A radio receiver for receiving signals of at least two different communication standards, including a narrow band signal having a narrow bandwidth and a wide band signal having a wide bandwidth, is provided. The receiver comprises a shared radio frequency (RF) front-end that receives the wide band signal during at least one period of operation, downconverts, in a single downconversion, the wide band signal directly to baseband, receives the narrow band signal during at least another period of operation, and downconverts, in a single downconversion, the narrow band signal to a low intermediate frequency (Low-IF). The receiver further comprises a baseband processing chain that operates on the downconverted wide band signal to extract desired data and a Low-IF processing chain that operates on the downconverted narrow band signal to extract desired data.

The present invention relates to the mobile communication receivers and more specifically to a multiple-mode mobile communication receiver capable of processing signals of distinct communication standards.
As different competing standards of mobile communications become available, there is an increasing need for devices capable of operating with multiple communication standards. Such "multiple-mode" devices are able to communicate with using one standard at a particular time, and switch to operate using another standard at another time as needed.
FIG. 1 illustrates the basic concept of "multiple-mode" operation. A mobile device 102 is capable of communicating with a first base station 104 and a second base station 106, which are built for different standards of communication. At some point in time, the mobile device 102 communicates with the base station 104, using a first communication standard. At another point in time, the mobile device switches its operation to communicate with the second base station, using a second communication standard. Thus, as the device 102 has an increased range of operation, because it is able to communicate while within the coverage area of base stations using the first communication standard as well the coverage area of base stations using the second communication standard.
Multiple-mode devices such as the one described above have been built using various designs. One design is simply to combine what are essentially two or more separate devices, each capable of communication using a different standard. Other designs have also attempted to combine such separate devices, but with some resources being shared between the separate devices. Such sharing of resources allows improvements in size, cost, power consumption, and/or other considerations.
However, as newer communication standards are developed, more complex and specialized implementations of advanced standards make it especially challenging to find feasible solutions for efficiently combining inherently dissimilar devices. Specifically, one increasingly popular communication standard is generally referred to as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). The GSM standard includes 2.5G, 3G, EGSM, EDGE, GPRS, and others. Another increasingly popular communication standard is generally referred to as wide band code division multiple access (WCDMA). The WCDMA standard includes UMTS, CDMA, and others.
Thus, there is a need for an improved strategy for building multiple-mode devices capable of supporting more than one of the more advanced communication standards, such as GSM and WCDMA, that accommodates different implementations required by such standards.

Combined Low-IF/direct down conversion baseband architecture for 3G GSM/WCDMA receivers

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


Techniques and systems for using optical interferometers to obtain full-field optical measurements of surfaces, such as surfaces of flat panels, patterned surfaces of wafers and substrates. Applications of various shearing interferometers for measuring surfaces are described.

This application relates to measurements of surface slopes and other topological properties of surfaces in flat panels, substrates, and wafers, and more particularly, to optical techniques and systems for such measurements.
Optical interference occurs when two or more optical beams that are at least partially coherent spatially overlap with one another. Various optical interferometers use interference of two coherent optical beams to produce an interference pattern of interference fringes caused by the differences in optical path lengths of the two interfering optical beams. One application of such interference is to extract information embedded in at least one of the interfering beams in the optical measurements and to characterize properties of surfaces under investigation such as surface topographical properties.

Full-field optical measurements of surface properties of panels, substrates and wafers


A semiconductor device includes: a substrate, a surface portion thereof serving as a drain layer; a first main electrode connected to the drain layer; an epitaxial layer formed on the drain layer; a base layer formed on the epitaxial layer; a source layer formed in a base layer surface portion; an insulated trench sandwiched by base layers; a JFET layer formed on trench side walls; an LDD layer formed in a base layer surface portion and connected to the JFET layer around a top face of the trench; a control electrode formed on a gate insulating film formed on an LDD layer surface part, on surfaces of source layer end parts facing each other across the trench, and on a base layer region sandwiched by the LDD and source layers; and a second main electrode connected to the source and base layers sandwiching the control electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to a semiconductor device having a power MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) structure.
2. Related Background Art
In recent years, demand for a power MOSFET has been rapidly increasing in the field of a switching power source of heavy current and high breakdown voltage and, in addition, in the field of switching elements for energy saving of mobile communication devices such as a notebook-sized PC (Personal Computer). Since the power MOSFET is often used for a power management circuit, a safety circuit of a lithium ion battery, and the like in these fields, driving with a lower voltage so that the device can be directly driven with a battery voltage, lower ON-state resistance, reduction in capacitance Qgd between a gate and a drain for reducing a switching loss, and the like are strongly demanded.
A conventional vertical-type power MOSFET will be described with reference to a schematic cross section of FIG. 26. In the following diagrams, like parts are designated by like reference numerals and repetitive descriptions thereof will be appropriately omitted.
In a power MOSFET 100 shown in FIG. 26, a drain electrode 12 is provided on the under face of an n+ type low-resistance semiconductor substrate 10, and an n− type high-resistance epitaxial layer 50 is formed on the top face of the low-resistance semiconductor substrate 10. In a surface portion of the high-resistance epitaxial layer 50, a p type base layer 14 is selectively formed. In a surface portion of the p type base layer 14, an n+ type source layer 16 is selectively formed. In a surface portion of the p type base layer 14, a highly-doped p type region 18 is selectively formed so as to be adjacent to the n+ type source layer 16. In the surface portion of the high-resistance epitaxial layer 50, in a region sandwiched by the p-type base layers 14, an Njfet region 90 is selectively formed, into which an n-type impurity is doped at a higher concentration as compared with the high-resistance epitaxial layer 50. On the surface of the Njfet region 90, the surfaces of the p-type base layers 14 sandwiching the Njfet region 90, and the surfaces of end portions of the n+ type source layers 16 facing each other so as to sandwich the Njfet region 90, a gate electrode 94 is provided via a gate insulating film 92. On the surfaces of the n+ type source layers 16 and the surfaces of the highly-doped p type regions 18, source electrodes 20 are provided so as to sandwich the gate electrode 94.
For the power MOSFET 100 having such a structure, it is necessary to make the Njfet region 90 easily depleted in order to reduce the gate-drain capacitance Qgd.
However, when the impurity concentration of the Njfet region 90 is lowered to make the Njfet region 90 easily depleted, a problem occurs such that an ON-state resistance Ron of the device increases and, as a result, a breakdown voltage of the device decreases.


A resistance weld pin for connecting batts of insulation to the interior of ducts is disclosed, the pin having superior aerodynamic properties which minimize turbulence in the duct flow stream and reduce the tendency of increments of the insulation surrounding the pin will become separated from the main body of the bott when introduced into the air stream. The pin assembly comprises a washer and a pin component projecting through the washer. The upper surface of the washer includes an annular depressed trough surrounding the head of the pin. Preferably the head is disposed within a central depression in the washer, the upper surface of the head forming a contact surface for the applying electrode and lying in a plane above an annular platform extending between the trough and the depression.

1. Field of the.Invention
The present invention lies in the field of weld pins and more particularly to resistance weld pins used for attaching batts or sheets of insulated material to the interior surfaces of air ducts such as the ducts of air conditioning and heating systems.
2. The Prior Art
It is known to improve the energy efficiency of air conditioning and heating installations which employ metallic duct work, to apply to the ducts, and normally to the interior portions thereof, batts or sheets of insulating material. The insulation is typically one to two inches thick and comprised of a layer of fibrous material such as fiberglass.
The insulation is typically connected to the duct by an adhesive. In order to assure permanence of connection, a plurality of metallic members having a head portion bearing against the exposed surface of the insulation has a free end portion welded or otherwise attached to the metal duct.
A typical attachment mode employs a pin having an enlarged head and a sharpened tip. A washer is sleeved under the head to provide a large contact area with the insulation. The pin is applied by effecting a resistance weld between the sharpened tip and the interior of the duct, the pin having been forced through the insulation to provide contact between the tip and duct. A current is passed through the length of the pin while the pin is urged toward the duct resulting in the melting of the tip adjacent portions of the pin fusing the pin, to the duct.
Representative examples of pins for connecting insulation to ducts are found in the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,855,561; 4,855,562; 3,582,603; 3,624,340; 3,835,285; 3,858,024; 4,438,314; 4,482,795; 4,614,855; 4,429,209; 4,031,350; 3,701,878; 3,624,340; 3,591,763; and 3,591,762. The above patents are owned by the Assignee of the instant application.
A difficulty inherent in the use of conventional weld pins as described above has been observed. Over time, the moving air stream within the duct has eroded the soft insulation material surrounding the pin heads. The erosion has caused increments of the insulation to become separated from the main mass and carried by the air stream through the ducting and injected into the treated environment. In addition, conventional pins have caused significant turbulence in the air stream resulting in reduced efficiency of air flow.
The present invention may be summarized as directed to a resistance weld pin having improved aerodynamic qualities. More particularly, it has been discovered that by modifying the configuration of the washer from the conventional simple planar disk in the manner set forth hereinbelow, erosion of the insulation material is minimized and the drag of frictional flow resistance is reduced.
In accordance with the invention there is provided a resistance weld pin having a shank, at one end of which is formed an enlarged head and at the other end a sharpened tip. A washer is sleeved over the tip along the shank into contact with the undersurface of the head of the weld pin. A characterizing feature of the invention resides in the configuration of the washer. More particularly, the washer includes a depression within which the head of the pin resides, the upper surface of the pin head lying in a plane above the depression. Surrounding the depression is a planar platform annulus, and surrounding the annulus is a well or trough extending between the platform and the outer margin of the washer.
The washer configuration described has provided a weld pin with substantially reduced tendency to create a turbulence adjacent the washer, which ultimately results in increments of the insulation being introduced into the air stream. In addition, the fluid flow within the duct has been improved. The significance of improved flow will be best appreciated when it is recognized that certain installations may include thousands of weld pins.
It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a resistance weld pin for securing insulation to duct work which has aerodynamic characteristics superior to insulation pins heretofore known.
A further object of the invention is the provision of a resistance weld pin for supporting insulation to duct interiors, which is resistant to erosion of the pin adjacent components of insulation.
A still further object of the invention is the provision of a weld pin having a washer component which deflects air currents away from the insulation and into the central air stream.


