The invention relates to a method of cleaning an electric filter and to an electric filter. In the method gas containing particles is fed to a chamber (2) of the electric filter. The gas is further fed to gas channels (5) in an emission system (3) provided in the chamber (2). What is brought about is electric charging of the particles in the gas and attachment to the separation electrode (1). Gas purified of particles is removed from the gas channel (5). The separation electrode (1) is shaken with shaker (8) to remove the particles attached to the separation electrode (1) therefrom. In this method, the gas flow is limited in such a gas channel (5) which adjoins the separation electrode (1) to be shaken by the shaker (8) when the separation electrode (1) to be shaken by the shaker (8) is shaken.

The invention relates to a method of cleaning an electronic filter during filtration and to an electric filter.
The emission system of an electric filter is formed of negatively charged emission electrodes and of separation electrodes in a zero position or of ground plates (the separation system, functioning as a positive pool). The gas to be purified of particles is fed through the emission system of the electric filter and the gas flows in the emission system between positively and negatively charged electrodes. Since a tension of approximately 100 kV typically exists between the positively and negatively charged electrodes, such a tension provides corona discharges between the electrodes. The corona discharges cause the particles, when they flow through such a corona discharge, to be mainly negatively charged and attached to the positively charged plates, whereas the positive particles are attached to the emission electrodes.
Different electric filter applications are used for instance in power stations, pulp mills and in various metallurgical processes, in which the electric filters tend to separate particles from the hot gases fed therethrough.
It is previously known in electrical filters to shake the separation electrodes at regular intervals when the electric filter is being used, i.e. during filtration, in order to purify the separation electrodes of the particles attached thereto during filtration. The idea is that the particles removed by shaking fall to the lower part of the electric filter that is preferably but not necessarily provided with a bottom hopper.
What becomes a problem is that when separation electrodes are shaken during filtration, some of the particles removed from the separation electrodes by shaking are conveyed from the electric filter, since a gas flow flows through the electric filter. Thus, what is known as "rapping loss" is created.
A solution to the problem is to close the gas flow flowing through the electric filter completely when the separation electrodes of the electric filter are shaken, but this causes a break in filtration. Another known solution to the problem is of the kind in which two electric filters are used in parallel and in which the gas flow is closed during shaking through the electric filter that is shaken.
Publication U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,130 discloses an electric filter that allows reducing the gas flow in gas channels adjoining the separation electrode to be shaken by shaking means when such a separation electrode to be shaken by the shaking means is shaken simultaneously allowing gas to flow through the other gas channels of the electric filter. Thus, the separation electrodes are allowed to be shaken while using the electric filter without having to stop the electric filter. In this solution, another gas flow is directed against the gas flow flowing in the gas channel so that the gas flow substantially stops in the gas channel concerned. When the separation electrode adjoining the gas channel is shaken, the particles removed from the separation electrode may fall freely for instance to the bottom hopper at the bottom of the electric filter. A problem associated with this prior art solution is that a fairly complicated and space-requiring solution is required to direct a second gas flow against the gas flow flowing in the gas channel.
Publication JP8187450 discloses another electric filter that allows reducing the gas flow in gas channels adjoining a separation electrode to be shaken by a shaking means when such a separation electrode to be shaken by the shaking means is shaken simultaneously allowing gas to flow through the other gas channels of the electric filter. This prior art solution comprises a moving-type curtain that can be moved in front of the up-flow end of the gas intervals, thus preventing the gas flow out of the gas channel. When the separation electrode adjoining the gas channel is shaken, the particles removed from the separation electrodes may freely fall for instance to a bottom hopper at the bottom of the electric filter. A problem in this solution is to move the moving-type curtain reliably in dirty conditions in the electric filter.

Method of cleaning electric filter and electric filter


A method for generating an event includes monitoring a first neural network with a second neural network. The method also includes generating an event based on the monitoring. The event is generated at the second neural network. The event may be generated based on a spike received at the second network during the monitoring.

Field
Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to neural system engineering and, more particularly, to systems and methods for monitoring a neural network with a shadow network.
Background
An artificial neural network, which may comprise an interconnected group of artificial neurons (i.e., neuron models), is a computational device or represents a method to be performed by a computational device. Artificial neural networks may have corresponding structure and/or function in biological neural networks. In some cases, artificial neural networks may provide innovative and useful computational techniques for certain applications in which traditional computational techniques are cumbersome, impractical, or inadequate. Because artificial neural networks can infer a function from observations, such networks are particularly useful in applications where the complexity of the task or data makes the design of the function by conventional techniques burdensome. Still, like most systems, the neural networks may fail or become unstable. Thus, it is desirable to provide a neuromorphic receiver that includes a shadow neural network for monitoring the activity of a target neural network. The shadow neural network may improve the debugging and/or monitoring of the target neural network.

Monitoring neural networks with shadow networks


A cover assembly (100) is disclosed that can be installed onto and removed from a telecommunications connector (200) without requiring the connector (200) from being removed from its mounted position and without requiring an associated cover plate (120) from being removed from its mounted position. The cover assembly (100) can include a base portion (150) that defines an opening that entirely surrounds a cover portion (110). In one example, the cover portion (110) is attached to the base portion (150) via a living hinge (118). In one aspect, the base portion (150) acts as a color cap while the cover portion (110) acts as a dust cover. In one example, the base portion (150) is provided without a cover portion (110) such that the cover assembly (100) simply acts as a color cap.

Electrical connectors, for example RJ-type connectors, are useful for providing wall sockets where electronic data cables can be terminated and mating electrical plugs can be inserted. A problem with such electrical connectors can occur when dust, dirt or other contaminants come into contact with electrically conductive elements inside the connector. Such contaminants may cause corrosion, unintended conduction or adhesion of components that impedes their movement. Ingress of contaminants into the electrical connector may be particularly likely when the connector is placed in a wall cavity. This may be the case when building works generate abrasions and contaminants, for example.
Some electrical connectors, such as some RJ-type connectors, are assembled in such a way that an exposed cavity containing one or more conductive elements of the electrical connector is not covered once installed. This exposed cavity may be prone to accumulation of contaminants. It is generally desirable to overcome or ameliorate one or more of the above described difficulties, or at least provide a useful alternative.
Another concern regarding connectors is the provision of identification means on the connectors such that a user can more quickly identify an appropriate connector. Although some connectors are provided with color caps for this purpose, many are installed one the connector in such a way that their removal and replacement the field is difficult or impossible without removing the connector from its mounting location.

Cover assembly for a telecommunications connector


The elongated tubular pesticide administration system is designed to fit between the foundation wall of a structure and the lowest board in a lapped exterior wall system, such as wood, composites, cement-fiber board, vinyl, or aluminum siding. The pesticide dispersion system is attached to the inner surface of the lowest board, and it includes an extended, flexible, resilient seal which seals it against the outside of the foundation wall, thereby sealing the exposed area between formed between the foundation wall and the exterior siding. Pesticide foam is injected into the system through fill ports which are spaced along the bottom of the system. The pesticide foam fills the aperture and is then disbursed through pesticide dispersion holes.

