A hand feeding system for small animals, such as kittens, uses a syringe that has a nursing nipple removably attached to the hub end of the syringe. Either a scratch pad is interposed directly between a shoulder of the syringe and the nipple or a plate is so interposed such that the plate is removably attached to a freestanding stand that has a scratch pad located thereon.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a syringe based feeder that has a nipple thereon for feeding small animals such as kittens. The feeder also has a guard for helping prevent the animal's paws from interfering with the feeding process.
2. Background of the Prior Art
Baby animals, such as kittens, are dependent on their mother for just about everything, including nutrition, for survival. Unfortunately, sometimes the baby animal is separated from its mother due to death or incapacitation of the mother, forced separation by man, etc. If the baby animal is separated from its mother, either man intervenes and provides for the baby or the baby, too young and immature to fend for itself, dies.
As mentioned, one of the critical functions that man must perform is to feed the baby animal so that it has sufficient nutrition to sustain itself. Normally, the baby animal latches on to a teat of the mother and drinks the milk produced by the mother. Such mother's milk, also consumed by many other animals including man, generally provides all the nutrients needed by the baby animal in the critical first days and weeks of the baby's life. Of course, man lacks such teats or the ability to produce mother's milk for an animal, therefore, other accommodations must be made. Modern science has produced formulas that closely match and often exceed the nutritional qualities of the mother's milk for a baby kitten or other animal. However, even if a specialized formula is not available, simple milk and cream make a great substitute for the non-available mother's milk.
With a nutritional substitute in hand, the next problem becomes actually feeding the animal with the milk or formula. Baby animals often lack the skills and abilities to feed themselves from a bowl or other food source, such skills and abilities being learned over time. To address this, many baby animal caregivers simply use a syringe for the feeding process. An amount of feeding liquid is drawn into the barrel of the syringe through the tip of the hub with the tip being inserted into the kitten's mouth and the plunger being slowly depressed in order to deliver the liquid into the kitten's mouth. While technically sound, this method of liquid delivery is not particularly efficient due to the fact that the tip of the hub is a rather unnatural element for the kitten and the baby animal is reluctant to have the tip placed into its mouth. As a result, the caregiver must force the tip into the kitten's mouth, oftentimes with great struggle with the animal. Not only can such a struggle lead to a mess with formula or milk all over the place, but the relatively delicate animal can suffer an injury.
To address this issue, nursing nipples have been used which nipples cover the tip of the syringe and allow the kitten to draw the liquid from the syringe through the nipple. As the nipple is more natural to the animal, both aesthetically and texturally, the animal is less resistant to its use and is more likely to latch onto the nipple and "nurse" therefrom. The use of a nipple overlying the cold and clinical hub tip of the syringe vastly improves the efficiency of the baby animal feeding process, however, certain shortcoming still remain. The baby animal, being playful by instinct, uses its front paws to engage the hands of the caregiver during the feeding process. This engagement of the hands of the caregiver by the kitten interferes with the feeding process by making it difficult for the caregiver to maintain the nipple within the animal's mouth. Not only can a mess result, but the animal, although having fun with the caregiver, does not ingest the required amount of sustenance during the feeding cycle. To address this problem, a second caregiver engages the paws of the kitten so that the first caregiver can concentrate on maintaining the nipple within the mouth of the animal. While effective, this method is inefficient in that a second person is needed for each feeding cycle, which can be expensive in a commercial setting such as a veterinarian's office, and possibly difficult to obtain in a private home setting when a person is alone with the kitten.
What is needed is a system whereby a baby animal such as a kitten can be easily and effectively fed via a nipple tipped syringe wherein the playfulness of the animal does not adversely interfere with the feeding process. Specifically, such a system must allow a single person to be able to feed the baby animal and keep the animal's paws engaged on an area other than the caregiver's hands. Ideally, such a system is of relatively simple design and construction so as to be relatively inexpensive to manufacture and obtain.


The present invention relates to methods of stimulating he growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells. In particular, it relates to the use of thiols and related compounds in stimulating the growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the present invention relates to methods of using these compounds for the treatment of marrow failure states and immunodeficient conditions, including but not limited to myelodysplastic syndromes and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

A variety of diseases and disorders, including pre-malignancy, overt malignancy and immunodeficiency, are related to malfunction within the lympho-hematopoietic system. Some of these conditions could be alleviated and/or cured by repopulating the lympho-hematopoietic system with progenitor cells, which when triggered to differentiate would overcome the patient's deficiency. Therefore, the ability to initiate and regulate hematopoiesis is of great importance (McCune et al., 1988, Science 241:1632).
In humans, a form of successful therapy is bone marrow transplantation. Apart from the use of bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of leukemia, it is now frequently being used in other neoplasia (Epstein and Slease, 1985, Surg. Ann. 17:125). This type of therapy, however, is both painful (for donor and recipient) because of the involvement of invasive procedures and can cause severe and even fatal complications to the recipient, particularly with allogeneic transplant and related Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) results. Therefore, the risk of GVHD restricts the use of bone marrow transplantation to patients with otherwise fatal diseases. An alternative approach to therapy for hematopoietic disorders is the use of growth factors or cytokines to stimulate blood cell development in a recipient (Dexter, 1987, J. Cell Sci. 88:1; Moore, 1991, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:159).
The process of blood cell formation, by which a small number of self-renewing stem cells give rise to lineage specific progenitor cells that subsequently undergo proliferation and differentiation to produce the mature circulating blood cells has been shown to be at least in part regulated by specific hormones. These hormones are collectively known as hematopoietic growth factors, (Metcalf, 1985, Science 229:16; Dexter, 1987, J. Cell Sci. 88:1; Golde and Gasson, 1988, Scientific American, July:62; Tabbara and Robinson, 1991, Anti-Cancer Res. 11:81; Ogawa, 1989, Environ. Health Presp. 80:199; Dexter, 1989, Br. Med. Bull. 45:337). With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, a number of these molecules have now been cloned and expressed in recombinant form (Souza et al., 1986, Science 232:61; Gough et al., 1984, Nature 309:763; Yokota et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81:1070; Kawasaki et al., 1985, Science 230:291).
These growth factors have been studied in their structure, biology and even therapeutic potential. Some of the most well characterized factors include erythropoietin (EPO), stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and the interleukins. These factors act on different cell types at different stages during blood cell development, and their potential uses in medicine include lessening the need for blood transfusions, speeding bone marrow recovery following transplantation and cytotoxic cancer therapy, correcting immunosuppressive disorders, wound healing, and activation of the immune response. (Golde and Gasson, 1988, Scientific American, July:62). Apart from inducing proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, such cytokines have also been shown to activate a number of functions of mature blood cells (Stanley et al., 1976, J. Exp. Med. 143:631; Schrader et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:323; Moore et al., 1980, J. Immunol. 125:1302; Kurland et al., 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:2326; Handman and Burgess, 1979, J. Immunol. 122:1134; Vadas et al., 1983, Blood 61:1232; Vadas et al., 1983, J. Immunol. 130:795), including influencing the migration of mature hematopoietic cells (Weibart et al., 1986, J. Immunol. 137:3584).
Although these growth factors have been shown to possess proliferative and/or differentiative effects on various hematopoietic cell lineages, they have not proven effective in many clinical disease settings. For example, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a diverse group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective blood cell production, progressive cytopenias and a variable risk of progression to acute leukemia (List et al., 1990, J. Clin. Oncol. 8:1424). Clinical trials of MDS patients treated with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor have shown that while these cytokines can restore granulocytopoiesis in treated patients, the efficacy is restricted to the granulocyte/monocyte lineage with little or no improvement in hemoglobin and/or platelet counts (Schuster et al., 1990, Blood 76 (Suppl.1):318a). When such patients were recently treated with recombinant human erythropoietin, a sustained improvement in hemoglobin and/or decrease in transfusion requirement was achieved in only less than 25% of patients (Besa et al., 1990, 76 (Suppl.1):133a; Hellstrom et al., 1990, 76 (Suppl.1):279a; Bowen et al., 1991, Br. J. Haematol. 77:419). Thus, there remains a need for an effective agent for the treatment of marrow failure states such as MDS.
Furthermore, cytokines are both difficult and costly to produce. Because these factors are proteins, their production is not amenable to direct chemical synthesis. Moreover, their low endogenous expression levels and the limited growth rate of human cells make the natural production of these proteins extremely costly. Their production by recombinant methods also entails large economic costs and technical obstacles. Hence, none of these previously reported molecules provides both a biologically active and readily synthesized stimulator of hematopoietic progenitor cells for in vivo administration.