A solar cell element is disclosed. The solar cell element comprises a semiconductor substrate and electrodes. The semiconductor substrate with a first and second main surface comprises a body and a first layer. The electrodes comprise first electrodes on the first layer and second electrodes on the second main surface. At least one of the first electrodes and the second electrodes comprises silver, copper and nickel as a main component. A method for manufacturing a solar cell element is disclosed. An electrically conductive paste containing silver, copper and nickel is prepared. The electrically conductive paste is applied on the semiconductor substrate. The electrically conductive paste is fired to form the solar cell element.

When producing a solar cell element including a semiconductor substrate and electrodes, sometimes an electrically conductive paste including silver as the main component is coated onto a semiconductor substrate of silicon or the like in a prescribed pattern, using screen printing, after which firing is done to form the electrode.
Sometimes an electrically conductive paste containing aluminum as the main component is coated by screen printing onto a semiconductor substrate of silicon or the like, and the coated electrically conductive paste is fired to form a collector electrode, after which an electrically conductive paste containing silver as the main component is coated onto the collector electrode, followed by firing to form a lead-out electrode (refer to Patent References 1 to 3 noted below).

Solar cell element and process for production thereof


An electronic settlement system for settling a transaction through a communication network comprises a settlement apparatus which performs the settlement of the transaction; a billing terminal connecting to the settlement apparatus via the communication network; and a paying terminal, connecting to the settlement apparatus via the communication network, wherein the settlement apparatus performs the settlement of a transaction by synchronizing a communication to the billing terminal with a communication to the paying terminal when the settlement apparatus sets up a transaction identifying number which identifies the transaction and when the paying terminal transmits the same transaction identifying number to the settlement apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electronic settlement system, a settlement apparatus, and its terminal.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, in an electronic settlement system, which executes a settlement of a commercial transaction electronically via a communication network, personal data such as a credit card number is sent in the form of digital data such as a credit card number via the Internet. Sending personal data such as a credit card number directly, the credit card number may be stolen and suffer from a false use. Thus, it is necessary to keep personal data from being leaked by using a high level of cryptology. To improve security, the electronic settlement system needs a complex authenticating procedure which, however, sacrifices convenience.

Electronic settlement system, settlement device, and terminal


The invention relates to a monitor supporting module including: two supporting stands fixed to a placing space, two fixing stands disposed on the rear of a flat panel display, two guide bars and two guide rails. The setting positions of the guide bars are corresponding to the guide rails. Each guide rail includes a notch, a first horizontal guide section, a vertical guide section and a second horizontal guide section. Each guide bar is guided to a corresponding notch through its protruded end edge and slides through the guide sections for completing the installation. The guide rails are respectively formed on corresponding supporting stands, and the guide bars are protruded from one side of corresponding fixing stands. Or, the guide bars are respectively disposed on corresponding supporting stands and the guide rails are formed on corresponding fixing stands.

With the continuous advance in the photoelectric and display technology, flat-screen TV such as plasma display panel (PDP) TV, liquid crystal display (LCD) TV or projection liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) TV, has gained great popularity and achieved mature manufacturing technology. In comparison to the conventional cathode ray tube (CRT) TV, the flat-screen TV, has better audio/video effects and fair prices and is lighter, slimmer, and capable of using digitalized and web-based TV signal to provide consumers with various forms of entertainment, and has virtually become a main-stream in today's TV industry.
The flat-screen TV, being a flat type monitor or screen device, occupies a smaller installation space, and can be designed to have a larger size. The flat-screen TV can be installed on a TV cabinet in a way similar to the installation of a conventional cathode ray tube TV or can be mounted or suspended on the wall, the ceiling or the desktop. The mounting or suspension structure of the flat-screen TV is manufactured according to the standard specification stipulated by the video electronics standard association and is normally known as VESA mount specification. That is, relevant fixing stands or wall mounting holes are disposed on the rear of the flat-screen TV such that the flat-screen TV can be mounted or suspended by way of screw latching.
The installation holes designed with respect to the flat-screen TV of different sizes and weights normally have corresponding pitches conformed to the VESA specification. Apart from being mounted on the wall by using corresponding fixing stands or wall hanging racks, the flat-screen TV can incorporate with other devices such as rotation bracket, suspension bracket or supporting stand, so that the viewing angle of the flat-screen TV can be extended or adjusted from the placing space. Although the flat-screen TV has become lighter and slimmer and can be mounted on the wall, the flat-screen TV is still protruded from the wall and the evenness of the wall still has room for improvement. For the flat-screen TV to be flushed with the wall as much as possible, the corresponding suspension structure (such as grooves and hooks) of the wall hanging racks also become lighter, shorter and smaller. Inevitably, people would question whether the flat-screen TV may come off the mechanism or not.


An augmented reality platform and method for use of the same are provided. In one embodiment, an array of locationing devices determine a perspective value of a physical object within a space based on visual-inertial odometry, radio wave positioning, and acoustic positioning. A server determines a decided value of the physical object based on a plurality of perspective values of the physical object received from the array of locationing devices. A digital map and digital library maintained by the server maintain the location of physical objects and spatial experiential objects in order to provide the spatial experiential object to an augmented reality device.

Augmented reality, including virtual reality, adoption has been accelerating with the saturation of smartphones, glasses, technologically enhanced lenses and synchronized matrixes of light in society. The individual interactions with 2-dimensional (2D) and/or 3-dimensional (3D) digital renderings has relied on a personal interface with cameras of devices capturing their environment, before injecting visual objects rendered with code.
This individual relationship with digital renderings in augmented reality is a consequence of how difficult accurate placement of renderings is in a digitally enhanced environment between users. Sharable experiences require complex calibrated equipment to analyze environmental surroundings, and cameras lack the ability to effectively solve the re-localization of digitally rendered objects. Occlusion is another obstacle challenging the augmented reality experiences between users of devices until realistic object metrics are graphed with precision accuracy. As a result of limitations in existing augmented reality technology, there is a need for improved augmented reality with the geospatial correlation of augmented reality objects.

Augmented reality platform and method for use of same


A network analysis method performed by a computer, the network analysis method includes receiving packets from a wired network, extracting a plurality of continuous packets transmitted by a communication device, and a plurality of acknowledgement packets transmitted by a wireless communication device in response to the plurality of continuous packets, and determining whether a delay is due to a wireless communication between the wireless communication device and an access point, based on a time interval of the plurality of continuous packets, and a time interval of the plurality of acknowledgment packets.

Currently, communications are performed via communication networks. A communication network may include a wired section or a wireless section. For example, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) exists as a standard protocol for the Internet. Transmission and reception of packetized data are widely performed on communication networks by using TCP/IP.
Incidentally, service providers or the like may perform management of data communication quality on communication networks. Accordingly, methods for managing data communication quality for communication networks have been disclosed. For example, there have been disclosed techniques that observe the continuity and arrival intervals of received packets to determine whether a packet drop has occurred in either of high speed and low speed sections. Further, for example, there have been also disclosed techniques that generate delay time fluctuation characteristic data from packet delivery acknowledgement information in a wireless section.
As related art, there have been disclosed, for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2006-13809 and Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2010-154201.
In order to detect communication delays in wireless sections within a communication network, service providers or the like may install a monitoring device for each wireless section, and monitor communication for each wireless section individually. However, many wireless sections within a communication network exist on network terminals on the user side which connect wireless terminals and wireless base stations. Therefore, installing a monitoring device for each wireless section may lead to an increase in the number of monitoring devices to be installed.
It may not be possible to install a monitoring device in every wireless base station. For example, a wireless base station may exist in a location where it is difficult to install a monitoring device. In this case, information may be collected by using monitoring devices installed in limited locations. However, using information collected on limited wireless sections alone makes it difficult to monitor and analyze communications in other wireless sections.

Network analysis method, information processing device, and computer-readable recording medium


This disclosure describes systems, methods, and computer-readable media related to near field communication (NFC) sensors with power sleep mode. In some embodiments, one or more motions of a user device may be detected. The one or more motions may be analyzed to identify a pre-defined motion of a user device. A wireless sensor of the user device may be enabled in response to the identified pre-defined motion. A wireless sensor-enabled device may be determined to be within a pre-determined distance. Data may be exchanged with the wireless sensor-enabled device. The wireless sensor may be disabled upon completion of the data exchange.

