The present invention provides a compound represented by the following general formula (I) or a salt thereof which has a Syk inhibitory effect (in the formula R1 represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl group; A represents a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted C1-C8 alkyl group, an optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl group, an optionally substituted C2-C6 alkynyl group, an optionally substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted C6-C14 aromatic hydrocarbon group, an optionally substituted 4- to 10-membered unsaturated heterocyclic group, or an optionally substituted 4- to 10-membered saturated heterocyclic group, or optionally forms a 4- to 10-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring or a 4- to 10-membered saturated heterocyclic ring together with R1 and the nitrogen atom bonded thereto; R2 represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl group; and B represents an optionally substituted unsaturated heterocyclic group).

Syk, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase constituting the Syk family with ZAP70, is expressed in a wide range of immune-related cells including B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells and involved in their functions. Syk binds to the ITAM domains of immunoreceptors such as Fc receptor family (FcR) or B cell receptor (BCR) expressed in these cells and plays a role in transducing downstream signals from these receptors. In B cells, Syk is activated by BCR after antigen stimulation. The activated Syk activates various downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K, Ca2+-NFAT, and RAS-MAPK pathways and finally plays an important role in B cell activation, differentiation, and maturation.
In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that these B cell receptor signals and Syk functions play an important role in the growth or survival of B cell-derived blood cancer such as B cell lymphoma or chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL). Specifically, the B cell receptor signals in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are chronically activated in an antigen-independent manner, and the activated signals are essential for the growth or survival of cancer cells (Non Patent Document 1). The high expression or activation of Syk reportedly plays an important role in the survival of CLL (Non Patent Document 2). According to the further reports, the treatment of these blood cancer cells with compounds having a Syk inhibitory effect is effective for inhibiting their growth or inducing cell death (Non Patent Documents 1 and 2). Thus, from these pieces of information, the inhibition of Syk is expected to produce therapeutic effects on B cell lymphoma or CLL. Also, it has been suggested that Syk is involved in malignant transformation to peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and blood cancer of origin other than B cells, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Accordingly, Syk inhibitors are expected to be able to serve as therapeutic agents effective not only for B cell-derived cancer but for T cell lymphoma or AML.
The Syk inhibitors have also been reported to be able to serve as therapeutic agents for cancer as well as autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephrotic syndrome, etc.), allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, urticaria, food allergy, conjunctivitis, etc.), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the like (Non Patent Document 3).
R406 (Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), which is a Syk inhibitor currently under development (Non Patent Document 4), has low selectivity for Syk and reportedly has adverse effects attributed to its inhibition of kinases other than Syk (Non Patent Document 5).
Heteroaromatic carboxamide derivatives have also been reported as other Syk inhibitors (Patent Document 1) and however, still have insufficient Syk inhibitory activity. Alternatively, Patent Document 2 has reported 1,2,4-triazine-6-carboxamide derivatives and however, has no mention about Syk inhibitory activity.


A method of reducing a likelihood that a die pad will be delaminated from a die in an integrated circuit die package for a structure design during an attachment of a heat sink member to the die pad using solder, is provided. A sample structure of the structure design is evaluated to determine whether a volume of last solidification for the solder is centrally located with respect to the die pad and is located at or near an interface of the solder and the die pad. If the last solidification volume is centrally located and is located at or near the interface of the solder and the die pad, and if the die pad is delaminated from the die, the structure design is modified so that less metal of the heat sink member is centrally located than before the modifying.

Heat dissipation from an integrated circuit (IC) chip or die during operation is typically an important issue, especially as the density of IC devices on a die continues to increase. Also, many devices now have combinations of high-power transistors and low-power transistors formed on a same die. Such high-power transistors tend to produce more heat than low-power transistors. Further, more system-on-chip configurations are being used. Thus, there are often a wide variety of IC devices on a same die. Some of the IC devices can handle and/or put out much more heat than nearby or neighboring devices on the same die. Hence, the reliability and effectiveness of heat dissipation for a packaged IC die may greatly affect the reliability and/or performance of an IC chip during operation.
Many die packages 22 have an exposed die pad surface 24, as shown in FIG. 1 for example. Typically a die 26 is attached to or bonded to a die pad 28 to improve heat transfer from the die 26 via the die pad 28. An exposed die pad 28 is often soldered to a heat sink member 30, as shown in FIG. 2 for example, or other metal components on a printed circuit board (PCB) 34 to provide a primary heat transfer path from the die 26 to the heat sink 30 via the die pad 28. The heat sink 30 in FIG. 2 is a metal rivet that extends through the PCB 34. Many die pads 28 of die packages 22 are thin to help reduce package size (e.g., package thickness). As a result, many die pads 28 are flexible and easily deformed (like a diaphragm). In such cases, it has been found that the forces exerted on a die pad 28 by solidifying solder 36 may be great enough to cause delamination between the die pad 28 and the die 26 where the die 26 is supposed to be attached to the die pad 28. Such delamination may greatly reduce the heat transfer efficiency and hinder the thermal path for cooling the die 26 via the die pad 28. It would be preferred to reduce the probability that a die pad 28 may be delaminated from a die 26 or deformed by a solder attachment procedure due to solder solidification forces.

Method for evaluating and modifying solder attach design for integrated circuit packaging assembly


Compounds and compositions are described herein for treating post traumatic stress disorder.

PTSD is recognized by the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and the National Institute of Mental Health as a major medical issue for both deployed and returning U.S. troops. In particular, recent studies indicate that the incidence of PTSD among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans is 20% and may reach 35%, which is a rate 4-7 times higher than the general population. PTSD is not only an illness that affects military personnel; the NIMH reports that almost eight million Americans suffer from this disorder and that it ranks among the most common psychiatric conditions in the country. PTSD is characterized by diminished emotional capacity, compromised relationships with family and friends, reduced interest in activities that bring enjoyment, irritability, increased aggression, and sometimes violent behavior. Additional disorders often co-occur with PTSD, including depression, substance abuse, other anxiety disorders, anger and impulsivity disorders, and the like. Like other mental health conditions, the consequences of PTSD extend beyond the patient to their families as well. Not only are there increased long-term medical costs, there also is diminished earning capacity and adverse impacts on quality of life. In combination, these circumstances produce a cycle of spiraling demand for Federal assistance, lost earnings, and escalating, ongoing social and economic costs. Improved treatments for PTSD and depression, especially during the first two years after deployment could reduce medical treatment costs for the US military (projected at $4.0 to $6.2 billion) by 25% to 40%.
Current drug therapies for PTSD rely on existing, repurposed antidepresants and anxiolytics that have not demonstrated sufficient efficacy, include undesirable side effects, and have been recognized to be further limited due to compliance issues; see, for example, Keane, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 2: 61-97 (2006); Lader, Effectiveness of benzodiazepines: do they work or not? Expert Rev Neurother, 8(8): 1189-91 (2008); Marks, et al., Paroxetine: safety and tolerability issues. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 7(6):783-94 (2008). The foregoing publications, and each additional publication cited herein is incoporated herein by reference. Whether it is the complexity of PTSD or differences in the underlying neurobiology of the disorder, available drugs offer limited relief. A new approach to pharmacotherapy is needed for significant improvement in clinical outcomes.
It has been discovered herein that PTSD and related diseases and disorders are treatable with selective vasopressin V1a antagonists of the formula
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
A is a carboxylic acid, an ester, or an amide;
B is a carboxylic acid, an ester, or an amide; or B is an alcohol or thiol, or a derivative thereof;
R1 is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;
R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, or a substituent selected from the group consisting of —CO2R8, —CONR8R8′, and —NR8(COR9); where R8 and R8′ are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted arylalkyl; or R8 and R8′ are taken together with the attached nitrogen atom to form a heterocyclyl group; and where R9 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, and R8R8′N—(C1-C4 alkyl);
R3 is an amino, amido, acylamido, or ureido group, which is optionally substituted; or R3 is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl group attached at a nitrogen atom; and
R4 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylcarbonyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted arylhaloalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkoxyalkyl, optionally substituted arylalkenyl, optionally substituted arylhaloalkenyl, or optionally substituted arylalkynyl.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Methods for treating post traumatic stress disorder


An in-vehicle positional recording device records the positions of a moving vehicle into a storage medium while the vehicle is operating. The stored positional data are later retrieved for subsequent analysis. In one embodiment, the recording device includes a control unit, an interface to a GPS receiver and storage unit. Data compression techniques can be used to increase the number of records that can be stored in the storage unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to a fleet management system; and in particular, the present invention relates to a vehicle operation and position recording system utilizing a global positioning system.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
For an owner of a large fleet of vehicles, monitoring the usage and the operation of the vehicles is essential for effective management. For example, for insurance or vehicle maintenance purpose, the fleet manager or the vehicle owner may wish to know at what speeds the driver has been driving a particular vehicle. The fleet manager may also wish to know the routes or streets the vehicle have been driven through to determine whether the most efficient routes have been used. In addition, the company may wish to obtain operational data on the vehicle, such as the gasoline usage, total miles driven, the driving and stopping times of the vehicles. Such information allows the company to better manage fuel and vehicle maintenance costs.
The vehicle operation and position recording system according to the present invention records positional and operational data of the vehicle. The recording device includes a GPS receiver, a control unit and a storage device. In one embodiment, the storage device stores information on a portable storage medium to allow the recorded information to be retrieved from the in-vehicle recording device readily. Alternatively, a communication port can be provided in the recording system to allow an external computer to retrieve the positional data and operational from the storage unit.
According to another aspect of the present invention, positional data is stored in the storage unit in a compressed format to take advantage of the slow changes in positional data even in a moving vehicle. In one embodiment, only values of fields of the current record that are changed from the immediately prior record are stored in the storage unit.
The present invention allows recording the positions of a moving vehicle onto a storage medium while the vehicle is operating. The stored positional data are later retrieved for subsequent analysis.

