an appropriate conductive trace on the substrate 14. The prior art circuit board 12 further includes a chassis 20 having pairs of spaced apart parallel front and rear clamping walls 22 and 24 and an end wall 25 projecting rigidly from the substrate 14 and defining a card receiving channel 26 therebetween.
The prior art apparatus 10 further includes a circuit card 28 having a substrate 30 with electrically conductive circuits and components thereon to supplement the circuits and components of the circuit board 12. The circuit card 28 further includes a multi-terminal plug 32 having a housing 34 mechanically mounted to an edge region of the substrate 30. A plurality of electrically conductive terminals are mounted in the housing 34 and include contact pins 36 which project from the housing 34 of the plug 32. The terminals of the plug 32 are electrically connected to circuitry on the card 28 by leads illustrated schematically in FIG. 1 and identified generally by the numeral 38. The pins 3 of the plug 32 are disposed and dimensioned to enter the apertures 18 of the socket 16 and make electrical contact with the terminals thereof.
The apparatus 10 further includes a pair of prior art wedge clamps 40 mounted to opposed edges of the substrate 30. The prior art wedge clamp 40 includes a plurality of generally prismatic wedges 42, 44 and 46 having opposed faces disposed in sliding contact with one another. A threaded screw extends through the wedges 42-46 and include a head 48 dimensioned and configured to be engaged by a prior art Allen wrench 50, as shown schematically in FIG. 2. In a loosened condition, the side faces of the prismatic wedges 42-46 will be generally registered with one another and in common respective planes. In this loosened condition, the circuit card 28 and the prior art wedge clamp 40 can be slid easily into the channel 26 defined between the front and rear clamping walls 22 and 24. The prior art Allen wrench 50 then can be engaged with the head 48 to tighten the screw. As illustrated in FIG. 2, this tightening causes the prismatic wedges 42 and 46 to slide toward one another and along the opposed end faces of the prismatic wedge 44. This effectively increases a cross-sectional dimension of the prior art prismatic wedge 40 and causes the substrate 30 and the prior art wedge clamp 40 to be tightly clamped between the front and rear clamping walls 22 and 24 of the chassis 20 as illustrated in FIG. 2.
The prior art apparatus 10 with the prior art wedge clamp 40 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 has worked successfully for releasably clamping a prior art circuit card 28 in a connected condition relative to a circuit board 12. However, the clamping and unclamping of the circuit card 28 relative to the circuit board 12 requires the technician to have access to an appropriately dimensioned Allen wrench 50. The availability of the required Allen wrench may not be a problem in a well appointed laboratory or work shop. However, circuit card replacements often are made in the field where the technician cannot be assured of access to the required tools. The technician may resort to merely sliding the prior art circuit card 28 into connection on the circuit board 12 without activating the wedge clamp 40. Hence, the circuit card 28 will be susceptible to unintended separation when exposed to a high vibration environment.
To remove the prior art circuit card 28 from the circuit board 12, the prior art wedge clamp 40 must be loosened and a pulling force must be exerted on the circuit card 28. The pulling force is required to overcome the contact forces between terminals in the socket 16 and the pins 36 in the plug 32. The contact forces between each pair of mated terminals is fairly low and can be overcome easily with a simple application of manual force. However, the connectors 16 and 32 are likely to have a large number of mated terminals (e.g., 64 mated pairs) and the unmating forces for the circuit card 28 is the sum of the unmating forces required for each pair of mated terminals. These combined unmating forces can be very high, and may require the technician to use a separate extraction tool. As noted above, a technician working in the field cannot be assured of having full access to available tools. Improper application of forces on a circuit card by using either the wrong tool or no tool at all can damage either the circuit card 28 or the board 12.
In view of the above, it is an object of the subject invention to facilitate the clamped retention of a circuit card to a circuit board.
It is another object of the subject invention to facilitate the extraction of a circuit card from a circuit board.
It is a further object of the subject invention to avoid the need for separate tools to insert or extract a circuit card from a circuit board.

Clamp activator and circuit card extractor


A dye-receiving element for thermal dye transfer comprising a support having on one side thereof a polymeric dye image-receiving layer and on the other side thereof a backing layer comprising a water-soluble polymeric binder, inorganic particles, and a cationic, polymeric mordant for anionic dyes.

In recent years, thermal transfer systems have been developed to obtain prints from pictures which have been generated electronically from a color video camera. According to one way of obtaining such prints, an electronic picture is first subjected to color separation by color filters. The respective color-separated images are then converted into electrical signals. These signals are then operated on to produce cyan, magenta and yellow electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to a thermal printer. To obtain the print, a cyan, magenta or yellow dye-donor element is placed face-to-face with a dye-receiving element. The two are then inserted between a thermal printing head and a platen roller. A line-type thermal printing head is used to apply heat from the back of the dye-donor sheet. The thermal printing head has many heating elements and is heated up sequentially in response to one of a cyan, magenta or yellow signal. The process is then repeated for the other two colors. A color hard copy is thus obtained which corresponds to the original picture viewed on a screen. Further details of this process and an apparatus for carrying it out are contained in U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,271, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Dye receiving elements for thermal dye transfer generally comprise a transparent or reflective support having on one side thereof a dye image-receiving layer and on the other side thereof a backing layer. Writing on such a backing layer with pencils, ball point pens, solvent pens, rolling ball pens, and fountain pens is desirable, especially in the case of thermal dye transfer prints used in a postcard format. Pens, such as rolling ball and fountain pens, use aqueous inks of permanent and non-permanent (water-soluble) types. A backing layer for thermal dye transfer receivers that accepts and retains not only pencil and oily inks, but also water-based inks, is therefore desirable. Water-soluble inks are subject to running or smearing if contacted by moisture after drying. Such smearing of writing would be undesirable.

Backing layer for receiver used in thermal dye transfer


A method for fabricating a semiconductor device in a substrate. Active regions are defined within the substrate using a thin oxide layer and a silicon nitride layer with portions of the silicon nitride layer being etched away to expose the thin oxide layer. Field oxide regions are formed over regions other than the defined active regions. These field oxide regions are located between the active regions. The remaining portions of the silicon nitride layer and the thin oxide layer are removed and a sacrificial oxide layer is then grown on the surfaces of the active regions. A first mask, a N-well mask, is formed for implanting N-type dopants. A buried layer implanted using P-type dopants with the first mask in place. Thereafter, the N-well regions are implanted. The first mask is removed and a second mask is formed to define regions for implanting P-well regions using P-type dopants. The P-well regions are implanted using P-type dopants.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to semiconductor devices and in particular to electrostatic discharge protection devices. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a method for fabricating a low trigger voltage silicon controlled rectifier and thick field device for use in electrostatic discharge protection devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) phenomena commonly result from pulses of high voltage (typically, several kilovolts), moderate current (a few amperes) and short duration (on the order of 100 nanoseconds) generated by a variety of sources such as human bodies, electric fields generated by machinery, and the like.
ESD effects are a common problem in integrated circuit (IC) electronics and are particularly troublesome in complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices which have particularly thin gate oxides and very short channel devices. Such structures typically can withstand only a few tens of volts. An ESD pulse conducted through a CMOS IC can induce oxide rupture and device or interconnect burnout. An ESD pulse can also induce a "latch-up " condition in thick field devices.
ESD problems can be abated somewhat by including appropriate anti-static protection on the circuit boards on which the ICs are installed; however, the ICs still are susceptible to ESD before and during the circuit board fabrication process. A general personnel awareness of ESD problems and counter measures such as electrically grounded bracelets and the like reduce risks in this phase of the IC life span; however, it is at best a partial solution. Therefore, it is desirable to include ESD protection circuitry within the IC itself.
In fabricating ESD protection circuitry, it is desirable to produce the structures for the circuitry using as few steps as possible. The reduction in the number of steps decreases the amount of time necessary to produce a semiconductor device. Furthermore, a savings in cost and materials may be gained by reducing steps required to produce a semiconductor device. Therefore, it would be an advantage to have an improved method for fabricating ESD protection circuitry within a semiconductor substrate.