User devices are becoming more prevalent and often are available as different types of devices, such as electronic readers (also called "e-readers"), smartphones, tablets, laptops, wearable computers, all-in-one PCs, and the like. User devices are often able to utilize sensors, such as near field communication sensors to poll or otherwise search for other devices within the vicinity with which to communicate. However, such constant polling may deplete the power reserves of user devices quickly. In some embodiments, user devices may have a soft switch, such as through a user interface, to permanently switch off the NFC sensors. Such a solution would require the user to manually enable the sensor whenever the sensor is needed, which may be cumbersome and require too much time and effort.


A point-of-sale system includes a monitor and interchangeable bases. The monitor includes a display and a connecting member. The interchangeable bases receive the connecting member and are selectively removable therefrom. A point-of-sale monitor includes a display and a connecting member. The connecting member is received by each of a plurality of interchangeable bases and selectively removable therefrom. A plurality of interchangeable bases for a point-of-sale system include a receiving area for a point-of-sale monitor, and a mounting device to removably attach the interchangeable base to the monitor. A method of displaying point-of-sale information includes providing a monitor with a display and connecting member coupled thereto, adapting the interchangeable bases to receive the connecting member, and adapting the interchangeable bases to be selectively removable from the connecting member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to point-of-sale (POS) terminal systems, and more particularly to providing an interchangeable base in a POS terminal system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Point-Of-Sale (POS) terminal systems are commonly used in retail stores, supermarkets, and restaurants for sales transactions. In a typical terminal system, popular components include a cash drawer, receipt printer, credit card reader, bar code reader, monitor, customer display, POS keyboard, touch screen monitor, and computer. However, In most POS customer service areas, counter space is limited.
Therefore, although it may be advantageous to integrate several components into one compact unit, a high degree of integration has at least one drawback. Specifically, different components have different usable life spans. Therefore, a single outdated component can render the entire system obsolete even if the remaining components are perfectly functional and up-to-date. In an integrated POS terminal system, the computer provides an excellent example of a component that is readily outdated.
A conventional All-In-One or integrated POS terminal system 10, in which each of the components is integrated into a single assembly, is shown in FIG. 1. The display is often a touch screen Liquid Crystal Display monitor (LCD) 12. The electronics required to power and drive the touch screen monitor 12 are generally housed behind the display 16.
An important component of the integrated terminal system 10 is the computer (not shown). In FIG. 1, the computer is located either inside a base 14 or in a rear portion of the terminal housing 16. In either case, the computer is an integral part of the system and it is not separable from the remaining assembly to enable the computer to be, for example, upgraded to a more powerful computer.
Thus, there is a need in the field of POS terminal systems for an alternative that would provide the advantages of conventional integrated POS terminal systems, which include many essential components, while addressing the limitation of rendering an entire system obsolete with a single outdated component, such as the computer. In addition, there is a need to improve flexibility in customizing the features of an integrated POS terminal system.

Monitor with interchangeable base for point-of-sale applications


A method of immobilizing a hazardous waste is provided. The method comprises providing a dry cementitious composition capable of hardening and in the form of finely divided particles of at least one cement binder, placing an amount of the dry cementitious composition into the hazardous waste with or without an additional added volume of water, without any type of physical mixing of the cementitious composition and water other than the mixing which occurs merely by applying the cementitious composition into the water. The major portion of the particles of the cementitious composition have approximately the same drop rate through the volume of water. The water contacts the dry cementitious composition when poured into the volume of water to hydrate the particles of the dry cementitious composition, the particles of cementitious composition dropping through the water to displace excess water and form the hydrated cementitious composition particles in a substantially non-segregated mass. The hydrated cementitious composition is then allowed to set and cure to a solid mass. The set time may vary from less than a few seconds to many hours and even days to immobilize the hazardous waste. The cementitious composition may have a neutralizer for the hazardous waste.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the treatment of hazardous waste produced by industry, and preferably liquid hazardous wastes.
2. Prior Art
One of the most desirable ways of disposing of hazardous waste chemicals, e.g. radioactive waste, carcinogenic waste, etc., and reducing hazards to acceptable levels, is to solidify such chemicals. Many studies have been made on mixing such hazardous materials with concrete composed of cement, sand and gravel and sometimes other additives to make a solid mass. Such a method poses problems in contamination of the mixing vehicles, spillage and ventilation problems. Additional methods used are to build containers of concrete, steel, glass and combinations thereof to contain such chemicals for an indefinite period. Such methods have proven to have unacceptably high failure rates. To date, concrete encasement is probably the best method. Concrete, however, as presently used in industry has a high percentage of water of hydration leaving little opportunity for the cement fraction to absorb the excess hazardous liquids to immobilize the waste therein, i.e. the high percentage of the water of hydration uses up most of the concrete's ability to absorb liquid.
It is a common practice to process liquid hazardous or radioactive materials by adding absorbants in an attempt to simplify handling and transportation as well as eventual storage thereof. The materials that have been used heretofore include diatomaceous earth, vermiculite or expanded mica such as zonolite and krolite, Portland and Gypsum cements, as well as clay materials such as calcium bentonites. The problem with such materials is that only a relatively small amount of liquid can be absorbed or otherwise treated with less than satisfactory results and complicated mixing equipment is required which becomes contaminated. For example, liquid materials may be transported and disposed of in fifty-five gallon drums. However, it has been found that with the use of these absorbants, solid compositions cannot be achieved or if temporarily achieved, liquid separation occurs during transportation or storage. Any separated or free standing liquids are especially undesirable because of the potential danger of leakage from a ruptured or open container.
The following patents are relevant hereto:
______________________________________ U.S. Pat. No. Inventor ______________________________________ 3,983,050 Mecham 4,116,705 Chappell 4,174,293 Colombo, et al 4,775,494 Rowsell et al. 4,855,083 Kagawa et al. 4,913,835 Mandel et al. ______________________________________
Mecham (U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,050) describes the use of dry cement powder which is added to a metal canister containing dry radioactive calcined wastes so that the cement powder is in contact with the inner surface of the wall of the canister before the canister is sealed. If the container wall fails moisture from the environment contacts the cement and solidifies the cement to thereby seal the wall. In an embodiment the cement is mixed with the dry waste and placed in the metal canister.
Chappell (U.S. Pat. No. 4,116,705) describes a process which comprises treating hazardous waste with (i) an aluminum silicate or an aluminosilicate and (ii) a Portland cement, in the presence of water to form a slurry and allowing the slurry to set into rock and a crystal matrix having encapsulated therein the hazardous waste.
Rowsell et al., (U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,494) discloses the concept of disposing of radioactive or hazardous liquid waste by placing the liquid in a container and adding sodium montmorillonite over intervals until the composition is substantially solid in the container.
Colombo et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,293) describes a process for disposing of aqueous waste solutions by dispersing the solution in situ throughout a mass of powdered Portland cement in a container, curing the cement and thereafter impregnating the cured cement with a mixture of a monomer and polymerization catalyst and polymerizing the monomer. The container is then appropriately stored.
Kagawa et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,855,083) describes a solidifying agent comprising slag dust, silicates, water-soluble, high molecular weight compounds, metal salts of an organic acid and calcium carbonate. The solidifying agent is mixed with organic halogenides, such as PCB, to form solid composites which are subsequently burned.
Mandell et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,835) teaches spraying a particulate composition containing an organic acid neutralizing agent on a hazardous alkali spill.
Still further, at present, it is generally essential that a cementitious composition is mixed with water before placement in order to moisten the cementitious particles for the start of hydration and lock in place the hazardous waste. Generally, some type of mixing is required. Some manufacturers of premixes, usually in a container having instructions thereon, have put a dry premix cementitious composition in a hole or container and then recommended adding the water on top or through tubes. Some manufacturers have put premixes in bags and dropped the mixes, while in bags, through the water, then after the bags are in place, letting water penetrate through the bag to the mix. However, these systems do not permit full hydration of the cementitious composition. Mortar mixers, concrete mixers and hand mixing have been utilized to obtain a uniform distribution of the appropriate amount of water in the cement. According to the prior art, the quantity of water to be mixed with the cement must be controlled to a very narrow range, and too little or too much water will produce an ineffective or unusable material. Cementitious mixtures could not be placed in a dry state directly into water or on to a wet surface without first wetting and mixing the dry components with water.
In summary, solidification of waste materials with cementitious compositions is known, however, such is accomplished by either mixing the waste material with the cementitious composition to obtain essentially complete hydration or adding the liquid to the cementitious composition with or without mixing. There is no teaching or suggestion in the art of adding the cementitious composition to the hazardous waste without mixing to produce a solidified mass.

Hazardous wast disposal method and composition


A process for separating a mixture of aluminum alkyl and alpha-olefin, said process comprising contacting a silica modified inorganic membrane filter with said mixture and recovering, as the permeate, an alpha-olefin fraction which contains a lower concentration of aluminum alkyl than in said mixture, as the retentate, an aluminum alkyl fraction which contains a higher concentration of aluminum alkyl than in said mixture.

