A display device includes: an organic layer arranged in plural pixels which are arranged in a display area in a matrix; a first electrode that is formed on a surface of the organic layer opposite to a substrate, and transmits a visible light; a second electrode that holds the organic layer in cooperation with the first electrode, and is lower in the transmittance of the visible light, and higher in the reflectance than the first electrode; an insulating layer that holds the second electrode in cooperation with the organic layer, and higher in the transmittance of the visible light, and lower in the reflectance than the second electrode; and a third electrode that holds the insulating layer in cooperation with the second electrode, is formed across adjacent pixels of the plural pixels, and lower in the transmittance of the visible light, and higher in the reflectance than the second electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, image display devices (hereinafter referred to as "organic EL (electroluminescent) display devices") using self-luminous bodies called "organic light emitting diodes (OLED)" have been put into practical use. As compared with a conventional liquid crystal display device, because the organic EL display device uses the self-luminous bodies, the organic EL display device is not only excellent in visibility and response speed, but also does not require an auxiliary lighting device such as a backlight. As a result, the organic EL display device can be further thinned.
In the organic EL display device, in order to efficiently emit a light from the organic light emitting diode to the outside, an electrode arranged on a back side as seen from a display surface side of electrodes for supplying a current to an organic layer may be made of a material high in reflectivity. In this case, the electrode also reflects an external light to deteriorate a contrast ratio, and therefore a circular polarizing plate may be disposed on the display surface side to reduce the reflection of external light.
JP 2009-135081 A discloses the invention for obtaining a reduction effect in the external light reflection due to a laminated body of a semi-reflective layer, a transparent layer, and a reflective layer in addition to a reduction effect of external light reflected by a color filter.


This invention relates to compositions for combating ectoparasites and endoparasites in animals, comprising eprinomectin and praziquantel in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally an antioxidant. This invention also provides for an improved methods for eradicating, controlling, and preventing parasite infections and infestations in an animal comprising administering the compositions of the invention to the animal in need thereof.

Animals such as mammals and birds are often susceptible to parasite infestations/infections. These parasites may be ectoparasites, such as insects, and endoparasites such as filariae and other worms. Domesticated animals, such as cats and dogs, are often infested with one or more of the following ectoparasites:                fleas (e.g. Ctenocephalides spp., such as Ctenocephalides felis and the like),        ticks (e.g. Rhipicephalus spp., Ixodes spp., Dermacentor spp., Amblyoma spp., and the like),        mites (e.g. Demodex spp., Sarcoptes spp., Otodectes spp., and the like),        lice (e.g. Trichodectes spp., Cheyletiella spp., Lignonathus spp. and the like),        mosquitoes (Aedes spp., Culux spp., Anopheles spp. and the like) and        flies (Hematobia spp., Musca spp., Stomoxys spp., Dematobia spp., Coclyomia spp. and the like).
Fleas are a particular problem because not only do they adversely affect the health of the animal or human, but they also cause a great deal of psychological stress. Moreover, fleas are also vectors of pathogenic agents in animals and humans, such as dog tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum).
Similarly, ticks are also harmful to the physical and psychological health of the animal or human. However, the most serious problem associated with ticks is that they are the vector of pathogenic agents in both humans and animals. Major diseases which are caused by ticks include borrelioses (Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi), babesioses (or piroplasmoses caused by Babesia spp.) and rickettsioses (also known as Rocky Mountain spotted fever). Ticks also release toxins which cause inflammation or paralysis in the host. Occasionally, these toxins are fatal to the host.
Likewise, farm animals are also susceptible to parasite infestations. For example, cattle are affected by a large number of parasites. A parasite which is very prevalent among farm animals is the tick genus Boophilus, especially those of the species microplus (cattle tick), decoloratus and annulatus. Ticks, such as Boophilus microplus, are particularly difficult to control because they live in the pasture where farm animals graze.
Animals and humans also suffer from endoparasitical infections including, for example, helminthiasis which is most frequently caused by a group of parasitic worms categorized as cestodes (tapeworm), nematodes (roundworm) and trematodes (flatworm or flukes). These parasites adversely affect the nutrition of the animal and cause severe economic losses in pigs, sheep, horses, and cattle as well as affecting domestic animals and poultry. Other parasites which occur in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans include Ancylostoma, Necator, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Capillaria, Toxocara, Toxascaris, Trichiris, Enterobius and parasites which are found in the blood or other tissues and organs such as filarial worms and the extra intestinal stages of Strogyloides, Toxocara and Trichinella
Milbemycin or avermectin derivatives are natural or semi-synthetic compounds that contain a 16-membered macrocyclic ring. The avermectin and milbemycin series of compounds are potent anthelmintic and antiparasitic agents against a wide range of internal and external parasites. The natural product avermectins are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,519 to Albers-Schonberg, et al., and the 22, 23-dihydro-avermectin compounds are disclosed in Chabala, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,199,569. For a general discussion of avermectins, which include a discussion of their uses in humans and animals, see "Ivermectin and Abamectin," W. C. Campbell, ed., Springer-Verlag, New York (1989). Naturally occurring milbemycins are described in Aoki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,950,360.
Eprinomectin is a semi-synthetic compound of the avermectin family and consists of a mixture of isomeric compounds, isomer B1a (4″-epi-acetylamino-4″-deoxy-avermectin B1a) and isomer B1b (4″-epi-acetylamino-4″-deoxy-avermectin B1b), which differ by a single methylene group. The B1a and B1b isomers have the following structures:

Eprinomectin is used for effective control of internal parasites in cattle and other ruminant species (deer, goats). In the United States, eprinomectic is approved by the FDA for the use in beef and dairy cattle, including lactating dairy cattle (IVOMEC® EPRINEX® Pour-On for Beef and Dairy Cattle).
Eprinomectin, like other avermectins, binds selectively and with high affinity to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels which occur in invertebrate nerve and muscle cells. This leads to an increase in the permeability of the cell membrane to chloride ions with hyperpolarization of the nerve or muscle cell, resulting in paralysis and death of the parasite.
Other pharmaceutical or therapeutic agents are those known in the art to treat parasitic infection caused by nematodes and trematodes. In order to treat cestode (and trematode) infections in warm-blooded animals, it is known, to administer 2-acyl-4-oxo-pyrazino-isoquinoline derivatives to the animal (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,001,441, herein incorporated by reference). A compound of this class that is often used to treat cestode and nematode infections is praziquantel, which has the following structure:

Praziquantel may be used in the treatment of endoparasitic infections including infections by liver flukes or schistosoma. Praziquantel works by causing severe spasms and paralysis of the worm's muscles.
U.S. Pat. No. 9,173,403 B1 relates to compositions for combating ectoparasites and endoparasites in animals, comprising at least one 1-arypyrazole, at least one macrocyclic lactone, at least one insect growth regulator, and at least one anthelmintic compound in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,991,801 B1 provides for topical anthelmintic formulations which comprise a pharmaceutically active combination consisting of at least one macrocyclic compound and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of praziquantel, morantel and pyrantel, which are dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent or solvent mixture, and optionally a thickening agent.
Notwithstanding the compositions comprising milbemycin or avermectin active agents alone or in combination with other active agents described in the documents above, there is a need for veterinary compositions and methods with improved efficacy and spectrum of coverage and increased shelf life to protect animals against both endoparasites and ectoparasites.

Parasiticidal compositions comprising eprinomectin and praziquantel, methods and uses thereof

BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM ANIMAL HEALTH USA INC.


A semiconductor package includes a lead frame having a die paddle and a plurality of leads connected to die paddle, where each lead has a lead surface parallel to die paddle and is a continuous extension bending upward from die paddle. A semiconductor chip is mounted on die paddle, where drain metal layer covering a first surface of chip is connected to die paddle, and source metal layer and gate metal layer are located on a second surface opposite to first surface with gate metal layer located at one corner of the second surface. A source metal plate and a gate metal plate are attached on source metal layer and gate metal layer respectively. A molding layer covers lead frame, semiconductor chip, source metal plate and gate metal plate, where lead surface, top surfaces of source metal plate and gate metal plate are exposed from top surface of molding layer.

A top-exposed semiconductor package of the prior art is shown in FIG. 1, which includes a semiconductor chip 2′, which includes the source and gate electrodes on the top surface and a drain electrode on the bottom surface, flipped and mounted on a lead frame 1′, a copper plate 3′ attached on the drain electrode of the flipped chip 2′ and a molding layer covering the lead frame 1′ and the chip 2′ with the top surface of the copper plate 3′ exposed from the top surface of the molding layer. The top-exposed semiconductor package of FIG. 1 has dual-channel heat dissipation through the top surface of the copper plate 3′ and the bottom surface of the lead frame 1′.
However, the surface of chip 2′ is deposited with some solder balls to prevent the overflowing of the adhesive material used for mounting the chip 2′ on the lead, as well as providing some spaces 6′ in the lead frame 1′ for preventing short-circuit between the source and the drain or the gate and the drain of the chip 2′. As such, the product cost is increased, the process is complicated and the effective contact area of the source electrode of the chip 2′ is reduced. In addition, the space 6′ increases the size of the entire package.
It is within this context that embodiments of the present invention arise.

Top-exposed semiconductor package and the manufacturing method

ALPHA AND OMEGA SEMICONDUCTOR (CAYMAN) LTD.


A method for providing a service by a server to a reader device is disclosed, the provision being based on the readout information of a readout operation by the reader device of a tag, the tag comprising information relating to the unique tag-ID of the tag, comprising                reading out the unique tag-ID during the readout operation;        communicating the unique tag-ID to the server;        providing the service to the reader device, the service being determined at least partially based on the value of the unique tag-ID.

Different RFID technologies have been defined today; Near Field Communication (NFC) technology and Electronic Product Code (EPC) technology are examples thereof, but many more exist.
Near Field Communication technology (NFC) originates from the NFC Forum; their specifications can be retrieved for instance at http://www.nfc-forum.org/home/specs. The technology has been and is further standardized in ISO/IEC.
Current NFC application launch is performed in the following manner (cfr. NFC standards):                an NFC tag is read by an NFC reader (typically in a mobile phone)        the content of the memory of the NFC tag is read.
If the memory fields contain a properly formatted URI, the URI is called by the reader (the mobile phone).
As such, the URI in the tag defines the service/application that should be started, both remotely as locally.
The above mentioned prior art comprises at least the following problems;                1. when the application is launched, the server side does not know which specific tag (being read) caused the incoming request.        2. The current security mechanism allows verifying the correctness of the content of the memory of a tag using the digital signature. However, the same valid content can still be replicated to another tag and there exist no means to check against this.

Method for providing a service based on tag information, and corresponding tag and tag reading device

Abstract: Corresponding tags and tag reader devices have further also been disclosed.


A device for forming an X-ray image in objects composed of a photo or an X-ray sensitive material has a plurality of layers each having X-ray non-transmitting areas and X-ray transmitting areas, each of the areas of each of the layers having transverse sizes corresponding to respective transverse sizes of openings to be formed or an image of partitions between the openings, the X-ray non-transmitting areas of each layer which form the image of partitions between the openings being located at an angle from zero to 89.99.degree. relative to a central beam of an exposing radiation, the layers having a height such as to provide a ratio of its height not less than 1 with respect to a distance between the layers.

The present invention relates to a device for producing X-ray images on objects of photo or X-ray sensitive materials, for example for producing X-ray grids and substrates for boards.
Devices of the above mentioned general type are known in the art. The known devices provide for a possibility of producing X-ray images with certain limited number of elements of different shapes and sizes. However, possibilities of the known devices are rather limited.

