A light emitting device having a monolithic protection element and a method of fabricating the light emitting device are provided. The light emitting device includes: a light emitter having a cathode and an anode; and the resistive protection element connected to the light emitter in parallel through the cathode and the anode. Here, a resistance Rs of the resistive protection element has a value between a forward resistance Rf and a reverse resistance Rr of a current of the light emitter.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to a light emitting device having a monolithic protection element, and more particularly, to a light emitting device having a protection element protecting the light emitting device from static electricity.
2. Description of the Related Art
Light emitting devices such as LDs, LEDs, or the like are highly efficient light sources and are utilized in various fields. However, such a light emitting devices are very brittle with respect to an electric impact such as static electricity. The static electricity discharged in a reverse bias state can damage the internal physical structure of the light emitting device.
An additional protection element is used to protect the light emitting device from such an electrostatic discharge (ESD). The protection element is generally a zener diode connected to the light emitting device in parallel in a reverse polarity. Thus, an electrostatic current applied to the light emitting device in a reverse direction is bypassed through the protection element.
Initially protection elements were manufactured as separate chips and then mounted on a lead frame along with the light emitting devices. The protection elements manufactured as separate chips require wire bonding for an electric connection and thus increase the manufacturing cost.
In a case of a light emitting device using the generally employed flip chip bonding method, a protection element is formed on a substrate to which the light emitting device is bonded. Thus, the light emitting device and the protection element are connected to a conductive bump used for bonding. In this conventional method, the protection element must be formed on the substrate to which the light emitting device is bonded, using a semiconductor thin film process. Thus, manufacturing cost is inevitably increased.
U.S. Patent No. 6,593,597 discloses a structure into which a light emitting device and a protection element are monolithically integrated on a transparent substrate. Since the light emitting device and the protection element are monolithically integrated on the substrate, this structure has significantly more advantages than the previously-described light emitting device. however, the protection element must use a portion of an effective area of the light emitting device. As a result, the area of the light emitting device occupied within a limited area is reduced.

Light emitting device having protection element and method of manufacturing the light emitting device


The present disclosure is directed to a method and system of removing solubilized metals from a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor product. The FT reactor product is contacted with a chelating agent to form metal complexes. The FT reactor product containing metal complexes are subjected to centrifugal separation to form a heavy phase and a light phase containing less than 500 wppb solubilized metals.

The FT process involves conversion of syngas (a gas composition including CO and H2 formed by partial oxidation or steam reforming of carbonaceous matter) to liquid hydrocarbons suitable for use as motor fuels. There are also applications as jet fuel, lubricants and wax. The process was developed in 1920's Germany and scaled up using fixed-bed reactor designs. However, the technology found broadest use and capacity expansions in South Africa from the 1950's through the 1980's. In addition to the fixed-bed process, an iron-catalyzed fluid-bed reactor system was developed to make mainly gasoline. The feedstock to both the German and the South African FT plants was coal, gasified using similar types of gasifier (the so-called Lurgi gasifier).
In the 1980's and 1990's, international oil companies such as Shell and Exxon looked at FT conversion as a means to monetize remote natural gas fields. As part of these gas to liquids (GTL) endeavors, a new generation of highly active cobalt FT catalysts was developed that enabled lower temperature syngas conversion conditions, and consequently, a much better quality paraffinic product for diesel, jet fuel, and linear alkyl benzene (LAB) production.
With the lower temperature operating conditions, an alternate reactor technology was adopted—the slurry bubble column. Compared to multi-tube fixed-bed reactors, slurry reactors have the advantage of higher heat removal efficiencies, ease of catalyst addition and withdrawal (without need for reactor shutdown), and lower capital costs. However, unlike the fluid-bed and fixed-bed processes, the catalyst needs to be filtered out of the slurry reactor's liquid product. The churn-turbulent hydrodynamic regime, under which slurry bubble column reactors operate, result in catalyst attrition profiles that include nanometer size catalyst fines either suspended and/or solubilized within the FT syncrude composition matrix. As a result, traditional solid-liquid separation techniques, such as filtration and settling/sedimentation, are only partially effective. The catalyst metal fines that are not removed after filtration are also referred to as "solubilized metals." (FT syncrude may contain oxygenates such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids in addition to hydrocarbons. These oxygenates, in particular carboxylic acids, are generally considered undesirable byproducts of FT fuel production since they cause corrosion issues in the process plant, and if not removed, in the fuel product.)
FT continues to be investigated for converting abundant and low cost hydrocarbon resources into high quality synthetic fuels, waxes, and specialty fluids. Recent advances in hydraulic fracturing and production of shale gas in the U.S. at a time of generally high global crude oil prices, has made the economics of gas to liquid (GTL) via FT conversion particularly attractive.
Gasification of biomass into syngas for subsequent FT conversion, the so-called biomass-to-liquid (BTL) process, has also been recognized as among the most sustainable fuel production platforms. The woody biomass feedstock for BTL processes includes, for example, but is not limited to switch grass, woodchips, various paper mill waste streams, and even municipal waste.
There is, thus, a need to develop new and more effective and efficient methods and systems for separation of ultra-fine catalyst particulates and solubilized metals from FT reaction products, and promote the wider deployment of the relatively low capital cost FT slurry reactor processes.
There remains a need for milder, less energy-intensive, and yet more effective methods and systems for removal of solubilized metals and ultra-fine particulates from FT reactor product streams of which one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed.

Removal of solubilized metals from Fischer-Tropsch products


A resistive memory includes a plurality of memory cells, a plurality of reference cells having mutually different resistance values, at least one sense amplifier having a first input terminal connected to one selected memory cell which is selected from the plurality of memory cells at a time of read, and a second input terminal connected to one selected reference cell which is selected from the plurality of reference cells at the time of read, and one latch circuit which holds offset information of the at least one sense amplifier. The resistive memory further includes a decoder which selects, in accordance with the offset information, the one selected reference cell from the plurality of reference cells, and connects the one selected reference cell to the second input terminal of the at least one sense amplifier.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a resistive memory. The invention relates more particularly to a resistive memory including a plurality of reference cells having mutually different resistance values.
2. Description of the Related Art
As resistive memories, there are known an MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory), a PRAM (Phase-Change Random Access Memory), and a ReRAM (Resistance Random Access Memory). The feature of the resistive memory is that information is stored by a change in resistance value (resistance state) of a memory element. The resistance state of the memory element is determined by a sense amplifier. Specifically, at a time of an information read-out operation, a read current flowing in the memory element and a reference current flowing in a reference element are compared by a sense amplifier, thereby determining the resistance state of the memory element.
In the conventional resistive memory, however, there is a problem that the read-out characteristics deteriorate due to variance in input offset of the sense amplifier (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,976 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,707,710).


A method and apparatus for determining a location address for shared packet switched data. The data is to be accessible by a user of a first device and a user of a second device. A symmetric function is applied to a known identifier associated with the first device and a known identifier associated with the second device. The result of the function can then be used as an address for data to be accessible by users of both the first device and the second device, the data being stored on a remote server at a location defined by the address. The method ensures that the same address is calculated regardless of which identifier is used first, and that both devices can calculate the address without requiring any further signalling or capability/discovery mechanism.