The present invention relates to an article for sealing the lower portion of an exterior wall system which also acts as a pesticide application appliance. In particular, the present invention is intended to be used both to mechanically seal the exposed area created at the lower portion of the exterior walls of a structure, such as a residence, while simultaneously providing a means for facilitating the injection of chemical pesticides between the inner and outer portions of the exterior wall system, thereby providing a perimeter pest control system which extends around the periphery of the structure.
In the past there have been efforts to provide pesticide treatment to protect structures at the time that they are constructed. While it has been common practice in the construction of new buildings to pre-treat the fill or soil area which is to underlie the foundation with a termiticide, the initial termite barrier does not last indefinitely, so there is a need to supplement this barrier during the life of the building by providing an efficient and inexpensive means at the points where termites or other insects can gain access to wooden structural members. While termites do not bore holes through concrete, they can gain entry into the areas where wood is used in the construction of the building by forming earthen tunnels from ground level over the surfaces of concrete foundations, slabs, and walls. A common problem in buildings clad with exterior surfacing materials such as lap siding, which includes, but is not limited to wood, cement-fiber, composites, vinyl, and aluminum, is that even if the siding itself is made of a material which resists rotting, cracking, damage from rain or hail, or insect penetration, the exterior board siding is installed in lapped layers over the exterior portion of the internal wall structure, whereby an exposed area is formed behind the lowest board, e.g., between the rear (inner) surface of the lowest board and the outer surface of the foundation wall, which would permit insects to climb from the ground up and gain access to the structure via the exposed area. For example, even such popular construction materials as cement board siding, e.g., those sold by James Hardie Building Products, called "Hardie Board", while themselves impervious to insect penetration, permit insects to gain access in the exposed area formed behind the lowest board.
In particular, termites are able to build tunnels in the tiny spaces between the walls and the surfacing material, and their tunneling activity will not be detected because it is behind the cement board exterior surfacing material. Thus, while the exterior surfacing material will prevent termites or other insects from gaining access through them, the lack of a seal between the exterior portion of the internal structural wall and the interior portion of the exterior surfacing material provides a path through which termites can enter the structure from behind the exterior surfacing material.
This situation can be made worse if landscaping activities decrease the vertical space between the ground and the upper portion of the foundation wall following construction which make it even easier for termites and other insects to gain access by climbing up the edges of a foundation slab and between the structural walls and the exterior siding material without being detected until after severe damage has been done to wooden structural members of the building.
Prior methods for preventing termites from entering between the structural walls and the exterior siding material involve saturating the soil adjacent to the perimeter of the structure with pesticides and termiticide at the point of termite entry. This is accomplished by trenching or rodding. In the first of these methods, a trench is dug around the perimeter and filled with termiticide, e.g., at the rate of about four gallons of termiticide per linear foot of trench. In the other method, termiticide is injected through a hollow rod jammed into the soil and against the foundation about every six inches or so. Usually the soil adjacent the foundation is relatively dry. Since dry soil does not absorb liquids easily, it is not uncommon for termiticide applied in this manner to drain away very quickly, thereby making it ineffective at the point of termite entry, and, instead, creating an environmental detriment to the surrounding soil. Further, these methods are quite labor intensive, so they are costly to use. Thus, there has been an ongoing need for an efficient, labor-saving termiticide delivery system for providing an effective perimeter pest control system to create a barrier between the exterior cladding of a building and its foundation and exterior structural walls, whereby the area between them can be sealed from insect intrusion while also providing a means for easily treating the structure on a periodic basis.
While a number of fluid distribution systems for pesticides or termiticides comprised of conduit capable of emitting pesticides or termiticides through apertures or valves have been developed for incorporation in or under a building foundation, these prior systems are typically quite elaborate in construction, requiring extensive modification of traditional and conventional building methods, expensive pumps and reservoirs, and substantial increases in building costs. Such issues have been previously noted, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,513,586 to Meyer et al. which discloses and teaches a distribution system comprising tube means disposed within a building footer constructed of conventional concrete building blocks, requiring additional support members and plate members, among other things, that but for the distribution system, would not be required as part of the footer.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,209,485 to Griffin discloses a pesticide distribution system comprised of multiple, independent, branched circuits, intended to be installed within and under a foundation at the time of construction. The system comprises many parts, and its installation requires multiple steps at different stages of construction of the building.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,602,248 to Peacock discloses a distribution system comprised of a plurality of parallel connected pipe branches, each branch thereof short enough so that fluid pressure is maintained along the entire piping, with at least two inlets into each branch. Each branch requires a closure fitting at the end opposite the inlet end. Multiple pumps are required to maintain uniform pressure in the branch lines.
There are also a number of related systems for distributing pesticide within the walls of buildings. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,949 of Ramsey, pipes with emitter nozzles pass through the studs of the walls with a nozzle disposed between each set of studs. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,782,026 of Bridges et al., pipes extend within the walls or, alternatively, beneath baseboard moldings on the interior walls, permitting injection of insecticide gas within the walls. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,028,841 to Lundwall an insecticide storage and pressurizing system is installed in the attic, and perforated pipes carry pest control fluid into the building walls, while U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,641 to Cretti describes a built-in reservoir which is installed within a building wall from which pesticide is distributed whenever the pump is operated (which can be done by a timing device for injecting predetermined amounts at predetermined spaced intervals).
U.S. Pat. No. 3,330,062 to Carter is another pest control system utilizing pipes installed through holes drilled through the wall studs of a building with the pipes requiring threaded caps at their distal ends. U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,110 to Sims relates to a method for applying pesticide into the concealed areas of a building, by injecting pressurized chemicals through perforated preinstalled tubing. U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,749 to Chitwood et al. discloses a system for reapplication of termiticide to the fill dirt underlying the foundation slab of a building at potential termite entry points: junction of foundation block with slab, and openings in the slab for penetration of bundles of utility connections.
While none of the foregoing patents teaches or discloses a system adapted to deliver a termiticide barrier to the exterior walls of a building underneath its surface coating or siding materials, an effort to disclose such a system was made in U.S. Pat. No. 5,819,466 to Aesch, et al., in which a peripheral termiticide delivery system using flexible apertured tubing was described. Nevertheless, that system was designed to simply saturate the exterior foundation walls of a structure, with the treatment going down to the soil, rather than being retrofitted to existing structures having external cement siding, whereby the dual goals of mechanically sealing the exposed area created at the lower portion of the structure while providing a convenient and efficient means for applying pesticide could both be accomplished.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,849 which issued Roth describes a flashing article used to seal out and drain away moisture from a stucco coated exterior wall surface, but it does not describe a system which can be used to seal the exposed area between the structural and exterior walls in lapped "plank" type of construction while providing a means for introducing pesticides into such exposed areas.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Method and apparatus for processing java server pages (JSPs) which reduces the delays resulting from a first time invocation of a JSP. One embodiment provides a method for processing JSPs for a java virtual machine (JVM), comprising: selecting one or more JSP files to be processed for the JVM; translating the JSP files to java source code files; inserting quick exit codes to java source code files; compiling java source code files to servlet class files; and loading servlet class files into the JVM.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an improved data processing system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for processing JSP® pages for an application server.
2. Description of the Related Art
The Internet has become a cultural fixture as a source of both information and entertainment. Many businesses are creating Internet sites as an integral part of their marketing efforts, informing consumers of the products or services offered by the business or providing other information seeking to engender brand loyalty. Many federal, state, and local government agencies are also employing Internet sites for informational purposes, particularly agencies which must interact with virtually all segments of society such as the Internal Revenue Service and secretaries of state. Providing informational guides and/or searchable databases of online public records may reduce operating costs. Further, the Internet is becoming increasingly popular as a medium for commercial transactions.
The term "Internet" generally refers to the collection of networks and gateways that use the TCP/IP suite of protocols. Currently, the most commonly employed method of transferring data over the Internet is to employ the World Wide Web environment, also called simply "the Web". Other Internet resources exist for transferring information, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP), but have not achieved the popularity of the Web. In the Web environment, servers and clients effect data transaction using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), a known protocol for handling the transfer of various data files (e.g., text, still graphic images, audio, motion video, etc.). The information in various data files is formatted for presentation to a user by a standard page description language, the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In addition to basic presentation formatting, HTML allows developers to specify "links" to other Web resources identified by a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A URL is a special syntax identifier defining a communications path to specific information. Each logical block of information accessible to a client, called a "page" or a "Web page", is identified by a URL. The URL provides a universal, consistent method for finding and accessing this information, not necessarily for the user, but mostly for the user's Web "browser". A browser is a program capable of submitting a request for information identified by a URL at the client machine. Retrieval of information on the Web is generally accomplished with an HTML-compatible browser.
Web content is often dynamic because of various changes made by developers and other users publishing or making available web content, such as Web pages. Even static pages are occasionally updated. Web servers provide static content and dynamic content to various users. Static content contain data from files stored at a server. Dynamic content is constructed by programs executing at the time a request is made. Dynamic content is often present at a web site in an effort to provide customized pages and updated information to various users that may visit the site. Dynamic content may be provided utilizing JavaServer Pages® (JSP® pages), based on Java® platform technology. Compared to other methods of delivering dynamic content, JSP® pages provide advantages such as separation of dynamic and static contents (i.e., separation of application logic and web page design), which reduces the complexity of web site development and makes the site easier to maintain.
The first invocation of a JSP® page requires several preliminary steps which are performed once for the application server running the JSP® page. First, a temporary servlet source code (JAVA® source code) is created based on the contents of the JSP® page (i.e., filename.jsp file is translated to filename.java file). Second, the servlet source code is compiled into a servlet class file (i.e., filename.java file is translated to filename.class file). These two steps are performed only once until the JSP® page has been changed (i.e., the file containing the page is modified). Third, a bytecode verification is processed against the servlet class file. Fourth, a direct executable is generated for the servlet class file. Lastly, the direct executable is loaded into the Java® virtual machine on the application server. The last three steps are performed once per Java® virtual machine.
Although subsequent invocations of the same JSP® pages are generally fast because these preliminary steps are performed only one time, the first invocation of a JSP® pages may require substantial processing time, resulting in a noticeable delay to the end user. The delay problem is compounded when JSP® pages are written to invoke other JSP® pages, causing the total delay to be the serial sum of the processing time for each JSP® page.
Therefore, there is a need for a method and apparatus for processing JSP® pages for an application server which reduces the delays resulting from a first time invocation of a JSP® page.

Software mechanism for efficient compiling and loading of java server pages (JSPs)

International Business Machines Corporation


An image forming apparatus includes a rotation input section that is supported to one side roller axis so as to freely rotate integrally with an intermediate transfer belt in contact with the intermediate transfer belt when it has meandered to one side in an axial direction from a predetermined travel position, a rotation output section that is connected to the rotation input section via a speed reduction mechanism, a rotation gear section that is connected to the rotation output section, a fixed rack bar section that is engaged with the rotation gear section, and an urging member that urges the rotation gear section to return to an initial position when there is no rotation input, wherein an axis center of a meandering correction roller inclines in the state in which the rotation gear section so that the intermediate transfer belt meanders the one side in the axial direction.

The technology of the present disclosure relates to an image forming apparatus.
Conventionally, there has been known an intermediate transfer type image forming apparatus using an endless intermediate transfer belt. The intermediate transfer belt is wound around a driving roller and a tension roller. In this type of image forming apparatus, for example, when the parallelism of the driving roller and the tension roller is poor, there is a case in which the intermediate transfer belt meanders. When the meandering amount becomes excessively large, there is a problem that image defects such as color shift occur.
In this regard, there has been proposed an image forming apparatus provided with a meandering prevention device capable of preventing excessive meandering of the intermediate transfer belt. The meandering prevention device has a meandering detection sensor that detects the meandering amount of the intermediate transfer belt, and an adjustment mechanism that adjusts the inclination of the tension roller with respect to a horizontal plane on the basis of a detection result by the meandering detection sensor. The adjustment mechanism has an eccentric cam and an arm member. The eccentric cam is rotationally driven by a motor. The arm member swings around a predetermined support shaft according to the rotation of the eccentric cam. Furthermore, one end of the tension roller ascends and descends by the swing operation of the arm member, resulting in a change in the inclination of the tension roller with respect to the horizontal plane.

