A lateral force resistance device for a ground achoring system suitably used in expansive soils has an inner sleeve structure and an outer collar connected to the inner sleeve structure by a plurality of load transfer members such as longitudinal load transfer plates. The lateral force resistance device is embedded in the soil over a ground anchor, such as a helical anchor, by sliding the inner sleeve structure of the device over the top end of the anchor and using an embedment method involving vibration, pushing or other technique. The outer collar of the lateral force resistance device provides a relatively large surface area displaced from the inner sleeve structure for providing efficient load transfer to the surrounding soil.

The present invention generally relates to ground anchoring systems for supporting building foundation structures, and more particularly to raised floor foundation systems with helical piles or small diameter pile foundation systems, commonly used at building sites having moderately to highly expansive soil conditions.
A number of factors, including the diminishing availability of residential lots having good soil conditions and topography, have forced builders of residential housing to consider building sites that are more challenging to build on, and that require special foundations and anchoring systems. This includes geographic regions in the United States having highly expansive clay soils, such as the desert areas of Arizona and Nevada. The fast-growing Las Vegas area is an example. There the buildable land is flat, but has moderate to highly expansive and corrosive soil conditions. As a result, most homes in the Las Vegas area have been built with ground floors and foundations in the form of pre-stressed, post-tensioned mat slabs. In such building systems, the foundation slab is approximately 10″ to 18″ thick, with thickened (deepened) edge beams. While mat slabs are cost-effective when building on soils that have little or no expansivity, the cost of using mat slabs in expansive soil conditions is substantial, due to the necessity of eliminating the uplifting forces on the slab caused by the expansivity of the soil. Typically, three or more feet of soil must be removed, reconditioned by moisture treating and then compacted in place. If the soil is highly expansive or corrosive, the soil may need to be removed altogether and replaced with an imported soil material. Environmental concerns associated with the additional earth work may further add to the cost.
Due to the cost associated with mat slab systems, homebuilders who build in highly expansive soil conditions, and particularly homebuilders in the Las Vegas area, frequently use raised floor foundation systems with helical anchors. However, such systems have a significant drawback, in that, they provide a relatively low degree of lateral support for the foundation system for resisting lateral forces such as produced by earthquakes or high winds. Therefore, a need exists for a way to increase the lateral resistance capacity of conventional anchoring systems used for raised foundations in expansive soils. A need also exists for a lateral force resistance device that can be used with standard anchoring systems, that is relatively economical to manufacture, and that is relatively easy to install.


A ventilation hood (1, 2) for cooking stoves (20) comprising a generally U-shaped shell having an upper portion (2) and a lower portion (1), the upper portion being transparent, and the lower portion being highly heat resistant. The shell is open in the front, covered transparently at the top, and is tall enough to allow convenient access to the cook top (21). It transmits illumination to the cook top from available lighting above the hood. It catches fumes rising from the cook top, guides them to a conventional exhaust fan inlet (23) at the back of the cook top, and blocks any spatter projected from the cook top toward the sides, back, or upward.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is in the field of ventilation hoods for island cooking stoves, especially portable hoods.
2. Description of Prior Art
Cooking stoves often have exhaust fans to remove cooking odors and heat. A common location for the exhaust fan inlet, especially on island stoves, is at the back of the cook top. The exhaust is channeled outside through ducts in the floor. However, due to the openness of the cooking area, fumes and heat are not efficiently collected. Instead, they escape into the room, adding odor and heat to the interior.
Several prior patents show portable hoods designed as spatter guards for stoves. Other hoods are shown for scavenging heat and exhaust fumes efficiently and directing them toward exhaust fans.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,814,078 (Etzcorn) shows a portable hood for stoves that have a protective cover hinged at the back, such as in motor homes. The hood comprises sides and a top which attach to the existing stove cover in its vertical position, and serves as a spatter guard. Various designs for portable folding spatter guards are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,563,078 (Silberman), 957,642 (Barker), and D303,909 (Stankus).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,279 (White) shows a deflector for cooking fumes, to increase scavenging efficiency of an exhaust fan inlet between the cooking elements. U.S. Pat. No. 5,078,122 (Kalenian) shows a removable hood for a counter top stove for channeling cooking fumes to an exhaust fan inlet located between the elements.
These prior devices are each useful in specific situations, but they do not provide all the benefits of the present invention as described below.


To enhance the precision in balancing measurement, an electronic balance is provided. The electronic balance includes a door open/close detection sensor 3 for detecting the open/close of a door 52; a weighing precision setting unit, for setting a weighing precision; a calculation unit, for calculating an average time for balancing measurement that is as short as possible and satisfies the weighing precision or an average number of pieces of data; and a selection unit, for selecting an average time for weight measurement or an average number of pieces of data when the opening of the door 52 is detected by the sensor 3, and selecting an average time of normal measurement or an average number of pieces of data when the closing of the door 52 is detected by the sensor 3, and an averaging process is performed with the average time or the average number of pieces of data that is being selected.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic balance, preferably applicable for balancing measurement.
2. Description of Related Art
With regard to the purpose (method) of using an electronic balance, besides the method of measuring the weight of one (or a plurality of) blocks (hereinafter referred as "normal measurement"), there is also a method of weighing a predetermined amount of powder, liquid, etc (hereinafter referred as "balancing measurement").
Generally speaking, the measured weight may be smaller than the precision of the balance in the balancing measurement mode. However, the measurement time in the balancing measurement mode must be shortened. When the sample is weighted through the normal measurement mode after the balancing measurement mode, the precision of the measurement is more emphasized than a shortening of the measurement time.
Reference 1: Japan Patent Publication H10-19642.
In a conventional electronic balance, in order to display the calculated value steadily, the measurement data obtained at every second are averaged for each specified time period and the averaged measurement data is then displayed. However, the response cannot be simply accelerated or slowed down according to the above modes; in other words, the weighing precision or the minimum weight cannot be set according to a specific measurement, and thus an optimal measurement cannot be achieved.

Target weight balance the selects between different weighing methods after the door has been opened


An apparatus for driving a liquid crystal display includes a data driver alternately applying first data voltages and second voltages to pixels for a horizontal period and a signal controller changing a state of an inversion signal between an end of the transmission of first image data corresponding to the first data voltages and a start of the transmission of second image data corresponding the second data voltages and the polarity of the common voltage between an end of the application of the data voltages for a row and a start of the application of the data voltages for a next row.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display, and an apparatus and method for driving the liquid crystal display.
(b) Description of the Related Art
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) include two panels having pixel electrodes and a common electrode and a liquid crystal (LC) layer with dielectric anisotropy, which is interposed between the two panels. The liquid crystal layer is applied with electric field by applying voltages to the two electrodes, and the transmittance of light passing through the liquid crystal layer is adjusted by controlling the electric field, thereby obtaining desired images. The pixel electrodes are arranged in a matrix and connected to switching elements such as thin film transistors (TFTs). The switching elements selectively transmit data voltages from data lines in response to gate signals from gate lines. The common electrode covers entire surface of one of the two panels and is supplied with a common voltage.
In order to prevent image deterioration due to long-time application of the unidirectional electric field, polarity of data voltages with respect to the common voltage is reversed every frame, every row, or every dot. Along with the polarity inversion of the data voltages, a common voltage modulation is used to reduce power consumption. The common voltage modulation is to change the magnitude of the common voltage in synchronization with the polarity inversion of the data voltages instead of fixing the magnitude of the common voltage, thereby reducing the amplitude of the data voltages.
However, as described above, since the common electrode covers entire surface of one of the two panels, the magnitude of the common voltage applied to adjacent pixels may not be different. Therefore, the magnitude of the common voltage applied to the pixels in one row supplied with the data voltages at the same time should be equal, and thus the common voltage modulation may be not used for a dot inversion LCD.
In a line inversion LCD, different pixel rows are supplied with the data voltages at different times and the magnitude of the common voltage may be changed every row using the common voltage modulation. In this case, image data for a row from a signal controller are sequentially stored into a data driver together with an inversion signal for determining the polarity of the image data, and they are applied to the LCD panel assembly when all the image data for the row are stored into the data driver after one horizontal period from the start of the data storing. However, because the common voltage is directly applied to the LCD panel assembly not through the data driver, the inversion signal is delayed by a horizontal period than the periodic common voltage.
In the meantime, the line inversion often enhances flicker phenomenon. In an LCD for a cellular phone, etc., having a small display screen and a low operating frequency, image deterioration such as the flicker phenomenon is not a significant problem since the user hardly perceives the flicker. However, it becomes increasingly important as the size of the display screen of an LCD becomes large.

Liquid crystal display, and apparatus and method of driving liquid crystal display


Systems and methods of identifying over-privileged access in a computing system are disclosed. The method includes receiving configuration information for the computing system, selecting an identity that can access the computing system and determining access privileges for the selected identity using at least the received configuration information, the access privileges identifying one or more computing resource or service accessible to the selected identity, determining at least one role assumable by the identified one or more computing resource or service accessible to the selected identity, and determining whether the identified one or more computing resource or service accessible to the selected identity can elevate its privileges. In a case where it is determined that the identified one or more computing resource or service accessible to the selected identity can elevate its privileges, the method provides notification that the identity has over-privileged access to the computing system.