Mobile telephones are used throughout the world, and can offer a user a variety of services. A mobile telephone is identified by an E.164 number, which is a unique identifier that has a predetermined format; typically it starts with a number code to identify the country in which the mobile telephone is registered, and also includes a number code to identify the geographic region within the country in the case of land lines, or the mobile service provider in the case of mobile telephones. The remaining numbers identify the mobile telephone uniquely within that country and service provider or geographical area.
All mobile telephones support circuit switched (CS) voice calls and Short Message Service (SMS) messaging for sending text messages. Sometimes services may go beyond that of traditional telephony, but even so telephony is used as a means to set up a communication session between two mobile telephones even where the communication session is not a voice call or SMS message.
An example of such a scheme is where an initial service discovery in order to determine whether the receiver has the capabilities of receiving such a communication session is initially done using a traditional telephony call. The receiver's E.164 number is used to contact the receiver, and once the capabilities of the receiver have been established, the communication session can begin. The communication session need not use the E.164 number, but could instead use, for example, an Instant Messaging address.
A similar approach is used for so-called combinational services (CSI). CSI has a mode in which a normal CS telephony call using an E.164 number secures a voice communication between two devices such as mobile telephones, and a separate but associated IP Multimedia Services (IMS) session is routed via IP to add functionality such as video.
The above two examples illustrate that a CS telephone call using an E.164 number can be used to initiate a more advanced packet switched (PS) communication service.
Distributed Shared Memory (DSM), also known as Distributed Global Address Space (DGAS) is a concept in which two or more devices, such as mobile telephones or personal computers, have access to a shared memory. A DSM is a distributed global addressable memory space where each memory space in the DSM is assigned a unique address. By knowing this address, it is possible to get a copy or reference to that memory. By giving both devices the location of the memory space, each device can access the shared memory and make changes to it.
One way to implement a DSM is to provide a centralized solution where the DSM resides on an external server. A drawback to this approach is that whenever a device wishes to write to the DSM, it must acquire a "lock" to the server before making any changes in order to prevent the memory to become corrupted. This means that only one device at a time can update the memory and all other devices must wait until the first device has finished its operations, thus making it unsuitable for implementing collaborative services.
Another approach to implementing a DSM is to let allow each client device to acquire a local copy or replica of the DSM, and then synchronize the DSM in the background. Any modification to a particular DSM is synchronized so that every replica converges to the same state after some time. This is known as eventual consistency as the DSM and the replicas stored at each device only become consistent after a period of time.
Some DSM systems use Operational Transformation (OT) to provide eventual consistency. This allows client devices to use a DSM replica instance locally and then synchronize changes to the DSM master instance in the background. Any operation (such as get, add, delete and clear) on a DSM replica instance is applied immediately without being delayed, as would be the case for a centralized solution in which a server request and response would be required. This makes it possible to implement responsive user interfaces without having to wait for the client device to obtain a lock on the central DSM.
OT is used to resolve merge conflicts that might occur if multiple devices or applications update the same memory at the same time. It allows each application to be completely unaware of other applications or devices. Each device acquires a DSM replica instance, which can be used to store and receive information without having to deal with synchronization issues or use some network signalling protocols to set up a session. Applications can also use a DSM without it having to be fully initialized and replicated. Any updates to the DSM are merged during the replication process.
A DSM can be used to store any kind of information. For example, a shared notes application is used to store text entered by the user. A shared map application stores a link to a map as well as coordinates and zoom settings for the current map view.
Below is an example of pseudo code illustrating how a DSM can be used to implement a shared Google Map application. When a user moves the map, the following code is triggered which will store the current position in the DSM.
var hash = dsmServer.get("7126362,7612711"); // get a replicahash.set("pos",{"lat":45.47371747815213,"lng":32.49429836273188});hash.submit( ); // send operations to other clients
Other client devices or applications that are also running the shared Google Map application will have their replicas updated when another client device or application changes a value stored in the DSM.
map = new google.maps.Map(...);var hash = dsmServer.get("7126362,7612711"); // get a replicahash.onRemoteUpdate(op) { if (op.type==Operation.SET && op.key=="pos") { var tmp = JSON.parse(op.value); var ltlg = new google.maps.LatLng(tmp.lat, tmp.lng); map.setCenter(ltlg); }}
Client devices can respond to changes in the DSM, for example a change to the current position of the Google Map, using the pseudo code above.
A shared map is only one example how a DSM can be used to implement a collaborative service. Other examples include shared notes, a remote telepointer, or a shared whiteboard. A DSM can be used to implement the sharing of any functions relating to PS data such as information available on a web page.
As described above, it is known to add PS functionality to a CS call using a separate session, and to use the CS call as a way of initializing the separate session. However, this relies on predefined content of the communication session such as voice, video, images. There is no support for a more dynamic interactivity such as shared whiteboards or shared notes.
Shared whiteboards, and screen sharing in general, can be found in PS applications but so far, no service exists today which combines an evolved CS call (such as CSI and Facetime) with interactive applications as described above.

Determining a location address for shared data


In known delivery systems, a pump chamber and a revolving impeller in the pump chamber rotating about a pump axis, in which protuberances are provided inside the pump chamber on predetermined end walls, it is disadvantageous that the protuberances very and are complicated to make. In the delivery system of the invention, the friction in the pump chamber is reduced and the efficiency is improved by providing spacers, which space the impeller apart from the end walls of the pump chamber. That the protuberances are disposed in at least one ring around the pump axis.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to an improved fuel delivery system for delivering fuel to an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A fuel delivery system with a pump chamber and a revolving impeller in the pump chamber rotating about a pump axis is already known from German Patent Disclosure DE 32 26 325 A1 in which protuberances are provided on predetermined end walls inside the pump chamber. The protuberances are disposed radially inward from a pump conduit provided in the end wall, and they extend away from the pump conduit in a straight line, rising in wedgelike fashion in the direction of revolution. In the rotation of the impeller in the pump chamber, the fluid backs up at the protuberances, generating a resultant force in the axial direction, pointing away from the end wall, and preventing the impeller from being able to come to rest on one of the end walls of the pump chamber. As a result, the protuberances act like a hydrodynamic bearing. Because of this, the friction acting counter to the impeller rotating in the pump chamber is reduced, and the efficiency of the fuel pump is increased. A disadvantage is that the protuberances are very complicated to produce.


An adjustment apparatus for a sunroof includes a cover support element (19), a guide element (13a, 13b), a carriage element (3), and means of control (4 through 7) for the adjustment of the cover piece. The cover support element (19), with the cover piece (8) can be tilted around a first cam (7a) and displaced. The means of control join the cover piece with the carriage element in a manner relative to each other such that they can be displaced along the aforementioned longitudinal direction.. A simple design of the control system is achieved by virtue of the fact that. a first connecting link (2) is provided, in which the cam (7a) is guided, PA1 the carriage element and the cover support element are joined with each other, by means of a second connecting link (5) and a second cam (7b) that is guided in it, in such a way that the first cam (7a) also moves along the second connecting link (5) when the second cam (7b) is moved in the second connecting link (5), and PA1 the first and the second guide curves (2 and 5) always form an angle with one another relative to the first and second cams (7a and 7b).

1. Area of the Invention
The invention relates to an adjustment apparatus for a sunroof that exhibits at least one cover piece for the optional closing and at least partial uncovering of a roof opening in a solid roof area of a vehicle, particularly an automobile, in which the roof opening is delimited by a base piece with side pieces that define a longitudinal direction and that lie opposite one another, and in which the cover piece is displaceable along the aforementioned longitudinal direction. An adjustment apparatus of this type includes at least one cover support element, one guide element for a carriage element that serves as the drive for the cover piece, and a means of control for the adjustment of the cover piece. The cover support element, of which there is at least one, is rigidly joined with the cover piece and can be tilted (swiveled) around a first cam that runs cross-wise to the aforementioned longitudinal direction and that is placed near the front edge of the cover, and can be displaced along the aforementioned longitudinal direction by means of a cam. The guide surface, of which there is at least one, extends along the aforementioned longitudinal direction and is secured to the base piece. The carriage element, of which there is at least one, is guided in a displaceable fashion along the aforementioned guide surface and thereby along the aforementioned longitudinal direction and moves the cover piece. The means of control for adjusting the cover piece join the cover piece to the carriage element in a manner in which they can be moved relative to one another along the aforementioned longitudinal direction.
One preferred area of application for the invention is the so-called "spoiler roof ". These are sliding roofs for vehicles, especially automobiles, that include a movable, cover-like closing element for a roof opening and are constructed in such a way that when a drive apparatus is actuated, for example, a crank, first the rear end of the closing cover raises up so that it is tilted and then, following that, the closing cover is displaced approximately horizontally while retaining the tilted position.
The area of application of the invention includes not only those sunroofs which are built in at the factory during the manufacture of the vehicle, but also those sunroofs which can be installed afterwards.
2. Description of the State of the Art A "spoiler roof" with an adjustment apparatus of the type described at the beginning is known from DE 33 11 452 C2. In the case of this known adjustment apparatus, the transport carriage and the guide/swivel cam of the cover support element in same are rigidly placed in the frame of the sunroof, and are guided and displaced in guide elements that extend completely straight. The transport carriage is joined only indirectly, but not directly, with the cover support element, and specifically, by means of a swiveling lever that is controlled by the transport carriage and that is secured in a swiveling manner to the cover and to the cover support element on one side, and is guided at its opposite end in a displaceable fashion in the above-mentioned guide element. This lever represents a means of height adjustment at the rear and includes, in addition, a locking element that prevents the cover piece from being displaced to the rear while it is being tilted upward.
This locking element, together with the above-mentioned guide element, is used in addition to ensure that the cover that has been displaced to the rear cannot be tilted back into the closed position as it is being moved forward, but rather, only after it has reached its position of most forward movement, that is, a position in which it is completely above the opening in the roof. This adjustment apparatus thus requires a large number of components with complicated shapes, and to that extent, distinguishes itself little from adjustment apparatuses for other known spoiler roofs.
A different adjustment apparatus for a "spoiler roof" is known from DE 38 01 881 C2. Although this known adjustment apparatus dispenses with one lever of the type that was described above in connection with DE 33 11 452 C2, the number of necessary components and the complexity of the shapes, as well as the multiple sequences of movements of the components, is no less than is the case in accordance with DE 33 11 452 C2, because independent components are required for holding the cover in its position of most forward movement during the tipping up of the cover and for preventing the tipping down of the cover as it is being moved forward. In the case of this known adjustment apparatus, the cover support element--in contrast with the adjustment apparatus in accordance with DE 33 11 452 C2 --is not guided directly in a guide that is provided in the sunroof frame and supported by a corresponding guide cam, but instead, the cover support element is entirely supported by the transport carriage at two points that lie one behind the other, and is controlled by the transport carriage with respect to its swiveling and height adjustment movements.
Disclosure through Reference
With regard to the components and the means of control that are known for adjustment apparatuses for spoiler roofs and that are made use of, or if need be, can be made use of by the adjustment apparatus in accordance with the invention, for one, the technical disclosure through reference that is known by means of the already cited documents DE 33 11 452 C2 and DE 38 01 881 C2 is included in this patent. In addition, DE 40 37 975 A1 is also included through reference, because it is already known by means of that document that the adjustment apparatus for a spoiler roof can be housed in a center brace that divides the roof opening, and not in the side pieces of the frame.