Image forming apparatus including meandering correction roller


A hand climber for use in climbing trees or similar vertical members includes a rigid cylindrical support bar and a flexible strap. One end of the strap is attached to the support bar at a fixed location on the strap and the other end of the strap is removably attachable to the support bar at any of a series of locations along the length of the strap. The strap is formed from extruded nylon 6 with yield tensile strength between about 10,000 and about 15,000 psi. An extruded rubber sleeve may optionally be slidably positioned on the strap for improved frictional contact with the vertical member being climbed. The hand climber may also optionally include a seat assembly hingedly mounted on the support bar.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to hand climbers for use when raising or lowering tree stands such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,955,645, and for other uses. More particularly, the invention relates to a lightweight readily-portable hand climber which avoids damage to the surface of the tree o other member being climbed, and which may optionally include a seat assembly which pivots out of the way when climbing.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Game hunters commonly use so-called climbing tree stands to position themselves above the ground on a tree trunk for better hunting and spotting their prey. Various designs of such tree stands are shown in the prior art; they are generally fabricated principally of metal and designed to be raised to a selected height on the trunk and anchored there, for example by spike-like members which dig into the trunk to prevent slippage. Some tree stands can only be raised by use of the hunter's hands, but most can also be lifted using the feet, provided the hunter has a means of hand support above the tree stand while so lifting the stand. Dye U.S. Pat. No. 3,955,645 shows one such foot-liftable tree stand.
As above indicated, in order to lift or lower a tree stand using the feet, the hunter must be able to hang by his or her hands from a supporting member. Tree limbs can act as such supporting members, but frequently such limbs are too high up the trunk for the hunter to reach. Accordingly, a number of prior art workers have developed so-called hand climbers to provide supporting hand grips for use with foot-liftable tree stands. Such prior art hand climbers have various deficiencies, as will now be discussed.
Ferguson et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,168,765 provides a horizontal metal gripping bar and four rigid elongated metal links pivotally connected end to end with the distal ends of the first and fourth links slidably positioned on the bar. In use, edges of the links contact and dig into the trunk at four points around the circumference and thereby support the weight of the climber hanging on the bar. This arrangement, being of metal, is heavy and cumbersome to use and can cause damage to the tree trunk where the link edges engage the trunk.
Gober U.S. Pat. No. 4,595,076 provides a flexible metal strap one end of which is pivotally connected to a corner of a rectangular metal plate. At the diagonally opposite corner of the plate an extending pin is engaged by one of a series of longitudinally extending spaced holes formed in the body of the metal strap. A metal bar is fastened to the plate and oriented across the diagonally opposite corners not occupied by the strap ends. In use the strap is tightened around the tree trunk as much as possible by pulling the free end of the strap and then slipping the nearest strap hole over the engaging pin. The climber then grasps the end of the bar, which is initially at an angle with respect to the horizontal, and twists it toward the horizontal to thereby force the strap even more tightly against the trunk. Support of the climber is thus achieved partly by friction and partly by the edge of the strap digging into the tree trunk. Like Ferguson et al.'s climber, the Gober device is of metal and thus heavy, causes damage to the tree trunk, and is difficult to use safely since force must be maintained on the bar at all times to keep the plate twisting for maximum strap tightness.
It is noted that neither the Ferguson et al. nor the Gober climber would be safe for use on a pole surface other than a tree trunk, e.g. a smooth hard surface into which the metal strap could not dig for support.
Other hand climbers exist, but all of which I am aware have similar or more serious deficiencies to those mentioned above; some include metal straps or some other feature such as teeth for digging into, and thereby damaging, the tree trunk to prevent slipping, and in some the gripping bar projects outwardly from the trunk toward the user, making it both difficult to hold comfortably and a potential hazard to the user's head. Examples of other climbers are shown in Dye U.S. Pat. No. 3,955,645 and Wallace U.S. Pat. No. 4,809,815.


A visual indicator circuit is provided for visually indicating that a telephone is ringing or that a message is waiting. The circuit includes a visual indicator such as a light emitting diode (LED), a voltage triggering circuit for triggering when a minimum predetermined voltage is applied to the telephone lines, and a current limiting circuit for limiting the current provided to the LED.

Most key telephone sets are equipped with a bell or other audio indicator and some sets are also equipped with a visual indicator for indicating that the telephone set is ringing. Visual indicators are sometimes used to indicate that a message is waiting. This feature is often used by hotels having a private branch exchange (PBX). For example, if a hotel attendant wishes to alert a hotel guest that a message is waiting, the PBX may be programmed to switch on a message waiting indicator (MWI) on the recipient's telephone set once the handset is on-hook. A neon lamp, which is set to flash periodically is usually used.
With the advent of voice mail, public telephone subscribers may leave messages for other subscribers thereby invoking a similar scheme wherein a visual indicator indicates that one or more messages is waiting.
Typically these visual indicators are mounted in the housing of the telephone set and are comprised of a circuit including a neon lamp in series with a resistor coupled to the tip and ring terminals of a subscriber telephone line. The neon lamp provides the triggering threshold and the visual indication when the telephone set is ringing or when a message waiting signal is applied to the line. Although this approach is very simple, it has several shortcomings:
a) Neon lamps usually do not have precise firing points as the triggering threshold or firing point often varies from 80 to 130 volts. PA1 b) The extinguishing voltage can be as much as 45 volts below the firing point. In telephone lines where the nominal voltage is 48 volts DC, the neon lamp may inadvertently stay on after the message waiting voltage (MWV) or ringing signal is removed. PA1 c) Once the neon lamp has fired, there is no current control in the circuit and the circuit resistance is approximately the resistance of the series resistor. Varying the current causes varying brightness of the neon lamp; too much current can cause the lamp to burn out prematurely. Furthermore, the triggering of one neon lamp very often prevents the neon lamp in a second telephone set on the same telephone line from firing. PA1 d) The firing and extinguishing characteristics of a neon lamp changes with prolonged usage.

Telephone line message waiting and ring indicator


The present invention provides a reamer (100) having at least one journal body (110) and at least one toroidal cutter body (116). The toroidal cutter body (116) has a maximum diameter (MD), an outer perimeter (OP) and a plurality of cutting elements (112, 145, 149) on the cutting surface (118). The toroidal cutter body is rotatably attached to the journal (110). When in the installed position, the axis of rotation (RA) of the at least one toroidal cutter body (116) intersects the longitudinal axis of the drill string at an acute angle.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a down hole tool for enlarging a drill bore; and more specifically it relates to a reamer that enlarges a pilot hole.
2. State of the Art
It has long been known by those involved in drilling subterranean bore holes for oil and gas exploration, mineral recovery or in utility construction projects, to employ reamers to enlarge bore holes after a smaller pilot hole has been drilled. Pilot holes can be drilled economically and more precisely. Pilot holes can also be drilled with down hole motors that can be guided to the desired location from the point of ingress of the drill string.
Prior reamers have heretofore been manufactured in several distinct styles. One type of reamer provides extensible arms and cutters that are used to enlarge the hole to a larger diameter by rolling and crushing the face and sides of the borehole with hardened buttons or dressed teeth. It is well known in the drilling industry that these buttons or dressed teeth can be fabricated from materials such as tungsten carbide or polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) or the like. The second type of reamer or hole opener consisted of a tubular body with a plurality of arms supporting journals and cutter bodies to extend to and crush the well bore. These arms, whether extensible or fixed, and the smaller cutter cones carried on those arms, are subject to failure in the hole as a result of their limited bearing surfaces and the smaller buttons, which wear out prematurely. As the number of arms increases, the size of the bearings that can be used to provide rotational movement of the cutter around each support arm diminishes, limiting the life thereof. Further, because the extensible arms and cutter bodies were held next to the body while going into the borehole, material was removed from the tubular body further weakening the integrity of the entire tool. Other types of reamers or hole openers have been fashioned with three or more fixed cones on journals mounted on integral posts on a tubular body. These hole openers or reamers were similarly limited in the size of the cones and bearings supported. The small cutter buttons and bearing surfaces cause short service lives and can lead to premature failure of the tool. When failure occurred down hole for either type of reamer (extensible arm or fixed arm), substantial time and effort was required to fish the tool from the bore or to drill around the tool to complete the drilling program.
As noted above, prior art reamers generally provide a plurality of cutter posts and journals onto each of which a cone having tungsten carbide buttons is mounted. Because at least three cones are used on either type of reamer, the cones were of limited size and typically provide small surfaces to contact the borehole face to be reamed. Since smaller hardened buttons (or less hard facing—which alternatively can be used to dress the surface of such cutters) are used to cut the well bore surface, the service life of the reamers is shorter than it would be for tool providing a larger overall bearing surface disposed with larger hardened button cutters. The life of these tools requires that the cutters and journals be redressed to continue their useful life. This redressing historically required the tool to be taken out of service and returned to the shop for repair and reconstruction.
Further, the normal operating problems of conventional hole openers is xacerbated when drilling horizontal or near horizontal applications. In such situations, the load and wear characteristics coming to bear on the support arms can cause early and catastrophic failure of the arm structure and often results in loss of cutters in the borehole itself. Additionally, in horizontal or near horizontal applications, the support arms of conventional openers create additional torque on the tubular string that carries the reamer. The additional torque slows drilling progress and makes the cost per foot of opened hole rise.
These problems can cause failure of both the support arms and loss of cutters in the hole requiring expensive retrieval operations and delay the completion of the operation.
A new type of reamer has long been sought which provides a longer service life because it provides large bearing surfaces and large tungsten carbide buttons or hard facing, which could be used in normal drilling operations to open previously drilled pilot holes. Prior art reamers could not be used under conditions which resulted in substantial longitudinal loading. In utility construction drilling projects, such as river crossings where bore holes are drilled under rivers to permit the installation of utility pipelines, it is often useful to drill from one side of the river to the other with a pilot drill, then ream the hole going from the pilot hole egress side to the ingress side. Utility construction typically therefore requires a reamer that is pulled with substantial force back through the pilot hole. In most drilling projects, substantial or large amounts of longitudinal loading are generally avoided, thereby preventing excessive torque from being introduced into the drill string.