Identity and access management (IAM), which may also be referred to as identity management (IdM) or access and identity management (AIM), refers to the processes, technologies, and policies for managing digital identities and controlling how those identities can be used to access resources in a computing environment. Generally, IAM responsibilities rest with service providers who manage the computing environment. However, in a "cloud computing" environment, IAM responsibilities may be shared between the cloud service providers and the users (or customers) of the cloud service.
In this shared responsibility model, cloud service providers (CSPs) are generally responsible for protecting the cloud infrastructure but the protection of applications and data hosted in the cloud is generally the customer's responsibility. However, cloud service providers can take measures to protect customer data—such as encrypting data and deploying a web application firewall. Cloud infrastructure entitlement management describes solutions for managing access and enforcing least privilege in the cloud, enabling customers to establish who can use their data and how.
Access rights to various computing resources may need to be added, removed, or modified when users join or leave a user entity or change roles within that entity. Often, access is managed by giving a user the least privilege in the cloud to fulfill their assigned roles and meet their data or application needs. However, the number of entitlements across cloud infrastructure is growing in size and complexity as more CSP offerings and services are added. Thus, it is impossible for conventional IAM techniques to keep pace with this growth and, therefore, manual methods for determining least privilege access are neither feasible in nor scalable to cloud computing environments.
A second aspect of IAM is privilege escalation. Privilege escalation refers to the act of exploiting a bug, design flaw, or configuration oversight in an operating system or software application to gain elevated access to resources that are normally protected from an application or user. In the context of a cloud computing environment, privilege escalation maybe vertical or horizontal. In vertical privilege escalation, a user with lower privileges attempts to access a resource that needs higher privileges. In horizontal escalation, a user attempts to access other resources (than those explicitly authorized) that require the same level of privilege. While horizontal privilege escalation may not seem to be harmful at first glance, it can act as a pathway for a malicious user to exploit vertical escalation. Both of these types of privileges escalation may be considered examples of over privileged access.
Conventional solutions for detection of over privileged access generally focus on vertical privilege escalation but do not fully understand, or mitigate, the threat posed by horizontal privileged escalation. For example, Ermetic Ltd. (https://ermetic.com/) provides solutions for mitigating access risk and enforcing least privilege in the cloud by providing a representation of what services a user can access in the cloud infrastructure. Ermetic's model determines the policies that are attached to the user based on their assigned privileges, and which computing resources can be accessed by these policies. However, Ermetic's model is unable to detect horizontal escalation based on the assigned privileges and, therefore, may not identity vertical privilege escalation threats that result from the horizontal privilege escalation.
CloudKnox (https://cloudknox.io/) provides a cloud permission management platform that can discover, manage, monitor, and report various threats related to the identities and resources. CloudKnox can discover and assess the risk of identities and resources based on a defined metric. In CloudKnox, users can also manage and protect the infrastructure by removing unused or high-risk policies. Finally, CloudKnox provides continuous monitoring, incident response, and forensics. However, similar to Ermetic's model, CloudKnox is unable to detect horizontal escalation based on the assigned privileges and, therefore, may not identity vertical privilege escalation threats that result from the horizontal privilege escalation.
Continuous (or periodic) reviews of privileges and policies ensure that access rights for users do not exceed the intended scope of their authority. Users should be able too access only those resources necessary to perform their job duties. Moreover, it may also be important to ensure that users are not provided with incompatible access rights—combinations of access rights that would allow them to carry out tasks incompatible with their job duties.
As access reviews may involve hundreds of thousands of access rights, reviewing such a large volume of access rights on a regular basis may strain the available resources of that organization. Further, there may be additional risks posed by vertical privilege escalation that is enabled by horizontal privilege escalation, Therefore, there exists a need exists for improved identity and access management techniques that continually detect privilege escalation threats posed by both vertical and horizontal privilege escalation in a cloud computing environment.

System and method of managing privilege escalation in cloud computing environments


The present invention relates to a process for preparing halo acetals of ethylenic aldehydes by reaction of a halogen cation with enamine followed by a hydrolysis and reaction with an alcohol, a glycol or an orthoformate. These halo acetals are used as intermediate for the synthesis of vitamins A and E.. It also relates to a new compound of formula (IV), ##STR1## to a process for preparing it from halo acetals of ethylenic aldehydes by reaction with triethyl phosphate, and to its use for the preparation of retinal by reaction with .beta.-ionylideneacetaldehyde.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a new process for preparing halo acetals of ethylenic aldehydes of the formula (I): ##STR2## wherein: X represents a halogen atom selected from chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms;
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, preferably a methyl or ethyl radical, or an alkenyl radical containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain and in which the double bond is in a position other than 1-2; PA0 n is equal to 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, with the understanding that, when n is greater than 1, each R.sub.4 and each R.sub.5 may be identical or different; and R.sub.7 each represent an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, preferably a methyl or ethyl radical, or, together, form an alkylene radical R'.sub.7 containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, preferably a --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 -- radical, and optionally substituted with a hydroxyl radical or an alkyloxy radical containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms. PA0 R and R' represent alkyl radicals containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, or an alkylene or alkenylene radical optionally containing hetero atoms selected from oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen. In particular, a piperidine or morpholine ring can be formed--and then, after water is added, the product obtained is reacted with a primary or secondary alcohol of formula R.sub.7 OH, with a glycol of formula HO--R'.sub.7 --OH, or alternatively with an orthoformate of formula HC(OR.sub.7).sub.3, or a mixed orthoformate of formula (O.sub.2 R'.sub.7)CH--(OR.sub.7) obtained by the condensation of an orthoformate HC(OR.sub.7).sub.3 and a glycol of formula NOR'.sub.7 OH, wherein R.sub.7 and R'.sub.7 are defined as above.
It is specified that the term halogen as used hereinafter encompasses only chlorine, bromine and iodine.
2. Description of the Related Art
Halo acetals of ethylenic aldehydes are organic compounds which are especially useful as organic synthesis intermediates. Thus, according to the general process described in British Patent 1,396,622, they may be used for introducing an .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenic aldehyde unit into a mono or polyene residue by reaction with a polyene sulphone in the presence of an alkaline agent, the sulphone resulting from this condensation then being desulphonated with the formation of a further double bond.
It is known that .gamma.-halo acetals of .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenic aldehydes may be prepared by the haloalkylation of a 1-alkyloxy-1,3-diene, by the action of an N-halosuccinimide in the presence of an alcohol according to the process described by S. M. Makin et al., J. Gen. Chem. URSS, 32:1088 (1962). The drawback of this process, however, is that the starting diethylenic ethers are difficult to prepare. The starting ethers are generally prepared by the treatment of acetals of .alpha.,.beta.- or .beta.,.gamma.-ethylenic aldehydes at high temperature in the presence of catalysts, these initial starting materials being in and of themselves difficult to synthesize. Although the method of Makin is also applicable to the synthesis of .omega.-halo acetals of aldehydes containing a system of conjugated double bonds, the preparation of such compounds by this method presents very great problems because of the difficulty of synthesizing the necessary starting materials.
Another process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,201, wherein .omega.-halo acetals of ethylenic aldehydes are prepared by the halogenation of an ester, preferably an acetic ester, corresponding to the ethylenic aldehyde. According to the paper by H. J. Hagemeyer published in Ind. Eng. Chem. 41: 2920 (1949), this ester is prepared by exchange between the aldehyde and isopropenyl acetate. During the regeneration of the aldehyde after hydrolysis of the ester, acetic acid is liberated, thereby making it impossible to regenerate the expensive starting material, i.e., isopropenyl acetate. Thus, this process, like the Makin process above, is uneconomical.
A further process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,087,405, wherein .omega.-halo acetals of polyene aldehydes are prepared by the reaction of a halogen cation with an enoxysilane. Enoxysilanes are compounds which are difficult to obtain from an industrial standpoint and, as a result, are expensive starting materials.

Process for preparing halo acetals from enamines


A custom mattress having an upper layer and a lower layer. The upper layer has two or more segments arranged such that a first segment is positioned at a head of the mattress and a second segment is positioned adjacent the first segment at a first transition point. The lower layer has two or more segments arranged such that a third segment is positioned at the head of the mattress and a fourth segment is positioned adjacent the third segment at a second transition point that is offset a distance from the first transition point, the distance being measured along a longitudinal axis of the mattress. Each of the segments have different densities.

Traditional spring mattresses have been the mattress standard for sleeping in developed countries for over a century. Foam mattresses made of a slab of foam, often shipped compressed, rolled up, and delivered to the customer have been in existence for at least a decade.
Currently, mattresses have been constructed to primarily create a single density, or feel, on the mattress surface. Although some mattresses are constructed with multiple densities, these are not custom designed to a specific user, but rather attempt to accommodate various parts of the user's body with a "one size fits all" approach. Users of these mattresses move various pieces of foam of different density, either physically or mechanically (e.g. by adding air into a bladder), to accommodate the user's desired surface feel.
It is known in the industry that optimal sleep is enabled when a sleeper's spine is in alignment, because no undue pressure is created in the sleeper's spine when it is in its natural curvature. Optimal sleep provides restful, rejuvenating, and healthy sleep, which all people require, and is best achieved when the sleeper's spine is in proper alignment. The currently available multiple density mattresses do not achieve optimal spinal alignment because the "one size fits all" approach fails to account for each user's unique body characteristics.
What is needed, therefore, is a custom mattress and systems and methods of designing a custom mattress that uses a sleeper's unique body characteristics and preferred sleep position to create a complex sleep surface that provides optimal support for the sleeper at all points where the sleeper's body touches the mattress.


