Diol lipid analogues, notably fatty acid diesters of various dihydric alcohols containing 4 to 10 carbon atoms, are physiologically compatible fat replacements for edible compositions. Preferred compounds are partially digestible.

This invention relates to the use of diol lipid analogues, notably fatty acid esters of dihydric alcohols, as physiologically compatible fat replacements in foods and pharmaceuticals.
Although most lipids are derivatives of glycerol, many organisms of animal, plant and microbial origin also contain small amounts of lipids that are derivatives of diols. These include mono- and diacyl esters and mixed alkyl and alkenyl ester fatty acid derivatives of ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediols, 1,3- 1,4- and 2,3-butanediols, and 1,5-pentanediol isolated from such widely differing tissues as mutton fat, fish liver, egg yolks, corn seeds, yeast and rat liver (Gurr, M. I., and James, A. T., Lipid Biochemistry, 3rd ed., Chapman and Hall, New York, 1980, pp. 91-92). These lipids, first separated from neutral lipid components using high-temperature gas-liquid chromatography, were named "diol lipids" (Bergelson, L. D., et al. 116 Biochim. Biophys. Acta 511 (1966)). Diol lipids have since been discovered among the ionic lipids (e.g., diol lipid analogues of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylethanolamine, diol choline plasma-logen, acylated diol galactosides, and diol lipoamino acids), and generally comprise a concentration of 0.5 to 1.5% that of glycerol derivatives (Smith, E. L., et al., Principles of Biochemistry: General Aspects, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983, p. 117). Skin surface lipids can contain much higher concentrations (25-30% and above; see Nikkari, T., and Haahti, E., 164 Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 294 (1968) and Brind, J. L., et al. 84B Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 403 (1986)).
Diol lipids have not figured into reported research that has focused on ways of providing edible fat replacements, substances with the same functional and organoleptic properties as natural fat, but not the calories. (For recent reviews, see Hamm, D. J., 49 J. Food Sci. 419 (1984), Haumann, B. F., 63 J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 278 (1986), and LaBarge, R. G., 42 Food Tech. 84 (1988).) A major strategy for developing low calorie replacement fats has been to structurally re-engineer the conventional triglycerides in such a way as to retain their conventional functional properties in foods, while removing their susceptibility toward hydrolysis or subsequent absorption during digestion. To this end, the ester linkages have been reversed (e.g., malonates in U.S. Pat. No. 4,482,927 to Fulcher and trialkoxytricarballylates in U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,746 to Hamm); the ester linkages have been replaced by ether linkages (U.S. Pat. No. 3,818,089 to Bayley and Carlson and Can. Pat. No. 1,106,681 to Trost); ethoxy and propoxy groups have been inserted between the fatty acids and the glycerol backbone (U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,613 to White and Pollard); the glycerol moiety has been replaced with alternate polyols (e.g., pentaerythritol in U.S. Pat. No. 2,962,419 to Minich, sugars in U.S. Pat. No. 3,600,186 to Mattson and Volpenhein and U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,815 to Meyer, et al., and polyglycerol in U.S. Pat. No. 3,637,774 to Babayan and Lehman); and the fatty acids have been replaced with alternate acids (e.g., branched acids as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,579,548 to Whyte).
A second major approach to the development of a low calorie fat has been to explore or synthesize nonabsorbable polymeric materials structurally unlike triglycerides, but having physical properties similar to edible fat. Mineral oil was disclosed as early as 1894 (U.S. Pat. No. 519,980 to Winter), and, more recently, polydextrose (U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,196 to Zeller), polyglucose and polymaltose (U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,794 to Rennhard), polysiloxane (Eur. Pat. Ap. No. 205,273 to Frye), jojoba wax (W. Ger. Pat. No. 3,529,564 to Anika), polyoxyalkylene esters (U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,242 to Kershner), and polyvinyl alcohol esters (U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,974 to D'Amelia and Jacklin) have been suggested.
Nondigestible or nonabsorbable fat replacements have proved disappointing when tested in feeding trials, where gastrointestinal side effects occurred, in some cases so extreme that frank anal leakage was observed. Nondigestible fats appear to act as a laxative and are expelled from the body, eliciting foreign body reactions like those early documented for mineral oil (Stryker, W. A., Arch. Path. 31: 670-692 (1941), more recently summarized in Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th ed., Macmillan Pub. Co., N.Y. 1985, pp. 1002-1003). In the U.S.D.A.'s assessment of the caloric availability and digestibility of a series of new-type fats in the 1960's (e.g., amylose fatty acid esters, diglyceride esters of succinic, fumaric, and adipic acids, and polymeric fats from stearic, oleic and short-chain dibasic acids; see Booth, A. N., and Gros, A. T., J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 40: 551-553 (1963) and the references cited therein), rats fed the experimental fats exhibited undesirable gastrointestinal side effects similar to what had already been observed with mineral oil consumption by people. In several of the balance studies, the diarrhea was so extreme that digestibility coefficients could not be calculated (ibid., Table I, p. 552).
Polyglycerol and polyglycerol esters have been suggested, not only as fat replacements, but also as fecal softening agents (U.S. Pat. No. 3,495,010 to Fossel). A number of remedies have been recommended to combat the anal leakage observed when sucrose polyesters are ingested (e.g., employing cocoa butters, U.S. Pat. No. 4,005,195 to Jandacek, incorporating saturated fatty groups, Eur. Pat. Ap. No. 233,856 to Bernhardt, or mixing residues, U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,300 to Jandacek, et al.). Saturated fatty acids have been disclosed as anti-anal leakage agents for polyorganosiloxane fat substitutes (U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,692 to Ryan), and dietary fiber preparations have been incorporated into foodstuffs containing other fat replacements to help inhibit the diarrheal effect (U.S. Pat. No. 4,304,768 to Staub et al. and Eur. Pat. Ap. No. 375,031 to DeBoer and Kivits). Partially digestible fat replacements have also been suggested (U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,787 to Klemann and Finley; U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,242, cited above; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,659 to Klemann, et al.).

Diol lipid analogues as edible fat replacements


In general, the subject matter described in this disclosure can be embodied in methods, systems, and program products for performing vehicle control. Multiple target rotation rates for a vehicle shaft may be identified. A first actual rotation rate may be determined to exceed a first target rotation rate. In response, a computing system may send a first signal in order to cause a first component of a vehicle to limit the rate of rotation of the vehicle shaft. A second actual rotation rate may be determined to be below a second target rotation rate. In response, the computing system may send a second signal in order to cause the first component of the vehicle or a second component of the vehicle to increase the rate of rotation of the vehicle shaft.

Automotive racing in various forms has become an increasingly popular and competitive sport. Teams of engineers and drivers are constantly working to improve vehicle performance to maintain a competitive advantage in the sport. In drag racing, for example, only hundreds or thousandths of a second often separate the finishers of a drag race. Drag racers seek to generate a great amount of power with their vehicles, and to harness that power most effectively to propel the vehicle down a race track as quickly as possible. Drag racing vehicles, as well as other vehicles, rely on traction between the tires and the surface of the race track to accelerate the vehicle. When traction is compromised, the tires can begin to slip, resulting in lost acceleration and slower race times.


A doll includes a plurality of attachment pads distributed over the doll surface each having one portion of a conventional fabric attachment structure such as a hook and loop attachment means. A plurality of ornaments such as simulated jewels include undersurfaces bearing cooperating attachment pads intended to grasp the attachment pads upon the doll surface. A wand is configured to receive and support a plurality of jewel ornaments each having individual attachment pads. A dispensing mechanism is supported within the wand and is operative in response to an actuating button to provide sequential dispensing of the jeweled ornaments in a one at a time fashion to simulate a magical touch upon the selected surface.

