A distribution apparatus is provided which, if a short circuit occurs in a secondary line from a branch output terminal of the apparatus or in terminal equipment connected to the secondary line, stops supplying electric currents to the concerned branch output terminal. In the distribution apparatus, external taps (22) which serve as distribution output terminals are connected to a current passage network (26). A positive thermistor (27) is connected to each external tap (22) in the current passage network (26).

Generally, CATV transmission cables are connected to subscribers via multi-tap distribution apparatuses. CATV stations transmit through the cables not only television signals and control signals but also currents for operating main line amplifiers. Therefore, some distribution apparatuses are designed for passing electrical currents therethrough.
Handling instructions and precautions for equipment connected to the transmission cable are not often followed at subscribers' homes. For example, equipment may be inappropriately installed or tampered with by children, which often causes a short circuit. If a short circuit occurs in a secondary line branching out of a terminal of a branch circuit of a distribution apparatus or in terminal equipment connected to the secondary line, it can cause damage not only to the distribution apparatus to which the concerned secondary line is connected but also to the circuits of the equipment installed in the main line.
A fuse or bimetal device is sometimes interposed in the current transmission circuit of a distribution box to block the transmission of a large current. However, replacing a fuse to restore the flow of currents is a time-consuming task as it requires opening the distribution apparatus. On the other hand, the problem with the bimetal device is that, having a high calorific value, this device tends to raise the temperature in the distribution apparatus and hence change the characteristics of the ferrite components inside.


A method of MR imaging of a body (10) of a patient reduces contrast blurring in PROPELLER imaging combined with multi-echo acquisitions. The method includes the steps of:                generating MR signals by subjecting at least a portion of the body (10) to a MR imaging sequence including a number of RF pulses and switched magnetic field gradients;        acquiring the MR signals as a plurality of k-space blades (21-26) in temporal succession according to a PROPELLER scheme, each k-space blade (21-26) including a number of substantially parallel k-space lines, wherein the k-space blades (21-26) are rotated about the center of k-space, so that a total acquired data set of MR signals spans at least part of a circle in k-space, wherein a common central circular region of k-space is covered by all k-space blades (21-26), wherein a relaxation weighting of the MR signals varies between different k-space blades (21-26);        estimating the relaxation weighting of the MR signals;        compensating the acquired MR signals according to the estimated relaxation weighting; and        reconstructing a MR image from the compensated MR signals.

Image-forming MR methods which utilize the interaction between magnetic fields and nuclear spins in order to form two-dimensional or three-dimensional images are widely used nowadays, notably in the field of medical diagnostics, because for the imaging of soft tissue they are superior to other imaging methods in many respects, do not require ionizing radiation and are usually not invasive.
According to the MR method in general, the body of the patient to be examined is arranged in a strong, uniform magnetic field B0 whose direction at the same time defines an axis (normally the z-axis) of the co-ordinate system to which the measurement is related. The magnetic field B0 produces different energy levels for the individual nuclear spins in dependence on the magnetic field strength which can be excited (spin resonance) by application of an electromagnetic alternating field (RF field) of defined frequency (so-called Larmor frequency, or MR frequency). From a macroscopic point of view the distribution of the individual nuclear spins produces an overall magnetization which can be deflected out of the state of equilibrium by application of an electromagnetic pulse of appropriate frequency (RF pulse) while the corresponding magnetic field B1 of this RF pulse extends perpendicular to the z-axis, so that the magnetization performs a precessional motion about the z-axis. The precessional motion describes a surface of a cone whose angle of aperture is referred to as flip angle. The magnitude of the flip angle is dependent on the strength and the duration of the applied electromagnetic pulse. In the case of a so-called 90° pulse, the magnetization is deflected from the z axis to the transverse plane (flip angle 90°).
After termination of the RF pulse, the magnetization relaxes back to the original state of equilibrium, in which the magnetization in the z direction is built up again with a first time constant T1 (spin lattice or longitudinal relaxation time), and the magnetization in the direction perpendicular to the z direction relaxes with a second and shorter time constant T2 (spin-spin or transverse relaxation time). The transverse magnetization and its variation can be detected by means of receiving RF coils which are arranged and oriented within an examination volume of the MR device in such a manner that the variation of the magnetization is measured in the direction perpendicular to the z-axis. The decay of the transverse magnetization is accompanied by dephasing taking place after RF excitation caused by local magnetic field inhomogeneities facilitating a transition from an ordered state with the same signal phase to a state in which all phase angles are uniformly distributed. The dephasing can be compensated by means of a refocusing RF pulse (for example a 180° pulse). This produces an echo signal (spin echo) in the receiving coils.
In order to realize spatial resolution in the body, time-varying magnetic field gradients extending along the three main axes are superposed on the uniform magnetic field B0, leading to a linear spatial dependency of the spin resonance frequency. The signal picked up in the receiving coils then contains components of different frequencies which can be associated with different locations in the body. The signal data obtained via the receiving coils correspond to the spatial frequency domain and are called k-space data. The k-space data usually include multiple lines acquired of different phase encoding. Each line is digitized by collecting a number of samples. A set of k-space data is converted to an MR image by means of Fourier transformation.
So-called PROPELLER imaging offers promising advantages for clinical MR imaging like robustness against patient motion and intrinsic motion compensation capabilities. In the PROPELLER concept (Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParalEL Lines, see James G. Pipe: "Motion Correction With PROPELLER MRI: Application to Head Motion and Free-Breathing Cardiac Imaging", Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 42, 1999, pages 963-969), MR signal data are acquired in k-space in N strips, each consisting of L parallel k-space lines, corresponding to the L lowest frequency phase-encoding lines in a Cartesian-based k-space sampling scheme. Each strip, which is also referred to as k-space blade, is rotated in k-space by an angle of, for example, 180°/N, so that the total MR data set spans a circle in k-space. If a full k-space data matrix having a diameter M is desired, then L and N may be chosen so that L×N=M×π/2. One essential characteristic of PROPELLER is that a central circular portion in k-space, having a diameter L, is acquired for each k-space blade. This central portion can be used to reconstruct a low-resolution MR image for each k-space blade. The low-resolution MR images can be compared to each other to remove in-plane displacements and phase errors, which are due to patient motion. The PROPELLER technique makes use of oversampling in the central portion of k-space in order to obtain an MR image acquisition technique that is robust with respect to motion of the examined patient during MR signal acquisition. Moreover, due to the (weighted) averaging of k-space blades PROPELLER 'averages out' further imaging artefacts resulting from, for example, B0 inhomogeneities or inaccurate coil sensitivity maps when parallel imaging techniques like SENSE are used for MR data acquisition.
It is known that PROPELLER imaging is well-suited to be combined with multi-echo acquisitions, wherein a complete k-space blade is acquired after a single RF excitation. In TSE PROPELLER imaging, for example, the PROPELLER acquisition scheme is combined with a turbo spin echo (TSE) imaging sequence. One 'shot' of the TSE sequence comprises an initial RF pulse for excitation of magnetic resonance followed by a plurality of rapidly applied (typically 180°) refocusing RF pulses generating a train of differently phase-encoded spin echo signals. The echo signals are acquired, wherein each echo signal represents a k-space line, i.e. a one-dimensional sample of k-space, the position of the k-space line in the respective k-space blade being determined by the applied frequency encoding and phase encoding switched magnetic field gradients of the sequence. The so-called turbo factor (TF) is the number of echoes acquired after each excitation. In PROPELLER TSE imaging, a plurality of shots of the multi-echo sequence is applied for completely sampling k-space in order to be able to reconstruct a MR image from the acquired k-space profiles, wherein the k-space lines of each k-space blade are acquired after a single RF excitation respectively. Hence, the number of shots of the TSE sequence typically corresponds to the number of k-space blades acquired, and the turbo factor typically corresponds to the number of k-space lines per k-space blade.
Despite the benefits it is known that PROPELLER TSE introduces contrast blurring due to the size and rotation of the k-space blades and the PROPELLER-specific k-space distributed acquisition of echo signals experiencing different amounts of relaxation decay. Especially proton density (PD) and T1 contrast introduce enhanced contrast blurring due to typically shorter TSE echo times and echo train lengths. Hence, PD and T1 contrast weighted MR imaging is typically not used today in combination with PROPELLER TSE imaging.
The ISMRM-2008 (p. 650) abstract 'IDEAL with Turbo-PROP' by D. Huo et al. concerns the use of multi-echo images form Turbo-PROP sequences. These images can be used to separate the water and fat signals based on the phase differences.