Methods of using aminothiols to promote hematopoietic progenitor cell growth

Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of The University of Arizona


An anode for lithium-ion secondary battery is provided as one capable of ensuring sufficient safety (suppression of dendrites) while achieving a higher capacity (higher density of the electrode), and permitting formation of a lithium-ion secondary battery with excellent high-rate discharge performance. An anode for lithium-ion secondary battery has a current collector, and an active material-containing layer formed on the current collector, the active material-containing layer is comprised of an outermost layer disposed on the farthest side from the current collector, and a lower layer composed of at least one layer disposed between the outermost layer and the current collector, and a degree of flexion of the outermost layer is smaller than that of the lower layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an anode and a lithium-ion secondary battery.
2. Related Background Art
In recent years, there are increasing demands for higher capacities of electrodes in the lithium-ion secondary batteries. For achieving a higher capacity of an electrode, it was common practice in the conventional technology to increase the packing density of the electrode by adjusting processing conditions in fabrication of the electrode, e.g., by increasing the press pressure or the like, and thereby to increase the capacity per volume (e.g., cf Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos. 2005-63955, 2004-127913, 2005-317493, 2000-251890, 2003-142075, and 2005-222933).
However, the increase in press pressure comes to pose a problem that the active material in the electrode (particularly, the active material on the surface side of the electrode) is crushed to become flat, so as to decrease the number of voids in the electrode whereby flow paths of an electrolyte solution are closed. When the flow paths of the electrolyte solution are closed, lithium ions remain on the surface of the electrode to promote generation of dendrites. With generation of dendrites, a short circuit might occur between electrodes so as to raise a risk of ignition or the like.


A pneumatic power wrench which comprises a rotation motor (11) lodged in a housing (10) having air inlet and outlet passages (16, 23) for communicating air to and from the motor (11), respectively, and a power transmission for connecting the motor (11) to an output shaft (14), wherein the air outlet passage (23) comprises an adjustable air flow restricting mechanism (24) in the form of a valve spindle (29) extending substantially longitudinally through the outlet passage (23), an annular valve seat (34), and a valve element (32) supported on the valve spindle (29) for flow restricting cooperation with the valve seat (34). The valve spindle (29) is axially adjustable relative to the valve seat (34) for varying the flow restriction through the outlet flow restricting mechanism (24).

This invention relates to a pneumatic power wrench, in particular to a pneumatic power wrench having the specific features stated in the preamble of claim 1.
A general problem concerned with most types of screw joint tightening tools is to actually accomplish the desired pretension level in all joints, irrespectively of difference in torque resistance characteristics of the screw joints. A particular problem of this kind is to avoid undesireable torque overshoot or premature motor shut-off at tightening of stiff or hard joints, depending on whether the wrench is of the stalling type or if it is provided with a retardation responsive shut-off means.
The best way to solve this kind of problem is to reduce the idle or low-load speed of the motor such that the kinetic energy of the rotating parts as well as the retardation magnitude is reduced. A lower kinetic energy adds less tightening torque to the desired target torque level, and lower retardation magnitudes do not cause any premature shut-off in retardation responsive shut-off mechanisms.
One previously known way to solve the above problems is to provide the power wrench with a speed governor which reduces the idle speed level of the motor without impairing the low speed output capacity of the tool. This, however, is a relatively complicated solution to the problem, since it adds a number of details and complicates the power tool design.
Another, simpler and commonly used way to solve this kind of problem is to emplyo a restriction in the pressure air inlet passage to the motor. This results in a reduction of the idle speed of the motor and, accordingly, a reduction in the kinetic energy of the rotating tool parts. However, this solution to the problem also causes a restriction of the low speed power output of the motor, which of course is a disadvantage since the full capacity of the tool is not available.
Still another way of reducing the idle speed of a pneumatic power tool is to restrict the exhaust air outlet flow from the motor. This way is better than restricting the pressure air inlet flow of the motor, because an outlet flow restriction is effective in reducing the idle speed of the motor without impairing the low speed power output of the motor. This is important since it makes it possible to utilize the full capacity of the motor during the final pretensioning phase of a screw tightening process.


A CATV communication system includes a center and a plurality of terminal devices connected via a CATV net. The center includes: a first transmitter for transmitting upstream channel use information representing unoccupied channel; a first detector for detecting channel get request from data transmitted from the terminal device; a second detector for detecting a presence of the unoccupied channel; a second transmitter for assigning one of the detected unoccupied channels to the terminal device transmitted the channel get request and for transmitting channel assign data including a designation of the assigned channel; and a first communication unit for performing data communication with the terminal device via the assigned channel. The terminal device includes: a second communication unit connected to a computer for performing communication with the computer; a third detector for detecting center-directed data included in the data received from the computer; a fourth detector for detecting the upstream channel use information from the data transmitted; a third transmitter for selecting one of the unoccupied channels on the basis of the upstream channel use information and for transmitting the channel get request designating the selected channel to the center; a fifth detector for detecting the channel assign information; and a third communication unit for performing data communication with the center by using the upstream channel designated by the channel assign information for data transmission.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a CATV system and a communication method therefor, and more particularly to a technique to connect to the internet from a terminal via a CATV net.
2. Description of the Prior Art
When a user in a household connects to the, internet by a computer such as a personal computer, generally he or she individually makes a contract with a provider of the internet connection service and connects to the internet via the public telephone line with the aid of the provider""s service. Contrary to this, there has recently been examined a method of connecting the internet via an existing CATV net.
However, the existing CATV net is originally designed to supply video and/or audio data from the center to the subscribers, and its upstream transmission band is extremely narrower than the downstream transmission band. Concretely, in a general CATV system, the upstream transmission lines are assigned to the frequency band of 5-50 MHz, and the downstream transmission lines are assigned to the frequency band of 50-450 MHz. The downstream transmission band is relatively broad in order to transmit multi-channel television signal to the terminals of the subscribers as the original role of the CATV system. In contrast, the upstream transmission lines are used only for the transmission of control data such as accounting data to the subscribers, and hence its bandwidth is originally very narrow. Therefore, it is difficult to use the existing CATV net for the internet connection, i.e., bidirectional communication.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a CATV communication system and a communication method which enable the internet connection via the existing CATV net.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a CATV communication system including a center and a plurality of terminal devices connected via a CATV net, the center including: a first transmitter for transmitting, to the terminal device, upstream channel use information representing unoccupied channel out of a plurality of upstream channels; a first detector for detecting channel get request from data transmitted from the terminal device; a second detector for detecting a presence of the unoccupied channel in the upstream channels when the channel get request is detected; a second transmitter for assigning one of the detected unoccupied channels to the terminal device which has transmitted the channel get request and for transmitting channel assign data including a designation of the assigned channel to the terminal device when the unoccupied channel is detected; and a first communication unit for performing data communication with the terminal device via the assigned channel, and the terminal device including: a second communication unit connected to a computer for performing communication with the computer; a third detector for detecting center-directed data, to be transmitted to the center, which is included in the data received from the computer; a fourth detector for detecting the upstream channel use information from the data transmitted from the center when the center-directed data is detected; a third transmitter for selecting one of the unoccupied channels on the basis of the upstream channel use information and for transmitting the channel get request designating the selected channel to the center; a fifth detector for detecting the channel assign information from the data transmitted from the center; and a third communication unit for performing data communication with the center by using the upstream channel designated by the channel assign information for data transmission after the channel assign information is detected.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a center connected to a plurality of terminal devices via a CATV net, including: a first transmitter for transmitting, to the terminal device, upstream channel use information representing unoccupied channel out of a plurality of upstream channels; a first detector for detecting channel get request, including a designation of a channel to be used, from data transmitted from the terminal device; a second detector for detecting a presence of the unoccupied channel in the upstream channels when the channel get request is detected; a second transmitter for assigning one of the detected unoccupied channels to the terminal device which has transmitted the channel get request and for transmitting channel assign data including a designation of the assigned channel to the terminal device when the unoccupied channel is detected; and a first communication unit for performing data communication with the terminal device by using the assigned channel for data transmission.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a terminal device connected to a center via a CATV net, including: a first communication unit connected to a computer for performing communication with the computer; a first detector for detecting center-directed data, to be transmitted to the center, which is included in the data received from the computer; a second detector for detecting upstream channel use information representing an unoccupied channel out of a plurality of upstream channels from the data transmitted from the center when the center-directed data is detected; a first transmitter for selecting one of the unoccupied channels on the basis of the upstream channel use information and for transmitting the channel get request designating the selected channel to the center; a third detector for detecting channel assign information from the data transmitted from the center, the channel assign information being transmitted by the center in response to the channel get request and assigning an unoccupied channels; and a second communication unit for performing data communication with the center by using the upstream channel designated by the channel assign information for data transmission after the channel assign information is detected.
In accordance with the CATV system thus configured, the center transmits the upstream channel use information representing the unoccupied channel to the terminal device. When there is data to be transmitted to the center, the terminal device detects the upstream channel use information from data transmitted from the center, selects one of the unoccupied upstream channel, and transmits the channel get request to the center. On receiving the channel get request, the center checks the channel occupancy condition at that time to examine whether or not the channel designated by the channel get request is occupied. If it is unoccupied, the center determines to assign the channel to the terminal device which has transmitted the channel get request, and transmits the channel assign information to the sender terminal device. When receiving this channel assign information, the terminal device judges that the use of the channel is permitted, and performs data communication with the center by using the channel for data transmission. Therefore, by transmitting the channel use information and the channel get request between the center and the terminal device, the internet connection via the CATV communication system may be achieved with making the best use of the channels of limited number.
The center may be configured to receive the channel open request and to forcibly disconnect the channel designated: by the channel open request. By this, vain channel use may be avoided and the usage efficiency of the communication line may be improved. In addition, if the system is configured such that the center sends the channel open confirmation information to the terminal device before actually disconnecting the channel, erroneous disconnection due to noise or the like may be avoided. Further, the center may be configured to forcibly disconnect the channel if the communication condition of the channel is not normal. By this, the communication can be appropriately terminated in the system failure or accident.
If the center is configured to have a control LAN for control operation and a center LAN, independent of the center LAN, for data communication, the control operation may be separated from the data communication, thereby reducing the possibility of system error or confusion. If the terminal device is configured to transmit the channel use information to the center and the center forcibly disconnect the non-used channel, the line usage efficiency may be improved
The terminal device may configured to select the channel for the channel get request by using the random number. In addition, the terminal device may transmit the channel get request by a signal having the power determined by the random number and/or transmit the channel get request at the timings determined by the random number. With these modifications, the unevenness or deviation in the selection of the channel is avoided, and the possibility of collision of the channel get requests sent from plural terminal devices may be effectively avoided. The center and the terminal device may perform the data communication by using the cable packets which include control data and internet protocol. Therefore, both IP frame and control data can be transmitted by the cable packets, and the protocol can be simplified.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a CATV communication method for performing a communication between a center and a plurality of terminal devices connected via a CATV net, the method including the steps of: transmitting, from the center to the terminal device, upstream channel use information representing unoccupied channel out of a plurality of upstream channels at every predetermined time period; detecting, in the terminal device, center-directed data, to be transmitted to the center, which is included in the data received from a computer to which the terminal device is connected; detecting, in the terminal device, the upstream channel use information from the data transmitted from the center when the center-directed data is detected; selecting, in the terminal device, one unoccupied channel on the basis of the upstream channel use information and transmitting the channel get request designating the selected channel to the center; detecting, in the center, channel get request from data transmitted from the terminal device; detecting, in the center, a presence of the unoccupied channel in the upstream channels when the channel get request is detected; assigning, in the center, one of the detected unoccupied channels to the terminal device which has transmitted the channel get request and transmitting channel assign data including a designation of the assigned channel from the center to the terminal device when the unoccupied channel is detected; detecting, in the terminal device, the channel assign information from the data transmitted from the center; and performing data communication between the center and the terminal device by using the upstream channel designated by the channel assign information for data transmission after the channel assign information is detected.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a CATV communication method for performing a communication between a center and a plurality of terminal devices connected via a CATV net, the method including the steps of: transmitting upstream channel use information representing unoccupied channel out of upstream channels from the center to the plurality of terminal devices; detecting the upstream channel use information if there is data to be transmitted to the center, selecting one of the unoccupied channels and transmitting channel get request to the center if the upstream channel use information is detected; checking a condition of occupancy of the requested upstream channel when receiving the channel get request in the center, assigning the channel to the terminal device which has transmitted the channel get request if the requested channel is unoccupied, and transmitting channel assign data including a designation of the assigned channel to the terminal device; and transmitting the data to the center via the assigned upstream channel when the terminal device which has transmitted the channel get request detects the channel assign information.
The nature, utility, and further features of this invention will be more clearly apparent from the following detailed description with respect to preferred embodiment of the invention when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings briefly described below.

