The invention is directed to a photo-imageable composition precursor, the precursor composition comprising:                (I) finely divided particles of inorganic material comprising:                    Functional phase particles selected from electrically conductive, resistive, and dielectric particles;            inorganic binder having a glass transition temperature in the range of from 325 to 600° C.;                        dispersed in:        (II) an organic medium comprising;                    (e) aqueous developable, nonphoto-sensitive polymer which is a copolymer, interpolymer or mixture thereof, wherein each copolymer or interpolymer comprises                            (1) a nonacidic comonomer comprising a C1-10 alkyl acrylate, C1-10 alkyl methacrylate, styrenes, substituted styrenes or combinations thereof and                (2) an acidic comonomer comprising ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid containing moiety; and                                    (f) a bi-functional UV-curable monomer having a first and second functional unit, wherein the first functional unit is a vinyl group and the second functional unit is capable of forming a chemical bond by reaction with the carboxylic acid moiety.

The electronics industry is continuously striving to create electronic devices which are smaller, cheaper, and provide higher resolution performance. As such, it has become necessary to develop new photo-imageable compositions and processes for photo-patterning which accomplish these goals.
Photo-patterning technologies offer uniform finer lines and space resolution when compared to traditional screen-printing methods. A photo-patterning method, such as DuPont's FODEL® photo-imageable thick film pastes, utilizes a photo-imageable organic medium as found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,912,019; 4,925,771, 5,049,480, 5,851,732 and 6,075,319 whereby the substrate is first completely covered (printed, sprayed, coated or laminated) with the photo-imageable thick film composition and dried, if necessary. An image of the pattern is generated by exposure of the photo-imageable thick film composition with actinic radiation through a photo-mask bearing a pattern. The exposed substrate is then developed. The unexposed portion of the pattern is washed away leaving the photo-imaged thick film composition on the substrate that is then fired to remove organic materials and sinter inorganic materials. Such a photo-patterning method demonstrates thick film line resolution of about 30 microns or larger depending on the substrate smoothness, inorganic particle size distribution, exposure and development variables. It has been proven that such a technique is useful in the manufacture of flat panel displays, such as plasma display panels.
However, the photo-imageable thick film compositions and tape compositions of the prior art typically do not incorporate photo-reactive groups in the polymer resin itself (As is the case in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,912,019; 4,925,771, 5,049,480, 5,851,732 and 6,075,319).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,322 to Kakinuma et al. and JP3218767B2 to Masagi disclosed photosensitive compositions comprising specific photosensitive resins, a diluent, a photosensitive initiator, inorganic powder, and a stabilize.
Masagi discloses a photosensitive composition having an acrylic copolymer as the photosensitive resin. This again demonstrates the use of a photosensitive resin in a photosensitive composition.
The present inventors desired to provide a more economic and environmentally friendly composition(s), method of photo-patterning, and method of forming an electrode. By creating a novel composition(s) and processes, which do not require pre-formation of a photosensitive polymer in a separate process, the inventors accomplished this goal.
This invention discloses novel thick film pastes and tape compositions that generate in processing photosensitive polymers which may be photo-patterned. Unlike the prior art, the thick film paste composition of the present invention do not contain a photosensitive resin, but generate photosensitive resins during processing to form the desired photo-imaged pattern.

Aqueous developable photoimageable compositions for use in photo-patterning methods


A mobile terminal and a control method thereof are provided. The method according to an embodiment includes displaying, on a screen of a display unit of the mobile terminal, a first image including a plurality of items; receiving a selection of at least one item among the plurality of the displayed items; indicating, on the first image, the at least one selected item as selected; while the at least one selected item is indicated as selected, when an event of changing the displayed first image to a second image occurs, executing an application for processing the event, the event being initiated by the mobile terminal; and after the application is executed, re-displaying, on the screen, the first image having one or more of the at least one selected item as still selected.

1. Field of the Invention
This document relates to a mobile terminal and a control method thereof and, more particularly, to a mobile terminal and a control method thereof for maintaining the selection of an image even when a specific event is generated while the item is being selected.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
As functions of terminals such as personal computers, laptop computers, cellular phones and the like are diversified, the terminals are constructed in the form of a multimedia player having multiple functions of capturing pictures or moving images, playing music, moving image files and games and receiving broadcasting programs.
Terminals can be divided into mobile terminals and stationary terminals. The mobile terminals can be classified into handheld terminals and vehicle mount terminals according to whether the users can personally carry the terminals.
To support and enhance the functions of a terminal, a structural part and/or a software part of the terminal may be enhanced. As a variety of terminals including the mobile terminals provide complicated and various functions, a menu structure becomes also complicated. Furthermore, a function of displaying digital documents including web pages is added to the functions of the mobile terminals.

Mobile terminal and control method thereof


A filter-dryer apparatus employing a single container for both filtering and drying operations including a container holding a material to be filtered and dried, adapted to connect to a filter system and to connect to a fluid bed dryer system, and a process for separating particulates from liquids by the operations of filtration and drying, which includes the steps of providing a single container for both filtering and drying operations; introducing a mixture of particles and liquid to said container; connecting the container to a filter system and filtering the particulates from the liquid; detaching the container from the filter system; connecting the container to a fluid bed drying system and removing the liquid from the particulates to result in dry particulates.

This invention is generally directed to an apparatus and methods of its use for separating particulates from liquids by filtration and further removing liquids from the particulates by drying. The present invention is greatly efficient in filtering and drying to yield a high quality product by employing a single container for both filtering and drying operations.
As known, particularly in producing chemical and pharmaceutical compositions, use is made of large filtration chambers and fluid-bed dryers. The filtration chambers generally consist of vessels, usually cylindrical, comprising a bottom part, a filter plate assembly, and a top part having diameters between 300 and 5,000 mm. The filtration chambers are used to remove liquids from particulate materials and solids.
Furthermore, the solids can be transferred to a fluid-bed dryer that uses a gas stream to remove moisture from the solids. Significantly, during the transfer of the solids from the filtration chamber to the fluid-bed dryer, the solids can be contaminated, spilled, lost, and/or degraded.


This invention provides a low pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamp composed of a glass bulb whose inner surface is coated with a fluorescent material film, the fluorescent material film contains a fluorescent material, pyrophosphate having an average grain size of 3.0 .mu.m or less and preferably 1.0 .mu.m or less, at least one of alkaline earth metal salt and nitrate, and a boric acid compound. According to the above arrangement, there can be obtained a low pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamp having an improved fluorescent material film adhering strength, an improved total beam of light, a high beam of light maintaining ratio and a less amount of blacking.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a low pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamp and a method of manufacturing the lamp, and more specifically, to a low pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamp by which the adhering strength of a fluorescent film and a total beam of light are improved as well as a beam of light maintaining ratio is increased and a blacking is reduced.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are widely used low pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamps such as fluorescent lamps and the like having a fluorescent material film formed on the inner surface of a glass tube. FIG. 2 shows the general structure of a mercury vapor electric discharge lamp 1. In FIG. 2, the reference numeral 2 denotes a glass tube and numeral 3 denotes a fluorescent material film (phosphor layer) coated on the inner wall of the glass tube 2. In general, the low pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamp is made by the following method. That is, after a slurry of fluorescent coating composition prepared by mixing a fluorescent material with a predetermined amount of a binder and a coupling agent is coated onto the inner surface of the glass tube, a fluorescent material film is formed on the inner surface of the glass tube integrally therewith through a drying/baking process.
Conventionally, a solution prepared by dissolving nitrocellulose or ethyl cellulose in organic solvent such as butyl acetate, xylene or the like is ordinarily used as the binder and a fluorescent material coating composition made by suspending the fluorescent material and the coupling agent in the organic solvent is coated onto the inner surface of a glass tube (bulb) and dried and baked to form a fluorescent material film. As the coupling agent used to the organic solvent composition, both Ba--Ca boric acid compound is ordinarily used together with calcium pyrophosphate.
When the above organic solvent composition is used, however, a problem arises in that the organic solvent composition is vaporized when it is handled and adversely affects a human body and the safety in job and the quality of products are lowered by it. In particular, when the glass tube (bulb) to which the above composition is coated is baked, harmful gases such as CO, CO.sub.2, No.sub.x, etc. are liable to be generated and may cause environmental pollution such as air pollution and the like.
Further, an electric discharge lamp having a filament in a vacuum glass tube has a problem that a gas is liable to be discharged in the tube by an increase of a temperature in the tube and thus there is a tendency that lamp characteristics are lowered. In particular, there is a problem that a total beam of light is remarkably lowered when the lamp is lit.
Taking the above problems into consideration, the organic solvent composition tends to be gradually not used, whereas a method of using a water soluble fluorescent material coating composition prepared by dissolving a water soluble binder to water is employed. That is, this is a method of preparing a water soluble composition by suspending fluorescent material and a coupling agent to a solution made by dissolving the water soluble binder to water and coating the composition to the inner surface of a glass tube and drying and baking it to thereby form a fluorescent material film.
It is proposed to use at least one of Sr(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and Ba(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and at least one of boric acid, boric acid anhydride and calcium pyrophosphate as the coupling agent to be used when the water soluble composition is formed as disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 58-126658.
However, the coupling agent has a problem that lamp characteristics are liable to be lowered because the coupling agent has not sufficient chemical stability with respect to a fluorescent material. Further, since the coupling agent is composed of a non-light-emitting material of fine particles, if it is added in a large amount, the light emitting characteristics of a fluorescent material film is lowered, thus the light emitting output of a fluorescent lamp and the like and the beam of light maintaining ratio thereof when the lamp is lit are lowered as well as blacking is caused at an earlier time.
On the other hand, when an additive amount of the coupling agent is too small, there is a drawback that the fluorescent material film does not strongly adhere to a glass tube and what is obtained is only a fluorescent material film which is exfoliated or peeled-off very easily. In particular, the fluorescent material film is liable to be exfoliated or fallen away in a process for bending a glass tube to manufacture a circular electric discharge lamp or a high load type electric discharge lamp using the coupling agent or in a process for sealing a nitrogen gas or a rare gas into the glass tube, thus the value of the thus made electric discharge lamp as a commodity is often lost.
In general, although the fluorescent material coating composition using the organic solvent can form a fluorescent material film on the inner surface of a glass tube at a coupling strength higher than that of the composition using a water soluble binder, it is confirmed that the fluorescent material film is also liable to be exfoliated or fallen away in the process for bending the glass tube likewise. Further, when the water soluble coating composition is used, there is a tendency that exfoliation is caused more often in manufacturing processes as compared with the organic coating composition.
As disclosed in the above published application, it is contemplated to increase the concentration of the coupling agent such as Sr(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and Ba(NO.sub.3).sub.2 or boric acid, boric acid anhydride, calcium pyrophosphate and the like as a countermeasure for preventing the exfoliation and falling away of the fluorescent material film. However, an increase of the concentration of the coupling agent causes such adverse effects as a decrease of the beam of light of a lamp and a decrease of the beam of light maintaining ratio thereof, thus it is difficult to obtain an electric discharge lamp excellent in both the adhering strength (coupling force) of the fluorescent material film and lamp characteristics in any case.
An object of the present invention made to solve the above problems is to provide a low pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamp by which the adhering strength of a fluorescent material film and a total beam of light can be improved as well as a beam of light maintaining ratio is increased and a less amount of blacking is caused and a method of manufacturing the low pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamp.