The invention relates generally to membrane separation processes and more specifically to a process for separating aluminum alkyls, such as trialkylaluminums, from olefins using pore size modified inorganic membranes.
Aluminum alkyls and especially triethylaluminum are used in the so-called Ziegler chain growth process to prepare linear alpha-olefins. The process involves the reaction of triethylaluminum (TEA) and ethylene at temperatures in the range of 200.degree.-500.degree. F. and pressures in the range of 2000 to 5000 psig to yield a mixture of tri-C.sub.2 -C.sub.20+ alkylaluminum compounds and C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 olefins. Linear alpha-olefins are then recovered from the alkylaluminum compounds by olefin displacement using ethylene, 1-butene or mixtures thereof as the displacing olefin. To the extent possible, the aluminum alkyls are separated from the olefins and recycled to the chain growth reactor. One limiting factor in the amount of aluminum alkyls that can be recovered is that when the boiling points of the aluminum alkyls and the olefins are similar, and/or when heat causes decomposition, separation by distillation is difficult. The aluminum alkyls can be removed by oxidation and hydrolysis to generate alcohols, but this causes a loss of the expensive aluminum alkyl materials and the alcohols are generally of little or no commercial value.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,149,179 discloses the use of membrane permeation to separate TEA from linear olefins. Preferred membranes are those selected from synthetically derived plastics which are predominantly hydrocarbon in nature and especially polyethylene. Polyesters are also mentioned. No working example is provided and the process is described in mostly general terms. In fact, we have found that a successful membrane separation of aluminum alkyls and alpha-olefins is difficult to achieve even considering the advances in membrane technology which have occurred in the approximately 30 years since the issuance of the U.S. Pat. No. 3,149,179. In our copending application Ser. No. 08/008,951, filed Jan. 26, 1993, a process is described which successfully separates aluminum alkyls from alpha-olefins by using a polyphenylene oxide-derived membrane at elevated pressures.

Separation of aluminum alkyls from olefins using modified inorganic membranes


An aluminum-alloy sheet has a chemical composition containing Si: 2.3-3.8 mass %, Mn: 0.35-1.05 mass %, Mg: 0.35-0.65 mass %, Fe: 0.01-0.45 mass %, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cu: 0.0010-1.0 mass %, Cr: 0.0010-0.10 mass %, Zn: 0.0010-0.50 mass %, and Ti: 0.0050-0.20 mass %. The ratio of the Si content to the Mn content is 2.5 or more and 9.0 or less. The aluminum-alloy sheet exhibits an elongation of 23% or more and a strain hardening exponent of 0.28 or more at a nominal strain of 3%. Such an aluminum-alloy sheet is well suited for press forming (stamping) applications, such as forming automobile body panels.

Although the specific gravity (relative density) of Mg-containing aluminum alloys, such as Al—Mg (aluminum-magnesium) alloys, Al—Mg—Si (aluminum-magnesium-silicon) alloys, and Al—Mg—Si—Cu (aluminum-magnesium-silicon-copper) alloys, is approximately one-third of cold-rolled steel sheets, the strength of such aluminum-alloy sheets is equivalent to cold-rolled steel sheets. In addition, the strength of Al—Mg—Si alloys and Al—Mg—Si—Cu alloys increases owing to bake hardenability, i.e. heating at the time of painting, baking, etc. Taking advantage of these properties, the replacement of cold-rolled steel sheets with Mg-containing aluminum-alloy sheets continues to progress in fields in which there is strong demand for weight reduction, such as automobile body sheets, body panels, and the like.
To prepare such types of aluminum-alloy sheets, aluminum metal having an aluminum purity of 99.9% or more has typically been used in the past as the source of aluminum for the casting material. However, if the content of such substantially pure aluminum metal in the casting material is high, materials costs tend to be high too.
To address this problem, techniques have been proposed to use aluminum automobile scrap as at least a portion of the casting material. For example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication 2000-313931 discloses an automobile aluminum-sheet material having an aluminum alloy composition containing, as essential elements, Si (silicon): greater than 2.6 wt % and 5 wt % or less, Mg (magnesium): 0.2-1.5 wt %, Zn (zinc): 0.2-1.5 wt %, Cu (copper): 0.2-1.5 wt %, Fe (iron): 0.2-1.5 wt %, and Mn (manganese): 0.05 or more and less than 0.6 wt %, and further containing one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Cr (chrome): 0.01-0.2 wt %, Ti (titanium): 0.01-0.2 wt %, Zr (zirconium): 0.01-0.2 wt %, and V (vanadium): 0.01-0.2 wt %, the remainder being composed of aluminum and unavoidable impurities.


A method for solving a business problem includes pooling transaction data received from a plurality of subscribers over a network, the transaction data including samples of fraudulent transactions. A data mining algorithm is then applied to the pooled transaction data, resulting in a predictive model that detects a fraudulent transaction. The predictive model is then provided to the subscribers in exchange for a subscription fee. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. 37 CFR 1.72(b).

A paramount concern in a modern enterprise is to understand the quality of its particular business. For example, it is often difficult to identify the value that a particular business entity has in the dimension of fraud, as it relates to business transactions. Often times, identification of fraudulent transactions involves analyzing data to uncover hidden insights or patterns. In the field of computer science, data mining algorithms have traditionally been utilized across a variety of industries to uncover hidden insights into data.
By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,836,773 teaches an enterprise-wide web data mining system that generates a plurality of data mining models for generating a prediction or recommendation using data collected from the Internet. An integrated data mining and relational database management system that makes patterns uncovered during data mining available in virtual relational database tables that can be queried is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,629,095. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,708,163 teaches a collective data mining approach for finding patterns from a network of databases, each with a distinct feature space. The approach is useful distributed fault detection in an electrical power distribution network. By way of further example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,480,844 teaches a method for mining information from large volumes of data regarding transactions of a multitude of parties.
Data mining algorithms generally fall into two broad categories of learning techniques: supervised learning and unsupervised learning. Unsupervised learning techniques can be used to discover associations and clusters in data, independent of a particular business objective. Alternatively, supervised learning techniques can construct predictive models for particular dimensions of a business problem, such as whether a transaction is fraudulent or not.
A good predictive model needs to be able to uncover patterns that are not obvious or intuitive. However, generating good predictive models for identifying particular dimensions of a business problem using supervised learning typically requires large sets of data. One particular business problem that has received much attention is the problem of detecting fraudulent transactions. A large database of fraudulent transactions is usually needed in order to train the model to differentiate between the two categories (i.e., fraudulent or legitimate) based on the hidden trends inherent to fraud. It is also important that the data set be balanced in a way that produces a good model. For example, if there are only a few fraudulent transactions in the example, and the rest are non-fraudulent, the resulting predictive model might not be able to accurately differentiate between the two categories. Often times, individual organizations lack a large enough sample of fraudulent transactions, as well as data of different types, needed to generate an adequate predictive model.
A number of different approaches to the problem of fraud detection have been proposed. For example, a technique for automatically designing a fraud detection system using a series of machine learning methods is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,790,645. U.S. Patent Publication 2005/0182712 teaches a data-driven model for detecting fraudulent behavior where statistically significant data elements are not known in advance.
A primary drawback of existing fraud detection systems and methods is that many enterprises suffer from an inadequate volume or number of business transactions (e.g., fraudulent transactions) needed to generate an accurate predictive model. For instance, a single organization in good financial standing typically lacks a large enough sample of fraudulent transactions with which to generate an adequate model. This constitutes a fundamental barrier to learning the inherent structure of corporate fraud.
What is needed, therefore, is a method and/or system that overcomes the problems inherent in the prior art approaches, and which permits the construction of more accurate predictive models for business problems such as fraud detection.

Method for generating predictive models for a business problem via supervised learning


Hybrid materials are formed having a homogeneous distribution of a conductive organic polymer or copolymer in an inorganic matrix. The conductive organic polymer may be electronically conductive, e.g., polyaniline, or may be ionically conductive, e.g., sulfonated polystyrene. The inorganic matrix is formed as a result of sol-gel chemistry, e.g., by the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and trialkoxysilyl groups in the organic polymers. A homogeneous distribution of organic polymer in the inorganic matrix is achieved by preparing separate solutions of organic polymer and sol-gel monomer, and then combining those solutions with a catalyst and stirring, to form a homogeneous clear solution. Upon evaporation of the solvent and other volatiles, a monolithic hybrid material may be formed. The combination of conductive organic polymer in an inorganic matrix provides desirable adhesion properties to an inorganic substrate while maintaining the conductivity of the organic polymer.

