Systems and techniques for improved spectroscopy. In some embodiments, mechanical and/or optical zoom mechanisms may be provided for monochromator systems. For example, movable detector systems allow a detector to be positioned with respect to a dispersive element in order to obtain a first resolution. The detector systems may then allow the detector to be positioned with respect to a dispersive element to obtain a second different resolution. In some embodiments, spectroscopy of a first sample region may be performed using a plurality of excitation wavelengths. Multiple detectors may be positioned to receive light associated with different ones of the plurality of excitation wavelengths.

1. Field of Invention
This invention generally relates to spectroscopy, particularly to monochromator systems for spectroscopy (e.g., for Raman spectroscopy).
2. Related Art
A number of techniques may be used to obtain information about materials. One technique that may be used is Raman spectroscopy. In Raman spectroscopy, laser light is incident on a surface of a material to be analyzed. Most of the light scatters elastically from the surface (which is referred to as Rayleigh scattering). However, some of the light interacts with the material at and near the surface and is scattered inelastically due to excitation of vibrational, rotational, and/or other low-frequency modes of the material. The inelastically scattered light is shifted in wavelength with respect to the incident laser light, either down in frequency (corresponding to the excitation of a material mode by the incident photons, also referred to as Raman Stokes), or up in frequency (corresponding to the interaction of the incident photons with an already-excited material mode, also referred to as an anti-Stokes Raman). The amount of the shift is independent of the excitation wavelength, and the Stokes and anti-Stokes lines are displaced from the excitation signal by amounts of equal magnitude.
Raman spectroscopy is performed by detecting the wavelength-shifted light. In order to detect light of a particular wavelength of interest, such as Raman-shifted laser light, a spectroscopy system includes a monochromator.
FIG. 1 shows a simplified example of a Raman spectroscopy system 100, according to the prior art. A laser source 110 illuminates a sample 120 mounted on a stage 130. Light 115 reflected from sample 120 includes elastically scattered light (which may be referred to as Rayleigh scattered light), as well as inelastically (Raman) scattered light. In order to isolate the Raman scattered light, system 100 includes a monochromator 105, including a diffraction grating 140, a filtering mechanism such as a notch filter 155 and/or slit 107, and a fixed detector 150. In order to analyze different regions of sample 120, stage 130 may be used to provide relative movement of the sample with respect to the incoming light.
Light 115 is incident on a rotatable diffraction grating 140, which disperses the light according to its wavelength. In FIG. 1, the relative position of grating 140 and detector 150 is selected to detect a desired wavelength λd, but not to detect other wavelengths λ1, λ2, and λ3. Because the Raman shift is relatively small, system 100 also includes a notch filter 155 positioned before detector 150 and configured to filter the strong Rayleigh scattered component at the excitation wavelength.
Different detector types may be used. In older spectroscopy systems, photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) were common. However, PMTs integrate the optical signal received on the entire detector surface. By contrast, newer spectroscopy systems generally use array detectors such as charge coupled device (CCD) array detectors, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detectors, and photodiode array detectors.
In order to detect the desired wavelength (and/or to scan a number of wavelengths), some existing systems rotate diffraction grating 140, while detector 150 is fixed. For example, if wavelengths λ1, λ2, and λ3 are of interest, diffraction grating 140 may be rotated to scan the range of wavelengths shown in FIG. 1.
For existing spectroscopy systems, the wavelength resolution for a particular measurement (i.e., the data collected at a particular rotation angle of diffraction grating 140) is fixed.
One way in which prior systems could be used to obtain more data about particular wavelength ranges of interest was to scan the light across the detector by rotating diffraction grating 140. For a low resolution system, a user could first scan the wavelengths rapidly, by rotating diffraction grating 140 through a first angular range at a first speed. After identifying the wavelength ranges of interest, the user could perform one or more additional scans. By performing the scans at a slower speed (and usually for a smaller angular range), the resolution of the spectroscopy can be increased.


Provided are a hair bleach composition, hair dye composition and a hair treatment additive having excellent bleaching power, capable of dyeing the hair with a bright and good color, and less damaging to the hair and less irritating to the scalp.

For hair bleaching or dyeing, two-part bleaches or permanent hair dyes composed of a first component part containing an alkali agent and a second component part containing an oxidizing agent have been used widely. The oxidizing agent of the second component part is added in order to heighten the hair dyeing effect by utilizing the coupling reaction of an intermediate for an oxidation dye and at the same time, cause the hair to turn bright color by promoting oxidative decomposition of melanin granules in the hair. The alkali agent of the first component part is added in order to activate the oxidizing agent and thereby enhance the hair dyeing and bleaching effects. Not only to bleach the hair into a lighter color than the original color but also to dye the hair into a color different therefrom, it is necessary to bleach melanin and the other pigments sufficiently. The hair bleaching power usually depends on the amounts of the alkali and oxidizing agent. When the composition is used for such a purpose, both alkali and oxidizing agents must be incorporated in sufficient amounts.
It is the common practice to use ammonia or organic amine as the alkali agent and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent. Addition of these agents in a large amount to obtain necessary bleaching power, however, tends to cause damage to the hair or irritate the scalp, depending on their using amount.
As a conventional method for overcoming the above-described problem, provided are the use of 1,3-propanediamine (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 5-246827), use of triazacyclononane (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-255763), and the like. They however include the problem that in a mixture system for practical use, they cannot bring about satisfactory results in performance.
The present invention therefore provides a hair bleach composition and a hair dye composition, each having an excellent dyeing power, capable of dyeing the hair into beautiful bright color, and is less damaging to the hair and less irritating to the scalp.
Further, the present invention provides a novel additive to be incorporated for attaining the above-described object.

Abstract: Described specifically, they are a two-part hair bleach composition, which contains (a) a nitrogenous compound represented by the following formula (1) or (2):

Abstract: or salt thereof, or (A) a nitrogenous compound having a solubility parameter log P in octanol/water ranging from −1 to 4 and a hydrogen peroxide remaining ratio of from 5 to 90%, or salt thereof, (b) an oxidizing agent, and optionally (c) an alkali agent and, after mixing, has a pH of from 7.5 to 12; a two-part hair dye composition comprising (a) or (A), (b) and (c) and further (d) an oxidation dye or direct dye; and an additive used therefor.


A radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader is provided The RFID reader includes a transmitter/receiver module configured to transmit a radio signal at a plurality of different power levels, and a control module coupled to the transmitter/receiver module and configured to control the power level at which the radio signal is transmitted based on a number of RFID tags detected when transmitting the radio signal at an initial power level.

The field of the disclosure relates generally to radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems, and more specifically, to an RFID reader for transmitting radio signals at a plurality of power levels.
Known RFID systems utilize RFID readers and RFID tags. The RFID reader interrogates an RFID tag by transmitting a radio signal to the tag and receiving a response radio signal from the tag. The radio response signal may include information about an object to which the RFID tag is attached. Accordingly, by interrogating a plurality of RFID tags, information about a plurality of objects can be retrieved relatively quickly.
However, depending on a location of the RFID tag and/or RFID reader, different power levels may be needed to detect different RFID tags. At least some known RFID readers allow a user to manually change the power level until an RFID tag is detected. However, using such a trial and error process to detect RFID tags may be time-consuming, and may result in missing (i.e., not detecting) one or more RFID tags. Accordingly, in some assemblies, such as vehicles, items are often manually checked rather than using automated RFID systems. However, manually checking items, such as safety equipment and/or maintenance equipment, generally is more time-consuming and/or labor-intensive. Further, manually checking items may result in human error, making manual checks limited in their reliability.


An optical filter, which has a predetermined transmittance and a low reflectance at a wavelength .lambda. of, for example, 780 nm, comprises a metal film and a dielectric thin-film deposited adjacent to the metal film, the dielectric thin-film having a refractive index lower than that of the metal film and a thickness of .lambda./40 or less. Also disclosed is an optical filter, comprising a substrate, a plurality of sets of dielectric thin-films (H) with a high refractive index and dielectric thin-films (L) with a low refractive index, and a metal layer. The dielectric thin-films (H) and the dielectric thin-films (L) are alternately deposited on the substrate and the metal film is provided between one dielectric thin-film (H) and the adjacent dielectric thin-film(L). The dielectric thin-film (L) adjacent to the metal film has a thickness .lambda./40 or less.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical filter which absorbs a part of optical signals passing through an optical path and restricts the intensity of transmitted light, and more particularly relates to a configuration of a multilayered optical filter for decreasing a reflectance.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, an optimization of a configuration of a multilayer film composing an optical filter can restrict the intensity of transmitted light by absorbing a part of optical signals and thus an optical filter having a predetermined transmittance is obtainable. FIG. 4A shows a configuration of a conventional multilayered optical filter, and FIG. 4B shows a thickness and a refractive index of each layer in the configuration shown in FIG. 4A. The optical filter includes TiO.sub.2 layers having a relatively high refractive index (n.apprxeq.2.5) and SiO.sub.2 layers having a relatively low refractive index (n.apprxeq.1.45), in a thickness of .lambda./5 to .lambda./10, alternately deposited several times between a substrate 1a and a substrate 1b, and also includes a metal film 2 having a lower refractive index (n.apprxeq.0.95) and a thickness of several to several ten nanometers deposited between two adjacent SiO.sub.2 layers, for the purpose of achieving a transmittance of 30% to 40% for light of .lambda.=780 nm passing through a typical optical path.
FIG. 5 shows a reflectance R of the optical filter shown in FIG. 4A at a wavelength .lambda. and FIG. 6 shows a transmittance T against the same. As shown in FIG. 5, although the reflectance R reaches a minimum of approximately 15% when the wavelength .lambda. is nearly equal to 730 nm, it increases at a given wavelength .lambda. of 780 nm. Also, as shown in FIG. 6, although the transmittance reaches a maximum of approximately 35% when a wavelength .lambda. is nearly equal to 720 nm, it slightly decreases at a given wavelength .lambda. of 780 nm.
In such an optical filter, when the reflectance increases, the reflected light adversely affects signal light. As mentioned above, the conventional optical filter has a minimum reflectance R of approximately 15% and cannot achieve a low reflectance, for example, 3% or less.