Low pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamp and method of manufacturing the lamp


A flying toy is provided having a flying disk, and a model aircraft pivotally coupled to the flying disk by a flanged, split bottom pin. The pin is inserted into a central through hole formed in the top of the flying disk.

The present invention relates to a flying toy, and more particularly to such a flying toy which couples a model aircraft to a flying disk at the top.
Various flying disks have been disclosed in the prior art, and have appeared on the market for use by throwing them, so that they fly through the air. These flying disks are simple in structure, but not very attractive.
The present invention provides a flying toy which is totally new. A flying toy in accordance with the present invention is comprised of a model aircraft coupled to the top of a flying disk. The model aircraft is fastened to the flying disk by inserting a flanged, split pin into a center through hole on the flying disk. Further, the model aircraft has a propeller, two symmetrical wings, and a rudder. Therefore, the model aircraft can navigate itself to help the flying disk float in the air as the flying disk is sent flying through the air.

No. 12, Alley 2, Lane 131, Chang-Chin Rd. Hsi-Jyy


An information display unit for an automobile includes a display screen and a user interface presented on the display screen that simultaneously presents at least two display elements each depicting information relating to a different subsystem of the automobile (e.g., a navigational subsystem and an audio subsystem). The user interface visually emphasizes one of display element relative to another other display element in response to a predetermined stimulus such as a user's hand actuating or coming near a radio control knob or an approaching turn recommended by a navigation system.

Vehicles, such as automobiles, typically include an array of on-board subsystems, such as a navigation system, audio system, video system, beating and air conditioning system, rear-view camera system, fuel system, and others. One or more consoles, such as a radio console or a navigation console in a dashboard or other readily-accessible location, are typically included in the vehicle to provide a user with information about and/or control of various subsystem.


The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, kits, methods, and uses for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In particular, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, kits, methods, and uses for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by decreasing the expression of a cytoplasmic granule toxin in astrocytes of a patient, or by increasing the expression of MHC class I in motor neurons of the patient.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease, is characterized by selective, premature degeneration and death of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brain stem and spinal cord. The loss of motor neurons causes progressive muscle paralysis ultimately leading to death from respiratory failure. Approximately 90% of all amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases are sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, without a family history of the disease, and the other approximately 10% of cases are cases of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Despite significant efforts to identify risk factors and potential susceptibility genes, the etiology of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains largely unknown.
Various rodent models carrying dominant mutations of the human superoxide dismutase (SOD1) that is causative in about 20% of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases, have been instrumental to model motor neuron toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These models have demonstrated that not only motor neurons, but also non-neuronal cell types including microglia and astrocytes play a significant role in disease onset and progression. Recent studies have identified astrocytes as mediators of motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by a yet undetermined cytotoxic mechanism. Insight into the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of this toxic function by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis astrocytes is pertinent for the development of successful therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Accordingly, the present inventors have discovered the mechanism underlying the acquisition of this toxic function by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis astrocytes, and have used this knowledge to develop therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The pharmaceutical compositions, methods and uses, and kits described herein can be used to treat sporadic or familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Several embodiments of the invention are described by the following enumerated clauses:
1. A method for treating a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by decreasing the expression of a cytoplasmic granule toxin in astrocytes of the patient, the method comprising the step of                administering to the patient a composition comprising an effective amount of a compound that decreases the expression the cytoplasmic granule toxin in the astrocytes of the patient.
2. The method of clause 1 wherein the cytoplasmic granule toxin is a perforin.
3. The method of clause 2 wherein the perforin is perforin 1.
4. The method of clause 1 wherein the cytoplasmic granule toxin is a granzyme.
5. The method of clause 4 wherein the granzyme is granzyme B.
6. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 5 wherein the decreased expression of the cytoplasmic granule toxin results in an effect on motor neurons in the patient selected from the group consisting of an increase in the number of motor neurons, a decrease in soma atrophy, and an increase in neurite length after administration of the compound.
7. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 6 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of a drug, a peptide, and a nucleic acid.
8. The method of clause 7 wherein the compound is a nucleic acid.
9. The method of clause 8 wherein the nucleic acid functions by RNA interference or is an antisense RNA molecule.
10. The method of clause 8 wherein the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA, an miRNA, and an shRNA.
11. The method of clause 10 wherein the nucleic acid is an shRNA.
12. The method of clause 8 wherein the nucleic acid is delivered to the patient in a bacterial vector or in a viral vector.
13. The method of clause 8 wherein the nucleic acid has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
14. The method of clause 8 wherein the nucleic acid has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
15. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 14 wherein the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
16. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 14 wherein the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
17. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 16 wherein the amount of the compound is in the range of about 1 ng/kg of patient body weight to about 1 mg/kg of patient body weight.
18. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 17 wherein the amount of the compound is in the range of about 1 ng/kg of patient body weight to about 500 ng/kg of patient body weight.
19. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 18 wherein the amount of the compound is in the range of about 1 ng/kg of patient body weight to about 100 ng/kg of patient body weight.
20. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 19 wherein the composition further comprises a carrier, an excipient, or a diluent, or a combination thereof.
21. The method of clause 20 wherein the composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liquid carrier.
22. The method of clause 21 wherein the liquid carrier is selected from the group consisting of saline, glucose, alcohols, glycols, esters, amides, and a combination thereof.
23. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 22 wherein the composition is administered in a single-dose or a multiple-dose regimen.
24. A method for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by increasing MHC class I expression in motor neurons of a patient, the method comprising the step of                administering to the patient a composition comprising an effective amount of a compound that increases the expression of MHC class I in the motor neurons of the patient.
25. The method of clause 24 wherein the increased expression of the MHC class I results in an effect on motor neurons in the patient selected from the group consisting of an increase in the number of motor neurons, a decrease in soma atrophy, and an increase in neurite length after administration of the compound.
26. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 25 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of a drug, a peptide, and a nucleic acid.
27. The method of clause 26 wherein the compound is a nucleic acid.
28. The method of clause 27 wherein the nucleic acid is delivered to the patient in a bacterial vector or in a viral vector.
29. The method of clause 28 wherein the vector is a viral vector.
30. The method of clause 29 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of a lentiviral vector and an adenovirus vector.
31. The method of clause 30 wherein the nucleic acid has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
32. The method of clause 31 wherein the nucleic acid encodes the histocompatibility complex H2K.
33. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 32 wherein the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
34. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 32 wherein the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
35. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 34 wherein the amount of the compound is in the range of about 1 ng/kg of patient body weight to about 1 mg/kg of patient body weight.
36. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 35 wherein the amount of the compound is in the range of about 1 ng/kg of patient body weight to about 500 ng/kg of patient body weight.
37. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 36 wherein the amount of the compound is in the range of about 1 ng/kg of patient body weight to about 100 ng/kg of patient body weight.
38. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 37 wherein the composition further comprises a carrier, an excipient, or a diluent, or a combination thereof.
39. The method of clause 38 wherein the composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liquid carrier.
40. The method of clause 39 wherein the liquid carrier is selected from the group consisting of saline, glucose, alcohols, glycols, esters, amides, and a combination thereof.
41. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 40 wherein the composition is administered in a single-dose or a multiple-dose regimen.
42. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a dosage form of a compound effective to decrease the expression a cytoplasmic granule toxin in the astrocytes of a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
43. The composition of clause 42 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of a drug, a peptide, and a nucleic acid.
44. The composition of clause 43 wherein the compound is a nucleic acid.
45. The composition of clause 44 wherein the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of siRNA, an miRNA, and an shRNA.
46. The composition of clause 44 wherein the compound is an antisense RNA molecule.
47. The composition of clause 45 wherein the nucleic acid is an shRNA.
48. The composition of clause 44 wherein the nucleic acid has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
49. The composition of clause 44 wherein the nucleic acid has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
50. The composition of any one of clauses 42 to 49, wherein the composition further comprises one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
51. The composition of clause 50 wherein the composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liquid carrier.
52. The composition of clause 51 wherein the liquid carrier is selected from the group consisting of saline, glucose, alcohols, glycols, esters, amides, and a combination thereof.
53. The composition of any one of clauses 42 to 52 wherein the purity of the compound is at least 98% based on weight percent.
54. The composition of any one of clauses 42 to 53 wherein the composition is in an ampoule or a sealed vial.
55. The composition of any one of clauses 42 to 50 or 53 to 54 in the form of a reconstitutable lyophilizate.
56. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a dosage form of a compound effective to increase the expression of MHC class I in the motor neurons of a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
57. The composition of clause 56 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of a drug, a peptide, and a nucleic acid.
58. The composition of clause 56 wherein the compound is a nucleic acid.
59. The composition of clause 58 wherein the nucleic acid has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
60. The composition of any one of clauses 56 to 59 wherein the composition further comprises one or more carriers, diluents, or excipients, or a combination thereof.
61. The composition of clause 60 wherein the composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liquid carrier.
62. The composition of clause 61 wherein the liquid carrier is selected from the group consisting of saline, glucose, alcohols, glycols, esters, amides, and a combination thereof.
63. The composition of any one of clauses 56 to 62 wherein the purity of the compound is at least 98% based on weight percent.
64. The composition of any one of clauses 56 to 63 wherein the composition is in an ampoule or a sealed vial.
65. The composition of any one of clauses 56 to 60 or 63 to 64 in the form of a reconstitutable lyophilizate.
66. The method or pharmaceutical composition of any one of clauses 1 to 65 wherein the composition is in a dosage form selected from the group consisting of an inhalation dosage form, an oral dosage form, and a parenteral dosage form.
67. The method or pharmaceutical composition of clause 66 wherein the parenteral dosage form is selected from the group consisting of an intradermal dosage form, a subcutaneous dosage form, an intramuscular dosage form, an intraperitoneal dosage form, an intravenous dosage form, and an intrathecal dosage form.
68. The composition of clause 55 or 65 in the form of a lyophilizate.
69. The composition of any one of clauses 42 to 50, 53 to 60, or 63 to 65 in the form of a solid.
70. A kit comprising a sterile vial, the composition of any one of clauses 56 to 69, and instructions for use describing use of the composition for treating a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
71. The kit of clause 70 wherein the compound or composition is in the form of a reconstitutable lyophilizate.
72. The kit of clause 70 or 71 wherein the dose of the compound is in the range of 1 to 5 μg/kg of patient body weight.
73. The kit of any one of clauses 70 to 72 wherein the purity of the compound is at least 99% based on weight percent.
74. The kit of any one of clauses 70 to 73 wherein the compound or the composition is in a parenteral dosage form.
75. The kit of clause 74 wherein the parenteral dosage form is selected from the group consisting of an intradermal dosage form, a subcutaneous dosage form, an intramuscular dosage form, an intraperitoneal dosage form, an intravenous dosage form, and an intrathecal dosage form.
76. The kit of any one of clauses 70 to 75 wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
77. The kit of clause 76 wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liquid carrier selected from the group consisting of saline, glucose, alcohols, glycols, esters, amides, and a combination thereof.
78. Use of the composition of any one of clauses 42 to 69 for the manufacture of a medicament for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
79. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of clauses 42 to 69 for use in treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
80. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 23 wherein the cytoplasmic granule toxin is not SOD1.
81. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 23 wherein the cytoplasmic granule toxin is not an antioxidant cytoplasmic granule toxin.
82. The composition of any one of clauses 42 to 55 wherein the cytoplasmic granule toxin is not SOD1.
83. The composition of any one of clauses 42 to 55 wherein the cytoplasmic granule toxin is not an antioxidant cytoplasmic granule toxin.