Propeller MR imaging with relaxation weightings varying between k-space blades and k-space data lines


A method for determining the thermal efficiency of a heat sink for an electrical component includes determining an estimated temperature of the heat sink, determining an actual temperature of the heat sink, and determining a thermal efficiency of the heat sink based on a comparison of the estimated temperature of the heat sink to the actual temperature of the heat sink. A related diagnostic system is provided.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
During the operation of power electronic devices, heat is generated as a result of the current that flows through the devices. Effectively dissipating the heat that is produced during the operation of electronic devices is an important concern in optimizing the performance and ensuring the longevity of the components and circuitry that are integral to such devices.
Heat dissipation is particularly important in the case of high power electronic devices. One such example is a belt alternator system used in hybrid vehicles. Batteries and power electronics associated with belt alternator starter systems are capable of delivering and receiving as much as 10 kW of peak electrical power, necessitating the use of auxiliary cooling devices for the batteries and the power electronics.
Where auxiliary cooling is desired for the proper operation of an electronic device, heat sinks can be attached to the heat-producing electronic devices in a thermally conductive manner to absorb heat generated by the electronic device and efficiently transfer the heat to its surroundings. Accordingly, heat sinks are formed of a material having a high thermal conductivity, usually a metallic material. Many heat sinks include extended surfaces, such as fins, to increase the heat transfer rate from the electronic device to its surroundings by increasing the effective surface area of the heat sink. Furthermore, ambient air can be forced along the extended surface of a heat sink to further increase the heat transfer rate of the heat sink.
Heat sink performance can be negatively affected in a variety of ways. Heat sinks made from metallic substances can corrode due to exposure to heat, moisture, and corrosives present in the ambient air. Corrosive layers that form on the surface of a heat sink are generally thermally insulating in comparison to the base material and inhibit the transfer of heat from the heat sink to its surroundings. Additionally, contaminants present in the ambient air, such as dust and dirt, can attach or collect on the surface of a heat sink and form thermally insulating layers.
Heat sink performance can degrade to a point that heat generated by the electronic device is not sufficiently dissipated to the device's surroundings and excessive heat will build within the electronic device, leading to elevated operating temperatures. Elevated operating temperatures may result in degraded performance of the electronic device or damage to the electronic device.

Air-cooled power electronics service algorithm


A polyimide, and a gas separation membrane prepared therefrom, containing repeating units derived from 5(2,5-dioxo-tetrahydrofuryl)-3-methyl-3,3-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride is disclosed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to polyimides incorporating repeating units, derived from the dianhydride 5-(2,5-dioxo-tetrahydrofuryl)-3-methyl-3-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride and various aromatic diamines.
2. Prior Art
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,240,914; 4,358,378; 4,385,084 and Pat. No. 4,410,568 disclose asymmetric polyimide gas separation membranes prepared from an aliphatic polyimide material. Said aliphatic polyimide material is compositionally different from that described herein.
U.S. Pat. No. Re 30,351; U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,822,202 and 3,899,309 disclose gas separation membrane materials comprising certain semirigid aromatic polyimides, polyamides and polyesters.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,135 discloses the preparation of an asymmetric polyimide membrane from a soluble polyimide.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,378,324; 4,460,526; 4,485,056 and 4,512,893 disclose a process for preparing asymmetric polyimide membranes.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,873 discloses an aromatic polyimide gas separation membrane material.

Polyimides and gas separation membranes prepared therefrom


A knee brace has a pair of femoral and tibial links and a four bar joint mechanism by which a lateral side one of the femoral links is pivotally connected to a lateral side one of the tibial links and a four bar joint mechanism by which a medial side one of the femoral links is pivotally connected to a medial side one of the tibial links. Each of the joint mechanisms comprises an inner, padded, pivot plate and an outer pivot plate, each of end of which is pivotally connected at a single point to a respective one of the femoral and tibial links. Furthermore, the pad on the inner pivot plate of the medial side joint mechanism carries a spherically cupped femoral condyle pad by which the brace, generally, and the joint mechanism, specifically, can be properly positioned relative to the knee of the wearer. The locations of the pivot points for the pivot plates on the links are set in accordance with parameters which are designed to produce a multiaxis motion of a reference point which will constrain the tibia to slide rearwardly relative to the femur in an initial range of flexion of the knee from a straight leg position and then to rotate relative thereto along an arcuate path. Additionally, the angle between imaginary lines through the pivots of each pivot plate is caused to be greater than a predetermined minimum value which will insure that the joint mechanism has sufficient strength not to break apart in use due to loads which are imposed horizontally across the knee joint.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to orthopedic devices for the stabilization and control of a human knee joint which has been injured. More particularly, the invention relates to a knee brace which will permit the user a relatively high degree of freedom in the use of the bones while, at the same time, permitting control of the joint so as to optimize healing and stability.
2. Description of Related Art
A knee brace of the initially mentioned type is disclosed in one of the present inventor's U.S. Pat. No. 4,890,607. In this patent, a multiaxis controlled motion knee orthosis utilizes a joint mechanism (which is improved over one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,723,539 of one of the present inventors (Townsend)) having two camming slots and cam pin followers, wherein one camming slot is disposed in a transverse plane and serves to provide the anterior motion of an upper joint piece, while the second camming slot is disposed in a longitudinal orientation and to provide a long arc segment for a unicentric phase of the joint arthrokinematics. During an initial range of motion, pivoting occurs through a short arc segment about an upper cam pin within the longitudinally extending arcuate slot. After the lower cam pin follower reaches the anterior end of the transverse slot, the lower cam pin follower serves as an axis of rotation or pivot point for movement of the upper cam pin follower along the long arc segment of the longitudinal slot.
Such an arrangement provides full control of the forceful action of the joints throughout the entire range of motion while providing a joint of high strength. Furthermore, in knee braces that are custom fit to a particular user, the orthosis of this earlier patent has proved very successful and has been free of significant problems. However, certain shortcomings have been encountered with regard to use of this dual pin and cam slot joint arrangement in less expensive knee braces intended for "off-the-shelf" use. In particular, a generic "off-the-shelf" unit must be fitted by the doctor to a particular user and often involves bending of the femoral and tibial links, such as by bending the femoral links outwardly and the tibial links inwardly to fit someone with larger than average thighs and smaller than average calves.
If such "doctoring" of an "off-the-shelf" unit results in the overlapping surfaces of the joint not being exactly square, these relatively large overlapping surfaces of the links are caused to bind against each other to an extent affecting the performance of the joint. More specifically, this binding produces excessive wearing of the joint, so that the critical tolerances necessary to proper control of the knee can soon be lost. Furthermore, since, during each phase of movement, the motion of the joint is occurring about a single pivot, the full effect of the binding force is concentrated at the single pivot, and is sufficiently great to cause the binding effect to be felt by the wearer to an undesirable degree.
At the other end of the spectrum, in top of the line knee braces, especially for use by professional athletes, the weight of the knee brace is an important consideration, as is high resistance to wear. One way to reduce the weight of the joint, while increasing wear-resistance would be to form the femoral and tibial links of a "space age" lightweight fiber and resin composite material. However, such materials are expensive to machine and are very notch sensitive. Thus, a link having slots as disclosed in the above-mentioned Townsend patents would be cost-prohibitive to produce of a composite material, and would be prone to break apart due to the low notch strength of the composite material.
Thus, it would be desirable and advantageous to produce a joint which would have the benefits of the earlier Townsend designs without their shortcomings. In particular, to have a knee brace with a joint that could be used in inexpensive "off-the-shelf" orthosis without resulting in the wearer feeling a significant binding effect or the joint experiencing excessive wear due to binding. At the same time, such an improved knee brace should possess the capability to be manufactured of lightweight, wear-resistant composite materials.
Four bar linkages are also known for use in knee braces, even for producing polycentric motion. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,901,223, discloses a knee joint for orthopedic supports and splints using a four bar linkage in which a pair of different length, swinging links pivotally interconnect with bearing points on head portions formed on the ends of femoral (thigh) and tibial (shin) struts. These swinging links and their respective pivot points are designed so that, during flexion of the femoral link relative to the tibial link from a fully extended position of the joint, the longer, forward, link first pivots forwardly through a given angle and then its motion reverses so that the forward link adopts an identical position relative to the tibial link in the fully flexed attitude of the joint (approximately 134.degree. degrees) as it held in the fully extended position. This movement is intended to simulate a movement of the knee in which the locus of the instantaneous centers of rotation approximates a downward and forward curving path, beginning about 3 inches up on the femur and ending at about the position of the femoral epicondyles.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,821,707 to Audette, a mechanical articulated joint for a knee brace is shown which also uses a four bar type linkage in an attempt to produce a joint which will duplicate the complex motion of the knee; however, at best, the linkage as disclosed in this patent can only do so in a most general way do to the approach taken therein. Furthermore, the design criteria outlined in this patent require that the shape of the condyle be known (which is difficult to do in practice), require use of an arbitrarily set reference line segment and the location of the point of tangency of this arbitrary line segment and the condyle at three positions. As a result, an "off the-shelf," generic knee brace is virtually impossible to produce in accordance with this patent's teachings, and even achieving of a custom design brace that forces the knee to follow a motion that correctly reproduces the proper complex motion of a healthy knee is problematic.
Thus, there is still a need for controlled motion multiaxis joint for a knee brace which will meet the needs for both "off-the-shelf" and custom top-end knee braces, to an even greater extent than the cam and slot knee orthosis, mentioned above, being less prone to binding problems and being able to be made of composite fiber and resin materials; yet, at the same time, still being able to constrain the tibia to slide rearwardly relative to the femur in an initial range of flexion of the knee from a straight leg position and then to rotate relative thereto along an arcuate path.