Vehicle operation and position recording system incorporating GPS


In accordance with the invention, an optical data transmission system of enhanced flexibility is provided by sub-band multiplexing of a WDM channel. Specifically, an exemplary optical data transmission system comprises an optical source for generating a plurality of frequency spaced optical tones within at least one WDM channel, a plurality of modulators for modulating the tones, and an optical transmission fiber for receiving and transmitting the modulated tones. An advantage of this system is that the tones are coherent. As a consequence, the need for guard bands is substantially reduced, and more flexible coding systems can be used to achieve a higher level of integration. For example, both amplitude and phase coding can be applied to the sub-band signals.

Optical transmission systems have evolved to multiplexed systems that transmit a plurality of optical main carrier channels on a single optical fiber transmission line, as in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) or dense WDM (DWDM). While each WDM channel is capable of transmitting large volumes of data at very high speeds, channel bandwidths are often underutilized by relatively slow data streams.
Subcarrier modulation has been successfully used in radio frequency (RF) transmissions to combine both digital and analog information onto a main carrier frequency transmission. Typically RF subcarriers are created at fixed frequency intervals from the center frequency of the main RF channel. Lower bandwidth information can then be coded or modulated onto the subcarriers and thus fill the sub-band channels. A main carrier transmission can include a plurality of subcarriers, with their associated sub-bands.
WDM channel bandwidth capacity could be used far more efficiently by the addition of optical sub-bands. But, while there are similarities in the underlying fundamental modulation theory between electrical RF subcarrier systems and optical subcarrier systems, the technology for implementing optical subcarriers and sub-bands is quite different and heretofore has been unavailable. An optical apparatus for adding optical subcarriers to main WDM optical carriers is needed.

Optical data transmission system using sub-band multiplexing


Efficiently processing contone image data by determining one or more characteristics of the image data and using these characteristics to manipulate the dither matrix so that the printed image is enhanced.

A market has developed for inkjet printers that can dock directly with digital cameras. These printers are expected to download and print the photographs quickly and with a minimum of user input. A significant part of the delay between docking the camera and printing the photographs, is the processing time needed to prepare the image data for the printhead.
The major processing tasks are JPEG decompression, colour space conversion, image rotation and halftoning to convert the colour values into dots. These tasks are briefly explained below.
Colour can be specified using three independent variables. The variables are essentially coordinates in a colour space. The same colour can be specified in different colour spaces using different variables. Each colour space has a particular use or application. RGB (red, green, blue) is the natural colour space for devices that emit light such as television screens or computer monitors. CMY (cyan, magenta, yellow) is the natural colour space for devices that display images with reflected light such as printed images from a printer. YCRCB (luminance, chrominance red, chrominance blue) separates the luminance from the chrominance (usually abbreviated to 'chroma') channels for more convenient data compression. Humans are more sensitive to luminance than chroma so any change in chrominance resulting from compression and subsequent decompression will be less noticeable than an equivalent change in luminance. This means both chroma channels can be heavily compressed as long as the luminance is lightly compressed. With two of the three channels heavily compressed, YCC image data is more efficiently handled by the processor.
Digital cameras capture images natively in RGB. For efficient storage, the images are converted to YCC and compressed. Image data downloaded from a camera is typically in sYCC which is a widely recognized standard form of YCC. This must then be colour space converted when it is output to a screen or printer.
If the image is downloaded to a printer, the data is converted to the printer's colour space and the separate colour channels are halftoned with a dither matrix. Halftoning exploits the eye's perception of a spatial average of printed dots to reproduce contone (continuous tone) images. Inkjet printers can either print a dot at any one of the addressable locations on the media, or not. However, dots dispersed over area of white (say) paper, will appear to eye as a contone shade somewhere between white and the dot colour, depending on the number of dots.
The dither matrix covers a small area of the image at a time. The matrix has a range of threshold values dispersed throughout its sites. The contone colour levels for each pixel are compared to the spatially corresponding threshold values within the matrix. If the contone level exceeds the threshold value, a dot of that colour is printed (or equivalently, a dot is printed if the contone level is greater than or equal to the threshold, or less than, or less than or equal to the threshold value). This will produce many micro-differences between the contone and halftone image, but the eye is largely insensitive to these high frequency differences.
To produce a colour image, the separate halftoned images for each of the three colour channels are superimposed by the printer on the media. Printers typically have cyan, magenta, yellow and sometimes black (to conserve the other inks and provide a 'truer' black). This is abbreviated to CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and blacK). If the print resolution, or dots per inch (dpi) is high enough, halftoning can reproduce any colour in the printer's gamut (palette of printable colours). Accordingly, the individual dots in CMY(K) space are colour averaged by the eye to reproduce the colours of the original image.
Downloaded images can be manipulated and enhanced on a computer prior to printing. However, if downloaded directly from a camera to a photo printer, the user does not have an opportunity to manually enhance and view the images prior to printing. Even so, it is possible to incorporate some relatively basic image enhancement into the printer that can be automatically and uniformly applied to the images prior to printing.
One common and relatively basic image enhancement technique is histogram expansion. It improves the colour contrast by expanding the range of colours present in the raw image data so that it is more evenly spread across the entire range of available colours. To do this, it is necessary to collect image statistics and build histograms for each colour channel. This involves the collection of the three colour levels for each pixel and recording the number of pixels that fall into a range of discrete colour level intervals to build the histograms. Usually the original image will have histograms with at least one sparsely populated region. By re-assigning all the pixels in the sparsely populated region into one of the colour levels, the rest of the histogram can expand into the vacated region. Spreading the pixels more evenly across the histogram improves the colour contrast. As the number of pixels in the sparsely populated regions is insignificant, reassigning them to a single colour level has little, if any, detrimental effect on the image. So in the vast majority of cases, the net effect of histogram expansion is an enhancement of the image.
Unfortunately, the processing tasks associated with histogram expansion can delay printing. In some printing applications, there is an expectation that the printer will start printing the downloaded images almost instantly. Photograph printers that dock directly with the camera are one such example. The captured images will typically download from the camera upon docking and automatically print the images to 6 inch by 4 inch photo grade paper. Users prefer, if not expect, to see their photos being printed within a few seconds. More importantly, users expect good quality prints, but, as discussed above, computationally intensive image enhancement is counter to quickly initiating the printing of downloaded photos.

Method and apparatus for image manipulation via a dither matrix


A window covering including two sheets of material extending from a take-up member and having a plurality of substantially horizontal slats disposed between the sheets of material is described. The horizontal slats can be adjusted between open and closed positions when the window covering is in a plurality vertical positions. In certain embodiments, the horizontal slats can be positioned independently from the movement of the sheets of material.

The past several decades have been marked by tremendous growth in the types of window covering materials that are available to purchasers. These types of window coverings include slatted horizontal blinds and fabric window coverings such as roller shades. Among the many choices of fabric window coverings, there are shade materials which are transparent to some degree or sheer, as well as shade materials which are much more opaque, keeping out a much greater degree of light and providing a greater degree of privacy than is offered by shade materials that are substantially transparent or sheer.
Many consumers prefer fabric window coverings made from sheets of material. Such window coverings have a softer and more uniform appearance than Venetian blinds. However, Venetian blinds have several advantages as well. One of the main features preferred by users of Venetian blinds is the ability to control the amount of light admitted through the blind. When the blinds are tilted so that the slats are in a closed position, little or no light is admitted through the blind. When the slats of the blind are tilted in a substantially horizontal or open position, a maximum amount of light is admitted through the blind.
Because Venetian blinds and fabric window coverings each have their own advantages, products have been offered that combine the features of both products. Typically these products are manufactured by fastening two sheets of sheer material to horizontally extending vanes or slats that connect the sheets of material. One limitation of these products is that such products are difficult to manufacture. Another limitation of these products is that the vanes or slats cannot be controlled independently from raising and lowering the sheets of material. In addition, the slats or vanes often cannot be adjusted when the window covering is in an intermediate position.
It would be desirable to provide a window covering including sheets of material and horizontal slats disposed between the sheets of material that is easier to manufacture than presently available products. It would also be desirable to provide a window covering in which the horizontal slats could be adjusted when the window covering is located at a plurality of vertical positions.