Compositions and methods for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital


A seat slide device for a vehicle being a width of the seat slide device in the horizontal direction is smaller than the width of the seat slide device in the vertical direction includes a guide rail extending in the back/forth direction of a vehicle seat, including a fixed side vertical wall extending in the vertical direction in cross section thereof, and secured on a vehicle floor at the fixed side vertical wall, a slide rail engaged with the guide rail, guided to slide in the longitudinal direction of the guide rail, including a moved side vertical wall extending in the vertical direction in cross section thereof, and adapted to be mounted on the vehicle seat, a drive member provided in a space formed between the guide rail and the slide rail and rotatably supported by either one of the guide rail or the slide rail, and a driven engaging portion formed at the other one of the guide rail or the slide rail to be engaged with the drive member.

A known seat slide device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,586,740B2 includes a guide rail fixed at a vehicle floor side and extending in longitudinal direction of a vehicle seat and a slide rail fixed at a vehicle seat side to be slidably guided by the guide rail. In cross section view, the width of the seat slide device in the horizontal direction is smaller than the width of the seat slide device in the vertical direction, specifically; the form of the seat slide device is a flat form in cross section. Thus, an enough space in horizontal direction of the seat can be secured, for example, for providing an enough foot space for a rear passenger.
According to such known seat slide device, a drive member rotatably supported at the slide rail is provided outside the space formed between the guide rail and the slide rail. Thus, a driven engaging portion formed at a fixed side vertical wall of the guide rail to be engaged with the drive member is exposed toward a space under the seat.
Thus, a need exists for the seat slide device to not only secure a foot space, but also prevent the driven engaging portion from being exposed on the surface of the guide rail.


A linear light source includes a plurality of LED chips that are linearly arranged along a first direction, and a reflector including a first tapered sidewall sandwiching the LED chips in the first direction and a second tapered sidewall sandwiching the LED chips in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. The LED chips are surrounded by first tapered sidewall and second tapered sidewall, and the second tapered sidewall is lower than the first tapered sidewall.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a linear light source and a planar light source.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional linear light source is known that is provided with LED chips linearly arranged in the longitudinal direction of the linear light source and a reflector for upwardly reflecting light horizontally emitted from the LED chips (see, e.g., JP-A-2004-235139 and JP-A-2010-15709).
The linear light source disclosed in JP-A-2004-235139 is constructed such that the reflector sandwiches each LED chip in the longitudinal direction of the linear light source and a reflection sheet is provided on sides along the longitudinal direction of the linear light source. Accordingly, of light horizontally emitted from the LED chip, light emitted in the longitudinal direction of the linear light source is reflected by the reflector and light emitted in the lateral direction of the linear light source is reflected by the reflection sheet.
The linear light source disclosed in JP-A-2010-15709 is constructed such that the reflector surrounds the LED chip. Accordingly, of the light horizontally emitted from the LED chip, both light emitted in the longitudinal direction of the linear light source and light emitted in the lateral direction of the linear light source are reflected by the reflector.

Linear light source and planar light source


A socket holding system is disclosed which comprises a plurality of interlocking socket holders, each of said holders comprising a base and means for holding sockets mounted thereon. Each base interlocks with other bases, preferably, using a tongue and groove combination. Further, each base is secured to a substrate.