A profile measuring apparatus includes: a light source device from which a projection light is irradiated, the projection light having a light amount changing with lapse of time in a first period and a predetermined spatial distribution; an imaging element; a second period setting section which sets a second period including at least a part of the first period; and a profile information obtaining section which obtains an information of the profile of the object based on an image data taken by the imaging element in the second period. The second period setting section sets the second period based on a light amount of a light which comes into the imaging element at the time of an imaging performed before one imaging performed in the second period; and a light amount change pattern of the projection light changing with lapse of time in the first period.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a profile measuring apparatus, a structure manufacturing system, a method for measuring a profile, a method for manufacturing a structure, and a non-transitory computer readable medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
A profile measuring technique using an optical cutting method etc. is used, for example, for measuring a profile of an object such as an industrial product. The profile measuring technique relates, for example, to a technique in which an image of a surface of the object to which light is irradiated is taken by an imaging element and the profile of the object is measured based on the result (see, for example, Japanese Patent No. 3,819,275).
In the profile measuring technique, in a case that brightness of the image taken by the imaging element is insufficient or excessive, measurement accuracy is more likely to be decreased. In view of this, in Patent Literature 1, an exposure time with respect to the imaging element is adjusted depending on change of the object to adjust a light amount of the light which comes into the imaging element during an exposure period. Accordingly, the brightness of the image taken by the imaging element is adjusted.
The exposure time of the imaging element is adjustable, for example, by controlling an electronic shutter. As an example, the exposure time of the imaging element is adjustable within a range of about 10 microseconds to about 50 milliseconds. In this case, when it is assumed that the brightness of the image which is set to be the darkest is 1, the brightness of the image taken by the imaging element is adjustable in an adjustable range (dynamic range) of about 1 to 5000.

Profile measuring apparatus, structure manufacturing system, method for measuring profile, method for manufacturing structure, and non-transitory computer readable medium


Provision of a communication apparatus and a TV conference apparatus able to take a picture of a speaker automatically and correctly. A sound analyzer selects a speaker correctly. A voiceprint authentication portion authenticates whether or not a voiceprint of the speaker is registered. When the selection of the speaker and the voiceprint authentication coincide an imaging direction adjusting portion drives a TV camera on the basis of the previously registered condition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an integral microphone and speaker configuration type communication apparatus suitable for use for example when a plurality of conference participants in two conference rooms hold a conference by voice. More particularly, the present invention relates to a communication apparatus, a conference apparatus and an imaging-condition adjustment method, wherein a microphone using a speaker is correctly selected, preferably, a voice authentication is further carried out, and then an area (region or space) positioned the microphone correctly selected and voice-authenticated can be imaged.
2. Description of the Related Art
A TV conference system has been used to enable conference participants in two conference rooms at distant locations to hold a conference. A TV conference system captures images of the conference participants in the conference rooms by imaging means, picks up their voices by microphones, sends the images captured by the imaging means and the voices picked up by the microphones through a communication channel, displays the captured images on display units of television receivers of the conference rooms of the other parties, and outputs the picked up voices from speakers.
In such a TV conference system, it suffers from the disadvantage that in each conference room, it is difficult to pick up the voices of the speaking parties at positions distant from the imaging means and the microphones. As a means for dealing with this, sometimes a microphone is provided for each conference participant. Further, it also suffers from the disadvantage that the voices output from the speakers of the television receivers are hard for conference participants at positions distant from the speakers to hear.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2003-87887 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2003-87890 disclose, in addition to a usual TV conference system providing video and audio for TV conferences in conference rooms at distant locations, a voice input/output system integrally configured by microphones and speakers having the advantages that the voices of conference participants in the conference rooms of the other parties can be clearly heard from the speakers and there is little effect from noise in the individual conference rooms or the load of echo cancellers is light.
The voice input/output systems disclosed in the above Publications are utilized as means for supplementing a TV conference system for providing video and audio.

Communication apparatus and TV conference apparatus


A spinning machine and method are provided for feeding a sliver end of a sliver deposited in a can to a spinning position of the spinning machine, wherein the spinning machine includes a plurality of adjacently arranged spinning positions and a plurality of cans arranged in at least a first row under the spinning positions. With a sliver gripper of a robot, the method includes seeking the sliver end from one of the cans in an area that includes at least one adjacent spinning position to a spinning position to be supplied. The sliver end is grasped with the sliver gripper and fed to the spinning position to be supplied.

DE 10 2005 009 766 A1 describes a maintenance unit for fiber-processing textile machines comprising a plurality of workstations, which includes a handling device for manipulating sliver. The handling device grasps the sliver with the aid of a suction tube and a mechanical and/or pneumatic holding device for the sliver. The suction tube includes a flattened suction tube opening, with the aid of which a sliver end hanging over a can may be drawn in across a relatively wide area. It is disadvantageous in this case that the wide suction tube opening also cannot find the sliver end when the sliver end does not hang over the rim of the can in the area of the workstation to be supplied.
DE 42 04 044 A1 describes a manipulator, which comprises, on its free end, a suction nozzle for taking up and holding the beginning of a sliver. The sliver is held at the can in a clamp, and so the end of the sliver is always to be found at a defined position. The manipulator can therefore grip at this point in a targeted manner and grasp the sliver. It is disadvantageous in this case that each can must be equipped with a clamp and the can must have been placed in a certain direction of rotation at the machine, so that the manipulator can find the sliver end.
DE 43 21 367 A1 describes a device for automatically laying a sliver onto a feed device of a textile machine. The sliver is grasped and is fed to the spinning machine. The grasping of the sliver is facilitated due to the fact that so-called elongate cans are utilized, which are located only under a single spinning position and have a width, which is less than the width of the spinning position itself. As a result, the area in which the sliver end can be located is limited. Elongate cans are more expensive to procure than round cans, however, and require special machines, with the aid of which the sliver can be deposited into the elongate cans.

Method for feeding a sliver end, and spinning machine


An integrated semiconductor cascode circuit is provided that comprises an emitter layer, a first base area, a second base area, an intermediate area and a collector area. The first base area is arranged between the emitter layer and the intermediate area, and the second base area is arranged between the intermediate area and the collector area. A dielectric layer that is provided with a central opening is arranged between the first base area and the second base area. The invention also relates to a method for the production of said semiconductor cascode circuit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an integrated semiconductor cascode circuit with an emitter layer, a first base region, a second base region, an intermediate region, and a collector region. The first base region is located between the emitter layer and the intermediate region, and the second base region is located between the intermediate region and the collector region. The invention also further relates to a method for producing an integrated semiconductor cascode circuit.
2. Description of the Background Art
From U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,899 semiconductor cascode circuits with mesa structures of multiple layers are known. The structure of each layer stack in the mesa structures represents a cascode comprised of two transistors. Base terminals of the upper transistor lie in a plane with the emitter terminal of a mesa structure. Example applications for such cascodes are not given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,899. According to the disclosure in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,899, the height of the specified stack of layers from the bottom collector layer to the top layer, which contains base terminals of the upper transistor and the emitter terminal, is 2800 nm.
A structure with such dimensions is not typically suitable for high-frequency applications with frequencies up to approximately 200 GHz, since the cutoff frequency is determined by the length of time for the charge carriers to traverse such layer stacks between the emitter and collector terminal. Layer stack thicknesses on the order of, e.g., less than 100 nm appear to be significantly more suitable for the specified frequencies. In principle, a reduction in the layer thickness results in a higher cutoff frequency due to the shorter distance that must be traveled by the charge carriers. However, a disadvantage is that the desired high breakdown voltage also decreases with decreasing layer thickness.
When reducing the layer thicknesses of a semiconductor cascode circuit of the aforementioned type, it is necessary to ensure, in particular, that the base regions of the semiconductor cascode circuit, whose layer thickness may be only a few nm, are connected in a low-resistance fashion to external, generally metallic, contacts. Conceptually, the base layers can be divided into inner regions and outer regions. The inner region is defined by the lateral extension of the pn junctions toward the adjacent emitter and collector layers, and the outer region is used to connect to the aforementioned metallic contacts. It is the outer regions of the base layers that generally dominate the connection resistance, which is to say the total resistance between the metal and inner base.
In order to minimize the connection resistance, so-called "link" implantations of dopants are known, which increase the conductivity in the region of the outer base and in the semiconductor region between the external contact and the base region. Instead of implanting the dopants, it is also possible to introduce them by diffusion processes.
The diffusion or implantation of dopants generally results in doped regions which, in contrast to the rather planar base regions, also have a non-negligible smearing in their vertical extent, with the doped regions usually extending beyond the base layer plane. Such terminal dopants adversely affect the capacitances and breakdown voltages between the base regions. Small capacitances and high breakdown voltages are desired.

