Some embodiments include methods of forming isolation structures. A trench may be formed to extend into a semiconductor material. Polysilazane may be formed within the trench, and then exposed to steam. A maximum temperature of the polysilazane during the steam exposure may be less than or equal to about 500° C. The steam exposure may convert all of the polysilazane to silicon oxide. The silicon oxide may be annealed under an inert atmosphere. A maximum temperature of the silicon oxide during the annealing may be from about 700° C. to about 1000° C. In some embodiments, the isolation structures are utilized to isolate nonvolatile memory components from one another.

The fabrication of semiconductor-based circuitry comprises formation of highly integrated electrical components (with example electrical components being transistors, resistors and capacitors), and thus comprises forming electrical components in close proximity to each other. Insulative materials may be used to electrically isolate various electrical components from one another.
One method of electrically isolating adjacent electrical components from one another is to use trench isolation. Trench isolation may be formed by creating trenches in a semiconductor material, and then filling the trenches with insulative material.
One type of insulative material that may be used to fill the trenches is silicon oxide formed from spin-on dielectric (SOD). Example SODs are polysilazanes. When polysilazanes are utilized as SODs, the formation of silicon oxide may comprise multiple steps. Initially, spin-on methodology may be used to fill trenches with polysilazane. Subsequently, the polysilazane within the trenches may be converted to silicon oxide by exposing the polysilazane to oxidant and appropriate thermal conditions.
A common method for converting a polysilazane to silicon oxide is to use steam densification. Specifically, the polysilazane is exposed to steam while being maintained at a temperature of at least 585° C.
A problem with such steam densification is that oxidant can penetrate through the polysilazane and into semiconductor material adjacent the polysilazane. Thus, it is common to provide a silicon nitride liner within the trenches prior to filling the trenches with polysilazane. The silicon nitride liner can function as a barrier during steam densification of the polysilazane, with such barrier protecting underlying semiconductor material from oxidation during the steam densification.
In some applications it would be desirable to utilize SODs, but to omit the silicon nitride barriers. Accordingly, it would be desirable to develop new methods for utilizing SODs during fabrication of isolation structures.

Methods of forming isolation structures, and methods of forming nonvolatile memory


There is provided a liquid ejecting apparatus including: a head that discharges liquid having a component which settles down; a storage section that stores the liquid; a supply path that supplies the liquid from the storage section to the head through a path which extends in a horizontal direction; and an acceleration section that accelerates a part of the supply path which includes at least the path with acceleration having a downward acceleration component in the vertical direction. The supply path may include a upstream part which is connected to the storage section, a first connection part which is connected to the upstream part, a horizontal part which is connected to the first connection part and which extends in the horizontal direction, a second connection part which is connected to the horizontal part, and a downstream part which is connected to the second connection part and the head. At this time, the acceleration section accelerates the horizontal part relatively to the upstream part and the downstream part with the acceleration.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a liquid ejecting apparatus.
2. Related Art
An ink jet-type image forming apparatus, which discharges ink (a kind of liquid) from a head and forms an image, is known as a liquid ejecting apparatus from the related art. In the ink jet-type image forming apparatus, there is a case in which a pigment component of ink settles down in an ink supply path that supplies the ink from an ink tank in which the ink is stored toward the head (hereinafter, there is a case in which the sedimentation of the pigment component of the ink is simply called "sedimentation of the ink"). For example, white ink has a white pigment component which is included in the ink and easily settles down, and thus the white ink is a typical example of sedimentary ink. When ink settles down, the concentration of an output image is deviated from an intended concentration, and thus a problem occurs in that image quality is lowered. In order to solve the problem, for example, JP-A-2012-152972 proposes a method of stirring ink by circulating the ink using a pump.
However, in the ink jet-type image forming apparatus, an ink supply path includes a considerably long section which extends in the horizontal direction (hereinafter, referred to as a horizontal part). More specifically, in a large printer capable of performing large paper printing, there are a large number of extremely long horizontal parts.
Since sedimentation of the ink occurs in such a horizontal part, it is necessary to stir the ink in the horizontal part. However, in the handling method of circulating the ink using a pump disclosed in JP-A-2012-152972, when the horizontal part is long, it takes considerable time until the concentration of the ink is actually uniform (in other words, the ink is homogenized), and thus it is inefficient. The problem is particularly severe in a large printer which includes an extremely long horizontal part.


In accordance with one embodiment, a color erasing apparatus comprises a conveyance path, a color erasing section and a control section. The conveyance path conveys a sheet. The color erasing section erases the color of an image formed with color erasable recording agent serving as recording agent containing coloring agent the color of which can be erased by heating. The control section carries out a control, in a case where the image formed on the sheet is not an image formed with the color erasable recording agent, so that the sheet is not subjected to a color erasing processing by the color erasing section.

In recent years, in an image forming apparatus such as a MFP (Multi Function Peripheral), an image is formed on a sheet-like medium (hereinafter referred to as "sheet") such as paper with recording agent (hereinafter referred to as "color erasable recording agent") containing erasable coloring agent. The color of the color erasable recording agent can be erased when heated to a high temperature.
A heat roller, in which a roll type heat source is arranged, and a press roller are arranged opposite to each other in the color erasing apparatus. The color erasing apparatus heats paper with the heat roller and the press roller to erase the color of the image formed on the paper.
However, if a sheet on which an image is formed with recording agent (for example, normal toner) different from the color erasable recording agent is conveyed to the heat roller (heat source) of the color erasing apparatus, offset may occur on the heat roller.

Color erasing apparatus, color erasing system and color erasing control method


An adhesive bond is produced using an adhesive composition which comprises a silane-grafted, largely amorphous poly-.alpha.-olefin prepared by grafting onto said largely amorphous poly-.alpha.-olefin a silane compound having from 1-3 alkoxy groups attached directly to the silicon and at least one olefinic double bond containing moiety, and then crosslinking the adhesive composition by means of water.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the use of certain silane-grafted amorphous poly-.alpha.-olefins as a moisture-crosslinking adhesive base material or as a constituent of a moisture-crosslinking adhesive system, especially for applications in the construction, woodworking and automotive industry, where the adhesive is used primarily as a hotmelt adhesive.
2. Description of the Background
Amorphous poly-.alpha.-olefins are used as adhesive base materials for a wide range of applications. The field of use extends from the hygiene sector through laminates and packaging adhesives to constructive bonding and uses in wood processing. In the majority of these applications, the adhesive base materials are notable for their strong adhesion to various substrates, strong cohesion and good resistance to chemicals coupled with an excellent price/performance ratio.
Many demanding applications, for example the bonding of glass, ceramic, metal and various polymer combinations, can be realized to a certain extent by amorphous poly-.alpha.-olefins by formulating the adhesive base material with a large number of components and additives such as tackier resins, waxes, other polymers, plasticizers and stabilizers. Nevertheless, it is not possible in every case to attain the required levels of adhesion and cohesion. Furthermore, the thermal stability of adhesive bonds implemented with amorphous poly-.alpha.-olefins or with formulations based on these substances is inadequate for certain applications, so that in many cases the user has to resort to more expensive, reactive bonding systems, such as polyurethane, epoxy or silicone adhesives.
DE 40 00 695 describes amorphous poly-.alpha.-olefins onto which are grafted reactive monomers and which are employed as hotmelt adhesives and for heavy-duty carpet coating compositions. Because of the low level of molecular non-uniformity dictated by their preparation, these grafted poly-.alpha.-olefins possess improved cohesion. For heavy-duty bonding, however, the cohesion thus obtained is still inadequate. Furthermore, no marked improvements are achieved with respect to thermal stability.
In order to improve the cohesion and the thermal stability of the adhesive film, it is also necessary for chemical bonds to be formed between the polymer chains of the adhesive film. Such a system is described in DE 195 16 457. The system described therein, however, consists of two different polymer components, one being a silane-grafted polyolefin such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer and the other being a maleic anhydride(MAA)grafted polyolefin (e.g. EVA) to which a crosslinking accelerator is added. The handling of this multicomponent system is labor-intensive because of the two components, which are absolutely essential, and the resulting logistical and mixing effort. Furthermore, the toxicological properties of MAA-grafted systems make them unsuitable for use in the food sector, which is a limitation which further restricts the scope for employing the system disclosed and claimed in the reference. A need continues to exist for adhesive compositions based on poly-.alpha.-olefins which not only exhibit good adhesive properties, but which also exhibit good thermal stability.

Use of silane-grafted amorphous poly-.alpha.-olefins as moisture-crosslinking adhesive base material or adhesive


Examples of cloud-based removable drive encryption policy enforcement and recovery key management are described. In some examples, a removable drive encryption policy is received from a cloud-based management service. A removable drive is recognized by an operating system of a client device. An encryption command causes the operating system to request user password creation and encrypt the removable drive. A recovery key is identified from a write-output of the operating system. The recovery key is transmitted to the cloud-based management service for storage in a cloud-based removable drive recovery key escrow.