Various types of socket holders have been described in the literature.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,371,433 entitled "Tool Supporting Rack" which issued on Mar. 13, 1945 to Davis discloses a tool supporting rack which comprises tool supporting sockets slidably mounted in a channel bar secured to a suitable substrate such as a wall.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,179,255 entitled "Holder for Tools" which issued on Apr. 20, 1965 to De'Caccia shows a tool holder comprising tool holding sockets slidably mounted on a wire frame.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,860 entitled "Detachable Wrench Set Organizer and Storage Unit" which issued on Jul. 6, 1982 to Carrigan discloses a socket holder using a base member with a plurality of spaced holes designed to receive the bosses of cylindrical posts. Posts correspond to standard socket drive units whereby sockets are mounted thereon.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,095 entitled "Interlocking Modular Article Supporting System and Component Units Therefore" which issued on Oct. 18, 1983 to Dembicks shows an interlocking modular system for wall mounting a variety of tools.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,230 entitled "Package for Articles of Manufacture" which issued on Dec. 20, 1983 to Stanton shows a multiple package for displaying sockets, each individual package including a three layer structure having a plurality of projections extending therethrough. Sockets are slidably mounted on said projections. The individual packages are joined by scoring to allow said individual packages to be separated from the multiple package for sale.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,738 which issued in 1988 to DeLucchi discloses a socket holder comprising a plurality of studs configured to receive the sockets, said studs being slidably mounted on a slot.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,020 entitled "Holder for Socket Wrench Heads" which issued on May 22, 1990 to Randy shows a socket wrench head holder using posts mounted within slots.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,717,106 entitled "Display Bracket for Sockets and Package Employing Same" which issued on Jan. 5, 1988 to Bies et al. provides a display bracket for sockets and a package employing same.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,063 entitled "Socket Tray with Adjustable Socket Guides" which issued on Apr. 18, 1995 to Warner et al. discloses a socket tray which automatically adjusts V-shaped holders to retain sockets.
None of the known prior art disclose the device set forth herein.


Whole exome sequencing of 12 tumor-normal DNA pairs, RNAseq analysis and targeted deep sequencing identified new genetic alterations in PTCL transformation. These analyses identified highly recurrent epigenetic factor mutations in TET2, DN-MT3A and IDH2 as well as a new highly prevalent RHOA p.Gly17Val (NM_001664) mutation present in 22/35 (67%) of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AITL) and in 8/44 (18%) not otherwise specified PTCL (PTCL NOS) samples. Mechanistically, the RHOA Gly17Val protein interferes with RHOA signaling in biochemical and cellular assays, an effect potentially mediated by the sequestration of activated Guanine Exchange Factor (GEF) proteins. In addition, new and recurrent, genetic defects are described including mutations in FYN, ATM, B2M and CD58 implicating SRC signaling, impaired DNA damage response and escape from immune surveillance mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PTCL.

Lymphoma is the most common blood cancer. The two main forms of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow abnormally. The body has two main types of lymphocytes that can develop into lymphomas: B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells). Cancerous lymphocytes can travel to many parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or other organs, and can accumulate to form tumors. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous and poorly understood group of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas that develop from mature-stage white blood cells called T-cells and natural killer cells with dismal prognosis.
PTCLs represent a spectrum of T-cell lymphomas and accounts for approximately 10 percent to 15 percent of all NHL cases in the United States. PTCLs include Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (ALCL), Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma (AITL), Enteropathy-Type T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Hepatosplenic Gamma-Delta T-Cell Lymphoma Cutaneous T-cell Lymphomas (CTCL) and others.
PTCL-NOS and AITL and are the most common groups of PTCL accounting for 25% and 18% of all PTCLs, respectively. Additional, less frequent pathologic entities include ALK+ and ALK− anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL), hepatosplenic γδ T-cell lymphomas, enteropathy associated T-cell lymphomas (EATL), nasal type NK-/T-cell lymphomas, panniculitis-like T-cell lymphomas and leukemic forms of PTCL such as HTLV1+ adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, T-cell chronic large granular lymphocytic leukemia, aggressive NK-cell leukemia and T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia.
For most subtypes of PTCL, the frontline treatment regimen is typically a combination chemotherapy, such as CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) or EPOCH (etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone) or other multi-drug regimens. Because most PTCL patients will relapse, some oncologists recommend giving high-dose chemotherapy followed by an autologous stem cell transplant to some patients who had a good response to their initial chemotherapy program.
Currently a need exists for the early identification of individuals having PTCL in order to offer earlier diagnosis and alternative treatment options. It has been discovered that there is a correlation of certain mutations with the occurrence of PTCL. The identification of these genetic mutations involved in the pathogenesis of and PTCL in screening and diagnostic assays is helpful for early identification and diagnosis of PTCL.

Recurrent mutations in epigenetic regulators,

The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York


A case for the packaging of a product in the form of a solid or semi-solid block includes: a bottom portion defining a receptacle for the solid block, structure or element penetrating into the solid block so as to immobilize the solid block inside the receptacle, a cap removably placed on one surface of the product so as to retain the block in the receptacle, and a lid removably fitted onto the bottom portion so as selectively to open/close the case. This case furthermore includes structure for coupling the lid and the cap so that opening the case by rotating the lid with respect to the bottom portion causes the cap to rotate through a given angle with respect to the product, thus inducing a shearing effect between the internal surface of the cap and the surface of the product.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a case for the packaging and presentation of a product in the form of a solid block which is able to be crumbled into powder. Generally, this product is a make-up product, also called a "cake". This product may be placed in the case by pouring the product in liquefied form, which solidifies to transform into a solid product able to be crumbled into powder and to be taken up by the user, using her finger, a powderpuff or a brush. More particularly, the product targeted by the invention is a blusher, an eyeshadow or a foundation.
The liquefied make-up product may be in the form of a paste, obtained by mixing a particulate solid phase with either an aqueous phase or a binder, in particular a fatty phase in a solvent; it may also be in the form of a product, based on heat-meltable waxes or on a gel, which is poured when hot. Depending on the type of composition chosen, solidification therefore occurs either by evaporation of water or solvent, or by cooling, or by a chemical reaction.
2. Discussion of the Background
A liquefied make-up product cast in volume in a mold is known, this mold having a molding surface, which gives the product's shape (which is flat, domed or provided with raised or recessed patterns) at the surface from which the product will be taken up, and a bottom portion provided with one or more filling holes through which the product is poured.
Thus, EP-A-0,628,393 in the name of the Applicant discloses a case for the manufacture and presentation of a solid product able to be crumbled into a powder, this case being used as a mold for casting the liquefied product. According to that document, the case consists of a bottom portion provided with a circular edge and of a domed lid which is screwed onto the edge of the bottom portion. This bottom portion is provided with a filling hole. The internal side of the bottom portion is provided with a flat ring made of cellular foam. In order to fill it this case is turned upside down so that it rests on its lid. The liquefied product may then be poured through the filling hole and the center of the flat ring into the volume defined between the lid and the bottom portion. The liquefied product partly penetrates the flat foam ring, where it remains attached after solidification.
The Applicant has found that it is preferable, in particular for sealing reasons and with a concern to guarantee a perfectly smooth surface finish, to insert a thermoformed cap between the lid and the product so that this cap constitutes the base of the mold when casting the product. Furthermore, such a cap can be used as an indicator that the product has not been tampered with, this being particularly advantageous when the case is displayed on the shelves of a supermarket.
Experiments carried out by the Applicant have demonstrated that when, for the purpose of applying a make-up, the user removes such a cap, simply by pulling it, some of the product remained attached to the cap, making the surface from which product was taken up unattractive and friable.

Case for the packaging of a solid or semi-solid product


A display controller that permits more than one display to be operated by a single cable and a single display adapter. The display controller provides custom EDID information to a computer to which it is attached. The custom EDID information may include information about the single virtual display surface provided by all displays, and may include information about each of the individual monitors or displays, including the location of the individual displays in the single composite display surface. The single composite display surface may be utilized by computers that are not capable of recognizing the EDID for the multiple display system. If the computer does recognize the EDID for the multiple display system, the operating system of the computer and/or applications running on the computer may understand and utilize the heterogeneous nature of the display surface and may optimize display quality and presentation for a user.

The use of multiple displays by computer enthusiasts continues to grow. Using more than one display allows a user to stretch his or her desktop to show more programs than if a single display is used. In addition, a single program may be stretched over multiple displays so that more of a document, such as a spreadsheet, may be seen without scrolling. A presentation may also be opened over several pages and may be dragged across several different displays.
Because of the cost of producing large displays, purchasing two displays may provide the same amount of desktop space for less price than a large monitor. In addition to the cost of the monitor itself, however, conventional multiple monitor systems require an additional cable and display adapter, usually in the form of a video card, for each monitor. Alternatively, a special video card, often called a "dualhead" or multi-display card, must be purchased for the computer. Adding or changing the video cards requires opening the computer box and some knowledge of the internal structure of the computer. Moreover, the cables and video cards must be configured correctly by a user to create a single virtual display surface.
A drawback to the use of multiple monitors is that visually scanning from one monitor to another may be difficult. The wide frame that extends around the display for most monitors interrupts the eye when a user scans from one monitor to another, even when the monitors are placed as closely together as possible.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Display controller permitting connection of multiple displays with a single video cable


Provided herein is a holistic fraud cocoon that protects a user from incoming or outgoing fraud and phishing communications by capturing, analyzing and either altering, discarding or presenting communications to the user. For example, the holistic fraud cocoon captures all incoming sources (mail, in-person visits, phone, TV, radio, newspapers and internet) and the actions performed by the user, triggered by those sources. Certain actions are held in a queue to be reviewed, validated and acted upon by a third party before the actions are executed.