A spinal implant fixation assembly includes a bone fixation member, such as a screw or hook for fixation to a bone. A rod receiving seat is operatively connected to the bone fixation element for seating a portion of a rod therein. A locking mechanism, in the form of a nut and locking ring engage the rod receiving seat for forcing an inner wall of the rod receiving seat to contour around and engage the rod seated therein and for locking and fixing the rod relative to the inner housing. In one embodiment, the locking ring secures a head portion of the bone fixation element within the assembly. A method is also provided for locking the rod to a bone by fixing a rod seating member to a bone and seating a portion of a rod within a substantially U-shaped seat of the seating member. The rod is then locked within the U-shaped seating member while engaging and contouring at least a portion of the U-shaped seat about the rod. The assembly further includes a screw head receiving insert for obtaining a head of screw therein. The insert is moveable within the assembly between a locked position entrapping the screw head and an unlocked position wherein the screw head enters or escapes.

Stabilization of the spine for various conditions, including degenerative disc disease, scoliosis, spondylolithises and spinal stenosis often require attaching implants to the spine and then securing the implants to spinal rods. Such spinal fixation devices can immobilize the vertebrae and can alter the alignment of the spine over a large number of vertebrae by means of connecting at least one elongate rod to the sequence of selected vertebrae. Such rods can span a large number of vertebrae such as three or four. However, the spine anatomy rarely allows for three or more implants to be directly in line. In order to allow for this irregularity, the rod must be contoured to the coronal plane. With anatomical curvature in the saggital plane found in the lumbar spine, the rod has to be contoured in both planes, requiring considerable effort and surgical time.
For example, the U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,554,157, issued Sep. 10, 1996, 5,549,608 issued Aug. 27, 1996, and 5,586,984 issued Dec. 24, 1996, all to Errico et al. disclose polyaxial locking screw and coupling element devices for use with rod fixation apparatus. The '157 patent discloses a coupling element including an interior axial passage having an interior surface which is inwardly curvate at the lower portion thereof such that it comprises a socket for polyaxially retaining a spherical head of a screw. The coupling element further includes a pair of vertically oriented opposing channels extending down from the top of the coupling element which define therebetween a rod receiving seat. The channel further provides the walls of the upper portion to a pair of upwardly extending members, each including an exterior threading disposed on the upper most portion thereof for receiving a locking nut. During the implantation of the assembly, the locking nut seats against the top of the rod which in turn seats on top of the screw head. The nut causes the rod to be locked between the nut and screw and the screw to be locked in the socket.
The '608 patent discloses a modification wherein a locking ring is disposed about the exterior of the lower portion of the coupling element and provides an inward force on an outwardly tapered portion upon downward translation thereof causing the interior chamber to crush lock a screw head therein to eliminate the polyaxial nature of the screw element coupling.
The '984 patent discloses a polyaxial orthopedic device including a cutter element having a tapered lower portion including a slotted interior chamber in which a curvated head of a screw is initially polyaxialed disposed. The coupling element includes a recessed for receiving a rod of the implant apparatus. A locking ring is disposed about the lower portion of the coupling element and provides an inward force on the outwardly tapered portion upon downward translation thereof. The vertical slots are caused to close and crush and thereby locking the screw head within the inter chamber thereof.
In the prior art embodiments, the locking mechanism locks both the rod and screw head simultaneously. No prior art patent allows for the spherical head of the screw to be locked at a desired angle prior to rod insertion. Likewise the only surface locking the rod in place is the surface between either the seat and a locking nut or the rod entrapped between a locking ring and the seat.
It would be desirable to increase the area of contact of the locking mechanism about the rod as this is a high stress site secured only by a friction fit. It would also be desirable to lock the screw head in place prior to fixation of the rod.


An optical system affords wide-angle imaging with a width in azimuth and a height in elevation respectively greater than and less than those of the field of view of an imaging device to which it is fitted. A median optical axis images a central format view on the optical axis of the imaging device, and two lateral optical paths image two lateral format views on a bearing axis at a bearing angle to the optical axis equal to the width in azimuth of the field of view of the imaging device. The three paths juxtaposed in the wide-angle field of view are superposed into a resultant format image.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a wide-angle optical system that is capable of viewing areas that cannot be covered directly by the field of view of a conventional imaging device.
The invention relates more particularly to the field of area surveillance.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Most existing imaging devices provide an image of the area under surveillance, which is rectangular, with a width in azimuth and a height in elevation of similar magnitude, for example in a 4/3 ratio for the standard television format. Such an imaging device equipped with an objective of appropriate focal length monitors an area 40.degree..times.30.degree., for example.
It is increasingly necessary to monitor areas having a relatively greater angular width and a relatively smaller angular height, typically 120.degree..times.10.degree., that is to say a relatively wide azimuthal field compared to a relatively narrow field in elevation. For example, a very wide linear field is required in ballistics to identify a few points on the trajectory of the projectile or a mobile, or in security applications to monitor a long fence.
Conventional imaging devices are often of the solid state infrared detector type. The infrared detector comprises a matrix array of sensors each comprising a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) charge transfer cell. These detectors generally operate in the band of wavelengths from 3 to 5 micrometers or in the band from 8 to 12 micrometers.
A first solution could consist in a new detector with a field covering directly the view to be imaged, typically 120.degree..times.10.degree.. The development of a dedicated detector of this kind would be very costly.
Another solution would be to associate a detector known in itself with an anamorphic optical system. The pixels of the resulting image would then also be anamorphic and the resulting image would not be homogeneous in terms of the horizontal and vertical resolutions.
A third solution would be to juxtapose three standard detectors that would each cover one third of the azimuth field, i.e. 120.degree./3=40.degree.. The cost of this latter solution would be prohibitive.


A memory management system for a process formulated in the C/C++ language in a processing unit includes an allocator which processes memory blocks of predetermined size, for example 64 Kb. Large objects are defined as being objects having a size of between 256 and 64 Kb. For such objects, 64 Kb memory block is considered to be a memory region (“chunk”) able to accommodate several large objects of different sizes. When an object is no longer used by the process, the space freed can be returned to the operating system. Before this, this free space is merged with adjacent free spaces. To search for adjacent free spaces, the Bruijn sequence algorithm is used, applied to the bit field disposed in each predetermined memory region.

The present invention relates to a memory management system for a process formulated in the C/C++ language in a processing unit. It has a particularly useful application in long-running IT programs or applications such as server applications. These applications must keep the usage of their memory stable over time.
In general, there are two types of memory usage:                the quantity of memory which the process actually uses, called "heap usage", which must be stable, otherwise the process risks encountering memory problems        the quantity of memory which the operating system reserves for the process, called "virtual memory usage". It comprises the heap usage as well as libraries and the code of the application.
Memory fragmentation is the difference between virtual memory usage and heap usage. It is the memory which the system reserves, and contains nothing useful for the process. It cannot be zero, but must be kept as low as possible. If memory fragmentation continues to increase, serious problems can occur:                as the virtual memory increases, this puts more pressure on the operating system, and degrades performance as a whole, sometimes by a very significant factor;        for 32-bit applications, the quantity of available virtual memory is limited to 4 gigabytes or less, depending on what platform is used. Such an application would then lack virtual memory and be interrupted.
Some programming languages such as Java or NET solve the problem of memory fragmentation by moving objects in memory, i.e. they can "compact" the heap.
This solution is impossible with C or C++ applications, where objects have a fixed address in memory until they are freed.
In particular, existing C/C++ allocators have one or more of the following weaknesses:                the default memory allocator cannot implement internal fragmentation correctly, because of an inadequate block coalescing algorithm. If the size classes which the allocator controls do not suit the sizes which the process uses, this will increase internal fragmentation.        external fragmentation can also not be implemented correctly using a weak coalescing algorithm. Coalescing free blocks is generally very resource-intensive, but it is an obligatory stage for limiting external fragmentation.
One of the technical problems is therefore the fact that fragmentation consumes time and resources, which in the end penalizes other applications of the system.

Memory management system for reducing memory fragmentation


The present invention relates to a method of fabricating a flash memory device. In a method according to an aspect of the present invention, a first hard mask film is formed over a semiconductor laminate. A plurality of first hard mask patterns are formed by etching an insulating layer for a hard mask. Spacers are formed on top surfaces and sidewalls of the plurality of first hard mask patterns. A second hard mask film is formed over a total surface including the spacers. Second hard mask patterns are formed in spaces between the spacers by performing an etch process so that a top surface of the spacers is exposed. The spacers are removed. Accordingly, gate patterns can be formed by employing hard mask patterns having a pitch of exposure equipment resolutions or less.

