A gear part and method is provided for forming a gear part, in which a circular blank-like workpiece is fixed in a flow-forming machine in a radially inner area, the circular blank-like workpiece is rotated, at least one roller is substantially radially moved, in which during the radial moving in workpiece material flows radially, so that the workpiece wall thickness is reduced in this area, in a central area of the workpiece a boss is formed and during radial moving in the roller is increasingly axially infed. The method also relates to forming a gear part in which the circular blank edge is thickened by at least one forming roller, the shaping of the circular blank edge taking place through the contour of gripping jaws and/or the forming roller and the cross-section of the circular blank edge is formed in an approximately rectangular manner.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to methods for forming or shaping a gear part, in which a workpiece is fixed with a radially directed area in a flow-forming machine, the workpiece is rotated and for modifying a wall thickness of the workpiece at least one roller is substantially radially infed. The invention also relates to a gear part, more particularly manufacturable with the methods according to the invention.
2. Description of the Background
Methods in which from a starting workpiece with a uniform wall thickness gear parts with a material-reinforced area are produced by flow-forming are well known. The aim of such methods is in a simple manner to produce by flow-forming a gear part, which on the one hand has an adequate stability and on the other a minimum weight.
These requirements more particularly apply to a starter ring gear for motor vehicles. As a result of its function a starter ring gear must at times transfer relatively high torques from a starter to an engine shaft. For relieving the starter a minimum starter ring gear weight is desirable.
The object of the invention is to provide methods and a gear part, particularly a starter ring gear, which more particularly satisfy the aforementioned requirements.
According to a first aspect of the invention a method according to the above-noted object is further developed in that the roller is radially moved along the radially directed area and workpiece material is radially displaced, the wall thickness of the workpiece being reduced in the particular area, and that for modifying the wall thickness of the workpiece the roller is axially adjusted during radial moving. In this manner, in a single method step, particularly during a single passage of the roller over the workpiece, a planned material distribution is set at the workpiece. The contour of the workpiece in its radial area can be made variable, because this is determined with respect to the workpiece by the cooperation of the radial and axial relative movement of the roller. By a thickness decrease or increase of the workpiece corresponding to the loading, a virtually optimum weight utilization is achieved on the finished gear part.
It can be advantageous for the axial infeeding of the roller to take place at least in part continuously. This leads to a smooth surface contour of the workpiece which can be advantageous as a function of the intended use of the gear part. It can also be useful if the axial infeeding of the roller takes place, at least in part, discontinuously. Thus, steps or other shapes can be made in the surf ace of the gear part, so that there is a considerable flexibility with regards to the design of the end product.
Preferably the wall thickness radially inwardly decreases in a radially inner area of the workpiece. Thus, the outer edge or rim of the circular blank maintains its original thickness and consequently all its material is available for further processing, particularly for inserting teeth. The inner area acquires in a planned manner a sufficiently great degree of flexibility, which is very advantageous in operation for avoiding wear on the tooth surfaces and for reducing noise formation.
Preferably the shaping of the boss is brought about through the shape of the roller and/or a countertool. Thus, different shapes can be given to the boss by selecting suitable tools.
It can also lead to advantages if, following its construction, the boss is cut off or punched. This can be useful with regards to the further processing of the workpiece, namely if processing steps are chosen in which the boss would be prejudicial.
The method according to the present invention is further developed according to a second aspect of the invention in that a radially outer edge of the workpiece is initially upset and cross-sectionally thickened in tear-shaped manner and following onto the tear-shaped, the thickened edge is upset and worked to a cross-sectionally approximately rectangular and in particular approximately square marginal area.
A fundamental idea of the invention is to shape the edge of a substantially radially extending workpiece so as to have a material accumulation, which has in an axial direction a predetermined width, as well as at least rounded comer areas, which link axially and radially directed lateral areas of the tear-shaped upsetting. In the following working step the rounded, tear-shaped edge or marginal thickening is slightly radially upset, while the axial width remains substantially unchanged. Corresponding to an angular contour of the spinning chuck or working roller during said working step the material displaced during upsetting is spun in the comer areas. This means that during this method step working and material flow almost exclusively take place in the lateral and in particular the comer areas, whereas the central area of the tear-shaped thickening is not deformed or is only scarcely deformed. Corresponding to the strong working or forming in the comer areas, an increased work hardening occurs there.
Thus, a marginally thickened workpiece is created, which firstly has a high strength comer and edge areas and secondly a less hardened tough core area. Such workpieces are eminently suitable for gear parts, because in these it is desirable to have a marginal area with a high strength, wear-resistant surface with a tough workpiece core suitable for dynamic loading. The material characteristics of the workpiece permit the manufacture of gear parts using conventional metal working steels with a high stability and a very low weight to form the gear parts.
Preferably use is made of a forming roller for the approximately rectangular forming or the circular blank edge, which has two radially projecting, shaping side walls, which enclose an angle between 1.5 and 6xc2x0. As a result of said slight bevel of the forming roller, after the upsetting process the roller can easily be removed from the formed workpiece.
It has proved to be particularly advantageous for the side walls of the forming roller A to have an angle of 3xc2x0 with respect to the radial direction.
Preferably the at least one forming roller is infed in an axially displaced manner with respect to the circular blank face. This leads to a gear part asymmetrical to the plane of centers, which is desirable in numerous applications.
The forming bevels resulting from the forming operation are preferably trued. Such forming bevels e.g. arise through the use of a forming roller with sloping side walls. As a result of the following truing of the resulting bevels it is possible to provide an exact, e.g. rectangular shape of the circular blank edge.
Preferably external teeth are formed in the circular blank edge. In the case of tooth systems it is desirable to have dynamically loadable teeth with high strength edge areas.
According to the invention it is appropriate for modifications to existing installations for the external teeth to be made by machining. This can e.g. take place using gear cutters or on corresponding slotting machines.
However, according to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention the external teeth are produced by flow-forming with at least one gear cutting roller or by cross-rolling with at least one cross-rolling ledge. As a result of this non-cutting forming of the tooth system a further work hardening occurs and also the tooth flanks are hardened with respect to the core areas of the individual teeth. In the case of gear wheels manufactured in this manner, even without a subsequent heat treatment excellent tribological characteristics of the tooth system are obtained. As a result of the highly strengthened edge and corner areas a premature tooth breakage or pitting are avoided in operation, even in the case of an unforeseen edge run of the tooth system.
It can also be advantageous if the tooth system is obtained by stacking several gear parts and subsequently making a tooth system in the gear part stack. It is consequently possible to simultaneously process several gear parts with a uniform operating process.
The invention also makes available a gear part which has a flat, rotationally symmetrical shape, the marginal area being cross-sectionally substantially thickened in rectangular manner and a radially inner area is radially inwardly reduced in thickness. Such a gear part, which can in particular be manufactured using the method according to the invention, with respect to the wear which occurs and the noise formation offers advantages compared with the prior art gear parts. Due to the reduction in the wall thickness the gear part is flexible, so that the teeth of the gear part combine in careful manner with the teeth of other gear parts.
The gear part is preferably provided in a central area with a boss. Thus, there is an inner area for the absorption or delivery of power and an outer area for the absorption or delivery of power.
It is particularly advantageous if the boss and/or the marginal area has a tooth system. These standard power transmission means are preferred in numerous applications.
The invention is based on the unpredictable finding that it is possible to reduce wear and noise formation during the operation of a gear part by giving the latter a certain flexibility. The gear part according to the invention can be manufactured in a simple and variable manner by the methods given, so that the advantages of the invention arise both during the manufacture and the use of the gear part.

Gear part and method for forming a gear part


A method and apparatus are disclosed for communicating state information in an electronic message. First data representing a state of an electronic transaction is encoded, to result in creating an encoded message element that is impractical for a recipient to decode. For example, steganographic invisibility encoding may be used. The encoded message element is sent as part of a first message associated with the transaction. A second message associated with the transaction is received, and the third message includes the encoded message element. The encoded message element is decoded, to result in recovering the state of the transaction, which is used in processing the second message. As a result, large volumes of state information are sent to clients for local, transitory storage, precluding the need for a large state data store on the server side.