The invention relates to a bumper bracket for a motor vehicle body, comprising a first profiled section having a three-dimensional structure and a second component, which spatially closes the first profiled section. The two components have overlapping surfaces used for welding, wherein the welding is carried out by way of impulse capacitor discharge welding.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a bumper bracket for a motor vehicle body, comprising a first profiled section having a three-dimensional structure and a second component that spatially closes the first profiled section.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Bumper brackets of the type in question are used in a motor vehicle body. Essential aspects for the bumper bracket according to the invention are for the bumper bracket to offer effective protection for the interior space of the motor vehicle body relative to the direction of an anticipated impact, which is essentially transverse to the longitudinal extension of the bumper bracket, and to allow connection to the associated structural component of the motor vehicle body.
In the spirit of lightweight construction in modern vehicle manufacturing, the bumper bracket not only absorbs the energy during use in the event of a crash, but also contributes to reinforcing the structure during the vehicle's operation. For this purpose, the bumper bracket is connected to the longitudinal beams of the vehicle structure in a flexurally and torsionally rigid manner. The geometry of the bracket is determined by rigidity requirements and by a high-energy absorption capacity at the lowest possible weight and acceptable manufacturing costs. The requirements in regard to the energy absorption capacity are determined by insurance, statutory and manufacturer-specific regulations.
It is already known to use a hollow profiled section made of steel or aluminum as a bumper bracket for a motor vehicle body, wherein starting from a pipe, the hollow profiled section is designed as a single-piece profiled steel section having high strength, robustness and deformation work, the end regions of the section being designed in a tab-like manner for attachment to the structural component, in particular in the motor vehicle door (DE 41 33 144 A1). The pipe can have a round, or oval, or also an elliptical cross-section. It is also possible for two pipes to be disposed next to each other relative to the direction of an anticipated impact. A bumper bracket for a motor vehicle body, comprising two profiled pipe sections disposed next to each other relative to the direction of any anticipated impact, has already been further developed from a manufacturing point of view such that both profiled pipe sections are integrally formed of steel strip that has been brought into the target cross-sectional form by way of a roll forming method, wherein the steel strip forming the profiled pipe sections is fixed at the connecting points by a longitudinal seam weld joint (U.S. Pat. No. 6,591,577 B2).
One known type of bumper bracket is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,926,865, which teaches a bumper bracket that has a mounting plate in a band-like shape and a hat-shaped mounting element. The two components of the bumper bracket are joined by upper and lower joint flanges and connected to the crash boxes. The type of the joint is not described in detail.
It is also known not to produce the profiled sections as closed pipes, but form them from sheet steel in the manner of a hat. Structures having a double hat form are also possible. The profiled sections are closed with a cover so as to create greater stability and rigidity.

Bumper beam with losing plate joined using CD welding (capacitor discharge)


This invention relates to a process of polymerizing ethylene in a reactor comprising contacting a catalyst system comprising a supported chromium catalyst and an aluminum alkyl cocatalyst, where the catalyst and cocatalyst are contacted by cofeeding the catalyst and cocatalyst to the reactor or feeding the catalyst and cocatalyst separately to the reactor, where the catalyst and cocatalyst are not contacted prior to the step of feeding or cofeeding, with ethylene, and from 0 to 50 mole % of one or more comonomers, where the polymerization occurs at a temperature between 50 and 120° C., and the molar ratio of aluminum from the cocatalyst to the chromium in the supported chromium catalyst is 30:1 or more.

Chromium catalysts, sometimes termed Phillips catalysts, are well known catalysts for olefin polymerization. In these catalysts, a chromium compound, such as chromium oxide, is supported on a support of one or more inorganic oxides such as silica, alumina, zirconia or thoria, and activated by heating in a non-reducing atmosphere. U.S. Pat. No. 2,825,721 describes chromium catalysts and methods of making the catalysts. It is also known to increase polymer melt index by using a silica-titania support as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,494.
European patent application EP 1 172 381 A1 (equivalent to U.S. Pat. No. 6,646,069) discloses a method for producing ethylene polymers reputedly having improved environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) using a trialkylaluminum compound-carried chromium catalyst. The activated chromium compound on an inorganic support is treated with a trialkylaluminum compound in an inert hydrocarbon solvent and the solvent removed to form a trialkylaluminum-carried chromium catalyst. EP 1 172 381 A1 discloses that the time of contact with the solvent must be minimized to avoid over-reduction and associated degradation of polymer properties. The reference further teaches that for ESCR and impact resistance it is essential to use hydrogen in a carefully controlled hydrogen-ethylene ratio. The need for careful control of contact time, hydrogen concentration, and amount of trialkylaluminum used in the catalyst synthesis in order to achieve desired polymer properties limits the usefulness of such methods. Likewise the molar ratio of the trialkyl aluminum compound to the chromium atom is 0.5 to 10.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,174,981 discloses a process of polymerizing ethylene and at least one C3 to C8 mono-olefin in the presence of a catalyst including chromium supported on a silica-titania support and a trialkylboron compound. The process, however, produces resins that generally have density and HLMI (high load melt index, I21.6) values lower than would be desirable for environmentally demanding applications such as for pipe or drum resins.
Other relevant references include EP 0 279 890; WO 01/32307; DE 2,622,755; U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,868; U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,763; GB 1,271,445; CA 969,525; GB 1,405,255; GB 1,433,052; GB 2,073,761; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,543.


A cryogenic vessel includes a first, outer vessel assembly having an outer vessel and a liquid fill line assembly and a second, ullage space vessel having a bottom and disposed within the first, outer vessel, adjacent to the top of the first, outer vessel. The liquid fill line assembly has a venturi assembly adjacent the bottom of the ullage space vessel. The venturi assembly is structured to create a low pressure zone, relative to the ullage space vessel, during a fill procedure whereby, during a fill procedure, fluid is drawn from within the ullage space vessel into the fill line assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a cryogenic vessel having an interior ullage vessel and, more specifically, to a cryogenic vessel having an interior ullage vessel that includes a venturi assembly with a fill line passing therethrough or coupled thereto.
2. Background Information
Cryogenic liquids, such as liquid natural gas (LNG), nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, hydrogen and the like, are substances that normally exist as gasses, but are liquids at cold temperatures. Special vessels and systems must be used to store and transfer cryogenic liquids because of difficulty in maintaining the extremely cold temperatures. Such vessels typically include a double walled vessel having a vacuum in the annulus or plenum. While the vacuum provides an effective insulation, the insulation is not perfect and, as such heat penetrates the vessel. When heat is added to the cryogenic liquid, a portion of the liquid returns to the gaseous state. The gas within the vessel increases the internal pressure. Eventually, to prevent over pressurization of the vessel, the gas must be vented. It is desirable to prevent, or at least delay, the venting of the gas.
One means of delaying the over pressurization of the vessel was to not completely fill the vessel with the cryogenic liquid. That is, vessels were filled by spraying the cryogenic liquid into the top of the tank via a nozzle. This spray would condense the gas in the tank and collapse the pressure head therein. When the pressure head collapsed, the pressure in the tank was substantially reduced so that the cryogenic liquid could flow into the tank. The cryogenic liquid flowed into the tank until the cryogenic liquid submerged the nozzle. Once the nozzle was submerged, the pressure in the tank would gradually increase because the incoming cryogenic liquid was no longer contacting the gas within the vessel and, therefore, unable to collapse the pressure head. A pressure gage monitored the fill line and the filling procedure was automatically shut-off when the pressure in the tank reached a predetermined value or at a predetermined flow rate reduction. At this point, the vessel was not completely full and an ullage space existed above the level of the cryogenic liquid. The ullage space accommodated any cryogenic liquid that was subsequently vaporized due to heat penetration. Because the newly vaporized gas had a space to fill, the hold time of the tank was increased and venting was delayed.
Because monitoring pressure in the fill line to determine when the tank was filled to the proper point does not always result in the vessel being filled to the same level, this system was improved by the addition of an ullage space vessel. The ullage space vessel was essentially another vessel having a small opening therein, and which was disposed within the cryogenic vessel. During the fill procedure, the small opening in the ullage space vessel prevented the ullage space vessel from being filled as rapidly as the cryogenic vessel. That is, a small amount of cryogenic fluid would seep into the ullage space vessel at a slow rate. This addition of cryogenic liquid to the ullage space vessel, as well as the fact the ullage space vessel was surrounded by the cryogenic liquid, caused the pressure head in the ullage space vessel to collapse. When the cryogenic vessel was filled completely, the cryogenic liquid would back up the fill line causing a very noticeable increase in pressure and a decrease in the fill rate. At this point the fill procedure stopped. Thus, the cryogenic vessel was completely filled while the ullage space vessel was, essentially, empty. The cryogenic liquid would continue to seep into the ullage space tank until the fill levels were essentially even. As the liquid seeped into the ullage space vessel, an ullage space was created above the cryogenic liquid. This ullage space, as well as any vapor space in the ullage space vessel, provided a space for any vaporizing liquid to expand.
This system, however, also has disadvantages. For example, when a vessel being refilled is not completely empty, the cryogenic fluid in the ullage space vessel is at the same level as the cryogenic liquid in the storage space. Thus, the vapor space of the vessel is reduced. This limits the size of the final ullage space and may require subsequent venting of gas.
There is, therefore, a need for a cryogenic vessel with an ullage vessel structured to drain any residual liquid while resisting filling with a liquid during the filling procedure.
There is a further need for a cryogenic vessel with an ullage vessel having a fill line with a venturi assembly thereon structured to draw liquid from the ullage vessel during the filling procedure.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Cryogenic vessel with an ullage space venturi assembly


Each evolved node B (eNB) or each cell site included in a network is uniquely identified. Identifiers may be assigned to geographical segments of a geographic area spanned by a network and to the cell sites included in each geographic segment. The eNBs included in each cell site are also assigned cell site-level identifiers. An individual eNB is assigned a unique identifier that combines the identifier of the geographical segment including the eNB, the geographical segment-level identifier of cell site corresponding to the eNB, and the cell site-level identifier of the eNB. Cell sites are also identified using an identifier value that combines the system identification number assigned to each cell, a value identifying devices used to provide connectivity to the cell, and a number assigned to each cell into a unique identifier value for the cell site.