Provided is an oil/fat powder comprising the following Components (A), (B) and (C): (A) 15 to 79.9 wt. % of a glyceride mixture containing 5 to 84.9 wt. % of triglycerides, 0.1 to 5 wt. % of monoglycerides and 15 to 94.9 wt. % of diglycerides, and having, as at least 50 wt. % of all the constitutive fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids; (B) 20 to 84.9 wt. % of one or at least two powder forming bases selected from carbohydrates, proteins and peptides; (C) 0.1 to 5 wt. % of water. The diglyceride-containing oil/fat powder according to the present invention exhibits good taste, and excellent dispersibility in water and storage stability. Moreover, owing to good handling use and workability when it is added to food, it can be used readily for various forms of foods. Foods containing this oil/fat powder taste good and have good storage stability.

When an oil/fat-containing processed food is produced, there is a demand for using particularly a powdered oil/fat in consideration of easy handling, workability, and easy application to foods of various forms. A number of powdering techniques of an oil/fat containing mainly triglycerides have conventionally been disclosed (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 50-110403, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 56-104998, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 57-159896, and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-56604).
Techniques of making use of partial glycerides for an oil/fat powder are also disclosed. For example, disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 62-210975 is a technique of covering an oil/fat powder with medium-chain fatty acid mono-diglycerides, thereby improving its dispersibility in cold water. This technique is however accompanied with the drawbacks that addition of the covering step makes the preparation process cumbersome, dispersibility in powder such as protein and carbohydrate is inferior owing to the low content of medium-chain fatty acid mono-diglycerides and the medium-chain fatty acids introduce an undesirable taste peculiar thereto.
In Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-172782, proposed is a technique relating to a highly-unsaturated-fatty-acid-containing monoglyceride powder. This technique makes it possible to impart the powder with excellent water dispersibility but the powder lacks in rich oil taste and has an undesirable taste, thus is not satisfactory.
In Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-271892, disclosed is a technique of solidifying a glyceride oil/fat containing, as a constitutive fatty acid, highly unsaturated fatty acids by mixing it with Zein. But, hydrolysis of the glyceride cannot be suppressed, leading to insufficient taste and storage stability.
In addition, a cooking oil/fat containing partial glycerides having a sum of a saponification value and a hydroxyl value falling within a predetermined range, and a powder thereof are disclosed (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-217513). The oil/fat however has problems in taste such as shortage of oil taste and storage stability and at the same time, cakes are formed during preparation.
It is known from the previous researches that diglycerides have effects for suppressing body fat accumulation (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-300826, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-176181). It is very important to powder an oil/fat containing diglycerides having a unique health-promoting function, more specifically, capable of suppressing body fat accumulation in order to expand its application range.
Only application of the conventional powdering technique to a diglycerides-rich oil/fat however sometimes causes such problems as that the oil/fat thus powdered is insufficient in taste, texture and storage stability, and that a large amount of cakes appear during preparation.
An object of the present invention is therefore to provide an oil/fat powder containing diglycerides, being excellent in taste, texture, storage stability and dispersibility in water, and at the same time, having good dispersibility in powders such as protein and carbohydrate; and a processed food containing the oil/fat powder.


Provided is a structure in which a shield 308 and a heat sink 307 integrated with a radiation fin 306 are sandwiched by a main substrate 381a and a power source substrate 381b. A hood 142d covers the radiation fin 306 so as to collect air for cooling. Major parts of the main substrate 381a are in contact with the heat sink 307 via heat conduction members having different heat conductivity so that an even thermal distribution is provided. Thus, parts of electronic equipment can be efficiently disposed in a limited space. Moreover, the parts of the electronic equipment can be effectively cooled.

Sales of electronic equipment are influenced not only by its functions but also by its exterior designs, especially when such electronic equipment is a product for individual end users. For example, when the electronic equipment is an entertainment apparatus used for games, music reproduction, video reproduction or telecommunication, such electronic equipment is largely influenced by its external design in particular.
Therefore, external designs are carefully determined. Once the external design is determined and a product is released to the market, it is not desirable to change the external design because the design itself establishes an identity as a symbol of the entertainment apparatus. Moreover, even if the electronic equipment maintains the same external design, for example, changing its size without careful consideration may cause the equipment to lose compatibility with accessories such as external attachments. A casing embodying the external design must be therefore basically unchanged for a lifecycle of the entertainment apparatus.
However, speed of technological progress of the electronic equipment is very fast as compared with the lifecycle of the entertainment apparatus. An entertainment apparatus of this kind tends to be desired to show higher performance based on advanced technologies in reproducing beautiful animations with more reality and in executing technologically advanced games.
Therefore, design change is sometimes desired for applying parts with higher performance than those adopted at the time of its release. Moreover, as a style of usage of the entertainment apparatus has become diversified, some users demand mounting of an apparatus having a new function such as an external storage device, a communication apparatus and the like.

Circuit substrate unit and electronic equipment


Changes in the state of a chemical reactant, particularly a resin used for purifying gases, are measured by directing a beam of light through the reactant and detecting changes in the light transmissivity of the reactant as the reactant goes from a first state to a second state.

Pure gases are a critical component in many industrial processes today. Gas purity is typically measured as the quantity of all contaminants as a percentage of the total, e.g., 99.9999% (referred to as "6 nines pure"), or the quantity of individual impurities in ppm (parts per million) or ppb (parts per billion).
Industry requirements for the purity of gases are continually increasing. Many gases are now required to be "8 or 9 nines" pure. Such purity requirements are very difficult to achieve in the initial purification process, and they are almost impossible to maintain to the point of use after the gas has been put into a gas cylinder, and the cylinder has been shipped to the customer and attached to an appropriate gas regulator and gas piping. The gas cylinder, regulator and piping are all sources of contamination.
One way to provide gases of required purity at the point of use is to perform a final purification process immediately before use. An efficient and cost-effective purification process at the point of use involves passing the gas through a chemically reactive resin bed that chemically absorbs certain impurities, such as oxygen, water vapor or hydrocarbons. The resins are typically placed in a stainless steel cylinder which has appropriate pipe fittings such that the cylinder containing the resin can be placed in the gas line for a final purification.
One problem associated with the use of a resin is determining when the resin has become chemically depleted and no longer able to purify the gas. A solution is to install equipment such as residual gas analyzers, spectrometers or other electronic instruments to measure gas purity at the point of use. In most cases, however, such a solution is prohibitively expensive.
Another solution involves observing some physical change that occurs in certain resins when they become chemically depleted. For example, Saes Corporation manufactures a resin whose electrical conductivity changes as the resin becomes chemically depleted. A purification module includes the resin in a stainless steel container, with appropriate pipe fittings and a resistance gauge to determine when the resin is depleted. U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,226 describes a gas purification module containing a resin whose reflectivity changes as the resin is depleted. The reflectivity is monitored and the purification module is replaced when the reflectivity measurements indicate that the resin has become depleted.
There are several weaknesses with both of these methods. Most resins which are used for gas purification purposes are not electrically conductive. Furthermore, using electrical conductivity to measure resin depletion requires an electrical connection to the resin. Many gases requiring purification are extremely corrosive and it is therefore very difficult to maintain a good electrical connection in such an environment. Also, many resins do not exhibit a change in reflectivity with resin depletion or exhibit such a small change in reflectivity that detecting the change requires very sensitive instruments.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a means of determining resin depletion that does not rely on the conductivity or reflectivity of the resin.