One the more popular and pervasive toy species which has been in use by young children for a great many years is that generally referred to as dolls or toy figures. Within this broad character, one of the most popular types of dolls are generally referred to as "dress-up" type dolls which usually provide an attractive or pleasant appearance and include a variety of attractive and colorful clothes. Such dress-up dolls usually have attractive hair styles and are often "theme oriented" providing for play patterns which have included application of make-up, the ability to change the dolls clothes and otherwise alter the doll,s general appearance. In many dolls, the theme oriented character is further enhanced by themes having a more fanciful nature such as princess dolls or fairy godmother dolls or the like.
In their continuing efforts to enhance the appeal and play value of such dolls, practitioners in the art have generally included doll accessories such as crowns, tiaras, jewelry, magic wands and the like. The object of such accessories is often to mimic storybook or fantasy behavior as well as certain children's perception of adult behavior. However, to maintain interest value in such mimicry, a more fanciful or exaggerated version of the object or activity is usually preferred.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,140,975 issued to Frankel sets forth a BEAUTY MARK for use upon a wearer's skin such as facial areas. The beauty mark includes a sparkling stone or jewel together with a supporting base. The latter supports an adhesive layer used to attach the beauty mark object to the wearer's skin. Examples of beauty mark attachment are shown upon a female face near one eye and near the lips.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,667,004 issued to Sanson sets forth a DETACHABLE HOSIERY ORNAMENT for use in providing an appearance ornament which may be worn upon a female's hosiery or the like. The ornament includes a decorative element having an attachment backing secured thereto. A cooperating attachment member is positioned on the interior side of the hosiery in alignment with the ornament positioned on the exterior. Attachment is completed between the two attachment elements captivating the intervening portion of the wearer's hosiery.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,628 issued to Crowell, et al. sets forth a THREE-DIMENSIONAL DOLL having looped material extending smoothly across the surface of a stuffed soft doll. A plurality of changeable accessories support hooked under portions which form cooperating attachments with the looped material. Examples shown include a plurality of facial feature elements such as eyes, eyebrows, cheeks and mouth which may be multiply positioned in alternative configurations upon the doll's face to achieve a variety of facial expressions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,924 issued to Manger sets forth a TOY KIT HAVING STUFFED ANIMAL-LIKE FIGURINE HAVING CHANGEABLE APPEARANCE in which a stuffed animal defining a generalized body and head of a four-legged animal is provided with a plurality of attachable elements which may be interchangeably secured to the animal body and head using hook and loop fabric attachments. Examples shown configure the basic animal into the fanciful appearance of a dog or, alternatively, an elephant.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,220,016 issued to Frenger sets forth SKIN JEWELRY which may be worn upon the skin of the wearer. The jewelry includes a decorative portion and a flexible resilient pad secured to the back side of the decorative portion. The latter provides for attachment to the skin of a wearer. The decorative portion may include a precious stone or artificial stone. In one embodiment, the stone provides a color change in response to the wearer's body heat.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,543,278 issued to Ackerman sets forth a TOY DISPLAY WALL HANGING used to removably store childrens' toys thereon. The wall hanging is formed in the configuration of a tree and carries hook patches of hook and loop attachment material. A plurality of cooperating loop patches are affixed to the back surfaces of the child's toy to permit removable attachment to the wall hanging.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,279 issued to Smith sets forth an INFANT TOY formed of a quilted fabric material stuffed with a resilient cotton batting to form a pillow-like body. A plurality of hook and loop fastening strips are secured at spaced locations on the front face of the body. A corresponding plurality of fabric patches having cooperating hook and loop fastening members may be removably securable to the fabric patches on the body. The removable patches are formed in a variety of ornamental and decorative shapes.
While the foregoing described prior art devices have, in their respective product areas, provided some improvement and increased interest value, there remains a continuing need within the toy and doll art for evermore interesting and amusing toys and dolls.


A current mode logic circuit has a first and second NMOS transistors N1 and N2, an input terminal IN connected to both gates of the first and second NMOS transistors N1 and N2 to input data, a reference voltage input terminal REF, an output terminal OUT connected to a drain of the first NMOS transistor N1, and a current power source I connected both sources of the first and second NMOS transistors N1 and N2. Body terminals of the first and second NMOS transistors N1and N2 are connected to the input terminal IN and the reference terminal REF, respectively so that the body voltage of each of the first and second NMOS transistors N1 and N2 is controlled.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a current mode logic circuit, a source follower circuit, and a flip flop circuit which use MOS transistors that are capable of operating at a high speed in a low voltage by controlling the voltage of a body region in each MOS transistor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional Example 1.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a conventional current mode logic circuit using MOS transistors. In FIG. 1, the reference characters N1 and N2 designate N conductivity type Metal Oxide Semiconductor (hereinafter referred to as NMOS) transistors, "R1" and "R2" denote resistors, "I" indicates a constant current source, "IN" designates an input terminal connected to the gate of the NMOS transistor N1, "OUT" denotes an output terminal connected to the drain of the NMOS transistor, "REF" indicates an input terminal through which a reference voltage is supplied, "d" designates a node, "B" designates a body terminal of both the NMOS transistors N1 and N2.
Next, a description will be given of the operation of the conventional current mode logic circuit shown in FIG. 1.
Each of the voltage value, the current value, and the resistor value used in the following explanation is an example. For example, the magnitude of the power source voltage is 2.0 V, the magnitude of the reference voltage or reference voltage potential is 1.2 V, the resistor value of each of the resistors R1 and R2 is 1 K.OMEGA., the current value provided from the current source I is 0.4 mA, the threshold voltage of each of the NMOS transistors N1 and N2 is 0.4 V. The square wave voltages of 1.0 V and 1.4 V are supplied as a voltage of a low level and a voltage of a high level to the input terminal IN, respectively.
Firstly, it will be explained to determine a method of the voltage of the node d according to the input voltage supplied to the input terminal IN. The voltage of the node d becomes a voltage obtained by subtracting the voltage at the input terminal IN or the reference voltage REF from the threshold voltage of the NMOS transistors N1 and N2. When the voltage of the low level is supplied to the input terminal IN, the voltage at the node d becomes 0.8 V that is obtained by subtracting the supplied voltage from the threshold voltage of the NMOS transistor. When the voltage of the high level is supplied to the input terminal IN, the voltage at the node d becomes 1.0 V that is also obtained by subtracting the supplied voltage from the threshold voltage of the NMOS transistor.
Next, the ON-OFF operation of the NMOS transistors N1 and N2 and the change of the voltage at the output terminal OUT will be explained.
When the voltage 1.0 V of the low level is supplied to the input terminal IN, the voltage difference between the gate and the source of the NMOS transistor N1 becomes 0.2 V. Because this voltage difference is lower than the threshold voltage 0.4 V of the NMOS transistor N1, the NMOS transistor becomes OFF. On the other hand, because the voltage difference between the gate and the source of the NMOS transistor N2 becomes 0.4 V, the NMOS transistor is OFF. Accordingly, the voltage at the output terminal OUT becomes 2.0 V that is the voltage value of the constant current source.
Next, when the voltage of 1.4 V as the high level is supplied to the input terminal IN, the NMOS transistor N1 becomes ON and the NMOS transistor N2 becomes OFF, because the voltage difference between the gate and the source of the NMOS transistor N1 becomes 0.4 V and the voltage difference between the gate and the source of the NMOS transistor N2 becomes 0.2 V. In this case, because the current of 0.4 mA flows through the resistor R1, the voltage of the output terminal OUT becomes 1.6 V.
The following results were obtained.
______________________________________ Voltage (V) Voltage (V) at input terminal IN at output terminal OUT ______________________________________ 1.0 2.0 1.4 1.6 ______________________________________
According to the relationship of the voltages at the input/output terminals, as described above, it can be understood that the conventional current mode logic circuit shown in FIG. 1 has the function of an inverter that is capable of inverting an input voltage supplied to the input terminal IN.
Conventional Example 2.
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a flip flop circuit having a source follower circuit. In FIG. 2, the reference characters R1 to R4 designate resistors, Q1 to Q16 denotes NMOS transistors, CS1 to CS6 indicate constant current sources, C designates a clock input terminal through which a clock signal is inputted, D designates a data signal input terminal, VB1 denotes a first reference voltage terminal through which an input data item is inputted, and VB2 indicates a second reference voltage terminal to which a reference voltage is supplied.
The conventional flip flop circuit shown in FIG. 2 comprises a master circuit having the NMOS transistors Q1 to Q8, the resistors R1 and R2, and the constant current sources CS1 to CS3, and a slave circuit having the NMOS transistors Q9 to Q16, the resistors R3 and R4, the constant current sources CS4 to CS6. The configuration of the master circuit has the same as that of the slave circuit.
Next, a description will be given of the operation of the conventional flip flop shown in FIG. 2.
In the following explanation, the threshold voltage having the logical amplitude of a signal to be inputted to the data input terminal D is provided to the first reference voltage terminal VB1. The threshold voltage having the logical amplitude of a signal to be inputted to the clock input terminal C is provided to the second reference voltage terminal VB2. The pair of the NMOS transistors Q1 and Q2 and a pair of the NMOS transistors Q9 and Q10 form data write circuits, respectively. The pair of the NMOS transistors Q4 and Q5 and a pair of the NMOS transistors Q12 and Q13 form data store circuits, respectively.
When the value of the clock signal supplied to the clock signal input terminal C is a high level (for example, the logical value "1"), the NMOS transistors Q3 and Q14 become ON and the data write circuit in the master circuit and the data store circuit in the slave circuit become ON. The NMOS transistors Q6 and Q11 become OFF and the data store circuit in the master circuit and the data write circuit in the slave circuit become OFF. In this situation, when the value of the data signal ID1 supplied to the NMOS transistor Q1 is the high level, the NMOS transistor Q1 becomes ON and the NMOS transistor Q2 becomes OFF and the current determined by the magnitude of the constant current source CS1 flows in the resistor R1 through the NMOS transistors Q1 and Q3. Accordingly, the NMOS transistor Q8 outputs the output of the low level. On the other hand, because the NMOS transistor Q2 is OFF, no current flows in the resistor R2 and the NMOS transistor Q7 outputs the signal of the high level. Thereby, the data writing operation is performed in the master circuit. In the slave circuit, because the data store circuit enters the ON state, the data signal ID0 that is previously stored is kept and output to the data signal output terminals through the NMOS transistors Q15 and Q16. Like the operation of the NMOS transistors Q7 and Q8, the NMOS transistors Q15 and Q16 output signals that are complementary data items to each other in level, respectively. In this situation, when the voltage level of the clock signal supplied to the clock signal input terminal C is changed from the high level to the low level, the NMOS transistors Q6 and Q11 become ON and both the data store circuit in the master circuit and the data write circuit in the slave circuit become ON. The NMOS transistors Q3 and Q14 become OFF. The data write circuit in the master circuit and the data store circuit in the slave circuit become OFF.
The gate terminals of the NMOS transistors Q4 and Q5 are connected to the source terminal of the NMOS transistors Q7 and Q8, respectively. The NMOS transistor Q4 becomes ON and the NMOS transistor Q5 becomes OFF according to the data signal ID1 that has been inputted when the level of the clock signal is the high level. Thereby, the NMOS transistors Q7 and Q8 are continuously outputting the same value, that is obtained in the high level of the clock signal, to the slave circuit. Since the data write circuit in the slave circuit is in the ON state, the NMOS transistor Q7 outputs the signal of the high level and the NMOS transistor Q8 outputs the signal of the low level. Thereby, the NMOS transistor Q9 becomes ON and the NMOS transistor Q10 becomes OFF. Accordingly, the current, whose magnitude has been set by the constant current source CS4, flows in the resistor R3 through the NMOS transistors Q9 and Q11. Thereby, the NMOS transistor Q16 outputs the signal of the low level. Because the NMOS transistor Q10 is in the OFF state, no current flows in the resistor R4 and the NMOS transistor Q15 outputs the signal of the high level. Thus, the data is updated in the slave circuit.
The conventional flip flop circuit shown in FIG. 2 operates in the same manner described above when the level of the input data item inputted to the data input terminal is the low level. In this case, the NMOS transistor Q16 outputs the signal of the high level and the NMOS transistor Q15 outputs the signal of the low level.
As described above in detail, in the conventional flip flop circuit shown in FIG. 2, the master circuit inputs data when the level of the clock signal is the high level and the slave circuit updates its stored data when the level of the clock signal is the low level.
FIG. 3 is a timing chart showing the operation of the conventional flip flop circuit shown in FIG. 2. As shown in the timing chart of FIG. 3, the conventional flip flop circuit shown in FIG. 2 inputs the input data signal (D), ID0, ID2, ID3, . . . through the input terminal D according to the clock signal provided to the clock signal input terminal C, and then outputs the output data signal (Q) ID0, ID1, ID2, ID3, . . . , and the output data signal (QB) /ID0, /ID1, /ID2, /ID3, . . . through the output data terminals Q and QB, respectively, after several clocks have been elapsed.
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing the constant current source incorporated in the conventional flip flop shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 4, the reference character Id designates a current, Vcs denotes a voltage supplied to the gate of a MOS transistor, and Vd indicates a voltage supplied to the drain of the MOS transistor.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the current-voltage characteristic of the constant current source shown in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 5, in general, a voltage in the saturated region is used as the drain voltage to be supplied to the drain of the MOS transistor in order to flow the current Id of a constant value even if the drain voltage Id is changed. In addition, the voltage Vcs2 shown in FIG. 5 has a higher voltage level than that of the voltage Cs1. In order to obtain a desired current value Id, the voltage Vcs is set to the voltage Vcs2 or Vcs1.
In the conventional current mode logic circuit as the conventional example 1 shown in FIG. 1, because the voltage difference Vsb between the source and the body terminal is increased when the body terminal B of the NMOS transistors N1 and N2 is connected to the ground source voltage GND, the threshold voltage of the NMOS transistor is increased based on a substrate bias effect. As has been described in the conventional example 1, the conventional current mode logic circuit using the NMOS transistors N1 and N2 requires to input the input signal wave whose amplitude is approximately equal to that of the threshold voltage of the NMOS transistor. Therefore there is a drawback that it is difficult to decrease the voltage of the power source.
Furthermore, in the conventional current mode logic circuit as the conventional example 1 shown in FIG. 1, the resistors R1 and R2 are formed so that the values of them can be changed. In this case, it is possible to perform the current mode logic circuit at a high speed when the value of the resistor R1 is increased under the NMOS transistor N1 is ON and when the value of the resistor R1 is decreased under the NMOS transistor N1 is OFF.
Moreover, the conventional flip flop circuit having the configuration as the conventional example 2 shown in FIG. 2 uses the constant current power circuit having the characteristic shown in FIG. 3. Accordingly, in the source follower circuit comprising the NMOS transistor Q7 and the constant current source CS2, the NMOS transistor Q8 and the constant current source CS3, the NMOS transistor Q15 and the constant current source CS5, and the NMOS transistor Q16 and the constant current source CS6, although it is possible to perform the operation at a high speed when the level of the output data is changed from the low level to the high level, there is a drawback that the operation speed is decreased or down when the level of the output data is changed from the high level to the low level.
This means that the NMOS transistors Q7, Q8, Q15, and Q16 having a higher driving ability operate when the level of the output is increased, namely, the current that is proportion to square of the gate voltage flows when the load capacity in each of the NMOS transistors Q7, Q8, Q15, and Q16 is large, and on the other hand, when the output of the flip flop circuit is decreased, a current having a constant current value flows from the constant current source CS2, CS3, CS5, and CS6.