As recognized today, organic compounds are the compounds formed primarily of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, although other atoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus may also be present. Inorganic chemistry essentially embraces all the compounds that are not organic compounds. In the natural world, organic compounds are found predominately in animal and vegetable matter, while minerals contain predominantly inorganic compounds. Over 90% of the earth's crust is composed of minerals, with silicate minerals, i.e., minerals having silicon-oxygen bonds, being by far the most prevalent.
While the natural world, and the historical development of chemistry, has tended to separate inorganic and organic compounds, modern researchers have become increasingly interested in preparing organic inorganic hybrid materials. As used herein, the term organic inorganic hybrid materials embraces two types of hybrids. In the first, covalent bonding occurs between an organic polymer and an inorganic matrix, and such hybrids will be referred to as covalent hybrids. An oxygen atom, which is commonly found in both organic polymers and inorganic matrices, is typically employed to link the organic and inorganic components of a covalent hybrid. In a second type of hybrid, the organic polymer and inorganic matrix are intimately mixed together, i.e., the organic polymer is uniformly dispersed throughout an inorganic matrix, or vice versa. This second type of hybrid, which does not contain a covalent bond between organic and inorganic components, will be referred to as dispersion hybrids. Covalent and dispersion hybrids are to be distinguished from conventional composite materials formed from organic and inorganic materials, where conventional composite materials have macroscopic interfaces.
The development of sol-gel chemistry, which occurred during the past two decades, has provided a convenient entry to the inorganic matrices of hybrid materials according to the invention. For leading references to sol-gel chemistry, which was initially developed for the preparation of ceramics, see, e.g., C. J. Brinker et al. Sol-Gel Science, The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, Academic Press, San Diego (1990); D. R. Ulrich J. Non-Cryst. Solids (1990) 121:419; G. L. Wilkes et al., Silicon-Based Polymer Science, Advances in Chemistry Series 224, J. M. Ziegler and F. W. Fearon, Eds. Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C. (1990), pp. 207-226; R. Dagani, Chemical & Engineering News (1991) 69-21:30; P. Calvert, Nature (1991) 353:501; and B. M. Novak, Adv. Mater. (1993) 5:422.
A number of organic polymers have been incorporated into SiO.sub.2 and/or TiO.sub.2 matrices. See, e.g., G. L. Wilkes et al., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) (1985) 26:300; H. Huang et al., Macromolecules (1987) 20:1322; J. E. Mark et al., Macromolecules (1984) 17:2613; J. E. Mark et al., Polymer (1985) 26:2069; S. B. Wang et al., Macromol. Reports (1991) A28:185; and Y. Haruvy et al., Chem. Mater. (1991) 3:501, using polydimethylsiloxane; H. Huang et al., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) (1985) 28:244, using poly(tetramethylene oxide); Nandi, et al., A. Chem. Mater. (1991) 3:201), using polyimides; B. Wang et al., Macromolecules (1991) 24:3449; and A. Morikawa et al., Polym. J. (1992) 24:107), using poly(arylene ether ketone) and poly(arylene ether sulfone); E. J. A. Pope et al., J. Mater. Res. (1989) 4:1018; C. J. T. Landry et al., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) (1991) 32:514; and N. W. Ellsworth et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1991) 113:2756, using polymethacrylates; Y. Chujo et al., Macromolecules (1989) 22:2040; Y. Chujo et al., Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) (1990) 31:59; and Y. Chujo et al., Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. (1991) 42/43:303), using polyoxazolines. For reviews on specific applications of hybrid materials, see, e.g., M. G. Kanatzidls et al., Chem. & Eng. News (1990) 36; Handbook of Conducting Polymers, T. A. Skotheim, Ed. Marcel Dekker, New York (1986) 1 & 2; and ACS Symposium on Conducting Polymers: Polym. Prepr. (1994) 35-1.
Simultaneous with the development of sol-gel chemistry, and hybrid materials based on sol-gel chemistry, has been the development of conductive organic polymers, where that conductivity includes ionic and electronic conductivity. For representative reports describing electronically conductive organic polymers, see, e.g., Y. Wei et al., J. Polym Sci., Part A, Polym. Chem. (1989) 27: 2385-2396; Y. Wei et al., J. Polym Sci, Part-C (1990) 28:219-226; Y. Wei et al., J. Phys. Chem. (1990) 94:7716-7721; Y. Wei et al., Polym Prep. (1994) 35-1:242-243; Y. Wei et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,517 (1990); Y. Wei et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,986,886 (1991); and Y. Wei et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,807 (1992).
For representative reports describing ionically conductive polymers, many of which are also used as ion exchange resins, see, e.g., Albright, R. L. and Yarnell, P. A., "Ion-Exchange Polymers" Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd edition, 8:341-393 (1987); Inaba, M., et al., Chem. Lett. (1993) 10:1779; Rajamani, K., et al., J. Appl. Chem. Biotechnol. (1978) 28:699; Metwally, M. S., et al., J. Material Sci. (1990) 35:4993; Small, H., Ion Chromatography, Plenum Press, New York, (1989) pp. 41-55; Snyder, L. R., et al., Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1974); and Done, J. N., et al., Applications of High-Speed Liquid Chromatography, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1974).
Conductive polymers are being increasingly investigated for various commercial applications. For example, polyaniline has been studied as an electroactive coating that changes the corrosion behavior of stainless steel. See, e.g., DeBerry, D. W. J Electrochem. Soc., (1985) 132:1027. Designs for items containing conductive organic polymer often call for the polymer to adhere to inorganic materials, e.g., metal or ceramic. Achieving intimate and stable contact between a conductive organic polymer and an inorganic material has been problematic, and there remains a need in the art for methodology to achieve this goal.

Electroactive inorganic organic hybrid materials


Process suitable for providing a substrate with a protective coating based on chromium, including a chromium matrix in which solid particles are distributed. The process includes a step of electrodeposition of the coating carried out by passing an electric current between a cathode or cathodes of the substrate to be coated and an anode or anodes. The cathode(s) and anode(s) are immersed in an electroplating solution, wherein the electroplating solution is based on an aqueous solution including trivalent chromium obtained from the reduction of chromic acid by a reducing agent, and contains solid particles.

1. Field of the Invention
The subject of the invention is a process for the electrodeposition of a chromium coating containing solid inclusions; the aim of the invention is also to provide the plating solution employed in this process.
Chromium electroplating is used because of the improvement in the physical surface properties which it provides when it is used. In particular, these improvements are significant, without this list being limiting, in the fields of:
wear and abrasion resistance, PA1 corrosion resistance, PA1 coefficient of friction PA1 hardness. PA1 very high current density, PA1 use of addition cations, PA1 periodic reversal and codeposition during the anodic phase, as described in Patents EP 0 217 126 and U.S. 4 846 940. PA1 the results are not reproducible in the majority of cases, this being so even by using the same experimental conditions, PA1 the inclusions are not distributed homogeneously in the plating; they are often concentrated in the plating cracks caused by the relieving of internal stresses and their opening during the anodic phase (in processes using periodic current reversal). This heterogeneous distribution of the particles can introduce malfunctions prejudicial to the characteristics which it is sought to improve, PA1 the concentration of included particles remains limited to a few percent, PA1 these methods require a lengthy and expensive preparation of the particles.
It is for these various reasons that chromium electroplating is used when components are in a frictional environment or exposed to certain chemical attacks or when it is necessary to maintain a shiny and smooth surface finish.
It has been known for a long time that it is possible to modify the characteristics of certain metal platings (copper and nickel deposited electrolytically and chemically, for example) by codepositing particles of variable size and nature, and to do so according to the characteristics which it is sought to improve.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Many authors have described the codeposition in nickel and copper platings of particles of oxides, carbides, nitrides, metallic borides and organic compounds of a size varying from a few angstroms to a few tens of microns. They have demonstrated the overall advantage of this, in particular in the fields of wear resistance, improvement to the coefficient of friction, and corrosion resistance.
In this regard, an appreciation of the methods used and of the results obtained is given in the literature. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,844,910 describes a process for obtaining nickel and cobalt coatings containing, as solid inclusions, silicon carbide in the presence of aminosilicates.
The application of this technique to chromium plating therefore seem to be entirely indicated since it should provide the same type of improvement to these layers, the physical properties of which, before the addition of particles, are in many fields superior to those obtained with the aforementioned metals containing inclusions.
In fact, it is also known, although more difficult to implement, to be able to codeposit as inclusions, in chromium plating solutions, various types of particles of variable size. Some authors describe production methods and the physical characteristics of the platings obtained.
By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,098,066 describes a method of obtaining a chromium coating containing, as solid inclusions, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide or a mixture of Ca.sub.2 Al.sub.2 Si.sub.3 O.sub.8 and of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. 2SiO.sub.2. This coating is produced by electrodeposition from a plating solution comprising chromium in the oxidation state VI. In the examples given in this patent, the chromium in the oxidation state VI comes from chromic anhydride.
Likewise, GB Patent 1,220,331 describes a process for obtaining a coating consisting of a chromium matrix containing, as solid inclusions, ceramic particles, metal particles or a mixture of metal particles and ceramic particles. Here too, this coating is produced by electrodeposition from a solution comprising chromium in the oxidation state VI. In the example given in this patent, the chromium in the oxidation state VI comes from chromic acid.
However, all such platings of chromium layers with inclusions of particles are produced using solutions of hexavalent chromium (chromium in the oxidation state VI), in particular aqueous solutions of chromic anhydride (CrO.sub.3), these solutions varying in the nature of the catalysts used. The differences in the methods, apart from the nature of the catalysts, are essentially due to the conditions of use:
Drawbacks arise insofar as:
However, despite all these imperfections in the platings obtained, despite the fact that the hexavalent chromium solution is very toxic (in terms of disposal, the toxicity is classified as equivalent to cyanides) and despite the fact that this codeposition is difficult, the improvements in the physical properties of the chromium depositions with inclusions obtained are such that they justify the industrial use thereof.
There is therefore a major industrial advantage in being able to codeposit, homogeneously, reproducibly and simply, particles of different size and nature depending on the properties which it is sought to improve.
This advantage would be even greater if it were possible to avoid the use of solutions of chromic acid, which is a strong and highly oxidizing acid (and therefore dangerous to use) and above all, is carcinogenic and highly toxic.
The development of a process allowing the use of a trivalent chromium solution as electroplating solution for the codeposition of particles in chromium platings would therefore seem to be of great utility, insofar as trivalent chromium solutions are reputed to be less toxic (the toxicity of trivalent chromium solutions is of the same order of magnitude as that of the usual metals) and insofar as, in addition, for the same current efficiency (Faraday yield), the rate of deposition of chromium from a trivalent chromium solution is twice as rapid as that obtained using a hexavalent chromium solution. In other words, for the same current efficiency (for example 25%), for a current density of 50 A/dm.sup.2, the rate will be of the order of 1 .mu.m/min for a plating obtained using a hexavalent chromium solution, as it will be twice that (2 .mu.m/min) for a trivalent chromium solution.
Many patents and publications describe methods for allowing layers of chromium to be obtained by electroplating from trivalent chromium solutions, the solutions in question not comprising particles. To our knowledge, the only existing industrial applications are in the field of decorative chromium. Very few publications or patents take account of the possibility of obtaining thick, hard and dense layers; generally the layers obtained are friable, adhere poorly or have a hardness of the order of 700 Hv/100 g and, in any case, markedly inferior to the hardness (of the order of 1000 Hv/100 g) of the chromium obtained from hexavalent chromium plating solutions.
It will be recalled that Hv is the "Vickers hardness", a unit of force by which the hardness of the substrate is expressed.
Among these few written documents, Patents EP 0,099,793 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,091 describe a method allowing thick and hard layers of chromium to be deposited by using a trivalent chromium solution obtained by reduction of hexavalent chromium by means of a reducing agent chosen, inter alia, from alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, hyposulfites and sulfur dioxide, these solutions containing no complexing agents. In these patents, hydrohalic aqueous solutions are used as reaction medium. Moreover, it has also been shown that other media, (instead of hydrohalic compounds) could be used for the reduction, for example: sulfates, nitrates, fluoborates and organic acids, without this list being limiting.
To the knowledge of the Applicant Company, there are no publications or patents describing a process and/or a plating solution enabling chromium and particles of any kind whatsoever to be codeposited by means of an aqueous trivalent chromium solution obtained by reduction of chromic acid.
The Applicant Company has carried out various types of tests in order to examine the possibilities of codeposition of particles in a chromium plating from a trivalent chromium solution, the chromium being obtained by reduction of chromic acid, and, to do this, it has attempted to codeposit particles of different kinds and sizes in trivalent chromium solutions obtained by reduction by means of reducing agents such as alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, hyposulfites and sulfur dioxide in hydrohalic acid, sulfuric acid or organic acid (formic or acetic acid) medium, without this list being limiting.
Since in general trivalent chromium is more difficult to deposit than hexavalent chromium and since it is difficult to obtain a composite coating of sufficient quality from a solution containing hexavalent chromium and uncharged particles, the electrolysis of these aqueous trivalent chromium solutions obtained by reduction of chromic acid, to which the particles of kinds and of sizes to be tested had been added, has surprisingly enabled the Applicant Company to obtain dense, adherent, semi-bright, smooth and hard (hardness greater than 1000 Hv/100 g) and non friable layers which appear to be metallic chromium layers containing particles as inclusions when the plating is carried out on a substrate, this substrate being placed as the cathode.