Optoelectronic detector for chemical reactions


A method and apparatus is provided for automatically classifying a multimedia artifact based on scoring, and selecting the appropriate set of ontologies from among all possible sets of ontologies, preferably using a recursive routing selection technique. The semantic tagging of the multimedia artifact is enhanced by applying only classifiers from the selected ontology, for use in classifying the multimedia artifact, wherein the classifiers are selected based on the context of the multimedia artifact. One embodiment of the invention, directed to a method for classifying a multimedia artifact, uses a specified criteria to select one or more ontologies, wherein the specified criteria indicates the comparative similarity between specified characteristics of the multimedia artifact and each ontology. The method further comprises scoring and selecting one or more classifiers from a plurality of classifiers that respectively correspond to semantic element of the selected ontologies, and evaluating the multimedia artifact using the selected classifiers to determine a classification for the multimedia artifact.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention disclosed and claimed herein generally pertains to selection of resources from among various methods of automatic content tagging in large scale systems. More particularly, the invention pertains to a method and apparatus for automatically classifying multimedia artifacts by scoring and selecting appropriate ontologies from amongst all possible sets of ontologies, such as by recursive routing selection. Even more particularly, the invention pertains to a method of the above type wherein the semantic tagging of the multimedia artifact is improved, or enhanced by applying only classifiers selected from the selected ontologies, based on the context of the multimedia artifact.
2. Description of the Related Art
Vast amounts of multimedia content are being created in many areas of science and commerce, necessitating the need for new automatic data analysis and knowledge discovery tools for more efficient data management. Semantic classification algorithms are being developed for classification to add metadata and facilitate semantic search. A principal challenge in semantic content modeling is the complexity of the modeled domain. Projecting multimedia content into a high-dimensional semantic space requires a suitable set of semantic classifiers that effectively and efficiently capture the underlying semantics of the data stream. Classifiers are often mapped to classes belonging to a specific ontology and specific domain, such as Broadcast News Video, Surveillance Video, Medical Imaging, Personal Photos, and the like.
As processing power increases and data size increases exponentially, the number of classes that need to be detected, and can be detected, is also increasing considerably. Moreover, as the number and variety of automatic content classifiers increases, so does the entropy or randomness of the respective analysis system. Evaluating thousands of existing semantic concepts against terabytes of data is computationally expensive and redundant, and results in a computational bottleneck, or in an increased need for human experts who can select the appropriate set of classifiers to be automatically evaluated against a content item. Adding automatic classifiers results in a less efficient and less effective system, if the proper context of the automatic tagging is not included. At present, no solution exists for efficient traversing through the set of existing ontologies, and for the smart selection of classifiers associated with the respective ontologies in order to accommodate a large scale of classifiers and data. Moreover, automatic classifiers for the same class can differ significantly in the context of different ontologies;, for example, Person Activity in Surveillance Videos versus Person Activity in Broadcast News. The known solutions for selecting the most appropriate classifiers either adopt (or build) a single ontology, or else evaluate against a manually selected set of concepts within all available ontologies. This can compromise the quality of the content retrieval, since weak and redundant classifiers can have the same relevance in the semantic tagging as the more reliable ones.
In recent years, a substantial amount of effort has been put into designing semantic concept detectors for various concepts of interest in different domains. The "Large Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia" IEEE Trans. Multimedia, July 2006, initiative has identified nearly 1000 concepts of interest for visual analysis. For example, Kender and Naphade, in "Visual concepts for news story tracking: Analyzing and exploiting the NIST TRECVID video annotation experiment," IEEE Proc. Int. Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2005, exploited the relationships between concepts, and used various criteria to determine the maturity of LSCOM concept definition and ontology completeness. Also, performance of semantic classifiers can be enhanced using context, as shown on a moderate-size lexicon by Naphade and Smith in "Mining the Semantics of Concepts and Context," Intl. Workshop on Multimedia Data Management (MDM-KDD), 2003. However, ontologies offer varying interpretations of concepts when used within context.
Moreover, analysis of vast amounts of image and video data available on internet blogs and web chat rooms has produced a need to analyze multiple modalities such as associated text, audio, speech, URL and XML data. This type of data is needed to automatically place a multimedia artifact in a context, and to offer clues that will result in correct ontology selection. For example, Benitez, Smith, and Chang introduced a multimedia knowledge representation framework of semantic and perceptual information in "MediaNet: A Multimedia Information Network for Knowledge Representation", Proc. SPIE 2000 Conference on Internet Multimedia Management Systems (IS&T/SPIE-2000), Vol. 4210, 2000.
Reconciling ontology entries to create a normalized omniscient ontology may be virtually impossible. Thus, choosing the right set of ontologies, and the right set of classifiers for a multimedia artifact is one of the key problems in regard to large simultaneous information feeds of video streams that need to be analyzed and indexed. Statistical approaches to determine both classifiers and ontologies simultaneously need exhaustive evaluation and pruning in order to make an ontology manageable for a large number of classes.
In the absence of a solution that addresses the above situation, selecting the right set of classifiers for multimedia artifacts that are based on the appropriate context and determined by the appropriate ontologies in a large scale classification system, will continue to be a problem.

Method and apparatus for classifying multimedia artifacts using ontology selection and semantic classification

International Business Machines Corporation


An apron assembly for a bathing fixture which allows access to equipment placed behind it without requiring any additional hardware and cost to the bathtub and affords precise alignment of the apron assembly with the rim of the bathing fixture. In a preferred manner, a bolt is threaded to a metal brace member on a frame which has access openings adjacent the bolt for adjustment purposes. The bolt acts as an adjustable brace. A panel member is easily attached to and removed from the frame member.

A. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to structures for enclosing bathing fixtures such as bathtubs and whirlpools. More particularly, it relates to aprons for attachment thereto.
B. Description of the Art
Aprons for bathtubs and whirlpools are commonly used to give a finished look to a bathtub and whirlpool, and in the instance of the latter, to provide access to equipment such as pumps, motors, piping, etc. located behind the apron. A problem arises with installing aprons which are made of flexible materials and securing them to the bathing fixture. There is also a need to provide access to various equipment such as pumps, motors and piping associated with bathing fixtures.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,669,133 there is described an apron for bathtubs which has an adjustment feature for sheet-form materials. However, it requires the use of a suction cup, does not afford alignment with a tub rim and has no opening to provide access to any equipment located behind it.
Another problem with aprons of the type which afford adjustable alignment is access to an adjustment device located behind the apron. With the apron covering the side wall of the bathing fixture, this presents a problem.
Most apron designs require attachment hardware underneath and affixed to the tub. This adds to the cost.
Another factor is that to reduce costs, plastic materials of minimal thickness are used, yet it is desirable to have an apron structure which is rigid and easily aligned with the bathing fixture.
Thus, it can be seen that a need exists for an improved apron assembly.


A hand-held pressurized product dispenser including a container containing a product under pressure, a valve mechanism and base structure at the top of the container, a nozzle that moves between an unactuated position and a discharge position, and a side lever that extends along the can and is movable to move the nozzle from the unactuated position to the discharge position. The dispenser also has a dome that is rotatably connected to the base structure and surrounds the nozzle and interacts with the nozzle to cause rotation of the nozzle between a locked position and an unlocked position. The nozzle has one or more downwardly directed feet that align with solid areas of an upwardly directed surface in the locked position and that align with open areas of the base structure in the unlocked position, such that the nozzle is free to move into the discharge position.

Various products have been conveniently dispensed in a pressurized form from a hand-held container such as a spray can. Typically a push button on top of the can is depressed to actuate a valve that provides an open path from the material in the container to a spray nozzle on the push button that directs the pressurized material in a direction that is perpendicular to the push button direction. This push button type of mechanism is often used for antiperspirant, deodorant and shaving cream dispensers.
Alternatively, some valves are actuated by providing a tilt (sideways push) action to an elongated tubular nozzle that directs the product along the axis of the can. Such valves are often employed in whipped cream dispensers.
In some dispensing devices, side levers have been used to activate the spray nozzle. Examples are U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,494,349; 3,252,626; 3,648,905 and 4,826,054. The '349 patent has a side lever that is located on one side of a can and is pivotally connected at the other side of the can, and a locking ring around the side of the can under the lever arm that is actuated by rotation. In the '054 patent, before rotating the locking member (which is narrower than the can and at the base of nozzle) the lever is held against side of can; after rotating, the lever moves out and can then be depressed to tilt the nozzle and eject.

Hand-held product dispensers having pressurized delivery


Methods and apparatus for wireless communication in a mobile device that includes receiving a transmission data packet and detecting a string of bytes in the transmission data packet that matches a preset string of bytes saved in a memory component. Aspects of the methods and apparatus include replacing the string of bytes of the transmission data packet that has been determined to match the preset string of bytes saved in the memory component with a location pointer, wherein after replacing the string of bytes in the data packet with the location pointer, the data packet comprises the location pointer and a set of literal bytes. Aspects of the methods and apparatus also include generating a compressed transmission data packet by entropy coding the transmission data packet comprising the set of literal-bytes and the location pointer.