Access to money, identity, social security, physical stamps, and so on are being threatened. Individuals who have diminished capabilities due to aging, mental health or addiction are commonly the targets of such threats. Many individuals may be inundated by requests for money from a variety of different sources channels. Individuals who have mental health or addiction issues may be forced or tricked into action by fraudsters who are taking advantage of these individuals. At the same time, wresting all control and communications from the individual might be detrimental to the individual. Currently, there is no middle ground between diverting all communications and diverting some communications, from all sources. Also, there is currently no way to double-check actions by the individual to determine if the actions were triggered by a fraudulent communication.


Provided are methods and systems for reducing a transition rate in transmitting data between analog and digital chips in Sigma-Delta Modulator (SDM) based Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) and Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) intended to be used in audio signal processing. An example method may comprise receiving, by a digital chip, SDM binary data, mapping the SDM binary data to transition binary codes, and transmitting the transition binary codes to an analog chip. The mapping can be carried out according to a principle that the more commonly used SDM binary data codes correspond to transition binary data codes that require that fewer transitions occur in the signals between the chips. The methods and systems described provide for lowering the power needed for carrying out the data transmission between digital and analog chips.

The approaches described in this section could be pursued but are not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that any of the approaches described in this section qualify as prior art merely by virtue of their inclusion in this section.
Sigma-Delta Modulator (SDM) based Digital-to-Analog converters (DACs) and Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) are commonly used mixed signal (i.e., containing both analog and digital portions) circuits important to audio processing. Because analog circuits do not scale the same way as digital circuits with respect to the process technology, it may make sense implementing these circuits using two separate chips, with each taking advantage of its corresponding optimal process technology. The use of separate analog and digital chips may be done for other reasons as well.
The optimal interface between the analog and digital chips is at the output of the SDM, because this partitioning allows the digital chip to include the all-digital circuitry of the interpolating (in the DAC case) or decimation (in the ADC case) digital filters, while the analog circuitry is located entirely on the analog chip. Unfortunately, this means that the data rate for the interface is quite high, since the SDM output is at a highly oversampled rate.
Dynamic power consumption for binary digital signals in Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) circuits is linearly dependent on the capacitance of the signal nodes and linearly dependent on the transition rate of the nodes between the two voltages representing the two possible binary states, i.e. 0 and 1. When two chips are interconnected, the interconnection signals tend to have relatively high capacitances, and since the SDM data is highly oversampled, the transition rate is also high. Consequently, the interface can consume significant power. Therefore, it would be beneficial to minimize the transition rates at the interface nodes.

Reducing data transition rates between analog and digital chips


Pipe sections of a drill string are unscrewed by holding one pipe section stationary in a clamping arm, and rotating another pipe section by a turning wrench. The clamping arm includes an adapter that can be replaced by similar adapters sized for different pipe diameter. The turning wrench includes a lug arranged to be contacted by a piston rod and rotated thereby for breaking the bond between the pipe sections.

The present invention relates to the handling of pipe sections of a drill string and, in particular to an apparatus for untightening the pipe sections.
A conventional drill rig typically includes a platform on which a mast is mounted. The mast carries a rotary head that is mounted for rotation and vertical movement relative to the mast. The rotary head is able to rotate and feed a drill string formed of pipe sections that are interconnected by screw threads. A pipe storage rack is sometimes mounted on or in the mast for receiving and dispensing pipe sections. The pipe sections are screwed together and fed into a bore hole. When it becomes necessary to pull drill string from the bore hole, the drill string is raised and the pipe sections are sequentially unscrewed from one another.
In a typical unscrewing operation, a first drill pipe section is rotated, while an adjacent second pipe section is held stationary. If the pipe sections are so tightly screwed together that they resist initial unscrewing efforts, special measures must be taken. For instance, one known untightening apparatus (e.g. see U.S. Pat. No. 4,194,419) includes an arm having multiple, relatively pivotable sections for rotating first pipe section, while a pair of jaws spaced vertically from the arm is provided for holding the second pipe section stationary.
The arm includes a main section mounted to a vertical post for rotation about a vertical axis of the post, an intermediate section mounted to the first section for rotation about a vertical axis defined by the drill pipe section, and a clamping section mounted on the second section for rotation about a vertical axis, whereby the first drill pipe section is gripped between the intermediate and clamping sections. A fluid cylinder interconnecting the main and intermediate sections rotates the intermediate section, the clamping section, and the first drill pipe section about the vertical axis of the first drill pipe section.
While this occurs, the two jaws, diametrically spaced from one another, are driven toward one another to engage non-cylindrical portions (e.g. flats) of an outer periphery of the second drill pipe section and thereby prevent the second drill pipe section from rotating.
The above-described arrangement has certain limitations, because the clamping section of the arm may not be ideally dimensioned for clamping pipe sections of different diameters. Also, the arm is of relatively complex structure due to the need to provide for relative pivotal movement between three arm sections.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide an untightening mechanism and method which is of simplified, yet effective construction, and can be adapted to different diameters of pipe sections.

Apparatus for unscrewing drill pipe sections


A security device comprises a substrate having an array of microlenses on one side and one or more corresponding arrays of microimages on the other side. The microimages are located at a distance from the microlenses substantially equal to the focal length of the microlenses. The substrate is sufficiently transparent to enable light to pass through the microlenses so as to reach the microimages. Each microimage is defined by an anti-reflection structure on the substrate formed by a periodic array of identical structural elements, light passing through a substrate and impinging on the microimages being reflected to a different extent than light which does not impinge on the microimages thereby rendering the microimages visible.