Device for producing X-ray images on objects composed of photo or X-ray sensitive materials


An electrical card connector 100 includes an insulative housing 1 defining a card receiving space 12, a plurality of contacts 2 retained in the housing 1 and an ejector 3 assembled to the housing 1. The ejector 3 includes a slider 31, a spring 32 and a cam follower 33. The cam follower 33 includes a pivoting end 331, a sliding end 333 and a connecting portion 332 connecting with the pivoting end 331 and the sliding end 333. The housing has a first recess 112 defining a bottom wall and a second recess 113 defining a top wall and connecting with the first recess 112 along a left-to-right direction, the first recess 112 and the second recess 113 both are formed along an up-to-down direction, the pivoting end 331 is received in a pivoting hole 3114 surrounded by the first and second recesses 112, 113.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is generally related to an electrical card connector, and especially to an electrical card connector with an ejector.
2. Description of Related Art
TW Pat. No. 553529 discloses a conventional electrical card connector adapted for receiving an electrical card, which comprises an insulative housing, a plurality of contacts retained to the housing, an ejector and a metal shell covering the housing. The ejector comprises a slider defining an engaging portion which extends inwardly from an rear end of the slider, a spring abutting against the slider and a cam follower for controlling positions of the slider. The cam follower comprises a pivoting end, a sliding end and a connecting portion connecting with the pivoting end and the sliding end. The housing defines a pivoting hole extending inwardly from an outside surface thereof for pivoting the pivoting end. Recently, more and more contacts are insert-molded within the housing in order to simplify assembling processes and improve production efficiency. And the contact strip is feeded along a left-to-right direction, as a result, it is difficult to the housing to form the pivoting hole along the left-to-right direction. While for the conventional electrical card connector, the contacts can't insert-molded within the housing when the pivoting hole must be formed along the left-to-right direction.
Hence, an improved electrical card connector is highly desired to overcome the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art.


Method and apparatus for a reinforced skin structure such as an aircraft fuselage which has reduced interior cabin noise. The reinforced skin structure according to the present invention, includes a frame assembly which has a plurality of spaced apart frame members and an outer skin mounted on the frame assembly. A plurality of inner panels, which generally defines an interior compartment, are incorporated within the skin structure. Each of the inner panels is typically supported in a spaced apart fashion from the frame members. A septum is disposed between the outer skin and at least some of the plurality of inner panels. The septum acts to provide an air barrier and increases the air resonant frequency of the cavity between the outer skin and the inner panels. A layer of insulation is placed on the inner side of the septum removing the need to place insulation against the outer skin. A damping rod is attached to at least two adjacent frame members and acts to dampen relative vibration between the frame members. A support member is provided between the damping rod and the outer skin to dampen the lateral vibration of the outer skin.

In a conventional aircraft, the fuselage is generally constructed as a diaphragm structure comprising a skeleton of circumferential frames and longitudinal reinforcing members or stringers overlaid by a fuselage skin panel. The fuselage skin panel generally comprises a number of individual skin panels which are secured to the frame or stringers of the aircraft. The fuselage skin panel, among other things, provides an aerodynamic surface for the aircraft.
The conventional aircraft and particularly, the conventional aircraft designed for transporting passengers, generally includes a plurality of interior panels. These interior panels generally define the interior compartment or cabin of the aircraft and may include a trim or sidewall panel, a ceiling panel and a floor panel. The panels are typically supported by the frame of the aircraft. However, effort is made to decouple these interior panels from the frame assembly by spacing them apart from the fuselage frame assembly and by limiting the number of supports. This reduces the transfer of vibration from the aircraft frame assembly into the interior panels.
As the aircraft travels through the atmosphere, air turbulence is generated around the fuselage skin panels. This air turbulence acts on the skin panels setting them into several modes of vibration, including a significant lateral shear wave. These modes of vibration generally include a number of particular frequencies that take on a modal response of nodes and anti-nodes across the surface of the skin panels.
A vibrating skin panel can often act as an efficient loud speaker, radiating noise into the interior panels and into the cabin of the aircraft. Energy from the vibrating skin panels can also be transferred into the aircraft frame assembly supporting the skin panels and subsequently to the interior panels of the aircraft, also setting them into vibration. The vibrating interior panels can also act as loud speakers, generating sound which is directly transmitted into the cabin of the aircraft.
In addition to the modal frequencies incident in the fuselage due to air turbulence, there are a number of other frequencies in which the skin panels and the frame assembly are forced to vibrate. These frequencies include engine tone frequencies and air resonance frequencies. The engine tone frequencies are particular frequencies of vibration generated by the aircraft engines. These vibrations are transferred through the fuselage structure to the fuselage panels and into the interior panels of the aircraft.
Air resonance frequencies are particular frequencies of air resonance (or standing waves) formed when air resonates in the cavity between the fuselage skin panel and the spaced apart interior panels. Air resonance may also be formed between adjacent frame members within the cavity between the skin panels and the interior panels.
The circumferential frame members are generally spaced apart along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. The ribs or members of this frame structure provides a periodic cavity between each frame member suitable for formation of standing waves at certain frequencies. The standing waves formed between adjacent frame members causes lateral vibration of the frame members parallel to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. In addition, the frame members are coupled together through the stringers and the skin panels. Therefore, resonant vibration set up between two frame members due to airborne noise can easily be transferred to adjacent frame members and endure longer, as in tuning forks. This lateral vibration of the circumferential frame members enhances the out-of-plane vibration (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft) of the fuselage skin panels and increases the sound radiated into the interior panel and cabin.
A common prior art solution for attenuating the transmission of noise into the cabin of an aircraft utilizes insulation blankets. These insulation blankets generally incorporate both thermal and acoustic insulation and are placed into the air space or cavity between the fuselage skin panels and the interior panels. Although somewhat effective in attenuating higher frequency noise, insulation blankets are relatively ineffective at attenuating low frequency noise. This lower frequency noise tends to transmit the majority of noise into the aircraft cabin.
In addition to not significantly attenuating low frequency noise, prior art insulation blankets have other shortcomings. For example, these fuselage insulation blankets often become wet and retain moisture during normal flight operation as a result of condensation on the aircraft fuselage skin panels. In addition to increasing the overall weight of the aircraft, these wet insulation blankets increase the corrosion of the aircraft. Additionally, airlines have experienced passenger and service door malfunctions due to frozen insulation blankets in the door.
Another common prior art solution for attenuating the transmission of noise into the cabin of an aircraft utilizes passive damping devices such as a viscoelastic panels or skin panels having an increased density towards the frame members. These panels are attached to the fuselage and act to dampen the incident vibration. However, these devices are only effective at dampening at particular frequencies. In addition, these devices do little to attenuate sound radiated into the interior cabin of the aircraft due to the air resonance previously discussed. These passive devices can also add considerable weight to the aircraft.
A need has existed in the prior art for a conventional aircraft or other reinforced skin structure which provides improved noise attenuation within the fuselage. There is also a need for such an aircraft or other reinforced skin structure which effectively attenuates noise transmitted into the interior of the craft due to air resonance in the cavity between the fuselage or outer skin panels as well as noise transmitted into the aircraft due to air resonance and vibration in the cavities between the outer skin panels and adjacent frame members. There is also a need for such an aircraft or other reinforced skin structure which has improved thermal and acoustic insulation which prevents the capture and retention of condensation. There is also a need for a method and apparatus of attenuating noise transmitting into the interior of an existing conventional aircraft which is lightweight, non-toxic, inexpensive and simple to install.