Integrated semiconductor cascode circuit for high-frequency applications


Cyber defense systems and methods protect an enterprise system formed of a plurality of networked components. Connectivity and relationship information indicative of connectivity and behavior of the components are collected. A relationship graph is created based upon the connectivity data and the relationship data, wherein nodes of the relationship graph represent the components and edges of the graph represent connectivity and relationships. At least part of the relationship graph is stored to form a chronology. The relationship graph and the chronology are analyzed to predict connectivity and relationship changes within the enterprise system, and a first anomaly is identified when the current connectivity and relationships do not match the prediction.

Enterprise systems (e.g., a network of computers) utilize a perimeter security approach that relies upon identification of specific patterns associated with malware (e.g. virus signatures). However, modern enterprise systems no longer have easily definable perimeters due to adoption of cloud infrastructure and partnering, wherein part of the enterprise network (e.g., data storage) is hosted by a third party (e.g., data storage warehouses). The rapid evolution of malware threats also outpaces the ability to define and distribute signatures that are used to identify and protect against the malware.
Further, enterprise policy allows bring your own device (BYOD) where an employee brings and uses a personal device at work, which connects to the enterprise network. Thus, devices outside the control of enterprise system policy and protection, if only temporarily, connect to the enterprise network and allow an intruder to compromise the enterprise system. For example, an employee may use a company laptop while away from their desk and connect to the Internet using a public Wi-Fi hotspot, thereby allowing the intruder access to the laptop. When the employee later returns to the office and connects the laptop to the enterprise network, the intruder gains access to the enterprise system from the inside.
Attacks to enterprise systems are often promulgated by "insiders". An employee may be unaware of a compromised device, as the device itself may show no signs of compromise. However, when connected to the enterprise network, the malware on the devices has access to, and may thereby compromise, other components of the enterprise network, particularly since it is connected within the perimeter defenses of the enterprise network.
Most cyberdefense solutions operate at the perimeter of the enterprise network—Firewalls, Virus Scanners, Intrusion Detection Systems all sit between incoming data and the enterprise.
But what if the threat is already in the enterprise? A BYOD smartphone infected at a coffee shop and then connected to the enterprise WiFi network. A laptop infected over Airplane WiFi and then reattached to the enterprise hardwired network. These threats appear to originate within the enterprise and appear to come from valid users.
These perimeter defense systems work by examining the incoming data, looking for signatures that appear to be threats. This leaves them vulnerable to the "zero-day" problem: how do you identify a threat you don't have a signature for yet?
Compliance Enforcement
Numerous regulations govern how an enterprise system must deal with valuable, confidential and/or personal information of their employees or customers. HIPAA, PCI, ISO17799 and other such regulations not only specify privacy requirements and security controls, they also lay out penalties for organizations that fail to comply. Many of these penalties are on a per-incident basis, which can result in thousands of violations as a result of a single breach.
One approach to enforcement of such regulations is to define responsibilities and access for specific employees. These employees are allowed to access protected data, typically with tight restrictions on the specific data they are allowed to access, how much they can access at one time, and where they can access data from—such as only using an encrypted workstation on enterprise premises. These users would be separate from the administrator responsible for the maintenance of the database the protected data is stored in. This separation of responsibilities means that more than one person would be required to modify protected data.
The tools for enforcement of these policies are typically limited in capability and disconnected. Lists of employees, their access rights, and allowed endpoints quickly become out of date as employees leave, arrive, change roles, and upgrade hardware. Expediency often results in employees accumulating greater access than is desirable. An external audit of policy compliance would identify no coherent way to make sure that the stated policies are being adhered to.


A doctor blade apparatus is attached to a doctor whose doctor blade is pressed against a metering roller provided in an inking train of a printing apparatus and scrapes off an excess portion of ink transferred onto the circumferential surface of the metering roller. The doctor blade apparatus comprises a blade holder attached to a base which moves toward and away from the metering roller, a doctor blade held by the blade holder and extending along substantially the entire axial length of the metering roller, and an elasticity-modifying member which abuts, along the longitudinal direction of the doctor blade, a deflection-side surface of the doctor blade whose edge is pressed against the circumferential surface of the metering roller and deflects accordingly. The elasticity-modifying member is movable toward and away from the edge of the doctor blade. A reciprocal movement mechanism reciprocally moves the elasticity-modifying member toward and away from the edge of the doctor blade. A plurality of elasticity-modifying members may be provided for a single doctor blade along the axial direction of the metering roller and may be adapted to be movable independently of each other.

1. Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates to a doctor blade apparatus in a keyless printing machine, and particularly to a doctor blade apparatus in a keyless inking arrangement capable of changing a total amount of ink supply as appropriate; for example, a doctor blade apparatus in a keyless inking arrangement which uses high-viscosity ink (so-called hard ink) used in an offset printing machine or low-viscosity ink (so-called soft ink).
2. Description of the Related Art:
Generally, inking arrangements of an ink-fountain type are known to use high-viscosity ink and are divided broadly into two categories, an ink-key type and a blade type.
In an inking arrangement of the ink-key type (not shown), an ink fountain is provided with a plurality of ink keys whose tips face the smooth circumferential surface of a fountain roller. The tips of the ink keys are each moved with respect to the circumferential surface of the fountain roller so as to maintain appropriate gaps therebetween. As the fountain roller rotates, ink adhering to the circumferential surface of the fountain roller is drawn out as appropriate through the gaps.
In an inking arrangement of the blade type (not shown), there is used a blade that is substantially as long as a fountain roller. In contrast to a rigid ink key, the blade has an elastic edge, which faces the smooth circumferential surface of the fountain roller. An appropriate gap is previously established between the blade edge and the fountain roller surface. A separately provided member is adapted to move the blade edge toward or away from the fountain roller surface to thereby adjust the gap as appropriate. As the fountain roller rotates, ink adhering to the circumferential surface of the fountain roller is drawn out as appropriate through the gap.
In these inking arrangements of the ink-fountain type, in principle, tips of the ink keys and the edge of the blade are not pressed against the circumferential surface of the fountain roller.
A conventional doctor blade apparatus in a keyless inking arrangement and ink used therewith are disclosed, for example, in "Newspaper Printing Handbook" (The Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association, Apr. 10, 1997, pp. 67, 68, 178, 189). The doctor blade apparatus is adapted to supply ink such that an ink film formed newly on the circumferential surface of a form roller always becomes uniform irrespective of local variations in ink consumption derived from irregular distribution of printed image patterns.
According to the above publication, in the doctor blade apparatus, the edge of the doctor blade is pressed against a metering roller of resin having fine pits and projections formed on its surface, thereby scraping excess ink off the surface and thus forming a substantially uniform film of ink. The thus-formed uniform film of ink is transferred onto the form roller. Also, ink used with the keyless inking arrangement is generally low in viscosity as compared to ink used with inking arrangements of the ink-fountain type and of an ink-pump type employed in ordinary offset printing machines.
The doctor blade apparatus disclosed in the above publication is of the keyless inking arrangement that uses so-called keyless ink having low viscosity, generally a Laray viscosity of about 20 to 30 poise or about 35 to 50 poise. According to an inking sequence, an excessive amount of ink is transferred from an upstream roller onto the circumferential surface of the metering roller. The edge of the doctor blade pressed against the circumferential surface of the metering roller scrapes excess ink off the surface to thereby transfer ink onto the form roller in the form of a substantially uniform film. A surface portion of the metering roller is mainly made of a resin, for example, and has numerous fine pits and projections formed thereon so as to receive ink as appropriate.
Prior art for changing a total amount of ink supply through action of a doctor blade apparatus is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-75963.
In the doctor blade apparatus disclosed in the above publication, a base of a blade holder for holding a doctor blade is rotatable, and the position of the base is adjustable so as to adjust the distance between the doctor blade and the center of a metering roller. Through adjustment of the distance and the angle of the base, the state in which the edge of the doctor blade is pressed against the circumferential surface of the metering roller is adjusted within a range from a tangential state in which the edge follows rotation of the metering roller to a tangential state in which the edge counters the rotation. This arrangement enables use of inks of different viscosities.
The above doctor blade apparatus disclosed in "Newspaper Printing Handbook" (The Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association, Apr. 10, 1997, pp. 67, 68, 178, 189) has a drawback in that adjusting the degree of scraping ink with the edge of the doctor blade or adjusting the thickness of a formed ink film is impossible. Accordingly, the density of image printed on paper (hereinafter, simply referred to as "printing density") varies depending on condition or wear of the edge of the doctor blade or condition of the circumferential surface of the metering roller, or varies with their time-course change.
The above problem, coupled with the following problems, impairs printing quality.
(1) Because of inevitable adverse factors, such as nonuniformity among manufactured metering rollers in material for a surface portion and in machined state of the surface, transfer of ink differs among metering rollers, resulting in nonuniform printing density.
(2) In the case of color printing, color inks differ in consumption in order to obtain a desired printing density, thus failing to achieve color balance.
(3) As printing speed varies, the amount of transfer of ink varies, causing variation in printing density.
(4) Operation-related variation in temperature causes ink viscosity to vary; thus, the amount of transfer of ink varies, causing variation in printing density.
The above inking arrangement disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-75963 is not devised in terms of a doctor blade and a blade holder. Through adjustment of rotational angle of the base that carries the doctor blade and the blade holder and through position adjustment of the base, the angle and the force of pressing the edge of the doctor blade against the circumferential surface of a metering roller are varied. The correlation between the angle and the force of pressing the edge of the doctor blade against the circumferential surface of the metering roller is very difficult to obtain. In other words, in order to increase or decrease the pressing force for varying the degree of scraping ink with the edge, the doctor blade must be deflected to a relatively large extent, causing great variation in the pressing angle.
Similarly, when the pressing angle is increased or decreased, the pressing force varies to a relatively large extent. In other words, at an appropriate pressing angle, a pressing force appropriate for the angle is difficult to obtain. As a result, inking varies with a resultant failure to obtain stable printing density. Also, scraping high-viscosity ink induces a large resistance force, which may cause deformation of the doctor blade. Thus, defective printing is likely to occur.