Current mode logic circuit, source follower circuit and flip flop circuit


Frequencies are allocated to plural base stations for managing cells of a cellular wireless telephone network by a computer which for a given cell, allocates a frequency associated with an estimated minimal interference, and selects another cell of remaining cells to be processed. The computer (1) develops a chain of downstream cells within mutual radio range by repeating the above steps for each cell, (2) compares estimated interference levels with a threshold, (3) defines a remainder of cells by eliminating from the remaining set of plural cells to be processed, cells associated with an interference level less than the threshold, (4) develops a first segment of a chain of cells of allocated frequencies when the remaining cells have been defined, and (5) develops a second chain segment by allocating frequencies to the unprocessed remaining cells by searching for other frequencies to be allocated to the remaining cells by iterating these steps until no cells remain.

A wireless cell network, for instance the GSM network, includes a plurality of ground radio base stations which are connected to each other through the wired telephone network and which can be accessed by mobile terminals when the mobile terminals are situated within the radio cell of one station.
Each base station must have a sufficient range to assure that it overlaps into the neighboring cells in order to avoid any danger of the communication being cut when a mobile terminal changes cells. As a result the stations' transmitted powers must be larger than the required rigorous minimum.
Accordingly a mobile wireless terminal might receive at effective signal strength the transmissions from two stations when it is situated within an overlap zone of two cells. In practice the mobile wireless terminal receives many more signals and, if energized, links up with the nearest station, in the sense of radio transmission, namely the one which applies to it the highest radio electric field strength from the six optimal cells. As regards the overlap zone, the transmission from a station which is rejected by the terminal therefore constitutes an interference signal of the same order of magnitude as the useful signal from the hook-up cell. Moreover, because the station signals consist of time frames of the same structure, the terminal is unable to implement a specific spectrum filtration to attenuate the interfering signal(s).
In order to set up the wireless network, the operator can control a range of frequencies allocated to him and constituting a precious resource. The operator regularly distributes carrier frequencies, or transmission channels within the range. A frequency gap separating two carrier frequencies is large enough that inter-channel interference—in the light of the receiver selectivities—remains below a specific threshold of good operation.
However the number of available carrier frequencies is much lower than the number of channels required for the total network. Consequently the same frequency must be exploited in the network. However, each time the same frequency is used care must be taken that in each server cell the signal strength of the interfering signals at the frequency of its carrier(s) and incident from the stations of the other neighboring cells must remain below a sound operating threshold. In other words, at any point in the cell, there must be a safety margin between the received useful signal and the field strength of the interfering signal(s) at that frequency. However, calculating what these interferences are in a network including several thousand stations that interfere with one another requires a long computing times using an average power conventional calculator.
Considering only one cell in a conventional calculation, an estimate based on an algorithm is used for the various frequencies for their mutual interferences with the other cells within radio range, and the frequency corresponding to least interference is then selected. Next the algorithm considers a near cell and repeats those steps. In this manner, the frequencies are allocated stepwise throughout the network.
In this manner the various interferences received at the various frequencies constitute a matrix of the constraints relating to each cell and indicating the rejection weights of the various frequencies.
Accordingly this is an algorithm systematically selects the optimal local gradient within each cell of an interference function. The "output" variable of the matrix is a frequency having a value dependent on the "input" variable which is the interference.
When stated in conceptual form, a gravity-determined line of largest slope moves in a trough.
However this algorithm fails to be optimal: Even if—when selecting the cell frequencies—the interferences it generates are taken into account. Conventionally the initial selections by hypothesis in turn determines the selection of the downstream cells left unquestioned. This logic is set once and forever.
To return to the above previously mentioned concept, it is impossible to rise along the slopes of tile valley to check if an adjacent valley would serve better.
In other words, the algorithm is unidirectional whereas the interference constraints are "mutual," that is bi-directional. The algorithm therefore poorly fits the problem and moreover its convergence time for scheduling frequencies is long because the mutual constraints entail a large number of radio stations which are in mutual radio range. The computational load substantially varies exponentially with the number of stations (the so-called full-NP problem).
An objective of the present invention is to at least reduce, all other things being equal, the convergence time of the algorithm.