Method for fabricating a low trigger voltage silicon controlled rectifier and thick field device


A port provision system includes a packet network device having a plurality of ports. A port provisioning system is coupled to the packet network device. The port provisioning system obtains configuration information from a host device coupled to the packet network device. The configuration information includes a virtual network identification assigned to a virtual machine included on the host device. The port provisioning system then retrieves packet information from a packet sent form the host device. The port provisioning system then provisions at least one of the plurality of ports with the virtual network identification included in the configuration information in response to determining that the packet information matches the configuration information.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates generally to packet network devices such as switches, and more particularly to methods for configuring ports on a switch to receive packets transmitted over a virtual LAN by a network host connected to the switch.
2. Description of Related Art
In traditional data center environments, where two or more network host devices, such as servers, can be aggregated by a Top of the Rack (TOR) switch, virtual LAN, (VLAN) membership information associated with traffic originating or destined to different applications from a network host, or from a virtual machine in a network host, is typically provisioned manually on the TOR switch by the network administrator. If the switch is not explicitly provisioned to receive traffic associated with a particular VLAN identity, then the switch would not forward the traffic to its destination and the traffic is simply dropped at the switch. Each physical interface or port on a TOR switch that is directly connected to a network host is manually configured to receive traffic associated with a particular VLAN based on the applications that are included on a network host device.
Data centers can include many TOR switches each one of which can be connected to forty or more network host devices, and each of the network host devices may be able to support one hundred twenty eight or more virtual machines, each one of which can be responsible for running a different application or service. In the case that two or more virtual machines are responsible for running an application or service, the traffic to and from this grouping of virtual machines can be assigned to a particular VLAN (VLAN identity). As can be imagined, such a LAN topology can be configured to support a large number of VLANs, each one of which needs to be configured on a packet network device connected to the host devices associated with the various VLAN identities. Typically, a system administrator is responsible for setting up an application or service on one or more network host devices, and a network administrator is typically responsible for ensuring that the switches that operate to process the host traffic are configured to support this traffic. Using this management model, the system administrator needs to accurately convey to the network administrator the identities of VLANs and their associations with host devices or with the virtual machines running on the host devices. Then the system administrator uses the system configuration information to provision the network switches to support the traffic to and from the host devices. This sort of manual process can easily lead to errors in configuring both the host devices and the network switches.
In light of the problems associated with manually configuring and provisioning network host and switch devices, there is significant motivation to provide for an automatic process to perform this procedure.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method and apparatus for provisioning a network switch port


Techniques of creating a classifier model for a multi-class linear classifier are disclosed. The classifier model includes feature weights for each of a plurality of feature and label combinations. One technique includes selecting an update set of feature weights to be updated from the classifier model, determining an update for each of the feature weights in the selected update set using a processor, a plurality of the updated determined independently of all other updates and determined based on a largest reduction in an output of a loss function, modifying each of the updates using a step size, and updating the classifier model feature weights using the modified, determined updates.

Machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, includes the study of computing devices that are able to recognize patterns in data. One way to enable a computing device to recognize patterns in data (and assign labels to tokens of data) is to train the computing device using a training set of data, commonly called a training corpus. The computing device can then analyze the training set of data to create a classifier model usable to analyze other data sets.
A commonly used training set of data for machine learning is the Penn Treebank II corpus. This corpus includes news articles that are annotated with tags (labels) indicating the parts of speech (POS) of the words within the corpus. The labels provide the computing device with "correct answers" for the training set of data that permits the generation of a classifier model during a training process.


A system for generating complementary data for a visual display that includes one or plurality of wearable sensors that collect tracking data for a users position, orientation, and movement. The sensor(s) are in communication with at least one processor that may be configured to receive tracking data, identify missing tracking data, generate complementary data to substitute for missing tracking data, generate a 3D model comprised of tracking data and complementary data, and communicate the 3D model to a display. Complementary tracking data may be generated by comparison to a key pose library, by comparison to past tracking data, or by inverse kinematics.

Virtual reality (VR) strives to create an immersive virtual world that generates the perception of being physically present in a virtual world. Immersion depends on surrounding the player with believable images, sounds, and other stimuli. Believable, life-like stimuli elicit a state of consciousness featuring a partial or complete suspension of disbelief that enables action and reaction to stimulations in the virtual environment.
However, a lack of synchronization between the player's own movements and the avatar's movements reduces the player's sense of immersion. Since perfect motion tracking is not typically a realistic option for most game applications, games may animate an avatar, or portion thereof, where the movements of the avatar do not necessarily correlate to the player's own movements. Missing data may be an issue where tracking data is permanently or temporarily lacking. For instance, a tracking system may track some body parts and not others, may miss frames, may comprise fewer or in appropriately placed sensors than can enable realistic tracking, etc.
For example, games animating an avatar often animate hands for the player to use as his or her own; however, the animated hands may or may not possess realistic shape or motion. Animated hands provide base-line immersion, because, like in everyday life, the part of our bodies we see the most frequently are our hands. As such, a replication of hands within a virtual world suffers increased visual scrutiny from a player. At least one challenge with hands is animating the complex movements fingers are capable of in real-time. Providing realistic and intuitive finger movements is an important step towards achieving an improved immersive experience.
Another challenge is eliciting a suspension of disbelief when animating a full-bodied avatar for an amputee. If a hand, arm, leg, or foot is amputated due to accident or disease, eight out of ten amputees experience a feeling of discomfort in the limb that is no longer there. The phenomenon is called phantom limb pain. Tests have shown that phantom limb pain can be relieved if the brain is tricked into thinking that the amputated limb is still attached to the body. Thus, the generation of an immersive avatar may be useful in addressing phantom limb pain.
Outside of VR, a related challenge is achieving an immersive prosthetic. The more accurately a prosthetic limb responds to a user's commands, the more natural and satisfactory the prosthetic appears. As such, improvements in the movements of prosthetic limbs can help promote a sense of self-identity with a prosthetic.