The present invention generally relates to methods for fabricating flash memory devices and, more particularly, to methods for fabricating flash memory devices with increased memory cell density
In general, a semiconductor memory device is largely classified as volatile memory or non-volatile memory.
Volatile memory includes Random Access Memory (RAM), such as Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and Static Random Access Memory (SRAM). Volatile memory has the property that data can be input and retained while the memory is being powered, but the data becomes volatile and cannot be retained when the memory is not being powered.
With DRAM memory, the transistor is responsible for the switch function and the capacitor is responsible for the data storage function. If power is not supplied, internal data within the DRAM are automatically lost. In addition, the SRAM has the transistor structure of a flip flop type. Data are stored according to the difference between the degree of driving between the transistors. Internal data within SRAM are also automatically lost when the memory is not being powered.
In contrast, non-volatile memory does not lose stored data even when the memory is not being powered has been developed. Examples of non-volatile memory include Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), and Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM).
A flash memory device is an advanced type of EEPROM device that can be erased electrically at high speed without being removed from a circuit board. A flash memory device is advantageous in that it has a simple memory cell structure, has low manufacturing cost per memory, and can retain data even when the memory is not being powered.
In general, memory cells of a flash memory device are formed by laminating a tunnel insulating film, a conductive layer for a floating gate, a dielectric layer, a conductive layer for a control gate, and a metal gate layer over a semiconductor substrate. The resulting semiconductor laminate is subsequently etched employing a hard mask pattern, thus forming a plurality of memory cell gate patterns and select transistor gate patterns at the same time.
As semiconductor devices become more highly integrated, semiconductor elements must be formed within an increasingly limited area. As a result, the size of a memory cell gate is gradually reduced. However, a problem exists in that using a hard mask formation process for forming memory cells becomes increasingly difficult as the size of memory cells decreases.
One notable difficulty occurs during the formation of memory cells for a flash memory device having a line width of 60 nm or less. Where a photolithography process is performed using ArF exposure having a wavelength of 193 nm, deformation of the memory cell pattern often occurs. As a result, not only must the fabrication process used be capable of producing memory cells meeting existing requirements (formation of an accurate pattern, a vertical profile, and so on), the fabrication process must also avoid producing deformed memory cell patterns.

Method of fabricating flash memory device


A predetermined rush current is set by a current setting switch (25). A digital-to-analog (D/A) converter (27) multiplies an attenuation curve signal input thereto from a read-only memory (ROM) (28) and the rush current thus set by the current setting switch (25) with each other and outputs a multiplied output to a D/A converter (29). The D/A converter (29) multiplies a signal input thereto from the D/A converter (27) and a sine wave signal read out from a ROM (30) and output a multiplied output to a field effect transistor (FET) (22) through an operational amplifier (24) to thereby control a degaussing current flowing through a degaussing coil (5). Therefore, a stable degaussing effect can be reproduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to degaussing apparatus and, more particularly to a degaussing apparatus for use in television receivers, computer display devices or the like.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In television receivers, an electron beam is caused to misland on a phosphor 1 due to an influence of terrestrial magnetism as shown in FIG. 1. As a result, a color mis-registration or the like occurs. In order to avoid the color mis-registration, the television receiver incorporates therein a series circuit of a degaussing coil 5 and a posistor 4 as shown in FIG. 2. The degaussing coil 5 is located at the rear surface of a cathode ray tube (CRT), though not shown. When an AC power source 3 is coupled to this series circuit, there is flowed a current of sine wave whose envelope is gradually attenuated as shown in FIG. 3. That is, when the series circuit is actuated, the resistance value of the posistor 4 is small. However, the posistor 4 generates heats in accordance with a lapse of time and the resistance value thereof is increased gradually with the result that a flowing current through the posistor 4 is attenuated gradually. Then, no current is flowed at an equilibrium temperature.
By flowing such attenuating current to the degaussing coil 5, the magnetism can be transferred to metal covers (magnetic shields) mounted to the inside and outside of the CRT and a shadow mask (aperture grill) so as to cancel the terrestrial magnetism out.
The degaussing circuit incorporated within the television receiver can perform the degaussing operation immediately after the AC power source 3 is coupled thereto and cannot perform the degaussing operation at an arbitrary timing under the condition that it is still supplied with power. This degaussing operation must be carried out prior to various adjustments in the production line of television receivers, for example. Therefore, in such production line, in order to perform the degaussing operation at an arbitrary timing under the condition that the degaussing circuit is powered, such a degaussing apparatus is proposed, in which a television receiver body is provided with terminals 7 and an external posistor 8 can be coupled to the terminals 7 from the outside. When the external posistor 8 is coupled to the terminal 7 at a predetermined timing as described above, no current is substantially flowed to the incorporated posistor 4 because the impedance of the posistor 4 is already increased very much. Accordingly, if the external posistor 8 is coupled to the terminal 7, then the attenuating current shown in FIG. 3 is flowed through the external posistor 8 and hence the degaussing operation is carried out.
Further, a degaussing apparatus shown in FIG. 5 is known. In this example of the prior-art degaussing apparatus, a circuit 10 is coupled to the degaussing coil 5. As shown in FIG. 5, the circuit 10 comprises a diode bridge circuit 11 driven by a power transistor 12, a current detecting resistor 13 for detecting a current flowing through the power transistor 12, a low-pass filter 14 for smoothing the output of the current detecting resistor 13 and feeding the smoothed output back to a DC amplifier 15 and an analog attenuating waveform generator circuit 16 for supplying an analog attenuating waveform signal to the DC amplifier 15.
The attenuating waveform generator circuit 16 is constructed by a differentiating circuit or the like in an analog fashion and generates an analog attenuating waveform which is then fed to the DC amplifier 15. The DC amplifier 15 drives the power transistor 12 in response to the attenuating waveform input thereto from the attenuating waveform generator circuit 16 so that, when a positive half wave is supplied from the AC power source 3, for example, a current is flowed by way of a loop formed of the AC power source 3, the degaussing coil 5, the diode bridge circuit 11, the power transistor 12, the current detecting resistor 13, the diode bridge circuit 11 and the AC power source 3, in that order. Whereas, when a negative half wave is supplied from the AC power source 3, then a current is flowed by way of a loop formed of the AC power source 3, the diode bridge circuit 11, the power transistor 12, the current detecting resistor 13, the diode bridge circuit 11, the degaussing coil 5 and the AC power source 3, in that order.
The current detecting resistor 13 generates a voltage corresponding to a current flowing therethrough and outputs the same to the low-pass filter 14. The low-pass filter 14 smoothes the voltage input thereto from the current detecting resistor 13 and feeds the voltage thus smoothed back to the DC amplifier 15. The DC amplifier 15 drives the power transistor 12 in response to a difference between the analog attenuating waveform signal input thereto from the attenuating waveform generator circuit 16 and the signal input thereto from the low-pass filter 14, thereby a servo operation being effected so that the current flowing through the power transistor 12 becomes equal to the attenuating waveform generated from the attenuating waveform generator circuit 16. Accordingly, the attenuating waveform generating circuit 16 generates a waveform similar to the attenuating current flowing through the posistor 4, for thereby carrying out the degaussing operation.
However, the conventional degaussing apparatus shown in the example of FIG. 4 must prepare the external posistor 8 whose characteristic is the same as that of the posistor 4 incorporated within the television receiver. As a result, this conventional degaussing apparatus cannot cope with the production line in which many kinds of video apparatus such as television receivers or the like are produced.
Further, in the example of the conventional degaussing apparatus shown in FIG. 5, since the reference waveform generated by the attenuation waveform generating circuit 16 is the analog envelope waveform, it is impossible to prepare this analog envelope waveform for a wide variety of apparatus. Also, since this analog envelope waveform is different from a waveform which results from full-wave-rectifying an attenuation waveform flowing through the current detecting resistor 13 in actual practice, the low-pass filter 14 is required. As a consequence, the attenuation waveform flowing through the degaussing coil 5 in actual practice becomes different from the attenuation waveform flowing through the degaussing coil via the posistor 4. Furthermore, it is impossible to set the rush current, which is provided immediately after the degaussing operation is started, to a reference value previously set.
In addition, since the starting timing of the rush current is not specified in any of the above-mentioned two systems of the conventional degaussing apparatus, a reproducibility of degaussing effect is poor.


A mounting arrangement for mounting a cooling fan to a support member (30) includes a fan frame (10) having a mounting flange (14) for confronting with the support member, and a plurality of vibration isolation members (20) attached to the mounting flange. When the fan frame is secured to the support member, the vibration isolation members are pressingly sandwiched between the mounting flange and the support member.

To prevent an interior heat buildup which could potentially damage internal electronic operating components, various types of personal computers are typically provided with one or more internal cooling fans. While the computer is running, each fan normally operates to continuously draw ambient air into the computer housing structure through a housing air intake opening, flow the air generally across the operating components to absorb heat generated thereby, and then discharge the heated air from the interior of the housing through a suitable air discharge opening formed therein.
Despite the fact that they are usually rather small in comparison with the whole computer system, computer cooling fans can generate an undesirable amount of vibration, and attendant housing structure vibration noise, if care is not taken to properly isolate them from the interior computer housing support structure upon which they are mounted. On this account, various fan mounting structures have heretofore been utilized in an attempt to isolate the computer housing structure from fan vibration and thereby attenuate fan vibration-created noise during computer operation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,730 discloses such a mounting arrangement for a cooling fan. The cooling fan is received in a mounting frame, and the mounting frame is installed within a computer chassis. A pair of elongated elastomeric vibration isolation members is attached to opposite sides of the mounting frame. This arrangement avoids the mounting frame to directly contact the computer chassis, thereby isolating the computer chassis from fan vibration.
As a general proposition, this method of mounting the cooling fan within a computer chassis yields a satisfactory performance from the standpoint of vibration and noise reduction. However, from cost standpoint, it has limitations and disadvantages. For example, the vibration isolation member is large and consumes a considerable mount of elastomeric material, which increases too much cost per unit.
Therefore, a vibration isolation mounting arrangement for a cooling fan with low cost is desired.