The approaches described in this section could be pursued, but are not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Client-server computer systems are commonly used to provide electronic transaction processing services over public data networks. In these systems, a large number of client systems, which are distributed across one or more networks, are serviced by a server site. Because each client system normally requires server resources for only a short time, one server site can often service hundreds, thousands or even millions of clients.
For example, online electronic commerce is supported, in part, by transaction processing systems that interact with numerous distributed merchant systems. When a customer contacts a merchant to perform an electronic commerce transaction, the customer may provide a credit card number for payment of goods or services. The merchant establishes a connection to a transaction processor, and sends a request message containing customer identification information, a credit card number, an order amount, and other information; thus, the merchant requests the transaction processor to authorize the credit card for the specified amount. The transaction processor contacts a payment processor to request a reservation of credit equal to the specified amount, etc. In response, the transaction processor receives an authorization code and associates it with the credit card number, amount, merchant identifier, and other information representing a state of the credit card transaction.
Later, the merchant may wish to capture an amount of value equal to the purchase amount. Accordingly, the merchant may request the transaction processor to perform a billing operation in which the customer is charged for the specified amount. In the billing request, the authorization code is referenced. In response, the transaction processor must locate all other information relating to the transaction, based on the authorization code, so that a billing operation can be performed.
In this context, and in other client-server contexts, there is a need to store a large volume of information representing the state of numerous transactions. In the electronic commerce transaction example given above, the transaction processor and the merchant may communicate with a communication protocol using computing elements that do not inherently store state information; that is, the protocol is "stateless." Examples of stateless protocols include HTTP. In this environment, normally the transaction processor creates and stores a transaction record on one of its servers in response to receiving an initial message from the merchant for a particular transaction. The transaction record contains a transaction identifier, information about the parties to the transaction, the nature of the transaction, etc. If the transaction processor is servicing a large number of merchants who have a large number of customers, over time, vast volumes of state information must be maintained.
In one approach, the state information is stored on the server side, for example, in data storage equipment that is accessible to the transaction processor. However, this approach requires large amounts of data storage equipment, driving up costs for the transaction processor. There may be millions of state records stored on dozens or hundreds of disk storage units, for example. If transaction volume fluctuates widely, which can occur during seasonal sales cycles, periodically the transaction processor may have far too little or far too much storage capacity.
Further, this approach is non-scalable, because the amount of required data storage equipment tends to increase approximately linearly with transaction volume. In addition, the data storage equipment and the data require management, increasing personnel costs for the transaction processor.
Still another disadvantage of this approach is that the majority of the data is not needed, or discarded, after a relatively short time. For example, in credit card transaction processing, in one system approximately 70% of all credit card authorizations result in a billing operation within the same day. While the authorization codes are typically valid for seven days, the state information is essentially needed only for a short period, but storing it for that period has a high cost.
Another problem of this approach is that if storage of the state information is spread across multiple machines, significant overhead is introduced when a particular authorization code is searched. Therefore, typical front-send servers of transaction processors have extremely high capacity and other performance characteristics, and are expensive.
Another approach is to require each client to store all its own state information. Since the client provided the original transaction information and receives other state information back from the server, such as the authorization code in the credit card example given above, the client has all pertinent state information available to it for storage. However, this approach has significant drawbacks. First, in many contexts it would require a major change in the way clients do business, require reprogramming their systems, and require capital investment in data storage systems. Second, in the context of e-commerce transaction processing, many merchants do not wish to store credit card numbers for liability and risk containment reasons.
Thus, there is a need for a way to store large volumes of state information for electronic transactions, without requiring server-side storage of the information.
It would be especially useful to have a way to maintain large volumes of state information without large amounts of data storage equipment.
Steganography is a technique of hiding a secret message in another message, such that the very existence of the secret message is concealed. In one approach, the sender writes an innocuous message and then conceals a secret message on the same piece of paper. Historical variants include invisible inks, tiny pin punctures on selected characters, minute differences between handwritten characters, pencil marks on typewritten characters, grilles that cover most of the message except for a few characters, and others.
More recently, steganography has been used to conceal an electronic message in a graphical image. For example, the least significant bit of each byte of a graphic image may be modified such that extracting and assembling all such least significant bits provides the message. The visual appearance of the graphical image does not change appreciably, because most graphics standards specify more gradations of color than the human eye can notice. Using this technique, a 64-kilobyte message can be concealed in a 1024×1024-bit gray-scale image. Another recently developed steganographic technique involves the use of obfuscation functions or "mimic functions." Such functions modify a message so that its statistical profile resembles that of something else that does not appear to comprise an encoded message.

Method and apparatus for communicating state information in an electronic transaction message


An apparatus and method for facilitating eversion of a flexible liner down a borehole when an artesian head condition is producing a rate of water flow out of the top of the borehole. A bypass pipe channels artesian flow, moving upward in the borehole and/or well casing, past an everting flexible liner to a wellhead fixture. Artesian flow arriving at the wellhead fixture is pumped away to ameliorate resistance to liner eversion otherwise presented by the water flow. A heavy mud may be disposed inside the everting liner further to promote its downward eversion past the artesian flow.

Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the installation of everting flexible borehole liners into boreholes in geologic formations with shallow water tables or in geologic formations exhibiting artesian hydraulic head conditions.
Background
A "borehole" is a hole, e.g., a shaft or well, drilled into the Earth's subsurface. The hydraulic conductivity profiling techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,910,374 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,281,422 have been used in over 400 boreholes since 2007. These patents, whose complete teachings are incorporated herein by reference, describe methods for determining the hydraulic transmissivity profile of the geologic formations surrounding borehole by carefully measuring the eversion of a flexible borehole liner into an open, stable, borehole. Other installations of flexible liners into boreholes, by the eversion of the liners, are disclosed in a number of other patents, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,283,209, 6,794,127, and 7,896,578, obtained by this inventor. Such liners are usually installed into the open boreholes using a water level inside the liner which is significantly higher than the water table in the formation penetrated by the borehole.
However, when that required excess pressure head (difference between ambient water table level and water level supplied to the liner interior) is not available at a particular borehole, a scaffold plus an extension of the surface casing may be used to achieve the needed higher water level within the liner. In some situations of very shallow water tables, or in situations where the head within the borehole would rise above the ground surface if the surface casing were extended above the surface, the required scaffold is so high as to be very inconvenient or even dangerous, and use of scaffolds often exposes the installation personnel to freezing winter winds.
With the foregoing background, the presently disclosed invention was developed.

Method of installation of flexible borehole liner under artesian conditions


Attempting to provide an illumination optical system and an exposure apparatus using the same, which provide a more uniform angular distribution of light for illuminating a mask than the prior art, an illumination optical system for illuminating an object surface includes an optical unit that converts light from a light source section into approximately parallel light, and includes first and second mirrors, wherein the first mirror has an opening, through which light reflected by the second mirror passes.

The present invention relates generally to an illumination optical system and an exposure apparatus using the same, and more particularly to an illumination optical system that uses a light source in an extreme ultraviolet ("EUV") or X-ray region with a wavelength between 10 nm and 200 nm, and an exposure apparatus that uses the illumination optical system to expose an object, such as a single crystal substrate for a semiconductor wafer, and a glass plate for a liquid crystal display ("LCD").
A reduction projection exposure method that uses, for example, EUV light or X-ray have been proposed as one of methods for manufacturing semiconductor circuit devices having a fine pattern (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 10-70058 (or its U.S. counterpart, U.S. Pat. No. 6,504,896B1), Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-045774 (or its U.S. counterpart, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003031017A1), and Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-045784 (or its U.S. counterpart, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003031017A1)).
This method uses the EUV light to illuminate a mask (or a reticle) that forms a circuit pattern, and projects a reduced size of the pattern on the mask, onto a wafer surface, and to expose photoresist on the wafer surface for pattern transfer.
FIG. 11 schematically shows principal part of a conventional EUV reduction projection exposure apparatus 1000. In FIG. 11, 1001 denotes an EUV light emission point, 1002 denotes EUV light, 1003 denotes a filter, 1004 denotes a first rotational paraboloid mirror, 1005 denotes a reflection integrator, 1006 denotes a second rotational paraboloid mirror, 1007 denotes a reflection mask, 1008 denotes plural mirrors that constitute a projection optical system, 1009 denotes a wafer, 1010 denotes a mask stage, 1011 denotes a wafer stage, 1012 denotes an arc aperture, 1013 denotes a laser light source, 1014 denotes a laser condensing optical system, and 1017 denotes a vacuum chamber. FIG. 13 is a plane view showing a relationship between an illuminated area 1015 on the mask 1007 and an arc area 1016 to be exposed.
The exposure apparatus 1000 thus includes a light source section 1013, 1014 that generates the EUV light, an illumination optical system (i.e., the first rotational paraboloid mirror 1004, the reflection integrator 1005 and the second rotational paraboloid mirror 1006), the reflection mask 1007, the projection optical system 1008, the wafer 1009, the mask mounted stage 1010, the wafer mounted stage 1011, an alignment mechanism (not shown) for precise alignment between mask and wafer positions, the vacuum chamber 1017 that maintains vacuum of the entire optical system vacuum for reduced attenuations of the EUV light, and an exhaust apparatus (not shown).
The illumination optical system uses the first rotational paraboloid mirror 1004 to condense the EUV light 1002 from the emission point 1001 into the reflection integrator 1005 so as to form secondary light sources, and uses the second rotational paraboloid mirror 1006 to superimpose and condense the EUV light from these secondary light sources so as to uniformly illuminate the mask 1007.
The reflection mask 1007 forms a pattern to be transferred, using a non-reflected part made of an EUV absorber on a multilayer mirror. The projection optical system 1008 images, on the wafer 1009, the EUV light that has information of a circuit pattern reflected by the reflection mask 1007.
The projection optical system 1008 is configured to have excellent imaging performance in an off-axis, thin arc area (i.e., apart from an optical-axis center). The aperture 1012 with the arc opening just prior to the wafer 1009 enables exposure to use only this thin arc area. The exposure scans the reflection mask 1007 and the wafer 1009 simultaneously and transfers a rectangular shot on the entire surface of the mask.
The projection optical system 1008 is comprised of plural multilayer mirrors, and configured to project a reduced size of pattern on the mask 1007 onto the wafer 1009 surface. The projection optical system 1008 typically forms an image-side telecentric system, and usually provides an object side (or the reflection mask side) with a non-telecentric structure so as to avoid physical interference with the illumination light incident upon the reflection mask 1007.
The laser condensing optical system 1014 condenses a laser beam from the laser light source 1013 onto a target (not shown) at the emission point 1001, generating a high-temperature plasma light source 1001. The EUV light 1002 thermally radiated from this plasma light source is reflected on the first rotational paraboloid mirror 1004 and turns into parallel EUV light. This light is reflected on the reflection integrator 1005 and forms a multiplicity of secondary light sources.
The EUV light from these secondary light sources is reflected on the second rotational paraboloid mirror 1006 and illuminates the reflection mask 1007. Distances from the secondary light sources to the second rotational paraboloid mirror 1006 and from the secondary rotational paraboloid mirror 1006 to the reflection mask 1007 are set to be equal to a focal distance of the second rotational paraboloid mirror 1006.
Since a focal point of the second rotational paraboloid mirror 1006 is located at positions of the second light sources, the EUV light emitted from the secondary light sources irradiates as parallel light the reflection mask 1007. The projection optical system 1008 is configured to project an image of the secondary light sources onto an entrance pupil surface, and thereby meets the Kohler's illumination conditions. The EUV light that illuminates one point on the reflection mask 1007 is superimposed EUV beams emitted from all the secondary light sources.
The illuminated area 1015 on the mask surface is similar, as shown in FIG. 12, to a plane shape of a concave or convex mirror as an element in the reflection integrator 1005, and it is an approximately rectangular shape that includes the arc shape 1016 to be actually exposed. The projection optical system 1008 is configured to project an image of the secondary light sources onto its pupil surface.
However, the conventional EUV reduction projection exposure apparatus has been disadvantageous, because the rotational paraboloid mirror 1004 has a reflective surface asymmetrical to the optical axis of the EUV light 1002 isotropically emitted from the light source 1001, and cannot uniformly illuminate the reflection integrator 1005. As a result, an angular distribution of light for illuminating the mask 1007 becomes non-uniform, and pattern resolving power deteriorates.