Mobile devices are being used for access to enterprise computing systems and resources with greater frequency. With the growing number of different mobile devices, platforms, and operating systems available for adoption by users, various challenges can arise in the management of the mobile devices. Access to the capabilities of a mobile device can be managed through the administration of the suite of applications based on a set of management policies, compliance rules, and configuration data which is defined and enforced by the management service.
The proliferation of tablet and smartphone devices, for example, has resulted in several companies and organizations allowing employees to bring their own devices to work. The use of these personal devices can be associated with productivity gains and cost savings. The concept "bring your own device" (BYOD) for access to enterprise computing systems may have met initial resistance due to security concerns, but more and more companies are now looking to incorporate BYOD policies.
Drive encryption can be part of the enterprise information security strategy for organizations. Enterprises can enforce operating-system-based encryption technologies to enforce operating system and disk drive encryption to ensure their assets and intellectual property remain secure. However, problems can arise for BYOD implementations and situations where workers bring work devices out of the company intranet or private local area network. Existing technologies can fail to operate properly when a removable drive is connected to a client device that is not networked through an enterprise's intranet or private local area network. For example, where recovery keys are stored in a domain system of record, a recovery key for a newly connected drive will be unknown to the enterprise, leaving the drive contents potentially lost if a password is forgotten. Further, when a password is forgotten, a user of the client device may be unable to retrieve a recovery key unless connected to an enterprise's local area network or private network. As a result, there is a need for better enforcement of removable drive encryption policies and recovery key management.

Cloud-based removable drive encryption policy enforcement and recovery key management


A clipless hair roller that includes a heated metallic inner cylinder and elongated outer plastic cylinder having a plurality of ventilation openings to allow for the efficient and uniform transfer of heat from the metallic inner cylinder to hair associated with the roller.

Hair rollers are well known for their use for drying and curling hair. Hair rollers come in a variety of configurations and sizes for all types of hair. Known types of roller are heatable by microwave energy, and by electric energy.
Microwaveable rollers have been made from a variety of materials in a variety of constructions. Examples of microwaveable rollers are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,820 which describe rollers made from a matrix of a thermoplastic or thermoset material and particulate electromagnetic material such as ferrites and powdered iron. Another known microwaveable hair roller disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,297,567 includes a solid body having a quantity of silicon gel therein for storing heat energy.
Still another microwaveable hair roller which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,725 has a concentrically wound or tubular, layered composite structure including a water saturated core, a resistive rubber material and a lubricant. The roller can be heated, such as by microwave energy. Other known microwaveable rollers use, for example, a lossy dielectric material or a wicking material to store the microwave energy. Essentially all of the known rollers use some combination of complex structure and/or complex materials to create a hair roller which both withstands the rigors of microwave heating and stores energy for later imparting such energy into a user's hair.
Electrically heated hair rollers are also well known in the art. The well known electrically heated hair rollers are all two piece designs that require the use of a clip or some other attaching device to keep hair from becoming unraveled after it is associated with the electrically heated roller.
Thus, there continues to be a need for a single piece hair roller that is simple in construction, that heats quickly, and that includes hair engaging elements that permit the single piece heatable hair roller to be self-engaging with a swatch of hair.


An apparatus for removably retaining a single use cartridge and dispensing at least one compound from the single use cartridge. The apparatus includes a dispensing pen having a housing which includes a source of electricity, an electric motor, a gear assembly and a moving shaft with a multiplicity of teeth to cause an advancing shaft to move forwardly toward the front of the pen and interact with a piston to push a plunger at the rear of the cartridge so that it will dispense compounds from the cartridge. The cartridge can be a single chamber cartridge or a dual chamber cartridge or a dual chamber cartridge separated by a dividing wall. There can be any numerous compounds including teeth whitening compounds, nail polish, cosmetics, etc.