Cooling fan mounting arrangement with vibration isolation member

Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province

Fu Zhun Precision Industry (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.


A method of generating a synthesized 3D image from a source 2D image for display on a 3D display device including mapping a position on the display device to a fractional view number, and determining a source pixel of the 2D image to represent the said fractional view number, wherein the source pixel is determined as a function of the depth of a pixel at the position.

A number of autostereoscopic displays are starting to appear on the market, some of which require multiple images in order to provide an autostereoscopic image, and enable the viewer to retain a stereoscopic effect despite movement of their head.
Such displays generally require images comprising a number of views created from a number of laterally displaced cameras. Such views can be originated from real cameras, generated using computer graphic image (CGI) techniques, or synthesized from a 2D image and an associated depth map.
The synthesis of multiple images from a 2D image and an associated depth map has previously been disclosed by the present Applicants in Australian patents AUS 714759 (10884/97) and AUS 738692 (16472/99) included here in full by reference.
In U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,118,584 and 6,064,424, included here in full by reference, van Berkel describes an autostereoscopic display that requires seven views. In German patent PCT WO 01/56302 A1, included here in full by reference, Grasnik describes an autostereoscopic display that requires eight views.
To those skilled in the art such displays are known to require multi-views or integer multi-views in order to display autostereoscopic images.
Given the commercial availability of such multi-view displays there is a corresponding requirement for suitable images or content.
There is thus a need for a more efficient technique for developing high quality images for multi-view autostereoscopic displays. Ideally the technique will be generic and can be applied to any display requiring multiple views (e.g. lenticular, parallax barrier, wavelength selective filter).

3D image synthesis from depth encoded source view


A robotic process automation (RPA) system provides solutions to issues generated during processing of entities in an application stack including a plurality of applications. The data regarding an issue is analyzed to categorize the issue as a new issue or an existing issue. For existing issues, solutions to resolve the issues are identified from a knowledge base. Even if the issue is categorized as a new issue, an identification of a solution from the knowledge base is initially attempted. If no solution can be identified, then the new issue is presented for user input and the solutions based on the user input are implemented for the resolution.

Robotic process automation (RPA) involves automation of processes using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methodologies wherein certain tasks are carried out by bots which include processor-readable instructions. Generally high-volume, repeatable tasks are selected for RPA. These tasks can include queries, calculations, maintenance of records and transactions etc. RPA is non-intrusive in nature. RPA is generally not part of an organization's information technology (IT) infrastructure but is rather used on top of the existing platforms and hence no major changes are needed to implement RPA within existing IT infrastructure.


A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate, and a p-channel MOS transistor provided on the semiconductor substrate, the p-channel MOS transistor comprising a first gate dielectric film including Hf, a second gate dielectric film provided on the first gate dielectric film and including aluminum oxide, and a first metal silicide gate electrode provided on the second gate dielectric film.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device using a gate dielectric film including Hf (hafnium) and to a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Related Art
With advance in the scale-down of a MOS transistor, a leakage current of a SiO2 gate dielectric film and depletion of a polycrystalline silicon gate electrode become a big problem. The following technique has been proposed as one means for solving the foregoing problem. According to the technique, one of a high dielectric constant gate dielectric film, that is, gate dielectric film including Hf (Hf gate dielectric film) and a metal silicide gate electrode are combined.
The following method has been known to control a threshold voltage of a MOS transistor including a metal silicide gate electrode. According to the foregoing method, impurities such as boron, phosphorus and antimony are implanted into the metal silicide gate electrode.
However, in the case where the Hf gate dielectric film and the metal silicide gate electrode are combined, there is the following problem. Even if impurity is implanted into the metal silicide gate electrode, it is difficult to control the threshold voltage due to so-called Fermi level pinning phenomenon. In particular, in the case of p-channel MOS transistor, as the threshold voltage shifts largely to negative side in addition to inversion capacitance becomes small, the problem that desired drain current is not secured occurs (T. Aoyama, et al., Proc. IWGI 174 (2003)).
In the case where aluminum (metal) is implanted into the metal silicide gate electrode, and then, heat treatment is carried out to form an aluminum film between the metal silicide gate elected and the Hf gate dielectric film, a magnitude (|Vthn|) of a threshold voltage (Vthn) of an n-channel MOS transistor is made small (Y. H. Kim et al., Systematic Study of Work function Engineering and Scavenging Effect Using NiSi alloy FUSI Metal Gate with Advanced Gate Stacks, 2005 IEEE).
However, according to the foregoing method, a magnitude (|Vthp|) of a threshold voltage (Vthp) of a p-channel MOS transistor is no made small.
That is, in the case where the Hf gate dielectric film and the metal silicide gate electrode are combined, it is difficult to make small both |Vthn| and |Vthn| according to the conventional method.


Adding nanoparticles as a catalyst to solid propellant fuel to increase and enhance burn rates of the fuel by up to 10 times or more and/or modifying the pressure index. A preferred embodiment uses TiO2 nanoparticles mixed with a solid propellant fuel, where the nanoparticles are approximately 2% or less of total propellant mixture. The high surface to volume ratio of the nanoparticles improve the performance of the solid propellant fuel.

Additives comprising fractions of a percent to several percent of solid propellant mixtures have been considered through the years and are commonly employed in many rocket propellants and explosives. Various additives include burn-rate modifiers (e.g., ferric oxide, metal oxides, and organometallics); curing agents; and plasticizers. In certain cases, additions of small (<5% by weight) amounts of powdered material to the propellant mixture have been shown to increase or otherwise favorably modify the burn rate as described in T B Brill, B T Budenz 2000 "Flash Pyrolysis of Ammonium Percholrate-Hydroxyl-Terminated-Polybutadiene Mixtures Including Selected Additives," Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, and Motor Interior Ballistics, Vol. 185, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, V Yang, T Brill, W-Z Ren (Ed.), AIAA, Reston, Va.: 3-32. For example, it has been observed by a few investigators that TiO2 (titania) particles may enhance stability by creating burn rates that are insensitive to pressure over certain pressure ranges as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,579,634 issued to Taylor on Dec. 3, 1996. It is suspected that other organometallic particles may produce these and other favorable traits described in Brill. Nanoparticle additives may have an even further influence on the burn rate because of their high surface-to-volume ratios.
Over the past few years, nanoparticles of many different compounds and combinations have received considerable attention in the scientific and engineering research communities. This surge of activity is a result of the many favorable characteristics certain materials and applications exhibit when nanoparticles are involved in some fashion. Benefits are certainly seen in composite Al/AP/HTPB-based solid propellant formulations when the micron-scale metal fuel (i.e., Al) is replaced by nanoscale particles as described in P Lessard, F Beaupré, P Brousseau, 2001 "Burn Rate Studies of Composite Propellants Containing Ultra-Fine Metals," Energetic Materials—Ignition, Combustion and Detonation, Karlsruhe, Germany; 3-6 Jul. 2002: 88. pp. 1-13 and in A Dokhan, E W Price, J M Seitzman, R K Sigman, "Combustion Mechanisms of Bimodal and Ultra-Fine Aluminum in AP Solid Propellant," AIAA Paper 2002-4173, July 2002. However, little research has been done on the effect of nanosized additives such as organometallics and related burn rate-enhancing and smoke-reducing compounds.
Other prior art made of record includes U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,350 issued to Martin on Jan. 7, 2003, describes propellants such as may be used in solid rocket motors. In one preferred embodiment, the propellant comprises one high energy propellant composition comprising a homogeneous mixture of fuel and oxidizer having a predetermined fuel/oxidizer ratio, wherein individual fuel particles are generally uniformly distributed throughout a matrix of oxidizer, and a low energy propellant comprising a fuel and oxidizer. The amounts of the two propellants are present in amounts which achieve a preselected burn rate.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,605,167 issued to Blomquist on Aug. 12, 2003, discloses an autoignition material that includes a plurality of agglomerates. Each agglomerate comprises an oxidizer material particle. A plurality of metal fuel particles are disposed on the oxidizer material particle. The metal fuel particles are present in a weight ratio effective to chemically balance the oxidizer material particle. The metal fuel particles exothermically react with the oxidizer material particle when the autoignition material is exposed to a temperature of about 80.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C. A thin binder film adheres the metal fuel particles to the oxidizer material particle and maintains the metal fuel particles in intimate contact with the oxidizer particles.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,836 issued to Holman on Aug. 7, 2001, describes sol-gel preparation of particles. The gel-coated microcapsules have improved mechanical stress- and flame-resistance. A method for making the gel coated microcapsules is also provided. Phase change materials can be included in the microcapsules to provide thermal control in a wide variety of environments.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,692 issued to Hawkins, et al. on Jul. 11, 2000, describes an advanced design for high pressure, high performance solid propellant rocket motors and describes a solid rocket propellant formulation with a burn rate slope of less than about 0.15 ips/psi over a substantial portion of a pressure range and a temperature sensitivity of less than about 0.15%/.degree F. A high performance solid propellant rocket motor including the solid rocket propellant formulation is also provided. The solid rocket propellant formulation can be cast in a grain pattern such that an all-boost thrust profile is achieved.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,881,994 issued to Rudy, et al. Nov. 21, 1989, discloses ferric oxide as burn rate catalyst and use of isocyanate curing agent. The patent describes a method of making a ferric oxide burning rate catalyst that results in a highly active, finely divided burning rate enhancing catalyst. The ferric oxide burning rate catalyst is particularly adapted for use in a composite solid rocket propellant. This process provides an ultra pure, highly active, finely divided burning rate catalyst.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,578 issued to Shaw, et al. on Apr. 21, 1987, discloses improved igniter compositions for rocket motors are provided which, when cured, are non-volatile and are capable of igniting under vacuum conditions and burning steadily at reduced pressures.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,858 issued to Sayles on Apr. 7, 1987, describes metal/oxidant agglomerates for enhancement of propellant burning rate are prepared from a finely divided metal (aluminum, boron, titanium, etc.), ammonium perchlorate, and a small quantity of the same binder material that goes into the manufacture of the propellant, such as, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene crosslinked with a polyisocyanate.