Illumination optical system and exposure apparatus


A front jaw having two laterally spaced toggle levers which can be swung out against the force of a release spring housed in a housing and through which housing extends a pull rod. In order to cause in this front jaw during a backward twisting fall an initial tension of the release spring and thus a reduction in the work of the swinging-out toggle lever, the invention provides that the two shorter lever arms of the toggle levers are loaded by a release spring acting through a pull rod onto an angular intermediate lever supported in the lower area of the housing on a first pivot axle.

Such a front jaw is already described in AT-PS 321 170 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 3 902 730). However, this front jaw has the disadvantage that the release spring is only slightly compressed during a backward twisting fall and thus the work to be done by the swinging-out toggle lever is reduced. During a forward fall, combined with a twisting fall, the release spring did not compress.
In a front jaw with laterally spaced toggle levers, the measure of increasing the initial tension of the release spring during a combined frontal and twisting fall and thus reducing the work to be done during a swinging out of one toggle lever, is already known as shown by DE-PS 2 905 837 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4 336 956). However, the effect occurs here only during a frontal fall and not also during a backward fall, which is combined with a twisting fall.
In a front jaw according to AT-PS 372 616, the shorter arms of the two toggle levers are supported on a bifurcated intermediate lever. The horizontal arm of the intermediate lever is thereby loaded by a separate sole down-holding means, which is arranged on a vertical locking bolt. Same is supported elevationally movably in a guideway in the base plate. Furthermore, the path of movement of the locking bolt is limited because of the design (compare AT-PS 372 616).
The purpose of the invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the known designs and to provide a particularly simple solution with which an initial tension of the release spring occurs during a forward fall and during a backward fall, which falls can be combined with a twisting fall.

HTM Sport- und Freizeitgeraete Aktiengesellschaft


A canopy apparatus for a kayak comprises a bracket configured to be mounted to a kayak deck and a canopy. The canopy has a base member adapted to engage the bracket to releasably secure the canopy to the kayak deck and a cover pivotally connected to the base member. The cover is selectively movable between collapsed and expanded positions. The forward edge of the cover may further be adapted to carry a plurality of lights, preferably LEDs.

Kayaks are water-borne recreational vehicles and are generally comprised of a covered deck situated on a hull and generally include one or more cockpits for seating the kayaker/paddler. Propulsion, aside from river or ocean currents, and maneuverability of the kayak are typically controlled by the kayaker through the use of a double bladed paddle. When seated within the cockpit, the kayaker's head and torso generally extend above the surface of the covered deck. In this manner, the kayaker's arms are free to swing the paddle as desired/required for propulsion or turning. However, by projecting above the deck, the kayaker's head and torso are exposed to the elements.
Exposure to the elements may lead to dangerous conditions for a kayaker. In particular, kayakers (especially inexperienced recreational kayakers) are exposed to the sun for extended periods of time, often without realization. Besides the prolonged exposure to harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays which may lead to skin conditions such as sunburn or even skin cancer, this extended sun exposure can lead to more immediate adverse health effects such as dehydration, sunstroke/heatstroke or even more severe instances of hyperthermia.
To alleviate kayaker exposure to the sun, canopy devices have been designed and implemented. However, a number of these designs necessitate rigidly securing a canopy frame to the body of the kayak with a cloth covering subsequently secured to that frame. While these designs satisfactorily provide shade, these devices also generate a number of significant drawbacks. First, the rigid frame is generally time-consuming to assemble and mount to the kayak deck (and similarly time-consuming to dismount and disassemble after use). These frames also generally require the use of tools and other hardware for proper mounting and structural support. Second, these frames tend to be bulky and disrupt the weight and balance of the kayak such that the kayak is unable to perform as efficiently or as safely as originally provided by the kayak's designer. Third, the canopy cover material often used to provide the desired shade further upsets the kayak's balance by acting as a sail. Fourth, once installed on a kayak, these designs stay employed even if weather conditions change during the course of an outing. Lastly, the current systems are kayak model specific thereby requiring a retailer to stock a large number of canopy devices so as to ensure product availability.
As such, there is a need for a kayak canopy which is selectively expandable or collapsible while also being quickly and easily mounted to/dismounted from a kayak deck (preferably without requiring the use of tools), utilizes a cover material which does not act as a sail when deployed, and is of a universal design so as to enable adoption of the canopy across an array of kayak designs or manufacturers. The present invention addresses these and other needs.


A locking apparatus has improved operability and is manufacturable at low cost. The locking apparatus has a fingerprint reader (23), a fingerprint verifier (11), and a power supply circuit. The fingerprint reader reads a fingerprint. The fingerprint verifier verifies the read fingerprint based on registered fingerprint data, and according to a result of the verification, authenticates a person who entered the fingerprint. If the person is authenticated, the locking apparatus unlocks a door locked with the locking apparatus. The locking apparatus comprises a chamber (19) configured to contain the fingerprint reader, a lid (25) configured to open and close the opening of the chamber, and a switch (41) provided for the power supply circuit and configured to interlock with the lid so as to turn on and off the power supply circuit in response to the opening and closing of the lid.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a locking apparatus capable of verifying a fingerprint and unlocking a door locked with the locking apparatus.
2. Description of Related Art
An example of a locking apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 2002-70382 briefly shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. FIG. 8 is a front view partly showing a door 101 seen from the outside thereof and FIG. 9 is an enlarged perspective view showing an operation unit 103 installed on the door 101.
The operation unit 103 of the related art has a housing 105 attached to the door 101. The housing 105 incorporates a fingerprint reader 107. The reader 107 is in a chamber 109 defined in the housing 105. The chamber 109 has an opening 111 to be opened and closed with a lid 113. Usually, the opening 111 is closed with the lid 113.
The locking apparatus receives necessary power from a power source such as a battery or a DC source. The power source has a power switch that is turned on when the fingerprint reader 107 is pushed with a finger.
To unlock the door 101, a person opens the lid 113, puts a finger on the fingerprint reader 107, and presses the reader 107 with the finger to turn on the power switch. The reader 107 reads a fingerprint from the finger. The read fingerprint is sent to a fingerprint verifier that verifies the read fingerprint based on registered fingerprint data. If the fingerprint verifier authenticates the person with the fingerprint, the door 101 is unlocked.
This apparatus of the related art involves troublesome handling. When a person wants to open the door 101, the person must open the lid 113, insert a finger, and press the fingerprint reader 107 to turn on the power switch. In this way, the related art provides no ease of use.
The fingerprint reader 107 must every time be pressed with a finger to turn on the power switch, and therefore, the reader 107 has a risk of breakage and is unreliable in durability.
To turn off the power switch, the related art must employ, for example, a timer. This increases the cost of the apparatus.


A semiconductor device includes: a buffer layer formed over a substrate; a first semiconductor layer formed over the buffer layer by using a compound semiconductor; a second semiconductor layer formed over the first semiconductor layer by using a compound semiconductor; and a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode formed over the second semiconductor layer, wherein the first semiconductor layer contains an impurity element serving as an acceptor and an impurity element serving as a donor; and in the first semiconductor layer, an acceptor concentration of the impurity element serving as the acceptor is greater than a donor concentration of the impurity element serving as the donor; and the donor concentration is greater-than over equal to 5×1016 cm−3.