Reamer having toroidal crusher body and method of use


Disclosed is a method including converting, during a first pass, video data from a first multi-component format to an intermediate multi-component format, the intermediate multi-component format including a first video component, the intermediate multi-component format including a second video component interleaved with a third video component, and converting, during a second pass, the video data from the intermediate multi-component format to a second multi-component format by de-interleaving the second component and third component.

When converting graphics system pixel content into a video stream, the source content is typically in an interleaved RGBA color space. Video encoders typically include inputs in a planar, subsampled YUV format such as YV12. Additionally, the source content will be stored in a graphics processor frame buffer memory, as a texture or render target.
The format conversion from interleaved RGBA to planar YV12 is conventionally done by reading back the RGBA source content to system memory, and then using the CPU to color-convert, subsample, and planarize. This CPU conversion is relatively expensive in CPU resources. Further, hand-written assembly code is often used to achieve interactive performance levels.

GPU-accelerated, two-pass colorspace conversion using multiple simultaneous render targets


Methods and systems are provided for cooling fuel in an engine. In one example, a fuel temperature is reduced by transferring heat from the fuel to a cooling fluid. The heat exchange may occur in an unpressurized region of a fuel system.

Torque may be provided by fuel combustion at cylinders of a vehicle's engine. An amount of torque produced by combustion may depend on a combination of valve timing, spark timing and fuel injection, and energy provided by combustion of fuel is affected by injection timing as well as injector pulse width. The pulse width determines an amount of fuel injected at the cylinders and may be adjusted based on a number of factors affecting engine performance, such as oxygen levels, coolant temperatures, etc. However, regulation of the amount of injected fuel may not accommodate changes to fuel density arising from heating of the fuel. At elevated fuel temperatures, e.g., higher than fuel temperatures optimized to provide desired torque upon combustion, a density of the fuel may decrease and cause a lower than expected amount of fuel to be delivered at the fuel injectors. In some instances, the amount of fuel needed to meet a torque demand to compensate for reduced density may exceed a maximum deliverable quantity of the fuel injectors. This may adversely affect power output of the engine.
Attempts to address high fuel temperatures at the engine cylinders include equipping a vehicle with one or more fuel cooling devices. One example approach is shown by Chyo et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 8,006,675. Therein, a fuel for a diesel engine system with a rail fuel injection system may be cooled by a coolant pump and a fan. Fuel returned from the engine may pass through a fuel-to-coolant heat exchange system to transfer heat from the fuel to the coolant. An air-to-coolant heat exchange system may be coupled to the fuel-to-coolant heat exchange system to transfer heat from the coolant to air flowing across an air-to-coolant heat exchanger. Thus coolant cooled by heat exchange with air may then absorb heat from fuel at a fuel-to-coolant heat exchanger of the fuel-to-coolant heat exchange system. An amount of cooling imparted to the fuel may be adjusted by the coolant pump and/or the fan.
However, the inventors herein have recognized potential issues with such systems. As one example, cooling of the fuel relies on ambient air having a temperature lower than that of the heated coolant. A lowest temperature that the coolant may be cooled to is equal to the temperature of ambient air and thus a lowest temperature that the fuel may be cooled to is also equal to the temperature of ambient air. In some instances, such as in hot climates, ambient air temperatures may be similar to an upper threshold of desirable fuel temperature. Above the upper threshold temperature, fuel density may be decreased to an extent that torque output of the engine may be degraded. In such examples, cooling by ambient air may not sufficiently reduce fuel temperature.
In one example, the issues described above may be addressed by a method for a vehicle including flowing a fuel from a high pressure pump to a fuel injector, injecting the fuel at a cylinder, and cooling the fuel to a temperature that is below ambient temperature via a compressed cooling fluid at a region of a fuel system of the vehicle. In this way, fuel temperature may be decreased below ambient air temperature prior to injection at combustion chambers of the engine.
As one example, a fuel system and a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system of a vehicle may share a heat exchanger that enables transfer of heat from the fuel system to the HVAC system. Fuel in the fuel system may be cooled directly or indirectly by refrigerant in the HVAC system, allowing fuel temperature to be reduced to a temperature provided by refrigerant chilled via circulation through the HVAC system. In this way, fuel temperature may be lowered to a desirable temperature regardless of ambient air temperature and engine performance may be maintained high.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.


A titanium alloy obtained by a cold-working step, in which 10% or more of cold working is applied to a raw titanium alloy, comprising a Va group element and the balance of titanium substantially, and an aging treatment step, in which a cold-worked member, obtained after the cold-working step, is subjected to an aging treatment so that the parameter “P” falls in a range of from 8.0 to 18.5 at a treatment temperature falling in a range of from 150° C. to 600° C.; and characterized in that its tensile elastic limit strength is 950 MPa or more and its elastic deformation capability is 1.6% or more. This titanium alloy is of high elastic deformation capability as well as high tensile elastic limit strength, and can be utilized in a variety of products extensively.

Since titanium alloy is good in terms of the specific strength, it has been used in the fields of aviation, military, deep-sea survey, and the like. In the filed of automobile as well, titanium alloys have been used in valve retainers, connecting rods and so forth of racing engines. Further, since titanium alloy is good in terms of the anti-corrosiveness as well, it has been often used under corrosive environments. For example, it has been used as materials for chemical plants, oceanic architectures, and so on, and, furthermore, in order to inhibit the corrosion by anti-freezing agents, it has been used for lower front bumpers, lower rear bumpers, and the like. Moreover, aiming at its light-weightness (specific strength) and anti-allergenicity (anti-corrosiveness), titanium alloy has been used for accessories such as wristwatches. Thus, titanium alloys have been used in various and diversified fileds, as for representative titanium alloys, there are, for example, Ti5-Al-2.5Sn (α alloy), Ti-6Al-4V (α-β alloy), Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al (β alloy), and so forth.
By the way, the good specific strength and anti-corrosiveness have been attracting attention, however, its good elasticity has been about to attract attention recently. For example, titanium alloys which are good in terms of the elasticity are about to be used for products adaptable to living bodies (for instance, artificial bones, and the like), accessories (for example, frames of eyeglasses, and so forth), sporting goods (for instance, golf clubs, and so on), springs, and the like. Specifically, when titanium alloy of high elasticity is used for artificial bone, the artificial bone has elasticity close to that of human bone so that it is good in terms of the adaptability to living bodies in addition to the specific strength and anti-corrosiveness.
Further, an eyeglasses frame, comprising highly elastic titanium alloy, fits flexibly to heads, gives no oppressive feelings to wearers, and is good in terms of the shock-absorbing property.
Furthermore, when highly elastic titanium alloy is used for shafts or heads of golf clubs, it is said that flexible shafts or heads of low eigenfrequency can be obtained and that the driving distance of golf ball can be extended.
Moreover, when highly elastic titanium alloy is used for springs, light-weight and large elastic limit springs can be obtained.
Under such circumstances, the present inventors thought of developing a titanium alloy by which the utilization expansion can be further intended in a variety of fields and which is of high elasticity (high elastic deformation capability) and high strength (high tensile elastic limit strength) transcending the conventional levels. Then, the conventional technologies regarding titanium alloys which are good in terms of the elasticity were first surveyed, and consequently the following publications were discovered.

Titanium alloy having high elastic deformation capacity and method for production thereof