Systems and methods for generating complementary data for visual display


A heat transfer fluid with carbon nanocapsules. The heat transfer fluid comprises a fluid and a plurality of carbon nanocapsules, uniformly dispersed in the fluid, in an amount of 0.05 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the heat transfer fluid. Particularly, the carbon nanocapsules are modified to bond with at least one kind of functional group, improving dispersiblity in the fluid. Thus, since the carbon nanocapsules are apt to disperse in fluid and have superior thermal conductivity, the heat conduction capability of the heat transfer fluid therewith is enhanced.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a heat transfer fluids, and in particular heat transfer fluids with carbon nanocapsules.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electric power consumption results in generation of heat during the operation of devices such as computers, electronic equipment, or communication apparatus. Since device life is reduced with high operating temperature thereof, the operating temperature has to be maintained within a specific range.
Efficiency and convenience are important in electronic products preferably featuring low profile, multiple functions and highly efficient operation. In respect of semiconductor industry and integrated circuit (IC) design, although it has successfully attained to important improvements such as profile miniaturization, high integration and multi-functions for electronic elements, however, a reliability issue is generated due to heat production during operation of the electronic elements.
A conventional cooling device having a heat sink and a small fan mounted in association with the electric device, however, cannot meet the demand for efficiently dissipated heat outside the electric device. Moreover, noise is generated during the operation of the fan.
Recently, with the development and wide application of electronic products, such as mobile phones, PDA, and notebook computers, there has been increasing demand for electric devices which have longer run-time and occupy less space. Accordingly, excess heat is accumulated and concentrated, presenting a challenge for heat dissipating technology.
Higher efficiency can be provided by fluid cooling. In a conventional fluid cooling system for a notebook computer, pure water serves as a heat transfer fluid. However, for many applications, the thermal conductivity of pure water is too low, with rate of heat transmission accordingly slow, making the operating efficiency of the heat pipe is unsatisfactory.
Therefore, it is advantageous to develop a heat transfer fluid with high thermal conductivity and suitable mobility for a electric device such as a notebook computer.

Heat transfer fluids with carbon nanocapsules

Industrial Technology Research Institute


An electrostatic capacitance sensing device of exemplary embodiments of the present invention include M number of row lines, N number of column lines that are arranged in a matrix of M rows and N columns, N number of path gates for output signal, and electrostatic capacitance sensing elements provided at the intersections between the row and column lines. The electrostatic capacitance sensing element includes a signal sensing element, a signal amplifying element, a column selection element, and a row selection element. The signal sensing element includes a capacitance sensing electrode and a capacitance sensing dielectric film. The path gate for output signal, the signal amplifying element, the column selection element, and the row selection element are made up of thin-film semiconductor devices.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an electrostatic capacitance sensing device that reads the surface contours of a fingerprint or other target object having extremely small ridges and valleys, by sensing electrostatic capacitance, which changes according to the distance from the surface of the target object.
2. Description of Related Art
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publications No. 11-118415, No. 2000-346608, No. 2001-56204, No. 2001-133213 disclose that related art electrostatic capacitance sensing devices, that are used in fingerprint sensors and so forth, a sensor electrode and a dielectric deposited on the sensor electrode, can be formed on a single-crystal silicon wafer. The principle of operation of a related art electrostatic capacitance sensing device is shown in FIG. 1. One of a pair of electrodes in a capacitor is a sensor electrode, and the other is grounded to a human. Furthermore, a dielectric is formed on the uppermost surface of the electrostatic capacitance sensing device. The capacitance CF of this capacitor changes according to the ridges and valleys in a fingerprint contacting the surface of the dielectric. Meanwhile, the semiconductor substrate is equipped with a capacitor that forms electrostatic capacitance Cs. These two capacitors are coupled in series, and a predetermined voltage is applied. The application of a voltage causes a charge Q corresponding to the ridges and valleys in a fingerprint to be formed between the two capacitors. This charge is sensed using ordinary semiconductor technology and the surface contours of the target object are read.

Electrostatic capacitance sensing device and method of driving the same


A transducer provides (a) increased magnitudes of vibrations without cracking and (b) increased power to the transducer, in response to alternating voltages, for producing transducer vibrations with increased magnitudes. A polycrystalline ceramic (e.g. polycrystalline lead titanate or polycrystalline lead zirconate) has a looped configuration with a gap and has properties of vibrating upon an introduction of an alternating voltage, preferably rich in harmonies, to the ceramic. The ceramic is cryogenically treated as by initially reducing its temperature to approximately xe2x88x92100xc2x0 C., then disposing the ceramic in liquid nitrogen and thereafter gradually increasing its temperature to approximately room temperature. This increases the dielectric strength of the ceramic by prestressing the ceramic, thereby providing for the ceramic to receive increased voltages without cracking. An alternating voltage rich in harmonics (e.g. square wave voltage) may be applied to the ceramic. The transducer also includes a support member (e.g. steel or aluminum) having a looped configuration and having a gap aligned with the ceramic gap and having properties of vibrating with the ceramic. The support member envelopes, and is attached to, the ceramic. The support member may have a uniform thickness around its periphery or a progressively increasing thickness with progressive distances in opposite directions from the gap to enhance its ability to withstand cracking when subjected to vibrations. In other embodiments, a plurality of transducers may be combined in different ways to form a transducer assembly with enhanced power characteristics.

This invention relates to transducers. More particularly, the invention relates to transducer assemblies which apply increased amounts of power to the earth around the transducer assemblies to obtain an enhanced recovery of oil from the earth.
As oil wells now in existence are being depleted, it has become increasingly difficult to discover new sources of oil and to recover the oil from these new sources. The oil being discovered is generally at increased depths under the earth""s surface. Furthermore, the oil is often viscous and is disposed at positions under the earth""s surface where it cannot be easily recovered. For these and other reasons, it has become increasingly difficult to recover as much oil from the earth as would otherwise be desired.
Increased forces have had to be applied by the transducers to the earth around the transducers to separate the oil and recover the separated oil from the earth. The problems have been magnified because the characteristics of the earth, even at closely spaced positions, vary. These variable characteristics, even at closely spaced positions, prevent the transducers from operating efficiently to separate and recover the oil from positions below the earth""s surface.
Transducers now in use are disposed below the earth""s surface and are vibrated to separate the oil from the earth and to recover the separated oil. The recovery of the oil is facilitated by increasing the amount of power applied to the transducers, thereby increasing the amplitude of the transducer vibrations. Application Ser. No. 09/746,849 discloses a system for increasing the amount of power applied to the transducers by introducing an alternating voltage rich in harmonics (e.g. a square ware voltage) to the transducer. Attempts are being made to increase the ability of the transducers to provide enhanced magnitudes of vibrations without cracking.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a transducer has enhanced abilities to provide (a) increased magnitude of vibrations without cracking and (b) increased power to the transducer, in response to alternating voltages, for producing transducer vibrations with increased magnitudes.
The transducer includes a ceramic (e.g. polycrystalline lead titanate or polycrystalline lead zirconate) having a looped configuration with a gap and having properties of vibrating upon an introduction of an alternating voltage, preferably rich in harmonics, to the ceramic. The ceramic is cryogenically treated as by initially reducing its temperature to approximately xe2x88x92100xc2x0 C., then disposing the ceramic in liquid nitrogen and thereafter gradually increasing its temperature to room temperature. This increases the dielectric strength of the ceramic by prestressing the ceramic, thereby providing for the ceramic to receive increased voltages without cracking.
A support member (e.g. steel or aluminum) having a looped configuration, and having a gap aligned with the ceramic gap and having properties of vibrating with the ceramic envelopes and is attached to, the ceramic. The support member may have a substantially uniform thickness around its periphery or a progressively increasing thickness with progressive distances in opposite directions from the gap to enhance its ability to withstand cracking when subjected to vibrations. Instead of providing a ceramic in a loop, the cryogenically treated ceramic may be sectionalized in another embodiment and the sections may be stacked in the space between the opposite legs of the support and attached at their opposite ends to the support legs. In other embodiments a plurality of transducers may be combined in different ways to form a transducer assembly with enhanced power characteristics.