Nitride semiconductors are investigated with respect to application to semiconductor devices with high withstand voltage and high output by using their characteristics such as high saturation electron speeds, wide band gaps, etc. For example, nitride semiconductor GaN has a band gap of 3.4 eV larger than the band gap (1.1 eV) of Si and the band gap (1.4 eV) of GaAs and has high breakdown electric field strength. Therefore, nitride semiconductors such as GaN and the like are very promising as semiconductor device materials for power supplies from which high-voltage operation and high output are obtained.
There are many reports on field effect transistors, particularly high electron mobility transistors (HEMT), as semiconductor devices using nitride semiconductors. For example, AlGaN/GaN HEMT using GaN as an electron travelling layer and AlGaN as an electron supply layer attracts attention as GaN-based HEMT (GaN-HEMT). The AlGaN/GaN HEMT causes distortion in AlGaN due to a lattice constant difference between GaN and AlGaN. High-concentration 2DEG (Two-Dimensional Electron Gas) is produced by a difference between the resulting piezoelectric polarization and spontaneous polarization of AlGaN. Therefore, the GaN-HEMT is expected as a high-efficiency switch element and a high-withstand-voltage power device for electric cars and the like. In addition, from the viewpoint of circuit design and safety, the realization of nitride semiconductor transistors having normally-off characteristics is desired.
The above-described semiconductor devices using compounds semiconductors such as nitride semiconductors are desired to have low on-resistance during transistor operation.
The followings are reference documents.                [Document 1 ] Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2012 -151422,        [Document 2 ] Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2012 -9630 and        [Document 3 ] Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2008 -124373.

Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing semiconductor device


An erasable and electrically programmable memory with only few cells works at high speed in reading mode and is reliable. This is achieved by using a voltage limiter that limits the variation in the drain voltage of the memory cells.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a drain voltage limiter designed for a low-capacity, erasable, electrically programmable MOS memory that works at high speed in reading mode.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Electrically programmable memory cells are constituted by a floating gate transistor with its control gate connected to a word line, its drain connected to a bit line and its source connected to a reference potential that is generally the electrical ground of the circuit.
The cells are organized in matrix form: the transistors (or memory cells) are arranged in rows and columns. The transistors of a given row have their control gates connected to one and the same word line, and the transistors of a given column have their drains connected to one and the same bit line. A memory cell is addressed through the addressing of a bit line and a word line.
The programming or erasure of a memory cell consists in the injection of electrical charges into the floating gate, or in making them leave the floating gate, by the application, for example, of high potentials, erasure by ultraviolet rays, etc. These are well known methods.
The quantity of charges stored at the floating gate determines the threshold voltage Vs of the transistor: in terms of absolute value, this is the minimum voltage that must be applied between the gate and the source for the cell to become conductive. For an N channel transistor, for example, a threshold voltage for an erased state may be two volts and a threshold voltage for a programmed state may be eight volts. Thus, if a reading voltage of the order of five volts is applied between the source and the drain, the cell conducts a current of about a hundred microamperes if it is erased, and it is not conductive if it is programmed.
The current conducted by the cell is very low. Hence, to read the state of the cell, there has to be a current/voltage conversion. In a simple, well-known structure, the bit line is pre-loaded by a current generator which takes the drain to a potential close to Vcc. The current generator will conventionally be formed by a resistive transistor with zero threshold voltage, the gate and the source of this transistor being short-circuited. When a reading voltage is applied between the source and the gate of the cell, if the cell is conductive it will make its drain tend towards 0 volts. If it is not conductive, the drain remains at the same pre-loading voltage, close to Vcc. A reading amplifier, centered on a detection threshold ranging from 0 to 5 volts, may then detect an erased state or a programmed state.
Because of the matrix organization of the memories, the bit lines, which have many cells and are all connected to the reading amplifier, are highly capacitive: in parallel, at the drain and the source (grounded), it is possible to represent the equivalent capacitance. The cell, for its part is highly resistive: the current that flows is very low. It follows therefrom that it takes very long for the data of a memory cell to be set up on the bit line. This is so above all if it is necessary to read a state opposite the one pre-positioned on the bit line, i.e. an erased state while the bit line is pre-positioned in a programmed state by the pre-load circuit (current generator).
Furthermore, the drain of the cell undergoes major variations in voltage: for example, when the cell is in an erased state, its drain pre-positioned at Vcc goes to 0 volts when is being read. Repeated reading operations then tend to modify the quantity of charges stored at the floating gate; the cell tends to be programmed. Its lifetime becomes shorter. This is a phenomenon of stress of the cell. It is particularly pronounced when the gate lengths are small (submicron).
Hence, a circuit has been introduced between the bit line and the drain of the cell. This circuit has the function of absorbing the difference in voltage prompted by the reading of an erased state, the bit line being pre-positioned for a programmed state: the potential of the drain of the memory cell varies to a far smaller extent. This circuit for limiting the voltage variation of the drain is, in a known way, formed by a transistor that shall be called a compensation transistor, series connected between the bit line and the drain of the memory cell. The source of this transistor is therefore connected to the drain of the cell. This source is also the input of a follower-inverter the output of which is connected to the gate of the compensation transistor. The drain of the compensation transistor is connected to the input of the reading circuit and to the output of the pre-load circuit.
This compensation transistor is more resistive than the memory cell, but is less so than the pre-load transistor.
Thus, if the cell is in an erased state and if the reading voltage is applied to its gate, the current of the cell becomes high and tends to make its drain voltage Vd diminish. Because of the follower-inverter, the gate voltage of the compensation transistor, for its part, becomes greater: this transistor is increasingly conductive, equivalent to a short-circuit.
By contrast, if the cell is in a programmed state, it becomes highly resistive. Since the compensation transistor is more resistive, and because of the inverter, the compensation transistor becomes highly resistive, more so than the cell, and takes the voltage difference at its terminals: Vd therefore undergoes very little variation.
However, while the stress effect has thus been limited, the problem of access time in reading mode, which is lengthy because of the capacity, is not resolved for all that even if, since the voltage variation is smaller, the access time is also shorter (CdV=idt).
An object of the invention is the use of an assembly such as this, with compensation transistor, for a small number of cells, in order to have a memory that is very fast in reading mode. The capacitance induced is smaller, for there are fewer cells. However, it is then the transmission time of the inverter that will hamper fast switching-over: the compensation does not follow and, in practice, there are voltage peaks on the drain, for the induced capacitance is too low. Thus, using the known approach, the problem of stress of the cell is encountered again.

High-speed memory with a limiter of the drain voltage of the cells


The present disclosure relates to graphene. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a method for continuously preparing thermally conductive graphene films. A graphite oxide containing 40-60 wt % of moisture is directly stripped at a high temperature; and then, procedures such as dispersion, defoaming, coating, stripping, trimming, and reduction are performed to prepare thermally conductive graphene films with high thermal conductivity coefficient and strong electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. In the method, because of directly stripping the graphite oxide containing 40-60 wt % of moisture at a high temperature, the procedure of drying the graphite oxide is omitted, achieving low energy consumption and low manufacturing costs. Compared with preparing slurry by directly dispersing the graphite oxide, the concentration of the slurry after high temperature stripping is higher, and can reach 3-20 wt %.

There are major application requirements for thermal conduction and dissipation in many fields such as electronics, communications, lighting, aerospace and national defense. The mainstream thermal conductive materials in the market are still mostly aluminum or copper or their alloys. In recent years, however, thermally conductive graphene films have been widely used and quickly occupy the market share of traditional materials. Thermal-conductivity graphene film has the following advantages: high thermal conductivity in a range of from 300 w/m·k to 1500 w/m·k, which is higher than aluminum alloy and elemental copper; light weight, which is 25% lighter than aluminum and 75% lighter than copper.
At present, the methods for preparing a highly oriented thermally conductive graphene film from graphite oxide are as follows: 1. dispersing the graphite oxide in a solvent to form a graphene oxide slurry, coating on the substrate by spraying, blade coating or extrusion coating and so on, drying to form a graphene oxide film, and then chemically reducing or thermally reducing the graphene oxide film to obtain a graphene film (e.g. CN 105084858 A). In this method, the solid content of the graphene oxide slurry is very low (0.5 to 2%), so a large amount of solvent needs to be removed during the drying process, which consumes too much energy, and owing to the temperature resistance characteristic, the surface appearance of the graphene oxide film will be poor when dried above 100° C., causing the final prepared thermally conductive graphene film to be unacceptable to customers. 2. drying the graphite oxide firstly to form powders or granules, subjecting to high-temperature stripping to obtain the thin graphene sheets, dispersing the graphene sheets in a solvent to prepare a slurry, coating on a substrate by spraying, blade coating or extrusion coating and so on, drying to form a graphene film, and then thermally reducing to obtain a graphene film having a high thermal conductivity (Adv. Mater. 2014, 26(26): 4521-6). In this method, it is necessary to dry the graphite oxide firstly, which consumes too much energy and is costly.
Therefore, it is of great economic significance to develop a continuous method provided with high-efficiency and low-energy for preparing a thermally conductive graphene film.

Method for continuously preparing graphene heat-conducting films


The invention is a refastenable mechanical fastening system, made of free formed prongs joined to a substrate. The prongs taper and are nonperpendicularly oriented relative to the plane of the substrate. Each prong has in engaging means projecting laterally from the periphery of the prong. The free formed prongs are manufactured by the process of depositing liquid material onto a moving substrate, stretching the liquid material in a direction parallel to the plane of the substrate and severing the stretched material to form the distal end and engaging means of the prong. The advantageous usage of the fastening system in an article of manufacture, such as a disposable absorbent garment, specifically a diaper, is also disclosed.