Method and apparatus for planning frequencies


A steam massaging device includes a steam generator, a main tube and a massaging means. The steam generator comprises a boiler, a seal lid and a steam outlet. The steam outlet has one end located above the boiler and the other end connected to one end of the main tube. The main tube has the other end connected to the massaging means for conducting steam to an interior of the massaging means. The massaging means comprises at least one massaging plate assembly or one massaging rod assembly. The massaging plate assemblies are interconnected, and the massaging rod is connected to the massaging plate assembly/assemblies so that steam can flow through them. The massaging device may be used to massaging the back and waist as well as the soles.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a sole massaging device, and more particularly to a massaging device comprising a steam generator for generating heat which is uniformly distributed to a massaging plate assembly and a massaging rod assembly for massaging the soles and other parts of the body.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
Nowadays, people are busy with their jobs and have little time for exercising. Lack of proper exercise may result in poor blood circulation and hence backaches, limb soreness, hyper-tension, headaches, dizziness, etc. It has been known that sole massaging is helpful in stimulating blood circulation.
There are available massaging pads or plates with pebbles fitted thereon for stimulating the soles of a user walking or stepping thereon. There are also available plastic plates of rugged surface simulating a pebbled path for the same purpose. However, to better stimulate blood circulation, especially in cold winters, it is necessary to provide a useful sole massaging device capable of generating heat. Two major reasons account for the lack of such useful devices: Firstly, it is difficult to mount thermal wires in conventional rugged massaging pads or plates; besides, the heat cannot be distributed evenly to each massaging point. Secondly, in the case of plastic massaging pads or plates, they will deform in shape or melt if the heat is too high; even worse, fire accidents may result. In the case of metal massaging pads or plates, there is the possibility of electricity leakage. Although there is available on the market a heating type massaging plate attached to a vibrating plate, it is comprised of a flat metal plate and hence cannot provide stimulation to the soles. Besides, there is the disadvantage of possible electricity leakage. That is the reason why such heating type massaging plate is not popular.


A clip includes a female member, a male member, and a connecting piece. The female member is formed in a cylindrical shape with two open ends, and has an outer flange at an upper cylinder end. A flexible engaging piece is formed in a side section defined by slits formed in the side section, and is provided with an engaging surface facing the outer flange. The male member is formed of a leg shaft and a head provided at an upper end of the leg shaft for a pushing operation. The connecting piece connects the head of the male member with the outer flange of the female member, so that a lower end of the leg shaft of the male member is positioned directly above the upper cylinder end of the female member.

The present invention relates to a clip comprising a female member to be inserted into an installation hole formed in a panel in a temporarily fixed state, and a male member to be pushed into the temporarily fixed female member to change the temporarily fixed state into a secure and fully fixed state. The present invention also relates to an airbag installation structure that includes the clip.
Patent Reference 1 has disclosed a clip formed of an insert to be inserted into a through hole of a member, and a flange having an opening for inserting the insert and connected to the insert with a bendable connecting piece. In the clip, the insert is pushed into the through hole via the opening of the flange while bending the connecting piece, so that the clip is fixed to the member.
When the insert is inserted into the through hole, the connecting piece is bent such that a bending center moves away from an axis of the insert. Accordingly, it is necessary to provide a certain space around the through hole when the clip is attached to the member. In particular, when the insert has a long shaft, it is necessary to make the connecting piece long. In this case, when the connecting piece is bent, the connecting piece outwardly extends greatly, thereby making it difficult to increase a length of the insert.
Patent Reference 1: Japanese Utility Model (Kokoku) No. 04-29123
In view of the problem described above, an object of the present invention is to provide a clip formed of a female member, a male member, and a connecting piece connecting the female member and the male member. When the male member is pushed into the female member while bending the connecting piece, the clip is attached to an installation hole in a fully fixed state. Even when the male member has a long leg shaft to be inserted into the female member, thereby making the connecting piece relatively long, it is possible to prevent the connecting piece from outwardly extending greatly.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the invention.

Clip and airbag body installation structure


A telephoto side distortion allowable lens or a wide-angle side distortion allowable lens is used as a zoom lens of a digital camera. Image data photographed by the telephoto side distortion allowable lens is subject to only a telephoto side distortion correction. Image data photographed by the wide-angle side distortion allowable lens is subject to only a wide-angle side distortion correction, in order to shorten the processing time for the distortion correction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a digital camera which shortens processing time for correcting distortion.
2. Background Arts
A digital camera converts an optical image of a subject photographed by a CCD and the like into digital image data, which is recorded on a recording medium such as an internal memory or a memory card. Recently, the digital camera that adopts zoom function is preferred. Since an optical zoom is superior to a digital zoom in terms of image quality and response speed, a digital camera with a zoom lens is widely used.
To miniaturize the digital camera, a small and thin zoom lens is effectively adopted. An optical image photographed by this type of zoom lens, however, tends to distort severely. Generally, the photographed image distorts in a barrel shape, as illustrated in solid lines in FIG. 4A, when the zoom lens is on the wide-angle side. When the zoom lens is on the telephoto side, on the other hand, the photographed image distorts in a pincushion shape, as shown in FIG. 4B.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-3437 discloses a method for correcting distortion by use of an image processing system such as a personal computer after photography. Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2001-5956 discloses a digital camera which corrects distortion in image processing inside the camera.
The above digital camera carries out distortion correction processes for each of the barrel distortion on the wide-angle side and the pincushion distortion on the telephoto side. Thus, the processing time for distortion correction becomes long. When the digital camera carries out the process to correct the distortion inside the digital camera, long processing time adversely affects reduction in the time interval between exposures.

Digital camera having circuitry shortening processing time to correct distortion


A method of forming light emitting diode dies includes: forming an epitaxial layered structure that defines light emitting units on a front surface of a substrate wafer; forming a photoresist layer over a back surface of the substrate wafer; aligning the substrate wafer and patterning the photoresist layer so as to form openings in the photoresist layer, each of the openings having an area less than a projected area of the respective light emitting unit; forming a solder layer on the photoresist layer such that the solder layer fills the openings in the photoresist layer; removing the photoresist layer and a portion of the solder layer that covers the photoresist layer from the substrate wafer; and dicing the substrate wafer.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a light emitting diode wafer, alight emitting diode die, and a method of forming light emitting diode dies, more particularly to a method of forming light emitting diode dies including forming die-bonding members over a back surface of a substrate wafer using photolithographic techniques.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 illustrates how light emitting diode dies 13 (only one is shown for the sake of brevity) are attached to a package substrate 100 using silver paste 101 (as a die-bonding member) for forming light emitting products, such as lamps or backlight modules. Each of the light emitting diode dies 13 includes a die substrate 11, an epitaxial layered structure 12 formed on the die substrate 11, and a pair of electrodes 131 formed on the epitaxial layered structure 12. Conventionally, the light emitting diode dies 13 are attached to the package substrate 100 through the silver paste 101 using a paste dispensing apparatus. However, the process of attaching the silver paste using the paste dispensing apparatus is relatively time consuming and tedious.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate consecutive steps of a conventional method of forming light emitting diode dies 18, which are ready to be attached to a package substrate (not shown). The method includes the steps of forming an epitaxial layered structure 15 on a substrate wafer 16, forming a layer of an eutectic solder material 17 on a back surface of the substrate wafer 16, and dicing and breaking the substrate wafer 16 along predetermined cutting lines so as to form a plurality of the light emitting diode dies 18, each of which has an eutectic solder layer 19 of the eutectic solder material 17. Ina packaging process, the eutectic solder layers 19 of the light emitting diode dies 18 are pressed against a heated package substrate (not shown) to cause reflow of the eutectic solder layers 19, followed by cooling the eutectic solder layers 19 so as to permit bonding of the light emitting diode dies 18 to the package substrate. A typical example of the eutectic solder material 17 is Gold-Tin (Au—Sn) alloy.
Applicant found that an undesired overflow of a melt of the eutectic solder layer 19 around side walls of each of the light emitting diode dies 18 tends to occur during the reflowing of the eutectic solder layer 19 on the package substrate, which can result in short circuit or current leakage and failure of the light emitting diode dies 18. In addition, since the eutectic solder material 17 is opaque and since alignment marks are formed on a front surface of the substrate wafer 16, alignment of the substrate wafer 16 in a dicing apparatus cannot be conducted using the alignment marks and suitable alignment means other than the alignment marks are required for accurately dicing and breaking the substrate wafer 16 along the predetermined cutting lines.

Method of forming light emitting diode dies, light emitting diode wafer and light emitting diode die


An application for updating, distributing, and rendering an application feature set and application versions is disclosed. The application component allows multiple versions of similar applications to be installed and upgraded on the same computer. Meanwhile, allowing new product levels downloads to transform an existing product into a different product.

Some software developers distribute their software application to users in a compact disk (CD). Upon installation, users are prompted for a product key number. Depending upon the product key number entered, a different version or level of the software product is installed on the user's machine. If in the future the user wishes to change product levels, the product must be uninstalled and the appropriate product level or version re-installed. This process unnecessarily consumes time.
Furthermore, once the software application is installed, additional features can not be easily added or removed. Installing new features typically requires downloading entire, new files to replace or supplement existing files. Downloading entire files unnecessarily consumes both time and bandwidth.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for an application that allows users to more quickly download feature set updates. There is also a need in the art for an application component that allows multiple, different versions or levels of the same software product to be installed on the same computer without requiring a separate installation of application files for each version or level.