1. Field of the Invention
This patent application contains alternative inventions/embodiments by the same inventor of co-pending utility patent application Ser. No. 14/087,401 filed on Nov. 22, 2013 and also co-pending utility patent application Ser. No. 14/609,355 filed on Jan. 29, 2015.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The following 26 patents and published patent applications are the closest prior art references which were uncovered in the search. A complete set of copies of these patents and patent applications are enclosed herewith for your review.
1. U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,687 issued to Eugene C. Wagner on Mar. 18, 1997 for "Oral Hygiene Delivery System" (hereafter the "Wagner Patent");
2. U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,632 issued to Hidehei Kageyama et al. on Jan. 23, 2001 for "Liquid Container" (hereafter the "'632 Kageyama Patent");
3. U.S. Pat. No. 6,227,739 issued to Hidehei Kageyama on May 8, 2001 for "Liquid Container" (hereafter the "'739 Kageyama Patent");
4. United States Published Patent Application No. 2005/0063766 to Sou Y. Chen et al. on Mar. 24, 2005 for "Applicator Pen" (hereafter the "Chen Published Patent Application");
5. U.S. Pat. No. 6,918,515 issued to Yoshio Noguchi on Jul. 19, 2005 for "Liquid Container" (hereafter the "Noguchi Patent");
6. United States Published Patent Application No. 2006/0275225 to Michael Prencipe et al. on Dec. 7, 2006 for "Applicator and Method For Applying A Tooth Whitening Composition" (hereafter the "Prencipe Published Patent Application");
7. U.S. Pat. No. 7,201,527 issued to Richard Christopher Thorpe et al. on Apr. 10, 2007 for "Twist Up Pen Type Dispenser With Brush Applicator" (hereafter the "Thorpe Patent");
8. United States Published Patent Application No. 2007/0086830 to Hidehei Kageyama on Apr. 19, 2007 for "Liquid Container" (hereafter the "Kageyama Published Patent Application");
9. United States Published Patent Application No. 2008/0274066 to Robert Eric Montgomery on Nov. 6, 2008 for "Compositions, Methods, Devices, And Kits for Maintaining or Enhancing Tooth Whitening" (hereafter the "Montgomery Published Patent Application").
10. U.S. Pat. No. 7,794,166 issued to Jun Zhang on Sep. 14, 2010 for "Press-Type Cosmetic Container with Anti-Press Means" (hereafter the "Zhang Patent");
11. United States Published Patent Application No. 2011/0129288 to Junya Uehara on Jun. 2, 2011 for "Liquid Applicator" (hereafter the "Uehara Published Patent Application");
12. U.S. Pat. No. 7,980,778 issued to Tetsuaki Akaishi et al. on Jul. 19, 2011 for "Liquid Applicator" (hereafter the Akaishi Patent");
13. U.S. Pat. No. 8,328,449 issued to James C. Wightman et al. on Dec. 11, 2012 for "Click Pen Applicator Device And Method of Using Same" (hereafter the "Wightman Patent");
14. Japanese Patent No. JP096151123A issued to Shiraishi Katsuhiko et al. on Jun. 10, 1997 for "Tooth Coating Liquid" (hereafter the "Katsuhiko Japanese Patent");
15. Japanese Patent No. JP2007130437A issued to Kageyama Shuhei on May 31, 2007 for "Liquid Container" (hereafter the "Shuhei Japanese Patent").
16. U.S. Pat. No. 4,121,739 issued to William David Devaney et al. on Oct. 24, 1978 for "Dispenser With Unitary Plunger And Seal Construction" (hereafter the "Devaney Patent");
17. U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,005 issued to Franz K. Schneider, Jr. et al. on Apr. 14, 1992 for "Dual Component Mechanically Operated Caulking Gun" (hereafter the "Schneider Patent");
18. U.S. Pat. No. 5,310,091 issued to Walter B. Dunning et al. on May 10, 1994 for "Dual Product Dispenser" (hereafter the "Dunning Patent");
19. U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,760 issued to Christen Simmen on Aug. 2, 1994 for "Dispensing And Mixing Apparatus" (hereafter the "Simmen Patent");
20. U.S. Pat. No. 5,535,922 issued to Bernard J. Maziarz on Jul. 16, 1996 for "Caulking Gun Dispensing Module For Multi-Component Cartridge" (hereafter the "Maziarz Patent");
21. U.S. Pat. No. 6,116,900 issued to Calvin D. Ostler on Sep. 12, 2000 for "Binary Energizer And Peroxide Delivery System For Dental Bleaching" (hereafter the "Ostler Patent");
22. U.S. Pat. No. 6,283,660 issued to Patrick J. Furlong et al. on Sep. 4, 2001 for "Pen Dispensing And Cartridge System" (hereafter the "Furlong Patent");
23. United States Published Patent Application No. 2009/0095777 to Frank Francavilla on Apr. 16, 2009 for "Dispensing Pen" (hereafter the "Francavilla Published Patent Application");
24. U.S. Pat. No. 7,748,980 issued to Paul Mulhauser et al. on Jul. 6, 2010 for "Dispenser for Dental Compositions" (hereafter the "Mulhauser Patent");
25. U.S. Pat. No. 7,882,983 issued to Dean K. Reidt et al. on Feb. 8, 2011 for "Capsule for Two-Component Materials" (hereafter the "Reidt Patent");
26. U.S. Pat. No. 8,096,449 issued to Wilheilm A. Keller on Jan. 17, 2012 for "Dispensing Appliance for a Multiple Cartridge" (hereafter the "Keller Patent").
The Wagner Patent discloses:                "A delivery system for a liquid oral hygiene preparation suitable for tooth whitening, tooth cleansing and the treatment of. The delivery system includes an elongate barrel shaped body. A supply of the hygiene preparation saturates a fibrous wadding carried in a hollow chamber of the body. At an end of the body, an applicator formed of felt or synthetic fibers is seated. The applicator includes a broad tip and a stem wick which is received in the wadding and draws the preparation to the tip by capillary action. The preparation is applied to tooth surfaces, oral lesions, and the like by pressing the tip against the surface to receive the preparation and, where appropriate, wiping the tip along the surface. In an alternate embodiment, ball applicator is provided and the hygienic preparation may be carried in the chamber without the wadding."
The '632 Kageyama discloses:                "A liquid container such that the liquid received in it will not easily spring out from its tip even if it is wrongly operated, comprises a tank portion for receiving a liquid, a knock bar stretching axially movably within the tank portion which is designed to have on its axial tip portion a pump shelf portion whose diameter have been enlarged, an induction bar fixed into the tip of the knock bar, a brush provided on the tip side of the induction bar, and a spring for always energizing the above knock bar and induction bar rearward. On the internal periphery surface of the above tank portion, a plurality of ribs are formed which stretch axially and on top of which the above pump shelf portion can slide, the internal periphery surface ahead of the ribs is at the same level as and continuous with the top face of the ribs and designed as a diameter-reducing portion where the pump shelf portion can slide. The pump shelf portion slidably touches the ribs when it is not biased."
The '739 Kageyama Patent is related to the previously discussed patent and discloses:                "A liquid container includes a body having a tank portion housing liquid, and a liquid supply port at a front side thereof, a piston moving forward inside the tank portion, a piston rod being integrally connected to the piston and extending rearward, the piston rod having an external thread formed in a periphery thereof, an operation cylinder being attached to a rear part of the body in a relatively rotatable fashion, a piston rod guide being adapted to be rotated integrally with the operating cylinder, the piston rod guide having an internal thread hole which is engaged with the external thread of the piston rod, and a ratchet cylinder being fixed in the rear inside the body, the ratchet cylinder having a bore through which the piston rod is pierced in a relatively unrotatable fashion. The operation cylinder is formed with serrated gear teeth at a front end thereof, and the ratchet cylinder is formed with a ratchet gear tooth which is brought into engagement with the serrated gear teeth and adopted to be selectively protruded or retracted in an axial direction, at a rear end thereof."
The Chen Published Patent Application discloses:                "FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an applicator pen 100 according to a first embodiment. The applicator pen 100 is formed of a number of different sub-assemblies that are then combined in an engaging manner to form the applicator pen 100. More specifically, the applicator pen 100 includes a body 110 and an applicator assembly 200 that serves to restrict and disperse an applicator material 112 that is stored within the body 110. The applicator pen 100 also includes a drive mechanism 300 for advancing the applicator material 112 within the body 110 such that it is introduced into and dispersed through the applicator assembly 200 to the consumer. The drive mechanism 300 is coupled to a button assembly 400 that permits the consumer to simply advance the applicator material 112 an incremental amount within the body 110 upon manipulation of the button assembly 400, e.g., a press and release action of the button assembly 400.        While the applicator material 112 can be any number of different types of materials, it will be appreciated that one exemplary use of the applicator 100 is as a cosmetic applicator and therefore, in this particular use, the applicator material 112 is in the form of a cosmetic product. For example, the applicator material 112 can in the form of conventional make-up, such as an eye shadow or liner, lipstick, other facial products, etc. The applicator material 112 is typically a viscous material, such as a liquid, gel or other material that has some flow properties."
The focus of this patent application is primarily a cosmetic applicator for eyeshadow, a liner, etc. and not for teeth whitening.
The Noguchi Patent discloses:                "In a liquid container, the dimension of inside diameter of a liquid supply portion is not subject to any restriction, and also a liquid leakage suppressing mechanism that is not subject to any restriction by the viscosity of stored liquid is provided. A liquid container includes a body having a tank for storing a liquid; a supply mechanism which is connected to the tip end portion of the body and has a brush for supplying the liquid; and a drive mechanism for pushing out the liquid L in the tank T to the supply mechanism. A valve which is normally closed and can be opened only when the drive mechanism is operated is provided between the tank and the supply mechanism."
The Prencipe Published Patent Application discloses:                "The dispenser 10 is shown as a complete unit in FIGS. 1 and 2. The dispenser is comprised of three sections. These are an applicator section 12, a whitening product storage section 14 and a dispenser drive section 16. The applicator section is comprised of an overcap 18, an applicator surface 30, an applicator surface holder 32, an applicator mounting unit 36 and a delivery channel 34 The whitening product in product chamber 40 is delivered to the applicator surface through delivery channel 34. A tubular wall 20 forms the product chamber 40. Piston 42 forms the upper wall of product chamber 40.        The dispenser drive section 16 is comprised of the mechanism to advance piston 42 downward in whitening product chamber 40. This dispenser drive section is shown in more detail in FIG. 5. Rotating unit 22 will rotate while tubular wall 20 of the whitening product chamber is stationary.        FIG. 7 shows an applicator tip with a fibrillated surface The applicator tip is comprised of channel 60 having a cross-section 65 which receives the peroxide containing tooth whitening composition from storage chamber 40. Fibrillated surface 62 is the application surface to apply the composition to the teeth. The peroxide tooth whitening composition flows through opening 64 of the channel 60. Applicator surface holder 66 holds channel 60 and is in turn held in place by applicator mounting unit 68. FIG. 8 is an exploded view of the applicator tip of FIG. 7. Additionally shown in this view is a chamber 70 on the applicator surface holder channel 72 of the applicator mounting unit 68. Flange 74 holds the applicator surface holder 66 in applicator mounting unit 68."
The Dwyer Published Patent Application discloses:                "A method for manufacturing a cosmetic product applicator assembly includes selecting a disposable handle having a desired design from a number of handles of various designs. Each of the handles includes an elongated, decorative housing with a first end having an opening, a hollow chamber extending from the opening into the housing, and a flattened portion for displaying a word, phrase, symbol or design. A cosmetic product applicator having a first terminal end from which the cosmetic product is dispensed and a second terminal end opposite the first terminal end is inserted into the handle. The hollow chamber is adapted to receive and engage the second terminal end of the applicator in a non-rotatable manner."
The Thorpe Patent discloses:                "As shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, the twist up pen type dispenser with brush applicator 1 comprises a body 2, preferably substantially in the shape of a cylinder, having a top 3, a bottom 4, an outer surface 5 and an inner surface 6 which defines an annular space 7. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, material 8 may be within the annular space 7, which functions as a reservoir for the material 8 within the twist up pen type dispenser with brush applicator 1. The material 8 may be a dentifrice, such as tooth gel, tooth paste, mouthwash, mouth rinse, tooth whitener and combinations thereof, cosmetics, such as mascara and eyeliner, hair colorants such as darkeners, like darkeners for facial hair such as moustaches, dyes or similar materials, or skin treatment compositions, combinations thereof, and the like."
The Kageyama Published Patent Application discloses:                "To provide a liquid container which includes a liquid supply member that is exchangeably mounted thereto and prevents liquids in liquid supply members from being mixed each other after exchanging the liquid supply members. The liquid container is provided which includes a container body with a tank section to hold a liquid, an applicator coupled to the front end of the container body, a piston which is advanced through the tank section, and a piston advancing mechanism which has a pushing member and causes the piston to be advanced through the tank section in response to the operation of the pushing member. The applicator is removably coupled to the container body, and the piston advancing mechanism causes the piston to be moved only forward."
The Montgomery Published Patent Application discloses:                "The first and/or second tooth whitening compositions are preferably disposed in a delivery (e.g., FIGS. 2-4, 9, and 10), such as a dispensing tube, pencil, pen or liquid stick having an applicator 12, such as a felt tip 14 (FIG. 3), brush 16 (FIG. 4), roller ball, or non-woven pad. In one embodiment, the delivery device 10 includes more than one applicator 12 that may be removably engaged with the device 10. In an embodiment wherein the device 10 is a pen or a pencil, the applicator 12 may be retractable and/or housed in a cap 18. The tooth whitening compositions of the present invention may be housed directly within a reservoir 20 in the device 10 or may be supplied in a removable cartridge (not shown) within the reservoir 20 that may be replaced or refilled. The delivery device 10 may dispense the tooth whitening composition through a transfer channel 21 through capillary action, such as in a flow through pen, or through an actuator 22, such as mechanical piston with a click mechanism, twist button and ratchet mechanism, or pushbutton mechanism, or through a vacuum method of ejection, or through other such mechanical means for transferring the composition from the device to an oral cavity surface in need of treatment. The actuator 22 may be present on first end 24 of the device 10 and the applicator on a second end 26 of the device 10 or the actuator 22 may be present on a side wall 28 of the device. In one embodiment, the delivery device 10 includes a felt tip 14 or brush 16 applicator 12 wherein the inventive composition is dispensed to the applicator 12 through actuation of the actuator 22, such as by a clicking or twisting mechanism. Kotobuke Pencil, Japan, is one manufacturer of such types of delivery devices 10 (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,632).