Multiaxis controlled motion knee brace with a four bar joint and method for producing same


An optical integrated unit according to the present invention is an optical integrated unit, including: a semiconductor laser acting as a light source; at least one light-receiving element; a light-separating section for separating light emitted by the semiconductor laser from light reflected by an optical disc and for reflecting the light reflected by the optical disc so that the light reflected by the optical disc is directed to the light-receiving element; and a support substrate, wherein a second support substrate has a concave shape, the light-separating section is constituted of at least three prisms, the prisms positioned at both ends of the light-separating section are respectively attached to two protruding sections of the concave shape of the second support substrate, and the light-receiving element is attached to the light-separating section via a cover glass. As a result, it is possible to solve such a problem that the light-receiving element cannot be adjusted with high accuracy because of a thickness error of the support substrate or an intermediate substrate in conventional techniques.

As to a recording/reproducing device for recording/reproducing information to/from an optical recording medium such as an optical disc, there are two contradicting requests: a request for downsizing the recording/reproducing device and reducing the costs in fabricating the recording/reproducing device; and a request for increasing recording density of information.
Therefore, in order to downsize the recording/reproducing device, it has been considered to downsize an optical pickup device in the recording/reproducing device, and there have been proposed various methods for constituting an optical integrated module in which a plurality of elements in the optical pickup device are integrated.
An example of the optical integrated module is a hologram laser in which a semiconductor laser chip, a light-receiving element chip, and a hologram device are integrated in a single package. With reference to FIGS. 7(a) to 7(c), FIGS. 8(a), and 8(b), the following explains a hologram laser and an optical pickup device using the hologram laser. FIGS. 7(a) to 7(c) schematically illustrate the hologram laser. FIG. 7(a) illustrates the front of the hologram laser, FIG. 7(b) illustrates the left side of the hologram laser, and FIG. 7(c) illustrates the bottom of the hologram laser. Further, FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) schematically illustrate an optical pickup device including the hologram laser in FIG. 7. FIG. 8(a) illustrates the front of the optical pickup device seen from an optical disc (not shown). FIG. 8(b) illustrates the side of the optical pickup device.
As illustrated in FIGS. 7(a) to 7(c), a hologram laser 7 includes: a semiconductor laser chip 71; a light-receiving element chip 72; a metal stem 73; leads 74; a cap 75; and a hologram glass 76.
The light-receiving element chip 72 in the hologram laser 7 includes: a light-receiving section including a plurality of photodiodes; an integrated circuit section for converting current outputs of the photodiodes into voltages, respectively, and for amplifying the current outputs; and a plurality of pads via which signal outputs of the integrated circuit section, a power source, and a ground terminal are connected with an outside. Each pad of the light-receiving element chip 72, and an anode and a cathode of the semiconductor laser chip 71 are connected with the leads 74 via metal wires in the cap 75.
As illustrated in FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), the optical pickup device 8 includes components such as: the hologram laser 7; a collimating lens 81; a right-angle mirror 83; an objective lens 84; a flexible substrate (not shown) including a connection terminal section connecting to an external circuit. These components are provided in a housing 85 made of metal.
Laser light (emitted light) 77 emitted by the semiconductor laser chip 71 passes through the hologram glass 76, and then focuses on a recording surface of an optical disc 90 via the collimating lens 81, the right-angle mirror 83, and the objective lens 84 which are disposed outside the hologram laser 7. Reflected light 78 from the recording surface of the optical disc 90 tracks back and reaches the hologram glass 76. A hologram pattern is formed on an upper surface of the hologram glass 76, and diffracts the reflected light 78 from the optical disc 90 so that the reflected light 81 is converged onto the light-receiving element chip 72.
By using such hologram laser in which a semiconductor laser, a light-receiving element, and other optical components are integrated, it is possible to downsize the optical pickup device.
Further, as a method for integrating elements constituting an optical pickup device, other than the method in which the hologram laser is used, there is known a method for using an IC chip including a light source and a light-receiving element, namely, a laser coupler in which the light source and the light-receiving element are integrated (see Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 298172/2003 (Tokukai 2003-298172;published on Oct. 17, 2003) for example). Further, there is proposed a complex optical unit in which a light-emitting member (two-wavelength laser diode), a light-receiving member (semiconductor); and other components are integrated (see Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 339182/2001 (Tokukai 2001-339182; published on Dec. 7, 2001) for example).
On the other hand, in order to increase recording density of information in an optical recording medium, there is proposed multi-layering of a recording layer of the optical recording medium or increasing the number of apertures (NA) in an objective lens.
At that time, it is necessary to cancel stray light from other recording layer of the optical recording medium and/or to correct aberration of an optical system.
As a result, the amount of information signals is increased. A lot of terminals for signal outputs are necessary, accordingly. Generally, the number of terminals for signal outputs in a light-receiving element is 8 or so. In consideration of a power source, a ground terminal, a reference voltage input terminal, and a gain switching input terminal, the total number of terminals is 12 or so. In consideration of terminals for signal outputs used for cancellation of the stray light, correction of aberration of the optical system, and other additional functions of an optical pickup device, the total number of terminals in the light-receiving element is 20 or more. As the number of terminals is increased in this way, the number of wires connected with the terminals is also increased.
In view of the above, Document 1 proposes a method for arranging the laser coupler so that (i) input/output terminals are disposed on three sides of a bottom surface of the laser coupler and (ii) wires are drawn out of the fourth side of the bottom surface via a flexible substrate.
Document 2 proposes a method for providing external connecting terminals on both sides of a packaged light-receiving element, and for connecting the terminals with a flexible substrate.
However, in the method of Document 1, a semiconductor laser chip and a light-receiving element chip, each of which is in a bare chip state, are provided in the laser coupler so that the size of the laser coupler is downsized. As such, if a part of the chip has some defect, then the entire hologram laser or the entire laser coupler must be disposed of. This causes much loss of components.
To be specific, generally, it is difficult to inspect characteristics of a semiconductor laser chip or a light-receiving element chip each of which is in the bare chip state. Therefore the characteristics of the semiconductor laser chip and the characteristics of the light-receiving element chip must be inspected after the hologram laser or the laser coupler is made and the optical integrated module is fabricated. As a result, in the conventional method, if the characteristics of a semiconductor laser chip or the characteristics of a light-receiving element chip is inspected and judged to be defective, an entire optical integrated module must be disposed of. This causes mush loss of components.
Further, because it is difficult to adjust a mount position of the laser chip during fabricating the optical integrated module, it is necessary to design an optical system such as a hologram glass and a light-receiving element so that the hologram glass and the light-receiving element is most suitable for the size of the laser chip and radiation angle characteristics of the laser chip. In a case where a laser chip needs to be replaced with another laser chip with higher performance which is later developed and available, if there are differences in the size and/or characteristics of the laser chips, then optical design must be entirely reconsidered each time such a replacement is performed. This causes development time to be longer.
Further, in a case where a light source and a photodetector are integrated, it is difficult to carry out a positioning of the light source and the photodetector after the optical integrated module is fabricated.
Further, in the method of Document 2, although a packaged light-receiving element is used, the light-receiving element must be fixed to the main body of an optical integrated unit, after the light-receiving element is attached onto a reinforcing plate and is then combined with a flexible plate. As a result, fabrication is troublesome. Besides, the light-receiving element and terminals for the semiconductor laser do not exist on the same surface and therefore the flexible substrate must be bent in a complex manner, which makes working efficiency low.