CATV communication system and method for the internet connection


Many of those having diabetes take a combination of slow and fast acting types of insulin. It is important that the different forms of medicament do not become confused and that the patient does not receive the incorrect medicament. In combination a medicament delivery apparatus and a medicament cartridge are provided, the medicament delivery apparatus including at least one switch and the medicament cartridge comprising a cartridge housing within which a medicament is provided, a displaceable piston located internally at one end of the housing and a raised ring of material about an external periphery of the medicament cartridge, the ring of material being of sufficient dimensions, in use, to trip the at least one switch of the medicament delivery apparatus.

The present invention relates to a medicament cartridge, having particular, but not exclusive application for use with a medication delivery apparatus. The invention provides a medication cartridge that maybe dedicated to a particular medication delivery apparatus. A medication delivery apparatus may take the form of for example, an injector pen or an infuses apparatus.
It is known that a person providing themselves, or others, with a medicament regimen may require more than one medicament as part of that regime. For example many of those having diabetes take a combination of slow and fast acting types of insulin. It is important that the different forms of medicament do not become confused and that the patient does not receive the incorrect medicament
By providing a cartridge that can be dedicated to a particular form of medicament, this problem may be eliminated or at least substantially reduced. For example, such a cartridge may only be accepted by a certain medication delivery apparatus or might not permit the proper functioning of certain medication delivery apparatus.


This patent specification describes methods for fabricating semiconductor device having a plurality of well structures including a triple-well structure. One example of a method for fabricating semiconductor device includes forming a thermally stable film on a first conductivity type substrate, forming a first resist film having an opening at a position corresponding to a first well forming area on the thermally stable film, removing the thermally stable film selectively by masking with the first resist film so as to make a neutering mask, implanting a second conductivity type impurity into the first well forming area by masking with the neutering mask and the first resist film, removing the first resist film, forming a second conductivity type well by diffusing and activating the second conductivity type impurity implanted into the first well forming area with a heating process, and implanting a first conductivity type impurity into a surface region of the first well forming area by masking with the neutering mask.

A recent development of semiconductors contributes to rapid growth of handheld systems such as handheld phones, personal digital assistants and so on. To achieve such equipment in an economical manner, it is highly required to develop high performance and multi-function devices such as high density integrated circuits (ICs) and multiple integration of MOS (Metal oxide semiconductor) transistors and bipolar transistors.
Designing fabrication process of well structures is a key to obtain the high performance and multi-function devices. A twin-well structure has been widely used and a triple-well structure has been introduced for fabricating compact and multi-function devices. The triple-well structure makes it possible to mount circuits working with a minus power supply voltage and contributes a large reduction of noises. Therefore, the triple-well structure is commonly used in LSI (large scale integrated circuit) including analog and digital circuits and memory ICs.
A variety of methods to form the triple-well structure has been proposed. In one method, a P-well is formed in a N-type substrate, a dose of N-type impurities is applied into the P-well by ion implantation and an N-well is formed at another area of the P-well in the same process of forming the N-well. With this process, it is possible to form a triple-well structure without an additional process in comparison with the twin-well process. However, a concentration of the N-well formed at another area of the P-well is different from a concentration of the N-well formed in the P-well.
Namely, the concentrations of the wells have a relationship D1>D2>D3, where D1 is the N-type impurity concentration of the N-well formed at the other area of the P-well, D2 is the P-type impurity concentration of P-well and D3 is the N-type impurity concentration of the N-well formed in the P-well. Thus, by this method, it is not possible to form the N-wells with the equivalent N-type impurity concentration. Due to the different N-type impurity concentration of the N-well in the P-well, transistors in the N-wells have different electrical characteristics from each other. As a result, it is difficult and complicated to design circuits using the transistors having different electrical characteristics.
Another proposed method is to use two masks having openings at different positions and form N-wells at separate processes using the masks. However, a number of masks increases with an increase of a number of wells. Consequently a fabrication cost is becoming highly proportional to the number of masks and processes.
As another method, it is proposed to introduce high energy ion implantation method. FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor having triple-well structure formed by this method. In this method, a P-well 232 making a frame border is formed in a substrate 230. Then a P-type impurity is implanted with high energy ion in a deep portion in the substrate 230. Then, diffusion and activation processes are performed such that a buried P-well 236 is formed in contact with a bottom of P-well 232 as shown in FIG. 1.
Then, an N-type impurity is implanted at a surface of an area which is surrounded with the P-well 232 and the buried P-well 236. At the same time, a N-type impurity is also implanted at another area which is not surrounded with the P-well 232 and the buried P-well 236. Then, diffusion and activation process are performed such that N-wells 238 and 240 are formed.
Because the N-well 238 is surrounded with the P-well 232 and the buried P-well 236, the N-well 238 is electrically disconnected to the substrate 230 and the N-wells 240. Moreover, the N-wells 238 and 240 are formed at the same process and with the same dosage of N-type impurity. As a result, N-wells having same impurity concentration are formed inside and outside of the area which is surrounded with the P-well 232 and the buried P-well 236.
The high energy ion implantation method requires one more photo-lithography process to twin-well process. Adding one process, it is possible to form a triple-well which includes the deep P-well (DPW) consisting of the P-well 232 and the buried P-well 236 and the N-well 238 surrounded with the DPW. Moreover, it is possible that each transistor formed in each well has a same electrical characteristic because the wells are formed to have the same impurity concentration. Therefore, it becomes easy to perform a circuit design with a simple transistor lineup to be used.
However, the high energy ion implantation method requires an expensive high energy ion implantation apparatus. Therefore, it is desired to form a triple-well structure associated with wells having uniform impurity concentration inside and outside of the triple-well structure by a simple and a high cost performance fabrication process without using high energy ion implantation equipment.