A versatile irrigation system dissector for laparoscopic surgery comprises an elongated lumen having an elongated slim tip electrode slidably mounted therein and having a cutting tip extendable therefrom at one end. The lumen is connected at the other end to a manifold mounted on a handle, which includes a pair of switches to regulate the inlet and outlet flow through the lumen for irrigation and suction purposes. A control panel on the handle regulates the current to the tip for either cutting or coagulating. Thus, several operations may be performed with a single handheld instrument in a highly efficient and rapid action.

This invention comprises a new and improved instrument for irrigating and dissecting tissue during laparoscopic procedures.
1. Field of the Invention
In the field of laparoscopic surgery, many new instruments have been introduced with the increasing number of procedures and the growing familiarity with the endoscopic modality of operating. The use of such instruments for dissecting is shown in applicant's earlier U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,121, which discloses an endodissector. A more recent instrument by applicant for dissecting is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,040, which discloses an endodissector with a distinctive tip at the operative end.
2. Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 & 1.98
U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,161 to Schulze et al discloses an electrosurgical instrument useful in controlling-coagulating blood vessels such as veins and arteries. The instrument includes a handle assembly with first and second actuators and an elongated tube assembly, which is supplied with current for grasping a dissecting tissue.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,908,463 to Treat et al discloses an electrothermal device for sealing and dividing tissue, which is particularly suitable for laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery.
The prior art, however, fails to disclose the unique instrument of the present invention which is simple to use, highly manipulative and inexpensive. The electrode for dissecting is retractable within a lumen, which also includes concentric space about the electrode for irrigation and suction or alternatively, the electrode could be easily withdrawn within the lumen to facilitate irrigation and suction. A control panel on the handle regulates the current at the tip for either coagulation or cutting. A pair of switches mounted on the handle for the lumen and electrode controls a pair of tube lines coupled to a manifold for irrigating or suction during a procedure. Advantageously, dissecting, irrigation and suction may be performed with a single handheld instrument. Electrocoagulation is operated in conjunction with an electrocoagulation and a suction-irrigation system with a gauze dissector tip.


A method of fabricating an organic electroluminescent device. A substrate comprising an organic electroluminescent unit thereon is provided. A passivation layer is formed on the substrate to cover the organic electroluminescent layer. An ion beam is provided to perform a surface treatment on the passivation layer. A plastic layer is formed on the passivation layer. The steps of forming the passivation layer, providing the ion beam and forming the plastic layer are repeated at least once to enhance device reliability. In addition, a solid passivation layer is formed by the steps of forming the passivation layer, providing the ion beam and forming the plastic layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to a method of fabricating an organic electroluminescent device, and more particularly, to a method of fabricating a solid passivation layer for an organic light emitting diode device (OLED).
2. Related Art of the Invention
In the communication industry, the flat panel display applied as the interface between the user and the machine becomes particularly crucial. The current flat panel techniques include plasma display panel (PDP), liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED), vacuum fluorescent display, field emission display (FED) and electro-chromic display. Compared to other displays, the organic light emitting diode (OLED) having the characteristics of self-luminescence, view angle independence, power saving, simple fabrication process, low cost, low operation temperature, high response speed and full color, is expected to be the flat panel display of the next generation.
FIG. 1 shows the structure of a conventional organic light emitting diode device. Referring to FIG. 1, the conventional organic light emitting diode unit 112 is constructed on a substrate 100. The organic light emitting diode unit 112 comprises an anode 102, an electroluminescent layer 106 and a cathode 110. In addition, to enhance the luminescent efficiency of the organic light emitting diode unit 112, a hole transportation layer 104 can be formed between the anode 102 and the organic electroluminescent layer 106, while an electron transportation layer 108 can be formed between the electroluminescent layer 106 and the cathode 110. The hole and electron transportation layers 104 and 108 increase combination efficiency of holes and electrons in the electroluminescent layer 106 to obtain an improved luminescent efficiency.
Further referring to FIG. 1, the fabrication method of the organic light emitting diode device includes forming a passivation layer 114 on the substrate 100. The method of forming the passivation layer 114 includes forming an organic passivation layer 114a to cover the electroluminescent layer 112 on the substrate 100, and forming an inorganic passivation layer 114b on the organic passivation layer 114a.
FIG. 2 shows the structure of another organic light emitting diode device. An organic light emitting diode unit 204 is formed on a substrate 200. Passivation layers 202 and 206 are formed on both sides of the organic light emitting diode unit 204. The method of fabricating the organic light emitting diode device includes providing the substrate 200, forming a polymer layer 202a, a ceramic layer 202b and a polymer layer 202c on the substrate 200 to construct a passivation layer 202, and forming an organic electroluminescent layer 204 on the polymer layer 202c. The polymer layer 202a, the ceramic layer 202b and the polymer layer 202c are further formed on the organic electroluminescent layer 204.
As the passivation layer in the conventional organic light emitting diode is the flexible passivation layer, the capability of withstanding external impact is relatively poor. In addition, the flexible passivation layer is typically made of organic material or polymer material, such that the device itself cannot effectively prevent corrosion caused by chemical material.

Method of fabricating organic light emitting diode device


An OLED display device with a passivation film formed between a sealing member and a pad portion through a structural alteration of the sealing member and first and second protective layers prevents deterioration of image quality and a driving faults caused by short circuits and electro-static discharge.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present application relates to an organic light emitting diode display device.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Recently, a variety of flat panel display devices with reduced weight and volume corresponding to disadvantages of cathode ray tube (CRT) are being developed. The flat panel display devices include liquid crystal display (LCD) devices, field emission display (FED) devices, plasma display panels (PDPs), electroluminescent (EL) devices, and so on.
The electroluminescent devices are classified into an inorganic electroluminescent device and an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device on the basis of the formation material of a light emission layer. Such electroluminescent devices have features such as fast response time, high light emission efficiency, high brightness, and wide viewing angle because of using self-illuminating elements.
FIG. 1 is a mimetic diagram showing the configuration of an OLED.
As shown in FIG. 1, the OLED includes an organic electroluminescent compound layer configured to emit light in response to an electric field, and cathode and anode electrodes facing each other with the organic electroluminescent compound layer therebetween. The organic electroluminescent compound layer includes a hole injection layer HIL, a hole transport layer HTL, an light emission layer EML, an electron transport layer ETL, and an electron injection layer EIL. Such an OLED generates excitons by forcing electrons and electric-holes injected from the cathode and anode electrodes to be recombined with each other. Also, the OLED emits light using energies from the excitons which are transitioned from an excited state into the ground state.
The OLED is used in an OLED display device as a principal light emitting element. The organic electroluminescent compound layer is deteriorated by moisture and oxygen. As such, the OLED display device has a sealing structure shown in FIG. 2 to protect it from the environment. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an OLED display device of the related art with a sealing structure.
The OLED display device of the related art includes an organic light emitting diode layer OLEDL on a substrate SUB. The organic light emitting diode layer OLEDL includes an organic electroluminescent compound layer EL (not shown). Also, the organic light emitting diode layer OLEDL is formed on a central area of the substrate SUB.
The OLED display device of the related art further includes pad portions PAD formed on edge areas of the substrate SUB. The pad portions PAD are used to receive and apply electrical signals from and to an external apparatus which is used to drive the OLED display device.
Also, the OLED display device of the related art includes a sealing glass substrate ENCAP that is combined with the substrate SUB using a sealant SEAL. The sealant SEAL is formed from an ultraviolet (UV) hardening resin material in boundary regions between the pad portions PAD and the organic light emitting diode layer OLEDL. The glass substrate ENCAP is used to prevent the intrusion of external moisture and oxygen and to protect the organic light emitting diode layer OLEDL.
Furthermore, because it is difficult to efficiently prevent the intrusion of external moisture using only the UV sealant SEAL, the OLED display device of the related art includes an absorbent GEL which is used to absorb intruded moisture and oxygen. The absorbent GEL is attached to a central region of the glass substrate over the organic light emitting diode layer OLEDL.
In this manner, the OLED display device of the related art protects the organic light emitting diode layer OLEDL using the absorbent and the sealant. However, a large-sized display device using the above-mentioned sealant GEL and sealing glass substrate ENCAP is limited in reliability.
Moreover, in order to ease interaction with a user, a flexible substrate may be used in the display device. To this end, it is necessary to develop a sealing member using a metal material rather than the glass substrate. Actually, a Korean patent publication number of 10-2011-0065777 discloses a thin flexible substrate, which is formed from a metal material, and a sealing member for efficiently protecting the organic light emitting diode layer. However, the sealing member that includes metal material can easily cause an electrical short between the pad portion and the OLEDL.
Meanwhile, the pad portion PAD can provide a path for transferring a variety of signals which are necessary to drive the organic light emitting diodes. The OLED display device includes a display area and a driving area. The display area is used to display images. The driving area has a driving portion which includes a variety of drivers used to drive the OLED display device. In detail, the driving portion includes a gate driver used to drive a plurality of gate lines, and a data driver used to drive a plurality of data lines. Also, the driving portion can include a timing controller used to control the gate driver and the data driver. Moreover, the driving portion can include a power supply portion used to supply a power voltage VDD to the gate and data drivers and the timing controller. The power supply portion derives the power voltage VDD from an input voltage Vin which is applied from an external power supply unit. In this manner, signal lines used to supply a variety of signals, which are necessary to drive the organic light emitting diodes, can be connected to a variety of drivers via the pad portions and a printed circuit board which is connected to the pad portions.
FIG. 3 is a planar view showing one area of the substrate in which a pad portion is formed. FIG. 4 is showing a burnt defect which is caused by a short circuit between a driving power pad VDD and a reference power pad VSS in the related art.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, the pad portion is connected to a variety of electrodes on the substrate and used as a path for applying power voltages and a variety of signals, which control the display images, to the electrodes on the substrate. For example, the pad portion includes driving power pads VDD and reference voltage pads VSS that are formed on the substrate. Also, a sealant including a metal material can be formed on a region adjacent to the pad portion. In this case, a distance between the pad portion and the sealant is very small. Moreover, the distance between the pad portion and the sealant is further reduced by fabrication tolerances of each component. Due to this, an electrical short circuit can be generated between the pad portion and the sealant. If an electrical short circuit is generated between the pad portion and the sealant, the driving power pad VDD and the reference power pad VSS can be connected to each other. This condition can also increase the susceptibility of the OLED display device to electrostatic discharge (ESD). As such, an undesirable bright line, dark line, or driving fault can be generated.