1. Field
Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to telecommunication systems, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for a telecommunication system with a memory based packet coding for compression and decompression, thereby providing consistent service in a wireless communication system.
2. Background
Wireless and wire-line communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and so on. Such networks, which are usually multiple access networks, support communications for multiple users by sharing the available network resources. One example of such a network is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The UTRAN is the radio access network (RAN) defined as a part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a third generation (3G) mobile phone technology supported by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The UMTS, which is the successor to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies, currently supports various air interface standards, such as Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA), and Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA). The UMTS also supports enhanced 3G data communications protocols, such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), which provides higher data transfer speeds and capacity to associated UMTS networks.
As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, research and development continue to advance the UMTS technologies not only to meet the growing demand for mobile broadband access, but to advance and enhance the user experience with mobile communications in multimode devices.
However, in some multimode devices, packet data traffic between a mobile user equipment (UE) and a corresponding access network may not always be encoded in a format that minimizes the transmission packet size.
Thus, aspects of this an apparatus and method include minimizing transmission packet size via a memory based transmission packet compression encoding for providing consistent service in a wireless communication system.

Method and apparatus for a memory based packet compression encoding


A motor vehicle having at least one headlight for illuminating the surroundings of the motor vehicle and a control device for controlling the headlight, wherein the headlight comprises a plurality of lighting segments that are arranged in the manner of a matrix and that can be actuated separately by the control device for providing a lighting brightness that can be predefined separately for the individual lighting segments, wherein the control parameter predefining the specific lighting brightness for each of the lighting segments can be calculated by the control device in at least one computing step as a function of input parameters that can be provided by at least one vehicle device, wherein the computing step or at least one of the computing steps may be executed in parallel by the control device for a plurality of the lighting segments.

The use in motor vehicles of headlights that have light sources that are arranged in the manner of a matrix and the brightness of which may be controlled independently of one another is known. With such light sources arranged in the manner of a matrix, it is possible to flexibly adapt a light distribution provided by the headlight to a driving situation. For example, the light distributions for a low-beam headlight and a high-beam headlight may be provided using the same matrix of light sources, the orientation of the light cone may be adapted to implement an adaptive headlight or the like, or regions may be inten-tionally excepted from the illumination in order to prevent glare for others using the road. The higher the number of light sources used, the more flexibly a light distribution may be adapted.
In order to actuate such a headlight, provided in the motor vehicle is a control device that determines lighting brightnesses for each of the light sources and transmits them via a bus to the power electronics unit of the headlight. Here it is problematic that as the number of independently controlled light sources used increases, the computing power required for a processor used in the control device to determine the individual lighting brightnesses increases. If a high resolution headlight system is used that has 10,000, 100,000, or more lighting segments, such actuation is not possible with currently employed processors, since the latter do not have adequate performance.
The performance of a processor may be increased in that its working speed, that is, its clock speed, is increased. However, this results in rising energy consumption, rising cooling requirements, and higher demands on the specifications of the processor. Use of a faster processor would therefore be technically complex and expensive.
The underlying object of the present disclosure is therefore to provide a motor vehicle that, in contrast, permits less technically complex and more easily implemented actuation of high resolution headlight systems.

Motor vehicle having at least one headlight with separately actuated light segments


The present invention provides a method of fabricating a high-voltage CMOS device, in which an extended drain region failing to enclose a heavily-doped drain region is separated from a high current flow path to enable high electric field concentration and breakdown to occur within a bulk of a silicon substrate and by which device reliability can be enhanced. The present invention includes the steps of forming a pad oxide layer on a substrate, forming a heavily doped drain region, a heavily doped source region, a source region, and an extended drain region failing to enclose the heavily doped drain region by ion implantation using a pattern provided on the pad oxide layer, forming a field oxide layer on a prescribed area of the extended drain region, and forming a gate and a gate spacer over the substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of fabricating a high-voltage CMOS device, by which an extended drain region fails to enclose a heavily-doped drain region.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Generally, a power MOSFET device has a switching speed superior to that of other power devices and is characterized in having low ON-resistance of a device having a relatively low strength voltage below 300V, and a high-voltage lateral power MOSFET becomes popular as a high-integration power device.
There are various high-voltage power devices such as DMOSFET (double-diffused MOSFET), insulated gate bipolar transistor, EDMOSFET (extended drain MOSFET), LDMOSFET (lateral double-diffused MOSFET), etc.
Specifically, LDMOSFET is variously applicable to HSD (high side driver), LSD (low side driver), H-bridge circuit, and the like and its fabrication is facilitated. Yet, in the LDMOSFET, a doping density of a channel region is structurally uneven to bring a high threshold voltage thereof and breakdown takes place on s silicon substrate surface of a drift region in the vicinity of the channel region.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional diagram of a high-voltage CMOS transistor according to a related art.
Referring to FIG. 1, a lightly-doped extended N type drain 12 is formed in a P type substrate 11. And, a highly doped N+ type drain is sufficiently distant from a source 14 to provide a high strength voltage even if a high voltage is applied to a drain 13.
However, a current flow path appears on a surface region of the above-configured high-voltage CMOS transistor. As the high voltage is applied to the drain, an electric field is focused on a surface junction 15 between the extended N type drain and the P type substrate. Hence, both of the high current migration and the electric field concentration take place simultaneously to degrade device reliability due to the corresponding colliding ionization. Moreover, breakdown occurs on a semiconductor surface to lower the device reliability as well.

Method of fabricating high-voltage CMOS device


A system for dispersing birds away from airfields includes a central computer unit and a base antenna system, a hand held transmitter, and a plurality of remotely disposed, positionable gas cannons, each cannon is connected to a single control unit. Each gas cannon produces a high decibel explosion by feeding a combustible gas from a pressurized storage tank housed within the cannon control unit. In addition, the system includes an endless recording of chaotic noises, such as barking dogs, sirens, breaking glass, etc., for broadcasting. The noise broadcasts are via all weather speakers remotely disposed along with the gas cannons. The noises, broadcast in 15-20 second bursts, are made simultaneously or alternatively to the gas cannons. Each control unit has a radio receiver powered by a battery. The central computer unit uses control software and a base antenna enabling transmission of operation instructions to the control units. An operator using the system may select the time and duration in which any combination of cannon firings or noise broadcasts. The hand held transmitter included with the system is used for remote communication to and operation of the central computer unit via the base antenna system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system of noise making devices for dispersing or scaring away birds or other wildlife from airfields and other areas. More specifically, the invention relates to system of gas cannons which are operated by a hand held transmitter and a central computer unit having control software.
2. Description of Prior Art
Considerable damage to aircraft has been caused by birds congregating around airfields and flying into the paths of the aircraft during takeoff and landing. Many systems and devices attempting to solve this problem by scaring the birds from the area around the airfield with noise making devices have been shown in the prior art. These include devices which intermittently produce high decibel explosions and systems which include several noise making devices that are remotely controlled by a central computer unit. However, none of the prior art discloses a system for dispersing birds from an airfield which includes computer activated radio controlled systems utilizing a plurality of gas cannons and a plurality of solar powered radio receivers that may be selectively operated by a hand held transmitter and a central computer unit having control software.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,102, issued Oct. 2, 1984 to Troy, et al., shows a bird dispersal system which preferably includes a plurality of gas cannons that may be selectively controlled by a remote unit via electric cable or wires. In an alternate embodiment, a radio transmission may be employed as a communications link between the gas cannons and the remote unit.
The bird dispersal system of Troy et al. differs from the present invention in that the system does not include a hand held transmitter unit that allows the system to be operated from anywhere on the airfield, solar powered gas cannons, or a computer having control software that allows the timing and duration of operation of any selected combination of gas cannons to be controlled as does the present invention
U.S. Pat. No. 2,920,600, issued Jan. 12, 1960 to Hori et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 2,941,197, issued Jun. 14, 1960 to Marotta each shows a device for producing high decibel explosions at regular intervals for the purpose of dispersing birds and other pests from the area in which the devices are placed. The devices of Hori et al. and Marotta feed a combustible gas from a pressurized tank into a combustion chamber where it is ignited by an electrical igniting element resulting in a high decibel explosion. While the devices of Hori et al and Marotta operate in a similar fashion to the gas cannons of the present invention, they are not mounted on rotating bases to allow the sound to be directed in a full 360.degree. circle and they are not part of a computer and radio controlled system like the present invention. Additionally, by producing the high decibel explosions at regular intervals, birds often become quickly accustomed to the explosions and the devices become ineffective. The present invention is actively operated to prevent this problem.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,056,376, issued Oct. 2, 1962 to Bender, shows a device which produces a high decibel explosion at regular intervals by igniting a combustible gas in a combustion chamber that is mounted on a turntable. The device of Bender differs from the gas cannons of the present invention in that the combustible gas it uses is produced by calcium carbide and water rather than being fed from a pressurized gas tank, and in that its combustion chamber is caused to spin randomly to a different angular position by the force of each explosion unlike the present invention which uses gas cannons that are caused to rotate by a gas pressure powered chain and sprocket drive.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,304,358, issued Dec. 8, 1942 to Hennefer and U.S. Pat. No. 3,897,195, issued Jul. 29, 1975 to Finch, each shows a device for producing a combustible gas by the introduction of calcium carbide into water, feed the gas into a combustion chamber, and ignite it to produce a high decibel explosion. The devices of Hennefer and Finch differ from the present invention in that they do not utilize storage tanks of pressurized combustible gas and in that they are not part of a centrally controlled system.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,826, issued Jul. 19, 1988 to Wall, shows another device for producing a high decibel explosion. The Wall device ignites a small exploding charge placed within a combustion chamber to produce the explosion rather than igniting a combustible gas fed into the chamber from a pressurized storage tank.
None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singularly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed. Thus, a bird dispersing system solving the aforementioned problems is desired.