Passive reduction of aircraft fuselage noise


An active device array substrate, including a substrate, a plurality of pixel units, a plurality of first lead wires, an insulating layer, a plurality of second lead wires and a passivation layer, is provided. The active device array substrate has a display area and a peripheral area. The pixel units are disposed in the display area of the substrate. The first lead wires and the second lead wires are disposed in the peripheral area, and electrically connected to the pixel units respectively. The first lead wires have two opposite first tips. Moreover, the first lead wires are covered by the insulating layer having at least a first opening to expose the two opposite first tips. Additionally, the second lead wires are covered by the passivation layer.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an active device array substrate, and more particularly to an active device array substrate with an electrostatic discharge protection.
2. Description of Related Art
Nowadays, with the rapid progress of the semiconductor device and the display device, the multimedia technology has become advanced. For the display, the liquid crystal display (LCD) with the advantages of high definition, high space utilization efficiency, low power consumption and no radiation has gradually become the mainstream of the market. Usually, during the process of manufacturing the LCD, the operators, the apparatuses or the inspecting equipments may have electrostatic charge. When each mentioned charged body (the operators, the apparatuses or the inspecting equipments) is contacted a liquid crystal display panel, the elements and circuits of the liquid crystal display panel may be damaged by the electrostatic discharge.
In order to protect the elements and circuits of a thin film transistor array substrate of the liquid crystal display panel from being damaged by the electrostatic discharge, an electrostatic discharge protecting structure is generally formed outside the display area of the thin film transistor array substrate. FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a conventional thin film transistor array substrate. Referring to FIG. 1, the conventional thin film transistor array substrate 100 has a display area A and a peripheral area B. Particularly, the display area A has a plurality of pixel units 112, a plurality of scan lines 120 and a plurality of data lines 130. The scan lines 120 and the data lines 130 are electrically connected to the pixel units 112, and the voltage signal is transmitted to the pixel units 112 through the scan lines 120 and the data lines 130. Moreover, the scan lines 120 and the data lines 130 extend to the peripheral area B to be electrically connected to a plurality of pads 140 respectively.
In practice, in order to protect the elements and circuits of the thin film transistor array substrate 100 from being damaged by the electrostatic discharge, an electrostatic discharge structure is generally formed on the scan line 120 and the data line 130 of the peripheral area B. Taking the scan line 120 as an example, referring to FIG. 2, it is a partially schematic cross-sectional view of a scan line in the conventional peripheral area. The conventional thin film transistor array substrate 100 comprises a substrate 110, a scan line 120 and an insulating layer 122. The scan line 120 has two opposite electrostatic discharge tips 120a. The two opposite electrostatic discharge tips 120a are separated from each other by a gap G, and the insulating layer 122 covers the electrostatic discharge tips 120a of the scan line 120, so as to serve as the electrostatic discharge structure.
The material of the insulating layer 122 is silicon nitride (SiNx). The conductivity of silicon nitride (SiNx) (the dielectric constant is about 7) is poor such that the electrostatic discharge protection effect cannot be achieved effectively. As the result, the electrostatic charges are accumulated on the scan line 120 and cannot be effectively eliminated, such that the pixel unit 112 of the display area A is damaged by the electrostatic discharge. In order to solve the problem caused by the poor conductivity of silicon nitride (SiNx), one way is to replace the silicon nitride (SiNx) by the amorphous silicon to cover the electrostatic discharge tips 120a. However, it is quite difficult to form the amorphous silicon in the peripheral area B to cover the electrostatic discharge tips 120a in the process, and the whole manufacturing cost of the thin film transistor array substrate 100 is increased accordingly.


A cyan dye-donor element for thermal dye transfer comprising a support having thereon a dye layer comprising a mixture of cyan dyes dispersed in a polymeric binder, at least one of the cyan dyes having the formula: ##STR1## and at least one of the other of the dyes having the formula: ##STR2##