Burn rate sensitization of solid propellants using a nano-titania additive

University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc.


According to one embodiment, a lamp unit comprises a light source lamp, a casing and a dividing member. Configured to hold the light source lamp, the casing comprises a first opening as an inlet port where cooling air is fed from the outside to the light source lamp. The dividing member is provided in the vicinity of the second opening of the casing and is configured to divide the flow of the cooling air into the second opening into at least two paths.

1. Field
Embodiments of the present invention relates to a lamp unit to be used for a general projection-type display apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is well known, a projection-type liquid crystal TV, a liquid crystal projector, a DLP projector and other types of protection-type display apparatus require high luminance output in order to produce vivid picture images. Therefore, these types of display apparatus are normally implemented with lamp units capable of such high luminance output.
According to a light source unit (a lamp unit) to be used for such a projection-type display apparatus, in a lamp unit casing of a substantial box shape to store a light source lamp, a face (an output face) on which a light source is reflected on a reflector and is outputted is opened, and a rear face opposed to this output face is also opened (it is referred to as a rear opening face). In other words, the light source unit is shaped in a tubular shape, of which front and rear parts on an optical axis are opened.
In addition, a reflector and a front glass are held by a glass holder, and in an opening of the output face, a front part of this glass holder (a part where the front glass is fit) is engaged so that no air leaks from the front face. The light source lamp is incorporated in the reflector. According to such a lamp unit, an increase in luminance output causes an increase in the operating temperature of the light source lamp, so that cooling air is necessarily supplied to a heat generation portion from the outside.
In Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2002-365729, as a conventional art with respect to such a problem, the reflector of the lamp unit is positively cooled by an exhaust fan. In other words, providing an inflow hole and an outflow hole and using a fan, rising of a temperature of the reflector can be positively prevented.
In this Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2002-365729, only the rising temperature of the reflector is prevented. Such teachings do not address the regulation and control of rising temperatures on the light source lamp or the front glass on which filter processing is applied.

Lamp unit and projection-type display apparatus


This invention relates to a process for separating one or more phosphorus acidic compounds from a reaction product fluid containing said one or more phosphorus acidic compounds, a metal-organophosphorus ligand complex catalyst and optionally free organophosphorus ligand which process comprises treating said reaction product fluid with an aqueous buffer solution sufficient to neutralize and remove at least some amount of said one or more phosphorus acidic compounds from said reaction product fluid.

It is known in the art that various products may be produced by reacting one or more reactants in the presence of an metal-organophosphorus ligand complex catalyst. However, stabilization of the catalyst and organophosphorus ligand remains a primary concern of the art. Obviously catalyst stability is a key issue in the employment of any catalyst. Loss of catalyst or catalytic activity due to undesirable reactions of the highly expensive metal catalysts can be detrimental to the production of the desired product. Likewise degradation of the organophosphorus ligand employed during the process can lead to poisoning organophosphorus compounds or inhibitors or acidic byproducts that can lower the catalytic activity of the metal catalyst. Moreover, production costs of the product obviously increase when productivity of the catalyst decreases.
For instance, a major cause of organophosphite ligand degradation and catalyst deactivation of metal-organophosphite ligand complex catalyzed hydroformylation processes is due to the hydrolytic instability of the organophosphite ligands. All organophosphites are susceptible to hydrolysis in one degree or another, the rate of hydrolysis of organophosphites in general being dependent on the stereochemical nature of the organophosphite. In general, the bulkier the steric environment around the phosphorus atom, the slower the hydrolysis rate. For example, tertiary triorganophosphites such as triphenylphosphite are more susceptible to hydrolysis than diorganophosphites, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,588, and organopolyphosphites such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,748,261 and 4,769,498. Moreover, all such hydrolysis reactions invariably produce phosphorus acidic compounds which catalyze the hydrolysis reactions. For example, the hydrolysis of a tertiary organophosphite produces a phosphonic acid diester, which is hydrolyzable to a phosphonic acid monoester, which in turn is hydrolyzable to H.sub.3 PO.sub.3 acid. Moreover, hydrolysis of the ancillary products of side reactions, such as between a phosphonic acid diester and the aldehyde or between certain organophosphite ligands and an aldehyde, can lead to production of undesirable strong aldehyde acids, e.g., n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 CH(OH)P(O)(OH).sub.2.
Indeed even highly desirable sterically-hindered organobisphosphites which are not very hydrolyzable can react with the aldehyde product to form poisoning organophosphites, e.g., organomonophosphites, which are not only catalytic inhibitors, but far more susceptible to hydrolysis and the formation of such aldehyde acid byproducts, e.g., hydroxy alkyl phosphonic acids, as shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,288,918 and 5,364,950. Further, the hydrolysis of organophosphite ligands may be considered as being autocatalytic in view of the production of such phosphorus acidic compounds, e.g., H.sub.3 PO.sub.3, aldehyde acids such as hydroxy alkyl phosphonic acids, H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 and the like, and if left unchecked the catalyst system of the continuous liquid recycle hydroformylation process will become more and more acidic in time. Thus in time the eventual build-up of an unacceptable amount of such phosphorus acidic materials can cause the total destruction of the organophosphite present, thereby rendering the hydroformylation catalyst totally ineffective (deactivated) and the valuable rhodium metal susceptible to loss, e.g., due to precipitation and/or depositing on the walls of the reactor. Accordingly, a successful method for preventing and/or lessening such hydrolytic degradation of the organophosphorus ligand and deactivation of the catalyst would be highly desirable to the art.

Metal-ligand complex catalyzed processes

Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation


An aerodynamic vehicle is comprised of a pair of forward wing sections and a pair of rearward wing sections that are connected together by four pivot assemblies as a four-bar linkage. The four-bar linkage surrounds an opening provided between the forward wing sections and rearward wing sections. Movement of the wing sections varies the cumulative area of the wing sections, and adjusts the shape of the opening between the forward wing sections and rearward wing sections. Movement of the wing sections improves the aerodynamic performance of the vehicle and allows the wing sections to assume optimum configurations for operation of the vehicle at high speed and low speed.

(1) Field
The present disclosure pertains to an aerodynamic vehicle having a variable geometry wing. More specifically, the present disclosure pertains to an aerodynamic vehicle that is comprised of a pair of forward wing sections and a pair of rearward wing sections that are connected together by four pivot assemblies as a four-bar linkage. The four-bar linkage surrounds an opening provided between the forward wing sections and rearward wing sections. Movement of the wing sections varies the cumulative area of the wing sections, and adjusts the shape of the opening between the forward wing sections and rearward wing sections. Movement of the wing sections improves the aerodynamic performance of the vehicle and allows the wing sections to assume optimum configurations for operation of the vehicle at high speed and low speed.
(2) Description of the Related Art
In the design of aerodynamic vehicles, for example in the design of aircraft, there are fundamental design rules that must be met in order for the vehicle to have sufficient lift at both high speed and low speed operation. The desire to optimize the lift of an aerodynamic vehicle wing has led to the design of variable geometry wings, or wings that change their shape for operation of the vehicle at different speeds to optimize the lift of the wing at the particular speed. By changing the shape of the wing, the wing sweep and wing span can be changed, the wing area can be changed, and the wing aspect ratio can be changed. The aspect ratio of the wing is an important consideration in the wing's design and is commonly calculated as the square of the wing span divided by the area of the wing (AR=wing span2/area). Swept wing or variable geometry wings are typically used in military aircraft design and enable an aircraft to operate at high altitudes and for a longer flight time at lower speeds of the aircraft, for example during an observation mission, and enable the aircraft to operate at faster speeds, for example during an attack operation.
A key in the design of variable geometry aircraft wings has been the design of a lightweight mechanism that is used to change the shape of the wing. The benefits derived in designing a variable geometry wing must exceed the disadvantages associated with the additional weight of the mechanism used to change the wing shape.