Security documents such as banknotes now frequently carry optically variable devices such as diffraction gratings or holographic optical microstructures as a security feature against copy and counterfeit. This has been motivated by the progress in the fields of computer-based desktop publishing and scanning, which renders conventional security print technologies such as intaglio and offset printing more prone to attempts to replicate or mimic. Examples of such holographic structures and their manufacturing techniques can be found in EP0548142 and EP0632767 filed in the name of De La Rue Holographics Ltd.
The use of diffraction gratings or holographic optical microstructures has become more prevalent in recent years and consequently the underlying component technologies/sciences have become increasingly accessible to would be counterfeiters.
Optically variable devices can also be created using non-holographic micro-optics. One advantage is that mechanical copying of micro-optical components, such as spherical or cylindrical microlenses, typically with a size range of 1-50 μm, is very difficult to achieve because any variation in dimension or geometrical distortion leads to a decline or extinction of the required optical properties. Arrays of cylindrical lenses in combination with interlaced image strips have been routinely used in the packaging and advertising industries to create autostereoscopic and dynamic images. These are known in the industry as lenticular images.
Security devices utilising lenticular images have been described in the literature. U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,336 describes a security thread which has a printed pattern on one side and a lenticular structure coordinated with the printed pattern on the other side which combine in such a way that when the document is turned about an axis parallel to the cylinder lenses, a motif moves almost continuously from one place on the security thread to another.
The prior art discussed above uses cylindrical lens arrays. The use of cylindrical lenses limits the optically variable nature of the device in that the associated movement or change of image only occurs when the viewpoint rotates about the long axis of the lens.
Lenticular images are further limited by the requirement for precise register between the microlenses and the printed images and they are therefore very difficult to manufacture using mass production techniques, which provides a barrier to using them commercially.
A practical problem with lenticular devices is that the thickness is dependent on the width and number of the interlaced image strips. Referring to FIG. 1 in order for the device to function the back focal length, f, of the lens 10 must be such that it focuses on the image strips A, B, C and the repeating period, p, of the image strips must be the same as the lens diameter, D. The back focal length 11 of the lens is defined as the distance from the back surface of the lens to the focal point 12. As a general guide for polymer films f˜≧1−1.5×D. Therefore for a device to be 30 μm thick the lens diameter must be no greater than 30 μm. Consequently, the repeat period for the image strip would have to be no more than 30 μm. This is not practical with conventional printing techniques such as gravure, lithography and intaglio which can at best achieve resolutions of 20 μm/pixel correlating to ˜1200 dpi. Commercially available lenticular devices are therefore relatively thick (>150 μm) and this has prevented their use on/in flexible security documents such as banknotes where devices typically have thicknesses in the range 1-50 μm.
The use of moiré magnifiers for the creation of security devices is known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,731, filed in the name of De La Rue International Limited, discusses that combinations of microlenses and microimages can be used to generate security devices exhibiting optically variable effects. In the simplest case of a small pitch mismatch between the lens arrays and image arrays, an array of magnified images of constant magnification is observed with motion resulting from the normal parallax of a lens. A pitch mismatch between a microlens array 14 and a microimage array 13 can also conveniently be generated by rotating the microimage array 13 relative to the microlens array 14 or vice-versa, such that the microlens and microimage array have a rotational misalignment, as shown in FIG. 2. The rotational misalignment or the small pitch mismatch results in the eye observing a different part of the image in each neighbouring lens resulting in a magnified image 15, illustrated in FIG. 2 for the case of rotational misalignment. If the eye is then moved relative to the lens/image array a different part of the image is observed giving the impression that the image is in a different position. If the eye is moved in a smooth manner a series of images are observed giving rise to the impression that the image is moving relative to the surface. In the case where the pitch mismatch is generated by rotational misalignment the array of magnified images is rotated relative to the microimage array and consequently the parallax affect that results in the apparent movement of the magnified image is also rotated and this is known as skew parallax. The effect of pitch mismatch and rotational misalignment on the magnification and rotation of the magnified image observed in a moiré magnifier is described in "The Moiré Magnifier", M. Hutley, R Hunt, R F Stevens and P Savander, Pure Appl. Opt. 3 (1994) 133-142 published by IOP Publishing Limited.
The nature of the movement and orientation changes can be explained from the theory of moiré; this is discussed in detail in "The theory of the Moire phenomenon" by I. Amidror published by Kluiver Academic Publishers in 2000, ISBN 0-7923-5949-6. The moiré effect of two periodic structures can be explained/predicted by considering the frequency vectors of the two structures. The orientation of the frequency vector represents the direction of the periodicity and the length represents the frequency (i.e. 1/Period). The vector is expressed by its Cartesian coordinates (u,v) where u and v are the horizontal and vertical components of the frequency.
A one-dimensional grating is represented by a pair of points in the frequency plane (strictly, the grating should be a sinusoid to only have two points in the frequency plane). The representation of two one-dimensional gratings, with the same frequency but different orientation as frequency vectors, is shown in FIG. 3. Grating 1 can be represented by the two points f1 and −f1 and grating 2 can be represented by the two points f2 and −f2. The spectrum produced from the convolution of the two frequency representations (grating 3) indicates what moiré frequencies will occur. To be visible, the moiré must be close to the origin (i.e. a low frequency/high period), so the moiré observed from the superposition of the two gratings in FIG. 3 corresponds to f1−f2 and f241 in the frequency plane. For two-dimensional rectilinear gratings, the same principle applies but occurs in the two orthogonal directions at once.
A large magnification corresponds to a low frequency moiré. It can be seen from the frequency representation in FIG. 3 that a low frequency moiré requires a close match of frequency and orientation. It can also be seen in FIG. 3 that the resultant moiré frequency vector is at −90° to the individual frequency vectors. If instead of two one-dimensional gratings we have a superposition of a microlens array and a microimage array then the resultant moiré frequency vector corresponds to the magnified image array which will be orientated at −90° to the microlens and microimage arrays. The degree of magnification is dependent on the ratio of the frequency of the microimage over the frequency of the magnified (moiré) image, i.e. fmicroimage/fmoire. In the same manner that the orientation of the magnified image is rotated, the parallax affect that results in the apparent movement of the magnified image is also rotated. In this condition tilting the combined lens/image array vertically about the horizontal axis results in a counter intuitive horizontal motion in the magnified image. This is known as ortho-parallactic motion, i.e. motion perpendicular to the normal direction of the parallax and has been discussed in relation to security devices in a conference paper by Nanoventions, Inc in Proc. of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging SPIE Vol. 5310 p 321-327.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,731 discloses the use of the microlens array as a separate device for viewing the associated microimage or as one fully bonded device. However it is not possible to produce microimages at a sufficiently small scale to create a thin (<50 μm) fully bonded flexible device using the printing or embossing techniques disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,731.
An alternative approach to forming high-resolution black and white images is described within U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,902 filed in the name of Applied Physics Research, L.P., and specifically in relation to security devices in patent publication US 20030179364. The images are constructed by using light traps to create the black pixels. The light traps comprise reflective tapered structures with relatively high aspect ratios. Light entering the tapered structure is reflected and approximately 10% of the light may be absorbed. Due to the morphology of the structures the light is reflected many times and in this way all of the light is absorbed by the structure before it has the chance to exit the light trap. The light traps are formed during reactive ion etching of a layer of photopolymer and are a result of impurities/inclusions in the composition of the photopolymer. A master is then generated using conventional photolithographic techniques and the structure is then replicated into a polymer film. This technique allows the creation of black pixels at the limit of optical detection with a resolution of up to 100000 dpi. Arrays of microimages generated from such very fine pixels can be combined with microlenses to form thin flexible security devices of <50 μm producing autostereoscopic and dynamic images. A high-resolution colour image can be created by overprinting the high-resolution black and white image with a transparent lower resolution colour image.
Although the light traps allow the formation of very high resolution identifying images there are a number of processing issues associated with them. The light traps are formed during reactive ion etching as a result of impurities or inclusions in a photopolymer. Therefore the exact structure of each light trap cannot be specified and is not reproducible which could lead to variability in the final image. Once the structures are formed and a master produced the structure must be copied with very high fidelity into polymeric film using a replication process suitable for mass production. The high aspect ratio of the light trap structures (˜1:5) can result in difficulties in replicating these structures in polymeric films. It is known that the fidelity of replicated nanoscale and microscale structures is very dependent on the aspect ratio. In "Micro-optics. Elements, Systems and Applications—Edited by Herzog", it is reported that an aspect ratio of 1:1 can be replicated easily, 1:5 with care and 1:10 only with great difficulty. Diffractive structures used in security holograms have aspect ratios of ˜1:1 and are routinely produced at very high production rates (60 m/min) using a continuous hot embossing process. High aspect ratio structures cannot be replicated accurately using this process. UV embossing can be used to replicate such high aspect ratio structures but as the aspect ratio increases the slower and more difficult the process becomes. For a security device to be useful commercially genuine devices must be relatively easy to manufacture since otherwise production cost would be prohibitive. There is therefore a requirement for high-resolution images with high contrast that can be formed from structures that can be replicated with a high fidelity using a commercially cost effective process.


A controller may apply an electrical signal to each of two arms of a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) and may dither the electrical signals applied to one, or both, of the arms between a nominal state, a high state and a low state such that there is a constant phase difference between the arms in the high and low states compared to the nominal state, wherein each electrical signal comprises a static component (IL, IR, IL′, IR′) and a dither component. The controller may change the static component of the respective electrical signal applied to one, or both, of the arms in accordance with changes to an operating point during variation of the dither component and may vary a dither magnitude in accordance with changes in the electrical signal applied to one, or both, of the arms so as to maintain the constant phase difference.

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is an optical interferometer that modulates light beams, splitting an input beam into two portions, creating a phase difference between the split portions, and then recombining the split portions. Such interferometers are commonly used in optical systems for modulation and measurement of laser light. An example Mach Zehnder interferometer 100 as shown in FIG. 1 comprises a waveguide 101 having a beam splitter 102, which directs light along two arms 103, 104 (e.g. a left arm and a right arm), each of which imposes a phase shift on the light. The light from each arm is then recombined. Adjustments to the phase shifts caused by the arms can be used to control the phase and intensity of output beams in waveguide 105 and waveguide 106. Where the output beam in waveguide 105 is used as the main output from the MZI, the output beam in waveguide 106 may be used as a monitoring output (e.g. Ctap, Complimentary Port tap), or vice versa. The phase shift from each arm may be controlled via a phase electrode based on an electrical signal (e.g. a drive signal) provided by a controller.
Each interferometer arm will cause a certain intrinsic phase shift in addition to the phase shift imposed by the phase electrodes. This intrinsic phase shift is essentially random in many common designs, and both the intrinsic phase shift and the phase shift from the phase electrodes can vary over the life of the interferometer. Therefore, calibration is required to ensure that the interferometer is at the desired "operating point"—i.e. such that the phase difference between the arms is correct to achieve the desired operation of the interferometer.
In order to ensure that an interferometer is at the desired operating point, the controller will run a control algorithm with a feedback loop. Such an algorithm generally involves applying a dither to one or both of the phase electrodes, monitoring how this changes the output of the interferometer, and then adjusting the drive signals to ensure that the output matches the expected output at the operating point.
There are various types of phase electrodes that can be used to control phase in the arms of an MZI. Phase electrodes that cause a thermal change in the arm are one example (a "thermal phase electrode", TPE), but using other types of phase electrodes is equally possible. In general, the phase electrode will cause a change in refractive index of the respective transmission arm of the MZI when a current or voltage is applied to that phase electrode, and the changes to the relative refractive indices of the arms of the MZI will cause a change in the phase difference in the interferometer.
The relationship between the applied currents/voltages and the phase shift may be linear or non-linear. Where the phase shift is non-linear, a "differential dither" is commonly applied by the controller. FIG. 2 shows a differential dither scheme for a dual-ended controlled MZI, i.e. an MZI where the phase electrodes on both arms are varied by the controller to control the phase, as opposed to a "single-ended" control where only one of the phase electrodes is varied by the controller to control the phase.
A dual ended control for an MZI involves defining a fixed common mode current (Ic), and controlling the phase electrodes of the left and right arms such that their average current is always the common mode current. In the nominal state 200, i.e. when no dither current is applied, the left electrode is at a current of IL=Ic+dx, and the right electrode is at a current of IR=Ic−dx, where dx represents the magnitude of the difference between the current on each arm in the nominal state and the common mode current. When controlled in this way, the phase shift θ in the nominal state depends approximately linearly on dx, i.e. the difference between the common mode current and each of the phase electrode currents, and the phase shift will vary linearly with the application of a differential dither as described below. While the left electrode has the higher current in this example, the same principle applies where the right electrode has the higher current.
A differential dither is applied by applying a dither current to the left electrode, and an equal and opposite dither current to the right electrode, such that the average current is still the common mode current. The dither current causes a change in the phase difference in the interferometer between a high dither state 201 with phase difference θ+θD, and a low dither state 202 with phase difference θ-θD. In the high dither state the left electrode has total current of IL+ID and the right electrode has a total current of IR−ID, where ID is the maximum magnitude of the dither current. In the low dither state the left electrode has total current IL−ID and the right electrode has a total current of IR+ID. In all cases, the average of the total current on the left electrode and the total current on the right electrode (i.e. the common mode current) is constant. Since the relationship between such changes in current and the phase is near-linear, this simplifies the control algorithm for the feedback loop.
However, such a scheme is limited—the current to each phase electrode must be positive, and so the dither current cannot be greater than the lower of the two nominal phase electrode currents (otherwise the actual phase electrode current would become negative at the high or low dither state). In order to ensure this does not happen in an interferometer which might require large phase shifts over the course of its life, the common mode is set relatively high, so that there is plenty of room to adjust e.g. the right phase electrode current downwards before reaching the state where the dither would cause a negative current. However, the power consumption of the MZI is dependent upon the common mode current—and so using a high common mode current (to allow space for future calibration and thereby ensure that the interferometer can achieve its operating point over a long timeframe) results in significant increases to the power consumption.
There is therefore a need for a dither control scheme which allows for maintaining the operating point over a long timeframe without unduly increased power consumption.