Some communication standards require that identifiers be assigned to infrastructure network devices and user equipments to ensure that each device or equipment is uniquely identified. For example, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, which is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals, requires a unique identifier to be assigned to each cell and/or each Evolved Node B (eNB) associated with each cell within a network. Using the assigned identifiers, each cell is uniquely identified and distinguished from other cells included in the network. The uniquely assigned identifiers are used to track, record, and analyze cell-related factors, such as traffic, capacity, usage, and data volume, or make changes to the infrastructure of the network.
In the United States, LTE eNBs are often identified using six digit identifiers. Each eNB identifier (eNB ID) comprises of two parts: a market identifier (Market ID) that identifies the area or market at which the eNB is positioned and an eNB value (or eNB count) that describes the specific eNB being identified. The market ID is typically a three-digit identifier (e.g., area code) assigned by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or the North American Numbering Plan Administration (NANPA). The eNB value is commonly three digits and is assigned by the service provider providing communications services via the eNB.
In the recent years, LTE networks have been growing to support the increasing demand for wireless bandwidth. Additional eNBs have been deployed to support the growing LTE networks such that, in some markets, the traditional three-digit eNB value representation scheme is no longer able to uniquely represent all of the deployed eNBs. In such markets, four-digit identifiers are used to represent the eNB value. However, in the areas that use four digit identifiers, the common identification scheme requires that the leftmost or the rightmost digit of the four-digit identifier is dropped when recording the eNB value. This results in having duplicate eNB values, can result in the traffic being recorded improperly, and can cause analysis and correction problems.

Method and apparatus for identifying network nodes


An information storage, processing, and reporting system (20) for tracing enterprise wide product data, the system comprises a data storage (23, 26, 50) is adapted for storing data (106, 120, 112, 108) entries related to a product family. The data is received in a data warehouse system (42). The data is cataloged (54, 56, 58, 62). Cataloging the related data includes identifying data elements related to selected product families. The system indexes (70, 140, 144, 148, 149, 159, 169, 179) the identified data elements which are related to a selected first product family in accordance with the data representative thereof. Interconnected tables 140, 144, 148, 149, 159, 169, 179 are used for grouping indexed data elements pursuant to data representative of selected criterion. A storage medium (50) is adapted for storing the grouped data elements in a relational database (52). A digital processor (44) processes (36, 38, 116, 128) the grouped data elements in accordance with Activity Based Cost criteria. The memory medium (50) is adapted for storing the processed data (122, 110, 114, 124, 56, 54) in a relational database structure (52).

The present invention relates generally to computer database systems and is particularly directed to a method and system using a relational database as a data warehouse for storing and retrieving enterprise-wide activity based data related to a product family.
A data warehouse is maintained in a computer storage device. The data stored in the data warehouse is automatically collected from operational systems at predetermined intervals and is organized to provide analytical information. Typically, the data stored in a data warehouse is used for Decision Support Systems ("DSS"), used by senior management in a company to assist in strategic planning. In traditional systems production and indirect support costs are allocated to products using volume oriented bases such as direct labor hours, direct labor dollars, production costs, and material costs. However, in a traditional DSS, enterprise wide production and indirect support costs are not assigned to specific product families in proportion to the demand for the specific indirect support costs that each product family requires.
It is desirable to provide a data warehouse which contains data that more accurately reflects the enterprise wide production and indirect support costs attributed to product families and individual products. It is further desirable to assign proportionate amounts of enterprise wide production and indirect support costs in response to a measurable quantity associated with the specific product family or product.

Method and apparatus for industrial data acquisition and product costing


To transmit a “CELL UPDATE message” in a radio access network not supporting “Additional Dynamic Transport Format Information for CCCH,” a mobile station UE according to the present invention includes a transmitting unit 13 configured to transmit a “CELL UPDATE message” to a radio access network in a “CELL UPDATE procedure,” and the transmitting unit 13 includes a predetermined information element in the “CELL UPDATE message” only when the radio access network supports the “Additional Dynamic Transport Format Information for CCCH.”

Conventionally, in a UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) scheme of Release 0.6, mobile stations UE are configured to transmit a "CELL UPDATE message" to a radio access network in a "CELL UPDATE procedure."
In the conventional UTRAN scheme of Release.6, the maximum amount of data that a mobile station UE can transmit with a "CELL UPDATE message" in a radio access network is specified to be 20 bytes.
Here, in the conventional UTRAN scheme of Release.6, a function called "Additional Dynamic Transport Format Information for CCCH" is specified. In a radio access network supporting such a function, mobile stations UE supporting the function are configured to be capable of creating and transmitting a "CELL UPDATE message" including an information element with a data amount of 20 bytes or more.


An insert for a rolling cone earth-boring bit has a cylindrical base that interferingly presses into a mating hole formed in a cone of the bit. The insert has a convex end that extends from the base. A polycrystalline diamond cap is bonded to the convex end. The body is formed of at least two layers of carbide material having different mechanical properties, particularly a different modulus of elasticity. The first layer may have a metallic binder with a lesser percentage than the binder of the second layer to reduce the stress at the interface between the first layer and the diamond cap. The layers may have different average carbide grain sizes, with finer average grain sizes adjoining the diamond cap. Further, the layers may have different binders, with cobalt being the binder in the layer adjoining the diamond cap and either nickel or a nickel-cobalt alloy in another layer.

This invention relates to polycrystalline diamond inserts for use in rolling cone earth-boring bits. Specifically, this invention relates to tungsten carbide inserts with a diamond cap and which have multiple layers within the carbide body that vary in mechanical properties to reduce residual stress at the interface between the diamond cap and the carbide body.
Earth-boring bits of the type concerned herein have a body with at least one bearing pin. A rolling cone rotatably mounts to the bearing pin. Some cones use teeth integrally formed in the metal of the cone. Others use tungsten carbide inserts pressed into mating holes in the cone. Each insert has a cutting end that protrudes from the hole for engaging the earth formation.
Originally, the inserts were formed entirely of sintered tungsten carbide. In more recent years, however, some have been capped with a diamond layer. The diamond layer is typically formed on the carbide body in a high temperature-high pressure (HTHP) sintering process. In the process, polycrystalline diamond (xe2x80x9cPCDxe2x80x9d) powder is placed in a refractory container. A pre-sintered carbide body is inserted into the container. Then high pressure and high temperature are applied to sinter the PCD to the carbide body. It is known that PCD layers inherently have residual stresses at the interface between the tungsten carbide material and the polycrystalline diamond material. The carbide material, being already sintered, shrinks very little in the HTHP process, while the diamond material will shrink during the process. There is a substantial mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the PCD layer and the carbide support as the part is cooled down from the HTHP apparatus. The difference in shrinkage results in stress at the interface between the PCD layer and the tungsten carbide body. Fracturing of the PCD layer can result, often occurring at the interface between the PCD layer and the carbide body. This can result in delamination under the extreme temperatures and forces of drilling.
Various solutions have been suggested in the art for modifying the residual stresses existing between a diamond layer and tungsten carbide body. In one technique, the interface geometry is reconfigured to redistribute the stresses. A variety of interface configurations have been disclosed and used.
In this invention, an insert is provided for an earth-boring bit of the type having a rolling cone. The inserts are pressed into mating holes in the cone. Each insert has a cutting end that protrudes from the hole in the cone for engaging the earth formation. Each of the inserts has a cylindrical base that locates within one of the holes and a convex end that protrudes from the hole. A polycrystalline diamond cap is bonded to the convex end.
The body is formed of a plurality of elements or layers of carbide material. Each of the layers is free of diamond material, but differs from the other layers in mechanical properties, particularly in the modulus of elasticity and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The differences are selected to reduce stress at the interface between the convex end and the diamond cap. A higher modulus of elasticity, which is harder and less elastic, is adjacent the diamond layer for providing highly stable support. The layers spaced from the diamond layer have a lesser modulus of elasticity for avoiding excessive brittleness and providing toughness. Also, the CTE of the carbide layer adjacent the diamond layer would be lower than the next adjacent layer.
The different mechanical properties may be achieved by at least the following three different methods: (1) varying the percentage of binder in the carbide; (2) varying the average grain size of the carbide in the carbide layer; or (3) varying the binders from one material to another material. Normally, performing any one of the three methods will result in not only a change in modulus of elasticity but also a change in CTE. Combinations of these three methods may also be made.
In the preferred embodiment, each layer has a different percentage of binder material relative to the carbide material. Preferably the layer with the lowest percentage of binder material is bonded directly to the PCD layer, this layer having the highest modulus of elasticity and the lowest CTE. The layer with the highest percentage of binder material is farthest from the PCD layer, this layer having the lowest modulus of elasticity and the highest CTE. If the average grain size of the carbide material is varied, the carbide material in the layer next to the diamond layer may be of smaller dimension than the average grain size of the other layers. If the binder material itself is varied, some of the layers may contain nickel as the binder, or nickel alloyed with cobalt. The layer with the most cobalt content should be adjacent the PCD layer.