Organic light emitting diode display device


Growth of doped gallium nitride, especially p-type gallium nitride, without using post-growth processing is achieved by eliminating hydrogen containing molecules from the growth process before cooling down the substrate. Rapid cooling of the substrate with nitrogen gas prevents the reaction of p-type dopant atoms with hydrogen, and the use of the nitrogen gas also keeps the nitrogen intact within the crystalline structure.

1. Field of the Invention.
P-type GaN is a valuable electronic material. This invention relates in general to a method for growing a semiconductor material, and more particularly to a method for growing p-type GaN.
2. Description of Related Art.
In the field of electronics, new materials are being used to perform previously unobtainable goals, e.g., new devices, smaller devices, and more efficient devices. The ability to grow or otherwise manufacture these new materials has been limited by the understanding of the chemistry that is occurring, the need for the finished devices, and the ability to mass produce such devices.
The devices result from different areas of study. The first area is the ability to actually grow the material onto a substrate. Several different types of growth techniques have been approached for various materials. The second area is the ability to process those materials once they are grown onto a substrate. Many materials that are now in their infancy take their growth and processing techniques from more established materials, e.g., silicon, gallium arsenide, and others.
The Group III (Al, Ga, In) nitrides are materials that are producing devices previously unavailable in the electronics market. The alloy system (Al, Ga, In)N allows the fabrication of semiconductor materials thatemit light in the wavelength range from 200 to 700 nm, covering the entire range of visible light. These diodes cannot be made with any other materials currently known.
These advances in the ability of a material to produce luminescence in those optical regions allow for the use of the electronics to take the place of typical lighting fixtures. Further, the use of blue and UV diodes in the recording industry for the recording of CD-ROMs instead of the red/infared lasers (800 nm) currently being used in that industry allow for a up to four times higher density of information per unit distance on a CD-ROM track. Production of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) which use a lens shaped protective cover allow for high intensity light at low power levels.
However, gallium nitride films are hard to grow and process. Further, doped gallium nitride, especially gallium nitride that is doped with a p-type dopant, requires post-growth processing to achieve acceptable levels of active dopant atoms within the crystalline structure. The post-growth processing damages the gallium nitride crystalline structure and thereby degrades the overall properties of the material.
It can seen then that there is a need for producing gallium nitride films with better overall properties. It can also be seen that there is a need for producing gallium nitride films with p-type dopants that do not require post-growth processes. It can also be seen that there is a need for producing gallium nitride films at a lower cost.

Method for the growth of P-type gallium nitride and its alloys

The Regents of the University of California


A roller stamp device includes a housing which is open at a lower side thereof, a front wheel assembly, a rear wheel assembly mounted to a rear portion of the housing, and an ink pad assembly. The front wheel assembly includes a wheel mounted on a front wheel axle which, in turn, is rotatably mounted to a front portion of the housing and a stamping strip placed around and secured to the periphery of the wheel. The ink pad assembly includes at least one ink pad mounted around an ink pad axle, which, in turn, is mounted to a middle portion of the housing. The ink pad axle includes a first axle section and a second axle section which are separably engaged together. The roller stamp device further has a U-shaped bumper to rotationally mount the front wheel axle and the ink pad axle to the housing.

The present invention relates to a roller stamp and, more particularly, to a device which has a rollable stamp and a replaceable ink pad.
A toy-type stamp for children generally has a cute, interesting, or beautiful figure or character engraved on a rubber surface and the figure or character can be stamped onto any desired place. Such a toy-type stamp cannot attract children as the outlook thereof is simply a rod, rectangular handle or the like. Further disadvantages of such a toy-type stamp is that the ink pad thereof is restricted monotonously to one color, and the figure or character thereof is not interchangeable.
For this end, the invention provides a rollable stamp device having an interchangeable stamp, multicolor ink pads, and a cartoon outlook to attract users.


An aircraft including an electric starter-generator for each of turbojets, and an undercarriage including an electric motor for taxiing the aircraft, which mutualizes an electricity converter for starting and for taxiing the aircraft. A single electricity converter is configured to be coupled to the electric starter-generator associated with a turbojet or to the electric motor of the undercarriage for taxiing, the coupling take place via an electricity distribution unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an aircraft having one or more turbojets, each fitted with an electric starter-generator, and also having an undercarriage fitted with an electric motor for taxiing between an embarkation point and a runway. The invention relates more particularly to an improvement enabling certain subassemblies to be mutualized so as to provide the energy needed for starting the turbojet(s) and also for taxiing the aircraft.
2. Description of the Related Art
In modern airplanes, there is an increasing desire to replace hydraulic or pneumatic auxiliary systems with electrical equipment. Thus, a starter for the or each turbojet is known that comprises an electric starter-generator, i.e. a reversible subassembly that acts as an electric motor on starting if it is fed with electrical energy, or else as an electricity generator if it is driven in rotation by the turbojet after it has started. One such starter-generator subassembly is associated with each turbojet. Furthermore, an undercarriage is known that is fitted with an electric motor for use in taxiing. The electric motor enables the aircraft to be moved on the ground between an embarkation station and a runway. It is often incorporated in the hub of a wheel of the undercarriage.

Aircraft including an electric starter-generator for the or each turbojet, an undercarriage fitted with an electric motor for taxiing, an electricity converter, and an electricity distribution unit connecting the electricity converter to the starter-generator and the electric motor


A system, comprising a vehicle engine with a crankshaft, a bracket structure coupled to the vehicle engine, a thermostat positioned in the bracket structure, an accessory device coupled to the bracket structure, a water pump mounted to the bracket structure, and a drive loop coupling the accessory device and water pump with the crankshaft.