Constant phase difference dithering control for mach-zehnder interferometer


A method of processing print jobs includes receiving two or more print jobs and organizing the two or more print jobs into one or more job groups that have modifiable group attributes. The method also includes organizing the one or more job groups into one or more group packages that have modifiable package attributes. The method further includes printing at least one of the group packages. A graphical user interface and a printing system are operative to perform the method.

The present disclosure broadly relates to the art of printing systems and, more particularly, to a user interface and printing system for processing print jobs, as well as a method of processing print jobs.
The terms "print", "printing" and "marking" as used herein are to be broadly interpreted to encompass any action or process involving the production or output of sheet media having text, images, graphics and/or other indicia formed thereon by any process, such as inkjet or electrophotographic processes, for example. The terms "printer" and "printing system" as used here are to be broadly interpreted to encompass any device, apparatus or system that is capable of performing a "printing" action. Examples of such equipment and/or systems include, without limitation, desktop printers, network printers, stand-alone copiers, multi-function printer/copier/facsimile devices, and high-speed printing/publishing systems. Additionally, such exemplary embodiments of equipment, systems and/or processes can utilize sheet media of any type or kind, such as paper, cardstock and/or polymeric film, for example. Furthermore, such exemplary equipment, systems and/or processes can output indicia on such sheet media using any printing or marking substance, such, as ink, toner and/or colorant, for example, in monochrome (e.g., black) or one or more colors, or any combination thereof.
It is often desirable to produce packs of printed materials that include multiple documents which are printed on one or more different kinds of sheet media (e.g., white paper, colored paper and transparencies). Commonly, the various documents are also subjected to different finishing operations (e.g., stapling, hole punching, binding, insertion of separator sheets and offset stacking). Currently, the options available for producing such packs of printed materials are somewhat limited and normally include a substantial amount of manual sorting and/or other handling. As such, organizing these packages of materials is typically time consuming and can often be quite costly. What's more, the significant amount of manual sorting that is normally involved can lead to errors and/or omissions, such as including two copies of one print job in a pack of materials and/or omitting a copy of another print job from the pack, for example.
An example of such a manual sorting arrangement is shown in FIG. 8, which illustrates a plurality of stacks of printed documents 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18. Stacks 10, 14 and 18 respectively include four copies of print jobs J1, J3 and J5. Stacks 12 and 16 respectively include three copies of print jobs J2 and J4. Jobs J1 and J4 respectively of stacks 10 and 16 are shown using the same continuous line type, which can optionally be considered to be of the same type or kind of sheet media, such as standard white paper, for example. The term "custom media" shown on print jobs J2, J3 and J5 respectively in stacks 12, 14 and 18 are so labeled merely to indicate that the same are of a different media type than jobs J1 and J4, such as being on colored paper or transparencies, for example. Additionally, jobs J2, J3 and J4 are shown using line types, which can optionally be considered to be of different media types.
The stacks of print jobs are then manually collated or otherwise organized into two complete copies of bundle B1, one copy of bundle B2 and one copy of bundle B3. One example of a situation in which such bundles or packs of materials might be prepared is a business management meeting, where the documents represented by print jobs J2 and J4 are specific to particular business units. In such a case, it may be desirable to limit distribution of the materials to those for whom the information would be relevant. This may be done to minimize the distribution of sensitive information, or for other reasons. Also, it will be appreciated that the numbers of print jobs and bundles shown in FIG. 8 is merely exemplary, and that in most cases, tens or hundreds of copies of each bundle may be produced. In such a scenario, significant cost savings can be achieved by, wherever possible, reducing the number of jobs that are printed. Thus, it would be beneficial to collate and organize the bundles so that print jobs J2 and J4 are omitted from bundles B2 and B3. Using known techniques, however, it may be determined that the expense in time and manual effort associated with printing, sorting and bundling the materials in different ways for different groups of people would offset any reduction in material costs that might be realized by using job specific collation. Thus, the full pack of documents may be unnecessarily produced for each person rather than commit the resources to performing the job specific collation.
In an effort to minimize the manual work associated with the production of packs of documents of this nature, systems have been developed that permit numerous print jobs to be combined or merged together into a single, large print job. This single, large print job can then be sent to a printing system resulting in the output of the numerous documents as a single stack of materials, which can then be repeated as many times as necessary.
Such systems have met with success in certain applications and environments. However, these systems exhibit characteristics that may, in other situations, inhibit the adoption and use of the systems. One such characteristic is that the identities of the individual print jobs are normally lost when the same are merged together into the single, large print job. This is disadvantageous because it leaves the user or operator to keep track of which pages are part of each job. Thus, to insert a separator sheet between two jobs, the user would have to know or determine which two sheets to insert the separator sheet between. Furthermore, reducing the numerous print jobs to a single print job prevents job specific attributes from being maintained. Thus, the resulting large print job is normally edited on a page-by-page basis rather than on a job-by-job basis.

System and method of processing print jobs


A machine for casing inner books into book cases by gluing the outer end papers of an inner book to the inner surfaces of the covers of a book case, having a conveyor, which at cyclical intervals feeds successive inner books with the spine directed upwards in a vertical plane of motion to a cyclically fed book case, which is held in position in the plane of motion of the inner book, and having means for moving the covers up against the inner book and joining the end papers and book covers, is, in view of a compact design which is less expensive to manufacture, characterised by a feeding conveyor (5), which feeds the inner book (2) with the spine directed upwards to a lower receiving point and has a device (15-17) for spreading apart the outer end papers (2a) of the inner book (2), and by a gripper (21), which grasps the inner book (2) between the spread-apart outer end papers (2a) and conveys it from the lower receiving point to an upper joining point.