Transducers, and methods of producing transducers, with cryogenically treated transducer members


Disclosure is an aerosol generating article having a low temperature burning heat source, including a low temperature burning smoking set and a matching cigarette, the smoking set includes a heat insulation sleeve, an annular heat conductive barrel, a cover and a heat source cigarette lighter; the barrel is provided in an annular mounting groove at a left section of an inner wall of the sleeve, the cover is provided at a left end of the sleeve, a cavity of the barrel is filled with the heat source in a sealed manner; a plurality of electric heating columns are provided at a right end of the lighter; the cover is provided with a plurality of insertion holes, and after the plurality of electric heating columns are inserted into the plurality of insertion holes, the lighter gets in contact with the barrel to ignite the heat source in the barrel.

Many studies have shown that nicotine and most flavor components can be released from tobacco at a relatively low temperature (250-500° C.) and transferred into smoke gas. An excessively high temperature is not only increase types and content of hazardous components of the smoke gas, but also converts the flavor components into harmful substances. Therefore, if cigarettes are reduced in temperature below 500° C., that is, the so-called "heat rather than burn tobacco", the harmful components of the smoke gas can be greatly reduced, while the flavor components are relatively less affected, some flavor components may even increase due to reduced pyrolysis.
Based on this idea, a tobacco product with a new concept of "heat rather than burn tobacco" emerges at the right moment. Tobacco shreds of the tobacco product are primarily heated rather than burn, both harmful chemical components and biological toxicity of the smoke gas are greatly reduced. The technical definition of the above tobacco is "Cigarettes that primarily heat rather than burn tobacco" (Heat rather than burn tobacco for short).
The heat rather than burn tobacco product is usually implemented by physically separating the tobacco from a heat source, thus, one of its cores is heat source design and development. At present, for the heat rather than burn tobacco, according to heating principles, there are different types: electric heating (a representative product includes electronic cigarette IQOS® from Philip Morris International and electronic cigarette GLO® from British American Tobacco), fuel heating (a representative product includes electronic cigarette REVO® from R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company), and physicochemical reaction heating. The electric heating is currently a mainstream patented technology, with the most extensive research and the largest number of patents, however, the technology has deficiencies including complicated electric heating structure, high costs, and necessity in battery replacement. With respect to the physicochemical reaction heating, there is also a problem that it is difficult to control reaction temperature, so the technology implementation is difficult. While the fuel heating technology has simple structure, low costs, and relatively low technical difficulty. Therefore, the fuel heating technology is becoming a good supplement to the electric heating technology, and has gradually received attention. The fuel heating technology mainly utilizes burning of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuel to heat a tobacco core material, where the fuel is mostly in a solid form, mainly a carbonaceous heat source, patents of which accounts for 66.7% of the total patents of low temperature fuel-heating tobacco products. Although the carbonaceous heat source materials have advantages including good safety and stability, fast speed and high efficiency, and low price etc., the following problems still exist: difficulty in ignition, excessively high burning temperature, excessively high CO release, ease of shrinking and falling off, and ease of tobacco shred ignition. Although some problems can be solved by adjusting formula compositions, physical structures and processing technologies, new problems would be brought in, for example, in the patent No. CN101098635B, a micro-nano material is added to reduce CO release, but it results in a problem of trust in safety of the low temperature cigarette; in the patent No. CN102458165A, through provision of multiple longitudinal channels, the surface area of the carbonaceous heat source material is increased, and burning sufficiency and ignitability are increased, however, difficulties and challenges are incorporated for processing; in the patent No. CN102458165A, an insulation material such as a glass fiber is used to wrap the carbonaceous heat source, avoiding the problem of ease of falling off, but the glass fiber will inevitably fall off and is attached to the filter during packaging and transportation, so that a smoker may inhale the glass fiber into the body, this is harmful to health. In addition, although the carbonaceous heat source is not in direct contact with the tobacco, a high temperature (greater than 800° C.) air flow generated by burning of the carbonaceous heat source exists the possibility of igniting tobacco shreds, and once the tobacco shreds combust, a lot of harmful components will be released. Moreover, the heat source and the tobacco of the carbon heat rather than burn cigarette (a typical example, electronic cigarette REVO®) are still in the same cigarette, with deficiencies of complex preparation process and huge investment. In the patent No. CN105533800A, an energetic material for cigarettes and a low temperature heated cigarette are reported, where the heat source has a burning temperature of 400-800° C., which has been greatly reduced compared to the carbonaceous heat source, however, there is still a risk of igniting tobacco shreds; the low temperature heated cigarette designed according to the heat source still follows a structural design similar to that of the carbon heat rather than burn cigarette, and also has a defect of complex preparation process. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new type of heat source material to replace the carbonaceous heat source material, so as to fundamentally solve the problems of excessively high CO production and ignition difficulty. It is desirable that this new heat source material can be combusted at a low temperature of 300-400° C. to fully avoid the problem of tobacco shred being ignited.

Aerosol generating article having a low temperature burning heat source

CHINA TOBACCO ANHUI INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.


The method for extracting salient object from stereoscopic video includes: dividing regions based on the similarity of color and the distance between pixels in a left-eye image and a right-eye image which are used for an input stereoscopic image; creating a disparity map based on a disparity obtained from a pixel difference of the left-eye image and the right-eye image; calculating a contrast-based saliency by comparing the divided regions and the divided regions of the disparity map; calculating a prior-knowledge-based saliency based on a prior-knowledge for the divided regions and the divided regions of the disparity map; and extracting salient regions of the image based on the contrast-based saliency and the prior-knowledge-based saliency.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for extracting salient object from stereoscopic image and in particular an enhanced method for extracting salient object from stereoscopic image by using contrast of a 3D image and prior-knowledge of an image and by applying the quality of disparity to the image.
2. Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 37 CFR 1.98
In stereoscopic image, 3D image is reproduced by shooting the same object with cameras spaced apart to obtain a left-eye image and a right-eye image and by displaying the left-eye and right-eye images alternately. In case that the left-eye image and the right-eye image are displayed alternately, binocular disparity is generated in the imaginary image without need to shoot the object, and the left-eye and right-eye images are transmitted to brain via retina and then the images are merged to reproduce the depth perception and the presence of the image for the experience of 3D image.
Since interest in 3D images is increasing and a method for extracting salient object from 3D image is used as a pre-process in 3D image processing, the method is very important. There have been a number of researches on the method for extracting salient object or region of an image in the field of computer vision applications such as image segmentation, image retrieval, object recognition, etc.
Korean patent publication No. 2013-0052393 (published on May 22, 2013, Title: apparatus and method for extracting object using 3D image) suggests that a 2D image and a 3D image for the object are obtained and the object is extracted in accordance with the size change of the object by distance information of 3D image.
In stereoscopic image, disparity information of the image is used to extract salient region. However, since it is difficult to calculate the image disparity information correctly, it is hard to extract salient object or region.

Method for extracting salient object from stereoscopic image

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY INDUSTRY ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION


Encapsulated aluminum salts are produced by combining and heating an aqueous aluminum salt selected from aluminum halohydrate, aluminum nitrohydrate and mixtures thereof; a hydrophobic liquid; and a carboxylate. The mixture is heated until substantially all of the free water has been removed. The encapsulated aluminum salts precipitate out after the removal of the water. The encapsulated aluminum salts are useful in deodorant and antiperspirant compositions.