In order to approximate the appearance of continuous-tone (photographic) images via ink-on-paper printing, the commercial printing industry relies on a process known as halftone printing. In halftone printing, color density gradations are produced by printing patterns of dots or areas of varying sizes, but of the same color density, instead of varying the color density continuously as is done in photographic printing.
There is an important commercial need to obtain a color proof image before a printing press run is made. It is desired that the color proof will accurately represent at least the details and color tone scale of the prints obtained on the printing press. In many cases, it is also desirable that the color proof accurately represent the image quality and halftone pattern of the prints obtained on the printing press. In the sequence of operations necessary to produce an ink-printed, full-color picture, a proof is also required to check the accuracy of the color separation data from which the final three or more printing plates or cylinders are made. Traditionally, such color separation proofs have involved silver halide photographic, high-contrast lithographic systems or non-silver halide light-sensitive systems which require many exposure and processing steps before a final, full-color picture is assembled.
Colorants that are used in the printing industry are insoluble pigments. By virtue of their pigment character, the spectrophotometric curves of the printing inks are often unusually sharp on either the bathochromic or hypsochromic side. This can cause problems in color proofing systems in which dyes, as opposed to pigments, are being used. It is very difficult to match the hue of a given ink using a single dye.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,760, a process is described for producing a direct digital, halftone color proof of an original image on a dye-receiving element. The proof can then be used to represent a printed color image obtained from a printing press. The process described therein comprises:
a) generating a set of electrical signals which is representative of the shape and color scale of an original image; PA1 b) contacting a dye-donor element comprising a support having thereon a dye layer and an infrared-absorbing material with a first dye-receiving element comprising a support having thereon a polymeric, dye image-receiving layer; PA1 c) using the signals to imagewise-heat by means of a diode laser the dye-donor element, thereby transferring a dye image to the first dye-receiving element; and PA1 d) retransferring the dye image to a second dye image-receiving element which has the same substrate as the printed color image. PA1 or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can be joined together to form, along with the nitrogen to which they are attached, a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring such as morpholine or pyrrolidine; PA1 or either or both of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can be combined with R.sup.3 to form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring; PA1 each R.sup.3 independently represents substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or allyl as described above for R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 ; alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, thiocyano, acylamido, ureido, alkylsulfonamido, arylsulfonamido, alkylthio, arylthio or trifluoromethyl; PA1 or any two of R.sup.3 may be combined together to form a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; PA1 or one or two of R.sup.3 may be combined with either or both of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 to complete a 5- to 7-membered ring; PA1 m is an integer of from 0 to 4; PA1 R.sup.4 represents an electron-withdrawing group such as cyano, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, acyl, nitro, etc.; PA1 R.sup.5 represents an aryl group having from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms; a hetaryl group having from about 5 to about 10 atoms; or such aryl or hetaryl groups substituted with one or more groups such as are listed above for R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 ; PA1 R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 each independently represents an electron-withdrawing group such as those described above for R.sup.4 ; or PA1 R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 may be combined to form the residue of an active methylene compound such as a pyrazolin-5-one, a pyrazoline-3,5-dione, a thiohydantoin, a barbituric acid, a rhodanine, a furanone, an indandione, etc.; and PA1 at least one of the other of the dyes having the formula: ##STR4## wherein: R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 each independently represents hydrogen; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, methoxyethyl, benzyl, 2-methanesulfonylamidoethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, methoxycarbonylmethyl, etc.; a cycloalkyl group having from about 5 to about 8 carbon atoms, such as cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, etc.; or a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having from about 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, such as CH.sub.2 CH.dbd.CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2 CH.dbd.CHCH.dbd.CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2 CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3, or CH.sub.2 CH.dbd.CHC.sub.5 H.sub.11 ; PA1 R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 may represent the elements which may be taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring, such as pyrazole, pyrrolidone or piperazine; PA1 each Y independently represents hydrogen; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms such as those listed above for R.sup.8 ; an alkoxy group such as OR.sup.8 ; halogen such as fluorine, chlorine or bromine; or two adjacent Y's may represent the atoms which may be taken together to form a fused carbocyclic aromatic ring such as naphthalene; PA1 n is 0 to 4; PA1 the position of Y ortho to the nitrogen may also be combined with R.sup.8 to form a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic, single or double nitrogen-containing, heterocyclic ring, thus forming a fused ring system such as tetrahydroquinoline, dihydroquinoline, indoline, etc.; and PA1 R.sup.10 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms such as those listed above for R.sup.8, a substituted or unsubstituted allyl group having from 3 to about 6 carbon atoms, such as CH.sub.2 CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or CH.sub.2 CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.3 ; an acyl group having from 2 to about 9 carbon atoms such as ##STR5## a substituted or unsubstituted aroyl group having from about 7 to about 18 carbon atoms, ##STR6## or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaroyl group having from about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms, such as ##STR7## PA1 a) a dye-donor element as described above, and PA1 b) a dye-receiving element as described above,
In the above process, multiple dye-donors are used to obtain a complete range of colors in the proof. For example, for a full-color proof, four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow and black are normally used.
By using the above process, the image dye is transferred by heating the dye-donor containing the infrared-absorbing material with the diode laser to volatilize the dye, the diode laser beam being modulated by the set of signals which is representative of the shape and color of the original image, so that the dye is heated to cause volatilization only in those areas in which its presence is required on the dye-receiving layer to reconstruct the original image.
Similarly, a thermal transfer proof can be generated by using a thermal head in place of a diode laser as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,846. Commonly available thermal heads are not capable of generating halftone images of adequate resolution but can produce high quality continuous tone proof images which are satisfactory in many instances. U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,846 also discloses the choice of mixtures of dyes for use in thermal imaging proofing systems. The dyes are selected on the basis of values for hue error and turbidity. The Graphic Arts Technical Foundation Research Report No. 38, "Color Material" (58-(5) 293-301, 1985) gives an account of this method.
An alternative and more precise method for color measurement and analysis uses the concept of uniform color space known as CIELAB in which a sample is analyzed mathematically in terms of its spectrophotometric curve, the nature of the illuminant under which it is viewed and the color vision of a standard observer. For a discussion of CIELAB and color measurement, see Principles of Color Technology, 2nd Edition, F. W. Billmeyer, p. 25-110, Wiley-Interscience and Optical Radiation Measurements, Volume 2, F. Grum, p. 33-145, Academic Press.
In using CIELAB, colors can be expressed in terms of three parameters: L.sup.*, a.sup.* and b.sup.*, where L.sup.* is a lightness function, and a.sup.* and b.sup.* define a point in color space. Thus, a plot of a.sup.* vs b.sup.* values for a color sample can be used to accurately show where that sample lies in color space, i.e., what its hue is. This allows different samples to be compared for hue if they have similar density and L.sup.* values.
In color proofing in the printing industry, it is important to be able to match the proofing ink references provided by the International Prepress Proofing Association. These ink references are density patches made with standard 4-color process inks and are known as SWOP.RTM. (Specifications Web Offset Publications) color aims. For additional information on color measurement of inks for web offset proofing, see "Advances in Printing Science and Technology", Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of Printing Research Institutes, Eisenstadt, Austria, June 1987, J. T. Ling and R. Warner, p.55.