Process for the electrodeposition of a chromium coating containing solid inclusions and plating solution employed in this process


The disclosure provides an information processing method and an electronic device. The information processing method includes: acquiring a first file; displaying a first content in a first region in a first display mode, the first content characterizes a first part of a display content of the first file and the first region is a region capable of triggering the display content of the first file to be displayed upon a triggering operation is detected; and displaying a second content in a second region in a second display mode if a first preset condition is satisfied, the second content characterizes a second part of the display content of the first file and the second region is a region capable of triggering the display content of the first file to be displayed upon a triggering operation is detected, the first region is different from the second region.

When a file stored in an electronic device is to be displayed as an icon, it can be displayed in various display styles, including for example a small icon display style, a medium icon display style and a large icon display style, etc., among which switching is allowed. In prior art, the switching among the display styles is solely based on switching among display effects, for example, switching the displaying of icons on an operating system desktop from a small icon display effect to a large icon display effect. Thus, a user can only distinguish between contents of files by their names. In case the files have similar names, the user has to open the files one by one in order to get knowledge of the contents of the files. This inevitably brings inconvenience to user operations. On the other hand, displaying only a picture of the icon and a file name in an icon having a large area also causes a certain degree of waste of display resources.

Displaying contents of a file in different regions


The invention relates to an internal combustion engine and to a method for operating the internal combustion engine, which has at least one cylinder having a combustion chamber, the combustion chamber being bounded by a cylinder roof, a cylinder wall and a movable cylinder piston, a multi-hole injection nozzle and a spark plug being arranged in a central position in the cylinder roof, the multi-hole injection nozzle injecting fuel into the combustion chamber at injection pressures of >/=300 bar by means of a plurality of injection jets. It is provided that at least one injection jet (i>/=1) injects fuel into a three-dimensional space within the combustion chamber on the intake side, which space lies below an opening of at least one intake valve (104A, 104B) with respect to the direction of the longitudinal central axis (Z) of the cylinder, and at least four injections jets (i>/=4) inject fuel into a three-dimensional space of the combustion chamber on the exhaust side, which space lies below an opening of at least one exhaust valve (105A, 105B).

In the Miller process, the valve closing times are modified compared to a conventional internal combustion engine. During the Miller cycle, the intake valve closes earlier (well before the piston reaches UT) than with conventional gasoline engines. This is accompanied by two effects. First, the temperature of the air flowing into the combustion chamber is lower in turbofan engines. Second, the amount of air charge flowing into the combustion chamber and the final discharge pressure are smaller with the same compression and expansion ratio. In other words, due to the fact that the is valve is already closing during the intake stroke, the amount of air in the combustion chamber is not only cooler, but there is also less air in it than would be otherwise possible. Ultimately, the goal is to release more expansion energy through better combustion and thus make more efficient use of fuel. The resulting higher efficiency is also reflected in lower exhaust gas temperatures. The disadvantage of a lower cylinder charge due to the earlier closure of the intake valve is overcome through provision of a turbocharger or of more displacement. Since more displacement is not the goal in modern engines, and downsizing is the general aim, the Miller process is currently used in engines with turbocharger and variable valve timing. It is known that, in the future, the Miller combustion process will be used for gasoline engines with an unusually high compression ratio of 12.5:1, for example, and charging by means of an exhaust gas turbocharger with variable turbine geometry. What is more, common-rail injection systems with increased injection pressure compared to conventional gasoline engines of 300 bar or more will be used in gasoline engines in the future. This development necessitates a review of the jet patterns of conventional multi-hole injection valves for gasoline engines for injection pressures of greater than or equal to 300 bar.
Printed publication WO 2012/045850 A2 discloses a method for operating a four-stroke internal combustion engine with spark ignition and direct fuel injection into a combustion chamber in which at least two injections are carried out at least in the warm-up range and/or in the warm operating state of the internal combustion engine. A provision is made that, in a higher partial load or full load range, a first injection or start of injection is carried out in the intake stroke in a first or second time window and a second injection or start of injection is carried out in the intake stroke in the second or third time window, it being preferred that only one injection or start of injection occur per time window. In the conventional method, it has been found that the best results can be achieved if six or seven injection openings are used per injector for the jet pattern of the injector. In the case of a lateral injector position, two injection openings are used at the top, two injection openings at the bottom, and two injection openings at the side, for example. To improve the layerability, a central injection opening can also be used. Therefore, six-hole injectors are generally used when the injector is in a centered position. In that case, two injection jets are advantageously aimed in the direction of the spark plug. The overall jet preferably has an oval shape, since the charge motion influences the injection jets. The oval shape reduces wall wetting. However, as the publication indicates, this approach and the orientation of the injection jets are verified and advantageous only for injection pressures of no more than 300 bar in the high load range of the internal combustion engine.

Jet pattern of a multi-hole injection valve for injection pressures of over 300 bar in spark-ignition engines having a central injector position


An image forming apparatus is provided with an image forming section to form an image on a sheet and to discharge the sheet on which the image is formed; a stacking section to stack the sheet discharged from the image forming section; a setting section to set a condition whether or not to allow a mixed stack mode on which plural sheets related to at least two different jobs are mixed and stacked in the stacking section; and a discharge control section to control the image forming section to discharge the sheet to the stacking section in accordance with the setting condition whether or not to allow the mixed stack mode.