Refastenable mechanical fastening systems are well known in the art. Typically, such fastening systems involve two major components, a prong which is joined to a substrate and engages with a complementary second component, the receiving surface. A projection of the prong of the fastening system penetrates the receiving surface and either engages or intercepts strands or fibers of the receiving surface. The resulting mechanical interference and physical obstruction prevent removal of the fastening system from the receiving surface until the separation forces exceed either the peel or shear strength of the fastening system.
Presently, refastenable mechanical fastening systems are made by at least two general methods. One method requires a plurality of filaments, each of which may be formed into two prongs. Examples of fastening systems produced by this method are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,717,437, issued Sep. 13, 1955 to de Mestral and U.S. Pat. No. 3,943,981, issued Mar. 16, 1976 to-De Brabandar which teach a raised pile of loops. Related teachings are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,257, issued Aug. 5, 1980 to Schams et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,454,183, issued Jun. 12, 1984 to Wollman and U.S. Pat. No. 4,463,486, issued Aug. 7, 1984 to Matsuda. These references teach heating the ends of polymeric monofilaments. Other related teachings of fastening systems produced by the first method are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,493, issued Dec. 29, 1981 to Ochiai and U.S. Pat. No. 4,330,907, issued May 25, 1982 to Ochiai.
The second general method commonly utilized to manufacture mechanical fastening systems is to mold or extrude the systems as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,147,528, issued Sep. 8, 1964 to Erb and U.S. Pat. No. 3,594,863, issued Jul. 27, 1971 to Erb. Continuous injection molding is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,594,865, issued Jul. 27, 1971 to Erb.
Various prong structures are illustrated in the prior art. For example, the references discussed above teach fastening systems having stems of generally constant cross section. U.S. Pat. No. 3,708,833, issued Jan. 9, 1973 to Ribich et al. discloses a prong which is somewhat tapered from the proximal end to the distal end and perpendicularly projects from the substrate.
European Patent Application No. 0,276,970, filed Jan. 26, 1988, by the Procter & Gamble Company in the name of Scripps discloses a fastening device having a constant cross section stem oriented at an angle between about 30.degree. and about 90.degree. relative to the base.
The prior art does not show methods of manufacture which produce free formed prongs. The prior art also does not show the structure of a mechanical fastening system wherein the prong is nonperpendicularly oriented relative to the substrate and has tapered sides.
It is an object of this invention to provide a free formed mechanical fastening system produced by a method of manufacture similar to gravure printing. It is also an object of this invention to provide a fastening system having tapered prongs which do not perpendicularly project from the associated substrate.

Process of making a refastenable mechanical fastening system


The invention provides high solids epoxy-based autodeposition coating materials and a means to obtain the high solids epoxy-based autodeposition coating materials that eliminates/minimizes the need for process solvents. An epoxy pre-polymer is used. The epoxy pre-polymer is combined with ethylenically unsaturated monomer, as an alternative to organic solvent, to yield an epoxy-monomer blend, which may be blended with other coating components and additives. The resulting blend is then dispersed in water with surfactant and the ethylenically unsaturated monomer is polymerized (in the presence of other formulation components) to yield a dispersion. The dispersion may then be used as one component of a coating formulation. The coating formulation can then be applied to materials and cured to form a final coating.

Autodeposition has been in commercial use on steel for about thirty years and is now well established for that use. For details, see for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,063,877; 3,585,084; 3,592,699; 3,674,567; 3,791,431; 3,795,546; 4,030,945; 4,108,817; 4,178,400; 4,186,226; 4,242,379; 4,234,704; 4,636,264; 4,636,265; 4,800,106; and 5,342,694. The disclosures of all these patents are hereby incorporated by reference. Epoxy resin-based autodeposition coating systems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,603 (Howell. Jr.); U.S Pat. No. 4,289,826 (Howell Jr.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,460 (Ahmed et al.); and International Publication Number WO 00/71337, the teachings of each of which are incorporated by reference.
Autodeposition compositions are usually in the form of a liquid, usually aqueous solutions, emulsions or dispersions in which active metal surfaces of inserted objects are coated with an adherent resin or polymer film that increases in thickness the longer the metal remains in the bath, even though the liquid is stable for a long time against spontaneous precipitation or flocculation of any resin or polymer, in the absence of contact with the active metal. When used in the autodeposition process, the composition when cured forms a polymeric coating. "Active metal" is defined as metal that spontaneously begins to dissolve at a substantial rate when introduced into the liquid solution or dispersion. Such compositions, and processes of forming a coating on a metal surface using such compositions, are commonly denoted in the art, and in this specification, as "autodeposition" or "autodepositing" compositions, dispersions, emulsions, suspensions, baths, solutions, processes, methods or a like term. Autodeposition is often contrasted with electrodeposition. Although each can produce adherent films with similar performance characterisitics, the dispersions from which they are produced and the mechanism by which they deposit are distinctly different. Electrodeposition requires that metal or other objects to be coated be connected to a source of direct current electricity for coating to occur. No such external electric current is used in autodeposition.
Prior epoxy dispersions used for autophoretic application are generally made by preparing low solids solutions of advanced epoxy resin in organic solvent(s). The epoxy resin in organic solvent(s) may be blended with other coating components and additives. The resulting mixture is dispersed in water with surfactant and is then mechanically dispersed to a desired particle size. Because a high concentration of solvent is undesirable in an autodepositing coating bath, these solvent-rich emulsions require removal of solvent by distillation techniques known in the art. The dispersion may then be used as a component of a coating bath. The dispersion, when autodeposited on a metal surface and cured, forms a polymeric coating.
Thus, there is a need in the art for high solids, epoxy-based autodeposition coating materials that eliminate and/or minimize the need for process solvents, which adversely affect manufacturing costs. This need is especially pronounced in thermoset epoxy-based autodeposition formulations utilizing crosslinking agents where process solvent requirements are greatest. There is also a need in the art for epoxy-based thermosetting coatings, which provide high degrees of film coverage over thin edges of the substrate following cure. Shortcomings of the prior art stem from flow away from substrate edges as viscosity of the applied film is reduced as the film is heated in the curing process. There is also a need in the art for a process to obtain these high solids, epoxy-based autodepositing coating materials. Finally, there is also a need in the art for high solids, epoxy-based autodeposition coating materials that are improved with respect to edge protection, mechanical and adhesive properties.

Corrosion resistant films based on ethylenically unsaturated monomer modified epoxy emulsions

Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Atkien (Henkel KGaA)


In an embodiment of an X-ray image acquisition system, an X-ray image detector includes a detector layer having a matrix composed of x total pixels structured in such a way that in a direction standing perpendicularly with respect to the grating lines of the diffraction or phase grating, the total pixels are subdivided into y subpixels which can be driven and/or read out in groups in a readout process such that, in a first phase step, n subpixels are effectively combined into groups, with m subpixels of a total pixel between the groups not being captured, and such that, in subsequent K−1 phase steps, n subpixels are in each case combined again into groups until all necessary combinations of subpixels have been captured, with the combined subpixels being shifted in the analysis direction by an increment of p subpixels in each case.