Method of manufacturing semiconductor device having triple-well structure and semiconductor device fabricated


A waveguide illuminator includes an input waveguide, a waveguide splitter coupled to the input waveguide, and a waveguide array coupled to the waveguide splitter. The waveguide array includes an array of out-couplers out-coupling portions of the split light beam to form an array of out-coupled beam portions for illuminating a display panel. To reduce optical interference, the waveguide illuminator may have two interlaced waveguide arrays energized by two different light sources. Output polarizations of neighboring light pixels of a display illuminated with such waveguide illuminator may be orthogonal to each other. The frames to be displayed may be broken down into sequentially displayed sub-frames with interleaved pixels.

Visual displays provide information to viewer(s) including still images, video, data, etc. Visual displays have applications in diverse fields including entertainment, education, engineering, science, professional training, advertising, to name just a few examples. Some visual displays such as TV sets display images to several users, and some visual display systems such s near-eye displays (NEDs) are intended for individual users.
An artificial reality system generally includes an NED (e.g., a headset or a pair of glasses) configured to present content to a user. The near-eye display may display virtual objects or combine images of real objects with virtual objects, as in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), or mixed reality (MR) applications. For example, in an AR system, a user may view images of virtual objects (e.g., computer-generated images (CGIs)) superimposed with the surrounding environment by seeing through a "combiner" component. The combiner of a wearable display is typically transparent to external light but includes some light routing optic to direct the display light into the user's field of view.
Because a display of HMD or NED is usually worn on the head of a user, a large, bulky, unbalanced, and/or heavy display device with a heavy battery would be cumbersome and uncomfortable for the user to wear. Consequently, head-mounted display devices can benefit from a compact and efficient configuration, including efficient light sources and illuminators providing illumination of a display panel, high-throughput ocular lenses and other optical elements in the image forming train.

Waveguide illuminator with optical interference mitigation


A double sided single inline memory module (20) comprising a substrate (70) having a plurality of openings (86) and first and second surfaces (92, 94), a plurality of pads (82) being integral with the substrate (70) and extending into the opening (86), a plurality of chips (50) adhered to the substrate (70) having bonding pads (120), wire bonding (80) electrically connecting at least one of the bonding pads (120) to at least one of the pads (82) and potting material (90) encapsulating the wire bonding (80) and filling the opening (86) is disclosed.

Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with single inline memory modules, as an example.
Heretofore, in this field, integrated circuits have been formed on semiconductor wafers. The wafers are separated into individual chips and the individual chips are then handled and packaged. The packaging process is one of the most critical steps in the integrated circuit fabrication process, both from the point of view of cost and of reliability. Specifically, the packaging cost can easily exceed the cost of the integrated circuit chip and the majority of device failures are packaging related.
The integrated circuit must be packaged in a suitable media that will protect it in subsequent manufacturing steps and from the environment of its intended application. Wire bonding and encapsulation are the two main steps in the packaging process. Wire bonding connects the leads from the chip to the terminals of the package. The terminals allow the integrated circuit package to be connected to other components. Following wire bonding, encapsulation is employed to seal the surfaces from moisture and contamination and to protect the wire bonding and other components from corrosion and mechanical shock.
Conventionally, the packaging of integrated circuits has involved attaching an individual chip to an individual lead frame, where, following wire bonding and encapsulation, designated parts of the lead frame become the terminals of the package. The packaging of integrated circuits has also involved the placement of chips on a flexible board where, following adhesion of the chip to the surface of the flexible board and wire bonding, an encapsulant is placed over the chip and the adjacent flexible board to seal and protect the chip and other components.
Commonly, integrated circuit packages are attached to other components such as a printed circuit board to form single inline memory modules which are typically referred to as SIMMs. SIMMs may, for example, be used to increase the memory of typically personal computers. As memory demands increase, so has the need for increased Input/Output (I/O) capacity and memory capacity of SIMMs. Efforts to enhance these capacities, however, have been limited by the amount of space available in the environment in which the SIMMs operate.
Therefore, a need has arisen for SIMM and a process for producing a SIMM that dispenses with the need to mount previously assembled integrated circuit packages on the printed circuit board. A need has also arisen for materials and methods that lead to increased yield by more closely matching the coefficient of thermal expansion of the materials used in the memory module. Further, a need has arisen for flat, double sided SIMM that provides protection for the silicon chip during subsequent manufacturing and testing steps and from the environment of its intended purpose.

Double sided single inline memory module


A method of fabricating a non-volatile memory is provided. A plurality of columns of isolation structures are formed on a substrate. A plurality of rows of stacked gate structures crossing over the isolation structures are formed on the substrate. A plurality of doping regions are formed in the substrate between two neighboring stacked gate structures. A plurality of stripes of spacers are formed on the sidewalls of stacked gate structures. A plurality of first dielectric layers are formed on a portion of the isolation structures adjacent to two rows of stacked gate structures. Also, one isolation structure is disposed between two neighboring first dielectric layers in the same row, while two neighboring rows comprising the first dielectric layer and the isolation structure are arranged in an interlacing manner. A plurality of first conductive layers are formed between two neighboring first dielectric layers in the same row.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a memory device and fabricating method thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to a non-volatile memory and fabricating method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Non-volatile memory is a type of memory that allows writing, reading and erasing data for multiple times, and the stored data will be retained even after power supplied to the device is off. Furthermore, non-volatile memory also has the advantages of small size, fast access speed and low power consumption. In addition, data can be erased in a block-by-block fashion so that the operating speed is further enhanced. With these advantages, non-volatile memory has become one of the most widely adopted memory devices for personal computers and electronic equipments.
A typical non-volatile memory comprises an array of memory cells. The horizontally laid memory cells are serially connected through a word line and the vertically laid memory cells are serially connected through a bit line. In general, the control gate of the memory cell serves as the word line, while the source region or drain region of the memory is electrically connected with bit line through the source contact or the drain contact. However, in the process of forming such contacts, misalignment between the contacts and the source regions or the drain regions occurs easily, which would reduce device reliability. Although the misalignment can be corrected through an increased width of the source regions or the drain regions, the size of each device would be enlarged as well. Hence, in view of device integration, a better solution is desired.

Non-volatile memory and fabricating method thereof


The syringe is a prefillable or prefilled syringe having a syringe cylinder which is delimited to one side by a plunger and which to the other side opens into a syringe connection having a free end closed by a membrane. The syringe cylinder, the syringe connection and the closing membrane are formed as one piece as a plastic injection molded part.

1. Field of the Invention
The injection relates to a syringe, in particular to a prefillable or prefilled syringe, having a syringe cylinder with an end provided with a syringe connection having a free end.
2. Description of the Related Art
Prefilled syringes of this type are known; they are usually manufactured with a syringe cylinder of glass, wherein on that side of the syringe cylinder distant to the syringe plunger there is provided a syringe connection which is sealingly closed by way of a further component.
With the state of the art known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,227, this further component is a sealing element which is rigidly connected to and is to remain on the syringe connection. For removing the fluid located in the syringe cylinder this closure must be pierced by way of a cannula. The solution known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,496 is more favorable inasmuch as this further component already has a through-bore which at the end is sealed by way of a closure plug which must first be directly removed before use. The embodiment form described here however is extremely complicated in its construction since apart from the syringe cylinder three or four further components are required.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,653 discloses a syringe connection which is closed by way of a further component which although comprising a central through-bore, is however closed by way of a membrane. In order to release this connection the syringe cylinder is pressed in, by which means the membrane is deflected outwards due to the increased inner pressure, and here is pierced by a spike-like plug which projects into the Luer connection of the syringe. Disregarding the fact that this solution is also complicated in its design due to the multitude of components, the design of the membrane is very difficult with regard to manufacturing technology and is thus expensive. Specifically it needs to be thin enough such that with the impingement of pressure it bulges sufficiently towards the spike, and on the other hand it must be thick enough to reliably close off the contents.
For syringes with a syringe cylinder consisting of plastic, a similar closure variant is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,402. The closure element to be placed onto the syringe connection likewise consists of a multitude of components and requires a costly manufacture and is thus expensive.

Transcoject Gesellschaft für medizinische Geräte mbH & Co. KG


The invention relates to an electromotor comprising a stator part and a rotor part, which parts form an oil-containing spiral groove bearing system. Surface areas of said parts are provided with a so-called oil barrier in order to prevent the oil from creeping from the bearing system to the environment. According to the present invention, said oil barrier comprises a monolayer of perfluorocarboxylic acid anions, especially those having a chain length of 10-20 C-atoms and/or perfluoroalkylthiol anions. Oil barriers of this type can be easily provided on the rotor part and stator part by means of dipping. These oil barriers have a very small thickness and can very suitably be used to prevent oil creepage.