Optical integrated module and optical pickup device


In a linear guide device including: a rail having on either side surface thereof a track recess with a track surface formed thereon; a rail cover covering a rail upper surface of the rail; a saddle-like slider moving linearly on the rail; and a rolling member circulating through a connection path provided in the slider and adapted to roll on the track surface of the rail, the rail cover is equipped with a side edge portion having an engagement portion, an upper track surface serving as an engagement surface is provided in a lower portion of an upper side surface of the rail, the engagement surface being a slope gradually diminishing in the rail width direction downwardly from the upper side surface, and an engagement portion of the rail cover is engaged with the engagement surface, whereby it is possible to achieve an increase in the speed of the rail grinding work for allowing engagement of the rail cover covering the rail upper surface of the liner guide device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a linear guide device provided in a guide portion of a machine, e.g., a machine tool, such as a cutting machine or a grinding machine, or an industrial machine, such as a wood working machine, a cutter, or an injection molding machine, and used to linearly move a movable base, such as a table.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a conventional linear guide device, a saddle-like slider is provided with a connection path, and balls circulating through this connection path are caused to roll on a track surface of a track recess provided on a side surface of a rail so that the slider can move linearly on the rail, and a rail cover whose longitudinal edge portions are bent by an angle smaller than 90 degrees is engaged with an undercut provided on the top of the upper side surfaces on both sides of the rail, preventing intrusion of dust, product chips, etc. by means of seals provided at the front and rear ends with respect to the slider moving direction (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,566).
Further, in another conventional linear guide device, a plate-like rail cover is glued by adhesive to the upper surface of a rail of a similar linear guide device to thereby prevent intrusion of cutting chips or the like (see, for example, JP01-140936 A).
Further, in a still another conventional linear guide device, a rail cover covering the upper surface of a rail of a similar linear guide device is engaged with or screwed to a track surface by means of cover stoppers provided at both ends with respect to the moving direction of a slider (referred to as the slider moving direction) to prevent relative movement of the rail cover and the rail (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,513,976).
Generally speaking, a track recess forming a track surface provided on a side surface of a rail is formed by grinding, and, to achieve an improvement in machining precision and a reduction in machining man-hours, it is desirable to form the track recess and the side surface at one time by using a form grind stone.
However, in the technique as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,566, a step-like undercut is provided on the top of the rail upper side surface to allow engagement of the rail cover, so that it is necessary to form fine protrusions and recesses on the rail side surface and it is necessary for the form grind stone to be of a configuration with fine protrusions and recesses; to avoid damaging these fine protrusions and recesses during grinding, it is rather difficult to increase the grinding speed, resulting in a deterioration in machining efficiency.
Further, in the technique as disclosed in JP 01-140936A. the plate-like rail cover is glued to the rail upper surface by adhesive to cover the upper surface of the rail, so that, while effective when used in a dry environment, when used in an environment where it is exposed to a water-soluble substance, such as a coolant cutting liquid for use in a machine tool, the device has a problem in that the aqueous solution permeates the adhesive between the plate-like rail cover and the rail upper surface to thereby deteriorate the adhesion property of the adhesive, resulting in the rail cover being raised or detached.
Further, in the technique as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,513,976, the cover stoppers are engaged with or screwed to the rail track surface to fix the rail cover covering the rail upper surface, so that a dent or flaw due to the pressurizing force or the screw fastening force is generated on the track surface, with the result that the rolling members are subject to damage at the time of movement of the slider or at the time of re-assembly after dismantling, which may lead to generation of noise, an increase in sliding resistance, etc. during sliding movement of the slider.


An accessory adapted to be affixed to a motorcycle kickstand comprising a pad and at least one bracket removably attachable to the pad at a top of each channel wall by at least one fastener. The pad comprises a channel formed between opposing channel walls extending vertically from either longitudinal side of the pad, and a bottom side. The bottom side comprises a tread and provides support and a barrier that prevents the kickstand from marring a surface when a force is applied to the deployed kickstand.

Motorcycle kickstands are typically fabricated from a metal material, such as steel or aluminum, and bear a portion of the weight of the motorcycle when the kickstand is deployed. Due to the weight of the motorcycle being transferred to the metal kickstand, several problems arise when the kickstand is deployed on a soft or finished surface. When deployed in sand or soft soil, the kickstand sinks from the weight of the motorcycle, which may cause the motorcycle to fall over and be damaged. When deployed on asphalt in warm temperatures, the kickstand may make an imprint in the asphalt. When deployed on a finished surface, such as marble, linoleum, wood, tile, concrete and the like, any movement of the motorcycle can mar or gouge the finished surface.
Existing kickstand supports or pads provide some relief to these problems, but existing kickstand pads that provide adequate support typically do not prevent damage to a finished surface. Existing pads are typically made from metal, and easily mar finished surfaces. Many support pads must be removed from the kickstand prior to moving the kickstand to a stored position. Many pads that provide protection to a surface are not connected to the motorcycle and must be positioned and retrieved when parking the motorcycle. Some pads that are connected to the kickstand that support a motorcycle on soft soil are cleated, which causes damage to a finished surface when the kickstand is deployed there. On the other hand, existing pads to prevent scuffing may protect a surface but do not allow for easy movement of the motorcycle. Existing pads may allow the kickstand to slide on the surface when a rider sits on the motorcycle, thus marring the surface.
The need exists for an inexpensive, affixed, lightweight but durable motorcycle kickstand support pad that offers support for the motorcycle on soft surfaces as well as protection to finished surfaces on which the motorcycle is placed.


A semiconductor structure and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. The semiconductor structure includes an isolation layer, a gate dielectric layer, a first work function metal, a first bottom barrier layer, a second work function metal, and a first top barrier layer. The isolation layer is formed on a substrate and has a first gate trench. The gate dielectric layer is formed in the first gate trench. The first work function metal is formed on the gate dielectric layer in the first gate trench. The first bottom barrier layer is formed on the first work function metal. The second work function metal is formed on the first bottom barrier layer. The first top barrier layer is formed on the second work function metal.

1. Technical Field
The disclosure relates in general to a semiconductor structure and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly to a semiconductor structure with a filling metal and a manufacturing method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
While the size of semiconductor devices, such as metal-oxide-semiconductors (MOS), scales down, the conventional polysilicon gates have faced a variety of problems. Accordingly, work function metals along with high-K gate dielectric layers are used in the semiconductor devices for replacing the conventional polysilicon gates and being used as control electrodes.
However, in such case, the manufacturing process as well as the structures of replaced metal gates is critical. Therefore, there is always a continuing need in improving the semiconductor processing to develop semiconductor devices with metal gates for providing superior performance and reliability.

Semiconductor structure and manufacturing method of the same


Provided herein are methods of sterilizing fish by contacting an embryonic or juvenile fish with a compound of formula (I). In some embodiments, the compound is primordazine or a derivative thereof.

According to data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), world seafood consumption has doubled every 20 to 25 years since 1950 [FAO. 2007 Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007]. Today fish from most traditional fisheries are being harvested at maximum yields, while fish populations in almost all commercial marine fisheries around the world arc undergoing a dramatic decrease due to over-fishing. In the United States seafood consumption has increased 60% since 1960 and approximately 85% of this demand each year is met by imported fish and shellfish resulting in approximately $7 billion annual trade deficits in edible fishery products [NOAA. Fish Watch U.S. Seafood Fact. In; 2010. See world wide web address: nmfs.noaa.gov/fishwatch/trade_and_aquaculture.htm].
Aquaculture, also known as "fish farming," is becoming increasingly important to offset this deficiency in aquatic foods production, and dramatic increases in aquaculture production have been made over the last few decades. From 2002 to 2007 annual aquaculture production increased from 36.8 million tons to 50.3 million tons with a total value of $87 billion [FAO. 2007 Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007]. As this shift in dependence from wild populations to artificially propagated aquatic species continues, optimization of aquaculture methods will be necessary to maximize food production.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, nearly 70% of the fish species in the world's commercial marine fisheries are now fully exploited, overexploited or depleted. Based on anticipated population growth, it is estimated that the world's demand for seafood will double by the year 2025. Therefore, a growing gap is developing between demand and supply of fisheries products, which results in a growing seafood deficit. Even the most favorable estimates project that in the year 2025, the global demand for seafood will be twice as much as the commercial fisheries will harvest.
The same trend exists in the United States marketplace. Per capita seafood consumption is on the rise, but United States seafood harvests are not increasing to meet the demand. Moreover, only 10% of the seafood consumed in the United States comes from domestic aquaculture and the United States ranks only tenth in the world in the value of its aquaculture production. As a result, the United States is overwhelmingly dependent on imported seafood, such as gilthead and seabream, with more than half of its supplies coming from overseas.
Worldwide, it is estimated that in order to close the increasing gap between the demand and supply of commercially produced fish, aquaculture will need to augment production five-fold during the next two and half decades. While there is a need to increase aquaculture production globally and in the United States, it is clear that fish farming must develop as a sustainable industry without having an adverse impact on the environment.
In commercial fish species where sexual maturation occurs before the fish has reached market size, energy is spent on gonadal growth instead of muscle growth. Sterility increases the conversion of food energy to muscle (thereby resulting in larger fish fillets) and minimizes food energy diverted for development of the gonads. Another advantage of fish sterilization is that it minimizes the potential negative impact of genetically modified fish on the environment, because without sterilization escape of genetically-modified cultured fish may threaten the ecological balance or lead to genetic contamination of wild populations. This threat will become even greater as transgenic fish are raised in commercial operations in the United States and abroad.
Aquaculture experts around the world agree that a mechanically simple, but effective, process that bypasses the traditional modes of inducing sterility would increase production efficiency, profitability and biosecurity in commercial aquaculture. Sterilizing transgenic or genetically-selected fish will minimize the possibility these fish propagating in the wild, an especially important consideration in light of alarming reports of interbreeding between escaped animals and wild populations of the same species, which seem to be increasing in areas of intensive farming (Volpe et al., 2001; Carr et al., 1997).
Several methods currently exist to induce sterility in fish. One method is manipulation of the chromosome number by triploidization or interspecies hybridization and another is the disruption of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pathway using antisense RNA or treatment with gamma amino butyric acid (GABA).
Chromosome set manipulation for the production of triploid sterile populations is used but it is a cumbersome procedure that must be individually developed for each species. Furthermore, generation of triploids does not always result in sterility. In induced-triploid rainbow trout (Arai, 2001) and Atlantic salmon (Donaldson and Benfey, 1987), males were seldom completely sterile. Because they maintain most of their endocrine competence, these salmonids also exhibit secondary sex characteristics, and as a consequence are susceptible to disease and exhibit no improvement in growth over diploids. Likewise, female triploid Atlantic salmon are commonly found to have a few normal oocytes within the ovarian matrix (Johnstone, 1993). Like CSM, inter-hybridization (or hybrid production) is a labor-intensive process that does not always result in sterility, as is clearly the case with the hybrid striped bass.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a pituitary hormone that is required to maintain a normal reproductive cycle in vertebrates. Specifically, GnRH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Generally, the gonads are the primary target organs for LH and FSH. LH and FSH are integral to the reproductive system and inhibition of GnRH signaling and, therefore, disruption of the synthesis and secretion of LH and FSH is a potent method to induce infertility.
Disruption of the GnRH pathway has been accomplished in several species of fish by the introduction of a transgene that encodes antisense RNA that blocks endogenous GnRH expression [Uzbekova S, et al., "Transgenic rainbow trout expressed sGnRH-antisense RNA under the control of sGnRH promoter of Atlantic salmon." J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2000; 25: 337-350; Hu W, et al. "Antisense for gonadotropin-releasing hormone reduces gonadotropin synthesis and gonadal development in transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Aquaculture 2007; 271: 498-506.]. Some studies have shown however that low levels of GnRH expression persist in the transgenic fish resulting in a failure to completely induce sterility (Uzbekova S, et al., "Transgenic rainbow trout expressed sGnRH-antisense RNA under the control of sGnRH promoter of Atlantic salmon." J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2000, 25: 337-350)
Another disadvantage of this strategy is that it is difficult to maintain a fertile population of fish for brood stock. Since the gene encoding the antisense RNA is integrated into the genome and continuously expressed, all of the fish will carry it, making it necessary to administer exogenous GnRH to individual fish by injection to maintain a fertile brood stock population.
Additionally, GnRH injection of brood stock is not practical in a large-scale commercial aquaculture operation.
Treatment with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has also been proposed to disrupt the GnRH signaling pathway in fish [U.S. Pat. No. 7,194,978.]. Since GABA regulates GnRH neuron development in the embryo, treatment with exogenous GABA is able to disrupt the formation and normal migration pattern of the GnRH neurons [Fueshko S M, et al., "GABA inhibits migration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in embryonic olfactory explants." J Neurosci 1998; 18: 2560-2569.]. Although this approach has been used successfully in the laboratory, it is not practical on a commercial scale due to the expense and labor required to treat large populations of fish. Also, the treatment affects other physiological and neurological functions in addition to gonad development in the fish.
As a result of the above constraints, the production of sterile fish, although considered highly beneficial to commercial aquaculture, has not yet been developed for mass use in the industry. Thus, it would be advantageous to develop a method and system to induce permanent sterility in fish grown in commercial operations that overcomes the problems of the previous unsuccessful methods used for sterilization.