The Zhang Patent discloses:                "The present invention is related to a press-type cosmetic container with an anti-press means. That is, a cosmetic container adopts the way of pressing to output the material therein. More particularly, the press cover of the cosmetic container is stopped by a block to prevent discharging or leaking the material in the cosmetic container."
Claim 1 of the patent reads as follows:                "A press-type cosmetic container with an anti-press means comprising: a tube member having a sleeve at the one end thereof, the outer edge of the sleeve being disposed a collar base; a rotating tube member being disposed a female ringing slot at the inner edge of the one end thereof, the rotating tube member being female-connected to the outer edge of the sleeve and the collar base of the tube member being slid on the female ringing slot so as to make the rotating tube member be turned around on the sleeve, wherein two axial extending ribs are disposed at the inner wall of the another end of the rotating tube member, a block is disposed between the two ribs, and a resisting member is disposed beside the two ribs; a press cover having two wedging member being extended outwardly and disposed on the two side edges thereof respectively, the one end of the press cover located at the wedging member being embedded at the inner edge of the free end of the rotating tube member, and the one wedging member being disposed beyond the two ribs; herein the block stops pressing the press cover in order to stop outputting material in the cosmetic container and then achieve the function of preventing improper pressing, and the rotating tube member is then turned around, the two wedging members are moved to locations beside the resisting member so as to output the material."
The Uehara Published Patent Application discloses:                "The present invention is a liquid applicator which, in its assembled state an applying part, joint, and front barrel are fixed to a barrel body front end portion, the step of an indented/projected engaging portion on the inner peripheral side of the applying part rear end portion is abutted from behind against and engaged with the step of an indented/projected engaging portion on the outer peripheral side of the forward part of the joint. At the same time, an indented/projected engaging portion on the outer peripheral side of the applying part rear end portion is abutted against and engaged with an indented/projected engaging portion on the inner peripheral side of the front barrel's forward part, and an indented/projected engaging portion on the inner peripheral side of the front barrel rearward part is engaged with an indented/projected engaging portion on the outer peripheral side in the rearward part of joint, whereby applying part, joint and front barrel are formed so as to fix the applying part to barrel body by means of the joint and the front barrel."
The Akaishi Patent discloses:                "A liquid applicator includes a liquid pressing mechanism 6 for pressurizing an application liquid 4 inside a main body 2 so as to supply the application liquid to an applying member 10 at the front end by the pressing of liquid pressing mechanism 6, wherein the applying member 10 is made of an elastic material, has a valve structure 8 which is formed with a communication path 24 for communication between the inside and outside of main body 2 and can close the communication path 24 by elasticity in the normal condition and open the communication path 24 by elastic deformation of the communication path when the application liquid is pressurized by liquid pressing mechanism 6, and, an ejection opening 24a of communication path 24 of valve structure 8 is arranged to front onto the applying portion 10a of the applying member 10."
The Wrightman Patent discloses:                "A click pen applicator device that provides predetermined dosing of the formulation for precise application, and rapidly primes the formulation using the dosing click mechanism to prepare the applicator for use."
Claim 1 of the patent reads as follows:                "A device for dispensing a formulation comprising: a centerband having a proximal end and a distal end and defining a storage section having the formulation disposed within; an applicator section situated at the distal end of the centerband; and a multistage actuator section situated at the proximal end of the centerband for rapid priming with a click dispensing mechanism with a piston seat having two sets of external threads on a shaft with an unthreaded length therebetween."
The Katsuhiko Japanese Patent discloses:                "PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a coating liquid capable of coloring tooth or tooth crowns to white or any other color by using an acrylic resin prepared by neutralizing an acrylic ester-methacrylic eater-based copolymer with a specific compound. SOLUTION: This tooth coating liquid contusions ethanol and an acrylic resin prepared by neutralizing an acrylic ester-methacrylic ester-based copolymer with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol or 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, and may also contain a color pigment or extender pigment, and furthermore, ceramic(s) and/or a vinyl acetate resin. It is preferable that this coating liquid comprises 10-94.8 wt. % or more of ethanol, 0.1-30 wt. % of a pigment, 0.1-20 wt. % of the above acrylic resin, and 5-30 wt. % of ceramic(s) and/or butyl acetate resin. The pigment is pref. titanium dioxide (optimally, ≦100 nm primary particle diameter on average)."
The Shuhei Japanese Patent discloses:                "PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a liquid container which includes a liquid supply member that is exchangeably mounted thereto and prevents liquids in liquid supply members from being mixed each other before and after exchanging the liquid supply members; SOLUTION: The liquid container includes a container body 12 with a tank section T to hold a liquid, an applicator 20 coupled to the front end of the container body 12, a piston 22 which is advanced through the tank section T, and a piston pressing mechanism 23 which has a knocking member 32 and causes the piston 22 to be pressed through the tank section T in response to the operation of the knocking member 32. The applicator 20 is removably coupled to the container body 12, and the piston pressing mechanism 23 causes the piston 22 to be moved only forward."
The Devaney Patent discloses:                "A dispenser for precisely metering viscous fluids from a cartridge. The dispenser includes a cartridge body and a plunger having a piston head at its extremity. The plunger is unitarily configured from a plastic material, including seal rings in the piston head. Each piston head including two such seal rings axially spaced from one another and configured to include sharp peripheral edges permitting resilient wedging contact within the bore of the cartridge."
The Schneider Patent discloses:                "A dual component caulking gun which utilizes a gun body to which there is affixed a dual component cartridge assembly designed to carry dual component cartridges. A ball screw is journaled within the gun body for rotary motion but locked against axial motion and extends in a direction opposite the component cartridge assembly. A pair of ram rods are journaled through the gun body and terminate at the first end in ejector rams and at their opposite end in a transfer bar that is interconnected to the ball screw by means of a ball screw nut."
The Dunning Patent discloses                "A dispenser for simultaneously dispensing and mixing a pair of fluid products such as chemically reactive resins, from a pair of axial adjacent front and rear chambers. A piston is mounted within each of the chambers and is moveable with respect to the hollow interior of the respective chamber for dispensing the fluid product therefrom. Telescopic movement of the rear chamber within the front chamber moves the pistons synchronously through the chambers to provide for controlled discharge of the products through a front discharge nozzle. A fixed hollow delivery tube extends through the interior of the front chamber and telescopically receives therein a post which is mounted on a rear wall of the rear chamber. The rear chamber has a relatively tight sliding fit within the front chamber so that a partial vacuum is formed within an annular space which forms between the two pistons as they move apart upon discharge of the two products to produce a "suck back" effect on product remaining in the discharge nozzle."
The Simmen Patent discloses:                "A dispensing and mixing apparatus for simultaneously dispensing from a cartridge into a static mixing element components which harden when mixed. The components exit the cartridge into the mixing element without intermixing as the components leave the cartridge. The initial intermixing of the components takes place within the mixing element. The cartridge is reusable since the components do not become mixed and harden as they come out of the cartridge. The chambers in the cartridge are of semi-cylindrical configuration and have rounded corners. Ribs can be provided on the cartridge for stiffening the cartridge from deforming under extrusion."
The Maziarz Patent discloses:                "The invention provides a dispensing module for dispensing multi-part adhesive from a multi-component cartridge utilizing a standard caulking gun. The dispensing module comprises a piston actuator and a module housing which when assembled with a standard multi-component cartridge and inserted into a standard caulking gun allows the components from the multi-component cartridge to be dispensed."
The Ostler Patent discloses:                "A dental bleach storage, mixing and delivery device and related method are disclosed. The device includes a barrel with at least two chambers. The chambers store components that when mixed can form a dental bleach or whitener. A plunger is provided that can be reciprocated within the barrel to force such components from their chambers. A mixing tip is provided for the end of the barrel. The components may be forced through the mixing tip which thoroughly mixes them together. The resulting bleach or whitener is applied to a patient's teeth where oxygen ions released from the bleach or whitener and will whiten the patient's teeth."
The Furlong Patent is a pen dispensing cartridge system which issued in 2001 and is still in full force and effect. The patent discloses:                "The present invention features a pen used, for example, to dispense nail polish for finger nail application. The design is for a unit of use, meaning that the preferred pen uses cartridges, i.e., units. In a preferred embodiment, each cartridge is filled with polish and has a brush head. After the cartridge is used, the user simply disposes of the old cartridge and replaces it with a new cartridge for the next application."
The Francavilla discloses:                "The present invention is related to a dispensing device. The dispensing device includes a container; a dispensing opening located at one end of the container; a plunger located inside the container; a pushbutton associated with the plunger; and a drive mechanism configured to drive the plunger linearly inside the container from a first position towards the dispensing opening when the pushbutton is pressed and to hold the plunger at a second position, wherein the second position is closer to the dispensing opening than the first position."
The Reidt Patent discloses:
"Capsule (10) for two or more components of a material which are to be mixed together, comprising a cartridge (11) comprising an outlet (12), a first component chamber (13) for containing a first component, and a second component chamber (14) for containing a second component, the two chambers (13, 14) opening into the outlet (12); and a piston (15) which at least with its front end sits in the cartridge (11), lies with its rear end outside the component chambers (13, 14) and, when it is pushed forwards, presses the two components out of their component chambers (13, 14)."
The Mulhauser Patent discloses a dispenser for dental compositions.
Claim 1 of this patent reads as follows:                "An apparatus for dispensing dental compositions, the apparatus comprising: a) a body comprising a top shell portion, a bottom shell portion, and a chamber received therein; b) a replaceable cartridge having at least two lumens with at least two pistons, the cartridge operable to dispense a component of a dental compound contained within the lumens, and wherein the cartridge is further operable to be at least partially inserted into the chamber; c) an inner mechanical system disposed in the body, the inner mechanical system comprising a rack system, said rack system having at least two racks operable to be urged forward to engage a piston in each lumen of the cartridge; d) a button system in contact with the body, the button system operable to be depressed in a direction substantially forward and in line with the rack system by a user such that the button system engages the inner mechanical system when depressed, such that the rack is advanced a predetermined distance such that a metered amount of the components of the dental compound is dispensed from the at least two lumens; and e) wherein the inner mechanical system further comprises a plurality of teeth disposed on the rack system, and a drive spring and a pawl spring disposed on the body, the drive spring and the pawl spring being operable to interface with at least one of a plurality of teeth on the rack system and at least one surface of the button system such that depression of the button system by a user initiates drive spring to advance the rack system a predetermined distance proportional to the distance between a first selected tooth located on the rack and a second selected tooth located on the rack and initiates the pawl spring to disengage from a third selected tooth on the rack and engage a fourth selected tooth on the rack located at a distance substantially equal to the distance between the first tooth and the second tooth, and release of the button causes the drive spring to disengage from said first selected tooth and engage the second selected tooth on the rack."
The Keller Patent discloses a dispensing appliance for a multiple cartridge. The broadest claim is claim 1 which reads as follows:                "A dispensing appliance for a multiple cartridge or syringe, comprising: a housing configured to receive the multiple cartridge or syringe, and wherein the housing has a housing thread and a rotatable portion that has a complementary thread, wherein the housing thread and the rotatable portion cooperate in such a manner that by a mutual rotation of the housing thread and the rotatable portion, the rotatable portion is continuously displaceable relative to the housing in a dispensing direction, wherein the housing is configured to receive the multiple cartridge or syringe having at least two adjacent and parallel storage containers, wherein a thrust force of the rotatable portion is transmitted to a multiple ram with a single thrust plate, and wherein the multiple ram slides in the at least two adjacent and parallel storage containers of the multiple cartridge or syringe and the thrust plate is non-rotatably guided inside the housing."
The following additional patents and patent publication are of record in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 14/087,401:
United States Published Patent Publication No. 2010/0114025 to Claus Schmidt Moller published on May 6, 2010.
United States Published Patent Publication No. 2009/0247915 to IMBODEN et al. published on Oct. 1, 2009.
United States Published Patent Publication No. 2010/0298781 to Hogdahl et al. published on Nov. 25, 2010.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,976,489 issued to Lawter et al. on Jul. 12, 2011.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,842 issued to Bechtold et al. on Mar. 3, 1992.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,201 issued to Arthur Zwingenberger on Apr. 11, 2000.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,344,375 issued to Mukasa et al. on Mar. 18, 2008.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,7943,436 issued to Wilcox et al. on Apr. 4, 1998.
There is a significant need for an improved apparatus to dispense compounds including but not limited to tooth whitening compounds where the tooth whitening compounds are dispensed from a new and unused retainers. There is also a significant need for an improved apparatus to dispense dental bonding compounds from new and unused retainers and adhesive compounds from new and unused retainers. There is also a significant need for improved applicators for many other products such as nail polish and adhesive.