An odor sensing system including a plurality of odor sensors, each odor sensor being configured to output a detection signal in response to at least one odor molecule; at least one chromatographic membrane disposed at the plurality of odor sensors through which the odor molecule diffuses to reach the odor sensor; and a pattern analyzer configured to analyze the detection signals over time to identify the odor molecule is described.

Typically, an odor is recognized as a result of intricately combined information associated with different kinds of odor molecules. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to identify an odor by measuring the amount of a single kind of odor molecule. Higher animals recognize an odor through the following mechanism. First, olfactory receptors (approximately ten million olfactory cells), which are present on the olfactory epithelium in the depth of the nasal cavity, recognize individual odor molecules. Then, detection signals of the odor molecules from the olfactory receptors are input, in the form of electrical pulses, to the olfactory bulb located in front of the cerebrum via electrical wires called axons. Finally, the detection signals are transformed into a two-dimensional image represented by an ignition pattern of glomeruli present on the surface of the olfactory bulb.
One type of conventional odor sensing system is configured to have a plurality of odor sensors to identify odor molecules by simulating the above explained odor recognition mechanism of higher animals. In such a conventional odor sensing system, the detection accuracy strongly depends on the number of odor sensors. However, a large number of such odor sensors limits downsizing of the odor sensing system. Due to this, a small odor sensing system capable of detecting a variety of odors with sufficiently high accuracy has not been developed as of yet. Considering the steady expansion in the need for on-the-spot odor sensing, the development of a small, high accuracy odor sensing system is desired.


An apparatus and method for controlling a windshield wiping system, based on a connection threshold defined for starting operation of the windshield wiping system, a disconnection threshold defined for ceasing operation of the windshield wiping system in an intermittent mode of operation, and a disconnection threshold defined for ceasing operation of the windshield wiping system in a continuous mode of operation. The apparatus includes a sensor apparatus and a circuit arrangement. The sensor apparatus which generates a signal the value of which varies based on the degree of liquid or dirt on the windshield. The sensor signal is then processed by a microprocessor. The thresholds are defined based on the sensor signal.

A device for controlling a wiper motor was disclosed in German patent DE 33 14 770 C2 and includes an optoelectronic sensor apparatus and a circuit arrangement connected to a drive motor, so that control of the drive motor may be effected in dependence upon the coating present on the windshield.
The device does not, however, include any means for allowing detection of the last sweep process of a wiping cycle which effects a last cleaning of the measuring range of the sensor apparatus. This device may to some extent satisfactorily adapt the wiping cycle frequency automatically to quantitative changes arising during wiper operation in the condition of the coating on the windshield, such as, for example, the degree of dirt accumulation, or the quantity of rain or snow striking the windshield. However, it is not possible satisfactorily to achieve precise automatic adaptation of the wiping cycle frequency to both qualitative and quantitative changes in the condition of the coating on the windshield. Furthermore, with such devices for controlling a windshield wiping system, there arises under certain circumstances an erratic connection and disconnection, or an erratic switching back and forth, between the intermittent and continuous wiping mode of the drive motor. This is, at the very least, distracting to the vehicle operator and difficult to get used to, and may moreover also become a source of unpleasant irritation.

Apparatus and method for controlling a windshield wiping system


Various embodiments of systems and techniques for tracking destinations on a mobile computing device are described. In one or more embodiments, the mobile computing device may comprise or implement hardware and/or software configured to determine arrival at a destination and what is situated at the destination.

A mobile computing device such as a combination handheld computer and mobile telephone or smart phone generally may provide voice and data communications functionality, as well as computing and processing capabilities. A mobile computing device also may provide position determination capabilities to allow a user to receive a variety of location-based services (LBS) according to the current position of the mobile computing device.
To provide location based information, a mobile computing device may employ a global positioning service. When traveling, a mobile computing device may also communicate with a vehicle by way of a short range wireless communication system, such as a Bluetooth® communication system. To determine destinations to which the mobile computing device has traveled, however, there may be a need for techniques to provide location-based services to a mobile computing device whereby the mobile computing device logs destinations reached.

Techniques for tracking destinations on a mobile computing device


A development control method capable of adequately determining exposed frames of a silver halide photosensitive material so as to develop the exposed frames. When a photographing operation is performed by using a predetermined negative film, exposure completion information indicating completion of exposure is recorded at a position corresponding to the position of each frame. When the negative film accommodated in a magazine is drawn out so as to be developed, reading of exposure completion information corresponding to the first frame is tried. If exposure completion information can be read, a determination can be performed that the frame has been exposed. Therefore, reading of exposure completion information corresponding to a next frame is tried. Reading of exposure completion information is sequentially tried for the following frames. When exposure completion information cannot be read, all of the exposed frames are determined to be detected. Thus, the negative film is cut at a boundary between the final exposed frame and a non-exposed region. Only the exposed frames are developed, while the non-exposed region is rewound into the magazine.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a development control method, a developing apparatus and an image exposing apparatus, and more particularly to a development control method for controlling a process for developing an elongated silver halide photosensitive material on which exposed images each having a predetermined size have been formed, a developing apparatus adaptable to the development control method and an image exposing apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Hitherto, films for use in cameras for taking pictures have been made of silver halide photosensitive materials. A latent image is formed in a photographed (exposed) portion of the silver halide photosensitive material. After the photographing operation has been performed, the silver halide photosensitive material is subjected to developing, fixing and water washing processes (a wet process) so that a readable image is formed.
However, the above-mentioned wet process to which one photographic film is subjected results in that the non-exposed portion of the film subjected to the wet process cannot be used. That is, the conventional development process using the wet process cannot be controlled such that only the exposed portion is developed and the non-exposed portion is not developed so as to be used later.
If only five frames of a photographic film having twenty four frames are used in a photographing operation, it is not possible to develop only the five frames. Therefore, development of the film has generally been performed after all of twenty four frames have been used. In an urgent case, the film is developed though all of twenty four frames are not used. Thus, nineteen residual frames are wasted in the above-mentioned case.

Development control method developing apparatus and image exposing apparatus


A light weight, high strength cable supported by a longitudinal device that is capable of stopping a 15,000 lb vehicle at speeds exceeding 30 mph and provides for manual operation by one (1) person, whereas the barrier may pivot, move vertically, or swivel horizontally to control vehicle passage. Typically, the cable is embedded within a longitudinal support device and remains concealed. During normal operations where the vehicle barrier is moved, there is no tension on the cable and it remains unfastened. If a vehicle impact occurs, the cable immediately engages and fastens to the end support structures to resist vehicle impact forces. The light weight cable and longitudinal support device provides span distances exceeding 24 feet across a vehicle travel path, while requiring only one (1) person to manually move the barrier. The light weight cable and longitudinal support device also minimizes the counterweight size. The barrier may be moved by an operator from either side of the vehicle travel path. Both fixed and unfixed end support structures may be utilized. Non-rotating energy absorbing compression springs may be utilized to enhance the vehicle stopping capability.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to vehicle barriers, and more particularly, a cable barrier attached to a longitudinal support device that pivots, moves vertically, or swivels horizontally to selectively move the cable barrier to allow or deny vehicle passage.
2. Description of Related Art
There is much utility in this invention comprising a light weight, high strength longitudinally supported cable which can be readily moved by one person manually to control vehicle passage across a vehicle travel path. It is capable of stopping 15,000 pound vehicles at impact speeds exceeding 30 mph, while providing the capability to attach to fixed or unfixed end support structures which can be readily relocated. Of the prior art, vehicle barriers capable of stopping a vehicle at 50 mph and selectively controlling vehicle passage include sliding steel gates, steel plate wedges, bollards, net systems, and steel bars. Operating vehicle barriers of the prior art, typically requires substantial electric power supply, and certain motors, drives, hydraulic components, cylinders, and actuators. The barriers of the prior art are not operated manually by one person, without significant limitations. The heavy weight of certain system components is a limitation that makes manual operations difficult, especially with longer distances or span lengths across a vehicle travel path. Of the prior art, system installation typically requires excavation and foundation systems installed near the vehicle travel path area, which results in downtime of the vehicle travel path. The weight of certain system components often limits the cycle time, or the ability to quickly raise and lower the barrier multiple times per minute. Large concrete foundations are typically required. Vehicle barrier systems of the prior art are not easily relocated, without significant disassembly and reassembly, or construction of new foundations. System components are not modular, nor allow flexibility in utilizing a multitude of end support structures.
In one method of related art, a continuous solid steel bar with a 3″×6″ cross sectional area is used to stop a vehicle. The solid steel bar barrier is raised and lowered across a travel path, and the bar is rigidly fixed against the end support structure on the non-pivoting side when lowered into the down position to stop vehicles. The massive weight of the steel bar significantly limits its ability to span longer distances across a travel path, and still allow for manual raising and lowering. Even span distances of 10 become difficult to manually operate by one (1) person. Massive fixed concrete foundations embedded into the subsurface are required to anchor the end support structures to withstand forces from a vehicle impact. The system cannot be readily relocated, without first constructing new foundation systems.
In another method of related art, a net is raised and lowered across a travel path to stop vehicles. The net is comprised of vertical cables spaced at about 18″ apart which are connected to multiple horizontal cable members spaced at about 12 inches apart. Ends of the horizontal cables at each side of the net remain attached and connected the end support structure during normal operations, when the net is raised and lowered. The horizontal cables remain in tension when deployed into the up position. End support structures are embedded in massive concrete foundations to withstand vehicle impact forces, and the barrier system cannot be relocated without disassembly, reassembly, and installing new foundation systems. Electric power, motors, and cylinders, ball screws, or other actuators are required to raise and lower the net, and to operate system components. Some net based vehicle barriers require hydraulic systems which include hydraulic pumps, motors, accumulators, valves, cylinders, pistons, and other hydraulic components. To allow vehicle passage, the net is lowered onto the surface or into a subsurface housing device, and vehicles must drive over top.