An on-machine-seamable (OMS.RTM.) papermakers' fabric produced by modified endless weaving includes machine-direction (MD) and cross-machine direction (CD) yarns. The MD yarns are plied/twisted yarns, and weave continuously back-and-forth between the two widthwise edges of the fabric, each time forming a seaming loop at one of the two widthwise edges. A seaming spiral, a monofilament spiral preferably extruded from a polyamide resin, is attached to the seaming loops at each of the two widthwise edges. The two seaming spirals are used to join the fabric into endless form with a pin seam. In this way, an OMS.RTM. papermakers' fabric, having plied/twisted yarns in the machine direction is provided with monofilament joining means which maintain proper orientation and shape for the ready pin seaming of the fabric on a papermachine.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the papermaking arts. More specifically, the present invention is a papermakers' fabric of the on-machine-seamable (OMS.RTM.) variety, such as an OMS.RTM. press fabric for the press section of a papermachine.
2. Description of the Prior Art
During the papermaking process, a fibrous web is formed by depositing a fibrous slurry, that is, an aqueous dispersion of cellulose fibers, on a moving forming fabric in the forming section of a papermachine. A large amount of water is drained from the slurry through the forming fabric during this process, leaving the fibrous web on the surface of the forming fabric.
The newly formed web proceeds from the forming section to a press section, which includes a series of press nips. The fibrous web passes through the press nips supported by a press fabric, or, as is often the case, between two press fabrics. In the press nips, the fibrous web is subjected to compressive forces which squeeze water therefrom, and which adhere the fibers in the web to one another to turn the fibrous web into a sheet. The water is accepted by the press fabric or fabrics and, ideally, does not return to the web.
The web finally proceeds to a dryer section, which includes at least one series of rotatable dryer drums or cylinders, which are internally heated by steam. The web, or newly formed paper sheet, itself is directed in a sinuous path sequentially around each in the series of drums by a dryer fabric, which holds the web closely against the surfaces of the drums. The heated drums reduce the water content of the web to a desirable level through evaporation.
It should be appreciated that the forming, press and dryer fabrics all take the form of endless loops on the papermachine and function in the manner of conveyors. It should further be appreciated that paper manufacture is a continuous process which proceeds at considerable speed. That is to say, the fibrous slurry is continuously deposited onto the forming fabric in the forming section, while a newly manufactured paper sheet is continuously wound onto rolls after it exits from the dryer section.
Referring, for the moment, specifically to press fabrics, it should be recalled that, at one time, press fabrics were supplied only in endless form. This is because a newly formed paper sheet is extremely susceptible to marking in the press nip by any nonuniformity in the press fabric or fabrics. An endless, seamless fabric, such as one produced by the process known as endless weaving, has a uniform structure in both its longitudinal (machine) and transverse (cross-machine) directions. A seam, such as a seam which may be used to close the press fabric into endless form during installation on a papermachine, represents a discontinuity in the uniform structure of the press fabric. The use of a seam, then, greatly increases the likelihood that the paper sheet will be marked in the press nip.
In brief, the seam region of any workable on-machine-seamable (OMS.RTM.) press fabric must behave under load, that is, under compression in the press nip or nips, like the rest of the press fabric, and must have the same permeability to water and to air as the rest of the press fabric, in order to prevent the periodic marking of the paper product being manufactured by the seam region. OMSO.RTM. is a registered trademark of Albany International Corp.
Despite the considerable technical obstacles presented by these requirements, it remained highly desirable to develop an on-machine-seamable (OMS.RTM.) press fabric, because of the comparative ease and safety with which it could be installed on the press section. Ultimately, these obstacles were overcome with the development of press fabrics having seams formed by providing seaming loops on the crosswise edges of the two ends of the fabric. The seaming loops themselves are formed by the machine-direction (MD) yarns of the fabric. A so-called "pin-seam" is formed by bringing the two ends of the press fabric together, by interdigitating the seaming loops at the two ends of the fabric, and by directing a so-called pin, or pintle, through the passage defined by the interdigitated seaming loops to lock the two ends of the fabric together. Needless to say, it is much easier and far less time-consuming to install an OMS.RTM. press fabric, than it is to install an endless press fabric, on a papermachine.
One method to produce a press fabric that can be joined on the papermachine with a "pin seam" is to flat-weave the fabric. In this case, the warp yarns are the machine-direction (MD) yarns of the press fabric. To form the seaming loops, the warp ends are woven some distance back into the fabric body in a direction parallel to the warp yarns. Another technique, far more preferable, is a modified form of endless weaving, which normally is used to produce an endless loop of fabric. In modified endless weaving, the weft, or filling, yarns are continuously woven back and forth across the loom, in each passage forming a loop on one of the edges of the fabric being woven by passing around a loop-forming pin. As the weft yarn, or filling yarn, which ultimately becomes the MD yarn in the press fabric, is continuous, the seaming loops obtained in this manner are stronger than any that can be produced by weaving the warp ends back into the ends of a flat-woven fabric.
Originally, single monofilament strands were used in both the machine and cross-machine directions of OMS.RTM. press fabrics. The relative stiffness of monofilament ensures that it will have the requisite good seaming-loop formation properties. Experience showed, however, that single monofilament strands are difficult to weave and have insufficient elasticity in the machine direction for many kinds of contemporary presses. Tensile failure and seam breakage were frequently observed.
Another difficulty is presented by the very open, rigid, incompressible structure of base fabrics woven from single monofilament. For some papermaking applications, this incompressibility is not a problem, and may even be ideal. However, for positions that have poor auxiliary fabric dewatering capacity, or produce mark-sensitive paper grades, a softer, more compressible base fabric is needed.
A more compressible base fabric may be obtained by weaving with multifilament or plied monofilament yarns, instead of with single monofilament strands. However, yarns of these types do not have the rigidity necessary for good loop formation or for maintaining the integrity of the seam area during loop meshing when the seam is to be closed. Moreover, because yarns of these types are twisted, loops formed from them tend to rotate about axes lying in the planes of the loops. When this rotation, known as the secondary helix effect, occurs, it causes the loops to depart from the ideal orientation needed to form the pin seam. Such departure makes it difficult, if not impossible, to properly interdigitate the loops at each end of the press fabric during closure, as well as to direct the pintle through the passage defined by the interdigitated loops.
Various attempts have been made in the prior art to overcome these difficulties by making the loop-forming MD yarns act like monofilament. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,005,610, the MD yarns in an OMS.RTM. Papermakers' fabric have a composite structure including braided monofilament strands. The braided yarn forms seaming loops which resist deformation and, because they are balanced with regard to twist, form seaming loops which are not susceptible to "secondary helix effects" rotation from the ideal plane geometry of the seam.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,150, the MD yarns in an OMS.RTM. papermakers' fabric are plied/twisted yarns extruded from a resin which partially melts during the heat-setting of the fabric, giving the MD yarns a monofilament-like character. Even though not balanced due to the twising and plying, the fusion caused by the partial melting of the individual ends prevents loop rotation from the ideal seam geometry.
Finally, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,419, the MD yarns of a pin-seamable papermakers' fabric are plied/twisted yarns having a coating which gives the yarn a monofilament-like structure. The coating may be either permanent, semi-permanent or soluble. Even though the yarns may not be balanced, the coating prevents loop rotation.
The present invention is a different approach for providing an OMS.RTM. papermakers' fabric having plied/twisted MD yarns with monofilament-like seaming loops.

Polyamide spiral seam for seamed papermakers' fabrics


A combination pulverizer and container closure device includes a pestle and mortar for crushing tablets, pills and the like, and is adapted to be incorporated within a bottle cap or other container closure. The combination device is adaptable for use in combination with container closures with or without safety lock features.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to container closures and in particular, a combination safety closure and pulverizing device designed for containing, storing, conveniently dispensing, and splitting or breaking down solid material such as tablets, pills and the like.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A variety of safety closures have been developed to prevent children from opening containers such as screw-cap bottles, medicine vials and the like. These closures or caps are generally complex, difficult to use and expensive to fabricate. Many require additional elements or moving parts utilized in connection with the closure. Often the prior art is unreliable in operation and becomes ineffective after opening once or twice for the locking elements soon are abraded or worn away. Other safety caps necessitate unduly complicated maneuvers for removal. Some closures require unusual dexterity, and others are too simple and can be forced open by small children, and hence are not acceptable. Moreover, none of the available closures offer a pulverizing device conveniently accessible in combination with the closure or cap.
Similarly, a vast variety of tablet pulverizers and pill splitters are also available. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,765,549 issued to R. Sherman and U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,021 issued to J. Fiocchi, many devices provide various means for splitting and breaking down tablets and other similar objects. Yet none are designed with the capability to store substances such as medicine capsules in container closures or bottle caps having safety lock features, particularly safety lock features which are simple to use and manufacture and that provide for easy and effective retrieval of the contents.
Frequently, medication must be administered at a specific time or interval regardless of where a patient is at that time. Medicine is often carried in bottles distributed by the pharmacist designed to be safe from the reach of children and convenient to carry in a purse or pocket. Because many people have difficulty swallowing tablets in whole form, their medication must be broken up. Yet, no prior art bottle cap or container closure offers a convenient mechanism that pulverizes medication without the need for another utensil, avoiding any loss of the prescription or making a mess.
There is a need, heretofore not met, for a device to conveniently contain, store, safety lock, and carry and to easily retrieve and pulverize medicinal substances and the like in bottles or other similar type containers.

Combination pulverizer and closure device


Methods to generate modified polypeptides, modified antibodies, stably phosphorylated modified polypeptides, stably phosphorylated modified antibodies, polynucleotide sequences encoding the polypeptides, and uses thereof are provided. A computer-aided molecular modeling method is also provided to generate modified phosphorylatable polypeptides, particularly monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for use in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers and other diseases. The corresponding MAbs contain heterologous recognition sites for polypeptide kinases and can be labeled by an identifiable label, such as radio-isotope 32P. The phosphate group(s) attached to the phosphorylated polypeptide is unusually stable due to engineered intramolecular interactions between the phosphate group and its neighbouring groups. Polynucleotide sequences which encode a monoclonal antibody containing sequences encoding a putative phosphorylation site, and methods for analyzing the biochemical properties of a polypeptide by using molecular modeling tools, are also disclosed.