Germ cell ablation compounds and uses thereof


An improved polishing composition is provided that includes an emulsion of a oil-based components and water-based components and a water soluble polishing agent. The polishing composition of the present invention is rubbed on a painted surface, hosed off with water and wiped or towel dried. Because of the use of a water soluble polishing agent in the polishing composition, all or substantially all of the polishing agent is washed away with the water. This eliminates the need for a two-step polishing process wherein a polishing composition is applied to a surface and allowed to dry in a first step and the surface is buffed with a dry cloth in a second step. One preferred embodiment of the present invention includes silicones, water, a nonionic or anionic surfactant and a water soluble polishing agent. Optionally, the polishing composition may include a solvent, mineral oil, wax, and a preservative.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a polishing composition and more particularly to a polishing composition comprising an aqueous emulsion containing at least one water soluble polishing agent. By rubbing the polishing composition on a painted surface and washing it off with water, a surface having a glossy protective layer results without any unsightly residue remaining on the surface.
2. Description of the Related Art
Polishing compositions are generally used to produce a glossy finish on a surface. The gloss provided by the polishing composition is the result of the mixture of components in the polishing composition. Certain components clean the surface; others smooth the surface; and other components leave a protective film coating. For instance, floor polish produces a glossy finish by depositing a film on the floor surface. Motor vehicle polishing compositions produce a glossy and protective film and may include additional additives such as polishing agents and/or abrasives which assist in the removal of weathered paint, soil and old built-up polish. Metal polishes may contain polishing agents for abrasive smoothing and cleaning of the surface being treated and additional components that function to remove and prevent tarnish.
Motor vehicle polishing compositions are specially formulated from a number of components so that the polishing composition can perform different functions when a painted vehicle surface is treated with the polishing composition. For example, a motor vehicle polishing composition may include hydrocarbon solvents in order to facilitate the removal of greasy dirt from the vehicle surface and to slow the evaporation of the water in the polishing composition. Waxes may also be included in a motor vehicle polishing composition so that the polishing composition may be buffed to a high shine that provides resistance to weathering.
Silicone materials are increasingly being incorporated into motor vehicle polishing compositions as the silicone materials can perform many functions. For instance, the silicone materials act as lubricants for easing the application of the polishing composition to the vehicle surface. Also, the silicone materials form a film on the vehicle surface that provides a water repellant, durable, uniform high gloss to the surface. These silicone based surface films have been noted as having increased resistance to removal by environmental elements such as rain, sleet and snow.
A motor vehicle polishing composition may also contain surfactants, stabilizers, thickeners, and preservatives for the production of a homogeneous stable product of desired consistency and shelf life. Surfactants and stabilizers are added to the polishing composition in order to form an emulsion of the oil-based components and the water-based components of the composition and to keep the components in emulsion form. Both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions are used in polishing compositions. Thickeners are added to the polishing compositions in order to control the form of the composition as the polish may be supplied in solid, semisolid, presoftened or liquid form. The preservatives added to the polishing composition are generally commercially available anti-microbial agents.
Motor vehicle polishing compositions also include at least one polishing agent and/or abrasive. The polishing agents are typically particulate materials that perform numerous functions in the polishing composition. For example, the polishing agent acts as an abrasive cleaner that assists in removing weathered paint, stubborn road soil and old built-up polish. The polishing agent may also provide for mild abrasive smoothing of the painted surface. However, the polishing agent must be mild enough to avoid scratching and dulling of the painted surface. Typically, the polishing agent is suspended in the emulsion formed between the oil-based and water-based components of the polishing composition.
The polishing agents used in motor vehicle polishing compositions are not water soluble; therefore, the polishing compositions must be applied to a vehicle surface in a two-step process. First, the polishing composition is applied to the surface with a wet sponge or towel. After the polishing composition has dried on the vehicle surface, a residue remains on the polished surface. Consequently, a buffing step is required to remove the residue from the vehicle surface. While the residue is generally easy to remove from relatively flat surfaces, it is very difficult to remove the residue from cracks, crevices and other hard-to-reach places. In addition, the residue is quite noticeable and aesthetically unsightly.
In currently available polishing compositions, one of the components of the residue that remains on the vehicle surface is the polishing agent or a blend of the polishing agents, such as kaolin clay or diatomaceous earth, used individually or in combination. The residue tends to lodge in cracks, crevices and around the numerous indicia on vehicle surfaces because the residue (i.e. the clay or diatomaceous earth) is not water soluble, i.e., it cannot be washed off with water. The residue remains lodged in these areas after the buffing process is completed and even after subsequent washings. As a result, the residue is a very unpleasant sight for the consumer and must be removed manually which is a tedious chore.
As detailed above, polishing agents are generally insoluble solid particulate cleaning or polishing agents which are an important component of polishing compositions as the polishing agents provide physical surface preparation and cleaning. The ability of a polishing agent to clean and smooth out surface imperfections depends upon the chemical type, particle size, shape and hardness of the particulates comprising the polishing agent. As noted above, the most common types of polishing agents used in polishing compositions are diatomaceous earth and kaolin clays. Kaolin clays are anhydrous aluminum silicates and are extensively used in polishing compositions. One commercially available type of kaolin clay is sold under the trade name Kaopolite.RTM. 1152 and is manufactured by Kaopolite, Inc., Elizabeth, N.J. It has an average particle size of 0.8 microns. Another commercially available kaolin clay is sold in the trade as Polestar 400A and is manufactured by E.C.C. America Inc., Atlanta, Ga. Diatomaceous earth is the soft earth rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants. Two examples of diatomaceous earth used in polishing compositions are Celatom MN-23, which is available from Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, and Snow Floss, which is available from Johns-Manville.
Another type of polishing composition is an aqueously dispersed polishing composition used primarily by commercial car washes. These aqueously dispersed polishing compositions do not contain any of the polishing agents in current use (such as kaolin clays and diatomaceous earths) because these polishing agents are not soluble in water and therefore, cannot be dispersed from an overhead spray arch onto a vehicle without clogging the spray nozzles.
Therefore, a consumer generally has two choices in motor vehicle polishing compositions. First, the consumer may choose a conventional polishing composition that includes a polishing agent that is insoluble in water. With this choice, it will be necessary to apply the polishing composition in the laborious two-step process described above. Second, the consumer may choose an aqueously dispersed polishing compound that does not contain a polishing agent. Usually, this choice involves running the motor vehicle through a car wash. However, when a consumer chooses an aqueously dispersed polishing composition without a polishing agent, he or she may sacrifice the benefits that a polishing agent imparts to a polishing composition, such as vastly improved surface cleaning and smoothing. Therefore, it can be appreciated that conventional motor vehicle polishing compositions do not provide the consumer with an optimum combination of polishing effectiveness and ease of use.
Rinse away one step polishes that eliminate the two-step polishing process described above have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,787 discloses a multi-component polish composition that may be applied to a vehicle surface and rinsed away after the composition has dried on the vehicle. It is stated that this one step polishing system leaves a protective coating on the painted surface after the dried composition is rinsed away. However, it is believed that the protective coating formed by this one step polish composition does not provide for optimum durability, especially after the protective coating has been subjected to multiple detergent washings.
In light of the current consumer demand that polishing compositions be easy to use, highly effective in producing a clean glossy surface and durable, there is a continuing need for an effective polishing composition that eliminates the two-step polishing process described above yet still provides for maximum durability after repeated detergent washings. The improved polishing composition could be applied to a surface and then simply washed off with water. Furthermore, there is a long-felt need and inevitably a strong consumer demand for a polishing composition that may be rubbed onto a surface and washed off with water without leaving any unsightly white or light colored residue. Such a polishing composition would be faster and easier to use and would eliminate the unpleasant sight of residue deposited on the surface or in cracks or crevices between surfaces. In addition, the protective coating remaining on the surface after the residue of the composition has been rinsed off the surface would exhibit improved durability even after numerous detergent washings.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a unique polishing composition comprising an emulsion of water-based components and oil-based components that includes at least one water soluble polishing agent.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a unique polishing agent for a polishing composition, the polishing agent being selected such that the polishing composition does not require buffing after the polishing composition has been applied to the surface being treated.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a unique polishing composition including a water soluble polishing agent, the polishing composition capable of being removed with water without leaving a residue.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved car polish that does not require a subsequent buffing process and produces a durable protective coating on the vehicle which can stand up to numerous detergent washings.
And another object of the present invention is to provide an improved car polish that does not require a subsequent buffing process and whereby the car polish is applied manually and hosed off without leaving any unsightly residue.