Differential phase contrast imaging constitutes an imaging method which in particular in the Talbot-Lau interferometer arrangement has for some time now been receiving a great deal of attention. Thus, for example, it is described in the publication by F. Pfeiffer et al. [1], "Hard X-ray dark-field imaging using a grating interferometer", Nature Materials 7, pages 134 to 137, that the use of X-ray optical gratings permits on the one hand the acquisition of phase-contrast X-ray images that provide additional information about an examination object. On the other hand it is also possible to use not just the phase information but also the amplitude information of scattered radiation for imaging. This enables an imaging modality to be created which is based exclusively on the scatter fractions of the X-ray radiation diffracted by the examination object, in other words a small-angle scattering technique. As a result, very small differences in density in the examination object can be visualized at very high resolutions. Similar findings are also revealed in Joseph J. Zambelli et al. [2], "Radiation dose efficiency comparison between differential phase contrast CT and conventional absorption CT", Med. Phys. 37 (2010), pages 2473 to 2479.
The wave nature of particles such as X-ray quanta allows phenomena such as diffraction and reflection to be described with the aid of the complex diffraction indexn=1−δ+iβ, where the imaginary part β describes the absorption on which contemporary clinical X-ray imaging such as e.g. that of computed tomography, angiography, radiography, fluoroscopy or mammography is based, and the real part δ describes the phase shift that is considered in differential phase imaging.
An X-ray image acquisition system is known from DE 10 2010 018 715 A1, wherein in order to achieve high-quality X-ray imaging use is made of an X-ray image acquisition system for phase contrast imaging of an examination object which has at least an X-ray emitter having a plurality of field-emission X-ray sources for emitting coherent X-ray radiation, an X-ray image detector, a diffraction grating G1 arranged between the examination object and the X-ray image detector, and a further grating G2 which is arranged between the diffraction grating G1 and the X-ray image detector.
An X-ray image acquisition system by which differential phase contrast imaging of the type cited in the introduction can be performed is known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 7,500,784 B2, which system is explained with reference to FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 shows the typical essential features of an X-ray image acquisition system for an interventional suite, comprising a C-arm 2 which is supported by a stand 1 in the form of a six-axis industrial or articulated-arm robot and at the ends of which an X-ray radiation source, for example an X-ray emitter 3 comprising X-ray tube and collimator, and an X-ray image detector 4 are mounted as the image acquisition unit.
By way of the articulated-arm robot, known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 7,500,784 B2, which preferably has six axes of rotation and consequently six degrees of freedom, the C-arm 2 can be moved arbitrarily in three dimensions, for example by its being rotated about a center of rotation between the X-ray emitter 3 and the X-ray detector 4. The inventive angiographic X-ray system 1 to 4 can be rotated in particular about centers of rotation and axes of rotation in the C-arm plane of the X-ray image detector 4, preferably about the axes of rotation intersecting the center point of the X-ray image detector 4 and the center point of the X-ray image detector 4.
The known articulated-arm robot has a base frame which is permanently installed on a floor, for example. Secured thereto is a turntable which is rotatable about a first axis of rotation. Attached to the turntable so as to be capable of pivoting about a second axis of rotation is a robotic floating link to which a robotic arm is fixed so as to be rotatable about a third axis of rotation. A robotic hand is attached to the end of the robotic arm so as to be rotatable about a fourth axis of rotation. The robotic hand has a securing element for the C-arm 2 which can be pivoted about a fifth axis of rotation and rotated about a sixth axis of rotation running perpendicularly thereto.
The implementation of the X-ray diagnostic apparatus is not dependent on the industrial robot. Conventional C-arm devices can also be used.
The X-ray image detector 4 can be a flat semiconductor detector, rectangular or square in shape, which is preferably produced from amorphous silicon (a-Si). However, integrating and possibly counting CMOS detectors can also be used.
A patient 6 to be examined is positioned as the examination object in the beam path of the X-ray emitter 3 on a tabletop platform 5 of a patient examination table. Connected to the X-ray diagnostic apparatus is a system control unit 7 having an image system 8 which receives and processes the image signals of the X-ray image detector 4 (operator control elements, for example, are not shown). The X-ray images can then be studied on displays of a monitor array 9. Also provided in the system control unit 7 is a known device 10, the function of which will be described in greater detail.
Instead of the X-ray system having the stand 1 in the form of the six-axis industrial or articulated-arm robot shown by way of example in FIG. 1, the angiographic X-ray system can also have, as illustrated in simplified schematic form in FIG. 2, a normal ceiling- or floor-mounted support for the C-arm 2.
Instead of the C-arm 2 shown by way of example, the angiographic X-ray system can also have separate ceiling- and/or floor-mounted supports for the X-ray emitter 3 and the X-ray image detector 4 which are coupled for example in an electronically rigid manner.
In the arrangements for clinical phase contrast imaging that are the focus of attention today, use is made of conventional X-ray tubes, currently available X-ray image detectors, as described for example by Martin Spahn [3] in "Digitale Röntgenbilddetektoren in der Röntgendiagnostik" ("Digital X-ray image detectors in X-ray diagnostics"), Radiologe 43 (2003), pages 340 to 350, and three gratings G0, G1 and G2, as will be explained in more detail hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 2, which shows a schematic layout of a Talbot-Lau interferometer for differential phase contrast imaging with extended tube focus, gratings G0, G1 and G2, and pixelated X-ray image detector.
In order to generate coherent radiation, the X-rays 12 emitted from a tube focus 11 of the non-coherent X-ray emitter 3 penetrate an absorption grating 13 (G0), which effects the spatial coherence of the X-ray radiation source, as well as an examination object 14, the patient 6 for example. In passing through the examination object 14 the wave front of the X-rays 12 is deflected by phase shifting, as illustrated by the normal 15 of the wave front without phase shift, i.e. without object, and the normal 16 of the wave front with phase shift. The phase-shifted wave front then travels through a diffraction or phase grating 17 (G1) having a grating constant adapted to the typical energy of the X-ray spectrum for generating interference lines and in turn through an absorbing analyzer grating 18 (G2) for reading out the generated interference pattern. The grating constant of the analyzer grating 18 is correlated with that of the phase grating 17 and the remaining geometry of the arrangement. The analyzer grating 18 is arranged e.g. at the first or n-th Talbot distance. In this case the analyzer grating 18 converts the interference pattern into an intensity pattern which can be measured by the detector. Typical grating constants for clinical applications are in the region of a few μm, as is also supported for example by the cited literature references [1, 2].
If the tube focus 11 of the radiation source is sufficiently small and the generated radiated power is nonetheless sufficiently great, it may be possible to dispense with the first grating G0, the absorption grating 13, as is the case for example when a plurality of field-emission X-ray sources are provided as the X-ray emitter 3, as is known from the below-described DE 10 2010 018 715 A1.
The differential phase shift is now determined for each pixel of the X-ray image detector 4 in that by way of what is termed "phase stepping" 19, as indicated by an arrow, the analyzer grating 18 G2 is shifted in multiple increments by a corresponding fraction of the grating constant vertically with respect to the radiation direction of the X-rays 12 and laterally with respect to the arrangement of the grating structure and the signal Sk resulting for this configuration during the image acquisition in the pixel of the X-ray image detector 4 is measured and hence the resulting interference pattern sampled. The parameters of a function describing the modulation (e.g. sinusoidal function) are then determined for each pixel by means of a suitable fit method, an adaptation or compensation method, to the thus measured signals Sk. The visibility, i.e. the normalized difference formed from maximum and minimum signal, is in this case a metric for characterizing the quality of a Talbot-Lau interferometer. It is defined as the contrast of the sampled modulation
  V  =                              I                      ma                                                                          x                          -                  I                      m                                                                          i                                                                          n                                                I                      ma                                                                          x                          +                  I                      m                                                                          i                                                                          n                                =                  A                  I          _                    .
Also in this equation, A denotes the amplitude and Ī the average intensity. The visibility can assume values between zero and one, since all variables are positive and Imax>Imin. In a real interferometer it also holds that Imin>0, thereby beneficially exhausting the value range of V. Minimum intensities greater than zero and all non-ideal characteristics and defects of the interferometer lead to a reduction in visibility. A third item of information which can be defined via the visibility and is generated by this type of measurement is referred to as a dark field. The dark field specifies the ratio formed from the visibilities of the measurement with object and those without object.
  D  =                    V        obj                    V        ref              =                            A          obj                ·                              I            _                    ref                                      A          ref                ·                              I            _                    obj
Three different images can then be generated from the comparison of specific derived variables from the fitted functions for each pixel once with and once without object (or patient):
absorption image,
differential phase contrast (DPC) image and
dark-field image.
When reference is made hereinbelow to image, it may be that what is meant is the triumvirate formed from absorption, DPC and dark-field image.
The realization of the method poses many challenges, but in particular has one quite critical disadvantage:
The analyzer grating 18 G2 must be maneuvered into different positions and an X-ray acquisition must then be performed in each position. It is therefore apparent that such a method is highly unsuitable for moving objects (such as non-anesthetized patients or patient organs, e.g. heart, lung), even if the object moves by only slight distances between the different measurements. Such a layout is likewise unsuitable due to the mechanical displacement of the analyzer grating 18, the phase stepping 19, to allow realtime imaging or imaging at higher image frame rates of e.g. 15 frames per second (fps) or even 60 to 100 fps. 3D imaging, in which X-ray emitter 3 with X-ray tube and X-ray image detector 4 is continuously rotated around the patient 6, is also not possible in this way.
It is described in EP 2 633 813 A1 that an interference pattern is produced by means of a relative rotation of the gratings G1 and G2 through an angle (Θ) in the vertical direction with respect to the grating lines. This results for example in M=5 interference fringes within a pixel structure D. In the corresponding direction, i.e. perpendicularly to the grating lines, the readout of the detector is then also driven with a subpixel size of Dy=D/M. The subpixel structure Dy is therefore in the order of magnitude of ⅕ of the pixel size D.
Also described is an analog readout of the detector by means of a light source/laser whose beam width is given precisely by Dy, where Dy has much greater dimensions than the grating structure.

X-ray image acquisition system for differential phase contrast imaging of an examination object by way of phase stepping, and angiographic examination method


A wood substitute turning blank and method of making the same is described. The turning blank includes a body having an outer shell of relatively low tensile strength material positioned about a rotational axis of the body. An inner core of relatively high tensile strength material is positioned along the rotational axis of the body. The high tensile strength of the inner core allows this turning blank to be turned at high speed on a lathe or the like. The high tensile strength of the core enhances the overall tensile strength of the finished product.

In order to use a lathe, or similar equipment which rotate a workpiece, one must start with a turning blank. The turning blank is clamped securely between chucks on the lathe. The lathe is then used to rotate the turning blank at high speed while a cutting tool is brought in contact with the turning blank. Contact with the cutting tool sculpts the turning blank into a desired symmetrical form. Spindles for railings and legs for tables and chairs are commonly made in this manner.
As wood becomes increasingly scarce, industry is shifting to the use of alternative materials in an attempt to secure the highest quality of work product at the lowest possible cost. One common wood substitute is medium density fibreboard. Medium density fibreboard is a made of fibre that is held together with a resin binder. These materials have replaced wood in such applications as moldings, as they have desirable finishing properties. They have not, however, proven suitable for use as turning blanks as they have extremely limited tensile strength. The probability of tensile failure makes them unsuitable for use in turning. When such tensile failure occurs during high speed rotation, portions of the failed turning blank become projectiles that present a hazard to the health and safety of all persons in the vicinity.