A media management system that generates a plurality of values associated with a promotion impact measure for each of the promotional campaigns based on historical data that is acquired and an expected audience. Inventory unit needs are determined for each of the promotional campaigns that corresponds to a promotion inventory utilization of a plurality of inventory utilization types, based on at least the generated plurality of values. The determined inventory units for each of the promotional campaigns are utilized to dynamically allocate inventory from a defined amount of inventory units among each inventory utilization types to meet a plurality of defined parameters for the defined amount of inventory units for one or more specified durations until an end of the upcoming time-frame.

Most broadcasting and cable networks in the United States are advertisement-based. As such, their business and operations is the delivery of impressions or audiences to advertisers and monitoring campaigns. A network provider (network operator) usually decides what shows to air in the upcoming broadcast year and when to air them. A programming schedule defines an aggregate capacity of non-programming airtime, which usually translates to total inventory units available for different inventory utilization types, such as upfront and scatter spots, promos, filler spots, and so on. It is a challenge to balance the mix of the total inventory units for the different inventory utilization types, where each of the different inventory utilization types consume certain amount of inventory.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with some aspects of the present disclosure as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Promotion planning for managing allocation of inventory mix utilizing an optimization framework


A system for dispensing batches of fluid comprising a flowmeter (5), a pump or valve (6) for starting and stopping the flow and a controller (9) for controlling the pump or the valve. In order to reach a target batch size, the settling time at start of the flowmeter is compensated for as well as for the time it takes to stop the flow by generating a stop signal before the target batch size is reached. Further, to compensate for variations in the actual flow caused by variations in the feed pressure and the like, the compensation is made a function of the actually measured flow. A controller or a batch flow meter for use in dispensing batches is equipped with an interface for setting a compensating time constant and a correction unit for compensation of changes in the flow. The correction unit can consist of a differentiator an a summation circuit. Using digital techniques, the correction unit can be made as a lead filter.

The dispensing of fluids in batches of a desired size is a very common operation in many branches of industry. The term fluids in this connection covers a broad variety of flowable media such as true liquids, for example mineral oil products, beverages and liquid foodstuffs, gases, flowable solids such as fine powders, slurries etc. An example is the filling of containers for sale. The containers must be filled quickly to an exact amount. Repeated overfilling is as unacceptable for reasons of economy as repeated underfilling which might be considered fraudulous by customers or regulatory bodies. Incidents of container overflow because of excess overfilling, which can lead to contamination of production facilities, production stoppage and even dangerous situations such as fire hazard, must also be avoided.
A typical batch dispensing system comprises a fluid duct equipped with a flowmeter and an electrically controlled flow controller, such as a valve or a pump, for starting and stopping fluid flow to a dispensing nozzle or the like. The valve or pump is controlled by a control unit which receives the flowmeter""s output signal (the flow signal). The control unit includes a facility for setting a desired batch size, a start signal generator, an integrator or accumulator for integrating the flow signal over time and a comparator for generating a stop signal when the integrated or accumulated flow signal equals the desired batch size. The accumulator is reset to zero after each batch. Flowmeter, valve or pump and control unit may be separate or integrated units. The fluid to be dispensed is typically led to the dispensing system from a storage tank, a pressurized container, a feed pressure generating pump or the like via a length of tubing.
The starting and stopping of the fluid flow in a dispensing system of the kind described makes it difficult to dispense exact batches. Most flowmeters follow changes in flow rate only with a certain time lag. Thus the measured flow will be smaller than the actual flow at least for some time after start, and the mass or volume measured by integration of the measured flow will be less than the actual mass or volume dispensed. Valves and pumps also take a certain time to close or stop which means that the integrator must develop a stop signal ahead of the time when flow must actually stop to result in an exact batch.
These problems are addressed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,302. The document describes a batch dispensing system with a flow controlling valve wherein the actual overfill is averaged over a number of batches. The average overfill is then used to cause an earlier closure of the valve so that subsequent batches will be filled exactly.
However the batch metering problem is compounded by the fact that typically the feed pressure of the fluid to be dispensed and thus the maximum flow rate occurring in each individual batch is not constant over time. In the general examples given above, the feed pressure decreases with the fluid head in the storage tank, or with the pressure in the pressurized container, as they are increasingly emptied. In more complicated process environments quite erratic feed pressure variations may occur. This is a problem which cannot be solved with the approach of U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,302.
To address this problem, the present invention provides a system for dispensing batches of fluid which comprises flow controlling means for starting a flow of fluid in response to a start signal and for subsequently stopping the flow of fluid in response to a stop signal, a flowmeter for measuring a flow rate of the fluid and generating a flow signal corresponding thereto, and a batch controller for generating the start signal, the batch controller receiving the flow signal and generating the stop signal in response thereto. The batch controller comprises storage means for storing a target batch size representation, integrating means for integrating the flow signal over time to develop a measured batch size representation, comparator means for comparing the target batch size representation with measured batch size representation and generating the stop signal when they are equal, and modifying means for modifying at least one of the target batch size representation and the measured batch size representation in response to the flow signal.
The system according to the invention alleviates the problem of variations in feed pressure by providing a correction in response to the actually observed flow, instead of a correction based on a forecast from past history.
The correction principles associated with the invention may also applied to batch controllers for controlling batch dispensing systems, and to flowmeters for use in such systems.


A tactile representation device is provided. The tactile representation device includes a substrate and a semiconductor temperature control assembly disposed on the substrate. The substrate includes a plurality of deformable regions and a plurality of node regions that are alternately disposed in a first direction, wherein the deformable regions are deformable but the node regions are not deformable. The semiconductor temperature control assembly includes a plurality of semiconductor temperature control units. Each of the semiconductor temperature control units includes a hot terminal electrode, a P-side electrode, an N-side electrode, a P-type semiconductor, and an N-type semiconductor. Each of the hot terminal electrodes is disposed in each of the deformable regions, and each of the P-side electrodes and each of the N-side electrodes are disposed in each of the node regions.

As an emerging human-computer interaction technology, the surface tactile representation technology can perceive object characteristics by touching the screen with bare fingers, and realize efficient and natural interaction on multimedia terminals, which is of great research significance. The surface tactile representation technology is to dispose a vibration source (for example, a piezoelectric ceramic chip) on a carrier plane, such that the carrier is mechanically deformed due to resonance and a certain friction force is formed, thereby simulating different tactility.
It should be noted that information disclosed in the above Background is used merely for a better understanding of the background of the present disclosure, and therefore may include information that does not constitute the related art known to persons of ordinary skill in the art.

Tactile representation device, display panel and display device


Electromechanical vibration transducers are embedded in a pad, and a mat on which a newborn baby is placed is stacked on the pad. A graphic equalizer is arranged to correct the frequency characteristics of a sound signal generated by a sound signal generator to characteristics close to the original frequency characteristics even if sounds are reflected to interfere with each other in an incubator. Comfortable vibrations can be applied to the newborn baby. In addition, sounds having frequency characteristics close to the original frequency characteristics can be played for the newborn baby. The newborn baby therefore can feel at ease, and at the same time bedsores, night terrors, and the like can be prevented. Maintenance cost is also low.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an incubator mat apparatus including a mat placed in an incubator for housing a newborn baby.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIG. 1 shows an incubator 11 for housing a newborn baby to prevent a body temperature drop or the like. A mat 12 in which an urethane foam or the like is filled and on which a newborn baby is to be placed is placed in the incubator 11. An openable transparent hood 13 is mounted on the incubator 11 so that the temperature, humidity, and the like in the incubator are kept constant to prevent the body temperature drop of the newborn baby and the newborn baby can be observed.
In recent years, in order to make a newborn baby feel at ease to prevent night terrors, intrauterine sounds, music, and the like are played for newborn babies. Compact disks on which these sound sources are recorded are commercially available.
When the intrauterine sounds, music, and the like are generated in the incubator 11 closed with the hood 13, the intrauterine sounds, music, and the like are reflected in the incubator 11 to interfere with each other. As a result, a sound having a specific frequency becomes loud, and a sound having another specific frequency becomes faint.
As a result, the frequency characteristics of the intrauterine sounds, music, and the like are deviated from the original frequency characteristics. The newborn baby rather feels uncomfortable. It is therefore difficult to pursue the initial purpose for making the newborn baby feel at ease to prevent night terrors or the like.