Polishing composition including water soluble polishing agent


A method and system for updating information to a merchandise catalog page includes automatically regenerating a merchandise catalog page to include updated bid information if new bids have been placed relating to an item. According to another aspect of the invention, a merchandise catalog page for an item is automatically updated to reflect that an auction has closed, upon detecting that the auction for the item is closed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electronic commerce and more particularly to conducting an interactive auction over an electronic network.
2. Background of the Invention
Auctions usually take the form of a physical gathering of bidders assembled together within an auction house. Auctions presenting more valuable, collectible merchandise, such as art, coins and antiques, are often preceded by preparation of a catalog of merchandise, circulated to interested parties in advance of the gathering at the auction house, where bidding by those physically present will take place. For auctions of more mundane items, such as household possessions, estate sales and the like, the interested bidders simply appear at the appointed time and place and bid on merchandise in which they are interested.

Method and system for updating information on a merchandise catalog page


System(s) and method(s) to provide privacy measurement and privacy quantification of sensor data are disclosed. The sensor data is received from a sensor. The private content associated with the sensor data is used to calculate a privacy measuring factor by using entropy based information theoretic model. A compensation value with respect to distribution dissimilarity is determined. The compensation value compensates a statistical deviation in the privacy measuring factor. The compensation value and the privacy measuring factor are used to determine a privacy quantification factor. The privacy quantification factor is scaled with respect to a predefined finite scale to obtain at least one scaled privacy quantification factor to provide quantification of privacy of the sensor data.

Information privacy or data privacy refers to a relationship between collection of data and dissemination of data. With respect to various issues such as legal and personal, privacy protection of sensor data has become an important requirement. Privacy concerns usually exist wherever personally identifiable information is collected and stored. Such personally identifiable information if not handled carefully may reveal personal data during analysis. The challenge while protecting personal data or sensitive data lies in amount of privacy that should be given as per the private content present in any personally identifiable information.
Existing privacy methodologies introduces different privacy preserving techniques to counter the problem of privacy breaching attacks. However, arbitrary privacy preservation on sensitive data would be over provisioning, considers worst-case scenario and thus minimizes the utility and intelligence of the privacy preserved sensor data. So it is equally important to measure amount of privacy content in a data set to be privacy protected before applying any privacy preserving technique. This will help in identifying required privacy and will also reduce data distortion.
One such methodology to provide data privacy includes encryption of sensor data. Although encryption of sensor data may protect the private content present in the sensor data, however the encryption may destroy complete utility of the sensor data particularly in broadcast or storage, only the person with key can understand the full content of sensor data, but others in the broadcast mode will get illegible data. One of the important issues associated with respect to known privacy preserving techniques is that, more the strength of privacy preservation on sensor data more utility or intelligence is lost, makes sensor data useless. Without measuring the amount of privacy protection required, arbitrary privacy preservation results in irreversible utility loss to sensor data.


Developing, deploying, and operating an application in a plurality of environments is disclosed, including: defining runtime specific configuration information for a plurality of environments, wherein the runtime environment specific configuration includes topology configuration and security configuration, wherein the runtime environment specific configuration information is stored separately from other configuration information and is protected by an identity management system; executing an application in one of the plurality of environments, wherein execution of the application is controlled by a first role; and presenting a credential associated with the first role to the identity management system to obtain a portion of the runtime environment specific configuration information corresponding to the environment associated with the executing application.

In traditional development and deployment technologies, configuration information including security information was deployed to and persistently stored at systems on which one or more instances of one or more types of environments are to be run. Since these systems were potentially shared among different types of environments, users from the different environments may edit the source code of the configuration information that was shared, at least in part, among the different environments. However, problems arise when a user from a first type of environment edits the source code in a way that may detrimentally affect the configuration for a second type of environment.
Furthermore, writing a generic application that works for all environments is not easy. Some traditional approaches are error-prone. For example, one way is to edit "/etc/hosts" files to resolve hostname issues. This usually only works for advanced developers. An alternative approach is to put many if/else in the configuration information source code to differentiate the handling of different types of environment data. This approach creates a lot of code paths that will only execute in one type of environment, and makes testing/debugging in one type of environment (e.g., development) for issues from another type of environment (e.g., production) extremely difficult.

Develop and deploy software in multiple environments


A paint for highly corrosion-resistant zinc-alloy coated steels containing zinc-alloy powder at not less than 60 mass %, characterized in that said powder contains aluminum at not less than 10 mass % and less than 30 mass % and the remainder comprising zinc and unavoidable impurities, the shape of powder particles is spherical or oval and the ratio between the maximum and minimum diameters (maximum diameter/minimum diameter) is 1 to 1.5, and a steel structure having coated films produced by using said paint.

Generally zinc coating is used in various fields as an anti-corrosive treatment for steel products. Recently, steel plates coated with high corrosion-resistant zinc-alloys, prepared with addition of Al, Mg and other elements to Zn, are also used, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 11-240947 and No. 10-306357. These coated steel plates are first coated and then converted into final products by applying various working processes. Therefore, they have uncoated parts in, for example, cut ends and welded parts.
In environments with moderate corrosiveness, cut ends and welded parts are not corroded heavily. Meanwhile, steel surfaces coated with zinc-alloys providing greater corrosion-resistance than conventional coatings remain uncorroded for long periods of time, with the result that red rust formed by corrosion of cut ends and welded parts become conspicuous in the course of long use.
Therefore corrosion protection must be provided to such parts. Corrosion protection is provided by spraying or other methods that provide appearance similar to that of metal coating. However, limited application of spraying only to cut ends involves many problems in terms of equipment and cost. Common anti-corrosive paintings are sometimes used. However, ordinary white or red paints spoil the appearance because repaired parts covered with such colors are widely different from the surface covered with zinc-alloy coatings.
Therefore, zinc-rich paints containing zinc powder are often used. Zinc-rich paint coating is a commonly used method specified in the JIS Standards (JIS-K-5553). As with zinc coating, however, use of Mg, Al and other alloy elements, together with zinc powder, will probably provide greater corrosion-resistance.
For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2001-164 discloses a zinc-rich paint prepared with addition of an alloy powder comprising Mg of 1 to 10%, Al of 2 to 19% and Zn as the remainder. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 11-343422 discloses an organic rust-preventing paint containing flaky zinc-alloy powder comprising Al of 5 to 10 mass %, Mg of 0.01 to 5 mass % and Zn as the balance.
These technologies featuring the addition of powder of alloy elements are intended for providing corrosion-resistance to the surface of steel products.

Paint for highly corrosion-resistant zinc-alloy coated steels and steel structure having coated film of said paint


Shortened sophorose inducible promoters are provided. The invention further provides vectors containing such promoters hosts transformed with the same, and methods utilizing such promoters for the expression of operably linked sequences.