The invention relates to an electromotor comprising a rotor part and a stator part, which parts are formed into a bearing system by means of oil-containing spiral groove bearings, whereby parts of the surface of the rotor part and of the stator part are provided with an oil barrier to counteract oil creepage from the bearings. The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing such an electromotor.
An electromotor of the type mentioned in the opening paragraph is known per se, for example, from United States patent specification U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,456. Said specification more particularly describes an electromotor which can suitably be used to drive a hard disk of a computer. The known motor comprises four spiral groove bearings, namely two axial bearings and two radial bearings. To prevent oil creepage from the bearings during operation of the motor, layers are provided, for example at an end portion of the rotor part, which counteract oil creepage. Such layers are commonly referred to as "oil barriers" and "Nyebar stop". Such oil barriers customarily comprise a mixture of fluoro compounds, such as perfluoroalkanes, which are embedded in a polymer matrix.
It has been found that in some respects the known electromotors are unsatisfactory. For example, if the motor is operated at a fixed speed for a prolonged period of time, oil migration from one spiral groove bearing to the other spiral groove bearing may occur. This may cause the first spiral groove bearing to run dry, thus causing damage to the motor.


Electromagnetic interference shielding structures and methods of shielding an object form electromagnetic radiation at frequencies greater than a megahertz generally include providing doped graphene sheets about the object to be shielded. The doped graphene sheets have a dopant concentration that is effective to reflect and/or absorb the electromagnetic radiation.

The present invention generally relates to structures and methods for shielding electromagnetic waves using graphene, and more particularly, to methods and structures of doped graphene sheets configured to reflect and/or absorb the electromagnetic waves being emitted from a electromagnetic wave generating source.
Emission of electromagnetic (EM) radiation at radio, microwave and terahertz frequencies is known to interfere with operation of electronic devices and has been linked to various health hazards to exposed individuals. For example, the World Health Organization has recently announced that exposure to microwave radiation could increase the risk of brain cancer. Because of concerns such as these, EM radiation is a serious issue and attempts to provide various shielding materials and devices have evolved. Most commonly used EM shields in use today are fabricated from metallic films, metallic grids, metallic foams, or powders on glass or plastic substrates. One example is a shielded cable, which has electromagnetic shielding in the form of a wire mesh surrounding an inner core conductor. The shielding impedes the escape of any signal from the core conductor, and also signals from being added to the core conductor. Some cables have two separate coaxial screens, one connected at both ends, the other at one end only, to maximize shielding of both electromagnetic and electrostatic fields. Another example is the door of a microwave oven, which typically has a metallic screen built into the window. From the perspective of microwaves (with wavelengths of 12 cm) this screen in combination with the oven's metal housing provides a Faraday cage. Visible light, with wavelengths ranging between 400 nm and 700 nm, passes easily between the openings the metallic screen whereas microwaves are contained within the oven itself.
Due to the inherent weight of metallic shields, the added weight can be significant. Moreover, many of the currently available EM shields are not transparent, which can be a significant disadvantage for many applications. Conventional transparent and conductive materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) have been applied to transparent substrates such as glass and plastics for EM shielding. However, the use of these types of transparent EM shields is fairly limited in their use because the shielding effectiveness of these materials is generally low, the shield itself is typically inflexible, and these types of EM shields provide limited mechanical strength. Providing higher EM effectiveness with these types of materials requires increased thicknesses, which then affect transparency.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Graphene based structures and methods for shielding electromagnetic radiation

International Business Machines Corporation


Nucleic acid sequences, particularly DNA sequences, coding for all or part of the high molecular weight subunit of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, expression vectors containing the DNA sequences, host cells containing the expression vectors, and methods utilizing these materials. The invention also concerns polypeptide molecules comprising all or part of the high molecular weight subunit of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and methods for producing these polypeptide molecules. The invention additionally concerns novel methods for preventing, stabilizing or causing regression of atherosclerosis and therapeutic agents having such activity. The invention concerns further novel methods for lowering serum liquid levels and therapeutic agents having such activity.