This invention relates to improved methods for generating phosphorylatable polypeptides, polypeptides generated using those methods, DNA sequences encoding those polypeptides, and their use in diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases.
Labeled polypeptides are used in a variety of applications. For instance, labeled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been widely used in radio-immunotherapy, diagnostic imaging and staging of tumors.
Labeled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have great applicability for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer for several reasons. First, most tumor populations express tumor antigens in a heterogeneous pattern. Some of the cells in the population will not be expressing the target tumor antigen and therefore will not be recognized by the monoclonal antibody. With the use of MAbs to deliver drugs or toxins to tumor cells, the cells which lack the tumor antigen remain untouched. In contrast, radio labeled MAbs provide the advantage of destroying cells within a radius of a few cell diameters around the tumor cell to which the MAb binds. It has been shown that an 131I-labeled MAb can deliver a therapeutic dose of radiation to antigen negative cells. Second, in the case of carcinomas, the tumor antigens are stable on the cell surface and are not internalized. For a drug or toxin to be effective, it is necessary to have it enter the cell. In contrast, radio labeled MAbs kill the tumor cells after binding to the surface and do not require entry into the cell. Therefore, this technique has applicability to great variety of cancers. Furthermore, the use of interferons and other cytokines can be used to enhance the expression of tumor associated antigens on cells providing a better target for monoclonal antibodies and minimize or even eliminate tumor cells previously not expressing the tumor antigen.
In radio-immunotherapy, 131I has been commonly used for cancer therapy. However since iodine labeling is not site specific, it results in a heterogeneous population of labeled MAbs with various affinities for antigen and significant inactivation of the Mab. Iodine-labeled polypeptides can also undergo dehalogenation, which can eliminate 131I from tumors before it starts to function. Another disadvantage of iodine labeling is that iodine can concentrate in the thyroid, salivary glands and stomach, which can pose health problems for patients and health care personnel.
Compared to 131I, 32P has been considered to be a better option for radio-immunotherapy. Being a pure β-emitter, it has high energy (Emax 1700 keV, compared to 131I, 182 keV) which is strong enough for cancer therapy. However the utilization of this radioisotope was greatly limited due to the difficulties in 32P labeling of MAbs. A 32P labeled peptide can also be chemically coupled to the polypeptide via lysine residues. However, the peptide-Ab conjugation is not site specific, which, like iodine labeling, can also compromise the Ag binding ability of the MAb.
This 32P labeling problem was not satisfactorily solved until the development of a simple and rapid labeling procedure and the construction of a phosphorylatable fusion polypeptide by the introduction of a peptide kinase recognition site into the polypeptide. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,061, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This is a simple, efficient way to label polypeptides using radio-nucleotides, and is applicable to virtually any polypeptide. Many polypeptide kinase recognition sites can be introduced into polypeptides and serve as useful tags for a variety of purposes. The introduction of polypeptide kinase recognition sites into polypeptides can be achieved without modifying the essential structure or function of the polypeptides. Because polypeptides modified by these procedures retain their activity after phosphorylation, they can be used in many applications.
Phosphorylatable MAbs (MAb-chB72.3-P, MAb-chCC49K1, MAb-chCC49CKI, MAb-chCC49CKII and MAb-chCC49Tyr) can be created by inserting the predicted consensus sequences for phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent polypeptide kinase and other polypeptide kinases, such as casein kinase I, casein kinase II and the Src tyrosine kinase, at the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain constant region of MAb-chB72.3-P or MAb-chCC49. These MAbs are purified and phosphorylated by the appropriate polypeptide kinase with [γ-32P]ATP to high specific activity. These [32P]MAbs bind to cells expressing TAG-72 antigens with high specificity. In all these cases, the phosphate is stable in vitro in various sera so that less than 8% of the phosphate is hydrolyzed in 24 hours.
However, it has been found that the attached 32P in the above phosphorylatable antibodies is not sufficiently stable in buffer or serum to be useful for in vivo applications in animals and humans. Several methods have been suggested to improve the stabilities of the phosphorylatable MAbs. Since RRX(S/T) is a PKA recognition site, changing the amino acid residue X or the amino acid residues downstream of this site changes the stability of the phosphorylatable MAbs. It has also been found that using threonine, instead of serine, in the PKA recognition site increases the stability of the phosphorylatable Mabs, although this would compromise the efficiency of the phosphorylation dramatically. Alternatively, the stability of the phosphorylatable MAbs might also be changed if other phosphorylation enzymes are used. There is no assurance that these approaches would be satisfactory.
The choice of putative phosphorylation sites can at times be tricky since many point mutations, insertions or deletions may dramatically change the conformation of the entire molecule or at least render the polypeptide less functional. In addition, those sites might be potentially unaccessible to the intended kinases due to steric hinderance. In the past, these problems were dealt with using such inefficient and time-consuming methods as trial-and-error.
Accordingly, what is needed is a reasonably accurate yet highly efficient means to carry out this process, not only for labeling phosphorylatable monoclonal antibodies, but also as a general method for generating any phosphorylatable polypeptides.

Phosphorylated polypeptides and uses related thereto


A system for retrofitting a wall of an aircraft monument includes a modular power charging unit and mounting hardware. The modular power charging unit includes a housing containing an electrical port component, a cable harness, and a switch. The housing has a plurality of screw holes and a back panel having an opening through which the cable harness extends. The mounting hardware includes a plurality of threaded inserts, each configured to be inserted into one of a plurality of mounting holes formed in the wall, and a plurality of screws, each configured to extend through a screw hole of the housing and into a threaded insert. The housing is configured to be secured to a first side of the wall so that the entirety of the housing projects outward from the first side and only the cable harness extends through a cable-harness hole formed through a thickness of the wall.

As portable mobile electronic devices become more pervasive to use for airline personal to communicate and provide instructions to cabin catering, and to sell services onboard, the need for aircraft monuments with power supplies to charge those devices has become apparent. This need has introduced a service gap with existing aircraft monuments that were deployed prior the recent technology trends. Accordingly, there is a need to retrofit existing aircraft monuments to include power charging units. There is a further need for power charging units that are configured to enable retrofitting of components, e.g., walls, doors, etc., of these aircraft monuments in a way that does not compromise the structural integrity of the monuments to a degree that negatively affects the airworthiness certification of the monuments.

Modular power charging unit for retrofitting existing aircraft monuments


The invention relates to a perpendicular magnetic recording medium having a substrate and a seed layer comprising a Ni alloy.

Magnetic thin-film media, wherein a fine grained polycrystalline magnetic alloy layer serves as the active recording medium layer, are generally classified as "longitudinal" or "perpendicular," depending on the orientation of the magnetization of the magnetic domains of the grains of the magnetic material. In longitudinal media (also often referred as "conventional" media), the magnetization in the bits is flipped between lying parallel and anti-parallel to the direction in which the head is moving relative to the disc.
Perpendicular magnetic recording media are being developed for higher density recording as compared to longitudinal media. The thin-film perpendicular magnetic recording medium comprises a substrate and a magnetic layer having perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. In perpendicular media, the magnetization of the disc, instead of lying in the disc's plane as it does in longitudinal recording, stands on end perpendicular to the plane of the disc. The bits are then represented as regions of upward or downward directed magnetization (corresponding to the 1's and 0's of the digital data).
FIG. 1 shows a disk recording medium and a cross section of a disc showing the difference between longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic recording. Even though FIG. 1 shows one side of the disk, magnetic recording layers are usually sputter deposited on both sides of the non-magnetic aluminum substrate of FIG. 1. Also, even though FIG. 1 shows an aluminum substrate, other embodiments include a substrate made of glass, glass-ceramic, aluminum/NiP, metal alloys, plastic/polymer material, ceramic, glass-polymer, composite materials or other non-magnetic materials.
While perpendicular media technology provides higher areal density capability over longitudinal media, granular perpendicular magnetic recording media is being developed for further extending the areal density as compared to conventional (non-granular) perpendicular magnetic recording which is limited by the existence of strong lateral exchange coupling between magnetic grains. Granular structure provides better grain isolation through oxide segregation to grain boundary, hence enhancing grain to grain magnetic decoupling and increasing media signal to noise ratio (SNR).
A granular perpendicular magnetic layer contains magnetic columnar grains separated by grain boundaries comprising a dielectric material such as oxides, nitrides or carbides to decouple the magnetic grains. The grain boundaries having a thickness of about 2 Å to about 30 Å, provide a substantial reduction in the magnetic interaction between the magnetic grains. In contrast to conventional perpendicular media, wherein the longitudinal magnetic layer is typically sputtered at low pressures and high temperatures in the presence of an inert gas, such as argon (Ar), deposition of the granular perpendicular magnetic layer is conducted at relatively high pressures and low temperatures and utilizes a reactive sputtering technique wherein oxygen (O2), CxHy, and/or nitrogen (N2) are introduced in a gas mixture of, for example, Ar and O2, Ar and CxHy) Ar and N2, or Ar and O2, CxHy, and N2. Alternatively, oxide, carbide or nitrides may be introduced by utilizing a sputter target comprising oxides, carbides and/or nitrides which is sputtered in the presence of an inert gas (e.g., Ar), or, optionally, may be sputtered in the presence of a sputtering gas comprising O2, CxHy, and/or N2 with or without the presence of an inert gas. Not wishing to be bound by theory, the introduction of O2, CxHy, and/or N2 reactive gases, and oxides, carbides, and/or nitrides inside targets provides oxides, carbides, and/or nitrides that migrate into the grain boundaries, thereby providing a granular perpendicular structure having a reduced lateral exchange coupling between grains.
FIG. 2 illustrates a granular perpendicular magnetic recording medium design. Conventional seed layers are used to prepare and enhance crystal growth of the interlayers. Seed layers are normally amorphous (e.g., Ta and Ta alloys) and/or FCC materials (e.g., Cu, Au, and Ag).
The interlayers are normally Ru and Ru alloys which grow hcp <002> orientations to serve as templates for perpendicular growth of magnetic alloys. The interlayers have a total thickness of at least 200 Å.
Under conventional process conditions, the perpendicular media structure is not "rigid" enough to survive the sheer stress caused by hard particles. This results in physical mechanical damage and accompanying irreversible magnetic damage and malfunction. In addition, the high cost of Ru makes thinner Ru-based layers desirable.