A digital circuit interrupter containing radio frequency sensitive electronic equipment employs an electrically-insulative enclosure having a conductive coating on the exterior surface. The enclosure is inserted within the circuit interrupter enclosure during automated assembly of the circuit interrupter components.

This invention relates to so-called "smart" circuit interrupters employing digital electronic trip units. One such smart circuit interrupter is described within U.S. Pat. No. 4,589,052. Such digital trip units are capable of acting on a number of programmed setpoint trip parameters to interrupt the circuit being protected in a timely manner. One such digital trip unit which allows for user interaction and which provides capability both to select trip parameters and to view the selected trip parameters is found within U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,501.
For purposes of reducing cost while maintaining accuracy and functionality of the digital trip units, microprocessors are being employed to gather information, process the information, and provide a means of monitoring the information using associated digital circuitry. The use of such microprocessors allows more protection functions to be contained in smaller-sized enclosures.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,531 entitled "Circuit Breaker with Removable Display and Keypad" describes a user-interface unit that contains display capability for a multiplicity of circuit interrupter options by means of software located within the trip unit microprocessor while only displaying those parameters for which the digital trip unit is configured.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,443 and 4,991,042 both describe digital circuit interrupters employing user-accessible keypads and displays for both metering and circuit interruption. The intelligence contained within such "smart" circuit interrupters lies within the digital processor contained within the electronic trip circuit, usually housed within the circuit interrupter cover. However, such digital processors can be susceptible to powerful localized radio frequency interference signals hereafter "RFI" emanating from portable communication transmitters and telephones as well as localized electromagnetic interference hereafter "EMI" caused by high inductive switching circuits. RFI and EMI signals reaching the trip unit by parasitic transmission over the electric power distribution cables are readily filtered out from the trip unit circuit by conventional electronic filters. RFI and EMI signals that are transmitted to the trip unit circuit through the atmosphere can result in so-called "nuisance" tripping whereby the trip unit circuit becomes energized to a trip mode and, in turn, articulates the circuit breaker operating mechanism to interrupt circuit current during quiescent circuit current conditions. The shutdown of associated electrical equipment used within manufacturing facilities due to such nuisance tripping often results in unnecessary economic loss.
To delete such RFI and EMI signals from interfering with state-of-the-art electronic devices, a filter is generally interposed between the electronic devices and the possible sources of the RFI and EMI signals. U.S. Pat. No. 4,814,566 describes a pushbutton keyboard assembly employing EMI and RFI-shielded switch modules. U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,493 describes a gasket shielding for electronic equipment which contains embedded metal flakes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,884,171 teaches the use of EMI gaskets for shielding aircraft engine testers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,707 discloses a metallic cover plate used to provide EMI shielding to electric switches used on military aircraft.
One arrangement for protecting prior art digital circuit interrupting components from RFI and EMI signals comprises the application of electrically conductive paint directly onto the plastic housing that contains the sensitive electronic components during the circuit interrupter assembly. The direct application of conductive paint to the cover that houses the smart circuit interrupter components, however, is not feasible because of the risk of contacting the circuit interrupter components with the conductive paint. The extensive masking and venting techniques employed with the prior art digital circuit interrupter assembly processes are not feasible for the smart circuit interrupters due to the automated assembly of the digital electronic components as well as the compact arrangement of the electronic components within the circuit interrupter enclosure.
Accordingly, one purpose of this invention is to provide an inexpensive RFI and EMI filter that can be inserted within the smart circuit interrupter enclosure in an automated assembly process without requiring masking of the enclosure or venting of the environment surrounding the assembly equipment.

Digital circuit interrupter with RFI and EMI shielding


An aqueous protective coating composition particularly useful for can coatings based on a polymeric binder comprises diepoxide crosslinked microgel particles. The microgel polymer is produced by dispersing into water a carboxyl functional acrylic-epoxy copolymer and combined with a carboxyl functional latex polymer along with a low molecular weight diepoxide, followed by coreaction and crosslinking between the carboxyl polymers and the diepoxide to form stable aqueous dispersed microgel particles. In a preferred aspect of the invention, the carboxyl latex polymer is a swollen latex polymer.

Industrial coatings are surface protective coatings (paint coatings) applied to substrates and typically cured or crosslinked to form continuous films for decorative purposes as well as to protect the substrate. A protective coating ordinarily comprises an organic polymeric binder, pigments, and various paint additives, where the polymeric binder acts as a fluid vehicle for the pigments and imparts rheological properties to the fluid paint coating. Upon curing or crosslinking, the polymeric binder hardens and functions as a binder for the pigments and provides adhesion of the dried paint film to the substrate. The pigments may be organic or inorganic and functionally contribute to opacity and color in addition to durability and hardness. Protective coatings which contain little or no opacifying pigments are described as clear coatings. The manufacture of protective coatings involves the preparation of a polymeric binder, mixing of component materials, grinding of pigments in the polymeric binder, and thinning to commercial standards.
Epoxy resins are particularly desirable for use in protective surface coating materials as a vehicle or polymeric binder for the pigments, fillers, and other additives where the epoxy resins advantageously provide toughness, flexibility, adhesion, and chemical resistance. Water-dispersed coating compositions containing epoxy resins are highly desirable for can coating compositions and particularly useful for interior surfaces of containers. Coatings for soft drink and beer cans, for instance, are critical due to taste sensitivity wherein such can coatings must not alter the product taste of beverages in the containers. Taste problems can occur in a variety of ways such as by leaching of coating components into the beverage, or by absorption of flavor by the coating, or sometimes by chemical reaction, or by perhaps some combination thereof.
Container coating technology frequently utilizes an epoxy resin which has been grafted with acrylic monomers, styrene, and methacrylic acid. This grafted epoxy resin is prepared in solvent, usually butyl cellosolve, and n-butanol, to maintain low processing viscosities and then reduced with water by a direct or inverse let down procedure. Although cured film properties are highly desirable, such coatings suffer from the fact that sizeable amounts of solvents are required to obtain good performance. High molecular weight epoxy resins typically require 25% to 50% solvent (based on total solids plus organic solvent) before reducing with amine and water.
Epoxy based can coatings comprising a carbon grafted acrylic chain are disclosed is commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,212,781 which teaches a carbon grafting process involving solvent polymerization at moderate temperatures with high levels of peroxide initiator to produce a carbon-graft polymer. The high solvent levels, however, invariably carry over to the aqueous dispersion when the resulting polymers are dispersed into water to produce a VOC (volatile organic compounds) level considerably above 2 and typically between 3 and 4 pounds volatile organic compounds per gallon of resin solids. The acrylic grafted epoxy is particularly useful when utilized with a coreactive crosslinking melamine crosslinker,
Aqueous coating compositions based on microgel resin reaction product obtained by the esterification reaction of epoxy resin with carboxyl group containing vinyl polymer are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,434 where major amounts of high molecular weight epoxy are esterified in organic solvent with the carboxyl vinyl polymer to produce a non-gelled epoxy ester. The epoxy ester is subsequently dispersed into water followed by further coreacting of available epoxy and carboxyl groups on the preformed epoxy ester to form a microgel product. In commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,325, aqueous dispersed microgel polymers are produced by dispersing carboxyl functional acrylic-epoxy copolymer resin into water followed by dispersion of diepoxide and then crosslinking of the carboxyl copolymer by the diepoxide.
It now has been found that excellent aqueous dispersed protective coating compositions exhibiting improved film integrity properties can be prepared based on a polymeric binder comprising an aqueous dispersed carboxyl functional latex polymer combined with an acrylic-epoxy copolymer and subsequently crosslinked with low molecular weight diepoxide to form aqueous dispersed microgel polymer particles. In this invention, preferred latexes are first swollen with minimal additions of base such as amine or ammonia prior to crosslinking with the diepoxide. In a preferred aspect of this invention, the swollen carboxyl functional latex is mixed with an aqueous dispersed acrylic-epoxy carboxyl functional coploymer, whereupon the liquid diepoxide is added to the resulting polymeric mixture and heated for sufficient time to permit crosslinking between the carboxyl functionalities and the diepoxide resin. Swollen latex polymers provide more body and increase viscosity of the polymeric mixture along with high molecular weight while maintaining desired rheology control and achieving very low VOC coatings. By using latex polymers, much higher molecular weight polymers can be utilized while the VOC can be considerably reduced. Minor amounts of acrylic-epoxy copolymer enables dispersion of the diepoxide into the latex polymer. The paint films produced from the polymeric microgel polymer particles exhibit excellent water resistance along with clear glossy protective films. When the paint films are baked, the dispersion polymers further react where the microgel polymer particles cure together by an esterification reactions to yield a tough, water resistant film. These and other advantages of this invention will become more apparent by referring to the detailed description of the invention and the illustrative examples.