Multiple grade carbide for diamond capped insert


An ignition timing control system for an internal combustion engine, which is capable of ensuring both stability of control in a steady operating condition of the engine, and an excellent follow-up property of a controlled variable to a target value in a transient operating condition of the engine, even when the controlled variable contains a lot of high-frequency noise components. In the ignition timing control system, a maximum pressure angle-calculating section calculates a maximum pressure angle based on an in-cylinder pressure and a crank angle position. A target angle-calculating section calculates a target angle. A maximum pressure angle controller calculates a maximum pressure angle correction term with a control algorithm to which is applied a sliding mode control algorithm, using a value obtained by performing ε-filtering on a switching function, such that the maximum pressure angle converges to the target angle. The ignition timing is calculated by adding corrected ignition timing to the value.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an ignition timing control system for an internal combustion engine, for controlling ignition timing of the engine with a predetermined feedback control algorithm.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, as an ignition timing control system of this kind, the present assignee has already proposed an ignition timing control system disclosed in the publication of Japanese Patent No. 3779075. In the internal combustion engine, intake air amount control for increasing the amount of intake air is carried out during idling of the engine, and ignition timing is controlled by an ignition timing control system. In the ignition timing control, the rotational speed of the engine and a target rotational speed are set to a control variable and a target value thereof, respectively, and ignition timing as a control input is controlled with a predetermined feedback control algorithm such that the controlled variable converges to the target value. In this case, as the predetermined feedback control algorithm, there is employed an algorithm to which is applied a sliding mode control algorithm.
Further, in the control of ignition timing of the engine, a method is known which controls the ignition timing using pressure within a cylinder of the engine, i.e. in-cylinder pressure as a controlled variable.
According to the former ignition timing control system, the ignition timing is controlled with the predetermined feedback control algorithm such that the controlled variable converges to the target value. Therefore, when the in-cylinder pressure containing a lot of high-frequency noise components is used as a controlled variable as in the latter ignition timing control method, the ignition timing is feedback-controlled in an oscillating fashion, which can increase combustion variation. To sidestep this problem, it is envisaged to cause the controlled variable to be subjected to a low-pass filtering process or a moving average process. In this case, when there is hardly any change in the target value as in a steady operating condition of the engine, it is possible to control the controlled variable to the target value or its vicinity whereby control stability can be achieved, whereas when there is a large difference between the controlled variable and the target value as in a transient operating condition of the engine, there is a possibility that the follow-up property of the controlled variable to the target value is lowered.

Ignition timing control system for internal combustion engine


A physical quantity is detected by approximating a relationship between an output of a sensor and the physical quantity to be determined by the sensor by setting as coefficients of a quadratic equation a temperature characteristic of non-linearity of the sensor to the physical quantity and temperature characteristics of parameters affecting the output of the sensor. Each of the coefficients is approximated by a higher-order equation with the temperature set as an independent variable, and the temperature coefficient is stored in advance. The temperature coefficient stored in the storage unit and the real-time temperature are substituted into the higher-order equation. The achieved coefficients and the output of the sensor are substituted into the quadratic equation to calculate the actual physical quantity.

Recently, various types of controls containing the control of converting sensor signals output from various kinds of sensors for detecting physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, magnetic field, etc. to digital data and controlling the driving of an engine by using the digital data, etc. have been carried out in vehicles, for example. With respect to these sensors, they have normally parameters dependent on the temperature such as offset and sensitivity, and thus there occurs a disadvantage that the above sensor signals indicate different values in accordance with the temperature at that time although the detection target physical quantity is identical. When the difference between the actual physical quantity and the sensor signal is increased due to the characteristic of the sensor as described above, the reliability of the control itself described above is greatly lowered. Therefore, some correction has been hitherto carried out on the sensor signal in consideration of the temperature characteristic of the sensor as described above. A method using a sensor device described in JP-A-11-44585 (Patent Document 1) is known as an example of the correcting method.
That is, according to this sensor device, the relationship between the variation of the actual physical quantity and the sensor signal is approximately linearly, that is, by a linear expression in consideration of the offset and the sensitivity to determine a correcting coefficient for correcting the signal output from the sensor to a value which considers the temperature of the sensor at that time. The correcting coefficient thus determined is suitably stored, and when a physical quantity is detected, the temperature of the sensor is determined, and the physical quantity detected on a case-by-case basis (the real-time detected physical quantity) is corrected by using the temperature-correcting coefficient considering the sensor temperature thus determined.
With respect to some sensor devices, the parameters such as the offset, the sensitivity, etc. vary non-linearly dependently on the temperature in many cases. In this case, the variation of the sensor signal with respect to the actual variation of the physical quantity is more complicated due to the non-linear temperature characteristics of these parameters. In addition, in the conventional sensor device described above, the relationship between the physical quantity to be detected and the sensor signal is linearly approximated in consideration of the offset, the sensitivity, etc. Therefore, when the sensor device is applied to a sensor in which the above-described parameters themselves have non-linear temperature characteristics such as an infrared sensor using a thermopile, a magnetic sensor using a magneto-resistance sensor, a current sensor or the like, the detection precision is unavoidably lowered.

Physical quantity detecting method and sensor device


A device for automatically controlling audio volume based on vehicle speed and a method for operating the same keep the car audio volume at a uniform level relative to noise occurring at a level proportional to vehicle speed. The device includes a vehicle speed calculation unit, a car audio device including a speaker, a mode-setting button, and a microcomputer. The mode-setting button is formed on the car audio device at a portion thereof so as to allow a user to set an automatic volume control mode of the car audio device. The microcomputer automatically controls volume of the car audio device so as to output an audio volume corresponding to vehicle speed calculated in the vehicle calculation unit, according to the automatic volume control mode set through the mode-setting button.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for automatically controlling audio volume based on vehicle speed and a method for operating the same, and more particularly to a device for automatically controlling audio volume based on vehicle speed and a method for operating the same, wherein the volume of a car audio device is automatically controlled in such a manner that the car audio volume is corrected to keep the car audio volume at a uniform level relative to noise occurring at a level proportional to vehicle speed.
2. Description of the Related Art
With reference to FIG. 1, a conventional device for controlling audio volume in a vehicle is described as follows. FIG. 1 shows the inside space of a general vehicle equipped with an embedded car audio device including a speaker.
Car audio refers to a device designed to allow users in a specified space, the inside space of a car, to listen to powerful sound by improving the performance of audio elements such as a head unit, an amplifier and a speaker, compared to a general home audio system.
The car audio system is classified into two types, one type being a stock type product that is installed directly by a car manufacturer at the time of manufacturing the car (called a "car stereo") and the other being an upgrade or aftermarket type product that is selected by customers (called a "car audio"). The car stereo is an integrated audio system that integrates a tuner for listening to the radio, a deck for listening to a cassette tape and an amplifier into a single unit. On the other hand, the aftermarket car audio system installs an amplifier, a tuner and a deck separately from each other as in a home audio system so as to provide more powerful sound.
Sound generated from a head unit including a tuner, a cassette deck and an amplifier is outputted through a speaker system installed in the inside space of a vehicle, where the speaker system is divided into a front speaker, a rear speaker and a sub woofer according to their installation location.
Such a car audio system has come into wide use in most vehicles since it allows a user inside a moving vehicle to enjoy original sound almost as vivid as home audio, so that a driver can listen to music, a radio broadcast, etc., while the vehicle is moving.
However, as a vehicle travels at high speed, running noise of the vehicle is produced by friction between air and the moving vehicle body and an engine rotating at high speed. That is, as the vehicle speed is increased, noise such as noise due to friction against wind, the vehicle's engine sound and frictional sound of the vehicle's tires is increased in proportion to the vehicle speed, whereas sound produced in the vehicle is relatively weakened due to the increased external noise.
Accordingly, after the volume has been turned up at high traveling speed, since sound outputted from a speaker S of a car audio device is weak, the volume must be turned down when the vehicle travels at low speed or when it is parked or stopped. In particular, in the conventional car audio device, if a driver desires to keep the speaker volume at a uniform level, the driver must manually manipulate a volume control button B to control the volume, which causes inconvenience of manipulation.
In order to manually control the volume, it is necessary for a driver wearing a seat belt to bend his or her upper body, which makes it difficult for the driver to secure his or her field of vision and thus decreases driving concentration, consequently increasing the risk of an accident. In addition, if the volume is not controlled suitably, the driver easily experiences discomfort at his or her ears when he or she listens to the radio or music reproduced through the car audio device, which may reduce the device's utilization rate.