It is known in the art to coat or encapsulate certain materials to provide a protective barrier to the material and/or to control the release characteristic of the material. A coated material is typically surrounded by a film wherein the film is "adhered" to the composition. An encapsulated material is typically surrounded by a film in the form of a shell or capsule wherein the shell or capsule is not necessarily adhered to the composition.
Topically applied materials such as cosmetics, lotions, fragrances, antiperspirants and deodorants, which contain ingredients that are encapsulated or coated, are known in the art. For example, Japanese Patent No. 86049285 teaches a transparent cosmetic composition comprising a fine powdered mica which is coated with a mixture of a hydrocarbon, a fatty acid, and a silicone oil and then baked at 100.degree. C. to 150.degree. C. for 1 to 5 hours. The coated mica gives a transparent appearance and soft brilliance to skin.
In antiperspirant or deodorant compositions, it is known to encapsulate or coat a deodorant active or a fragrance added to the deodorant or antiperspirant composition however, it is virtually unknown to encapsulate antiperspirant actives.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,195 to Holzner teaches a personal care composition having deodorant or antiperspirant activity comprising the deodorant or antiperspirant active and a perfume base wherein the perfume base is either in the form of an aqueous emulsion or in microencapsulated form. The perfume is released upon contact with moisture and can be re-encapsulated in situ.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,522 to Ferentchak et al. teaches antiperspirant compositions comprising water-immiscible adjuvants which are encapsulated in thick-walled, hallow, substantially spherical particles of an antiperspirant active. The water immiscible adjuvants include fragrances, antibacterials, antimicrobial or antifungal agents, deodorants or other dermatological preparations. The antiperspirant actives are the encapsulant material therefore Ferentchak et al. does not teach a method for encapsulating antiperspirant actives. The encapsulated water-immiscible adjuvants are prepared by emulsifying the adjuvant in an aqueous solution of the antiperspirant active and spray drying the resulting material.
EP Patent No. 0303461 to Wright teaches antiperspirant and deodorant compositions containing moisture sensitive capsules which in the presence of moisture release sensory agents such as perfumes, skin coolants, emollients, or other benefit agents such as deodorant actives, antiperspirant actives, and anticholinergic actives. The special polymer from which the capsules are formed is preferably a polysaccharide. The method for preparing the capsules comprises preparing an emulsion of water, the special polymer and the sensory or benefit agent and spray drying the emulsion. The only benefit obtained through the encapsulation of the antiperspirant active is believed to be the ability to produce stable alcoholic compositions and release of the agent in the presence of moisture.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,062 to Laba et al. teaches an antiperspirant/deodorant stick composition which comprises a powdered antiperspirant active, a coating material for the antiperspirant active, a deodorant and a cologne stick base. The coating material is typically a glycol stearate and the coated antiperspirant active is achieved by blending the antiperspirant active and the glycol stearate at a temperature at which the glycol stearate is a liquid. U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,062 does not teach a process for obtaining the antiperspirant active in an encapsulated form and there is no evidence to show that the antiperspirant active is even coated and not merely suspended in the glycol stearate.
It is an object of this invention to show encapsulated aluminum halohydrate, aluminum nitrohydrate compositions and mixtures thereof.
It is further an object of this invention to show a method for producing the encapsulated aluminum halohydrate and aluminum nitrohydrate compositions.
It is further an object of this invention to show a method for producing encapsulated aluminum halohydrate and aluminum nitrohydrate compositions of a controlled particle size and shape.
It is further an object of this invention to show deodorant and antiperspirant compositions comprising the encapsulated aluminum salts.


A patterned retarder type 3D display includes a display panel including a plurality of unit pixels disposed in a matrix manner and a black matrix, a patterned retarder including a plurality of unit retarder patterns disposed at every row of the plurality of the unit pixels and located in front of the display panel, and a black strip including a main strip disposed as to be overlapped with the black matrix, the black strip being disposed between two unit pixels neighboring in a vertical direction and having a width expanded in any one direction of an upside direction and a down side direction from a border line of the unit retarder pattern, wherein outer lines of the black strips disposed at the each unit pixel are irregularly disposed, wherein the main strip extends in a horizontal direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to a patterned retarder type display having black strips irregularly disposed. Especially, the present disclosure relates to a patterned retarder type 3D display having irregular patterned black strips for eliminating the moiré problem caused by the I-type black strip array.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Recently, thank to the advancement of the various video contents, the display devices which can selectively reproduce 2D images and 3D images are actively developed. For reproducing the 3D images, the display uses the stereoscopic technique or the autostereoscopic technique.
As one example of the glasses type, there is a 3D display device having a patterned retarder on the display panel. This 3D display device represents the 3D images using the polarization characteristics of the patterned retarder and the polarization glasses. Therefore, there is no cross-talk problem between the left eye image and the right eye image, and it ensure brighter luminescent so that the quality of the image is better than other type of 3D display device.
FIG. 1 is the perspective view illustrating the structure of a 3D display system having a patterned retarder according to the related art. The patterned retarder type 3D display system represents the 3D images using the polarization characteristics of the patterned retarder PR disposed on the display panel DP and those of the polarization glasses PG used by the observer.
Referring to FIG. 1, the patterned retarder type 3D display system includes a display panel DP representing 2D image or 3D image, a patterned retarder PR attached on the front surface of the display panel DP, and polarization glasses PG.
The display panel DP, as the device for displaying 2D video images and/or 3D video images, can include any one of the liquid crystal display device (or LCD), the field emission display (or FED), the plasma display panel (or PDP), the electroluminescence device (or EL) including the inorganic light emitting diode and the organic emitting diode (or OLED), and electrophoresis display device (or EPD). Hereinafter, we will explain the embodiments of the present disclosure focused on the case in which the display panel DP is the liquid crystal display panel.
The display panel DP includes liquid crystal cells disposed in matrix manner defined by the crossing structure of the data line and the gate line. The lower glass substrate SL of the display panel DP comprises the pixel arrays including the data lines, the gate lines, the thin film transistors, the pixel electrodes, and the storage capacitors. The upper glass substrate SU of the display panel DP comprises the black matrix, the color filter, and the common electrode. Each liquid crystal cell is driven by the electric field formed between the pixel electrode connected to the thin film transistor and the common electrode. Each inside surface of the upper glass substrate SU and the lower glass substrate SL has an alignment layer, respectively for setting up the pre tilt angle of the liquid crystal. Each outside surface of the upper glass substrate SU and the lower glass substrate SL has the upper polarization film PU and the lower polarization film PL, respectively.
The patterned retarder PR is attached on the outside surface of the upper polarization film PU of the display panel DP. The patterned retarder PR has a unit retarder corresponding to each line of pixel arrayed in the horizontal direction of the display panel DP. For example, one unit retarder can be defined as corresponding to the area of the pixels commonly connected to one gate line. Especially, the first retarder RT1 is formed as to be corresponding to the odd numbered lines of the patterned retarder PR, and the second retarder RT2 is formed as to be corresponding to the even numbered lines of the patterned retarder PR. The first retarder RT1 can transmit the first circular polarized light by retarding the phase of the light with +λ/4 (here, 'λ' is the wavelength of the light incident from the pixel array). The second retarder RT2 can transmit the second circular polarized light by retarding the phase of the light with −λ/4 (actually, +3λ/4). The light absorbing axis (or light transmitting axis) of the first retarder RT1 and the light absorbing axis of the second retarder RT2 are perpendicular each other.
For example, the first retarder RT1 of the patterned retarder PR can be the polarizing filter transmitting the left circular polarized light, and the second retarder RT2 of the patterned retarder PR can be the polarizing filter transmitting the right circular polarized light. In this case, the light of the video images represented on the odd numbered lines of the display panel DP can transmit the first retarder RT1 and then it becomes to the first circular polarized light (i.e., the left circular polarized light). Furthermore, the light of the video image represented on the even numbered lines of the display panel DP can transmit the second retarder RT2 and then it becomes to the second circular polarized light (i.e., the right circular polarized light).
The polarization glasses PG comprises a left glass window LG having the first polarizing filter P1 and a right glass window RG having the second polarizing filter P2. The first polarizing filter P1 has the same light polarization characteristic with that of the first retarder RT1 of the patterned retarder PR. At the same time, the second polarizing filter P2 has the same light transmitting axis with that of the second retarder RT2 of the patterned retarder PR. For example, the first polarizing filter P1 of the polarization glasses PG can be the left circular polarizing filter, and the second polarizing filter P2 of the polarization glasses PG can be the right circular polarizing filter.
With this structure, by representing the left images on the pixels relating to the first retarder RT1, and representing the right images on the pixels relating to the second retarder RT2, the 3D images can be implemented. In the 3D display system as shown in FIG. 1, by setting the polarized light characteristic of the left eye images different from that of the right eye images, the left eye image and the right eye images can be separately reached to the observer's left eye and right eye, respectively.
In the 3D display device having the film patterned retarder, as the left eye image and the right eye image are alternatively represented in the unit of pixel row, there are some cross-talk problems at the wide view angle along to the up-down directions. FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view along the cutting line A-A′ in FIG. 1 illustrating that the cross-talk problem occurring at the 3D display device as shown in FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 2, when observing the video data at upper side (or lower side) than the straight front direction, the left eye image L1 and the right eye image R1 can transmit through the first patterned retarder RT1, at the same time. As a result, the cross-talk problem is occurred in which the left eye image L1 and the right eye image R1 pass through the left glass window LG of the polarization glasses PG, at the same time. Even though, there is a black matrix BM at the border between the pixels in horizontal units, the black matrix BM does not have enough width to prevent the cross-talk problem.
In order to solve this cross-talk problem in the vertical view angle direction, there is a method in which a black strip is added between two unit patterned retarders. FIG. 3 is the cross-sectional view illustrating the 3D display in which a black strip is further included for solving the cross-talk problem caused in the device shown in FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 3, on the outer surface of the upper substrate UP having the black matrix BM, a black strip BS is disposed as to be overlapped with the black matrix BM. On the light path at which the right eye images R1 passes through the first retarder RT1, a black matrix BM is disposed so that the right eye image R1 passing through the first retarder RT1 can be blocked. Therefore, when an observer located at the straight front of the display device moves up side or down side somewhat, the cross-talk problems are not occurred. However, in this structure, in order to prevent the cross-talk problem more effectively, the black matrix BM should have remarkably wider width. As the width of the black matrix BM is getting wider, the aperture ratio at the front direction is getting lowered and then the brightness may be degraded or the correct color cannot be represented.
Especially, by forming the width of the black strip BS having wider width than that of the black matrix BM and disposing the black strip BS to completely overlap the black matrix BM, it is possible to effectively solve the cross-talk problem in a wider vertical view angle range. However, when an observer move vertically up and down, around the critical position where the 3D cross-talk problem is not yet caused, the moiré phenomenon may be caused. Thus moiré is an optical pattern shown near the view angle border region in condition that the black strip BS is disposed in horizontal direction with linearly straight shape, and the edge line of the black strip is just overlapped with the border line of the patterned retarder. This moiré phenomenon is not caused in every 3D display in every case, but temporarily shown when an observer changes his/her position of viewing angle. Therefore, it may cause an optical illusion or it is acknowledged as the incorrect images by the observers.