Vehicle engines mount auxiliary parts, such as front end accessory devices at the front end of an engine and on a main body of the engine. A drive pulley may be coupled to the crankshaft of the engine and further coupled to the auxiliary devices through a system of drive belts and auxiliary pulleys. For example, such auxiliary parts may include an alternator for charging a battery, a water pump for supplying cooling water to the engine and other devices, a thermostat coupled to the water pump, an air conditioning compressor and an oil pump coupled to a power steering system.
The parts described above may be mounted onto an auxiliary parts bracket which is then mounted to the engine. However, vehicle packaging constraints may limit the amount of space available for the mounting bracket and accessories. In-line, transverse engines pose a significant challenge, in that the crankshaft is perpendicular to the longitudinal-axis of the vehicle. For engines of this sort with five or six cylinders, the space remaining to couple an auxiliary parts bracket is significantly less than for longitudinal engines.
The inventors herein have recognized in this type of configuration, mounting all of the auxiliary parts on the outside of the mounting bracket may be impractical. Further, space available on the cylinder head for mounting a parts bracket may be ill-suited for mounting bolts and bosses typically used for coupling the mounting bracket to the engine.
In one example approach, a system is provided. The system comprises a vehicle engine with a crankshaft; a bracket structure coupled to the vehicle engine; a thermostat positioned in the bracket structure; an accessory device coupled to the bracket structure; a water pump mounted to the bracket structure; and a drive loop coupling the accessory device and water pump with the crankshaft. In this way, the accessory device may be mounted off the engine front end, thereby enabling improved packaging.
In another example approach, a drive system for a vehicle engine, comprises; a drive pulley coupled to the crankshaft of the engine, at least one drive belt for connecting the drive pulley to a plurality of accessory pulleys, with each accessory pulley coupled to a different driven device, and a bracket structure coupled to both the vehicle engine and at least one drive belt, where the bracket structure includes mounts for the plurality of accessory pulleys and driven devices, and where the bracket structure further includes a housing for a thermostat and water pump such that the thermostat and water pump are substantially contained within the outer dimensions of the bracket structure. In this way, by mounting the thermostat and water pump within the bracket structure, less engine compartment space is needed to contain the plurality of accessories and accessory pulleys.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.

Engine front end accessory drive bracket


In order to protect semiconductor switching-devices employed in an H bridge circuit against an over-voltage without using a special protection circuit, a control circuit outputs a control signal to a driving circuit for driving the H bridge circuit in order to turn off FETs serving as the semiconductor switching-devices when an over-voltage detection circuit detects the over-voltage applied to the H bridge circuit.

Recently, efforts have been made to increase the number of functions in a car and to make the car more luxurious. In order to implement the functions, an actuator such as a motor is provided at every portion of the car. Accordingly, a larger number of actuators are employed. Development of a small-size and low-cost actuator ECU (Electronic Control Unit) capable of controlling a large power to address such a situation is expected.
An H bridge circuit comprising four semiconductor switching-devices is employed in a number of cases as a circuit for driving the above actuator. A power transistor is typically employed as a semiconductor switching circuit. In general, a power transistor is required to have a noise-proof characteristic. In particular, since a power transistor mounted on a car is required to have a surge-proof characteristic, a power transistor having a high withstand voltage is employed. However, a power transistor having a high withstand voltage is built in a chip having a large size, which prevents miniaturization. In addition, since a power transistor with a high withstand voltage has a large on-resistance, heat is dissipated in a switching operation so that a countermeasure for coping with the dissipated heat must be devised. As a result, the use of such a power transistor is cumbersome.
In order to improve the surge-proof characteristic without employing a semiconductor switching-device having a high withstand voltage, the use of a circuit for carrying out protection in the event of a detected surge voltage is conceivable. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 11-341851 (referred to as patent reference 1), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses a technology provided for a motor driven by an H bridge circuit. In accordance with this technology, the existence of an abnormality is confirmed when a voltage appearing at a power supply side terminal is not higher than a predetermined fraction of the voltage of a battery serving as the power supply or when a voltage appearing at a ground side terminal is not lower than another predetermined fraction of the voltage of the power supply and, in the event of such an abnormality, an operation to supply power from the battery to the motor is discontinued.
However, the technology disclosed in patent reference 1 has a configuration in which an abnormality of a motor is detected on the assumption that the voltage of the power supply is normal. Thus, the technology is not suitable for an application to protect semiconductor switching-devices employed in an H bridge circuit against a surge voltage caused by an excessive increase in power-supply voltage. For example, in accordance with the technology disclosed in patent reference 1, when existence of an abnormality in a motor is confirmed, a protection circuit cuts off the power supply path to the motor. However, the protection circuit requires a relay when semiconductor switching-devices are also to be protected against a large power caused by an applied surge voltage. Even if a relay is employed, however, the relay may not be capable of cutting off the path of a large current quickly with ease when the large current flows. In order to solve this problem, an expensive relay must be used. In addition, the use of a relay raises another problem of a configuration of large size.

Driving apparatus of H bridge circuit and protection method of the same


An aqueous antimicrobial cleaning composition comprising: (a) a surfactant; (b) triclosan; and (c) a tocopherol and a process for inhibiting the color degradation of an aqueous antimicrobial cleaning composition involving the addition of an effective amount of a tocopherol thereto.

Industrial antimicrobial agents are chemical compositions that are used to prevent microbiological contamination and deterioration of commercial products, materials and systems. The following chemical classes of antimicrobial agents are recognized in industry applications: phenolics; halogen compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds; metal derivatives; amines; alkanolamines and nitro derivatives; anilides; and organo-sulfur and sulfur-nitrogen compounds.
A given antimicrobial agent may either destroy all of the microbes present or just prevent their further proliferation to numbers that would be significantly destructive to the substrate or system being protected. The terms, microbes and microorganisms, refer primarily to bacteria and fungi. Each of these groups is subdivided into two general subclasses: gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and among the fungi, molds and yeasts.
Areas of application for antimicrobial agents include cosmetics, disinfectants and sanitizers, wood preservatives, food and animal feeds, paint, cooling water, metalworking fluids, hospital and medical uses.
Of the numerous antimicrobial compounds which are available for use, the phenolic compound dihydric phenol 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether (a.k.a. triclosan), is perceived as being the most desirable. This antimicrobial agent, however, when incorporated into surfactant compositions containing surfactants whether anionic, cationic, nonionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic, and the like, has a tendency to undergo color degradation when exposed to UV light (either sunlight or indoor light) over prolonged periods of time due to the oxidative formation of free radicals within the system. Thus, an antimicrobial hand soap composition containing triclosan as an antimicrobial agent will, over time, turn dark in color due to the penetration of UV rays through the container, causing it to appear dirty in color.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to enhance the color stability of surfactant compositions containing triclosan as an antimicrobial agent by inhibiting free radical formation.

Antibacterial composition containing triclosan and tocopherol


A new and distinct Begonia rex named ‘Salsa’ is disclosed, characterized by its vibrant red/purple and silver/green foliage color, medium sized leaves and ease of propagation. The new cultivar is a Begonia rex typically suited for ornamental container use.

The new cultivar is the result of a planned breeding program of Begonia rex. The new variety originated from the crossing of the female parent, the unpatented variety of Begonia rex 'Valentine' with the pollen parent, the unpatented variety Begonia hatacoa. The crossing was made in September of 2004, by the inventor. The new variety was discovered by the inventor, Antoon Hoefnagels, a citizen of the Netherlands, in the summer of 2005 at a commercial greenhouse in Lent, the Netherlands.
After selecting and isolating the new cultivar, asexual reproduction of the new cultivar 'Salsa' was first performed in the same commercial greenhouse by vegetative cuttings in the winter of 2005. 'Salsa' has since produced several generations and has shown that the unique features of this cultivar are stable and reproduced true to type.


Particulate material such as for example soil contaminated with heavy metals, radioactive species and organics, singly or in combination, is treated by first washing the contaminated material with a contaminant mobilizing solution comprising a leaching agent, a surfactant or a mixture thereof. Large particles, typically greater than 5 mm are mechanically separated, washed with water and returned to the site as recovered soil. Fines, along with contaminants dissolved or dispersed in the contaminant mobilizing solution are separated from intermediate sized particles by a countercurrent flow of the contaminant mobilizing solution, preferably in a mineral jig. The intermediate sized particles are then abraded in an attrition scrubber to dislodge attached mineral slimes or fines. These additional fines are separated from the intermediate sized particles with a countercurrent flow of wash water in a second mineral jig. For some applications, the intermediate sized particles can also be abraded in an attrition scrubber prior to size separation in the first mineral jig. The slurry of intermediate sized particles and wash water discharged from the second mineral jig is dewatered to produce additional recovered soil. If the contamination includes insoluble heavy metal particles, they are separated from the effluent discharged from the second mineral jig by density separation preferably in a cross-current flow jig, prior to dewatering. Various techniques can be used to separate the fines and the contaminants dissolved and dispersed in the waste slurries discharged by the two mineral jigs used for countercurrent flow size separation from the contaminant mobilizing solution which is recycled.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for cleaning particulate materials such as soils which are contaminated with a variety of contaminants such as heavy metals, radioactive compounds and organics, often in combination, through a combination of leaching, washing, attrition scrubbing, countercurrent flow size separation and density separation.
2. Background Information
Contaminated soil is becoming a more common environmental problem. The contaminants can include heavy metals, such as for instance, copper, lead and mercury; radioactive species such as radium, uranium and thorium; and organics such as for example, oils, polychlorinated biphenyls, flue soot and others. Various techniques have been developed to remove specific contaminants. For instance, heavy metals are known to be found predominantly in the silt, humic or clay fraction of soil. Hence, they can be removed by size separation such as tiltable tables, concurrent flow in a mineral jig and chemical techniques such as the use of precipitants. The radioactive compounds are generally soluble and can be removed to a large extent by leaching. Since these compounds are often also present in the finer particles, the most severely contaminated fraction can also be removed by countercurrent flow size separation. Organics can be removed by washing with surfactants, thermal treatment or biological processes.
Special problems develop when the different types of contaminants are present in soil. Generally, biological or thermal processes are more effective for removing organics than washing. However, toxic inorganics such as lead or chromium (+6), if present, deactivate biological systems due to their toxicity and cause air pollution problems for thermal processes. In addition, thermal processes may mobilize otherwise fixed contaminants in the treated soil.
Radioactive contamination (e.g., uranium, thorium radium, etc.) can be removed by soil washing. Soil washing provides a means to process soils having multiple contaminants. The washed soil is accessible to further biological or thermal treatment. Inorganic and radioactive compounds may be separated from organics for separate sale or disposal.
Many soil washing processes are available. Most use mining equipment to provide intimate soil/surfactant contact. U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,253 discloses a process for separating radioactive contaminants from soil using a concurrent flow of water to float away lighter uncontaminated particles from heavy contaminated particles. The slurry of lighter particles is dewatered using a spiral classifier, centrifuge, filter or the like. U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,263 is directed to a process for removing toxic or hazardous substances, in particular organics, from soils and the like by converting the material to a slurry adding surfactants and/or alkaline agents, and concentrating the toxic substance in the liquid phase preferably with a modifier in a froth flotation cell.
Some of the limitations of the currently used processes are that they are optimized for removing only one type of contaminant or for cleaning only one type of soil, they are geared to cleaning the larger particles while concentrating the fines in a fraction for later disposal, and they often use filtration for water removal which is a capital intensive operation with high operating costs.
There is a need therefore for an improved process and apparatus for treating particulate materials, such as soil and the like, contaminated with mixed wastes such as radioactive materials, organics and heavy metals.
There is a further need for such a process and apparatus which separates organic and inorganic contaminants, thereby allowing for optimum disposal routes or post treatment strategies to be used on the concentrated contamination fractions.
There is also a need for such a process and apparatus which produces a high solids content fines.
There is yet another need for such a process and apparatus which is not capital intensive, is economical to operate and can be made portable for on-site treatment.