Electrical pen with improvements for pen removably retaining single use cartridge containing tooth whitening compounds, dental bonding compounds, nail polish, and adhesives and removably retaining disposable tooth whitening applicators, disposable dental bonding compound applicators, nail polish applicators and disposable adhesive applicators


An antenna switch for selectively connecting an output differential signal pair of an output power amplifier to a single-ended signal of an antenna when transmitting and selectively connecting an input differential signal pair of a low noise input amplifier to the single-ended signal of the antenna when receiving. A first balun having a single ended-signal connected to an antenna connects a first and second output differential signal to a power output amplifier. A second balun having a single-ended signal connected to the antenna connects a first and second input differential signal to a low noise input amplifier. A first diode selectively shorts the first output differential signal to the second output differential signal of the first balun when receiving and a second diode selectively shorts the first input differential signal to the second input differential signal of the second balun when transmitting.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains in general to switching mechanisms for selectively connecting either a power output amplifier or a low noise input amplifier of a transceiver to an antenna and, more particularly, to an antenna switch capable of operation at high frequencies which selectively connects differential signals of either a power output amplifier or differential signals of a low noise input amplifier of a radio transceiver to an antenna.
2. Description of Related Art
When connecting a single antenna to a radio transceiver, a mechanism is required to selectively connect a transceiver output to the antenna while isolating a transceiver input from the antenna during transmissions and selectively connect the transceiver input to the antenna while isolating the transceiver output from the antenna during receptions. In the past, input and output signals from the transceiver have typically been designed in a single-ended fifty ohm environment with various methods available for providing the switching functionality. For example, a Field Effect Transistor (FET) is incorporated onto a single pole double throw circuit configuration to selectively connect the single-ended signals to the antenna depending on whether the transceiver is transmitting or receiving.
Although Field Effect Transistors in a single pole mechanisms are capable of incorporation onto a single integrated circuit chip along with the transceiver, their operation is limited to relatively low frequencies. Operation at higher frequencies typically requires the use of a discrete PIN diodes or expensive Gallium Arsenide transistors to perform the switching function. For example a commonly known technique uses a PIN diode in combination with a quarter wavelength transmission line to selectively transform a short circuit to an open circuit and vice versa for selectively connecting and disconnecting the antenna to either the power output amplifier or the low noise input amplifier of the transceiver.
Today, there are increased demands to reduce the size of radio equipment particularly in the radio telephone industry. To reduce the size of the radio equipment, more and more functionality is being incorporated onto a single integrated circuit chip. As more functionality is integrated onto a single integrated circuit, however, interference between different functional blocks increases. To reduce the interference, signals running between components are routed as differential signals rather than single-ended signals. Therefore, to incorporate an antenna switch "on-chip" a mechanism for connecting a differential output signal pair of the power output amplifier and a differential input signal pair of the low noise amplifier to a single-ended signal of the antenna is required. Moreover, the antenna switch needs to operate at relatively high radio frequencies used by many radio telephones found today and to appear in the future. These radio frequencies can be in excess of two gigahertz.
It would be advantageous, therefore, to devise an antenna switch for selectively connecting a differential output signal pair of a power output amplifier and a differential input signal pair of a low noise input amplifier of a transceiver to a single-ended signal of an antenna. It would further be advantageous if the antenna switch operated at frequencies above two gigahertz and was capable of integration onto a single integrated circuit chip, particularly a Bipolar Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, with the transceiver. It would still further be advantageous if the antenna switch was inexpensive to fabricate.

Monolithic high frequency antenna switch


A wireless communication method and apparatus for generating a scheduling grant based on a relative grant are disclosed. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) receives an absolute grant from a serving radio link set (RLS) and receives a relative grant from the serving RLS and at least one non-serving radio link (RL). The WTRU decodes enhanced dedicated channel (E-DCH) absolute grant channel (E-AGCH) signals to detect an absolute grant, and decodes E-DCH relative grant channel (E-RGCH) signals to detect at least one relative grant. The WTRU then calculates a serving grant based on the detected absolute grant and/or the relative grant(s). The relative grant may be detected by performing a hypothesis test on the E-RGCH signals. A multiple alternative hypothesis test is performed for detecting the E-RGCH signals from the serving RLS and a binary hypothesis test is performed for detecting the E-RGCH signals from the at least one non-serving RL.

Enhanced uplink (EU) is one of the major features in third generation partnership project (3GPP) frequency division duplex (FDD) systems. EU offers a peak data rate of 5.76 Mbps. In order to support EU operation, several downlink physical channels are provided to transmit control information. One of the downlink physical channels is the E-RGCH.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional wireless communication system 100 which supports EU. The system 100 comprises a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) 102, a Node-B 104 and a radio network controller (RNC) 106. The RNC 106 controls overall E-DCH operation by configuring E-DCH parameters for the Node-B 104 and the WTRU 102, such as initial transmit power level, maximum allowed transmit power or available channel resources per Node-B. Between the WTRU 102 and the Node-B 104, an E-DCH 108, an E-DCH dedicated physical control channel (E-DPCCH), an E-DCH absolute grant channel (E-AGCH) 112, an E-RGCH 114 and an E-DCH hybrid automatic repeat request (H-ARQ) indicator channel (E-HICH) 116 are established for supporting E-DCH operations.
For E-DCH transmissions, the WTRU 102 sends scheduling requests, (also known as rate requests), for the logical channels which a radio resource control (RRC) determines that reporting is needed to be made to the Node-B 104 via the E-DCH 108. The scheduling requests are transmitted in the form of scheduling information and a happy bit. The happy bit is transmitted via the E-DPCCH 110 whenever the E-DPCCH 110 is transmitted. The Node-B 104 sends a scheduling grant to the WTRU 102 via the E-AGCH 112 or the E-RGCH 114. The scheduling grant is one of absolute grant and a relative grant. The absolute grant is sent by an E-DCH serving radio link set (RLS) via the E-AGCH 112, and the relative grant is sent by either the E-DCH serving RLS or an E-DCH non-serving radio link (RL) via the E-RGCH 114. After E-DCH radio resources are allocated for the WTRU 102, the WTRU 102 transmits uplink data via the E-DCH 108. In response to E-DCH or E-DPCCH transmissions, the Node-B 104 sends an acknowledgement (ACK) or a non-acknowledgement (NACK) message for H-ARQ operation via the E-HICH 116.
The E-AGCH 112 carries the absolute grant in the form of a maximum power ratio for the WTRU 102. The maximum power ratio is given by the ratio of enhanced uplink dedicated physical data channel (E-DPDCH) over dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH) power. The E-RGCH 114 carries the relative grant. The relative grant indicates power (or power ratio) up or down commands to adjust the absolute grant. The E-DCH serving RLS may send UP, DOWN or HOLD commands. The E-DCH non-serving RL may send UP or HOLD commands. The UP, DOWN or HOLD commands indicate an increase, decrease or no change of the maximum allowed power ratio of the WTRU 102 for the scheduled transmission of data, respectively. The commands from different non-serving RLs may be different from one another. The E-DCH non-serving RLs send the relative grant to prevent system overloading in data traffic and maintain the intra-cell and inter-cell interference at the required level.
The successful detection and decoding of the E-RGCH 114 is important for the performance of systems and the performance of enhanced uplink. Therefore, it is desirable to have a method and apparatus for efficiently detecting and decoding E-RGCH signals.