Patterned retarder type 3D display having irregular pattern black strips


The present invention provides a coffee tamper, comprising a casing. A driving device is arranged on the inner top of the casing, connected to a tamping device and used to drive the tamping device to press down and move up. The tamping device is used to press down a container filled with coffee powder and comprises a main shaft, the driving device is connected to the upper end of the main shaft, and a tamping head is connected to the lower end of the main shaft and can be pressed into the container; and in one of embodiments, a container pressing head is sleeved on outside of the tamping head and has an outer cover sleeved on outside of the tamping head, the lower edge of the outer cover is located on the same horizontal plane and presses against the upper edge of the container, and the tamping head can move up and down relative to the container pressing head. The present invention provides a novel coffee tamper, which can overcome defects of existing equipment, apply uniform pressure on coffee powder and make flat coffee powder.

Tamping is a step of coffee making. The ground coffee powder needs to be tamped before brewing. Tamping has a considerable influence on the taste of brewed coffee. Nowadays, tamping generally relies on a manual method and a mechanical automatic method.
The existing tamping methods have the following main defects.
Manual tamping may cause hand fatigue and even injury, and the efficiency is not high. Some manual tampers on the market apply rack driving. Although it can reduce fatigue, it still can not substantively solve the problem, and it does not have a rotating action, resulting in an imperfect tamping effect.
There are also some mechanized automatic tampers on the market, but the tamping force of a motor is output by calculating the amount of current. This method will have errors due to power transmission by parts. For example, the container (portafilter) is not horizontal, affecting the actual pressure of coffee powder and eventually causing an imperfect tamping effect.
Further, in order to ensure that the tamped coffee powder is evenly stressed, the coffee powder is generally tamped several times, and for some tampers capable of performing tamping several times (with or without a rotating action), the coffee powder tamped several times may be beyond the required pressure value.
After the foregoing equipment fills the coffee powder into a container (portafilter), the coffee powder generally will present in a shape of a small hill. Before tamping, the barista needs to flatten the hill by hand or tool so that the coffee powder is evenly pressed. Existing equipment is unable to achieve mechanization and automation of this step.
In summary, existing coffee tamping methods, whether manual or automatic, still have a room for improvement.

SLINGSHOT TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION LIMITED


The composite gasket of the present invention has improved various properties which are different depending on use conditions, while ensuring sealing properties, by combining a seal material which is selected in accordance with the properties of certain sheet-like seal materials in a substrate. The composite gasket is configured by forming a plurality of slits in a surface of the sheet-like seal materials the slits extending in a thickness direction of the materials, and loading a seal material composed of a substance which is different from a material constituting the sheet-like seal material into the slits and the surface of the seal material.

Conventionally, such gaskets used in practice include many types such as a gasket configured by a single body of a sheet-like seal material composed of expanded graphite, or the like, and a gasket in which a sheet-like seal material and a reinforcing material such as metal foil are stacked to be formed into one piece in order to ensure strength.
For example, FIG. 16 shows a gasket 100 which is composed by interposing and fixing a sheet-like reinforcing material 103 in a sandwich-like manner between two sheet-like seal materials 101A, 101B in a thickness direction with adhesive agents 102A, 102B. FIG. 17 shows a gasket 100 which is composed by interposing and fixing a reinforcing plate 104 wherein raised pieces 104a are partially formed, between the sheet-like seal materials 101A, 101B in the thickness direction.
In the above-mentioned prior art gaskets, the properties of the sheet-like seal materials 101A, 101B directly affect the required gasket properties. In a gasket using the sheet-like seal materials 101A, 101B composed of an expanded graphite sheet, for example, there arises no problem in leakage along the contact surfaces a due to reduced surface draping properties for a flange face, etc. as shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, but the existence of internal gaps 105 in layers 101A, 101B causes penetration leakage of a sealing fluid Q to easily occur. In place of an expanded graphite sheet, a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheet, a joint sheet, or a beater sheet may be used as the sheet-like seal materials 101A, 101B. Also in all cases where such materials are used, however, there arise problems due to the defects shown in FIG. 19. In the case of a calcined sheet made of PTFE, there is a problem in leakage along the contact surfaces and creep due to reduced surface draping properties.