Nickel based alloy layer for perpendicular recording media


A shock load applied to a solder ball may be cushioned by providing a viscoelastic material in association with the solder ball. The viscoelastic material dampens shock loads applied to the solder ball and reduces the rate of failure between the solder ball and the rest of the package.

This invention relates generally to semiconductor packaging.
Semiconductor packages typically are connected to a motherboard via the use of solder balls. Such packages should survive shock and vibration as may occur during shipping, for example.
The solder balls are typically soldered to the package leads by formation of intermetallic compounds (IMC's). These IMC's are typically very brittle and can undergo fracture easily under shock and vibration conditions. This is especially true in the case of lead free solders and lead free packaging technologies since both the lead free solders and the IMC's formed by the lead free solders are typically stiffer and more brittle than current leaded solders.
Further, with the need to miniaturize devices and increase packing density, the size and pitch of the solder balls is continuing to decrease. Smaller solder balls lead to a higher risk for shock and vibration related failures in the solder joint.

Enhancing shock resistance in semiconductor packages


An apparatus for inhibiting or preventing the clenching action of the human jaw. A lightweight clamping appliance to be worn outside the mouth to inhibit the bite due to the placement of pressure at both sides of the face, beneath the maxilla and above the mandible. A two arm clamp, structurally sized for placement around the outline of the face, with a curved sliding mechanism for altering the length between said arms, and a soft cushioned pad at the end of each clamp arm that can be secured in the desired position. A mechanism for adjusting the applied pressure or tension of the device to individual comfort levels and locking the tension level in place positioned comfortably under the chin area. The elements of the appliance that come into contact with the face during application have cushioned surfaces. An attachable chin cushion provides additional support to the wearer.

This invention relates generally to the field of oral devices and appliances and more specifically to an apparatus for inhibiting or preventing the clenching action of the jaw. Another way to describe the intention of this apparatus is "to interrupt" the clenching action.
This invention relates to oral devices, appliances and mouthguards used to prevent damage to the soft tissue surrounding the jaw area and the jaw joint itself, and to alleviate or reduce pain in the teeth and jaw muscles created by chronic clenching and/or teeth grinding, primarily while the wearer is sleeping.
Various mouthguard products, both over-the-counter models and doctor-prescribed, are available to sufferers of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (commonly referred to as TMJ or TMJD) and chronic teeth clenchers or grinders. In my experience, however, these products do not address the underlying problem—that the individual's teeth are prone to clench a surface, whether or not it be their own teeth. In the case of an inner mouth appliance, the wearer essentially clenches their teeth against another surface other than their own teeth.
Jaw appliances, that attempt to modify an incorrect bite, or exercise the movements of the jaw, all serve a purpose in trying to identify and correct the individual's chronic maladaptive pattern. However, many of these appliances are prohibitively expensive and time consuming as a pain management approach.
Accordingly, there is a need for a more inexpensive and innovative approach to this problem area of pain management—specifically, for the myofascial tissue in the area surrounding the jaw joint. The model presented herewith possesses certain attributes from the background art for easily-operated hand-clamps, while integrating the characteristics suitable for application to the human jaw joint and surrounding soft tissue area, and overcomes the deficiencies in the currently available products as described above.
Prior art in the area of mouth guards, as found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,823,193 of Singer, describes a mouth guard, or inner mouth appliance, made of soft, rubber-like material that is molded by the individual wearer, without the assistance of a dental professional. Other types of mouth guards widely available are made of hard plastic and are professionally molded by dentists and orthodontic professionals by making an impression of the patient's bite. Great Lakes Orthodontics distributes many products and materials of this type to medical professionals. U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,518 of Sullivan describes an inner mouthguard designed to protect wearers of orthodontic braces from teeth grinding. Other inner mouth guards are covered by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,496,939 of Gores and 5,082,007 of Adell and were designed for athletes, to protect the player's teeth from biting down abruptly during play. However, these and other inner mouth guards, whether prepared by dentists or orthodontics or self-molded by the wearer, fail to address the biting mechanism—specifically, the chronic overuse of the biting mechanism—and continue to allow for a biting surface (even if a "softer surface" as in the example of U.S. Pat. No. 5,823,193) to come into contact with the teeth. As a result, the teeth are still biting down, often times very hard, on some surface and the jaw muscles are not given time to rest which can lead to problems stemming from overuse. Inner mouth guards, as covered by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,496,939 of Gores and 5,082,007 of Adell, fall into this category, too, although they are effective for their purpose (worn during activities such as sporting events, to protect the teeth, tongue and jaw from serious injury).
Prior art in the area of jaw appliances as found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,394,799 describe an appliance to correctively position the jaw and features a "pre-set intermediate closure position" and a complete closure position. As described in the preferred embodiments section of the referenced patent, there is "a force that opposes (or resists) the closure movement" and includes attachments (for example, bands) to certain teeth as anchors. The opposition or resistance to the closure movement differs, however, from the invention presented in this patent application in that the biting action is limited, as defined in a "pre-set intermediate closure", but not inhibited or prevented, and the appliance includes intra-oral attachments (for example, bands) to certain teeth as anchors, the management of such would warrant professional dental or oral treatment. The invention described in this application inhibits the biting action, partially by obstructing the pathway of the bite, but also by inhibiting the masseter muscles (of the jaw) from bulking up, which occurs upon contraction. Other jaw appliances, as found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,082 of Binder, which provides therapeutic repositioning for a forward displaced jaw, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,231 of Berman, which assists individuals with limited jaw opening, are designed for insertion inside the mouth and are professionally administered and managed as well by an oral specialists.
Prior art in the area of hand clamps was found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,367,787 of Poole—a hardware item made by American Tool Companies. Unfortunately, the slide bar of this model extends far out to the side of the appliance, making it impractical for a model-type used as head gear while sleeping. A more recent American Tool Companies product is currently Patent Pending as a curved bar clamp (Quik-Grip Handi-Clamp) which places the trigger mechanism under the body of the clamp (similar to the hand-grip of pliers, but made of hard plastic). But, once again, the device was not intended, nor designed, for application or wear upon the human body, and thus has limiting features in this respect. Since the aforementioned clamps were designed for use on hard structures, such as wood and metal, the essential features of these clamps render them unfeasible for application to any human body part, but particularly to the face due to its delicate anatomy. Aside from the basic structural disadvantages (size, shape and dimension) of prior art for the specific use and application that my invention addresses, they lack the essential comfort feature for wear against the skin of the face that my invention adds. In addition, they were not designed to address the same problem or for the same purpose.

Apparatus for inhibiting or preventing the clenching action of the jaw


A method of codepositing iron and manganese having a high proportion of manganese incorporates use of a new electrochemical cell. The deposit comprises up to 38% manganese from a solution of wide ranging pH from an aqueous bath of sulfate, phosphate salt or any other type of bath, The deposits may subsequently be nitrided, phosphatized or carburized to produced an amorphous surface comparable to Hadfield steel. The manganese alloy deposit exhibits a bright, shiny surface.

Deposition of manganese onto ferritic and other surfaces has heretofore met with little success. The present invention teaches a method of depositing manganese and other hard-to-deposit metals such as titanium, vanadium, and zirconium.
Alloys of steel containing manganese (Mn) and about 1 to 1.2% carbon exhibit excellent hardness, average ductility, and excellent resistance to corrosion and wear. This is due to the presence of a highly stable MnO.sub.2 film that forms on the surface. This oxide film is superior to nickel and chromium oxide films which do not effectively protect steel against wear and corrosion. Ferro-manganese steel has historically been prepared by casting or thermal processes. These processes are primitive, time-consuming, expensive, and generally produced steels high in sulfur and phosphorous.
Prior art processes for deposition of manganese have been taught by Campbell, achieving a deposition of 10% manganese. The present invention has demonstrated a deposition of manganese at about 38%. Campbell reported on the deposition of manganese nickel and manganese iron alloys. (See A. L. Campbell, Electrolytic formation of alloys and amalgams of manganese, F. Chem. Society, 125, 1713-1719 (1924). Campbell was trying to determine whether codeposition of iron-group metals with manganese resulted in anomalous deposition potentials as was observed in the deposition of the iron-group metals with zinc. The bath of Campbell contained the sulfates of manganese, the iron-group metal and ammonia. Campbell obtained bright, smooth deposits at a current density of 8 MA/cm.sup.2 containing about 10% manganese. The cathode current density was about 15%. The baths of Campbell were also used by Agladze and Gdzelishvili who investigated the anodic dissolution of iron-manganese in an electrolyte solution containing 83% manganese and 8% iron and ammonium sulfates to deposit a manganese iron alloy onto the cathode. (See, R. I. A. Gladze and M. Y. A. Gdzelishvili, Electrodeposition of Iron-Manganese Alloys, Soobsh. Akad. Nauk Gruzinskoi S. R. 9, 555-562 (1949). At current density less than about 3 am/dm.sup.2, 15.degree. C.; pH 3.1, the anode dissolved to yield manganese and ferric ions. Some iron hydroxide precipitated and caused passivation of the anode. Gladze showed that at higher current densities manganese went into solution as ammonium permanganate, and iron entered the solution as ferric ions. The cathode contained between 2 and 16% iron, and the composition of the deposit was not significantly affected by variations in plating conditions.
Manganese alloys are difficult to deposit because manganese is very electronegative in aqueous solutions. As a general rule, co-deposition takes place when the electronegativities of its components parts are within 200 mV of each other. Manganese, having an electronegativity of
1.18 volts, is far removed from the potentials of other depositable metals. See, Brenner, Abner; Electrodeposition of Alloys: Principle and Practice, Vols. 1 and 11, Academic Press, New York and London, 1963. One approach to effectively deposit manganese alloys is the use of complexing agents to shift the deposition potential of a more noble metal to closer to that of manganese to bring about codeposition. This approach has been largely unsuccessful because the complexing agent degrades the quality of the deposit. Manganese alloys (except copper, tin and nickel) are deposited from a slightly acid bath of simple ions. In addition to the difficulty of deposition, manganese has three drawbacks including brittleness, dark black color and high reactivity. The chief use of electrodeposited manganese or its alloys is protective coatings for steel or other metals. Brenner concluded that the deposition of manganese alloys of the iron group metals has four characteristics: namely, (a) the alloys contained low percentages of manganese usually not exceeding 12%; (b) the alloys deposited at low cathode current efficiencies of about 20%; (c)iron manganese could only be deposited in a mildly acid salt solution; and (d) at higher pH, hydroxide precipitated and the bath became inoperable.