Wireless communication method and apparatus for generating a serving grant based on a received relative grant


Mixed butene streams containing butene-1 and isobutylene and optionally butene-2 are hydroformylated under conditions that hydroformylates all the monomers to yield a mixture of valeraldehydes. Higher temperatures and/or longer residence times and/or higher partial pressure of carbon monoxide than in conventional processes are used to ensure hydroformylation of all the monomers.

The invention is particularly concerned with products and their derivatives obtained by the hydroformylation of C4 feeds comprising a mixture of isobutylene and at least one normal butene, and optionally other C4 components such as butane.
In this invention, the term butene or butylene generically refers to all hydrocarbon compounds having 4 carbons and at least one unsaturated bond that bonds together two carbons. Examples of specific butenes include, but are not limited to, butene-1, butene-2 (which refers to the combination of the cis and trans forms), isobutene or isobutylene, and butadiene. Thus, the generic term butene or butylene refers to the combination of all types of specific butene compounds.
Butene streams are used as raw materials for hydroformylation to produce valeraldehyde. In some commercial operations valeraldehyde is then dimerised and the product of dimerisation hydrogenated to produce 2 propyl heptanol or mixtures thereof with other alcohols which are finding use as alcohols in esterification reactions to produce plasticiser esters. Alternatively valeraldehyde may be hydrogenated to produce pentanol or amyl alcohol or mixtures of different isomers thereof which may be used as a solvent or in the production of materials such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates. The valeraldehyde may also be oxidised to produce valeric acid or isomer mixtures thereof which may be used in synthetic ester lubricant production.
Butenes have generally been obtained from C4 cuts that are obtained from steam cracking and catalytic cracking refinery processes. These cuts typically contain a mixture of C4 saturated and unsaturated materials including butadiene, normal butenes including both butene-1 and butene-2, of which both the cis- and the trans-form typically occur, and isobutylene. The butadiene may be removed by extraction or reaction, or converted by selective hydrogenation to produce a stream which contains predominantly normal butenes and isobutylene; such a stream is sometimes known as raffinate-1. The composition of such a stream in terms of the different hydrocarbon molecules may be determined by using conventional gas chromatographic techniques.
More recently butene streams have become available from an olefin stream obtained from an oxygenate conversion reaction. Such a butene stream is characterized by having a high butene content, but is low in components that can act as catalyst poisons. Although the butene components generally include a relatively high concentration of the more undesirable butene-2 and isobutylene compounds, we have found that the stream can be hydroformylated to convert a significantly high portion of those components to aldehyde products, which may then be further reacted in the manner described above.
Oxygenates used as feed to, or formed during, the oxygenate conversion to olefins process, can be present in the butene stream. Such components will not significantly affect the hydroformylation process, nor significantly affect the resulting aldehyde or aldehyde derivative products.
In one embodiment of this invention, the butene stream used in the invention is separated from an olefin stream that is obtained by contacting oxygenate with an olefin forming catalyst. The oxygenate comprises at least one organic compound containing at least one oxygen atom. Non-limiting examples include aliphatic alcohols, ethers, carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, carbonates, esters and the like). When the oxygenate is an alcohol, the alcohol can include an aliphatic moiety having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Representative alcohols include but are not necessarily limited to lower straight and branched chain aliphatic alcohols and their unsaturated counterparts. Examples of suitable oxygenate compounds include, but are not limited to: methanol; ethanol; n-propanol; isopropanol; C4-C20 alcohols; methyl ethyl ether; dimethyl ether; diethyl ether; di-isopropyl ether; formaldehyde; dimethyl carbonate; dimethyl ketone; acetic acid; and mixtures thereof. Preferred oxygenate compounds are methanol, dimethyl ether, or a mixture thereof.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,770,791 and 6,784,330 describe how butene feeds for use in this invention may be obtained by the conversion of an oxygenate.
It may be desirable to increase the ethylene yield in the oxygenate to olefin process, since ethylene is typically of greater commercial value than other olefins produced in the process. One way of increasing the ethylene yield in the oxygenate to olefin process is to operate the process such that there is less than 100% conversion of oxygenate to olefin product. This means that not all of the oxygenate feed will be completely converted to olefin or some other final non-water product. Less than 100% conversion can also mean that some of the oxygenate feed is not converted, or that not all intermediate products are completely converted to olefin. For example, dimethyl ether can be used as a feed or it may form as an intermediate product in the conversion to olefin. Therefore, the presence of dimethyl ether in the olefin product will generally imply that the conversion of oxygenate to olefin is less than 100%. By the same manner, other oxygenates, such as acetaldehyde, may be present, also indicating less than 100% conversion of feed or intermediate products.
In order to obtain the butene feeds from olefins produced from oxygenates for use in this invention, it is desirable to separate a butene rich stream from the olefin product stream produced in the oxygenate to olefin process. Although it is preferred to obtain a butene rich stream that is low in oxygenate concentration, this invention provides the advantage that a high degree of separation of non-butene compounds is not necessary. For example, propylene and pentene can be relatively easily removed from butene. Dimethyl ether, which may be present in the olefin product stream in rather large quantities at less than complete conversion, will tend to separate with the propylene rich stream. Although some oxygenate contaminants, particularly acetaldehyde, are likely to be present in the separated butylene stream, little if any oxygenate removal would be required to use the stream in further derivative processing if certain processes are used. According to this invention, it is desirable to use a rhodium hydroformylation catalyst for derivative processing of the separated butylene stream, because little to no pretreatment of the butylene stream for oxygenate removal would be required. Such catalyst is particularly suited to tolerate relatively high levels of acetaldehyde.
Separation can be accomplished using conventional means. Conventional distillation techniques are preferred.
It is known that within butene mixtures the different butene species have a different reactivity in hydroformylation reactions. For instance when using a rhodium catalyst in conjunction with a phosphine ligand such as triphenyl phosphine, butene-1 is considerably more reactive than butene-2 which has been more reactive than isobutylene. In addition it is known that the different pentanals produced by the hydroformylation of mixed butene feeds have different reactivities in subsequent aldolisation reactions with normal pentanal being considerably more reactive than 2-methyl butanal and accordingly various attempts have been made to keep the ratio of normal pentanal to 2-methyl butanal (sometimes known as the normal-to-iso ratio) as high as possible, such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,542. 3 methyl butanal which is produced by the hydroformylation of isobutylene is however more reactive than 2 methyl butanal in aldol reactions but is difficult to produce from a butene mixture due to its lack of reactivity in rhodium catalysed hydroformylation.
During the hydroformylation of mixed butene feeds containing 1 butene and cis- and trans-2-butene, these materials will convert to a mixture of normal valeraldehyde and 2 methyl butyraldehyde. In order to enhance the reactivity and usefulness of the aldehyde it is desirable to increase the proportion of the normal valeraldehyde that is present, and when a rhodium catalyst is employed, this can be influenced by the choice of the ligand used in conjunction with the rhodium.
Isobutylene or isobutene is not considered to be generally reactive in rhodium catalysed hydroformylation and has generally been removed prior to hydroformylation. However when subject to hydroformylation, isobutylene is known to produce 3 methyl butyraldehyde at low conversion.
It is also known that mixed butene feeds containing isobutylene can be hydroformylated (including the hydroformylation of the isobutylene) by the use of a cobalt catalyst system. However such a system results in considerable isomerisation resulting in a high selectivity of normal butenes to the less desired 2-methyl butanal, and in hydrogenation resulting in the formation of considerable amounts of C5 alcohols which cannot then be used in subsequent aldolisation reactions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,953 illustrates the hydroformylation of mixed butene feeds containing isobutylene using a rhodium catalyst in conjunction with a triphenyl phosphine ligand and states that the reaction speed of each component of butenes is different. Examples 1 and 2 use a feed containing 4% isobutylene, Example 1 achieves a 26% conversion of isobutylene resulting in a composition having a normal-to-iso ratio of 10 and a ratio of 3 methyl butanal to 2 methyl butanal of only 0.2; Example 2 employs higher pressures and obtains a higher conversion of both isobutylene and butene-2 to produce a pentanal mixture in which the ratio of 3 methyl butanal to 2 methyl butanal is again 0.2. Example 3 employs a mixed butene feed containing 51.5% isobutylene at the lower pressure and obtains a 2.3% conversion of isobutylene to produce a pentanal mixture containing 3 methyl-butanal and 2 methyl-butanal in a ratio of only 0.1.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,432 shows the separation of isobutylene from raffinate-1, producing a raffinate-2, prior to hydroformylation with a rhodium catalyst. U.S. Pat. No. 4,287,370 states that the C4 feed to hydroformylation should contain no more than 1 wt % isobutylene. Similarly US Publication 2003/0022947 A1 discloses hydroformylation of raffinate-2, an isobutene depleted stream said to contain no more than 5 mol % isobutene. In this patent application, only the butene-1 is hydroformylated, the butene-2 and the isobutylene being substantially unreacted. An article by Walter J Scheidmeir of BASF in Chemiker-Zeitung 96 Jahrgang (1972) Nr 7. pp 383-387 shows the hydroformylation of a butene stream containing significant amounts of isobutylene (i.e. 46%) in which most of the unsaturated materials including the isobutylene, are converted. In this case, it is clear that cobalt salts were used as the hydroformylation catalyst, as evidenced by the high selectivity to alcohols in the product composition as well as the high yield of dimethylpropanal and dimethylpropanol that are reported, a combination of features that is typical for a high pressure cobalt based catalyst system, and atypical for the low pressure rhodium and phosphorus liganded catalyst systems. The product mix, excluding heavies, was reported to contain as much as 39.6%, presumably by weight, of various C5 alcohol isomers, and respectively 1.2% and 4.1% of dimethylpropanal and dimethylpropanol. U.S. Pat. No. 6,555,716 describes a process in which raffinate-1 is fed to a hydroformylation reactor that employs a rhodium catalyst with a two phase aqueous system using a water soluble ligand, i.e. trisulphonated triphenylphosphine. However, far from all the isobutylene is converted, the highest conversion of isobutylene being 13.6% in Example 13. Furthermore the yield in this reaction is low and high catalyst recycle volumes are required, giving the process as described a low effectivity and a low efficiency.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Hydroformylation of butenes comprising isobutylene