This invention relates to microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, genes for the protein, expression vectors comprising the genes, host cells comprising the vectors, methods for producing the protein, methods for detecting inhibitors of the protein, and methods of using the protein and/or its inhibitors.
The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) catalyzes the transport of triglyceride (TG), cholesteryl ester (CE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) between small unilamellar vesicles (SUV). Wetterau and Zilversmit, Chem. Phys. Lipids 38, 205-22 (1985). When transfer rates are expressed as the percent of the donor lipid transferred per time, MTP expresses a distinct preference for neutral lipid transport (TG and CE), relative to phospholipid transport. The protein from bovine liver has been isolated and characterized. Wetterau and Zilversmit, Chem. Phys. Lipids 38, 205-22 (1985). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis of the purified protein suggests that the transfer protein is a complex of two subunits of apparent molecular weights 58,000 and 88,000, since a single band was present when purified MTP was electrophoresed under nondenaturing condition, while two bands of apparent molecular weights 58,000 and 88,000 were identified when electrophoresis was performed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). These two polypeptides are hereinafter referred to as 58 kDa and 88 kDa, respectively, or the 58 kDa and the 88 kDa component of MTP, respectively, or the low molecular weight subunit and the high molecular weight subunit of MTP, respectively.
Characterization of the 58,000 molecular weight component of bovine MTP indicates that it is the previously characterized multifunctional protein, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Wetterau et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265, 9800-7 (1990). The presence of PDI in the transfer protein is supported by evidence showing that (1) the amino terminal 25 amino acids of the bovine 58,000 kDa component of MTP is identical to that of bovine PDI, and (2) disulfide isomerase activity was expressed by bovine MTP following the dissociation of the 58 kDa-88 kDa protein complex. In addition, antibodies raised against bovine PDI, a protein which by itself has no TG transfer activity, were able to immunoprecipitate bovine TG transfer activity from a solution containing purified bovine MTP.
PDI normally plays a role in the folding and assembly of newly synthesized disulfide bonded proteins within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Bulleid and Freedman, Nature 335, 649-51 (1988). It catalyzes the proper pairing of cysteine residues into disulfide bonds, thus catalyzing the proper folding of disulfide bonded proteins. In addition, PDI has been reported to be identical to the beta subunit of human prolyl 4-hydroxylase. Koivu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262, 6447-9 (1987). The role of PDI in the bovine transfer protein is not clear. It does appear to be an essential component of the transfer protein as dissociation of PDI from the 88 kDa component of bovine MTP by either low concentrations of a denaturant (guanidine HCl), a chaotropic agent (sodium perchlorate), or a nondenaturing detergent (octyl glucoside) results in a loss of transfer activity. Wetterau et al., Biochemistry 30, 9728-35 (1991). Isolated bovine PDI has no apparent lipid transfer activity, suggesting that either the 88 kDa polypeptide is the transfer protein or that it confers transfer activity to the protein complex.
The tissue and subcellular distribution of MTP activity in rats has been investigated. Wetterau and Zilversmit, Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 875, 610-7 (1986). Lipid transfer activity was found in liver and intestine. Little or no transfer activity was found in plasma, brain, heart, or kidney. Within the liver, MTP was a soluble protein located within the lumen of the microsomal fraction. Approximately equal concentrations were found in the smooth and rough microsomes.
Abetalipoproteinemia is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by a virtual absence of plasma lipoproteins which contain apolipoprotein B (apoB). Kane and Havel in The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, Sixth edition, 1139-64 (1989). Plasma TG levels may be as low as a few mg/dL, and they fail to rise after fat ingestion. Plasma cholesterol levels are often only 20-45 mg/dL. These abnormalities are the result of a genetic defect in the assembly and/or secretion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the liver and chylomicrons in the intestine. The molecular basis for this defect has not been previously determined. In subjects examined, triglyceride, phospholipid, and cholesterol synthesis appear normal. At autopsy, subjects are free of atherosclerosis. Schaefer et al., Clin. Chem. 34, B9-12 (1988). A link between the apoB gene and abetalipoproteinemia has been excluded in several families. Talmud et al., J. Clin. Invest. 82, 1803-6 (1988) and Huang et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46, 1141-8 (1990).
Subjects with abetalipoproteinemia are afflicted with numerous maladies. Kane and Havel, supra. Subjects have fat malabsorption and TG accumulation in their enterocytes and hepatocytes. Due to the absence of TG-rich plasma lipoproteins, there is a defect in the transport of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E. This results in acanthocytosis of erythrocytes, spinocerebellar ataxia with degeneration of the fasciculus cuneatus and gracilis, peripheral neuropathy, degenerative pigmentary retinopathy, and ceroid myopathy. Treatment of abetalipopmteinemic subjects includes dietary restriction of fat intake and dietary supplementation with vitamins A, E and K.
To date, the physiological role of MTP has not been demonstrated. In vitro, it catalyzes the transport of lipid molecules between phospholipid membranes. Presumably, it plays a similar role in vivo, and thus plays some role in lipid metabolism. The subcellular (lumen of the microsomal fraction) and tissue distribution (liver and intestine) of MTP have led to speculation that it plays a role in the assembly of plasma lipoproteins, as these are the sites of plasma lipoprotein assembly. Wetterau and Zilversmit, Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 875, 610-7 (1986). The ability of MTP to catalyze the transport of TG between membranes is consistent with this hypothesis, and suggests that MTP may catalyze the transport of TG from its site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to nascent lipoprotein particles within the lumen of the ER.
Olofsson and colleagues have studied lipoprotein assembly in HepG2 cells. Bostrom et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263, 4434-42 (1988). Their results suggest small precursor lipoproteins become larger with time. This would be consistent with the addition or transfer of lipid molecules to nascent lipoproteins as they are assembled. MTP may play a role in this process. In support of this hypothesis, Howell and Palade, J. Cell Biol. 92, 833-45 (1982), isolated nascent lipoproteins from the hepatic Golgi fraction of rat liver. There was a spectrum of sizes of particles present with varying lipid and protein compositions. Particles of high density lipoprotein (HDL) density, yet containing apoB, were found. Higgins and Hutson, J. Lipid Res. 25 1295-1305 (1984), reported lipoproteins isolated from Golgi were consistently larger than those from the endoplasmic reticulum, again suggesting the assembly of lipoproteins is a progressive event. However, there is no direct evidence in the prior art demonstrating that MTP plays a role in lipid metabolism or the assembly of plasma lipoprotein.
The present invention concerns an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for all or part of the high molecular weight subunit of MTP and/or intron, 5xe2x80x2, or 3xe2x80x2 flanking regions thereof. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, and the nucleic acid sequence is a DNA sequence. Further preferred is a nucleic acid having all or part of the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ. ID. NOS. 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 1 together with 5, 2 together with 7, the first 108 bases of 2 together with 8, the first 108 bases of 2 together with 7 and 8, or 8 together with 31 and 32.
The present invention also concerns a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence complementary to the above sequences and/or intron, 5xe2x80x2, or 3xe2x80x2 flanking regions thereof.
The present invention further concerns expression vectors comprising a DNA sequence coding for all or part of the high molecular weight subunit of MTP.
The present invention additionally concerns prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells containing an expression vector that comprises a DNA sequence coding for all or part of the high molecular weight subunit of MTP.
The present invention additionally concerns polypeptides molecules comprising all or part of the high molecular weight subunit of MTP. Preferably, the polypeptide is the high molecular weight subunit of human MTP or the recombinantly produced high molecular weight subunit of bovine MTP.
The present invention also concerns methods for detecting nucleic acid sequences coding for all or part of the high molecular weight subunit of MTP or related nucleic acid sequences.
The present invention further concerns methods for detecting inhibitors of MTP and, hence, anti-atherosclerotic and lipid lowering agents.
The present invention further concerns a novel method for treatment of atherosclerosis, or for lowering the level of serum lipids such as serum cholesterol, TG, PC, or CE in a mammalian species comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an agent that decreases the activity or amount of MTP. Such agents would also be useful for treatment of diseases associated or affected by serum lipid levels, such as pancreatitis, hyperglycemia, obesity and the like. In particular, this invention concerns a method of treatment wherein the agent that decreases the activity of MTP is a compound of the formula
wherein:
R1 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl (all optionally substituted through available carbon atoms with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylmercapto, arylmercapto, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl);
R2, R3, R4 are independently hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylmercapto, arylmercapto, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl (all optionally substituted through available carbon atoms with 1, 2, or 3 groups selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylmercapto, arylmercapto, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl; with the proviso that when R5 is CH3, R6 is not hydrogen.
R7 is alkyl (optionally substituted with oxo), aryl, or arylalkyl (wherein the alkyl portion is optionally substituted with oxo). Examples of such oxo-sustituted groups are described in Cortizo, L., J. Med. Chem. 34, 2242-2247 (1991).
Also in accordance with the present invention are novel compounds of formula I, wherein R1 is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl (wherein the alkyl comprises at least two carbon atoms), heteroarylalkyl (wherein the alkyl comprises at least two carbon atoms), cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, all optionally substituted as described above.
The present invention further concerns novel compounds of formula II wherein R1 is arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl, wherein the alkyl portion of each comprises at least two carbon atoms and wherein each is optionally substituted as described above.
Further still in accordance with the present invention are novel compounds of the formula

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein


An optical device includes a reflector-section that includes a light-ingress surface for receiving light from a light source, a reflector surface for reflecting the light based on total internal reflection, and a light-egress surface through which the reflected light exits the optical device. When the light source is at a predetermined position with respect to the optical device, an angle of incidence (θi) of the light at the light-egress surface is a polarization angle at which a p-polarized component of the light is transmitted through the light-egress surface without being reflected by the light-egress surface. Thus, unwanted reflections at the light-egress surface can be reduced and thereby unwanted scattering of light is reduced while having good transmitting efficacy.

Distribution of light produced by a light source can be important or even critical in some applications. The light source may comprise, for example but not necessarily, one or more light emitting diodes "LED", one or more filament lamps, or one or more gas-discharge lamps. The distribution of light produced by a light source can be modified with optical devices such as lenses, reflectors, and combined lens-reflector devices that comprise sections which act as lenses and sections which act as reflectors. FIG. 1a shows a section view of an exemplifying optical device 101 according to the prior art for modifying a distribution of light radiated by a light source 102. Some of light beams radiated by the light source 102 are depicted with dashed-line arrows in FIG. 1a. The optical device 101 is made of suitable transparent material whose refractive index is greater than one. The optical device 101 can be rotationally symmetric with respect to a geometric line 120 shown in FIG. 1a. The geometric line 120 is parallel with the z-axis of a coordinate system 199. The optical device 101 comprises a light-ingress surface 103 for receiving light from the light source 102 and a reflector surface 104 for reflecting the light received through the light-ingress surface 103 so that total internal reflection "TIR" takes place when the light arrives at the reflector surface 104. The optical device 101 further comprises a light-egress surface 105 for the reflected light and for light received through a light-ingress surface 106.
An inconvenience related to an optical device of the kind described above is that a part of light is reflected at a light-egress surface through which the main part of the light exits the optical device. In FIG. 1a, reflections at the light egress surface 105 are depicted with dash-and-dot line arrows. The reflectance R is (1−n)2/1 (1+n)2 when a light beam arrives perpendicularly at the light-egress surface 105, where n is the refractive index of the transparent material of the optical device 101. For example, the refractive index of glass is about 1.5 and thus the reflectance R is about 4% when light arrives perpendicularly at a glass-to-air interface. Therefore, if the transparent material of the optical device 101 is glass, the light-egress surface 105 reflects about 4% of the light arriving at the light-egress surface 105. In many cases, a corollary of reflections at a light-egress surface is that a light distribution pattern produced with an optical device deviates from a desired light distribution pattern. FIG. 1b shows the light distribution pattern produced with the optical device 101 as a function of a polar angle φ. The polar angle φ is presented in FIG. 1a. As shown in FIG. 1b, the light distribution pattern comprises side peaks which are undesirable in many cases.

Optical device for modifying light distribution


Processing nodes in a 3D torus network topology are connected together via an interconnect that introduces at least one irregularity into the link connections between processing nodes of each ring of the network. Each processing node detects whether there is an irregularity in its links with adjacent processing nodes in a ring. As the sockets or other processing node interfaces of the interconnect are wired to introduce this irregularity and as the positions of the processing nodes within a given ring are relative to this irregularity, the physical location of the processing nodes can be determined based on correlations between physical locations of the sockets relative to the irregularity and the positions of the processing nodes relative to the irregularity. Thus, the relative position of a processing node in the ring can be used to identify the socket with which the processing node is coupled, thereby facilitating network management operations.