Trichoderma reesei is a filamentous fungus able to carry out efficient hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose to glucose through the action of a number of secreted cellulase enzymes. The major secreted protein is cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) that may constitute up to 60% of the secreted proteins. This amount, derived from the single copy cbh1 gene, corresponds to roughly 25% of all protein synthesized by the fungus in cellulase-inducing growth conditions.
Availability of the carbon source regulates production of CBHI (reviewed in Bisaria, V. S. et al., CRC Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 9: 61-103 (1989)) and the regulation occurs at the level of transcription of the gene encoding CBHI (E1-Gogary, S. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 6138-6141 (1989); Fowler, T. et al., Proceedings of the second TRICEL symposium on Trichoderma reesei cellulases and other hydrolases, Espoo, Finland. Suominen P., and Reinikainen T. (eds.), Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research 8: 199-210, Helsinki (1993); Kubicek, C. P. et al., Proceedings of the second TRICEL symposium on Trichoderma reesei cellulases and other hydrolases, Espoo, Finland. Suominen P, and Reinikainen T (eds.), Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research 8: 181-188, Helsinki (1993); Penttila, M. E. et al., Proceedings of the second TRICEL symposium on Trichoderma reesei cellulases and other hydrolases, Espoo, Finland. Suominen, P., and Reinikainen, T. (eds), Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research 8: 189-198, Helsinki (1993): Abrahao-Neto, J. et al., Biochemistry 34: 10456-10462 (1995)).
cbh1 mRNA has been shown to be several thousand fold more abundant when the fungus is grown on a medium containing cellulose compared with glucose. Use of glucose as a carbon source represses cellulase expression (Penttila, M. E. et al., Proceedings of the second TRICEL symposium on Trichoderma reesei cellulases and other hydrolases, Espoo, Finland. Suominen P, and Reinikainen T (eds. ), Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research 8: 189-198, Helsinki (1993)).
Sophorose consists of two glucose units linked by a .beta.-1,2-glycosidic bond. Sophorose has also been considered to be a possible natural inducer formed from .beta.-1,4-linked cello-oligosaccharides such as cellobiose by transglycosylation (Vaheri, M. et al., Biotechnol Lett. 1: 41-46 (1979); Gritzali, M. etal., Adv. Chem. Ser. 181: 237-260 (1979); Loewenberg, J. R., Arch. Microbiol. 137: 53-57 (1984)). Sophorose is known to induce the cbh1 promoter.
Successful production of recombinant proteins of fungal and mammalian origin under the control of the cbh1 promoter has been achieved (reviewed by Paloheimo, M. et al., Proceedings of the second TRICEL symposium on Trichoderma reesei cellulases and other hydrolases, Espoo, Finland. Suominen P, and Reinikainen T (eds.), Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research 8: 229-238, Helsinki (1993); Keranen, S. et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6: 534-537 (1995)). Despite biological and biotechnical importance of cellulase production, the specific elements regulating such expression at the transcriptional level are generally unknown. Promoter sequence comparisons carried out for fungal cellulase promoters (Raguz, S. et al., Gene 119: 183-190 (1992); Stangl, H. et al., Curr. Genet. 23: 115-122 (1993); Yague, E. et al., Mol. Microbiol. 12: 41-47 (1994)) have revealed little similarities and the functional significance of this similarity, if any, is unknown. The analysis of the promoter of the cellulase gene cbh2 of T. reesei by a preliminary gel shift analysis showed that cellular proteins bind the promoter sequences (Stangl, H. et al., Curr. Genet. 23: 115-122 (1993)). However, the function of those proteins, whether they were involved in the regulatory induction of transcription by specific activators or were generally required for the transcriptional process (such as a polymerase), is also unknown.
The cbh1 promoter is contained on a long 2.2 kb piece of T. reesei genomic DNA flanked on the 5' end by an EcoRI site and on the 3' end by the start of the CBHI coding sequence. The ability to design recombinant constructs and vectors for the production of a desired sequence under the control of this promoter would be more efficient if it were possible to shorten the promoter but yet retain the ability of the promoter to respond to inducers such as sophorose. This is especially desirable when the vector is a shuttle vector that is to be maintained in a bacterial or yeast host. However, such shortened forms of the cbh1 promoter are unknown.


A low cost quadrifilar helix antenna having a molded body providing an elongated hollow radome supporting at least one radiating elements and a feed network within the body. In one form, the body is molded in two identical half sections so as to be joined together into a unitary construction with the feed network and radiating elements being applied to the internal surface by a plating procedure. In another form, the molded body is a thick walled cylinder having at least one spiral passageway occupied by inserted wires constituting the radiating elements.

1. Field of the Invention
This present invention relates to transceiver antennas for use in accessing lower earth orbit, stationary geo-syncronous and/or geo-stable satellites, and more particularly to such an antenna employing low cost manufacturing construction for quadrifilar helix antennas.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Conventional communication systems are known in the prior art for providing a communications link between satellites which continuously transmit information and a hand-held transceiver unit such as a mobile telephone or the like. The transceiver may be at a stationary base or may be located in a mobile vehicle. The accuracy of satellite transmission is dependent on the quality of the signal detected from the satellite by the transceiver antenna. Hence, the system requires a sufficiently accurate receiver and antenna arrangement such that the antenna must be small and portable with a hemispherical beam pattern broad enough to detect signals from satellites located anywhere in the hemisphere. For this purpose, the quadrifilar helix antenna has been found to be well suited.
Attempts have been made to produce quadrifilar helix antennas for satellite signal reception such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,349,365; 5,198,831; 5,134,422 and 5,485,170. Difficulties and problems have been encountered with these prior art antennas in that the complexity of manufacture has led to substantial costs in fabrication and production and therefore, such antennas are not readily easy to produce. Difficulty in construction resides in the fact that the helix includes continuous filament winding about a standard form or requires bending of filaments or ribbons about a form or even entails costly etching techniques to place the filaments or ribbons onto a form. Thus, prior art quadrifilar helix antennas involving such constructions are impractical for lower antenna costs and such antennas are not necessarily enclosed to protect the current carrying filaments or ribbons such that the antenna design is too delicate for rough handling and adverse environmental conditions.
Therefore, a long-standing need has been in existence to provide a low cost quadrifilar helix antenna for satellite telecommunication applications in which it is desirable to both transmit and receive capabilities in a telecommunication unit such as a cellular phone or the like and wherein the antenna must be able to efficiently transmit radio signals to the satellite and receive return signals as well. In order to provide low cost, it is preferred that the antenna be constructed by means of using injection molding techniques as well as using conventional plating fabrication methods.


This invention features a biomolecule-bound substrate that includes a support made of an organic polymer and having an unmodified surface; and a plurality of unmodified biomolecules immobilized on the unmodified surface. The organic polymer is acrylic resin, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polysulfone, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate, rubber, latex, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, acrylonitrile styrene, or a combination thereof. The substrate is formed by placing the unmodified biomolecules on the unmodified surface followed by ultraviolet irradiation.

Many analytical and preparative methods used in biology and medicine are based on binding molecules of interest that are contained in a biological sample to ligands attached to a substrate.
Generally, the ligands are biomolecules (e.g., polypeptides or nucleic acids), cells, or drugs. The substrate is a support made of plastics, glass, silicon, fiber, or cellulose. A ligand can be stably attached to a substrate surface, either by covalent bonding or non-covalent interaction.
A large number of different ligands can be attached to a substrate to generate a ligand array. Such an array allows simultaneous analyses of different types of molecules in a biological sample through binding the molecules to specific ligands within the array. There are many important applications of ligand arrays, including drug discovery and diagnostic medicine. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,797B1.


The present invention provides transgenic non-human animal models and cell lines which express a metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 in a melanocyte-specific manner and, as a result, exhibit a predisposition to the development of melanoma. The invention further teaches methods of using the transgenic animals and cell lines to identify therapeutic agents. Diagnostic methods for detecting a melanoma are also provided.