Cyan dye mixtures for thermal color proofing


Reel cutter and method for a substantially continuously winding-on of partial web rolls. The reel cutter may include a cutting section adapted for cutting a material web into a plurality of partial webs and a winding section adapted for winding the plurality of partial webs onto partial web rolls. The partial web rolls may be arranged such that neighboring partial web rolls are located in winding position groups positionally offset from one another. The winding section may include at least one additional and no more than twice the number of winding position groups necessary for winding-on of the partial web rolls. The method may include positionally offsetting at least a first and second winding position groups such that each winding position group includes a plurality of winding positions that are axially spaced apart, positionally offsetting at least a third winding position group, alternatingly guiding neighboring partial webs to the first and second winding position groups, and winding the partial webs into partial web rolls. The method may also include preparing the third winding position group to include winding positions that correspond to the first winding group, completing the winding on of the partial web rolls of the first winding group, and transferring the partial webs from the first winding group to the third winding group.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a reel cutter having a cutting section for cutting a material web into a plurality of partial webs and a winding section for winding the partial webs into partial web rolls. The partial web rolls are arranged such that neighboring partial web rolls are located in winding position groups that are positionally offset from one another. The present invention also relates to a method for a substantially continuously winding-on of partial web rolls.
2. Discussion of Background Information
In one of the last manufacturing steps, the web, e.g., a paper web, is cut to widths that can be used by a subsequent processor, e.g., a printer. Since paper webs can easily have widths in a range between 8 and 10 m, and the widths desired by consumers are generally within range between 0.8 m and 3.8 m, a plurality of partial webs within the desired width range are cut from one paper web. These partial webs are then wound onto partial web rolls. If it is necessary to keep the end faces of the partial web rolls freely accessible during winding, e.g., for the supporting arms of a roll core support, then the winding positions must be arranged to be offset from one another, i.e., laterally to the winding axis. As a result, the individual partial web rolls can be located axially spaced apart from one another. All of the winding positions in which partial web rolls are positioned axially spaced apart constitute a winding position group, and the partial web rolls of different winding position groups are located within the interstices of one another, i.e., within the axial gap between adjacent partial web rolls in a winding position group.
Certain preparations must be made for a winding-on of the partial web rolls, e.g., a prepared roll core is generally inserted into the winding position. In the set-up times required for this, winding cannot take place. Thus, the winding of partial web rolls must be interrupted for each set-up. As a result, the effectiveness of the reel cutter is impaired because the pauses that are inserted between the individual winding procedures become distinctly noticeable.

Continuously operating reel cutter with a winding section


The present invention provides a method for generating silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers that exhibit a high electrical resistivity. In one embodiment of a method according to the teachings of the invention, a SIMOX process is sandwiched between two Full Oxygen Precipitation (FOP) cycles that sequester interstitial oxygen present in the substrate in the form of oxide precipitates, thereby enhancing the electrical resistivity of the susbtrate.

The present invention relates generally to methods for formation of an upper device layer over a buried insulating layer in a semiconductor substrate, and more particularly, to methods for forming silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers that exhibit a high electrical resistivity.
Silicon wafers are routinely employed in the electronic industry for manufacturing a variety of integrated circuits (IC) in which a plurality of devices can be formed on a single chip. In many such applications, the silicon wafer includes an upper silicon layer, on which devices are formed, that is separated from the bulk substrate by a continuous buried silicon oxide layer. Such silicon wafers, herein referred to as SOI wafers, can be manufactured by known techniques, such as, a technique known by the acronym SIMOX (separation by implantation of oxygen). In a SIMOX process, a buried silicon oxide layer can be generated below an upper silicon layer of a wafer by implanting oxygen ions in the wafer followed by a high temperature annealing step.
The recent research efforts in developing highly integrated IC's having a multitude of active devices and passive components, including both analog and digital components positioned in close proximity of one another, have pointed the need for providing effective electrical isolation among these components. Conventional silicon wafers are, however, cut from single silicon crystals formed by a method commonly known as Czochralski (CZ) method. Such silicon wafers contain interstitial oxygen atoms with a concentration in a range of about 20–40 ppma. The concentrations cited herein are determined according to the ASTM standard. These interstitial oxygen atoms can form electrically active crystal defects known as thermal donors, especially subsequent to steps in IC manufacturing that subject the wafer to elevated temperatures, typically at temperatures between about 350 C and 600 C. Such thermal donors can reduce the wafer's electrical resistivity, and can hence adversely affect electrical isolation among different devices formed on the wafer.
Some heat treatment techniques are known for lowering the concentration of interstitial oxygen in bulk CZ silicon wafers, thereby decreasing silicon propensity for formation of thermal donors and hence maintaining electrical resistivity of the wafers above a desired high threshold. This stabilization of electrical resistivity is, however, typically lost when the wafers are subjected to a SIMOX process to form SOI wafers.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide methods for generating SOI wafers having high, stable electrical resistivity, for example, an electrical resistivity in excess of about 100 Ohm-cm, and preferably in excess of about 500 Ohm-cm.