Method and apparatus for cleaning contaminated particulate material


A vehicle height adjustment apparatus includes: vehicle height adjustment units respectively provided to correspond to wheels of a vehicle body, and adjusting a vehicle height in response to the supply and discharge of a working fluid; a supply source of the working fluid; opening and closing valves interposed between the vehicle height adjustment units and the supply source; and a control unit adjusting a vehicle height for each of the vehicle height adjustment units to at least one of a first vehicle height suitable for at least one of boarding and deboarding, and a second vehicle height suitable for travelling, wherein when the control unit acquires preparation information indicative of the transition of a preparation state to at least one of boarding and deboarding preparation states, the control unit adjusts the vehicle height adjustment units from the second vehicle height to the first vehicle height.

In the related art, there is provided a vehicle equipped with a suspension that includes air springs using compressed air and the like. There is also a vehicle equipped with a vehicle height adjustment apparatus using the air springs. There is a so-called closed type vehicle height adjustment apparatus. This type of vehicle height adjustment apparatus increases a vehicle height by supplying high-pressure air stored in a pressure tank to the air springs that change a suspension state of each wheel. The vehicle height adjustment apparatus decreases the vehicle height by discharging the high-pressure air from the air springs and returning the high-pressure air back to the pressure tank. Among the vehicle height adjustment apparatuses using the air springs, there is a vehicle height adjustment apparatus that captures an image of an unspecified person using a camera, acquires physical information, age information, gender information, dress information, physical handicap information, and the like, and adjusts the vehicle height based on the captured images so as to provide a vehicle height suitable for the unspecified person who boards and deboards the vehicle. JP 2006-143121 is an example of the related art.
However, when a vehicle height control operation is performed using the captured images so as to improve boarding and deboarding characteristics, it is necessary to newly provide the camera and an image processing apparatus, and the vehicle height adjustment apparatus increases in size. In addition, it is necessary to analyze an image process, and thus a vehicle height control process becomes complicated. As a result, the vehicle height adjustment apparatus increases in cost.


In the solid-state imaging device of the present invention having a photoelectric conversion section and a charge transfer section equipped with a charge transfer electrode for transferring an electric charge generated in the photoelectric conversion section, the charge transfer electrode has an alternate arrangement of a first layer electrode including a first layer electrically conducting film and a second layer electrode including a second layer electrically conducting film, which are formed on a gate oxide film including a laminate film consisting of a silicon oxide film and a metal oxide thin film, and the first layer electrode and the second layer electrode are separated by insulation with an interelectrode insulating film including a sidewall insulating film formed by a CVD process to cover the lateral wall of the first layer electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a solid-state imaging device and a production method thereof, more specifically, the present invention relates to the formation of an interelectrode insulating film of a solid-state imaging device.
2. Background Art
The solid-state imaging device utilizing CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) used for an area sensor and the like has a photoelectric conversion section comprising a photodiode or the like and a charge transfer section equipped with a charge transfer electrode for transferring a signal charge from the photoelectric conversion section. As for the charge transfer electrode, plural charge transfer electrodes are adjacently disposed on a charge transfer path formed on a semiconductor substrate and sequentially driven.
With recent development of CCD having a large number of pixels, demands for high resolution and high sensitivity of a solid-state imaging device are more and more increasing, and the number of imaging pixels has been increased to giga-pixels or more.
Under these circumstances, since reduction of the light-receiving area must be avoided to ensure high sensitivity, it is obliged to reduce the occupation area of the charge transfer electrode.
Incidentally, the interelectrode insulating film provided between charge transfer electrodes can be thinly formed by the oxidation (900 to 950° C.) of an electrode material. However, in order to form a thin and good-quality oxide film, the oxidation temperature needs to be high of 900° C. or more as described above and impurity diffusion on the substrate side proceeds due to heat history by oxidation, incurring various problems such as deterioration of transfer efficiency and reduction of sensitivity.
In this way, the formation of an interelectrode insulating film by using thermal oxidation is a big obstacle standing in the way of developing a fine (high-quality) solid-state imaging device with a large number of pixels.
As described in JP-A-2003-197896 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application"), a charge transfer electrode having a multilayer structure where the interelectrode insulting film is formed by a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) process has been proposed with an attempt to reduce the temperature at the formation of the interelectrode insulating film.
In the case of a charge transfer electrode having a single-layer electrode structure, when the formation of an interelectrode gap and the embedding of an insulating film therein are performed by a one-time photolithography process, a fine pattern exceeding the resolution limit can be hardly formed and moreover, the embedding of an insulting film in the interelectrode gap having a high aspect ratio is extremely difficult. By taking account of such situation, there has been proposed a structure where a sidewall is formed as an interelectrode insulating film on the lateral wall of a first layer electrode formed alternately and a second layer electrode is formed through the sidewall (refer to JP-A-5-129583). In such circumstances, for the purpose of high integration, the present inventors have proposed a solid-state imaging device where a sidewall comprising a silicon oxide film formed by a low-temperature CVD process is used for one lateral wall of adjacent charge transfer electrodes (refer to Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-281721).
Such a sidewall structure is an excellent structure requiring no photolithography process and being self-alignedly formable by anisotropic etching. In many cases, the gate oxide film has been conventionally constituted by a three-layer structure comprising a 25 nm-thick silicon oxide film (bottom oxide film), a 50 nm-thick silicon nitride film, and a 10 nm-thick silicon oxide film (top oxide film). At the anisotropic etching, the silicon nitride film of the three-layer structure gate oxide film works as a stopper, and the film loss of the gate oxide film is allowed to occur only in the top oxide film. Accordingly, the anisotropic etching enables efficient formation of a charge transfer electrode with high reliability.
In this way, in the production of a solid-state imaging device, it is demanded to avoid a process at a temperature as high as incurring extension of the diffusion length of an already doped impurity, for ensuring a finer fabrication tolerance, prevent deterioration of the charge transfer efficiency, and realize high-speed driving and high-quality image output. To cope with these requirements, a CVD process, particularly, a CVD process performed at a low temperature of 700 to 850° C., has been introduced.
On the other hand, the structure using an ONO film for the gate oxide film has a problem that an electric charge is readily trapped into the silicon nitride film to cause voltage shift due to depletion particularly in the read-out section to which a high voltage is applied, and a malfunction may occur.
From this reason, the fine fabrication of a solid-state imaging device is associated with a demand for a structure not containing silicon nitride in the gate oxide film, further a structure equipped with a thin gate oxide film having high withstand voltage.

Solid-state imaging device and method for producing the same


A vapor chamber that includes a casing, a pillar in an internal space of the casing and that supports the casing from an inside thereof, a working fluid in the internal space of the casing, and recessed portions in at least a portion of a main external surface of the casing.

In recent years, higher integration and higher performance of elements have caused an increase in heat generation. In addition, advances in miniaturization of products have caused increases in heat generation density and therefore the importance of measures for heat radiation have been increasing. This situation is particularly noticeable in the field of mobile terminals such as smartphones and tablets. Though graphite sheets or the like have been frequently used as members for measures to dissipate heat in recent years, the amount of heat transported thereby is insufficient and use of various members for measures to dissipate heat have been examined. In particular, the use of a vapor chamber that is a sheet-like heat pipe has been advanced for a reason that the vapor chamber may be capable of diffusing heat effectively to a great extent.
The vapor chamber is a closed tabular container in which an appropriate amount of volatile working fluid is sealed. The working fluid is vaporized by heat from a heat source, moves in an internal space, thereafter releases the heat to outside, and returns to liquid. The working fluid having returned to the liquid is carried again to a vicinity of the heat source by a capillary structure referred to as wick and is then vaporized afresh. Iteration of this process makes the vapor chamber operate autonomously without provision of an external power and thereby enables two-dimensional and high-speed diffusion of the heat with use of latent heat of vaporization and condensation of the working fluid.
In Patent Document 1, a heat pipe including a condensing portion where working fluid condenses and a vaporizing portion where the working fluid vaporizes is disclosed. According to Patent Document 1, the working fluid is sealed in a container of the heat pipe and a wick structure is formed on inner walls of the container, so that such two-dimensional diffusion of heat as described above is attained.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2012-057841.