High performance computing systems, such as server systems or server racks, are typically implemented using processing nodes connected together by one or more fabric interconnects. These processing nodes often are implemented as field replaceable units (FRUs), which typically constitute a card, a blade, or another pluggable form, that may be quickly swapped in and out of corresponding sockets of the interconnect, which allows the FRUs to be easily replaceable and upgradeable and facilitates adaptation and scaling of the high performance computing system.
In order to maintain a high level of flexibility, the FRUs can share a common configuration, such that an FRU can be installed into any socket at any location in the interconnect, and can operate there without having to be specially configured to operate in that socket. However, many network topologies, such as ring networks and torus networks, do not have any fixed absolute reference points and thus, because the FRUs can be installed in any socket in the interconnect, it is often difficult to identify the particular position within the network in the absence of such an absolute reference point, or to identify the particular location of the FRU in the interconnect. It may be desirable to determine an absolute reference point of an FRU within a ring in order to determine a physical location of the FRU in a system that implements a ring network or a torus network. For example, it may be desirable to provide an indication of a location for a particular FRU, such as for an FRU that has experienced a fault condition, in order to quickly identify the FRU for replacement or service, to replace a disk drive on the FRU, or to change a cabled connector to the FRU.
One conventional approach for signaling the position of an FRU within the network includes providing dedicated position identification pins in the sockets and corresponding traces in the hardwiring of the interconnect. However, this approach is unduly complex and expensive to implement as the number of FRUs increases. For example, a server of 64 processing nodes would require 6 dedicated position identification pins when using a binary encoding scheme (26=64) and a corresponding number of traces in the interconnect to encode the particular position of each socket. Another conventional approach includes providing logic and a storage element at each socket that stores a corresponding position identifier such that when an FRU is inserted into a given socket, the logic at the socket provides the corresponding position identifier to the FRU. Such logic at the socket is sometimes implemented with a centralized controller that has individual point-to-point connectivity to each socket and is able to provide a dedicated position identifier to each FRU. However, the need to implement logic and a storage element at each socket of the interconnect increases the cost and complexity of the interconnect.
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.

Position discovery by detecting irregularities in a network topology


A functional implant includes: a fixture; an abutment coupled to the upper portion of the fixture using a bolt; and a crown coupled to the abutment coupled to the fixture, the crown having a crown body concave on top thereof, an abutment insertion recess formed inside the crown body to be open on the underside of the crown body, and a coupling guide portion formed on an inner peripheral wall of the abutment insertion recess and having a scratch surface formed on the surface of the inner peripheral wall, a silica layer bonded to the scratch surface, a zirconia primer layer coated onto the silica layer, and a resin bonded to the zirconia primer layer. The crown is detachably coupled to the abutment through press-fitting, thereby allowing easy detachment and smooth repair and correction. The crown is made using milling, thus reducing errors to ensure good fitness and passivity.

Generally, an implant is an artificial tooth root made of a material having no rejection reaction to the human body, which is placed into an alveolar bone from which a tooth is missing to replace the root of the missing tooth therewith, and after the artificial tooth root is integral into the alveolar bone, an artificial tooth is fixed to the artificial tooth root through a connection post, thus restoring the original function of the missing tooth.
An implant surgery is performed with an artificial tooth root that is integral into an alveolar bone from which a tooth is missing, a connection post that is accommodated into the artificial tooth root at one end thereof in such a manner that their parts are engaged with those of the artificial tooth root to prevent the rotation thereof, a screw that is accommodated into the interior of the connection post and coupled to the artificial tooth root, and an artificial tooth that is fastened to the front end periphery of the connection post.
The connection post for supporting the artificial tooth has an inclined surface formed on the portion accommodated into the artificial tooth root in such a manner as to be tightly engaged and fastened with the artificial tooth root by means of the screw, and accordingly, even if the screw is separated from the artificial tooth root so as to exchange the artificial tooth, the inclined surface of the connection post tightly engaged with the artificial tooth root is not easily removed from the artificial tooth root, thus delaying the surgery time due to the consumption of lots of time for the separation of the connection post.
If the connection post is not easily separated from the artificial tooth root, it should pull out by means of a tool like pliers, but in this case, shocks may be applied to adjacent teeth, thus causing additional teeth damages.
So as to allow the connection post to be fastened to the artificial tooth root, further, the screw should be inserted into the connection post to perform the fastening, which makes it very inconvenient in performing the implant surgery and causing the escape or loss of the screw at the time when the connection post is separated.
The artificial tooth is obtained by the following procedure. First, a plaster model made with an impression is cut through pin-work, and a wax model is made to have the shape and size of an artificial tooth to be molded through a wax-up. Next, if an investment surrounding the wax model is cured, the wax model is physically removed from the investment to form a mold frame, and a solution is poured into the mold frame to cast the artificial tooth. Finally, oxides formed on the surface of the cast artificial tooth are removed through polishing.
The artificial tooth made through the above-mentioned procedure is fixed to the connection post by means of screw-fastening or cementing.
In case where the impression is made in a patient's oral cavity, however, it is hard to make a real impression. Accordingly, errors may be generated in making the impression, which will sequentially occur in the model making, pin-work, wax-up, investment, casting and polishing, thus failing to ensure the fitness and passivity of the artificial tooth to cause the artificial tooth to be escaped after the implant surgery.
Since the artificial tooth is cast with the complicated procedure, further, a long period of time is needed until the implant surgery is completely finished, which gives many inconveniences to the patient.
Furthermore, the artificial tooth is coupled to the connection post by means of screw-fastening or cementing. In case of the screw-fastening, the screw may become loose or broken by means of lateral force and occlusal force (vertical pressure, lateral pressure and rotary pressure) applied to the artificial tooth when chewing operations are repeatedly conducted after the implant surgery, and in case of cementing, it is not easy to perform repair and correction of the artificial tooth and to conduct transition with which the implant is extended to adjacent teeth.


A glass antenna has a rectangular loop antenna element which is extended on the upper region of a windshield glass where no heating wires of a defogger are arranged, and is capacitively coupled to the uppermost heating wire of the defogger at a predetermined capacitance, and a T-shaped second antenna element which is arranged on a region where the defogger is arranged, and is capacitively coupled to the uppermost heating wire of the defogger.

The present invention relates to a glass antenna which is arranged on a glass such as a rear windshield glass with a defogger, a method of setting the glass antenna on the glass, and parts of the glass antenna.
In a glass antenna with a defogger, how to remove the influence of the defogger is a major subject.
For example, in glass antennas disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-73403 and Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. 4-59606, an antenna wire which has a shape similar to a pole antenna, is electrically insulated from a defogger, and extends in a direction perpendicular to a defogger heating wire, is proposed. However, the performance of the antenna wire arranged in such conventional glass antennas is far from that of a pole antenna although its shape is similar to the pole antenna, since the mechanism of the influence of the defogger on the antenna performance has remained unsolved.
In view of this problem, the inventors of the present application have proposed a glass antenna, which has, in a region where a defogger is extended, a first conductor line which perpendicularly crosses heating wires of the defogger extending in the widthwise direction of a vehicle and are electrically connected thereto in DC term, and a loop-shaped second conductor wire which is connected to none of the heating wires of the defogger, as Japanese Patent Application No. 6-205767 (U.S. application Ser. No. 08/362,788), and the like. In particular, the objective of this glass antenna is to eliminate the influence of the defogger by capacitively coupling a piece of conductor portion, which is closest to the defogger and extends in the widthwise direction of the vehicle, of the second conductor wire at a capacity of about 4 pF or more to the uppermost (or top) heating wire of the defogger extending in the widthwise direction of the vehicle.
However, the glass antenna in the above application can obtain reception characteristics as high as those of the pole antenna, but the antenna conductors must be buried in or deposited on the glass (especially, since the second antenna conductor must be connected to the defogger heating wires in DC term). Accordingly, it is impossible for the end user to set a new glass antenna on the windshield glass of his or her vehicle.


Methods, systems, and devices are described that provide for directing a voice or video call using least cost dialing. Rules for directing a call may be generated by a server or a mobile device. The rules may be applied at a mobile device, facilitating a least-cost call with little or no input from the user of the mobile device. The rules may be based on identifying information about a caller or an intended call, or both. In determining what constitutes a least-cost option, a number of resources and factors, both monetary and non-monetary, may be considered. In some examples, a call identifier may be sent from a mobile device to a server, and the mobile device may receive, in response, one or more rules for directing a call. The rules may be applied at the mobile device, and the call may be placed accordingly.

A business or enterprise may have a variety of telephone numbers from which employees, clients, and/or customers may choose for placing a call. It is common for businesses with multiple locations to have various options for intra-company calls, which may be less expensive than calls routed via the public switched telephone network (PSTN). In some cases, a particular enterprise may have several numbers available for conference calls, and the various numbers may have different cost implications (e.g., depending on the participants, or the location of the participants).
Whenever multiple options (e.g., multiple telephone numbers) are available for placing a phone call, some economic benefit may be realized by selecting a particular option. However, the onus of selecting a least cost option typically falls on the person placing the call, and that person may have little incentive to make an informed choice; or the economic benefits of a certain calling option may be unknown. It may therefore be beneficial to employ mechanisms for least cost dialing that require little or no input from a caller.

Rule-based mobile dialing based on a change of event


A method for tracing an item may include encrypting item information using an identity-based encryption scheme with a batch number for an item as an encryption key and communicating the encrypted item information for storage on a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag for attachment to the item.