Melanoma incidence and mortality rate in European populations are increasing worldwide. Approximately 10% of melanomas occur in individuals with familial predisposition, but loci associated with susceptibility to multiple melanomas have yet to be identified. Spontaneous and induced mouse mutants are tools for uncovering new genes and pathways implicated in a particular disease. An insertional mutant, TG3, was generated by pronuclear injection with a 2-kb genomic fragment, clone B (Colon-Teicher, et al. (1993) Nucl. Acids Res. 21:2223-2228). The previously described TG3 line is predisposed to develop multiple melanomas primarily affecting the pinnae of the ear, perianal region, eyelid, snout, trunk and legs (Chen, et al. (1996) J. Invest. Dermatol. 106:1145-1150; Zhu, et al. (1998) J. Invest. Dermatol. 110:247-252). Metastases to distant organs are detected in some cases (Chen, et al. (1996) supra; Zhu, et al. (1998) supra). Melanoma susceptibility was found to be linked with the presence of the transgene.
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, and it can signal through a variety of glutamate receptors. Although once thought to be restricted to the central nervous system, glutamate signaling has been shown in a variety of non-neuronal tissues, including bone and skin (Skerry and Genever (2001) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22:174-181). There are two main categories of glutamate receptors. The ionotropic receptors are glutamate-gated, cation-specific ion channels, whereas the metabotropic receptors are coupled to intracellular signal-transduction pathways through G proteins. Metabotropic glutamate receptors are members of the large family of seven-transmembrane-domain G protein-coupled receptors. Both Grm1 and Grm5 (also called Gprc1 and mgluR5) are group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors coupling primarily to phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Grm1 has also been shown to couple to multiple intracellular signaling cascades including adenylate cyclase activation (Hermans and Chaliss (2001) Biochem. J. 359:465-484). Mice carrying null mutations in Grm1 have severe deficits in motor coordination and spatial learning (Aiba, et al. (1994) Cell 79:377-388; Aiba, et al. (1994) Cell 79:365-375; Conquet, et al. (1994) Nature 372:237-243), but no melanocyte defect has been described. Metabotropic glutamate receptors have not previously been implicated in tumorigenesis; however, a variety of G protein-coupled receptors and G proteins, including those that signal through phosphoinositide hydrolysis and cAMP accumulation, have been implicated in tumorigenesis through either mutational activation or overexpression (Dhanasekaran, et al. (1995) Endocr. Rev. 16:259-2701; Gutkind (1998) Oncogene 17:1331-1342). In addition, glutamate has been linked to tumor growth in both neuronal and non-neuronal cancers (Takano, et al. (2001) Nat. Med. 7:1010-1015; Rzeski, et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:6372-6377). Further, glutamate has been shown to stimulate proliferation of lung carcinoma cells in serum-deprived media, and antagonists to the ionotropic glutamate receptors, AMPA and NMDA receptors, have been shown to inhibit proliferation and increase cell death in a calcium-dependent manner in a variety of non-neuronal cancers (Rzeski, et al. (2001) supra). Agonist stimulation of Grm5 in subconfluent melanocyte culture has also been shown to result in melanocyte proliferation (Frati, et al. (2000) J. Cell. Physiol. 183:364-372).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,609 teaches the identification, isolation and purification of Grm1. This reference further discloses anti-Grm1 antibodies for use in identifying agonists and antagonists of Grm1-mediated neuronal excitation, as well as in methods of diagnosis and/or treatment of diseases such as, for example, cerebral ischemia, Parkinsons, senile dementia and other cognitive disorders, Huntington's chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, emesis, and migraine. This reference does not teach a role for Grm1 in the development of melanocytic neoplasms.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,084 discloses a human metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (mGluR8) protein and an immunoassay in which an antibody to mGluR8 is used to identify the number and/or location and/or functional integrity of mGluR8 or the presence of a cancer, e.g., an ectopic tumor of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. This reference does not disclose how mGluR8 is altered in a tumor cell nor does it teach the unscheduled expression of a glutamate receptor in malignant melanoma.

Animal model, cells, and treatment for malignant melanoma


A method of producing recombinant proteins, or polypeptides, in bacteria or other host cells grown on a substantially solid, i.e., solid or semi-solid, nutrient growth medium harboring DNA sequences of interest for encoding the recombinant proteins under the control of an inducer-regulated promoter or constitutive promoter. The bacteria are harvested from the solid or semi-solid nutrient medium and the desired recombinant protein is recovered by disrupting the surface of the bacteria.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates broadly to methods of producing recombinant proteins. More specifically, the present invention concerns a method of producing recombinant proteins, or polypeptides, in bacteria or other host cells grown on a substantially solid, i.e., solid or semi-solid, nutrient growth medium harboring DNA sequences of interest for encoding the recombinant proteins under the control of an inducer-regulated promoter or constitutive promoter.
2. Background of the Invention
The majority of recombinant proteins, or polypeptides, currently available are produced from bacteria. Escherichia coli (hereinafter "E. coli") is by far the most frequently used organism for recombinant protein production due to its relatively lenient nutrient requirements and fast growth rate. The prior art production process, shown in FIG. 1, uses liquid media and large-scale fermentation to yield high volumes of the bacteria. Unfortunately, efficient production of recombinant proteins in bacteria, both at the diagnostic and commercial level, remains a major problem for a number of reasons including that not all recombinant proteins can be expressed to a high level with a single technology. Other obstacles include the need for expensive equipment and large culture volumes; expensive induction due to the large culture volumes; difficulty controlling pH levels and temperatures; substrate inhibition; limited oxygen transfer which results in a need for pure oxygen which is expensive and increases overall production costs; plasmid instability and loss of recombinant protein production; the presence of relatively high levels of IPTG in the cultivation medium which leads to the inhibition of the growth of the E. coli cells; large volumes of waste water; and difficulty in consistently reproducing batch quality. The prior art fermentation process also leads to the formation and accumulation of growth inhibiting byproducts such as acetate, a lipophilic agent that is detrimental to cell growth, which reduce growth rate and biomass yield and repress the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and lipids (Jensen, E. B., and S. Carlsen. 1990 Biotechnol, Bioeng. 36: 1-11).
Due to these and other problems and limitations in the prior art, an improved method of producing recombinant proteins is needed.

Method of producing recombinant proteins


A fluid delivery apparatus for administering contrast media or other fluids to a patient. The apparatus includes a reusable main supply system, a disposable fluid administration system, and a transfer syringe. The transfer syringe is used to transfer fluid from the main supply system to the fluid administration system. The administration system includes an air valve and filter to allow for complete drainage of the fluid in the fluid administration system while reducing the likelihood of contaminating the fluid.

a. Field of the Invention
This fluid delivery apparatus provides hospital personnel with a safe way to efficiently administer contrast media or other fluids. More particularly, this invention relates to a fluid delivery apparatus which incorporates a reusable main supply system, a disposable transfer means such as a syringe means, and a disposable fluid administration system for the delivery of fluids to a patient which significantly reduces the likelihood of accidental cross-contamination from one patient to another and reduces the need to dispose of unused fluids.
b. Description of the Prior Art
In the medical setting, and particularly in radiology and cardiology, avoiding the accidental contamination of a patient's vascular system is of great importance. The contamination of a patient while administering fluid can result in severe medical complications and even death.
In a typical fluid introduction system a reservoir of contrast media or other fluid is tapped or spiked and the contrast medium or fluid is administered to the patient via a fluid delivery means. Because there is a direct fluid connection with the patient to the reservoir there is a possibility that the reservoir may become contaminated by the patient. In order to avoid the cross-contamination of patients, any contrast media or other fluid remaining in the reservoir after treatment must be discarded regardless of whether a small or a substantial portion of it remains.
Most prior art fluid delivery systems are designed so that the entire system is discarded after use and an entirely new system is utilized for the next patient. A major disadvantage of these systems is that they are expensive and result in a waste of natural resources.
Other prior art fluid delivery systems are designed so that they can be dismantled, sterilized, and used again with other patients. A major disadvantage of these systems is that the equipment may not be properly sterilized or the parts may be lost or damaged. Other disadvantages are the costs for labor, material and equipment associated with sterilizing the equipment.
A major disadvantage of both of these systems is that the unused fluid source must be discarded to prevent contamination from one patient to another. This can result in significant waste because the fluids used in medicine tend to be expensive.
There continues to be a need for an inexpensive fluid delivery system that reduces the waste associated with discarding the unused portion of contrast media or other fluids and the risk of cross-contamination from patient to patient.

Contrast media and fluid introduction system


A high voltage LDMOS transistor according to the present invention includes at least one P-field block in the extended drain region of the N-well. The P-field blocks form junction-fields in the N-well for equalizing the capacitance of parasitic capacitors between the drain region and the source region and fully deplete the drift region before breakdown occurs. A higher breakdown voltage is therefore achieved and the N-well having a higher doping density is thus allowed. The source region and P-field blocks enclose the drain region, which makes the LDMOS transistor self-isolated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to semiconductor devices, and more particularly to a lateral power MOSFET having radiation structure and isolation effect.
2. Description of Related Art
The development of single chip process for integrating power switches with control circuitries is a major trend in the field of power IC development. The LDMOS (lateral double diffusion MOS) process in particular is currently being applied to manufacture monolithic ICs. The LDMOS process involves performing planar diffusion on the surface of a semiconductor substrate to form a main current path oriented in the lateral direction.
In recent developments, many high-voltage LDMOS transistors have been proposed. However, the drawback of these prior arts is that aforementioned LDMOS transistors have higher on-resistance. Therefore, high voltage and low on-resistance LDMOS transistors are proposed. Although a high voltage and low on-resistance LDMOS transistor can be manufactured, the complexity of the production processes increases the production cost and/or reduces the production yield. Another disadvantage of these proposed LDMOS transistors is their non-isolated source structure. A non-isolated transistor current could flow around the substrate. This may generate noise interference in the control circuit. Besides, the current of the LDMOS transistor can generate a ground bounce to disturb the control signals. And it is needed to provide a kind of isolation structure between elements to prevent disturbance in between each other. In order to solve these problems, the present invention proposes a LDMOS structure to realize a high breakdown voltage, low on-resistance and isolated transistor for the monolithic integration.

High voltage and low on-resistance LDMOS transistor having radiation structure and isolation effect