Wood substitute turning blank and method of making the same


A temperature sensing device for a vehicle samples air from an interior passenger compartment to determine passenger compartment temperature by purging air in a region surrounding a temperature sensor, in favor of passenger compartment air. A sensor triggered by door operation allows the purging process to begin before a passenger enters the vehicle and the vehicle's automatic temperature control system is activated. A method of accurately measuring the temperature of air in the passenger compartment of the vehicle involves the steps of sensing that the passenger is about to enter the vehicle purging the air in the region surrounding the sensor and drawing in air from the passenger compartment, and measuring the air at the sensor after the purging step.

The present invention relates in general to a vehicle temperature sensing device that samples air from an interior passenger compartment to determine passenger compartment temperature. More particularly, the present invention relates to a device that purges air in a region surrounding a temperature sensor, in favor of passenger compartment air, the purging taking place before the vehicle's automatic temperature control system is activated.
Automatic temperature control ("ATC") systems are known to measure interior compartment temperature. The measured temperature is used by the ATC system to activate subsystems that will lower or raise compartment temperature to meet passenger expectations. Relevant subsystems of the ATC system include ventilation mode, recirculation door positions, blower speeds and refrigeration cycles.
Typically, a sensor or thermistor that measures interior passenger compartment temperature is located in a dashboard of the vehicle, a region of the vehicle that generally maintains a temperature different from that of the passenger compartment. Before passenger compartment temperature may be accurately measured, air in the immediate area of the sensor must be purged in favor of air pulled in from the passenger compartment.
With regard to conventional ATC systems, purging does not typically begin until after the ATC is activated, which occurs after the ignition system of the vehicle is activated. Until the air having a temperature that is dissimilar to that of the vehicle passenger compartment is purged from the area surrounding the sensor or thermistor located in the dashboard, precise implementation of ATC subsystems is impossible. The ATC system can only make gross assumptions regarding compartment air temperature.
Ventilation related systems are known that are activated when a key is inserted into a vehicle door, or the door is unlocked. Such systems, however, do not suggest or teach the importance of obtaining an accurate temperature measurement of interior compartment air by purging air of dissimilar temperature from the region of the temperature sensor before the system begins to make measurements.

Method and apparatus for sensing temperature of vehicle interior


A method includes receiving user input defining a workflow comprising one or more activities and one or more rules; receiving user input defining a user interface (UI) configured to facilitate a user performing the workflow at least in part using a processor of a mobile device; and generating a mobile software application based on the workflow and the UI. In another embodiment, a method includes: instantiating a mobile application on a mobile device; launching a workflow within the mobile application, the workflow comprising one or more activities and one or more rules; rendering one or more user interfaces based at least in part on the workflow; displaying at least one of the user interfaces on a display of the mobile device; receiving user input via at least one of the user interfaces; and modifying the workflow based at least partially on user input. Systems and computer program products are also disclosed.

Mobile technology is rapidly developing, fueling even more rapid development of software capable of exploiting the new and expanded functionality offered by mobile devices. As a result, entire new development communities have arisen to contribute to the expanding pool of software tools available to mobile device users. Large producers of mobile hardware and software have even released software development platforms to the general public and/or provided access to application distribution services to select developers, e.g. via a registration process. To users' great benefit, a wide array of mobile applications designed to perform myriad activities using mobile devices are now readily available for quick download, installation and implementation via mobile communication networks.
The currently available mobile software applications and development platforms provide diverse and powerful functionality to both end-users and developers capable of leveraging the various capabilities of existing mobile devices. However, there is currently no tool available for dynamically developing and employing smart mobile applications capable of adapting to user behavior and/or requirements. For example, current mobile development platforms and/or mobile applications are incapable of transparently determining an appropriate format for processing and outputting data such that the processed data may be seamlessly passed to and/or processed by a subsequent application or algorithm based on prior user activity; such as a user formatting the output and passing the output to the subsequent application or processing algorithm.
Since users cannot dynamically develop and/or process data using currently-available mobile software tools, in order to implement a new or modified process or application, new development effort is required. At best, either new functionality must be encoded into an existing application, or entire new applications must be developed to provide the desired capabilities. At worst, the desired "new" functionality cannot be implemented due to compatibility issues, process limitations, etc. The ultimate result is that end users must wait for development and deployment of the new or modified process(es) or application(s), which is undesirable and even may be unacceptable in some situations.
Moreover, while some users may be capable of developing and/or modifying existing software to perform desired functions, the majority of users do not possess the time or technical expertise to customize software products in this manner. Therefore, valuable input from non-developer users cannot be incorporated into current mobile applications and/or software development platforms without communication between the user(s) and developers, which is inconvenient in some situations and impossible in others. Ultimately, these constraints exclude many individuals from the development community, frustrating or precluding communication between the development community and end users, as well as unnecessarily restricting the available development resources to individuals having significant technical expertise and/or development experience.
Therefore, it would be beneficial to provide systems, methods, and computer program products encompassing a platform for development and use of smart mobile software applications to enable real-time data processing and dynamic application development. It would be a further benefit to enable developers and non-developer users alike to transparently create and/or adapt mobile applications that process data and/or facilitate subsequent processing of the data according to learned criteria such as user behavior and/or requirements. The application is also beneficially capable of dynamically adapting workflow processes in response to various stimuli, enabling a user-oriented experience that provides user-specific benefits tailored to the user's desired activities.

Smart mobile application development platform


A rotary turbojet blade comprises a plurality of blade sections extending along a line of the centers of gravity of said sections between a base and a tip, said blade presenting along a radial axis a bottom portion, an intermediate portion, and a top portion, said bottom portion presenting a longitudinal angle of inclination for a leading edge line, said intermediate portion presenting a backward longitudinal angle of inclination for said leading edge line, and said top portion presenting a backward longitudinal angle of inclination for said leading edge line and a tangential angle of inclination for said line of the centers of gravity in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of said blade.

The present invention relates to the general field of backswept blades for turbojets. More particularly, the invention relates to the geometry of blades in the fan or the compressors of a turbojet.
A turbojet is provided in particular with a fan followed, in the flow direction of the gases passing through the turbojet, by a multistage compressor. The fan and the compressor are elements of the turbojet through which the gas flow passes. Each of them comprises a row of moving blades that are circumferentially spaced apart from one another so as to define passages for the gas flow. The blades of these elements are subjected to speeds of rotation that can generate subsonic to supersonic speeds in the flow of gas passing through these elements of the turbojet. Although high flow speeds make it possible in particular to improve the mass flow rate of the gas, thereby increasing the thrust of the turbojet, they can also sometimes present the drawback of generating high levels of noise. In particular, the "supersonic bang" corresponding to the gas flow switching from supersonic speeds to subsonic speeds contributes to a large fraction of such noise. Other interaction phenomena involving turbulence of the gas flow in the vicinity of the fan (broadband noise) also constitute sources of noise in the fan.
Engine manufacturers thus seek to devise fan and compressor blades that enable turbojet thrust to be increased while minimizing the noise generated by the flow of gas passing through the fan or the compressor. In addition, when designing such blades, various other parameters need to be taken into account such as the aerodynamics and the strength of such blades. Blades need to be designed so as to optimize the mass flow rate and the compression of the gas going past them, while guaranteeing good mechanical strength for the blades. In particular, at high speeds of rotation, the mechanical stresses to which the blades are subjected are more severe because of the high level of vibration and the centrifugal force that are applied to the blades.
Numerous geometries have been proposed for fan and compressor blades. They are characterized mainly by their stacking relationships for blade sections, their general curvature, and the possible presence of aerodynamically swept-back portions for improving aerodynamic performance and for reducing the noise generated by the fan and the compressors of the turbojet. However, none of those blades enable aerodynamic operation to be obtained that is efficient under all conditions of turbojet use, in particular both at high speed or high revolutions per minute (rpm) as occurs for example during takeoff and when the airplane reaches its maximum altitude, and at partial rpm, as happens for example during an airplane approach stage, and while also satisfying noise standards that are becoming more and more restrictive.