Product tracing may allow the tracing of goods and/or parts across the partially or entirely reconstructed supply chain. Product tracing may allow the producer to recall certain batches in case of quality problems or defects that may jeopardize product reliability. Product tracing may be an expensive and difficult task, as supply chains may be long and involve several manufacturers/producers and several different materials. Furthermore, materials from different batches may contribute to a single batch of a finished product. Thus, when a recall is issued, many suppliers and many batches may be involved.
Product tracing may be used by different industries. For example, tracing may be used in food products and pharmaceuticals, to enable food product and pharmaceutical recalls if rotten ingredients contaminate certain food batches or pharmaceutical batches. Tracing may be used for quality assurance, for example, in the automotive, aerospace and other industries. Also, laws and regulations have been enacted regarding product traceability. For example, in Europe batch recalls are enforced through European Union (EU) regulation 178/02, and in the United States they are enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Current product tracing solutions may not enable the supply chain privacy desired by producers and manufacturers. The public availability of product tracing information may allow competitors or even collaborators to inspect a producer's supply chain and make an assessment of the producer's logistics or product capabilities, even without any recalls having been issued. Some product tracing solutions may slowly react to product recalls due to an enormous communications overhead. Consequently, producers may desire a solution that enables supply chain secrecy to protect supply chain logistics and product capabilities. Suppliers also may desire a solution that enables faster product recalls without an enormous communications overhead.

Item tracing with supply chain secrecy using RFID tags and an identity-based encryption scheme


An archery bow includes a bottom limb with first and second ends, a top limb with first and second ends, a leaf spring attached to the bottom limb, a bowstring spanning limb distals pivotally connected top and bottom limbs, such that a cantilevered second end of the top limb enacts a tension on the spring. A bow includes a bottom limb with first and second ends, an axial slot in the second end, a front and rear slat, a top limb with first and second ends, wherein the second end fits movably within the slot, a bowstring spanning limb distals, top and bottom limbs pivotally connected, such that a cantilevered second end of the top limb movingly fits the slot and drawback deforms the slats. A bow includes opposing limbs pivotally connected with spaced distal ends spanned by a bowstring, a cantilevered limb directly enacting a tension on a spring on the opposing limb.

Compound bows have mechanisms to reduce draw tension in the fully drawn position. This enables the archer to aim under less physical stress and augments precision. In addition, more powerful bows can be used, with inherent advantages.
Compound bows both gather and release energy asymmetrically; no longer reliant on Hooke's law of linearity. During release, energy transfer to the arrow is at first relatively mild, then quickly maximizes—but drops again near the arrow release point from the string. This lessens arrow shock, diminishing a phenomenon related to 'Archers Paradox', wherein the sudden action of compressive force through the knock down the length of the arrow, causes shaft bending or bowing from side to side in a series of diminishing in-flight cycles. While flexing of the arrow shaft has little effect on accuracy, it consumes energy and disturbs airflow, making it undesirable.
The reduction in draw string tension at full draw, termed 'let off', is a significant and fairly recent improvement in archery's long history. However, this advance came at a price, as the 'let off' mechanisms added structural complexity and visual distraction. Multiple pulleys, cables and various extraneous devices clutter most compound bows which to boot, often need repeated adjustment or 'tuning' to perform well. The added complexity also adds costs in manufacture. And last, but to purists not least, compound bows typically lack the traditional bow's time honored simple elegance and visual grace of appearance.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,486,495 to Allen (1969) is the grandfather to modern compound bows. Characteristically, this type of compound bow has an over-center feature inherent in the pulleys at the limb ends, as depicted in FIG. 1. This provides the desired degree of 'let off' at full draw, shown on FIG. 6. The several cables shown present a problem in that only one is drawn back in the nook of the arrow. The other two must somehow be accommodated to one side, lest they interfere with the centered arrow. Unfortunately, a lateral shifting of the cables under tension also shifts draw forces to one side and a certain amount of undesirable twist is thus introduced into the bow's long axis. Imperfect synchronous action of the two separate bow arms, is another problem inherent in this design and frequent tuning may be needed to maintain proper equilateral balance.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,295 to Guzetta (1988) shows a bow of even greater complexity than the Allen design. Not only are there two separately acting bow arms attached to a riser, but an array of power links, toggle links, adjustable inter-limb connectors are all hooked to a 'power cylinder', containing a coil spring and actuated piston, etc., as illustrated on FIGS. 2 through 7. It is unclear, if this design offers any improved performance at all, despite its apparent complexity. It may even be that the frictional losses incurred with all those linkages, offset any possible performance enhancement. What is clear, is that it has little in common in appearance with the traditional archery bow and that it lacks aesthetic appeal with that much paraphernalia.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,150,699 to Boissevain (1992) illustrates a bow claiming to reduce draw force at full draw. An intricate system of adjustable cables and pulleys coordinates forces generated by a single spring against two rigid bow arms and is again needlessly complicated to achieve the desired result, as evident by FIGS. 1 & 3.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,290 to Islas (1976) shows a bow which again achieves draw force reduction at full draw at the cost of considerable complexity, as is clearly illustrated by the FIGS. 4, 5, and 8. A pulley system is needed to synchronize the limb members, multiple cantilevered springs with adjustable backstops store energy, but also harbor opportunity for disequilibrium and need for adjustment. The design is far too complex to be practically useful, as the market has borne out.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,041,927 to Van House (1977) is a relatively simple design, utilizing a single load spring for the energy medium, however, since a riser and two attached limbs are used, the latter must again be synchronized in their movement, which is accomplished through a hollowed out riser, cable and pulleys and further an attached system of levers, acting against the single spring of this bow which again in the end is unnecessarily complicated to achieve the desired end. The bow further appears decidedly ungainly with all its extraneous spring and levers attachments.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,287,867 to Islas (1981) provides for maximum draw pull at an intermediate draw position and therefore has 'let off' at maximum pull to assists aiming. However, this effect is again overshadowed by wild complexity. Two movable arms are attached to a common riser and actuated via cams, control cables and cantilevered upper and lower spring members. Arm tension is maintained through a hidden cable in a riser passage and the opportunity for imperfect tension equalization and need for continued fine tuning is pronounced.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,001 to Hitt (1972) is an example of a largely conventional bow, to but with auxiliary arms in conjunction with master arms and a claim to generate an increased projectile propelling force. However, since the auxiliary limbs are in sliding contact with the master arms, frictional losses are incurred upon arrow release. It would appear that a more powerful bow could be had by simply strengthening the master arms. This would further reduce a needless complexity. Either way, this design has maximum string pull at full draw and thus offers no archer's relief or 'let off' for relaxed aiming.
The teachings of each of the above-listed citations (which does not itself incorporate essential material by reference) are herein incorporated by reference. None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singularly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed.
Heretofore, no formerly developed archery bow stores sufficient energy along with significant full draw 'let off' while preserving a simple, relatively uncluttered appearance that many find so appealing in traditional bow design. All compound bows hereto known suffer from one or more of the following disadvantages: (a) Their manufacture is unnecessarily complex and costly because their designs are unnecessarily complicated; (b) The problem of achieving 'let off' is solved on conventional compound bows through various systems of pulleys and multiple cables, along with assortments of levers and auxiliary springs; (c) Use of systems of pulleys, multiple cables and levers, etc. often introduces a precarious balance between the bow arms which must be maintained through careful, repeated adjustments or tuning; (d) Auxiliary cables parallel to the cable serving as bow string, require a mechanism to shift these sideways from their natural centered position, in order to avoid interference with the arrow creating a lateral displacement which introduces an undesirable twisting action into the bow's longitudinal axis; (e) The structure and add-on paraphernalia found on conventional compound bows is an aesthetically unpleasant departure from traditional bow design and degrades the simple, time honored, graceful elegance of classic bows into unsightly, machine-like devices.


A full butt joint structure of a connection joint between a side frame and a cross beam of a bogie frame, characterized in: the side frame is connected to the cross beam by a connecting seat to realize the full butt joint, a side frame connecting end of the connecting seat, a transport column and a side frame inside vertical plate form a plate-plate butt joint structure, and a cross beam connecting end of the connecting seat and the cross beam form a tube-tube butt joint structure. An assembly welding process comprises: the connecting seat is assembled and welded to the cross beam; a cross beam unit is assembled and welded; the connecting seat is assembled and welded to the transport column and the side frame inside vertical plate; a side frame strengthen partition plate is assembled and welded to an upper plate; and the bogie frame is welded.

A connection joint between a side frame and a cross beam of a bogie frame in the prior art can't realize a full butt joint structure due to limitations of design ideas and restrictions of an assembly welding process. An interface between the side frame and the cross beam is mostly designed as a corner joint structure or a composite structure of a corner joint structure and a butt joint structure, and few is designed as an lap joint structure. Thus, the stress concentration factor of the connection joint between the side frame and the cross beam, in particular in a weld seam, is larger, which reduces the fatigue life of the bogie frame, and influences the carrying capacity and speed of the bogie.

Full butt joint structure of connection joint between side frame and cross beam of bogie frame and assembly welding process