Elecrodeposition of manganese and other hard to deposit metals


A semiconductor device includes an InP substrate; an undoped InAlAs buffer layer, an undoped InGaAs active layer, and an n type InAlAs electron supply layer successively disposed on the InP substrate; a T-shaped gate electrode on the n type electron supply layer, the T-shaped gate electrode having an upper overhanging part; n type InGaAs cap layers disposed on the n type electron supply layer at opposite sides of and spaced apart from the T-shaped gate electrode, each cap layer having a portion positioned beneath the upper overhanging part of the T-shaped gate electrode; and a source electrode and a drain electrode respectively disposed on the cap layers, each of these electrodes having a portion positioned beneath the upper overhanging part of the T-shaped gate electrode.

An etchant that etches WSi selectively with respect to InAlAs or InGaAs, i.e., an etchant that etches WSi at a very high etching rate and etches InAlAs or InGaAs at a very low etching rate, has not been discovered so far. Therefore, RIE (reactive ion etching) or the like has been employed when a WSi layer on an InGaAs or InAlAs layer is etched selectively with respect to the InGaAs or InAlAs layer.
FIGS. 9(a)-9(d) are cross-sectional views illustrating process steps in a conventional method of fabricating a MESFET. In these figures, reference numeral 1 designates a semi-insulating InP substrate, numeral 2 designates an undoped InP buffer layer, numeral 3 designates an n type active layer comprising Si-doped InAlAs or InGaAs, numeral 4 designates a WSi layer, numerals 4a and 4b designate a source electrode and a drain electrode both comprising WSi, respectively, numeral 5 designates a gate electrode comprising Ti/Al, and numerals 6a and 6b designate a first photoresist and a second photoresist, respectively.
A description is given of the fabrication process.
Initially, as illustrated in FIG. 9(a), a buffer layer 2 and an n type active layer 3 are grown on an InP substrate 1 by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) or MOCVD (metal organic chemical vapor deposition), and a WSi layer 4 is deposited on the n type active layer 3 by sputtering.
In the step of FIG. 9(b), a first photoresist 6a is formed on the WSi layer 4 and patterned by conventional photolithographic techniques to form an opening opposite a region where a gate electrode is later fabricated. Using the photoresist 6a as a mask, a portion of the WSi layer 4 which is exposed in the opening of the photoresist 6a is etched and removed selectively with respect to the n type active layer 3 by RIE. Preferably, a fluorine-based gas mixture, such as SF.sub.6 and CHF.sub.3, is used in the RIE process. As a result of the RIE, a source electrode 4a and a drain electrode 4b are produced.
After removal of the photoresist 6a, as illustrated in FIG. 9(c), a second photoresist 6b is formed on the source and drain electrodes 4a and 4b and on the n type active layer 3, and the photoresist 6b is patterned by conventional photolithographic techniques to form an opening opposite a central region between the source electrode 4a and the drain electrode 4b. Using the photoresist 6b as a mask, a Ti/Al layer is deposited by EB (Electron Beam) deposition, and unnecessary portions of the Ti/Al layer on the photoresist 6b are removed with the photoresist 6b by the lift-off technique, producing a gate electrode 5 (FIG. 9(d)).
In the conventional process of fabricating process of a MESFET, when the spaced apart source and drain electrodes 4a and 4b are produced, a portion of the WSi layer 4 must be removed selectively with respect to the n type active layer 3 comprising Si-doped InAlAs or InGaAs. However, since an etchant that etches WSi selectively with respect to InAlAs or InGaAs has not been discovered yet, the WSi layer 4 is etched by RIE as shown in FIG. 9(b). Since the RIE process employs a fluorine-based gas mixture, such as SF.sub.6 and CHF.sub.3, fluorine adheres to the n type active layer 3 that is exposed as a result of the RIE and infiltrates into the active layer 3. In the n type active layer 3, the fluorine combines with Si that is a dopant impurity of the active layer 3, whereby the carrier concentration of the active layer 3 is reduced. As a result, the FET characteristics are degraded.
FIGS. 10(a)-10(c) are cross-sectional views illustrating process steps in a conventional method of fabricating an HEMT with a T-shaped gate electrode. In the figures, reference numeral 11 designates a semi-insulating InP substrate, numeral 12 designates an undoped InAlAs buffer layer, numeral 13 designates an undoped InGaAs active layer, and numeral 14 designates an electron supply layer. The electron supply layer 14 comprises an Si planar doped layer 14a, i.e., a layer two-dimensionally doped with Si in a concentration of 4.times.10.sup.12 cm.sup.-2, and an undoped InAlAs layer 14b having a thickness of about 300 .ANG.. Reference numeral 15 designates an n type InGaAs cap layer about 300 .ANG. thick. The cap layer 15 is doped with an n type producing impurity in a concentration of about 5.times.10.sup.18 cm.sup.-3 so that it makes an ohmic contact with a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed thereon. Reference numeral 15a designates a gate recess formed in the cap layer 15. Reference numerals 16a and 16b designate a source electrode and a drain electrode, respectively, both comprising WSi about 1000 .ANG. thick. Reference numeral 19 designates a gate electrode comprising Ti/Al. Reference numeral 17 designates an EB (electron beam) resist, and numeral 18 designates a photoresist.
A description is given of the fabrication process.
Initially, there are successively grown on an InP substrate 11, an undoped InAlAs buffer layer 12, an undoped InGaAs active layer 13, an Si planar doped layer 14a, an undoped InAlAs layer 14b, and an n type InGaAs cap layer 15. Preferably, these layers are grown by MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) or MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition). Thereafter, an EB resist 17 and a photoresist 18 are formed on the cap layer 15, and a portion of the photoresist 18 opposite a region where a gate electrode is later fabricated is removed using conventional photolithographic techniques to form an opening having a width of about 0.5 .mu.m. Further, a portion of the EB resist 17 in the center of the opening of the photoresist 18 is removed by conventional photolithographic techniques using electron beam exposure, forming an opening having a width of about 0.1 .mu.m. The opening of the photoresist 18 and the opening of the EB resist 17 form an upper case Roman letter T at the cross-section perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 11 (FIG. 10(a)).
Using the photoresist 18 and the EB resist 17 as masks, the n type InGaAs cap layer 15 exposed in the opening of the EB resist 17 is wet-etched with an inorganic acid mixture, such as H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 and H.sub.2 O.sub.2, to a gate recess 15a (FIG. 10(b)). Since the gate recess 15a is formed by the isotropic wet etching, the width of the recess 15a is larger than the width of the opening of the EB resist 17.
In the step of FIG. 10(c), using the photoresist 18 and the EB resist 17 as masks, a gate metal, such as Ti/Au, is deposited by evaporation, and unnecessary portions of the gate metal are removed with the photoresist 18 and the EB resist 17 by the lift-off technique, thereby producing a gate electrode 19 having a T shape at the cross-section perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 11.
Finally, using an upper overhanging part of the T-shaped gate electrode 19 as a mask, WSi is deposited on the cap layer 15 by EB deposition, producing a source electrode 16a and a drain electrode 16b (FIG. 10(d)).
The width of the upper overhanging part of the T-shaped gate electrode 19 is about 0.5 .mu.m, and the source electrode 16a and the drain electrode 16b are not produced beneath the overhanging part, so that the space between the source electrode 16a and the drain electrode 16b (hereinafter referred to as source to drain distance) is about 0.5 .mu.m. Although it is not shown in the figure, regions of the cap layer 15 where the source electrode 16a and the drain electrode 16b are not produced are masked with a resist or the like in advance. Further, in the step of FIG. 10(d), since a WSi layer (not shown) is deposited on the top of the T-shaped gate electrode 19, at least a part of the gate electrode 19 where bonding is later performed should be masked or the WSi layer on that part should be removed by etching or the like.
In the above-described method of fabricating an HEMT, since the source electrode 16a and the drain electrode 16b are formed by evaporation using the upper overhanging part of the T-shaped gate electrode 19 as a mask, the source to drain distance is equivalent to the width of the upper overhanging part of the T-shaped gate electrode 19, that is, the source to drain distance is restricted to the width of the upper overhanging part of the gate electrode 19. Since the source to drain distance cannot be reduced, the source resistance and the drain resistance cannot be reduced. As a result, the characteristics of the HEMT are not improved.

Field effect transistor with electrode portions under T-shaped gate structure