Processing a reference picture is described. A reference processing unit enables signaling of parameters such as motion model parameters, interpolation filter parameters, intensity compensation parameters, and denoising filter parameters. Methods for estimating the various parameters are also discussed. Processing improves quality of a reference picture prior to its use for prediction of a subsequent picture and thus improves the prediction.

In motion compensated, prediction based video coding schemes, quality of reference pictures used for the video coding schemes can considerably affect coding efficiency. That is, a higher quality reference picture that is also more correlated with a source picture generally results in improved coding advantage. Coding advantage includes such factors as improved coding efficiency, reduced complexity, and easier parallelization.
FIG. 1 shows an implementation of a conventional video coding system. In conventional video coding systems such as the conventional video coding system shown in FIG. 1, reference pictures are retrieved from a reference picture buffer (100), generally without any additional processing applied to the reference pictures. The reference pictures are generally used for prediction of subsequent pictures.
Lack of any additional processing occurs in many coding scenarios. Such coding scenarios include coding for static video sequences or for sequences moving with a consistent, translational motion. However, improved coding advantage can be achieved by pre-processing the reference pictures before using them for prediction of the subsequent pictures. A scenario for which pre-processing is used is that of stereo or multi-point video coding applications, where certain views/layers are utilized in predicting other views/layers and where the other views/layers may be captured at different angles from one another.
The following cases are incorporated herein by reference: International Patent Application No. PCT/US2010/031762 filed 20 Apr. 2010 (International Publication No. WO/2010/123909 published 28 Oct. 2010); International Patent Application No. PCT/US2010/040545 filed 30 Jun. 2010 (International Publication No. WO/2011/005624 published 13 Jan. 2011); International Patent Application No. PCT/US2011/020163 filed 5 Jan. 2011 (not yet published).

Reference processing using advanced motion models for video coding

Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation


A method for forming an alignment layer is disclosed, to prevent light leakage generated by a physical contact between a rubbing roll and a substrate, which includes preparing a substrate; coating an alignment material on the substrate, for initial alignment of liquid crystal; applying an electric field or a magnetic field to the alignment material, for determination of alignment direction in the alignment material; and curing the alignment material.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, and more particularly, to an alignment layer for initial alignment of liquid crystal in an LCD device.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Among various ultra-thin flat type display devices, which include a display screen having a thickness of several centimeters, a liquid crystal display (LCD) device has great attention because of its wide variety of uses, including notebook computers, monitors, spacecraft, aircraft, and etc.
Generally, the LCD device includes a color filter substrate having a color filter layer, a thin film transistor substrate having a thin film transistor, and a liquid crystal layer formed between the color filter substrate and the thin film transistor substrate. At this time, the thin film transistor substrate is positioned opposite to the color filter substrate.
In the LCD device, an alignment direction of the liquid crystal layer is changed according to application of voltage, thereby controlling the transmittance of light. Accordingly, images are displayed in the LCD device. For application of voltage, electrodes are formed on the thin film transistor substrate and the color filter substrate. That is, a pixel electrode is formed on the thin film transistor substrate, and a common electrode is formed on the color filter substrate, whereby an electric field is vertically formed between the thin film transistor substrate and the color filter substrate (for example, Twisted Nematic (TN) mode). In another method, the pixel electrode and the common electrode may be formed on the thin film transistor substrate, thereby forming an electric field parallel to the two substrates (for example, In-Plane Switching (IPS) mode).
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a TN mode LCD device according to the related art. As shown in FIG. 1, a thin film transistor substrate 10 of the TN mode LCD device according to the related art includes a gate line 12, a data line 14, a thin film transistor T, and a pixel electrode 16. At this time, the thin film transistor T is formed at a crossing of the gate and data lines 12 and 14, and the pixel electrode 16 is connected with the thin film transistor T. Also, a color filter substrate 20 includes a black matrix layer 22 including black matrix patterns for prevention of light leakage, a R/G/B color filter layer 24 having red, green and blue color patterns, each color pattern provided between the black matrix patterns, and a common electrode 25 formed on the R/G/B color filter layer 24. In this case, an electric field is vertically formed between the pixel electrode 16 of the thin film transistor substrate 10 and the common electrode 25 of the color filter substrate 20, thereby controlling the alignment direction of liquid crystal.
Thereafter, the substrates 10 and 20 are attached to each other to form one liquid crystal panel in which a liquid crystal layer is formed between the substrates 10 and 20.
In the meantime, when forming the liquid crystal layer between the two substrates 10 and 20, regular alignment of liquid crystal molecules is required. For this, although not shown, alignment layers are provided on the thin film transistor substrate 10 and the color filter substrate 20 for initial alignment of liquid crystal.
The alignment layer for initial alignment of liquid crystal is generally formed in a rubbing alignment method.
The rubbing alignment method includes steps of coating a thin filming of an organic polymer such as polyimide on a substrate, aligning a side chain of the organic polymer to a predetermined direction by rubbing the coated organic polymer by rotating a rubbing roll coated with rubbing cloth, and curing the aligned organic polymer.
Accordingly, the liquid crystal is aligned according to the aligned direction of the side chain of the organic polymer. That is, the moving direction of the rubbing roll corresponds to the alignment direction of liquid crystal.
However, the rubbing alignment method has the following disadvantages.
First, when the rubbing cloth is irregular, there may be resulting light leakage because of improper or no alignment of the liquid crystal.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of illustrating the problem generated by the irregular rubbing cloth.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, the elements such as the thin film transistor, the color filter layer and the electrode layer are formed on the substrate. Thus, when the rubbing roll 30 coated with the rubbing cloth 32 rotates on the elements formed on the substrate 10 or 20, some portion 32a of the rubbing cloth 32 may be irregular. As a result, the side chain of the organic polymer on the portion of the substrate rubbed with the irregular portion 32a of the rubbing cloth 32 is not aligned or not aligned properly. Therefore, there may be the light leakage due to the irregular alignment of liquid crystal.
Second, when the rubbing cloth does not in contact with the substrate, there may be light leakage.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating the alignment state of liquid crystal when the rubbing cloth is not in contact with the substrate.
As explained earlier, electrode layers, such as pixel electrodes and a common electrode, are formed on a substrate. Due to a step height in electrode layers formed on a substrate 10, as illustrated in FIG. 3, a region (region "A") is formed where a rubbing cloth 32 does not come into contact with the substrate 10. In this case, the alignment of a liquid crystal is not uniform in the region ("A"), resulting in light leakage.
In conclusion, according to a related art rubbing alignment method, when the arrangement of a rubbing cloth is non-uniform or a rubbing cloth does not come into contact with a substrate, rubbing cannot be performed well, causing the problem of light leakage. Thus, there is a need for a novel liquid crystal alignment method to solve the problems of the related art rubbing alignment method.
The above-mentioned problems of the related art rubbing alignment method are attributed to physical contact between a rubbing roll and a substrate.

Method and apparatus of forming alignment layer for liquid crystal display device


A display screen includes: a flexible display panel, and a flexible protective layer covering a light-emitting surface of the flexible display panel, wherein a side surface of the flexible protective layer facing away from the flexible display panel is a light-emitting side surface, and an anti-reflection structure is disposed on the light-emitting side surface. An unevenness feel on a surface of the display screen can be reduced, thereby improving performance of a foldable product such as a foldable terminal.

At present, there is a development tendency for display screens to be flexible. Owing to a bendable characteristic, the flexible display screens are widely applied to foldable screen products. As a display screen of the foldable screen product needs to be folded when in use, a protective material is generally disposed on the surface of the display screen to protect the display screen.

BEIJING XIAOMI MOBILE SOFTWARE CO., LTD.


A radiotelephone comprising first and second housing portions connected by a hinge, the hinge comprising a mounting structure on the first housing portion; a shaft projecting into the mounting structure and rotatably connecting the mounting structure and the second housing portion and thereby defining an axis of rotation of the hinge, the shaft including a cam portion; spring means located in the mounting structure and including a pair of limbs elongate parallel to the axis of the shaft, the limbs converging to engage partway along their lengths the cam portion so as to apply a rotational bias to it, whereby the first and second housing portions can adopt an open bias position and a closed position; and a transducer located between the limbs in a region beyond the projecting end of the shaft.

The present invention relates to a radiotelephone and, more particularly, to the mechanical structure of a radiotelephone having first and second housing portions connected by a hinge. The hinge of this type of radiotelephone enables the housing portions to be folded between a compact closed position and an open position in which it is ready for use.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,310 discloses a prior art example of this type of radiotelephone.

Hinge structure for foldable radiotelephone