Aerodynamic vehicle having a variable geometry, co-planar, joined wing


An interferometric semiconductor laser (YL) as well as optoelectronic arrangements with such a laser are disclosed. The laser has a special coupling segment (Z) which allows high optical output to be obtained without affecting the filtering function or significantly restricting the tuning range of the laser. Such a laser can be coupled with low loss to a subsequent optoelectronic component (e.g., a wavelength converter (WK)) which is monolithically integrated with the laser.

Interferometric lasers can emit light over a wide range of wavelengths. If designed and wired in a suitable manner, they are electrically tunable over a wavelength range of more than 50 nm and are therefore ideally suited for many tasks in optical communications. An article by M. Schilling et al in IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 26, No. 6, June 1993, describes an asymmetric Y-laser in detail.
Interferometric lasers contain at least 3 mirrors or reflection areas. These are required for the respective laser's internal filtering function. Both diescrete coupling and monolithic coupling of a waveguide to one of the mirrors requires a semiconductor-air-semiconductor transition, which is subject to large coupling losses. If during monolithic integration a more efficient transition is provided at one of the 3 mirrors, e.g. by a reflection grating area in a continuous or butt-coupled waveguide, the filtering function of the loser will be affected and its original wide tuning range will be restricted.

Interferometric semiconductor laser with low-loss coupling of light therefrom and an arrangement with such a laser


A magneto-optical recording medium is consisted of a recording layer, a readout layer and a writing layer. The readout layer is made of rare earth-transition metal alloys wherein an easy magnetization axis is parallel to the recording layer at room temperature, and the easy magnetization axis is perpendicular to the recording layer as the temperature of the readout layer is raised above a predetermined temperature by irradiating thereon with a light beam. The writing layer is made of rare earth-transition metal alloys having such coercive force that a magnetization direction thereof is switched by an external magnetic field at room temperature and Curie temperature that is above Curie temperature of the recording layer. With the above arrangement, an overwriting function can be achieved by adjusting a light intensity of the light beam so that the temperature falls within the range between the Curie temperature of the writing layer and the Curie temperature of the recording layer, or above the Curie temperature of the writing layer.

There has been a limit in improving the recording density of a magneto-optical recording medium by being dependent on the size of a light spot of a light beam used for recording and reproducing on and from the recording medium. This is because a diameter of the light spot on the recording medium becomes a diameter of a recorded bit. However, recently, a magneto-optical recording medium has been proposed wherein recorded bits with a size smaller than the size of a light spot can be reproduced.
Normally, the light beam for use in optical recording is converged to a diffraction limit by a converging lens. Therefore, the light intensity distribution shows a Gaussian distribution, and thus the temperature distribution due to the light beam on the recording medium also exhibits the Gaussian distribution. As a result, a spot having a temperature above a predetermined temperature becomes smaller in size than the size of the light spot. Consequently, a significant improvement in the recording density can be achieved if only the spot having a temperature above the predetermined temperature is used for reproduction.
Referring to FIG. 16, the following description will discuss a magneto-optical disk wherein a recorded bit with a size smaller than the size of a light spot can be reproduced.
The magneto-optical disk is mainly consisted of a substrate 21 having a readout layer 23 and a recording layer 24 formed on a surface thereof. The recording layer 24 has great coercive force at room temperature. On the other hand, the readout layer 23 has small coercive force at room temperature. When the temperature of an area of the readout layer 23 to be reproduced is raised by irradiating thereon with a reproduction-use light beam, the magnetization direction thereof becomes coincident with the magnetization direction of the recording layer 24 due to the effect of the recording layer 24. That is, the magnetization of the recording layer 24 is copied to the readout layer 23 by exchange coupling force between the readout layer 23 and the recording layer 24.
Recording on the described magneto-optical disk is executed by the ordinary thermomagnetic writing method. When the recorded bits are to be reproduced, it is necessary to initialize the magnetization direction of the readout layer 23 so as to make it coincident with the predetermined direction (upward in the figure) by applying an external magnetic field for initializing from a magnetic field generating device 26. Then, by projecting thereto a reproduction-use light beam 27, the temperature of the readout layer 23 is locally raised. As a result, the portion having a temperature rise of the readout layer 23 has small coercive force, and the magnetization direction of the recording layer 24 is copied to the readout layer 23 by the exchange coupling force. In this way, since only the information stored in the center area which has received the reproduction-use light beam 27 and undergone a temperature rise is reproduced, recorded bits with a size smaller than that of the light spot are permitted to be read out.
However, when using the discussed magneto-optical disk, the following problem arises. During reproduction, a recorded bit that has been copied to the readout layer 23 from the recording layer 24 remains as it is even after the temperature of the spot has cooled off. This means that when a spot to be irradiated by the light beam 27 is shifted by a rotation of the magneto-optical disk so as to reproduce the next bit, the bit previously copied still exists within the light beam 27 and tends to be reproduced. This causes noise and has prevented improvement in recording density.
Furthermore, the magneto-optical disk having the described configuration cannot be provided with the overwriting function through a light intensity modulation method. This presents another problem by requiring a long time for data writing.

Magneto-optical recording medium whereon recording is carried out with an overwriting function


Embodiments of process chambers are provided herein. In some embodiments, a process chamber includes: a chamber wall defining an inner volume within the process chamber; a substrate support disposed in the inner volume having a support surface to support a substrate, wherein the inner volume includes a processing volume disposed above the support surface and a non-processing volume disposed at least partially below the support surface; a gas supply plenum fluidly coupled to the processing volume via a gas supply channel disposed above the support surface; a pumping plenum fluidly coupled to the processing volume via an exhaust channel disposed above the support surface; and a sealing apparatus configured to fluidly isolate the processing volume from the non-processing volume when the substrate support is in a processing position, wherein the processing volume and the non-processing volume are fluidly coupled when the substrate support is in a non-processing position.

To process a substrate using, for example, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) chamber, the substrate is transferred to a substrate support of the processing chamber via a robotic arm, the substrate support is raised to a processing position, and the process (e.g., deposition, etching, etc.). In a PVD chamber, a processing volume is defined by a process kit disposed in the processing chamber, a sputtering target, and the substrate. A non-processing or common volume is defined by the chamber floor, the chamber walls, and the bottoms of the substrate support and process kit shield. The inventors have discovered that because pumping, gas delivery, and pressure control typically occur in the non-processing volume, the majority of delivered gas is pumped out without being used because the non-processing volume is significantly large. In addition, pressure gauges are typically fluidly coupled to the non-processing volume, which may result in inaccurate readings of the pressure in the processing volume.
Accordingly, the inventors have provided embodiments of improved substrate process chamber.

Substrate processing chamber having improved process volume sealing


Various methods, systems and apparatus are provided for imaging and sensing using interferometry. In one example, a system includes an interferometer; a light source that can provide light to the interferometer at multiple wavelengths (λi); and optical path delay (OPD) modifying optics that can enhance contrast in an interferometer output associated with a sample. The light can be directed to the sample by optics of the interferometer. The interferometer output can be captured by a detector (e.g., a camera) at each of the multiple wavelengths (λi). In another example, an apparatus includes an add-on unit containing OPD that can enhance contrast in an interferometer output associated with a sample illuminated by light at a defined wavelength (λi). A detector can be attached to the add-on unit to record the interferometer output at the defined wavelength (λi).

Interferometry is an enabling technique used in measurement and imaging devices that, over the decades, has become indispensable in research and industry. Nearly all modern microscopes have built-in phase contrast (PhC) microscopy, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, and/or polarized light microscopy capabilities, all of which are based on interferometry. For example, these interferometric microscopy techniques have been widely used for observing biological specimens in life sciences. Interferometry has also found wide application in inspecting semiconductor and optical components, where optical surface profilers rely on it to accurately map surface topographies.

Methods, systems and apparatus of interferometry for imaging and sensing

VIRGINIA TECH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES, INC.


The present invention relates to a plasma display apparatus including an external light blocking sheet which blocks and absorbs the external light injected from the outside, in particular, in which a pattern portion having a predetermined gap and width on a base portion prevents the external light from injecting into the inside of a panel inside, in addition, and permits to efficiently radiate a light emitted from the inside of the panel, thereby, the bright room contrast of PDP can be improved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plasma display apparatus, in particular, to a plasma display apparatus capable of improving the bright room contrast of the panel and maintaining the brightness by installing a filter including an external light blocking sheet which blocks and absorbs the external light on the front side of the panel in order to prevent the light injected from the outside from being reflected in the panel.
2. Description of the Related Art
Plasma display panel (herein after, PDP) is an apparatus which generates a discharge by applying a predetermined voltage to the electrodes installed at the discharge space and displays an image including a characteristic and a graphic by exciting the phosphor with the plasma which is generated in the gaseous discharge, which facilitates the large-size, the light weight and the plane thin shape and provides the broad viewing angle in the up and down direction and in the left and right direction and has an advantage in that it can implement the full-color and the high brightness.
However, there is a problem in that, as to PDP, when a black image is implemented, the external light is reflected in the front side of panel of PDP due to the phosphor of white color which is exposed to the lower substrate of the panel, thereafter, the black image is recognized as a dark color of the bright color series, thereby the bright room contrast of PDP is degraded.