Device for automatically controlling audio volume based on vehicle speed and method for operating the same


A method of degassing a thin layer and a method of manufacturing a silicon thin film includes applying microwaves to a silicon thin film deposited on a substrate to induce a resonance of impurities of H2, Ar, He, Xe, O2, and the like present in the silicon thin film so as to remove the impurities from the silicon thin film. A wavelength of the microwaves is equal to a natural frequency of an element of an object to be removed. According to a resonance of impurities induced by microwaves, the impurities can be very effectively removed from the silicon thin film so as to obtain a high quality silicon thin film. In particular, the microwaves are very suitable to be used in the manufacture of silicon thin films at low temperature.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of degassing a thin layer and a method of manufacturing a silicon thin film, and more particularly, the present invention relates to a method of removing a gas impurity formed in a silicon thin film during formation of the silicon thin film and a method of manufacturing such a silicon thin film on a substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Poly crystalline silicon ("poly-Si") has a higher mobility than amorphous silicon ("a-Si") and thus is applied to various electronic devices including flat panel display ("FPD") devices, solar batteries, and the like.
In general, a material robust to heat, for example, glass, is used to obtain high quality poly crystalline silicon. Poly crystalline silicon is formed on a material such as glass robust to heat at a high temperature using an a-Si deposition method such as chemical vapor deposition ("CVD") or plasma enhanced CVD ("PECVD"). A maximum size of crystalline particles obtained using such a conventional method is within a range between about 3000 Å and 4000 Å. It is very difficult to obtain crystalline particles having a greater size than the above maximum size, however, increasing a size of crystalline particles is important to obtain high quality poly crystalline silicon.
Methods of forming poly crystalline silicon electronic devices on plastic substrates have been studied. A low temperature process such as a sputtering method is required to form a poly crystalline silicon electronic device so as to prevent plastic from being thermally deformed. The low temperature process is required to prevent a thermal impact being applied to a substrate and a process defect occurring in a high temperature process during manufacturing of a device. Although a plastic substrate is weak to heat, it is light, flexible, and robust. Thus, the plastic substrate has been studied as a substrate of FPD devices.
In general, between 10% and 20% of the original amount of hydrogen remains in an a-Si layer formed using CVD or PECVD. The remaining hydrogen is removed through a dehydrogenation process using a furnace. The dehydrogenation process includes a heat treatment process performed at a high temperature and thus it is difficult to apply such a process to a silicon thin film formed on a plastic substrate weak to heat. Excimer laser annealing ("ELA") is performed at a low temperature to dehydrogenate the silicon thin film formed on the plastic substrate. In ELA, a high energy laser is irradiated onto the silicon thin film for a very short time. Thus, the silicon thin film is ablated due to an evolution of impurities in the silicon film.
A sputtering method uses an inactive gas, and thus hydrogen does not remain in the silicon thin film. Instead of this, an inactive gas used as a gas atmosphere during sputtering, for example, argon Ar, helium He, xenon Xe, or the like is drawn into the silicon thin film. According to an experiment, in a case where Ar is used in a sputtering method, the silicon thin film includes Ar in an amount of between about 1% and 3% after sputtering. In a case where Xe is used in the sputtering method, the silicon thin film includes Xe in an amount of between about 1% or less after sputtering. Although the gas impurities are in a low amount, the gas impurity still badly affects a quality of the silicon thin film, and therefore a gas impurity present in a silicon thin film is required to be minimized. Thus, a heat treatment using a furnace or ELA is required. Although such a heat treatment is used, Ar is not easily removed. In an experiment, Ar is not removed at a temperature of 600° C.

Method of degassing thin layer and method of manufacturing silicon thin film


A file with a modular construction, with a back section (1), which laterally comprises a first wing (2) and a second wing (3) arranged pivotably thereon, with a file back (5) releasably connected to the first wing (2) and with a file cover (4) releasably connected to the second wing (3), with a clamp mechanism (71,81) with a first retaining strip (7,8) and with a second retaining strip (6), wherein the file back (5) is releasably held in a clamped manner between the first wing (2) and the first retaining strip (7,8) and the file cover (4).

From DE-U-9301485 there is known a file with a modular construction. It comprises a back section with laterally pivotable wings on the file backs and the file covers can be connected to the wongs by way of slider strip. For this the file covers and file backs comprise a multitude of recesses arranged on a line parallel to the rear edge and arranged at roughly uniform distances. The recesses comprise a rectangular introduction opening and a slot-like extension connecting thereto. The sliders are provided with the same multitude of T-shaped locking elements at the same distances. When the file cover is applied on the corresponding wing, the slider strip is fastened in that its T-shaped locking element with the transverse crosspiece is inserted through the introduction openings and is pulled into the locking slot with the longitudinal arm. The slider strip externally is arranged on the file cover and file back and engages inwardly with the locking element. This is necessary so that on normal use the locking elements are not damaged, since the transverse crosspiece of the T-shaped locking elements project beyond the surface of the cover. The file or clamp mechanism is connected to the back section. This has the effect that for every type of file, according to the width and clamp standard, European or American, a complete back section must be manufactured.


A distinct cultivar of Aster plant named xe2x80x98Victoria Fannyxe2x80x99, characterized by its upright and outwardly speading plant habit; dark green foliage; freely flowering habit; and decorative-type inflorescences with light purple-colored ray florets.

Aster novi-belgii cultivar xe2x80x98Victoria Fannyxe2x80x99.
The present Invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Aster plant, botanically known as Aster novi-belgii and hereinafter referred to by the name xe2x80x98Victoria Fannyxe2x80x99.
The new Aster is a product of a planned breeding program conducted by the Inventor in xc3x85rslev, Denmark. The objective of the breeding program is to create new potted Aster cultivars with uniform plant growth habit, desirable floret colors, and good postproduction longevity.
The new Aster originated from a cross made by the Inventor in xc3x85rslev, Denmark, of a proprietary Aster selection identified as code number F1, not patented, as the female, or seed, parent with the Aster cultivar xe2x80x98Thyra Vikingxe2x80x99, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,361, as the male, or pollen, parent. The new Aster was discovered and selected by the Inventor as a single flowering plant within the progeny of the stated cross grown in a controlled environment in xc3x85rslev, Denmark. The selection of this plant was based on its uniform plant growth habit and desirable inflorescence form and ray floret color.
Asexual reproduction of the new Aster by vegetative tip cuttings was first conducted in xc3x85rslev, Denmark during the Summer of 1999. Asexual reproduction by cuttings has shown that the unique features of this new Aster are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.
The cultivar xe2x80x98Victoria Fannyxe2x80x99 has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature, daylength, and/or light level, without, however, any variance in genotype.
The following traits have been repeatedly observed and are determined to be the unique characteristics of xe2x80x98Victoria Fannyxe2x80x99. These characteristics in combination distinguish xe2x80x98Victoria Fannyxe2x80x99 as a new and distinct Aster:
1. Upright and outwardly spreading plant habit.
2. Dark green foliage.
3. Freely flowering habit.
4. Decorative-type inflorescences with light purple-colored ray florets.
Plants of the new Aster are more compact than plants of the female parent selection. In addition, plants of the new Aster differ from plants of the female parent selection in ray floret coloration.
Plants of the new Aster have more ray florets per inflorescence and have better postproduction longevity than plants of the male parent, the cultivar xe2x80x98Thyra Vikingxe2x80x99. In addition, plants of the new Aster differ from plants of the cultivar xe2x80x98Thyra Vikingxe2x80x99 in ray floret coloration.
Plants of the new Aster can be compared to plants of the cultivar xe2x80x98Purple Vikingxe2x80x99, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,357. In side-by-side comparisons conducted in Broby, Denmark, plants of the new Aster differed from plants of the cultivar xe2x80x98Purple Vikingxe2x80x99 in the following characteristics:
1. Plants of the new Aster were not as compact as plants of the cultivar xe2x80x98Purple Vikingxe2x80x99.
2. Inflorescences of the new Aster had more ray florets than inflorescences of the cultivar xe2x80x98Purple Vikingxe2x80x99.


A method and system for operating a hand-held computer system for navigation. Embodiments of the present invention includes novel improvements to a navigation method and implementation through a device, which can include inertial and/or magnetic field sensors integrated within a hand held device. The method can include using a single-fix method or a dual-fix method. The single fix method includes monitoring travel distance or time for a pre-specified condition and updating the heading from a dead reckoning process based on a first position fix by using a map. The dual-fix method includes obtaining a second position fix and updating the heading based on the difference in displacement vectors from the dead reckoning process based on the first position fix.

The present invention is directed to navigational devices and methods for navigation. More specifically, embodiments of the invention provide a method and system for operating a hand-held computer system for navigation and the like.
The use of navigational tools within portable handheld devices has been widespread in contemporary society. The ability to quickly and accurately determine a user's location and heading toward a desired destination is highly desirable. Conventional tools for navigation have included systems that implement GPS or other Radio-Frequency based positional methods. However, these methods require frequent updating to remain accurate. As GPS and other Radio Frequency based positional become either degraded or completely unavailable, systems that utilize these methods are rendered useless.
From the above, it is seen that techniques for improving operation of navigational systems and methods are highly desired.