The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus for forming an image on paper and outputting the same, particularly to a paper ejection control for ejection to a stacking section.
Some of the image forming apparatuses for forming an image on paper in a printer, copying machine and printer, and for outputting it are provided with a stacker for loading a large amount of output paper with an image formed thereon. The stacker proper incorporates a stacking section equipped with an elevation function for elevating the stacked surface in response to the amount of loading. It has a capacity of loading, for example, 5,000 sheets of the paper with an image formed thereon.
Incidentally, in shortrun printing industry, post-processing of binding by drilling and stitching is performed by an offline post-processor 504, as shown in FIG. 8, in order to increase the operation efficiency. For example, when the image forming apparatus 501 is requested to execute a job of creating 100 copies of printed matter, each copy made up of 30 sheets, 3,000 sheets are loaded on the stacker 502 as a result. The loaded paper is taken out from the stacker 502 for each stacking section 503 and is carried to the offline post-processor 504, where a booklet is produced.
[Patent Document 1]
Official Gazette of Japanese Patent Tokkaihei 9-278271
Two jobs can be together subjected to post-processing; however, no mention is made of the problem that may be caused when various sheets of recording paper having been recorded in a plurality of jobs are present on the stacking section.
As shown in FIG. 8, when paper loaded on the stacker is bound in a book form by an online processor, only the paper related to one job for book binding has to be loaded on the stacking section. In an image forming apparatus wherein the next job can be registered by reservation during the output of the previous job, however, there is already no operation in many cases where the output of the reserved job has started upon termination of the previous job, with the result that the paper of the reserved job is often loaded on the paper of the previous job, according to the prior art. If paper has been loaded in this manner, the operator is required to sort out the paper related to a different job, before paper is fed to the offline post-processor. This has required much trouble and time.
In the meantime, a large number of small jobs where each job consists of 1 page or a few pages are executed continuously, and the outputs of these jobs are loaded collectively. Such a configuration of data-center form is also practiced. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, when a great number of direct mail documents having the same text and different addresses are to be printed, one job corresponds to one address. After image formation, the printed matter is put into envelopes by the offline post-processor or manually. Thus, the capability of ejecting the outputs of many jobs, one on top of another, into one and the same stacking section is essential to ensure a high level of work efficiency.

Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.


Disclosed are apparatuses for communication devices. An apparatus for a communication device includes control circuitry configured to determine a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a constant amplitude zero autocorrelation waveform (CAZAC) sequence appended with zeros in the time domain to generate a frequency domain interpolated CAZAC sequence. The control circuitry is also configured to determine an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of the frequency domain interpolated CAZAC sequence to generate a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and cause the DMRS to be transmitted through a cellular data network. An apparatus for a communication device includes control circuitry configured to perform a Fourier transform on a received DMRS to obtain a resulting signal, and use the resulting signal as a reference to demodulate orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. The control circuitry is also configured to perform a minimum mean squares estimation (MMSE) channel estimation on the resulting signal.

In recent years, demand for access to fast mobile wireless data for mobile electronic devices has fueled the development of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) communication system (hereinafter "LTE system"). End users access the LTE system using mobile electronic devices (known as "user equipment," or equivalently "UE") including appropriate electronics and software modules to communicate according to standards set forth by 3GPP. Discussions and research are currently directed toward a next generation communication protocol (e.g., 5G).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Apparatuses for DMRS design or processing for guard interval or zero tail DFT spread OFDM systems


The invention relates to apparatus and method for efficiently removing humidity from a chamber. A thermoelectric cooler with a maintained temperature differential between the cool and warm sides of the cooler is used to condense the humidity from within the chamber upon the cool side of the cooler. The condensate is transferred to the warm side of the cooler and then removed through the capillary penetration into a porous structure of an evaporator at the warm side of the cooler and further evaporation. During evaporation, the condensate extracts heat from the warm side of the cooler, the temperature of the cool side of the cooler being also decreased, which results in an increase of the overall efficiency of the apparatus.

The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for efficiently removing humidity from inside a chamber.
A current trend in the telecommunications, electronics and other high-technology industries is to deploy an active electronic equipment into the outside environment. The electronic equipment is usually installed within a chamber housing electronic circuitry together with additional environmental equipment ensuring continuation in desired performance of the operational elements of the circuitry or equipment. More precisely, the additional environmental equipment comprises an apparatus to control humidity and temperature conditions to protect electronic components against deterioration in operation. Humidity is a significant factor contributing to the failure of active devices, especially when there is a need to operate at low temperatures. Moisture and condensation conditions do arise and may deleteriously affect circuitry elements or members such as electronic components upon printed circuit boards or may form electrical shorting bridges on printed circuit boards between circuit paths. Therefore the control of humidity in outside plant chambers is paramount to maintaining high reliability systems.
It is well known that dehumidifiers/humidity pumps may be designed by using thermoelectric coolers having, in operation, a cool side and a warm side with a maintained temperature differential between them, the cool side acting as a "cold spot" to condense vapour from the air. Prior art reveals numerous apparatus based on the thermoelectric coolers to remove excess moisture from chambers which otherwise causes damage to equipment or articles stored in the chambers. Most of them provide simple mechanical means and/or additional pumping for removing a liquid condensate from the chamber.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,800 to Gifford, 1982 provides an apparatus for handling atmospheric condensate resulting from the operation of a dehumidifier structure wherein the container for the condensate is rocked, as the level of the condensate increases, by a shift in the centre of gravity of the container.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,375,421 to Hsieh, 1994 provides a portable thermoelectric dehumidifier suitable to dehumidify small chamber volumes and providing removal of the condensate through a drain valve connected with a hose or pipe for discharging the water outwardly.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,074,119, 1991 and 5,212,958, 1991 to Anderson provide a pump pack for automatic and continuous emptying of water condensate from a dehumidifier positioned below ground level or remotely from a gravity drain. Condensate collected in a water collection pan is withdrawn at a preselected water level by the pump and passes through the tubing to an elevated or remote drain means or to other appropriate areas for disposal.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,382 to LeClear, 1986 the aforementioned problems are solved by usage of a dehumidifier with a low profile receptacle having operative components that discharge a liquid during operation. The receptacle includes an integral pivoting bar for allowing the receptacle to pivot from a first position to a second position in response to an accumulation of a predetermined amount of condensate, said actions being regulated by shutoff means for selectively energising said operative components.
All of the methods and apparatus for dehumidifying a chamber, described in the above prior art, utilise combinations of mechanical and electrical means to remove condensate from the chamber. Each of these apparatus requires the installation of additional equipment together with its disadvantageous periodic maintenance and the regular emptying of a condensate from a collection container.
The present invention seeks to provide apparatus and methods which will avoid the above problems.

Thermoelectric humidity pump and method for dehumidfying of an electronic apparatus


The present invention relates generally to a novel generic powder base rich in fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and trace elements which can be readily admixed with specific amino acids to yield several different therapeutic products for use in nutritional support of adults/children having various inherited metabolic diseases.