Systems and methods for pricing and distributing applications and content to a wireless client device are disclosed. A first group can be formed by associating at least one item from a main catalog with a first subscriber ID (SID) associated with a first client device. A shopping catalog can be generated for the first client device from the main catalog based on at least one of platform ID, runtime API, and language. The first group can be included with the shopping catalog based on a first SID associated with the first client device. The pricing of the same item can be different in the first group and the main catalog.

1. Field
The present invention generally relates to communications between remote computing devices and servers. More particularly, the invention relates to the creation and sending of billing events between a server and a remote client device.
2. Background
Advances in technology have resulted in smaller and more powerful personal computing devices. For example, there currently exist a variety of portable personal computing devices, including wireless computing devices, such as portable wireless telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and paging devices that are each small, lightweight, and can be easily carried by users. More specifically, the portable wireless telephones, for example, further include cellular telephones that communicate voice and data packets over wireless networks. Further, many such cellular telephones are being manufactured with relatively large increases in computing capabilities, and as such, are becoming tantamount to small personal computers and hand-held PDAs. However, these smaller and more powerful personal computing devices are typically severely resource constrained. For example, the screen size, amount of available memory and file system space, amount of input and output capabilities and processing capability may each be limited by the small size of the device, and in particular, the small size of the user input unit, e.g., the keyboard. Because of such severe resource constraints, it is often typically desirable, for example, to maintain a limited size and quantity of software applications and other information residing on such remote personal computing devices (client devices).
Some of the personal computing devices utilize application programming interfaces (APIs), sometimes referred to as runtime environments and software platforms, that are installed onto their local computer platform and which are used, for example, to simplify operations of such devices, such as by providing generalized calls for device specific resources. Further, some such APIs are also known to provide software developers the ability to create software applications that are fully executable on such devices. In addition, some of such APIs are known to be operationally located between the computing device system software and the software applications such that the computing device computing functionality is made available to the software applications without requiring the software developer to have the specific computing device system source code. Further, some APIs are known to provide mechanisms for secure communications between such personal devices (i.e., clients) and remote devices (i.e., servers) using secure cryptographic information.
Examples of such APIs, some of which are discussed in more detail below, include versions of the Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless software (BREW®) developed by QUALCOMM, Inc., of San Diego, Calif. BREW® can cooperate with a computing device's (e.g., a wireless cellular phone) operating system, and can, among other features, provide interfaces to hardware features particularly found on personal computing devices. BREW® can also provide these interfaces on such personal computing devices at a relatively low cost with respect to demands on device resources and with respect to the price paid by consumers for devices containing BREW. Additional features of BREW® include its end-to-end software distribution platform that provides a variety of benefits for wireless service operators, software developers and computing device consumers. At least one such currently available end-to-end software distribution platform includes logic distributed over a server-client architecture, where the server performs, for example, billing, security and application distribution functionality, and the client performs, for example, application execution, security and user interface functionality.
The enhanced computing capabilities and security features in client devices has enabled applications to be purchased directly from a carrier network and downloaded and installed on to a client device. Once an application is purchased, a remote billing system can automatically generate billing to a subscriber/account associated with the client device and can distribute the appropriate payment to the developers/publishers. However, current wireless server-client systems provide for limited purchased options. Typically, a one-time purchase or a fixed number of uses can be purchased for a desired application or content. This results in limited flexibility for developers and content providers to package or up-sell their applications.
The foregoing description of the related art is merely intended to provide an overview of some of the known uses of APIs and as an introduction to the BREW® platform, which can be used in embodiments of the invention. However, the invention is not to be construed as being limited to a specific implementation, operating platform or environment.

Wireless subscriber application and content distribution and differentiated pricing


Vehicle-installed internal combustion engine control apparatus and method maintain a good operating condition of the internal combustion engine even if the opportunity of control learning is limited. To adjust the closed-state opening of a throttle valve, that is, opening of the throttle valve under a non-load condition, feedback control of the opening of the throttle valve is performed so that the idle speed approaches a target revolution speed, while the non-load idling of the engine is being performed. A feedback correction amount for the feedback control is stored as a learned value. The learned correction value is reflected in the next and later operations of the closed-state opening control of the throttle valve, so that a proper closed-state opening of the throttle valve is set. During the learning of the feedback correction amount, the engine is inhibited from being stopped.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an internal combustion engine control apparatus and, more particularly, to an apparatus and a method for controlling an internal combustion engine installed in a hybrid-type vehicle that runs by selectively using two types of motors, that is, an internal combustion engine and, for example, an electric motor.
2. Description of Related Art
For environmental protection, there is a demand for a maximum-possible reduction of emissions from an internal combustion engine installed in a motor vehicle. To meet such a requirement, one type of motor vehicle that stops its internal combustion engine in accordance with the running condition of the vehicle has been proposed. As an example of this type of motor vehicle, a hybrid motor vehicle is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. HEI 6-48190. This hybrid motor vehicle is equipped with two types of driving motors, that is, an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, and switches between them in accordance with the running condition of the vehicle. More specifically, during high-speed running, the internal combustion engine is operated in order to output high power which is required. When the running speed of the vehicle is low and the depression of the accelerator pedal is small, the electric motor is used to drive the vehicle since high power is not required in such a running condition The internal combustion engine is stopped while the electric motor is used to drive the vehicle, thereby significantly reducing emissions from the internal combustion engine in comparison with ordinary internal combustion engine-driven vehicles.
In a typical internal combustion engine, operation control is performed in various manners so as to maintain a good operating condition of the engine. In order to achieve an operating condition of the internal combustion engine as good as the present condition compared to when the next operation control is started, a control value is used for the present operation control and is stored as a learned value. That is, a control value for the operation control of the internal combustion engine is learned, and the learned control value is used the next time the operation control is started, so as to achieve as good an operating condition of the internal combustion engine at the start of the next operation control.
In the hybrid motor vehicle as described above, however, since the internal combustion engine is not always in operation, the opportunity of learning the control value for the operation control of the engine is correspondingly reduced. Reduction in the opportunity of learning the control value may lead to degradation of the appropriateness of the control value stored as a learned value. If this happens, the operation control based on the learned control value will fail to achieve as good an operating condition of the internal combustion engine.
While the hybrid motor vehicle is stopped, the idling of the internal combustion engine is performed only when there is a load, for example, a load for charging the battery, and the idling operation is not performed when there is no load. Therefore, unlike ordinary motor vehicles, the hybrid motor vehicle does not perform idle speed control in which during non-load idling, a throttle valve opening (flow of intake air) is adjusted so that the actual idle speed approaches a target revolution speed. Therefore, in the hybrid motor vehicle, the throttle valve is not controlled at an opening under the non-load condition, and the throttle valve opening under the non-load condition (defined as "closed state") is not maintained.
Since the hybrid motor vehicle is unable to perform learning control of the throttle valve opening when the throttle valve is in the closed state, the closed-state opening of the throttle valve, that is, the opening of the throttle valve in the closed state defined above, must be set to a fixed value. Therefore, in the hybrid motor vehicle, the closed-state opening of the throttle valve may be excessively closed or excessively opened relative to the proper opening of the throttle valve as the proper opening varies in accordance with the operating condition of the internal combustion engine. If, for example, the internal combustion engine is idling to charge the battery when the closed-state opening of the throttle valve is significantly smaller than the proper opening, the revolution speed of the engine may become lower than a proper value so that the battery cannot be sufficiently charged. If the closed-state opening of the throttle valve is significantly greater than the proper opening, the revolution speed of the internal combustion engine may become higher than the proper value, thereby leading to deterioration of the drivability.

Control apparatus and method for an internal combustion engine installed in a vehicle


A gateway and method thereof are provided to communicate with sensor nodes. The gateway includes a generator configured to generate, based on schedule information on a previous uplink interval, response data. The gateway also includes an allocator configured to allocate a subsequent uplink interval to the sensor nodes to generate schedule information on the subsequent uplink interval. The gateway includes a transmitter configured to transmit the response data and the schedule information on the subsequent uplink interval to the sensor nodes.

1. Field
The following description relates to a sensor node and a gateway mutually communicating in a wireless sensor network.
2. Description of Related Art
A wireless sensor network may be a wireless network including sensor nodes that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions. In the wireless sensor network, sensor nodes are distributed to perform wireless communication with a gateway. The gateway may collect data sensed by the sensor nodes, and process or analyze the collected data.
In general, the gateway performs wireless communication with the sensor nodes, and each of the sensor nodes operates using a battery. Accordingly, there is a desire for technology to manage power of the gateway and the sensor node.

Sensor node and gateway mutually communicating in wireless sensor network