The present invention relates to a radiator sheet improvement and more particularly to a structure with enhanced strength and increased heat exchange surface after assembling, which is achieved first by forming large holes and adjacent small holes on each radiator sheet, wherein a radiator tube passing through each large hole and a solder rod or tin solder inserted into each small hole, and then by using heat to melt solder to fill the space between the radiator sheet and the radiator tube, thereby enabling a firm bonding effect therebetween.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improvement of a radiator sheet structure and more particularly for applying heat to melt solders flowing into a gap between the radiator sheet and the radiator tube, thereby increasing heat exchange surface area, which enhances heat exchange efficiency, and enabling radiator tubes firmly connecting to radiator sheets.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
Heat emitting can always be the core issue in today's 3C products. A conventional heat exchange device is to use, besides a fan, copper or aluminum corrugated radiator sheets and an increase of heat exchange surface can be achieved through increasing of stacked radiator sheets.
With inadequacy in heat exchange capability when using only corrugated radiator sheets, an improvement was made by adding radiator tubes on each radiator sheet. As such, the area of the connection surface therebetween, which allows heat conducting from radiator sheets to radiator tubes, is vital to heat exchange efficiency.
Referring to FIG. 1. A conventional radiator sheet A includes a large hole A1, a small hole A2, a radiator tube 20, and a solder wire 30, wherein the small hole A2 formed adjoining the large hole A1, the radiator tube 20 formed in the large hole A1, and the solder wire 30 formed in the small hole A2. By using heat to melt the solder wire 30, the radiator sheet A thereby bonds the radiator tube 20.
As the solder wire 30 melting, liquid solder will be flowing down to fill only part of the space between the outer perimeter of the radiator tube 20 and the inner perimeter of the large hole A1, thereby causing a less stable bonding effect. Furthermore, creaks on the solder-filled space may occur when imposing an external force, which further reduces heat conductivity therebetween.


Hybrid combustion power systems comprising multiple direct energy conversion devices are disclosed, which devices (12, 14, 16) are preferably combined with a Rankine cycle containing a steam turbine (114), where combustion air (A) may be continuously preheated by an optional air heater (58), then by the waste heat of a low temperature direct energy conversion device (16) such as an alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC), and finally by the waste heat of a high temperature direct energy conversion device (12) such as an AMTEC, where the AMTECs include electrolyte (36) may include a condenser located in substantially the same geometrical plane as the AMTEC electrolyte (36) and thermally insulated from the electrolyte.

The present invention relates to power generation systems, and more particularly relates to a hybrid combustion power system including multiple direct energy conversion devices.
An advantage of simple cycle steam turbine power plants is the ability to burn a wide variety of fossil fuels with relatively minor preconditioning. However, the efficiency of steam plants is limited despite the availability of high temperatures in their fossil fuel burners. A combined gas-steam cycle provides high efficiency, but burns natural gas which is relatively expensive. Utilization of less expensive fuels such as coal requires heavy preconditioning, e.g., integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC), and lowers the overall plant efficiency.
An alternative to IGCC and PFBC technologies would be to use a direct energy conversion topping cycle which has no moving parts and can accept almost any type of fuel. However, direct energy conversion methods have relatively narrow ranges of heat source and heat sink temperatures to achieve efficient operation while ensuring sufficient lifetime and reliability.
In accordance with the present invention, a hybrid combustion power system comprising multiple direct energy conversion devices is provided. The conversion efficiencies of topping cycles and stand alone power systems are significantly increased by operating the direct energy conversion devices of the system efficiency and reliably at variable heat source and heat sink temperatures.
An aspect of the invention is to provide a hybrid combustion power system including a source of combustion air, a low temperature direct energy conversion device for heating the combustion air, and a high temperature direct energy conversion device for further heating the combustion air.
A further aspect of the invention is to provide a hybrid combustion power system comprising: a source of combustion air, combustion fuel, and coolant; at least one direct energy thermionic converter power generator for heating at least one of the combustion air and coolant; and a steam turbine to which any heated coolant passes.
Another aspect of the invention is to provide an alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) having a parallel condenser system comprising: multiple opposing high temperature working fluid regions separated from each other by at least one vapor chamber; and multiple opposing low temperature coolant regions separated from each other by the at least one vapor chamber, and separated from the high temperature working fluid regions by insulating walls. The primary feature of AMTEC is its ability to generate electric power using the temperature difference between a hot stream and a cold stream. The hot stream is cooled as a side effect of the electric conversion process, and the cold stream is heated by waste heat from the AMTEC device. In different parts of this disclosure, some of the waste heat is used to heat combustion air, and some is used to heat feedwater and steam.
These and other aspects of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description.


A lamp with a single base is mounted on a lamp holder by processes of contacting a second mounting face of the base with a first mounting face of the lamp holder and turning the base in a first turning direction with respect to the lamp holder. A plurality of engaging projections is formed on the lamp holder with which a plurality of engaging protrusions of the base is engaged, when the base is turned in a first turning direction. A pair of hooking receivers is formed on a mounting face of the lamp holder so as to be hooked with a hooking protrusion of the base. A pair of lamp holding springs is provided on the lamp holder for applying forces for restricting turning of the base in a second turning direction opposite to the first turning direction under a condition that the second hooking portion of the base is hooked with the first hooking portion. Thus, safety and reliability of mounting of the lamp on the lamp holder can be increased.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lamp holder for a lamp with a single base, and especially relates to a bayonet-type lamp holder for a high brightness and large-scale size of a lamp such as a fluorescent lamp with a single base.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, the high output and large-scale size of a fluorescent lamp having a single base is used as a substitute light source of an HID lamp, and it is necessary therefore to be able to improve certainty of lamp holding.
In the conventional HID lamp generally, screw-type base and lamp holder are used, so that the HID lamp is turned a lot when it is mounted on a lamp holder. Thus, there was very little possibility that the lamp fell to even if clamping of the lamp was a little loose.
On the other hand, a fluorescent lamp with a single base conventionally has a bayonet-type mount, in which protrusions of the base of the fluorescent lamp are fitted to recesses of a lamp holder and the base of the lamp is rotated with respect to the lamp holder, so that the protrusions of the base of the lamp are engaged with hooks of the lamp holder.
A conventional bayonet-type lamp holder and a base of a lamp are described with reference to FIGS. 18A, 18B, 19A and 19B. FIGS. 18A and 18B show a configuration of a conventional lamp holder 100. FIGS. 19A and 19B show a configuration of a conventional base of a lamp.
As can be seen from figures, the lamp holder 100 has a circular recess 101 formed at substantially center portion of a first mounting face 100a and four projections 104 formed at side faces thereof for projecting outward. The base 102 has a cylindrical protrusion 103 formed at substantially center of a second mounting face 102a and four engaging protrusions 106 formed at periphery portions of the second mounting face 102a for protruding upward. The cylindrical protrusion 103 of the base 102 is inserted into the circular recess 101 of the lamp holder 100. Each engaging protrusion 106 of the base 102 has an engaging groove 105 with which the projections 104 of the lamp holder 100 is engaged.
The lamp holder 100 further has a pair of hooking recesses 107, and the base 102 has a pair of hooking protrusions 108 to be hooked with the hooking recesses 107. The hooking protrusions 108 are formed on spring portions 109 which are formed on the second mounting face 102a of the base 102 and elastically deformed. The spring portions 109 are normally formed of a resin material integrally with the base 102.
The lamp holder 100 still further has two pairs of jack holes 110 and a pair of protrusions 112 formed on an inner face of the circular recess 101 and used for distinguishing wattage of the lamp. The base 102 still further has two pairs of pins 111 to be contacted with lamp terminals disposed below the jack holes 110 and a pair of grooves 113 formed on an outer face of the cylindrical protrusion 103 and engaged with the protrusions 112.
For coupling the base 102 with the lamp holder 100, the base 102 is placed to face the lamp holder 100 in a manner so that the second mounting face 102a of the base 102 contacts the first mounting face 100a of the lamp holder 100 and the cylindrical protrusion 103 of the base 102 is inserted into the circular recess 101 of the lamp holder 100, but the engaging protrusions 106 of the base 102 do not interfere with the projections 104 of the lamp holder 100. Under such a state, when the lamp with the base 102 is turned in a first turning direction around a center axis of the cylindrical protrusion 103 or the circular recess 101, the engaging grooves 105 of the engaging protrusions 106 of the base 102 are engaged with the projections 104 of the lamp holder 100. Dismounting of the base 102 from the lamp holder 100 due to turning in a second turning direction opposite to the first turning direction is prevented owing to the hooking of the hooking protrusions 108 with the hooking recesses 107.
In Publication gazette of Japanese Patent Application 2001-93631, an elastic hooking protrusion is formed on each groove 105 of the engaging protrusion 106 of the base 102 to be hooked with the projection 104 of the lamp holder 100, instead of the hooking recesses 107, the hooking protrusions 108 and the spring portions 109.
In the above-mentioned conventional bayonet-type lamp holder and the base of the lamp, in order to improve click feeling when the base of the lamp is mounted on or dismounted from the lamp holder, it is proposed to increase the elastic reaction force of the spring portion 109 or the elastic hooking protrusion. It, however, becomes easily be broken due to increasing of stress in the spring portion 109 or the elastic hooking protrusion. Furthermore, the resin material of the lamp holder 100 and the base 102 will be deteriorated while they are used in long term under high temperature condition. If the hooking protrusion 108 is broken due to the above-mentioned reason, the base 102 of the lamp is held on the lamp holder 100 only owing to the friction between the pins 111 and the lamp terminals. Since various vibrations including micro-vibration are applied to the lamp holder 100 and the base 102 of the lamp while the long use, the base 102 of the lamp is gradually loosened with respect to the lamp holder 100, and there is a possibility that the lamp falls to.
Furthermore, even if the base 102 of the lamp was engaged betwixt and between with the lamp holder 100, the lamp could be held on the lamp holder 100. Then, there was a possibility that the lamp fell to due to vibration or the like while the mounting of the lamp or while the use of the lamp.
Since the size of the lamp with a single base is upsized in recent years, the falling of the lamp is serious problem.

Lamp holder for lamp with a single base and lighting apparatus using the same