Method of producing a high resistivity SIMOX silicon substrate


The present invention relates to a method of supporting proper hand-off of a dual-mode mobile terminal based on terminal capability and communication status to guarantee continuous mobility in a mixed communication network where a synchronous and an asynchronous network system coexist. According to the present invention, a dual-mode terminal transmits information of its terminal capability operable in both the synchronous and the asynchronous network system to the mixed communication network, irrespective of which network system a present service area belongs to, then the mixed communication network constructs information on adjacent cells, which are selectively included based on the received terminal capability information, of the other network system and provides the dual-mode terminal with the constructed adjacent cell information.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of supporting hand-off decision for guaranteeing continuous mobility of a dual-mode mobile terminal between a plurality of different mobile communication network systems, more particularly, to a method of supporting hand-off decision of a dual-mode mobile station in a mixed communication network where a synchronous and an asynchronous communication system coexist when the dual-mode mobile station is about to move to other areas being serviced by different network system.
2. Description of the Related Art
According to development of mobile communication technologies and mobile networks, various mobile communication network systems are being developed and works on standardization thereof are in progress.
The mobile network system having been developed from a mobile phone network is bisected into a synchronous system based on IS-95 led by US at present and the asynchronous GSM system developed by ETSI, which is a key leader. Especially, the worldwide market share of the asynchronous system has reached over 80 percent.
In present, IMT-2000, the 3rd generation (called '3G' hereinafter) mobile communication system, is being standardized, and the system and radio frequency thereof are being designed to support global international roaming service. However, it is unlikely possible to derive mutually-agreed standard and system specification among related nations due to their own interests. Namely, standardization and development of IMT-2000 are in progress independently at two parties, one for W-CDMA system led by Japan and Europe, and the other for IS-2000 system led by US.
In Korea, the existing 2nd generation (called '2G' hereinafter) mobile phone system, which is commercially in service, is synchronous one, and commercialization of CDMA 2000 system, which is the earliest system of IMT-2000, is being promoted.
Service providers, however, want to use asynchronous W-CDMA as 3G system on the grounds that the 3G system is likely to adopt the W-CDMA system, therefore, a synchronous and an asynchronous system will coexist in Korea when the 3G system is introduced commercially.
If the present 2G mobile communication providers are chosen to the 3G mobile communication provider too, there will be occurred a hand-off problem between an asynchronous and a synchronous system when supporting mobility between two different systems.
The asynchronous and the synchronous network system have different channel structure and service capability each other, therefore, a hand-off between two different systems should be conducted after checking service access capability, namely, terminal capability of a mobile station.
Most previous researches on hand-off is focused on sync acquisition which is indispensable in case of a hand-off from the asynchronous to the synchronous system, and user data and service capability are hardly considered in the previous researches.
It is very important to support a hand-off between an old and a new network system from the standpoints of initial investment cost and recycling of already-installed system resources if most of the 2G mobile communication providers are decided to the 3G mobile communication providers, too. The synchronous and the asynchronous system are operated in accordance with mutually different protocol structure and procedure. Accordingly, for supporting smooth hand-off between the two different systems, there should be proposed a new method of determining a hand-off without affecting the existing procedures.
In communication circumstance of Korea running synchronous 2G system, an adoption of IMT-2000 of asynchronous system would cause several problems against efficient service.
First of all, apart from the existing network resources, a new mobile communication resources are needed to be constructed to introduce an asynchronous system, which requires enormous initial investment cost and very long network establishing time.
Furthermore, a new solution is needed for effective use of both the existing 2G system and the new 3G one. The solution considered in general is to install and start the asynchronous 3G system in part from heavy-traffic service territories, and to expand 3G service territories gradually. By doing this, the existing 2G system may be used as a supplementary network out of service coverage of the 3G system until the 3G system covers entirely.
For this gradual expansion of the 3G system, a new method of supporting a hand-off between the two different systems, each of which uses different protocol and communication scheme, should be invented. However, most researches related on a hand-off are focused on sync acquisition which is indispensable in case of a hand-off from the asynchronous to the synchronous system, as aforementioned.
Furthermore, although a sync acquisition problem is solved, protocol mismatch caused from different service protocols adopted by the two different systems should be also resolved.

Method for supporting hand-off decision for guaranteeing mobility of a dual-mode mobile terminal between different mobile communication network systems


A brake system for a patient support apparatus having a base frame includes pedals positioned to be moved by a user to move a brake and a mechanism positioned to coordinate movement of the pedals so that downward movement of one pedal positioned adjacent the head end of the base causes movement of the mechanism in a first direction and downward movement of another of the pedals causes movement of the mechanism in a second direction, opposite the first direction.

This disclosure relates to a patient support apparatus having a manual brake for braking one or more of the wheels of the patient support apparatus. More disclosure relates patient support apparatuses having four wheels or casters attached to the base frame for rolling the apparatus from location to location and a braking mechanism for activating brakes on all four wheels simultaneously.
Patient support apparatuses such as hospital beds are moved from location to location. Casters which support the hospital bed allow the bed to be rolled and steered between locations. During movement it is desirable to have free rolling wheels but upon reaching the desired location, brakes are usually applied to the wheels to maintain the bed at the desired location.
It is well known to provide hospital beds with brake/steer casters which include mechanisms for blocking the rotation of the caster wheel or wheels, i.e. braking mechanisms, and mechanisms for blocking swiveling movement of the caster wheel fork, i.e. anti-swivel or directional lock mechanisms. Some beds with four castered wheels include pedals located on opposite sides of the bed which control the braking and anti-swivel mechanisms in each caster. An example of such a bed is shown in Rudolf et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,372 which is expressly incorporated by reference herein. The pedals in Rudolf et al. may not be readily accessible by a caregiver who is currently pushing the bed. Another approach is shown in Mobley et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,321,878 which is expressly incorporated by reference herein. The pedals adjacent the head end of base in Mobley et al. both provide the same actuation in the same direction. In other words, if one can only achieve a single function by stepping on the pedal(s). To reverse the function from the head end, the pedal(s) must be lifted.
Other hospital beds equipped with such brake/steer casters include four separate brake and/or steer pedals each associated with only one of the four casters with each brake pedal only engaging the brake on the caster with which it is associated and each steer pedal only actuating the anti-swivel mechanism on the caster with which it is associated. One such hospital beds having four casters with four unconnected brake mechanisms, prior to movement of the bed the caregiver must disengage all four brakes by operating all four pedals and after movement of the bed engage all four brakes by again operating all four pedals.


The disclosure describes example techniques and assemblies for joining a first component and a second component. The techniques may include positioning the first and second component adjacent to each other to define a joint region between adjacent portions of the first component and the second component. The techniques may also include inserting a solid retainer material into the joint region through an aperture in one of the first component or the second component to form a mechanical interlock between the first component and the second component and sealing the aperture to retain the solid retainer material within the joint region. The solid retainer material includes at least one of a metal, a metal alloy, or a ceramic.