A mobile phone has a controller which on detection of an incoming call, selects one of plural local wireless communication devices, registered in a memory which ranks high in the priority order, and which then controls a local wireless communication unit to transmit a connection request to the selected local wireless communication device while starting a timer. When the local wireless communication unit receives a connection response from the selected local wireless communication device, the controller performs connection processing to establish the local wireless connection to transmit an incoming call notification signal. On receipt of an incoming call response signal from the local wireless communication device, the controller controls a RF unit to establish a line connection to enable a talk state or a state of data communication. On detection of disconnect of the line connection, the controller disconnects connection of the local wireless communication.

Up to now, as a short range wireless communication system, standardized systems, such as IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11a or IEEE802.11g, used for wireless LAN, or Bluetooth (Registered Trademark), have become known.
With a mobile phone, which is equipped with the local wireless communication function for realizing the short range wireless communication system, a user may talk, without holding the mobile phone, by connecting the mobile phone to a handsfree kit or a headset with the local wireless communication function. Meanwhile, the local wireless communication function is that of wireless communication over a short range, and hence is featured by low power dissipation.
On the other hand, the PC (personal computer) having a local wireless communication function or PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) may be connected to a mobile phone having the local wireless communication function in order to have data communication by dial-up connection or facsimile connection.
As a method for use, the customary practice is to connect the mobile phone at all times with a headset, a hands free kit, a PC or a PDA, or to set the local wireless communication function of the mobile phone at all times in an awaiting state, in order to be able to accept the connection from these devices at any time (for example, see Reference Cited 1).
For example, the local wireless communication connection between the mobile phone and the headset or the hands-free kit is established at the outset. On detection of an incoming call (IC), a signal indicating the incoming call is sent out to the headset or to the hands free kit. The headset or the hands free kit notifies the user of the incoming call. The user makes a reply operation by using the headset or the hands free kit to answer the call to have a talk. If connection is to be made from the headset or the hands free kit, on receipt of an incoming call, it is necessary to keep the local wireless communication function of the mobile phone at all times in an awaiting state at all times or to set the local wireless communication function of the mobile phone in the awaiting state by user's manual operation.
[Reference cited 1]
JP Patent Kokai Publication JP-P2001-144767A (pages 11 and 12, FIG. 14)

Mobile phone apparatus, local wireless communication method used therefor and program thereof


An evaporated fuel processing device that includes a pump configured to supply purge gas, which includes evaporated fuel in a fuel tank, to an intake passage of an engine through a purge passage; a controller configured to control the pump; and a detecting unit configured to acquire a gas amount introduced to the intake passage while the pump is being driven in a stable state where an air amount introduced from open air to the intake passage is stable, and configured to detect, by using change in the acquired gas amount, a state where the purge gas is unable to be normally supplied from the purge passage to the intake passage.

Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-349357 describes an abnormality determination device for an exhaust gas recirculation system (hereinbelow termed "EGR system") of an automobile. The EGR system is provided with an EGR pipe communicating an exhaust passage and an intake passage of an engine, and an EGR valve arranged at an intermediate position of the EGR pipe. In the EGR system, damage on the EGR pipe and disconnection of the EGR pipe are diagnosed by using a difference between a pressure in the intake pipe with the EGR valve open and a pressure in the intake pipe with the EGR valve closed while the engine is being driven.


Methods, apparatuses, and machine readable media relating to content delivery are described herein. A method, according to one embodiment described herein, includes delivering content to a mobile electronic communications device, such as a cell phone, wherein the content is delivered as a predetermined group of images. A server may store various groups of images of wallpapers for a cell phone, and a cell phone user may download a specific group of wallpapers or background images for the cell phone. Apparatuses, media and other methods are also described.

It is known for electronic devices to display both a main image, which generally represents useful information relating to the device, and a background image. An example is shown in FIG. 1A, which illustrates a mobile telephone 1000 comprising a keypad 1020 and a display 1010. The display 1010 shows a combination of two distinct images. The first, shown in FIG. 1B, is a main image and includes useful information such as the name of the mobile telephone service carrier (XX), the name of the user (Andy), menu selection information (Menu and Names), a reception bar on the right indicating the strength of a signal received by the mobile phone, and a power bar on the left indicating the power remaining in the battery. Thus, it will be clear that the main image need not be a single unitary image, but also can correspond to a plurality of separate icons or other images displayed at the same time.
This main image is superimposed on a background image, shown in FIG. 1C. In this example, the background image simply comprises a number of wavy lines. However, it could comprise any image, such as a picture, a photograph or an animated image. Again, the background image need not be a single unitary image, but also can correspond to a plurality of separate icons or other images displayed at the same time. The background and main images, or parts thereof, may also be video clips and the like
In the example shown in FIG. 1, a digital clock could be included at the top right of the main image. Alternatively, the main image could include a representation of an analogue clock. Thus, the main image may also be animated. As an alternative, the clock could be included in the background image instead of the main image. Thus, it is clear that the elements to be included in the main image and the background image are to some extent interchangeable.
In general, the main image will change during use of the phone. For example, if an incoming call is received, the main image will be altered to reflect this to the user. In particular, it is well-known for the main image to change to display the name and/or number of the caller. Similarly, if the user wishes to make a phone call, he may use an address book provided in the phone. As the user scrolls through the address book, the main image will change to guide him or her through the address book. Similarly, the main image will change as the user is guided through different levels of the menu system provided in the phone. The main image will also change as the strength of signal reception changes and as the battery is charged or run down.
However, the background image need not, and generally does not, change as the main image changes. Such a background image is commonly referred to as a wallpaper image since it can comprise a repeated pattern and appear similar to conventional wallpaper used for interior decoration. Generally, the wallpaper or background image is decorative, although it may also have an information-providing function, such as the clock discussed above.
When a call is received, a user is accessing different levels of a menu system and the like, it is common to display only the main image. Thus, the main image and the wallpaper image are displayed simultaneously only at the top level of the menu system, as the phone awaits an action to occur. However, there is no reason that the main image and the wallpaper cannot be displayed simultaneously at any predetermined time.
Although the main image will change as the phone is used, the background image will not change as the main image changes. Such a background image is commonly referred to as a wallpaper image since it can comprise a repeated pattern and appear similar to conventional wallpaper used for interior decoration. Generally, the wallpaper or background image is decorative, although it may also have an information-providing function, such as the clock discussed above. There is no reason that a wallpaper image cannot be the only image to be displayed at a particular time and the term background image is intended to include the case where the background image is the only image to be displayed.
It is known to store several background images in the phone and for the user to be able to set manually which background image is displayed.
Mobile phones and other mobile electronic communications devices with built in cameras are also well known. In such devices, when a user takes a picture a digital image is stored in the memory of the device, for example as a ".gif" or other format file. The image can then be displayed on the mobile phone, as the only image, as the main image or as a background image.
Similarly, it is known to transmit a digital image to a mobile phone or other mobile electronic communications device for display as the only image, the main image or a background image. Such digital images need not be photographs but can instead be computer generated images. In the same way, it is known to transmit other digital content such as a ring tone to a mobile phone or other mobile electronic communications device. In general, such content is transmitted to the device after the user makes a request to a service provider, for example by sending a short message service (SMS) text message or over the Internet. The transmitted content is stored in a memory provided in the device for subsequent or immediate use.
FIG. 2 shows a communications network suitable for transmitting digital content to a mobile phone. Specifically, FIG. 2 shows a mobile phone 80, a base station 85, a terrestrial communications centre 90 and a server 95. The base station 85 includes a transmitter and receiver, by which it can exchange data over the air, for example using microwaves, with the mobile phone 80. To receive a desired ring tone, a user sends an SMS text message from the mobile phone with an identification of the desired ring tone to a predetermined number. The request also carries an identification of the mobile phone from which the SMS message is sent. The SMS message is received over the air by the base station 85, from where it is transmitted to the terrestrial communications centre 90 and eventually the server 95.
Alternatively, a user may send the request to the server over the Internet using a personal computer 82, the request again including an identification of the desired ring tone and an identification of the mobile phone to which the ring tone should be sent.
In either case, the server 95 then transmits the desired ring tone over the air direct to the mobile phone 80 via the terrestrial communications centre 90 and the base station 85. The ring tone is sent in the form of a digital signal, which is demodulated and decoded by the mobile phone and stored as software in a memory of the phone 80. Preferably, the signal is sent in the form of an MMS (multimedia message service) message. However, other formats such as WAP (wireless application protocol) could equally be used. Also included in the memory of the phone will be complementary software, which will operate in tandem with the recently received ring tone data to cause the phone to use the new ring tone when a call is received. If this complementary software is not already stored in the memory, it can be sent to phone over the air.
It is also known for mobile phones to "deactivate" after the phone has not been used for a certain period of time. In one example, the phone comprises a conventional liquid crystal display (LCD) device with a backlight. If the phone has not been used for a predetermined period of time, the phone enters a sleep mode in which the backlight is switched off to save energy. In this specification, the term "deactivate" and like terms include, for example, switching off of the backlight. Of course, the LCD may also be front lit.
A mobile phone or other electronic device may have any one or more of several different kinds of deactivation. In the example discussed above, another instance of deactivation may be to lock the keypad, for example after a further predetermined period has elapsed following switching off of the backlight. If the keypad is locked, then pressing of the keys will not control the phone in the way required by the user until a predetermined key or combination of keys has been pressed to unlock the keypad. Pressing the correct key or combination of keys will not only unlock the keypad, it will also switch the backlight on again.
Other instances of deactivation include entering a sleep mode and switching off the display altogether; and displaying an energy-saving display, such as an unlit, mostly black display, with a clock. The phone may enter the sleep mode, for example, after a further predetermined period has elapsed following locking of the keypad. Another instance of deactivation may be to switch off the phone completely. The phone could also be deactivated after the user finishes making a call or when the user enters an instruction for deactivation.