Incubator mat apparatus with sound generator


A therapeutic device for massaging hands and wrists which has upper and lower panels affixed to respective upper and lower housing via a plurality of compressible vibration-absorbing mounting pads. An elevated wrist rest extends across the anterior end of the outer face of the lower panel. The device includes a plurality of vibration mechanisms and heating/electrical stimulation elements mounted onto the outer fact of the upper and lower panels. A hinge connects the upper housing to the lower housing. A latch-and-switch mechanism engages and secures the upper and lower housing together and connects the electrical circuit of the upper housing with the electrical circuit of the lower housing. A plurality of batteries and a removable power cord are both interconnected with the device's electrical circuits to provide either battery or line voltage electrical power.

This invention is related to devices that provide therapeutic massage of the hands and wrists. Past inventions have demonstrated massaging devices for hands or feet, with the majority of the electrically powered devices being designed for the lower extremities. McNair U.S. Pat. No. 3,942,520, and McCauley U.S. Pat. No. 4,198,962 disclose typical embodiments of foot massagers proving vibration and dry or liquid heat. Barns U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,738 shows a pre-manicure vibrating hand bath, while Masterson U.S. Pat. No. 4,020,856 shows a fingernail/hand cleaning device. None of these references show a device that provides massage, thermal and electrical stimulation therapy to the hands and wrists.


Sheet-like product and method for authenticating a security tag including a section of the sheet-like product. The sheet-like product includes at least one security feature having optical properties that change with the viewing angle and, and at least one marker, wherein each marker is uniquely attributable to a position on the sheet-like product. The position of the at least one security feature on the sheet-like product is predetermined relative to the position of the at least one marker on the sheet-like product.

In WO 2015/079014 A1 a system for producing security tags has been described. Basically, they are produced by cutting patches from a raw material and randomly scattering those on a substrate material and/or the object itself. The raw material feed is subject to manufacturing tolerances and the cutting and/or scattering therefore results in a truly random (stochastic) shape and distribution of the cut patches. These random properties can be used as unambiguous markings for objects or products. The method described in WO 2013/188897 A1 exploits these properties and stores the random features together with an object identifier in a database or on the object itself (with a cryptographic signature). This duple can later be used for visually authenticating such an object marking comprising an identifier and a random feature with a programmable device comprising a camera. However, marking of this type is relatively expensive and additional effort is required for registering each marking by producing a digital signature or initializing a database.
Therefore WO 2016/034555 A1 proposes a system to register such random security features through performing a plausibility check during the first authentication attempt. If the plausibility check is passed, the random features are recorded and enrolled in the database. This removes the necessity of registering each marking by the producer in exchange for a lower security during the first authentication attempt. One disadvantage of this method is that the recording of features during the authentication attempt may be inaccurate. When such inaccurate features are enrolled, they may compromise later authentication attempts, which do not record the same inaccuracies and thus fail the authentication.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,135,355 discloses a method and system to impede the counterfeiting of a cash card. It provides two marks, a reference mark and an issuance mark, that are arranged in a distance on a card. Said distance and other properties of the marks (for example their shape) are encrypted and stored on a magnetic stripe of the card. The distance, the shape and the position of the marks differ from card to card. The reference mark may be a hologram, a barcode image, a graphic image or a reference hole.
EP 2 937 818 A discloses a two-dimensional marker, which in one embodiment comprises a QR code and a hologram portion.


A method for automatically locating and recognizing amount data on a document by scanning the document to first locate a particular symbol, such as a dollar sign "$", and then using the located "$" to determine the document area containing the amount data to be recognized. Elements of the "$" symbol and amount characters are extracted from a gray-level image using binary seed and mask images derived using different gray-level thresholds. Operation is such that black pixels found in the higher threshold seed image are propagated in the lower threshold mask image to form connected components which are used for character recognition.

The present invention relates generally to improved means and methods for automatically recognizing data on documents, and more specifically to improved means and methods for automatically recognizing amount information on financial documents, such as checks, invoices and remittance documents.
Today's financial services industry is facing the immense challenge of processing huge amounts of documents efficiently. Predictions that document payment methods would decline have not been realized. In fact, document payment methods have grown worldwide and are expected to continue increasing. There is thus a vital need to devise improved methods for processing such documents.
The use of imaging technology as an aid to document processing has been recognized as one way of significantly improving document processing, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,205,780; 4,264,808; 4,672,186; and 4,888,812. Generally, imaging involves optically scanning documents to produce electronic images that are processed electronically and stored on high capacity storage media (such as magnetic disc drives and/or optical memory) for later retrieval and display. It is apparent that document imaging provides the opportunity to reduce document handling and movement, since these electronic images can be used in place of the actual document. For example, document images can be retrieved from storage and displayed on workstation where operators can enter amount data and other information based on the observed images, instead of having to view the documents directly.
Although the use of imaging in a document processing system can provide significant improvements, the need for operator viewing and entry of data from the documents continues to limit the attainable document processing speed and efficiency.

Character recognition methods and apparatus for locating and extracting predetermined data from a document


An active body ventilation system which is dynamically responsive to vehicle status parameters, including for example the door open/closed status and the HVAC system status. An active ventilation unit is attached with a body wall which includes a portal housing defining a portal, a portal cover and a portal cover actuator for selectively adjusting the portal cover to thereby increase or decrease the unobstructed size of the opening of the portal. The active ventilation unit is interfaced electronically to various sensors of the motor vehicle, in which programming of an electronic control module determines optimum positioning of the portal covering via selective actuation of the portal cover actuator.

The passenger compartment of motor vehicles provides a space which provides protection to the occupants from environmental elements. To this end, the body of the vehicle defining the passenger compartment is preferably tight fitted at the door (by the term "door" is meant an expansive definition which includes doors, hatches, liftglass, decklids (trunklid), liftgates, etc.) and window seams, and provides an enclosure which keeps out dust, wind and water, and minimizes the passenger perception of road noise. In this respect, the more air-tight the body, the better. However, the air-tight quality of the body defining a passenger compartment must not be too air-tight for purposes of ease of closing a door and for purposes of efficient operation of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system.
When a door is closed, the movement of the door is accompanied by a substantial movement of air into the body. This in rush of air creates a pressure increase (air compression) within the body which needs release to the atmosphere, otherwise the increase in pressure will make full closure of the door difficult and also give any occupant the sensation of an ear pop at closure. Indeed, when one considers a door in the form of a decklid, the closure of the decklid can also cause air compression within the body, as for example by air flowing through the back seat.
The passengers need ventilation, and when the HVAC system is active, the fan and/or the vehicle movement draws air into the body, thereby causing an increase in air pressure within the passenger compartment. Accordingly, this incoming air needs some means of escape in order that air in the passenger compartment is able to periodically turn over, and so that the pressure does not increase to an extent that an untoward burden is placed on the function of the HVAC system.
In the prior art, the solution of choice for providing an air-tight passenger compartment which is selectively vented has been to install passive flap vents at the body wall defining the passenger compartment. FIGS. 1A and 1B depict an example of a conventional passive body ventilation flap valve 10. The flap valve 10 includes a flap housing 12 which is attached to an opening in the body 14. A pair of flaps 16 are connected at one end thereof, respectively, to the flap housing 12, preferably composed of a plastic. Each of the flaps 16 is composed of a resiliently flexible material, as for example a rubber or plastic, which is resiliently biased into the closed position (see FIG. 1A) so as to cover respective ports 18 (see FIG. 1B). When air pressure within the body (i.e., the passenger compartment) increases above atmospheric pressure, the flaps resiliently bend into an open position, as for example depicted at FIG. 1B so that air can pass out of the body through the ports 18 until the pressure becomes generally equalized. FIGS. 2A through 2D depict other examples of prior art flap valves 10a-10d, each composed of a flap housing 12a-12d with a plurality of resiliently flexible flaps 16a-16d each covering a respective port (not visible in the views).
While flap valves are simple and generally inexpensive components, they suffer from certain drawbacks. One significant draw back is that a flap valve is inherently unable to provide a high level of road noise isolation with respect to the passenger compartment. For another, the passive nature of flap valves does not allow for dynamic response to the operational status of the HVAC system. Still further, since the resiliency and response rate of the flaps of the flap valves is preset, there is always going to be some air compression inside the passenger compartment when a door is shut which will require additional door push energy to overcome; and if a door is slammed, passenger ear discomfort may be sensed. Further yet, when a door is opened, since the flap valves are essentially one-way, a suction can be created which makes the door harder to open during the initial phase of opening.
Accordingly, what remains needed in the art is a body ventilation system which is actively responsive to vehicle status parameters, including for example the door open/closed status and the HVAC system status.


A sensor includes a flexible wafer substrate and an oscillator provided on a principal surface of the wafer substrate, and the oscillator deforms when an external force is applied to the wafer substrate.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a sensor, an electronic apparatus, a robot, and a mobile object.
2. Related Art
Sensors are used in a variety of fields related to our lives, such as automobile, aerospace, medicine, industries, and robots. Examples of dynamic, mechanical sensors include a pressure sensor, a strain sensor, an acceleration sensor, a force sensor, and an impact sensor, each of which has a variety of forms according to applications. Further, sensors nowadays are increasingly required to improve detection precision and detection speed and achieve size reduction and advanced functions of the detectors irrespective of quantities to be detected by the sensors, such as force, temperature, magnetic force, illuminance, and sound.
In the situations described above, a strain gauge formed of a resistive member attached to a flexible film-shaped member is known as a strain sensor of related art. For example, JP-A-6-248399 proposes a strain gauge formed of a resistive member made of an amorphous alloy. JP-A-6-248399 states that a compact, high-sensitivity strain gauge that excels in resistance against various environments and in fatigue life characteristics is provided by selecting an appropriate composition of the amorphous alloy that forms the resistive member.
The strain sensor (strain gauge) in the form described in JP-A-6-248399, however, has a difficulty further reducing the size of the detector. Specifically, since it is necessary to separately provide the strain gauge and a circuit that detects a change in resistance of the strain gauge and connect the strain gauge to the circuit with lead wires, it is difficult to achieve further size reduction. Further, the configuration described above disadvantageously, for example, makes manufacturing steps complicated and reduction in manufacturing cost difficult.