Dead reckoning based initialization of position and heading using discrete position indicators


A flip-type nesting table includes a frame, a tabletop that pivots between an operative position and a storage position and a hinge and latch assembly that controls the movement of the tabletop between the operative position and the storage position. The hinge and latch assembly includes a pair of hinge brackets that each mount to a rear cross-member. Each hinge bracket includes a front latch that engages a front cross-member to hold the tabletop in the operative position. A rear latch is operable to engage the rear cross-member to hold the tabletop in its upright, storage position. The hinge and latch assembly includes a pull handle coupled to a cross bar that can be used to simultaneously move the latch members to allow movement of the tabletop between the usage position and the storage position.

The present disclosure generally relates to a flip-type nesting table. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a flip-type nesting table that includes a hinge and latch assembly that control the movement of the tabletop between an operative position and a storage position.
Modern office, institutional and educational environments often operate in limited spaces. Since the available space must be used for different purposes, the space must be convertible to accommodate the variety of functions to be carried out in the space. To accommodate the variety of function to be carried out in the common space, the furniture used in these spaces must have the ability to be flexible and adapt the available indoor/outdoor space to the needs of the institution. Presently, many different types of furniture are available that allow the user to adapt the furniture to the specific need for the available space. In addition to being adjustable depending upon the needs of the space, it is also desirable that furniture be readily storable when not needed.
One type of furniture that is particularly desirable is a table that can be moved between an operative position and a storage position such that when the table is in the storage position, tables can be nested to reduce the amount of space required to store the tables. Although this type of table is currently available, drawbacks exist in the ability to nest the tables in a closely arranged stack. Further, the mechanism required to move the tabletop from the operative position to the storage position can be difficult to use and expensive to manufacture.

Grip latch and hinge mechanism for a flip table


A rolling element bearing comprises an outer ring and an inner ring which enclose a bearing space containing rolling elements which are in rolling contact with the raceways of both rings. At least the contact surface layer of one of the rings and/or rolling elements consists of a zirconium material. At least one of the rings has a composite layered structure comprising an outer layer of steel facing away from the bearing space and an inner layer of a zirconium material.

The invention is related to a rolling element bearing, comprising an outer ring and an inner ring which enclose a bearing space containing rolling elements which are in rolling contact with the raceways of both rings.
Such rolling element bearings are widely known, and may take the form of for instance deep groove ball bearings, spherical or taper roller bearings, needle roller bearings etc. Generally, these types of bearings behave satisfactorily; however, under more demanding conditions such as in case of marginal lubrication, extreme temperatures and vibrations further improvements are necessary.
In this respect, proposals have been made to apply ceramic materials for the rings and/or rolling elements, such as silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminium oxide or cermets. Usually those materials are applied in combination with the normal steel parts.
Hybrid bearings (ceramic balls and steel rings) have been used successfully in some very specific applications, in particular, silicon nitride balls for high speed precision (spindle) bearings. The low density and high rigidity or stiffness of the silicon nitride plays a very important role in reducing the centrifugal force acting on the balls and the friction in contacts, thus giving excellent performance, in particular under marginal lubrication conditions.
The disadvantage of bearings having rings or rolling elements which are made with a combination of materials i.e. hybrid bearings, is that the different materials applied therein behave in a different way under loading and temperature. First of all, the specific weights thereof differ considerably, resulting in dynamic imbalances and non-uniform loading of the rolling elements. Moreover, due to the different thermal expansion coefficients, the internal bearing clearance cannot be maintained within the required boundaries. As a result, the useful service life of the bearings in question is impaired.

Rolling element bearing comprising a zirconium material

SKF Industrial Trading & Development Company B.V.


A method of recovering a first substrate, including the steps of: sticking a second substrate on a semiconductor layer epitaxially grown on the first substrate; and separating the semiconductor layer and the first substrate. Furthermore, a method of reproducing a first substrate, including the step of surface processing the first substrate separated. Furthermore, a method of reproducing a first substrate, including the step of homoepitaxially growing the first substrate surface processed. Furthermore, a method of producing a semiconductor wafer, including the step of epitaxially growing a semiconductor layer on a first substrate. Thus a group III nitride or similar, expensive substrate can be used to efficiently and economically, epitaxially grow a group III nitride or similar semiconductor layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to methods of efficiently recovering and reproducing substrates and methods of efficiently producing semiconductor wafers. More specifically, the present invention relates to methods of recovering and reproducing a first substrate having a semiconductor layer formed thereon and methods of producing semiconductor wafers including the steps of sticking a second substrate on the semiconductor layer and separating the first substrate from the semiconductor layer.
2. Description of the Background Art
To grow a group III nitride semiconductor such as AlxGayIn1-x-yN, wherein 0≦x, 0≦y, and x+y≦1, a sapphire substrate is currently, generally used (see Group III Nitride Semiconductor, edited by Isamu Akasaki, Kabushiki Kaisha Baifukan, Dec. 8, 1999, pp. 93-102, or Naoki Shibata, "Fabrication of LED Based on III-V Nitride and its Applications", Journal of the Japanese Association for Crystal Growth, JACG, vol. 29, No. 3, 2002, pp. 283-287). A sapphire crystal and a group III nitride crystal, however, do not match in lattice constant, and to use a sapphire substrate to epitaxially grow a group III nitride semiconductor layer it is necessary to initially deposit a group III amorphous layer on the sapphire substrate as a low-temperature deposited buffer layer and subsequently deposit the group III nitride semiconductor layer on the buffer layer, which results in reduced production efficiency.
If the above substrate is a group III nitride substrate, then the group III nitride semiconductor layer can epitaxially grown directly on the group III nitride substrate. (See S. Porowski et al., "Thermodynamical properties of III-V nitrides and crystal growth of GaN at high N2 pressure", Journal of Crystal Growth 178, Elsevier Science B. V., 1997, pp. 174-188). The group III nitride substrate, however, is difficult to grow in liquid phase, and accordingly need to be grown in vapor phase. This cannot provide a large bulk crystal and is significantly costly.

Method of recovering and reproducing substrates and method of producing semiconductor wafers


An ignition/reignition circuit (10) for a gas burner (12) having separate flame sensing and ignition electrodes. The flame sensing electrode (25,30) trips a switch (Q1) upon transition from sensor output signals indicative of the sensed presence of a flame to a sensed absence. The switch is coupled to a spark generator circuit which includes a spark electrode (16) for reigniting the burner in the event of flame failure.

The present invention relates generally to gas burners and, more particularly, to an improved ignition and flame sensing circuit for maintaining the continued presence of a flame.
In various gas powered appliances such as cooking ranges, water heaters and clothes dryers, flame sensors are typically provided in order to ensure continued flame presence after ignition. In the event that a flame is lost, ignition sparks are generated to effect reignition. One example of such an ignition/reignition circuit having a flame sensing capability is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,303 to Paluck, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Paluck teaches a type of flame sensing and reignition circuit for a gas burner which uses the same ignition electrode in providing the flame sensing as well as the ignition functions of the circuit.
While this design minimizes the total number of circuit components, certain compromises must be made, especially in determining the position of the ignition electrode. An optimum position of the electrode with respect to the burner for accomplishing ignition may result in an electrode position which is most susceptible to flame waver. Placing the electrode at a radial distance from the burner body which provides a sufficient spark gap for ignition may result in an electrode positioned too far from the burner to accurately sense a very low burning flame. A less than optimal flame sensing position can result in errant determinations of flame absence which in turn causes nuisance sparking or the generation of reignition sparks in the continued presence of the flame.
The ignition and flame sensing circuit of the present invention provides an improvement over prior circuits of this type in that separate flame sensing and reignition electrodes are employed. Each flame sensing electrode is coupled to a switch which is tripped when the flame sensor no longer provides indication of a sensed flame. The switch in turn causes a spark generator to reignite the burner by producing a series of ignition sparks. Once a flame is once again sensed by the flame sensor, the sparking is stopped.
By optimizing the placement of the flame sensor based upon the conditions in which the burner will be operated, the likelihood of nuisance sparking is substantially reduced. Separate flame sensing electrodes also facilitate the provision of multiple flame sensors wired in parallel at strategic positions about the burner in order to further prevent random sparking at points of poor gas ignition or during flame waver.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon review of the following description taken in view of the accompanying drawings.

Independent burner ignition and flame-sense functions


Methods, systems, and computer readable media of executing a database query are provided. One or more predicates are generated based on implicit filtering present within the database query, wherein each predicate specifies a condition with respect to a predicate value. An access path is selected for the database query based on the one or more predicates and the one or more predicates are integrated within the selected access plan. The database query is executed in accordance with the selected access plan. At least one predicate value based on data accessed is updated, as the database query is being executed, to increase filtering of data during remaining execution of the database query.

Present invention embodiments relate to reducing computational workload, and more specifically, to reducing computational workload by deriving filtering predicates based on evaluated data. As the query is being executed, feedback may be provided to update the predicate value in order to further improve data filtering.
Structured Query Language (SQL) queries containing operators such as MIN/MAX, DISTINCT/GROUP BY, or ORDER BY and FETCH FIRST perform optimally when indexing data provides order to the data set such that the first n rows or the minimum or maximum can be found quickly. Additionally, when order is provided, duplicates are usually stored consecutively, and de-duplication is simplified.
When data is unsorted, current techniques no longer perform optimally. Relational database management systems (RDBMSs), although having the capability to perform sort operations, may need to process the full set of data and potentially perform a computationally expensive sort operation, in order to process a query.