Aqueous microgel from carboxyl latex polymer, acrylic-epoxy and diepoxide


A sacrificial washer has a longitudinal central axis and comprises a cup and a cap. The cup includes a cup base wall extending transversely with respect to the axis, a cup radially outer wall extending outwardly away from the cup base wall, and a cup inner diameter. The cup includes a cap base wall extending transversely with respect to the axis and spaced axially away from the cup base wall, and a cap radially inner wall extending inwardly away from the cap base wall and having a cap inner diameter.

An example of a simple fastening system includes a bolt having a shank with a head having flats for engagement by a wrench, and a shank extending from the head through a passage in a cup and having external threads threaded into a threaded passage of a cap to mount the cup to the cap. Such systems often also include an annular washer circumscribing the bolt shank and axially trapped between the bolt head and a surface of the cup. Typically, washers are disc-shaped with a central hole, of unitary construction, and of flat, toothed, conical, helical, or wave shapes. Washers typically are used to distribute a fastening clamp load, prevent damage to a component surface, prevent galvanic corrosion between dissimilar metals, prevent loosening from vibration or thermal cycling, or reduce vibration.
Such systems are ancient, and work very well for many applications. But in other applications, an area of fastener clamp loading is too small to prevent loosening of the system due to vibration or thermal cycling. And some applications are subjected to forces so sudden and so great that the fasteners plastically stretch, fracture, or otherwise fail, thereby potentially resulting in separation of the fastened components. In a non-limiting example, systems for mounting and fastening ballistics deterrent equipment on armored-vehicles are subjected to wide range dynamic forces from ballistic events from bullets, rocket-propelled grenades, projectiles from mines and improvised explosive devices, and other ballistic projectiles. Such forces can compromise the integrity of the fasteners, such that the fasteners fail to constrain the ballistics deterrent equipment and may expose an armored-vehicle to complete penetration from subsequent ballistic projectiles.
Traditional solutions to such problems include increasing the size, quantity, and/or material quality of the fasteners. But such solutions may result in designs that are too costly, too heavy, too unreliable, or otherwise insufficient.

Sacrificial washer and related components


A monitoring device specifies a failure part in a first device group including a plurality of information processing devices and a relay device relaying access of the plurality of information processing devices. The monitoring device includes a determination unit and a test controller. The determination unit determines whether one or more destination addresses of information transmitted from the relay device to outside of the first device group, include an address of a storage device included in a second device group connected to the first device group through the relay device, where the storage device is a destination of access of at least one of the plurality of information processing devices. The test controller causes one of the plurality of information processing devices to execute a communication test with respect to the address of the storage device.

Hitherto, networks (for example, an internet protocol (IP) network), such as a cloud system in which hardware resources are over a plurality of data centers, which connect many physical servers executing virtual servers (virtual machines) and a storage to each other, have been known.
In the above-described networks, for example, when a failure occurs due to a breakdown or the like of a link, a physical server, or a storage, the influence of the failure on services which are provided through the network increases with an increase in the number of virtual servers in the network. Accordingly, it is important for a manager of each data center (center) to rapidly specify a broken-down part when detecting the occurrence of a failure in the own center and to evacuate a virtual server to be influenced by moving the virtual server to another physical server to thereby restore the services.
Here, the example depicted in FIG. 30 is exemplified as a method of detecting the occurrence of a failure and specifying a failure part in the center. FIG. 30 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method of detecting the occurrence of a failure and specifying a failure part in a center 101.
As depicted in FIG. 30, the center 101 includes a management device 110, a monitoring device 200, a switch 300, a router 400, a plurality of (e.g., four) server devices 500-1 to 500-4, and a storage 600.
The switch 300 is a device which connects the server devices 500-1 to 500-4 to the storage 600, and retains connection information indicating a connection relationship between the switch 300 and each device connected to the switch 300. The router 400 is a device which is connected to the switch 300 and also connected to another center 102 to relay a command or information such as data which is transferred between the center 101 and another center 102.
Through a local area network (LAN) cable or the like, the server devices 500-1 to 500-4 and the storage 600 are connected to the switch 300, and the switch 300 is connected to the router 400. The management device 110 and the monitoring device 200 are also connected to the switch 300 through a LAN cable or the like.
The server devices 500-1 to 500-4 each include hardware such as a central processing unit (CPU) and a memory to execute one or more virtual machines (VM) 501-1 to 501-4, respectively. The VMs 501-1 to 501-4 are virtual machines which are used for one user.
In addition, in the example depicted in FIG. 30, the VM 501-1 which is executed by the server device 500-1 is a VM for measurement and subjects other server devices 500-2 to 500-4 and the storage 600 to a communication test using a Ping or the like.
The storage 600 is a hardware resource including one or more storage devices such as a hard disk drive (HDD) and is used by the VMs 501-1 to 501-4.
The VMs 501-1 to 501-4 and the storage 600 form a network for a user.
The management device 110 manages the VMs 501-1 to 501-4 which are executed in the center 101. For example, the management device 110 retains information indicating which server device among the server devices 500-1 to 500-4 the VMs 501-1 to 501-4 are accommodated in.
The monitoring device 200 is a device which specifies a failure part caused in the center 101. Specifically, the monitoring device 200 collects, from the switch 300 and the like, topology information of the center 101 in order to specify the failure part, and collects, from the management device 110, information indicating which server device among the server devices 500-1 to 500-4 the VMs 501-1 to 501-4 are accommodated in.
For example, in FIG. 30, the VM 501-1 for measurement executes a communication test on other VMs 501-2 to 501-4 (server devices 500-2 to 500-4) and the storage 600 on the basis of IP addresses in the network for a user (see the arrows F1 to F4).
Hereinafter, a case in which as a result of the communication test, the VM 501-1 for measurement confirms the communication with respect to the server devices 500-2 and 500-4 and the storage 600, but fails to confirm the communication with respect to the server device 500-3 will be assumed. Examples of the case in which the communication fails to be confirmed include a case in which a packet loss or delay is caused due to a Ping. In this case, the monitoring device 200 specifies a failure part using tomography analysis or the like from the acquired topology information and the route (arrow F3 of FIG. 30) to the server device 500-3 which has failed in the Ping.
Upon specifying a port of the server device 500-3 as a failure part, the monitoring device 200 specifies the VM 501-3 as a virtual server which is influenced by the failure on the basis of the information acquired from the management device 110, and specifies a user who is influenced by the failure as a user of the VM 501-3. In addition, the monitoring device 200 outputs, to a display device (not depicted) or the like, information on the failure part, the user who is influenced by the failure, and the VM 501-3 which is a virtual server to be moved to another server device, and moves the VM 501-3 to another server device with respect to the management device 110.
In some cases, a virtual server is moved to the center 101 depicted in FIG. 30 from another center 102 connected through the router 400 by live migration or the like. The live migration means that the virtual server is moved to another server device by the management system of the management device 110 or the like while being operated continuously.
FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating an example of a case in which a virtual server is moved over two centers 103 and 104. In FIG. 31, since devices having reference numerals and symbols common to those in FIG. 30 have the same configurations as the devices depicted in FIG. 30, the description thereof will be omitted.
As depicted in FIG. 31, a case in which a VM 501-6 which uses a storage 600-2 of the second center 104 is moved from a server device 500-8 of the second center to a server device 500-6 of the first center 103 will be considered (see the arrows (i) and (ii) of FIG. 31). In this case, a VM 501-5 for measurement also confirms communication with respect to the server device 500-6 which accommodates the VM 501-6 moved from the second center 104, and a monitoring device 200-1 specifies a failure part when a failure is detected.
As a related technique, a technique in which in a cluster system including an active device and a standby device, communication results are confirmed through a hypervisor using a disk monitoring function of each of the active device and the standby device is known (for example, see Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2012-14674). In this technique, when an error message is output from the disk monitoring function through the confirmation of the communication results, communication with the router is confirmed through the hypervisor using a network monitoring function.