The present disclosure relates to a brake device for a vehicle, and a main object of the present disclosure is to provide a brake device for a vehicle which can stably perform an electric parking braking cooperative control process for dynamic parking braking in a state in which the brake device enters a backup mode due to an abnormality or a malfunction generated in a device related to an electric booster in a vehicle equipped the electric booster. In order to achieve the above object, a brake device including a fallback valve which is provided on a hydraulic pressure supply line connected to a wheel brake of a wheel on which an electronic parking brake is installed, and which is configured to selectively shut off brake liquid pressure supplied to the wheel brake, and a method for controlling the same are disclosed.

Generally, a brake device for a vehicle includes a boosting device, that is, a brake booster installed between a brake pedal and a master cylinder, and the brake booster increases pedal operational force (i.e., pedaling force) which is a force applied to a brake pedal by a driver, and transmits it to the master cylinder.
Commonly, the brake booster is configured to increase the brake pedal operational force by using difference in air pressure between vacuum pressure (negative pressure) and atmospheric pressure provided on an intake side of an engine, and the master cylinder is coupled to a forward cell forming a constant pressure chamber to enable hydraulic pressure to be generated by using increased force.
The above brake booster includes an input rod that receives force from the brake pedal and an output rod that outputs increased force, and the brake booster transmits output greater than the input, that is, force applied to the brake pedal, to the master cylinder through the output rod when the driver presses the brake pedal to allow the hydraulic pressure to be smoothly generated in the master cylinder.
Therefore, the brake booster reduces force required when the driver operates the brake pedal.
Meanwhile, an integrated electric booster (IEB) that uses an electric motor as a boosting force source has been known in the break booster for reducing force required when the brake pedal is operated.
Such the integrated electric booster is an electric device that utilizes force of an electric motor other than mechanical engine negative pressure to increase the force, when a controller controls operation of the electric motor based on an operational amount of the brake pedal detected by a sensor, a piston is moved forward by a rotational motion of the electric motor to enable necessary hydraulic pressure to be generated in the master cylinder.
Since the electric booster does not need to utilize the negative pressure of the engine as described above, there is an advantage that the integrated electric booster can be applied to an environmentally friendly vehicle such as an electric vehicle which is not equipped with an engine. However, since the electric booster is an electric system other than a mechanical type device, there is a high possibility that the electric booster is switched to a backup mode due to electric influences such as a low voltage or a circuit burnout.
However, when the actual backup mode occurs, braking assist force is required due to a sudden drop in the braking deceleration.
In the backup mode, a collision accident may occur due to lack of braking force. In addition, even when the brake device enters the backup mode after a malfunction is detected, since it is only necessary to satisfy a certain level of regulatory specifications, it is possible to satisfy the actual regulations under the malfunction condition. However, when operating the brake pedal, the driver may actually feel that pedal operation is stiff at the beginning and simultaneously feel as if braking deceleration of the vehicle is hardly formed.
Accordingly, as a solution to the above problem, a method of assisting braking deceleration by using an electronic parking brake (hereinafter, referred to as "EPB") of a rear wheel when the electric booster is switched into the backup mode in a vehicle equipped with the integrated electric booster may be considered.
That is, this method assists the braking deceleration of the vehicle in the backup mode when a vehicle is in running state, not in parking by utilizing dynamic parking brake technology, which is an additional function of an EPB caliper of the rear wheel.
In a vehicle equipped with the conventional integrated electric booster, however, it is extremely difficult to perform cooperative control assisting the braking deceleration by using the dynamic parking braking of the actual EPB in the backup mode.
Since a cut valve, which is a normal open (NO) type valve, is in an open state in the backup mode, when the driver presses the brake pedal in this state, liquid pressure caused by a pedaling force is also transmitted to the caliper of the rear wheel. Accordingly, in an internal state of the caliper of the rear wheel in which the liquid pressure is already formed as described above, it is difficult to perform EPB cooperative control, that is, the dynamic parking braking control.
In a state in which the liquid pressure of the master cylinder caused by the driver's pedaling force is being transmitted to the caliper of the rear wheel, when the EPB cooperative control for generating the braking force in the EPB, that is, the cooperative control allowing an EPB actuator to exert separate force on the caliper of the rear wheel caliper is performed, a rear wheel lock phenomenon may occur, and due to this phenomenon, the vehicle may lose stability and turn around.
For this reason, it is practically extremely difficult to perform the EPB cooperative control for the dynamic parking braking in the backup mode in the conventional brake device to which the integrated electric booster is applied.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the disclosure and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Brake device for vehicle and method for controlling the same


In an embodiment, a method includes receiving a binary of a program code. The binary is based on a first instruction set architecture. The method also includes translating the binary, wherein the translated binary is based on a combination of the first instruction set architecture and a second instruction set architecture.

While current compilers of program code are designed to generate binaries that take advantage of the latest developments of current instruction set architectures (ISA), binaries generated based on a prior instruction set architecture are not able to employ these latest developments. Binary translation is a common method used to translate binaries of given program code/applications that are based on one instruction set architecture into binaries of given program code/applications that are based on a different instruction set architecture or a different subset of the same instruction set architecture. The different instruction set architecture may be a different architecture or an advanced version of the prior instruction set architecture.
Typically, binary translated programs are expected to deliver precisely the same functionality as provided by the original binary translated program that was based on the prior instruction set architecture. In other words, binary translations are typically expected to fully preserve program semantics as defined by the previous instruction set architecture, thereby providing full backward compatibility. Accordingly, the requirements of the previous instruction set architecture can include those associated with normal instruction flow, data precision, behavior of exceptions and other side effects of program execution defined by this previous instruction set architecture.
This semantic requirement typically confines the power of the binary translation—either by posing certain limitations on the translatable binaries or by restricting the amount of advantage the binary translation can take of the new instruction set architecture. For example, if the two different instruction set architectures do not support the same floating-point formats, widths or precisions, the binary translation between these instruction set architectures of floating-point operations may be difficult and/or inefficient.

Controlling compatibility levels of binary translations between instruction set architectures


A vehicle surveillance system has a plurality of side-light units mounted on opposite sides of a truck, bus, train or a similar long vehicle. The side-light units form an RF communication network on the vehicle. Each side-light unit comprises a day-running light source, a sensor for defining a surveillance zone on the side of said vehicle, said the sensor being arranged to detect an object or a movement of an object within the surveillance zone, and an RF transmitter which is controlled by said sensor and arranged to transmit an RF detection signal from said side-light unit. Existing day-running side-light units of a vehicle may be replaced with the inventive vehicle day-running side-light units.

Vehicles, such as trucks, are frequently used for transporting valuable cargo, such as electronics, computers and other goods that may easily be sold. Since the cargo often is transported over long distances, the trucks may be equipped with sleeping cabins, allowing the driver to park at the road-side and rest during the night, leaving the cargo essentially unattended. The problem of unattended valuable cargo in trucks is also present when trucks are left parked at fenced loading/unloading areas.
Unfortunately, theft of goods from such unattended trucks is a constantly increasing problem, resulting in great economical losses for companies and individuals using trucks for transporting goods. The extent of the problem has been a surprise to both the police and the freight business. However, this problem is not limited to trucks, but is also an issue for parked trailers, buses, railway-carriages and the like. Since the goods and valuables are left unattended there is unfortunately in many situations plenty of time for criminals to steal large amounts of valuable goods. Sometimes, the intruders simply drive off with entire trucks or trailers
Trucks and trailers are often more vulnerable to the above problem than other types of vehicles since they often are equipped with fabric covers which can either be easily opened by an intruder or—if locked—easily cut open with sharp objects. One obvious solution to this problem is to use hard cargo covers which, however, has the drawback that a thief, trying to gain access to the cargo, only needs to force the locks at the back or the side doors of the truck or trailer.
Different kinds of alarm systems may be used to make it more difficult for an intruder to gain access to a vehicle. Different methods for detecting an intrusion have been described in the art.
EP-A1-1 720 142 discloses a vehicle security monitor system, including motion detectors for detecting a motion of an object within security zones of the vehicle and cameras for generating video images of the security zones. When the camera is activated, the captured images are shown on an onboard display.
WO 03/105100 A1 discloses a vehicle security system in which laser beams or IR beams are directed along the sides of the vehicle in order to detect any unauthorized approach to the vehicle. An alert to a security company may be provided via remote notification.
WO 95/01890 discloses a vehicle security system providing IR intrusion detection within a detection zone surrounding a vehicle. An IR sensor detects a thermal energy flux reflected or radiated from a direction of interest and produces an electrical input having an input signal level associated with the flux. An electronic circuit compares the input signal level with a pre-selected trigger level and produces an alert signal if the input signal level becomes equal to or greater than the trigger signal level. The electronic circuit further includes an alarm, such as a visual indicator or an audible signal, for receiving the alert signal and for producing a warning effect detectable by an occupant within the vehicle.
These prior-art security systems has the drawback that they require a substantial amount of extra equipment and wiring to the vehicle and are cumbersome to install on trucks and caravans, especially if the vehicle has a trailer.