Feedback mechanism providing row-level filtering earlier in a plan

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


Method of assembling a fence that includes posts and rails, wherein the method provides for placing a plurality of spaced apart posts in the ground, sliding at least two post brackets over an end of each post, sliding at least one first rail bracket over an end of a rail, sliding at least one second rail bracket over an end of another rail, connecting the projecting portion of the first rail bracket to the first projecting portion of one of the post brackets with a first fastener, and connecting the projecting portion of the second rail bracket to the second projecting portion of the one of the post brackets with a second fastener. The first and second rail brackets are movably mounted to the one of the post brackets via the first and second fasteners.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a fence bracket system and a fence system which uses the fence bracket system. A method of making the fence bracket system as well as the fence system is also described. The invention is also directed to a method of assembling and/or installing a fence on site using the fence bracket system.
2. Discussion of Background Information
Various types of fence assembly devices are known. It is also known to utilize brackets in attaching fence sections or rails to fence posts. However, none of the numerous conventional bracket systems are able to produce a fence that is very strong, while being easily adjustable and/or repairable, easy and inexpensive to make, and which can be used to efficiently assemble a fence.

Fence bracket system and fence system using the fence bracket system


Streaming content navigation techniques are described. In an implementation, techniques are described to provide a non-modal message when navigation is attempted to a stream of content that is not permitted for consumption by a client device. In another implementation, techniques are described to provide an alternate content stream when sequential navigation between streams of content is attempted.

Traditionally, in order to receive television programs, users were limited to broadcasts of the television programs that were received via antennas, from cable providers, and so on. For example, the user may have configured a traditional "over-the-air" antenna, connected a cable to a television set, and so on to receive broadcasts of television programs.
Today, however, users are consistently exposed to content having an ever increasing "richness", such as that experienced in a transition from standard-definition content to enhanced-definition content to high-definition content, and so on. Providing this content to the users, however, may consume a significant amount of bandwidth. For example, a content provider may provide multiple streams of content to hundreds and thousands of locations, e.g., households. Therefore, to ensure that each household may receive content as desired, the content provider may allocate portions of the content to each household. However, each household may be able to consume more content than that which is allocated, which may lead to user frustration when not properly managed, thereby adversely affecting the user's experience with this content.


A multi cone selector in a transmission employs sandwiched cone friction surfaces 19A, 20A and 21A and these are shown in free or unengaged state while the corresponding friction surfaces as numerals 19, 20 and 21 are shown as engaged. This comparative illustration shows the relative positions of the surfaces at different times since the “A” surfaces and the non “A” surfaces are the same circumferential surfaces. The cone selector is used to engage free rotating gear a female part 22 of a multi-cone selector. A hydraulic actuator 23 is received by internal gear case wall 24 formed so as to prevent any radial or axial movement of the actuator itself. A hydraulic coupling, in this case the hydraulic coupling is formed as hydraulic springs or bags illustrated at 26. The crown of hydraulic spring outlet piston is formed so as to clip in a housing of a thrust bearing 29. The function of thrust bearing 29 is to provide relative rotational movements between cone clutch male part 30 and a piston of a hydraulic spring whether in idling or power transmitting mode. Twin cone selector comprises male part 30, female part 22 and cones 31 and 32. Cone 31 operates as a driving cone and is constrained but free to slide parallel to the axis of rotation in circular slots 33. Cone 32 operates as a driven cone and is constrained but free to slide parallel to the axis of rotation in circular slots 36.

The applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 6,092,432 and International patent application WO 00/71909 are incorporated by reference and describe constant mesh transmissions employing hydraulic gear selectors used to engage free rotating gears on a first shaft to transmit drive to a fixed gear on an adjacent shaft. The present invention relates to developments in gear selectors suitable for the types of transmissions described and controlled in accordance with the general type arrangements disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,092,432 and WO 00/71909.

Cone selector and associated transmission assembly


An optical system for a head mounted display includes a light pipe having two parallel surfaces along which modes can travel by total internal reflection. An illumination element allows selection of modes so that the desired modes can be transmitted along the light pipe, either axially or by total internal reflection.

The propagation of an image through an eyeglass lens or face mask optical plate is known. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,822. Referring to FIG. 1 herein, the light is directed axially, and reflections from the outside surfaces lens are not desirable. Another known embodiment discusses the use of total internal reflection from the surface of the lens or plate in order to reduce the thickness of the lens, or to increase the field of view. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,384,982.

Optical system using total internal reflection images


The present invention is directed towards the synthesis of novel and new chloropyridine skeleton based compounds and these are Bayllis Hillman adducts having a remarkable in vitro anti-malarial activity. These compounds have been found to possess anti-malarial activity against chloroquine sensitive and chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. The anti-malarial compounds of the present invention inhibit the mature schizonts in vitro.

Malaria is one of the world's leading killer infectious diseases. Although almost a third of the Earth's population is considered to be at risk from this disease, about 90% of infections and deaths occur in Africa (Trigg, P. I., and Wernsdorfer, W. H., Parasitologia: (1999) 41, 329-332), contributing significantly to underdevelopment and poverty on this continent (Gallup, J. L., and Sachs, J. D., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg: (2001) 64s, 85-96). The estimated 300 million cases that occur per year result in considerable morbidity (e. g. fever, malaise, anorexia, anemia) and mortality of over 2 million children under age group of five (World malaria situation in 1994 part I. Wkly Epidemiol rec: (1997) 72, 269-274. The intracellular protozoal parasite Plasmodium falciparum, accounts for greater than 95% of the malarial deaths. An important contributor to the increase in incidence of malaria over the past 30 years has been the development of resistance of the malarial parasite to quinoline containing antimalarials such as chloroquine and quinine (Barat, L. M., and Boland, P. B., Drug resistance among malaria and other parasites. Infet Dis Clin North Am: (1997) 11 (4), 969-987). In addition, it has been recognized that a number of complications, such as anemia, failure to gain weight and immunosuppression associated with malaria infection continue to occur for weeks and over months after the parasites are cleared from the body (Ho, M., Webster, H. K., and Looareesuwan, S. Antigen-specific immunosuppression in human malaria due to plasmodium falciparum. J. Infect Dis: (1986) 153, 763-771; McGregor, A., and Barr, M. Antibody response to tetanus toxoid inoculation in malarious and non-malarious Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med hyg: (1962) 56, 364-367; Bradley-Moore, A. M., Greenwood, B. M. and Bradley, A. K. Malaria chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine in young Nigerian children. II. Effect on immune response to vaccination. Ann Trop Med Parasitol: (1985) 79, 563-573). For the majority of their life-cycle in humans, malaria parasites live in red blood cells. Within the erythrocytes, the parasites feed on hemoglobin, digesting the protein and releasing the heme. The heme which is released as the by-product of hemoglobin is toxic compound to the parasite. The malarial parasite having a unique heme detoxication mechanism that the heme is converted to non-toxic heme polymer hemozoin (malaria pigment) within the food vacuole (Rudzinska, M. A., Trager, W. and Bray, R. S. Pinocytic uptake and the digestion of hemoglobin in malaria parasites. J. Protozool: (1965) 12(4), 563-576). Trager, W; Jensen, J. B. Science, (1976), 193, 674) that serves to protect the parasite from potentially toxic free heme, as well as to induce pathology in the infected host. Overtime, the intraerythrocytic parasite exhausts this energy and protein supply and then begins next stage of life cycle. Through a series of DNA and membrane divisions, trophozoites converted to mature schizonts. Schizonts-containing erythrocytes rupture, each releasing 6 to 24 merozoites and one large 'garbage bag' containing polymerized hemozoin. It is this process that produces febrile clinical attack. The released merozoites invade more erythrocytes to continue the cycle, which proceeds until death of the host or modulation by drugs or acquired immunity. The 2-chloropyridine based Baylis Hillman adducts and 4-quinolino-methanols are reported to be antimalarial agents. These classes of compounds are particularly acting on erythrocytic stage of the parasite.
The following references are examples for the synthesis of and biological evaluation of some of the antimalarial agents. These prior arts contain useful information and discussion on the preparation and properties of antimalarial agents.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,627,641 (2003) reported the synthesis and use of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids and their pharmaceutical formulation as efficient antmalarial agents.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,660 (2000) reported the synthesis and use of quinoline compounds as antimalarial drugs.
Sujatha, V. B. et. al. Bioorg & Med. Chem. Lett, 9, 731-736 (1999) reported the antimalarial activity of 3-hydroxy alkyl-2-methylene-propionic acid derivatives.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,689,777 (2004) reported the synthesis of novel substituted naphthothiozolium, aromatic guanylhydrazones and other compounds and compositions having antimalarial activity.
Donald J. Krogstad. et al., Science, 238, 1283-1285 (1987) reported the mechanism of chloroquine resistance in plasmodium.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,693,217 (2004) reported the synthesis of N, N1-substituted asymmetrical imidodicarbonimidic diamides as antimalarial agents.
Arnulf Dorn et al., Nature 374, 269-371 (1995) reported the process of heme polymerization and mechanism of action of chloroquine.
U.S. Pat. No. 2004/0180913 (2004) reported the synthesis of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivatives and their use as antimalarial agents by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR-Inhibitors)
Christian Segheraert. et al. J. Med. Chem. 46, 542-547 (2003) reported the synthesis and antimalarial activity of N1-(7-chloro-4quinolyl)-1,4bis(3-aminopropyl) piperazine derivatives.

Antimalarial Baylis-Hillman adducts and a process for the preparation thereof

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research