Delivering content to mobile electronic communications devices


A lithographic apparatus includes an illumination system configured to condition a radiation beam; a support configured to support a patterning device, the patterning device being configured to impart the radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section to form a patterned radiation beam; a substrate table configured to hold a substrate; and a projection system configured to project the patterned radiation beam onto a target portion of the substrate, wherein the radiation beam is reflected from at least one grazing incidence mirror that enhances the spectral purity of the radiation beam.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lithographic apparatus and a method of using the apparatus in the manufacture of a device such as an integrated circuit (IC). In particular, the present invention relates to a lithographic apparatus designed to be used with radiation having a wavelength in the Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) range and wherein the lithographic apparatus is designed to provide a radiation beam with enhanced spectral purity.
2. Description of the Related Art
A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a substrate, usually onto a target portion of the substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In that use, a patterning device, which may alternatively be referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a circuit pattern to be formed on an individual layer of the IC. This pattern can be transferred onto a target portion (e.g. including part of one, or several, dies) on a substrate (e.g. a silicon wafer). Transfer of the pattern is typically via imaging onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist) provided on the substrate. In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent target portions that are successively patterned. Known lithographic apparatus include steppers, in which each target portion is irradiated by exposing an entire pattern onto the target portion at one time, and scanners, in which each target portion is irradiated by scanning the pattern through a radiation beam in a given direction, the "scanning" direction, while synchronously scanning the substrate parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. It is also possible to transfer the pattern from the patterning device to the substrate by imprinting the pattern onto the substrate.
Between the reticle and the substrate is disposed a projection system for imaging the irradiated portion of the reticle onto the target portion of the substrate. The projection system includes components for directing, shaping or controlling the projection beam of irradiation, and these components typically include refractive optics, reflective optics, and/or catadioptric systems, for example.
An important feature in lithography is the size of features of the pattern applied to the substrate. It is desirable to produce apparatus capable of resolving features as small and close together as possible. A number of parameters affect the available resolution of features, and one of these features is the wavelength of the radiation used to expose the pattern.
It is anticipated that the use of EUV lithography will enable the manufacture of feature sizes down to 32 mm using radiation with an EUV wavelength between 5 and 20 nm, and typically 13.5 nm. Radiation at this wavelength is absorbed in all materials and is therefore not suitable for use with refractive optics. The optics in a projection system for use with EUV lithography must therefore be based on reflective elements, for example mirrors, which can only operate in an Ultra-High-Vacuum (UHV) environment. The projection system is therefore enclosed in a Projection Optics Box (POB) which is kept under a vacuum.
However, a significant difficulty in EUV lithography is designing a system which has a projection beam with high spectral purity.
For example, some EUV sources, especially plasma sources, emit radiation over a wide range of frequencies, even including infra red (IR) visible (VIS), ultra-violet (UV) and deep ultra-violet (DUV). These undesired frequencies will propagate and cause heating problems in the illumination and projection systems and cause undesired exposure of the resist if not blocked. In addition, although the multi-layered mirrors of illumination and projection systems are optimized for reflection of the desired wavelength, e.g. 13.5 nm, they are optically flat and have quite high reflectivities at IR, VIS and UV wavelengths. It is therefore necessary to select from the source a relatively narrow band of frequencies for the beam of radiation. Even where the source has a relatively narrow emission line which contains a large part of the energy, it is necessary to reject radiation out of that line, especially at longer wavelengths. Previously, it has been proposed to use a thin membrane as a filter to perform this function. However, such a film is very delicate and becomes very hot, 200-300° C. or more, leading to high thermal stresses and cracking, sublimation and oxidation in the high power levels necessary in a lithographic projection apparatus. A membrane filter also generally absorbs at least 50% of the desired radiation.
Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,037, incorporated herein by reference, describes a lithographic projection apparatus wherein a grating spectral filter is used in the radiation system of the lithographic projection apparatus. The grating spectral filter in U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,037 is designed for allowing radiation of desired wavelengths to form a beam of radiation and for deflecting radiation of undesired wavelengths. The grating spectral filter is substantially formed of a material having a complex refractive index close to unity at the desired wavelengths and includes silicon protrusions. The protrusions have a laminar sawtooth profile or a laminar square wave profile and are present on a mirror, having a mirroring surface. Additionally, the filter in U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,037 is silicon and does not block IR radiation very well.

Lithographic apparatus with enhanced spectral purity, device manufacturing method and device manufactured thereby