Apparatus and method for specifying a failure part in a communication network


The method for automatic dosing of drugs utilizes a delivery device which may be administered to an animal. The delivery device is configured to have one or more compartments or reservoirs, each containing at least one drug so that a plurality of doses of the drug(s) are held within the device. In accordance with the present invention, the delivery device selectively releases doses of the drug(s) to provide an efficacious dosing pattern. One primary function of the present invention is to release two or more pesticides in such a pattern that parasites are effectively controlled while preventing the development of tolerance to the drugs within the parasites. Preferably, the delivery device is programmable to effectuate the release of the drug(s) at a desired time to maintain efficacious levels of the drug while minimizing the amount of drug which must be used.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for automatic dispensing of drugs. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus for an animal which utilizes electromechanical mechanisms for dosing of drugs and a dispenser to ensure that the drug is delivered to the recipient.
2. State of the Art
It is well known in the fields of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine that it is usually desirable and often necessary to treat animals with drugs for parasites. The parasites of concern will often vary depending on the animal concerned and may include both ectoparasites and endoparasites. To eliminate or control these parasites, animals are often sprayed with or fed parasiticides, injected with parasiticide drugs, or provided with collars or other attachable devices that are saturated with a parasiticide. With farm animals, in order to control parasites, the farm animals typically must be rounded up and placed in a holding area so that each animal may be properly dosed with the drug(s). Once treated, the animal is released until the next dosing is required.
Unfortunately, rounding up the animals each month, etc., is time consuming and expensive. The animal must be located and then brought to a suitable location for administration of the drug. Because of the time and expense involved with such round-ups, the farmer is forced into a compromise of overdosing the animal with a very large dose of the drug to prolong the period during which the drug is present at levels which meet or exceed the minimum effective level, thereby decrease the frequency with which the drugs must be administered, or accepting the expense of frequent round-ups to repetitively doses the animals. For example, a topically applied drug may have an efficacy threshold which relates to a 750 milligram dose of a given medication. However, to extend the period between dosing, a significantly larger dose is typically used. In FIG. 1, there is shown a curve indicating a normal, exponentially declining (i.e., first-order) efficacy curve where the drug is provided by prior art diffusion devices, such as ear tags, at a very high initial dose in order to maintain drug levels above the efficacy threshold for a prolonged period.
Referring to FIG. 1, the initially high drug level 10 that is available early in the treatment period is typically much higher than the efficacy threshold 20. In the present example, the initially high drug level 10, is 3,750 milligrams, a drug level that would require a dose which is at least four to five times higher than the efficacy threshold for the drug used. Such large doses create several problems and negatively impact the animal by causing host toxicity, decreased weight gains, and loss of income to the animal handlers/owners.
An additional problem with the initial high dose is that high levels of the drug may still be present should the farmer desire to slaughter the animal within the time period correlated with the upper portion, indicated at 30, of the first-order declining kinetic curve. The high, persistent drug levels can limit the farmer's marketing response and potentially lead to adverse reactions in consumers.
In the FIG. 1 example, the drug, assumed to be a parasiticide for discussion purposes, which has been diffused onto/into the animal remains above the efficacy threshold for approximately 90 days. Once the amount of drug present falls below the efficacy threshold, the drug is present in insufficient amounts to adequately kill the targeted parasites. However, it is well known that the prolonged presence of subtherapeutic levels of a drug gives rise to the development of resistance to the drug within the targeted parasites. In a resistant parasite population, the efficacy threshold is shifted upward substantially. Therefore, due to use of prior art diffusion controlled dosage forms, numerous previously beneficial antibiotics and parasiticides are now of limited effectiveness because the target microbes and parasites have developed sufficient resistance to the drug to withstand even very high dosages that the host animal cannot tolerate. Drugs that are not biocides also are negatively impacted by this type of dosing pattern as manifested by enzyme down regulation and the clinical development of tachyphylaxis.
There have been numerous attempts to overcome these concerns. For example, it has been proposed to implant in farm animals devices which provide for the release of drugs at a time other than implantation. Examples of such devices are included in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,564,363, 4,326,522, 4,425,117, 4,439,197, 3,840,009, 4,312,347 and 4,457,752. Unfortunately, these devices tend to be expensive to use, typically they allow only for a one time (continuous) discharge of a single drug, and are otherwise disadvantageous.
Conventional collars for dogs, cats, and other domestic animals have met with limited success. While they are relatively inexpensive to purchase, they suffer from the same drawbacks as the aforementioned methods of administering parasiticides to farm animals. That is, the collar typically contains a relatively high concentration of the parasiticide when first used. The concentration, however, declines in a first-order declining kinetic curve (similar to that shown in FIG. 1) and thus may have the same drug resistant effect on the targeted parasite. Thus, there is a need for a method of administering drugs to animals which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.


A cooling condenser system adapted especially for processing oily smoke and chemical evaporation includes a motor; a crank shaft to which are connected a number of compression pistons reciprocally operated in corresponding cylinders so as to deliver exhaust air to a cooling condenser; a plurality of exhaust inlet ducts each selectively communicating with a respective cylinder via a first check valve; a plurality of outlet ducts each selectively communicating with a respective cylinder via a second check valve that are led to openings of a cooling condenser and a pressure controlled valve in association with a filter screen disposed at the outlet of the cooling condenser through which the processed exhaust can be discharged to the surroundings. A hot/cold air generator is connected to the cooling condenser and can blow hot or cold air into the condenser and also send hot or cold air to the first and second check valves assembly. A number of collector pans collect the condensed products.

The present invention relates to a cooling condenser system for processing exhaust air containing oily smoke or chemical evaporation which will be filtered first and then discharged into the surroundings so as to prevent the environment from being polluted and the by-products obtained from the processed exhaust can be recycled for further use. The exhaust air containing oily smoke or chemical evaporation is first delivered to a cooling condenser with a fixed pressure and the temperature of the condenser can then be varied by blowing in hot or cold air produced by a hot/cold air generator so as to condense a solid accumulation within the condenser tubes of the cooling condenser. The condensed material is then discharged to collector pans for recycling purposes. The cleansed air is finally forced through a filter screen via a pressure controlled valve and then discharged to the atmosphere.
Pollution prevention and material recycling have been two major concerns for the environment oriented industries in the past decades around the world. The idea of "a penny saved is a penny earned" is widely applied to the management philosophy of many efficient factories.
There are many restaurants which daily discharge oily smoke with an irritating smell from their kitchens into the atmosphere, or into the sewers, resulting in serious air and water pollution.
The present inventor has noticed the annoying problem and come up with a solution by designing a novel cooling condenser system which can effectively filter oily smoke and chemical evaporation which is then collected for recycling use or further processing.

Cooling condenser system for processing oily smoke and chemical evaporation

No. 65, Alley 1, Lane 230, Chung Cheng Road


A pole piece of a magnetic write head is formed over a substrate and includes a pole tip having a width that is less than its height which is normal the substrate. Due to stress-anisotropy, the pole tip structure has an inherent easy-axis which is oriented in an unfavorable direction (i.e. perpendicular to the ABS and almost collinear with a driving field of the write head). To alleviate this problem, during electroplating or annealing of the pole piece a magnetic field is applied to the pole tip in a direction which is out-of-plane from the substrate but in-plane with a side wall of the pole tip which vertically projects from the substrate. By applying the magnetic field in this manner, the easy axis of the pole piece is oriented in the direction of the applied magnetic field to facilitate more efficient switching in the write head. Ideally, the angle θ is about 90° for Hexagonal-Closed Packed (HCP) materials or about 50° for Face-Centered Cubic or Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) materials (e.g. NiFe and CoFe).

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to methods of orienting an easy axis of a high-aspect-ratio pole piece of a magnetic write head, and more particularly relates to methods of making a magnetic write head which include forming a pole piece over a substrate and applying a magnetic field to a pole tip of the pole piece in a direction forming an angle that is out-of-plane from the substrate and in-plane with a side wall of the pole piece which vertically projects from the substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Computers often include auxiliary memory storage devices having media on which data can be written and from which data can be read for later use. A direct access storage device (disk drive) incorporating rotating magnetic disks are commonly used for storing data in magnetic form on the disk surfaces. Data is recorded on concentric, radially spaced tracks on the disk surfaces using a magnetic head which is formed of pole pieces. A read sensor of the magnetic head is used to read data from the tracks on the disk surfaces.
Traditionally, write heads were formed with pole pieces having heights that were less than their widths. Today, for achieving much greater track densities (i.e. greater tracks per inch or TPI), pole pieces are formed having heights that are greater than their widths. For example, the height-to-width ratio of today's pole tips may be greater than four-to-one (4:1). Such write heads are said to have a "high-aspect-ratio". It has been discovered that conventional magnetic field plating/annealing does not properly set the "easy axis" of pole tips having such high-aspect-ratios. Stress in such pole tips materials is high which causes stress-anisotropy in the pole tip region. The stress-induced Hk has been estimated to be about 100 Oersteds in an unfavorable orientation that is perpendicular to the ABS and essentially collinear with a driving field of the write head (which corresponds to a uniaxial anisotropy constant of about 80e3 erg/cm3 for materials having a saturation magnetization Ms of about 2 Tesla). With the overall easy axis dominated by stress in such unfavorable orientation, switching speed is reduced and is relatively slow since the initial torque exerted by the driving field is small on the magnetization due to the relatively small angle between the field and the magnetization.
What are needed are methods of orienting an easy axis in today's pole pieces to improve writing efficiency.

Methods of orienting an easy axis of a high-aspect ratio write head for improved writing efficiency

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.