Sensor, electronic apparatus, robot, and mobile object


An article of manufacture having a plurality of sites in domains of regular patterns. Neighboring domains are oriented at different angles to improve the identification of the sites.

The invention relates generally to the field of patterned arrays. More particularly, the invention relates to novel arrangements of layouts that improve the location and identification of specific sites on the arrays.
Arrays provide a number of individual sites at permanently or transiently fixed locations on a surface. Particularly useful arrays have sites that contain chemical groups or biological molecules, which can be identical or different among the many sites, and can interact with other materials of interest, such as a biological sample. Sites can be located by taking an image of the substrate surface, such as by a planar image or by line scanning. The image data is processed to locate and identify at least a portion of the sites. Where a chemical or biological interaction occurs at a particular site, the interaction can also be detected at the site and correlated with the location and identity of the site, as well as the particular group or molecule present at the site.
Sites are frequently arranged in a regular geometrical pattern, such as a checkerboard or hexagonal grid, to maximize the number of sites available on the substrate surface and to facilitate the location of sites by automated instruments. The location of individual sites on a surface can be identified by various registration methods. Conventional registration (sometimes referred to as "full registration") is based on starting from predetermined locations within the array and advancing through the sites one at a time by expected location. An example of a full registration algorithm uses one or more reliable reference location ("fiducial") such as an edge or other identifiable landmark. The sites in a regular pattern can then be identified using the fiducials for absolute reference, proceeding through the rows (or columns) based on knowledge a priori of the geometrical pattern, site size and pitch (spacing), collectively a "reference pattern". Full registration for every site on a substrate can be mechanically and computationally burdensome, however, due to the difficulty of accurately measuring absolute distances from a few reference points that are relatively distant.
To supplement full registration methods, local registration can be performed rapidly using a simple two-dimensional cross-correlation between the signals in detected site locations and the reference pattern. The alternate approach might be termed "rigid registration". While the method can be based in part on the ability to detect fiducials, the rigid approach takes advantage of knowledge a priori of the pattern (such as hexagonal), so that the location an individual site can be fine-tuned locally by observing its position relative to its neighbors. For example, a least squares fit can be performed with the detected signal against a rigid grid of coordinates (such as a kernel hexagonal array) serving as the reference pattern. The fit is completed via an affine transformation to account for large scale distortions that can be present throughout the image. In some registration methods, the local registration is sufficiently robust to obviate the necessity for measuring each location absolutely with respect to the fiducials, so that full registration is performed only at predetermined intervals, reducing the overall burden of the registration method. The locations can be registered simultaneously rather than one at a time, with a reduced sensitivity to large-scale distortions.
Nevertheless, the fitting routine is computationally expensive for large area arrays with a large number (high density) of objects. An additional challenge with the approach is that it is not sensitive to local, small scale distortions; such distortions can similarly induce miscorrelation between the detected array and the kernel. Thus, the rigid registration algorithm may not be ideally suited to large area microarrays.
Unfortunately, cross-correlation checks are not always sensitive to integral offsets (such as vertical or horizontal translation) or "walk-offs", where the registration can appear correct locally within a geometrical pattern of sites, but each site is mistaken for its neighbor. Reliance on local registration can also break down if attempted from within the repeating expanse of a regular pattern, without the absolute reference of a fiducial. Although some walk-off errors can be corrected when a fiducial is subsequently found, walk-offs can accumulate so that the compounded error can be difficult to resolve unambiguously. Where the correct identification of a site is significant, such as with random bead arrays, the correlation of an interaction with the wrong site location can result in an erroneous interpretation. Thus, there is a need for an arrangement of sites that is resistant to walk-off errors.


A countermeasure method for a microcontroller that executes sequences of instructions. The instructions are executed according to a pipeline method. At least one waiting time is randomly introduced between two consecutive instructions and/or within at least one instruction. The method is implemented by the electronics of the microcontroller rather than by software addition.

The present invention relates to a countermeasure method for a microcontroller in which sequences of program instructions are executed.
The present invention applies in particular to protected electronic components such as microcontrollers for chip cards, for example.
Microcontrollers are monolithic integrated circuits incorporating at least one microprocessor, also referred to as a CPU, standing for Central Processing Unit in English terminology These microcontrollers are true computers on a single silicon substrate, or integrated circuit chip.
Thus microcontroller chip cards constitute protected information carriers which have the same structure as a computer, that is to say they make it possible to store data and also to process information. In this context, the role of the microcontroller is to authenticate the card and its bearer, to encode and decode messages and to calculate electronic signatures proving that a licit operation has indeed been performed.
FIG. 1 illustrates schematically the structure of a microcontroller for a chip card. Such a microcontroller, integrated on a chip, has a microprocessor, or CPU, able to process the data and programs recorded on the chip. The microprocessor is associated with different types of memory by means of data buses. The operating programs and the algorithms are generally stored in a ROM memory, whilst the data, secret or not, are stored in a programmable memory of the EEPROM type, for example. A RAM memory contains the working registers necessary for the various internal processing actions. An input/output component, composed of a connector, for a chip card with contact, provides the dialogues with the outside world.
The operations of the microcontroller are sequenced by a clock (CLK). The microcontroller also has a power supply Vcc and an earth GND.
There are essentially two families of microcontroller. The majority of microcontrollers existing at the present time (approximately 90%) are based on a CISC (from the English Complex Instructions Set Computer) architecture in which the instructions are read and executed sequentially by a large decoding engine. However, the current trend is to use, more and more, microcontrollers with RISC (from the English Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture in which the instructions are read and executed in parallel. Such an architecture requires several expensive decoding engines in place on the integrated circuit chip, but it is also much more rapid in the execution of the sequences of instructions. In particular, RISC architectures using a so-called "pipeline" method make it possible to interleave several instructions by dividing them into substeps and executing steps of several instructions in the same clock cycle. The particularities of the pipeline in RISC architecture will be enlarged on hereinafter.
The execution of programs by the microcontroller must therefore be protected since all or some of the data being manipulated are secret. The protection can be provided by mathematical algorithms integrated into the programs executed, and/or by so-called countermeasure methods.
A countermeasure method is a protection method which consists of preventing the data manipulated during the execution of the instructions of a program being able to be interpreted outside the protected component. Such a leakage of information is possible through the very structure of the microcontroller, which may suffer what are referred to as power attacks, or DPA, standing for Differential Power Attack in English terminology.
FIG. 2 illustrates the principle of power attack by means of a graph of the current consumption I of the chip according to the number of clock beats t.
When the microprocessor executes a program composed of a sequence of instructions (Ins1, Ins2, Ins3, . . . ), with an algorithm, whether secret or not, it seeks the necessary data in memory, processes them and writes the results in memory.
Conventionally, the execution of a sequence of instructions always takes place in the same way, identical and determined, whatever the architecture (CISC or RISC) of the microcontroller used.
It then becomes possible to effect a power attack simply by reading the current consumption of the microcontroller (from its power supply Vcc), which may allow information on the secret data being handled to show through. In order to obtain such information, it is necessary to perform the same sequence of instructions several times. It then becomes possible to correlate the current consumption with the data processed during the execution of the same instruction. The current consumption of the microcontroller can thus become a veritable indicator of the data being manipulated.
For example, an attacker can proceed in the following manner. If a secret data item of eight bytes k[i], with i from 1 to 8, is considered. An accumulator is used and a loop is effected for i from 1 to 8 Acc=k[i]xor k[i+1]. At the end of the loop, Acc=xor(Σ(i=1 to 8)k[i]) is obtained. When the current consumption I is observed as a function of time during this sequence (loop), a curve is obtained with the cyclic trend which is the reflection of what was executed in the microcontroller, that is to say in the example cited eight identical signals are obtained for the eight operations of the loop. Nevertheless, if each element of the signals is compared, it is possible to extract differences, and thus information on the k[i] secrets. Observation is also facilitated by the possibility of having the same loop executed several times. The current consumption of the card being the same for one and the same sequence of operations, it is possible to extract the information sought.
Consequently it becomes essential to eliminate the repetition in the current consumption for the same sequence of instructions. This is the objective of the countermeasure methods.
Such countermeasure methods already exist, in particular in the software field, where programs containing random variants may be used. Such programs can have recourse to subprograms in a random fashion. Thus, for the same task repeated several times, which conventionally would invoke the same sequence of instructions, different subprograms are invoked and give rise to the execution of different sequences of instructions. It becomes impossible to correlate the current consumption and the data being manipulated.
Such a software solution is however complex to implement. It is necessary in fact to write the different subprograms, which is expensive in development time and in code size.

Countermeasure method for a microcontroller based on a pipeline architecture