The present invention relates to novel nutritional products (medical foods) for the treatment of various inherited metabolic disorders and methods of manufacturing these medical foods. These products comprise different amino acid mixtures in combination and admixture with a common nutritional base of fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals (hereinafter referred to as the "Premix Base") which supplies the specific nutritional and energy requirements of the patient. Each individual amino acid formulation is particular for the nutritional support of a specific metabolic disorder as discussed below.
Inborn errors of metabolism occur when there is a block in a pathway in a metabolic sequence. The block results in an accumulation of normal intermediary products in abnormally large amounts and also of products of usually little used metabolic pathways. In most instances this effect can be attributed to the accumulation of an intermediary product proximal to the block. The accumulated toxic effects of these intermediary metabolites can be treated by restricting the intake of the essential substance from which the toxic metabolite is derived. Sometimes, the block prevents the synthesis of an essential compound normally made distal to the block and therapy consists of specifically providing this metabolite.
Infants with certain inborn errors of amino acid or nitrogen metabolism can be treated with special diets that restrict one or more amino acids to the minimum amount essential for normal growth. The amount of the restricted amino acid provided by the diet must be sufficient to meet the metabolic requirements dependent on it, but it must not permit an excess accumulation in the body fluids of the amino acid or its derivatives, or of nitrogen.
The nutrient requirements can be met by providing a semisynthetic diet, derived either from a modified protein hydrolysate or from a mixture of L-amino acids devoid of, or low in, the offending amino acid(s). Other food sources in prescribed amounts furnish the implicated amino acid(s) in an amount sufficient to support normal growth, yet low enough to avoid toxicity. Requirements for other essential nutrients are met by the addition of minerals and vitamins to the specific amino acid mixture during manufacture.
Careful monitoring is essential during nutritional support. The total nutrient intake should be known and monitored to be certain that the person is receiving a nutritionally adequate diet both in terms of essential nutrients as well as total energy intake. The plasma concentration of the appropriate amino acid(s) or ammonia in disorders of the urea cycle should be determined frequently to assure that the level is adequate to sustain normal protein metabolism, but not high enough to be harmful.
Nutritionally balanced medical foods presently available provide adequate fat and carbohydrate, as well as essential protein, vitamins, and minerals. The total nutrient composition of the special dietary product is considered so that the product provides not only all of the amino acid requirements, except the implicated amino acids, but also trace minerals, vitamins, and other micronutrient requirements. For an infant, the special diet often also meets total energy needs. The requirement for the implicated amino acid may be derived from the addition of infant formula, or other selected foods in prescribed amounts. Conventional low protein foods are used as part of the diet for children after infancy.
Different types of products have been developed for use in diets of infants and of older persons with inborn errors of metabolism. Energy supplements can be combined with the appropriate amino acid mixtures, and limited conventional foods, for nutritional support under medical supervision.
For disorders of amino acid metabolism, products with specially treated protein hydrolysates or amino acid mixtures are used. All currently available commercial products require the addition of prescribed amounts of regular infant formula, milk, low protein or conventional foods.
From a historical perspective, essentially four types of medical foods are known. These may be summarized as follows:
Type 1 products contain levels of amino acids or protein, vitamins, and minerals appropriate for feeding infants with the exception of the amino acid(s) not metabolized by the patient.
Type 2 products contain somewhat higher levels of amino acids or protein, vitamins, and minerals to meet the needs of older subjects. However these products are all either devoid of or low in the amino acid(s) that cannot be metabolized by the patient.
Type 3 products include amino acid mixtures free of the amino acids which cannot be metabolized with complete vitamin and mineral supplements but with little or no added carbohydrate or fat.
Type 4 products consist of modules that require the addition of a special amino acid mixture for amino acid disorders, selected carbohydrates for disorders of carbohydrate metabolism or intolerance, or selected fat for disorders of fat metabolism or intolerance.
Whichever metabolic food is selected, it is done so with consideration for the patient's nutrient and energy needs. A person's actual dietary intake, growth and nutritional status, blood values for the implicated amino acid, and other tests for nutritional sufficiency are monitored periodically. Caution is needed when using special medical foods to treat disorders of amino acid metabolism because of the genetic individuality and particular nutrient needs of each patient. The preparation of specific diets from synthetic or semisynthetic products in combination with natural foods is best done by experienced people.
For older infants and children, in order to meet the total nutrient requirement, larger amounts of Type I medical foods must be consumed. This volume requirement may not allow sufficient flexibility in adding other foods to the diet. In such instances, Type 2 medical foods that are higher in protein, vitamins, and minerals, or Type 3 amino acid mixtures are then useful, since smaller amounts are needed in the diet and this permits inclusion of more regular low protein foods in the diet.
Most of the early commercial products developed for the treatment of inborn errors of metabolism were of Type 1. These products were primarily amino acid mixtures or protein hydrolysates and often lacked some essential vitamins or minerals, which made preparation of nutritionally adequate and balanced diets difficult. This type of product typically required the addition of vitamins A, D, E, C, and K to make balanced diets for children and adults, and also required supplementation with choline, inositol, and some trace minerals to prepare formulas for infants. Type 4 medical foods include balanced modules with complete vitamin and mineral mixtures which are free of either protein (for amino acid disorders or protein intolerance), carbohydrate (for carbohydrate disorders or carbohydrate intolerance), and fat (for disorders of fat metabolism or fat intolerance).
Based on nutrient and energy requirements as a function of age, it is necessary to develop separate product lines for patients with the same inherited metabolic disorder but who fall into the infant/toddler versus child/adult category. Infant/toddler are classified as being less than four years of age and the child/adult is classified as being four or more years of age. This distinction between the two groups is based on differences in nutrient and energy requirements as discussed below. Nutrient and energy requirements of the infant and toddler on a body weight basis are greater than for the child and adult, because of the rapid growth rate of the infant and toddler in comparison to that of the child. The adult has only maintenance, not growth, requirements for nutrients and energy. Thus, from a medical food perspective the infant/toddler formula should have a high fat content to supply the energy needs whereas the child/adult formula should be lower in fat and higher in protein equivalent content in order to obviate weight gain concerns.
Examples of various disease conditions, resulting from inborn errors of metabolism, that can be clinically managed by nutritional support with the medical foods of the present invention are discussed individually and in detail below.

Medical foods for the nutritional support of child/adult metabolic diseases


A torsion axle for a vehicle includes an elongated axle tube enclosing first stage torsion shafts and second stage torsion shafts all having a common axis, and a metal tube and a plurality of resilient rubber rods confine each of the shafts for torsionally resisting rotation of the shaft. Each first stage metal tube is secured to the surrounding axle tube, and each second stage metal tube is connected to the corresponding first stage shaft. A stud projects outwardly from each second stage metal tube through a slot within the surrounding axle tube to limit rotation of the second stage tube with the first stage shaft, and a crank arm and eccentric spindle are secured to the outer end portion of each second stage shaft for receiving a wheel. In modifications, the first stage shafts for both the left and right wheels are connected as one shaft, and a winch cable and spool provide for prerotating the one shaft to lower the vehicle for convenient loading.

In the art of rubber torsion axles of the general type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,208,168 and 3,436,069 which issued to applicant and are commonly used on trailers and other load carrying vehicles, it is frequently necessary for such vehicles to be transported along the road or highway while empty or at a static load and also be transported with a gross load which is substantially greater than the static load. For example, it is desirable to use such a torsion axle on a trailer with a static load of about two thousand pounds and having a gross load of about six thousand pounds without the trailer or vehicle bouncing or swaying under any loading condition. It is also desirable for the torsion axle to be a simple, economical and dependable in construction and to be easily installed on a vehicle chassis.


The invention relates to a compact electronic camera which enables an electronic image to be displayed on a two-dimensional display element while it is phototaken or after it has been phototaken, so that the image can be magnified and displayed by a compact magnifying optical system constructed of a curved reflecting mirror to view a phototaken image of high precision. An electronic camera for photoelectrically converting a subject image formed by a phototaking optical system 2 into an electronic image to be recorded comprises a two-dimensional display element 4 for displaying an electronic image during or after phototaking and a magnifying optical system 5 for magnifying an image displayed on the two-dimensional display element 4 in the form of a virtual image. The magnifying optical system 5 is constructed of at least one curved reflecting mirror 26 and a surface 28 having a combined reflecting and transmitting action.

The present invention relates generally to an electronic camera designed to phototake a subject using a two-dimensional image pickup device, and more particularly to an electronic still camera comprising a display means for displaying an electronic image while it is phototaken or after it has been phototaken.
So far, an optical finder and an electronic view finder have been known for an electronic still camera finder.
A typical optical finder is disclosed in EP0722106A2. An optical system designed to view an external image while a liquid crystal display field frame is superposed on the external image is disclosed in JP-A 8-201912.
With both finders, however, it is impossible to view a phototaken electronic image through them because they are of the type that an external object is viewed through them apart from the electronic image phototaken by an phototaking optical system.
Some electronic view finders comprising a liquid crystal display element of small size to be attached to a back side of a camera body are disclosed in JP-A's 8-46834 and 8-51561. A loupe optical system designed to magnify and display an electronic image displayed a display element is also available.
One problem with the aforesaid electronic view finder of the direct view type that a two-dimensional display element is attached to the back side of the camera body is that the two-dimensional display element used must be of small size because it is impossible to increase the size of the camera body. Another problem is that when a high-precision image is displayed, it is difficult to take a full view of the image with the naked eye because the display screen used is too small. With the loupe optical system, on the other hand, it is difficult to achieve a compact electronic camera because the axial size of the loupe, that is, the size of the loupe in the depth direction of the camera becomes large.

Portable telephone with phototaking optical system, two dimensional display and magnifying optical system


The disclosure relates to a method for inclining a chair seat and a chair having an inclinable seat for which maintenance can be easily carried out from outside the attaching frame of a chair, wherein the attaching frame is applicable to leg portions of various kinds of chairs. According to the method and the chair for inclining a backrest side of a seat by causing the backrest to be inclined rearwardly, the structure is such that by rearwardly inclining the backrest attached to a backrest attaching member pivotally supported so as to be inclined rearwardly at one side of an attaching frame opened downward and including a top plate 18 and side plates fixed at the upper end of a leg portion, a tip end protruding part of the backrest attaching member is caused to protrude above the attaching frame and is brought into contact with and pushes up the rear, backrest side of a seat receiving plate which is pressed toward said attaching frame and is inclinably attached to a front end of the attaching frame. In this manner, the backrest side of the seat attached to the seat receiving plate is inclined upward.

The present invention relates to a method for inclining a chair seat, by which the backrest side of a seat is upwardly inclined when being seated, and to a chair having an inclinable seat.
Conventionally, a method for inclining a chair seat and a chair having an inclinable seat, which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,376 (Feb. 25, 1997) previously filed by the present applicant, have been known as an example of this kind of a chair seat.
This example is such that a backrest attaching member is pivotally supported so as to be inclined at one side of the attaching frame opened upward and consisting of a bottom plate and side plates and is pressed to the bottom plate side of the attaching frame, wherein a seat receiving plate is inclinably pivotally supported at the other side of the attaching frame so that the back attached to the backrest attaching member is caused to incline rearwardly. Thereby a push-up member existing at the tip end of the backrest attaching member causes the seat attached to the seat receiving plate to be upwardly inclined along with the seat receiving plate.
In conventional examples, since the attaching frame which is upwardly opened is used, in a case where attaching and tightening means such as bolts, nuts, screws, pins, etc. of components are loosened or come off, it is necessary that the seat is removed from the seat receiving plate and the seat receiving plate is further removed from the attaching frame, and thereafter the attaching and tightening means are tightened and fixed. That is, no maintenance can be carried out from the outside of the attaching frame, that is, as it is assembled. This would cause a problem in maintenance.
Furthermore, a taper bushing or a straight bushing is welded to the attaching frame and is fixed there for fixing the tip end of the supporting column of the chair leg to the attaching frame. That is, this fixing member can meet the leg of only one kind of chair. It is impossible to replace the fixing member attached and fixed at the attaching frame, and it is impossible to meet the legs of various kinds of chairs having parts and supporting column, the sizes of which are different from each other. This would cause another problem.

Method for inclining a chair seat and chair having an inclinable seat