Vehicle surveillance and communication system


A bit holder includes a shank, and a bit sleeve. The shank has a first end portion of a non-circular geometric equiangular cross-section for combining a hand tool, and a second end portion formed with a combining hole having female threads in its wall. The bit sleeve has a through hole for a bit to extend therein, male threads and a circular circumference. The bit sleeve is combined with the shank by engagement of the male threads with the female threads, and the bit sleeve may be rotated to fix with or loosen from the shank by an auxiliary tool for changing the bit. In assembling, the bit is inserted through the through hole of the bit sleeve, and then the male threads of the bit sleeve are engaged with the female threads of the shank by an auxiliary tool fitted with the circular circumference and rotated to keep the bit combined with the shank, with the bit sleeve pressing the bit so as to minimize the tolerance of the gap between them, thus enabling the bit to drive a screw smoothly into an object.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a bit holder, particularly to one including a shank provided with a combining hole, and a bit sleeve provided with a through hole. In combining a bit with the bit holder, the bit is inserted through the through hole of the bit sleeve, and then the male threads of the bit sleeve are engaged with the female threads of the shank. Then an auxiliary tool is fitted around a circular circumference of the bit sleeve, which is successively rotated to combine threadably with the combining hole of the shank, with the lower portion of the bit sleeve pressing an upper portion of the bit so as to minimize the tolerance of the gap between the bit and the shank. Thus the bit sleeve never departs from the shank, and the bit never swings so that the bit can drive a screw effectively and smoothly into an object.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIGS. 1˜3 show three sorts of conventional bit holders, which commonly include a shank 1 and a bit 2.
The shank 1 is provided with a combining hole 10 formed in its front end for being just tightly fitted with a shank 20 of the bit 2. In FIGS. 1 and 2, a lock ball hole 12 is bored on a wall 11 of the combining hole 10 for fitting with a lock ball 13 that is further surrounded by a sleeve 14. In FIG. 3, the wall 11 of the combining hole 10 is previously finished with a C-shaped lock groove 12A employed to engage with a C-shaped lock washer 13A. Either of the two engagements between the lock ball hole 12 and the lock ball 13 and between the C-shaped lock groove 12A and the C-shaped lock washer 13A mentioned previously needs a little space for the lock ball 13 and the C-shaped lock washer 13A to flexibly move about so as to keep the bit 2 conveniently pulled out or plugged in the shank 1.
Next, as shown in FIG. 4, a fourth conventional bit holder is provided with a hole 15 bored in the shank 1 to communicate with the combining hole 10, and a C-shaped lock washer 16 used to fit in the C-shaped lock groove 12A. As the bit 2 is to be pulled out, an auxiliary tool 3 can be inserted into the hole 15 to push upwards so as to release the bit 2 from the shank 1.
In the four conventional bit holders described above, the bit 2 is provided with an annular groove 21 formed around the shank 20 for being fitted with the lock ball 13 or the C-shaped lock washers 13A and 16 so as to keep the bit 2 fixed thereof. In addition, the annular groove 21 can let the lock ball 13 and the C-shaped lock washers 13A and 16 move properly in the lock ball hole 12 and the C-shaped lock groove 12A respectively, so that the bit 2 can be smoothly plugged in or released from the shank 1.
In order to enable the lock ball 13 and the C-shaped lock washers 13A and 16 to properly move about so as to keep the bit 2 smoothly inserted in or pulled out of the shank 1, the thickness (L) of the wall 11 must be sustained in an appropriate range. The conventional bit holders shown in FIGS. 1˜3 has a rather large outer diameter (more than 7 mm), unsuitable for being utilized in an automatic screwdriver with a screw band. The fourth conventional bit holder shown in FIG. 4 is purposely designed to lessen the outer diameter of the shank 1 so as to be usable for an automatic screwdriver. However, when the bit 2 is fitted in the combining hole 10 of the shank 1, the bit 2 is blocked such tightly by the C-shaped lock washer 16 that it can not be manually plucked out of the combining hole 10. So the hole 15 is employed to be inserted by an auxiliary tool to help pushing the bit out on basis of leverage. But, with the hole 15 bored in the shank 1, the strength of the shank 1 is to be downgraded, apt to make the shank 1 deformed or broken at the location of the hole 15, posing a loss or a burden to consumers.
FIG. 5 shows a fifth conventional bit holder, which also includes the shank 1 provided with the combining hole 10 formed in its front end, and two lock ball holes 12 cut in the wall 11 of the combining hole 10 for being fitted with the lock balls 13.
In addition, a compression spring 14 is mounted around the wall 11, with its one end pressing on an annular surface 111 of the wall 11 and the other one pressing on an annular surface 140 of a sliding sleeve 14A, enabling it confined between the wall 11 and the sliding sleeve 14A. An annular C-shaped lock washer 112 is put around the front outer circumference of the wall 11 of the combining hole 10 to prevent the sliding sleeve 14A from coming off the shank 1. The sliding sleeve 14A is provided with an annular oblique surface 141 formed around its front end for keeping the bit 2 from being tightly squeezed by the lock ball 13 so as to easily pull it out thereof.
By means of the sliding sleeve 14A, the conventional bit holder shown in FIG. 5 enables the bit 2 easily plugged in or pulled out of the shank 1. However, as the outer diameter (d1) of the sliding sleeve 14A is much larger than the outer diameter (d2) of the shank 1, such a two-part-assembled bit holder can hardly be utilized in an automatic screwdriver. The automatic screwdriver commonly used nowadays is re-positioned by a rebounding force of a compression spring after driving a screw into an object. But, because the circumference of the bit holder is wrapped by screw band holes and their annular circumference, the relevant component of the automatic screwdriver is difficult to come back to its original position owing to a large diameter of the bit holder.
Next, as shown in FIG. 6, a sixth conventional bit holder invented by the inventor of the present invention and disclosed in Taiwan Patent No. 091211788 is devised to overcome the defects existing in the five conventional bit holders mentioned above. It also includes a shank 1 provided with a combining hole 10, a bit 2, and an bit sleeve 3.
The shank 1 is provided with an annular locking groove 101 formed in its wall 100, and an annular oblique surface 102 formed around its outer end.
The bit 2 is provided with a rear portion 22 shaped geometric without any groove formed in its surface for engaging with the shank 1, a front portion 23 including a bit head 230, and an annular petal-shaped portion 24 formed around a surface of the rear portion. The rear portion 22 has a larger diameter than that of the front portion 23.
The bit sleeve 3 is provided with an annular elastic circumference 30 cut with plural grooves 31 employed to enable the annular elastic circumference 30 to be more flexible. The annular elastic circumference 30 has an annular projection 32 formed around its rear end to fit in the annular locking groove 101 of the combining hole 10 of the shank 1.
As the bit sleeve 3 is made of plastics, it must keep the bit 2 tightly fixed with the shank 1 without shaking before operating a hand tool. However, when the bit 2 is operated to whirl with a high speed, it is to get heated to soften the bit sleeve 3 so as to weaken the engagement between the bit sleeve 3 and the bit 2, posing the bit 2 to depart from the shank 1.
And, if the bit 2 is to be loosened from the shank 1, it has to be pulled open by an extra tool, possible to damage the bit sleeve 3. Thus a lot of the bit sleeves 3 must be prepared for spares while operating a hand tool with the bit holder.
Moreover, as the bit sleeve 3 is made of plastics, a rather great tolerance is practically created in engagement of the bit sleeve 3 and the bit 2, posing an unacceptable gap between the bit 2 and the shank 1 so that the bit 2 is to swing while being driven to rotate with a high speed by a hand tool, unable to smoothly and precisely drive a screw into an object.


A charge forming device may include a body having a fuel and air mixing passage, a throttle valve and choke valve moveable between first and second positions to control at least in part the fluid flow in the fuel and air mixing passage, and throttle and choke control members associated with the throttle and choke valves, respectively. The choke control member may also be associated with an engine starting system so that the choke valve is moved to its second position upon actuation of the starting system. The choke control member is selectively associated with the throttle control member to hold the choke control member in a position spaced from its first position. In this manner, the throttle valve and choke valve may be automatically positioned in a desired position for starting of the engine upon actuation of the engine starting system.

Charge forming devices such as carburetors are known to include a choke valve to facilitate starting a cold engine. The choke valve may be manually closed before attempts to start the engine, or the choke valve may be automatically momentarily closed during an attempt to start an engine, such as by pulling a starter cord. In some starting systems, the choke valve is actuated when a starter cord is pulled to start the engine whereupon the choke valve is closed during a portion of the starter cord stroke when there is greatest resistance on the cord, such as when a piston of the engine approaches and reaches top dead center. After the higher resistance portion of the starter cord stroke, the choke valve returns toward its open position under force of a return spring. Accordingly, the engine may initially start while the choke valve is momentarily closed, and then die out as the choke valve moves away from its closed position.

Charge forming device with idle and open throttle choke control