The invention relates to an apparatus for casing inner books into book cases by gluing the outer end papers of an inner book to the inner surfaces of the covers of a book case. The apparatus includes a conveyor, which at cyclical intervals feeds successive inner books with the spine directed upwards in a vertical plane of motion to a cyclically fed book cases, which are held in position in the plane of motion of each of the inner book, and includes means for moving the covers up against the inner book and joining the end papers and book covers.
From DE-OS 1 536 505, for example, an insetting machine is known, comprising a revolving conveyor having chains, which lie in parallel vertical planes and are guided around deflection chain wheels. That apparatus also includes a plurality of horizontally aligned saddle plates spaced uniformly apart from one another and coupled to the chains. For assembling respective inner books and book cases, in a so-called casing process, the inner books are fed by a conveyor with their front cut resting on a web and in the process are pushed onto a divider element before being taken over astride the saddle plates as a result of the saddle plates travelling through the divider element.
For casing the inner books with correct registration with the book case, reciprocally operating contact pressure elements movable upwards in synchronism with the conveyor are provided, which are applied onto the book spine and/or onto the spine of the book case and movable in closed, loop-shaped paths of motion from a starting position lying against the book, upwards as well as down along a path separate from the path of motion of the book and back into the starting position.
The books, carried astride the saddle plates and moving down along the vertical path of motion, are delivered in a book delivery apparatus, in which the books are supported against a stop rail having a through-slot for the saddle plates and are deposited onto a conveyor by a reciprocating transfer plate.
The vertically oriented saddle plate conveyor used in the known insetting machines and also known as a paternoster is of a heavy, bulky design owing to the plurality of saddle plates on parallel chain systems with their deflection chain wheels. Insetting machines and saddle plate conveyors, viewed as a whole, entail a high design and manufacturing outlay. When the inner books are pushed onto the divider element there is a risk of individual signatures or sheets being upset, which leads to malfunctions. Furthermore, the still fresh, particularly bulky inner books may be torn when they are taken over by the saddle plates moving upwards at a high clock frequency. In the case of thin inner books, it is impossible to rule out smearing of the saddle plates or deforming of the inner book spines. Finally, inner books having specially designed printed sheets, which pop up upon opening, do not permit a central take-over by saddle plates.
The object of the invention is to provide a machine of the type described for casing inner books into book cases by gluing the outer end papers of an inner book to the inner surfaces of the covers of a book case, which machine in comparison to the described prior art is to be of a compact design. Furthermore, the machine is to entail a lower constructional outlay, be less expensive to manufacture while maintaining the same quality of manufacture of the books and enable shortening of the set-up time.
This object is achieved by the invention in a simple and economical manner by means of a feeding conveyor, which feeds the inner book with the spine directed upwards to a lower receiving point and has a device for spreading apart the outer end papers of the inner book, and by means of a gripper, which grasps the inner book between the spread-apart outer end papers and conveys it from the lower receiving point to an upper joining point.
It is obvious that an inner book gripper which is displaceable along a relatively short, rectilinear, vertical path of motion between two end positions as a means of conveying the inner books, instead of a saddle plate conveyor operating on the paternoster principle and having devices for centrally dividing the inner books for take-over by the saddle plates, entails a far lower constructional outlay. Starting from the constant groove edge of the inner books, the inner book gripper travels always with a constant stroke from the lower receiving point into the upper joining point, which guarantees a taut casing of the inner books into the book case. By virtue of the centred positioning of the inner book in the gripper combined with the centreo-riented transport of the book case, the book is always precisely aligned with the book case. The automatic adjustment to book and/or inner book thickness by means of pneumatic clamping helps to shorten the set-up time. The insetting machine may be used to case in all relevant products, and indeed even products which do not allow central dividing.
In DE-OS 195 40 213 having the same assignee as the present application an insetting machine without use of a known fixed tray conveyor with saddle plates is described. In this machine, inner books with their spine directed upwards are taken over by a transport device by means of adhesive application rollers which, by rolling along the inner book, apply an adhesive film onto the surface of the end papers and feed the inner book to an awaiting book case. On the way up, the inner book is grasped in the groove region by tips of lifting pincers, transported further in a vertical plane and assembled in the spine with a book case held in position. Book case and inner book then move on into the effective range of contact pressure rollers having recesses for the book to pass through. The book is held clamped by the stationary contact pressure rollers and lifted by a vertical motion of the contact pressure rollers, wherein the book covers for the return stroke of the lifting pincers are supported against rods without material contact. By virtue of a rotational motion of the contact pressure rollers effected simultaneously with the return stroke, the contact pressure rollers transport the book into a top end position and rub the end papers against the book covers.

Machine for casing inner books into book cases


An automotive vehicle body structure including a dash panel separating an engine room from a passenger compartment, a front pillar extending vertically along each outboard edge of the dash panel and a wheel house portion connected between an outboard edge of the dash panel and an opposing side of a lower part of the front pillar, a reinforcing member extends along a boundary between the outboard edge of the dash panel and wheel house portion and defines a closed cross section jointly with the dash panel and wheel house. The wheel house portion has a three dimensional contour bulging toward the passenger compartment and relatively high rigidity to reinforce the dash panel by reinforcing the boundary between the wheel house portion and dash panel. The impact load applied to the dash panel during a frontal crash is evenly distributed to various structural parts and a favorable crash safety is achieved.

In a previously proposed automotive vehicle body, a reinforcing member joining a front side frame and a front side pillar to each other is provided on a front side of a dash panel so that a load acting upon the front side frame may be transmitted to major members such as a front pillar and a side sill that form the passenger compartment. Such a reinforcing member is required to be provided in a relatively rear part of the vehicle body so as to avoid a wheel house receiving a wheel therein in front of the dash panel on either lateral side thereof because the wheel house is required to occupy a significant space to allow the wheel to be steered. See Japanese patent No. 2936877, for instance.
According to this proposal, the reinforcing member is placed in a rear part of the wheel house, and necessitates the dash panel to be located more rearward than desired so as to accommodate the reinforcing member. This is undesirable because it diminishes the available space of the passenger compartment.


Compositions comprising certain metal-containing materials distributed interactively on a deboronated HAMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve which are useful for catalytically oxidizing or oxidatively dehydrogenating organic compounds such as alkanes, aromatics, and alkyl-substituted aromatics are described. Alkanes are oxidatively dehydrogenated to olefins, and an aromatic compound such as benzene can be oxidized by nitric and/or nitrous oxide to largely phenol or largely nitrobenzene depending upon the oxidation temperature. When the compound is a methylaromatic, oxidation produces an aromatic aldehyde. Alkyl groups larger than methyl oxidatively dehydrogenate to alkenyl groups. The compositions can be used in a process to separate p-xylene from a mixture of its isomers based upon the ability of the compositions, which preferably comprise a iron molybdenum material interactively distributed on a deboronated HAMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve, to selectively oxidize the p-xylene to an aldehyde or dialdehyde while not substantially oxidizing the ortho and metaxylene isomers. Such partially oxidized mixtures of p-xylene are useful to make TPAA or as feeds to a water-based, further oxidation to make terephthalic acid. Carbon dioxide used as a carrier gas with a methylaromatic feed to the oxidation catalyst is shown to have a beneficial effect on yield and selectivity.

This invention relates to compositions containing a pair of metal compounds distributed interactively on a deboronated HAMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve (DBH) and a process of using such compositions as oxidation or oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts. More particularly, this invention relates to an improved process and composition for the alkyl group oxidation or oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkyl-substituted aromatic using a novel metal-compound-containing composition based upon a deboronated HAMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve. Still more particularly, this invention relates to improved process for the methyl group oxidation of a methyl-substituted aromatic, such as p-xylene, to an aromatic mono and/or dialdehyde using a catalytic amount of a novel composition containing an iron molybdenum material distributed interactively on a deboronated HAMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,597,485 discloses a process for preparation of terephthalaldehyde (referred to herein as TPAA) which comprises subjecting p-xylene to a vapor phase oxidation in the presence of a catalyst mixture consisting of tungsten and molybdenum compounds.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,137 describes a process for preparation of TPAA in which p-xylene is oxidized in the vapor phase in the presence of a supported catalyst mixture of oxides of tungsten and molybdenum and at least a third metal or oxide selected from the group consisting of calcium, barium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, thallium, niobium, zinc, and tin. According to this patent, the three component catalyst composition processes have improved catalyst life when compared to the catalyst described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,597,485. However, in both of these patents the conversion of p-xylene to TPAA is low.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,547 describes an improved process for making TPAA which uses a mixture of molybdenum oxide and silico-tungstic acid in combination with bismuth oxide. Catalyst lifetime and conversion to TPAA are both said to be improved over the prior art techniques. Not only is the conversion of p-xylene to TPAA said to be increased substantially by the use of the oxide of bismuth, but catalyst life is also said to be improved considerably, thereby permitting the operation of the oxidation process for longer periods of time before catalyst regeneration is required.
In an article entitled "Polymer Applications of Some Terephthalaldehyde Derivatives" in Ind. & Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev. 15 (1) 83-88(1976), the authors use a tungsten-molybdenum catalyst in a ratio of about 9:1 deposited in an amount of ten percent or less on an alumina support to oxidize a mixture of air and p-xylene at 475.degree. C. to 575.degree. C. to a mixture of tolualdehyde (TAL) and TPAA. A 40-60% yield of TPAA with a minor production of byproducts is reported. The lifetime of the catalyst however appears to be poor.
Two catalyst properties are of primary importance for the operation of a continuous oxidation or oxidative dehydrogenation process which converts alkanes, aromatics or alkyl aromatics on a commercial scale. The first is yield of the desired oxidation product and the second is catalyst lifetime.
Now it has been discovered that metal-compound-containing compositions based on a deboronated HAMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve having the MFI crystal structure can be very selective in oxidation and oxidative dehydrogenation reactions while having a long lifetime. For example, the alkyl group oxidation of an alkyl-substituted aromatic in the presence of a catalytic amount of a composition which is an iron molybdenum material distributed interactively on a deboronated HAMS-1B crystalline molecular sieve can yield aromatic aldehydes where the alkyl substituent is methyl and alkenyl-substituted aromatics when the alkyl substituent is larger than methyl. (oxidative dehydrogenation). The compositions give a combination of both good yield and good catalyst lifetime for the production of aromatic aldehydes or alkenyl aromatic products with reduced amounts of burning to fully oxidized products. In addition, the compositions show a selectivity in the oxidation of xylene and dialdehydes which can serve as the basis for a process for separating p-xylene from the other xylene isomers by selectively oxidizing p-xylene. Products of such selective p-xylene and dialdehyde oxidation are suitable intermediates for a variety of novel and specialty polymer applications including liquid crystals, engineering polymers, and optical brighteners. These oxidation products are also useful in synthesis of alcohols such as cyclohexanedimethanol. A particularly useful product of this invention is p-tolualdehyde which is useful as a feed to a water-based oxidation process to make purified terephthalic acid.

Catalytic oxidation and oxidative dehydrogenation using metal-compound-loaded, deboronated hams-1b crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve compositions