Casting may be used to form metal or alloy components. However, casting relatively large articles or articles having a relatively complex geometry in a single operation may result in deviation of the cast article from specifications or tolerance. Instead of casting or otherwise forming large or complex articles as a single piece or component, such articles may be cast or otherwise fabricated in the form of separate components, which may be joined to form an assembly. For example, the separate components may be arranged at specific relative positions and bonded through thermal processes, such as welding, to form the assembly.

Techniques and assemblies for joining components using solid retainer materials


A RAM with programmable data port configuration provides for programmable configuration of RAM data ports, and in the case of a multiport RAM, for independent programmable configuration of each data port. A single programmable RAM cell can be utilized in a variety of data port configurations, thereby reducing the number of combinations necessary in a standard cell library or gate array in implement the every possible configuration. In one embodiment of the invention, a dual port RAM is provided with a decoder, an input multiplexer and an output multiplexer for each data port. The input multiplexer for each data port provides several different selectable mappings of a RAM input word of varying sizes to the input bit lines of the respective data port. Similarly, the output multiplexer for each data port provides several different selectable mappings of the RAM output bit lines to the RAM output word. The decoder receives configuration programming bits to determine the appropriate size of the RAM input and output word for the respective port, and based on column addressing bits, outputs a select signal to select the appropriate mapping from the input and output multiplexers. Decoding circuitry is used during RAM write operations to disable those input bits not addressed.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of digital electronics, and more particularly to random access memory (RAM) data ports.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the prior art, data input/output (I/O) functions for memory cells in integrated circuits (ICs) have been confined to fixed-width word-length operations. For example, applications involving the use of an eight-bit data word utilize a memory cell having an eight-bit data port, and applications involving a sixteen-bit data word utilize a different memory cell with a hardwired sixteen-bit data port. This specificity of memory cells based on word length prevents the widespread application and re-use of general memory configurations.
In the construction of electronic circuits, many skilled practitioners use what are referred to as "standard cells" to build their circuits. These standard cells are predesigned circuit building blocks resident in a library of such building blocks. Because the standard cells are individually designed and tested before they are added to the library, performance characteristics for the standard cells are predictable. Using predesigned standard cells can reduce the amount of time between conception of a circuit design and production of a working circuit prototype.
Similarly, many designers use programmable gate arrays (PGAs) to implement digital circuit designs. Gate arrays are integrated circuits with standard logic cells (e.g., NAND gates, NOR gates, registers, etc.) already resident in an integrated circuit. Typically, gate array ICs include thousands of these individual cells with mechanisms for interconnecting the cells. The designer merely identifies the interconnection of the resident logic cells to implement his circuit design. The mechanism for interconnecting the cells may be a one-time fuse mechanism, or a programmable mechanism allowing for reuse of the gate array IC in another design.
For instance, using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), such as one from the XILINX product line, an erasable programmable ROM chip (EPROM) or electrically erasable programmable ROM chip (EEPROM) may be used to store the programmable configuration information for one or more PGAs. To implement a new logic design on the same PGAs, the designer erases the EPROM and loads in a new set of configuration information. During the startup cycle, the PGAs adopt the new configuration by interconnecting the logic cells based on the new configuration information. Using computer aided design (CAD) tools to generate the configuration information, a recursive design process can cycle from one working design implementation to a revised working design implementation in as little time as a single day.
One drawback of gate arrays is that the number of logic cells of any particular type (e.g., NAND gate, eight-bit shift register, etc.) is fixed. For larger sized cells such as RAM (random access memory) cells, this limitation is of greater concern, because of the relatively fewer number of such cells. It is therefore beneficial to make these larger sized cells as generic as possible to increase their utility for different design needs.
With respect to RAM cells, different applications entail different RAM configurations, e.g., eight-bit word access, sixteen-bit word access, serial (one-bit) access, etc. For this reason, many gate arrays and standard cell libraries include cells of each type to serve all applications. Unfortunately, the unused configurations in a gate array constitute wasted IC area that could be utilized for other needed logic cells.
In the prior art, dual port RAM circuits have been used to increase the utility of the RAM. Examples of dual port RAM for use in video systems are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,633,441; 4,799,053; and 5,195,056 to Ishimoto, Van Aken et al., and Pinkham et al., respectively. A dual port RAM circuit has two data ports for accessing the contents of the RAM.
In a dual port RAM, the ports may have the same or different data widths. For instance, a dual port RAM may have a first port providing eight-bit access and a second port providing one-bit or serial access to the same memory. This configuration is useful for applications requiring both byte access and serial access, such as for parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversion. However, other applications may require different configurations. For example, in a video application, a designer may require a first port providing thirty-two-bit access to write pixel data and a second port providing eight-bit access for reading out eight-bit segments of pixel RGB data. In the prior art, the eight-bit/one-bit dual port RAM cell cannot be used in the thirty-two-bit/eight-bit configuration needed in the video application.
Dual port RAM cells provide an improvement in the manner in which memory is accessed. However, designers are limited to the fixed-width configuration available in the hardwired circuit, or else an application specific circuit must be designed to provide the needed configuration. Further, it is inefficient in the standard cell and gate array environments to provide for dual port RAM cells of each possible dual port combination.

Multiport RAM with programmable data port configuration


An image based occupant classification system includes an image sensor and an image processor. The image sensor is configured to capture vehicular occupant information. The image processor is in communication with the image sensor. The image processor is configured to perform first sampling operations upon the vehicular occupant information to determine occupant classification. The image processor is further configured to perform second sampling operations upon the vehicular occupant information to determine a seat belt status. Each of the first sampling operations is conducted at a separate time from each of the second sampling operations. Vehicles are also provided.

An IBOCS can monitor an occupant in order to control safety devices on a vehicle. In particular, an IBOCS can assess an occupant's classification (e.g., size, shape, position) and/or an occupant's movement to control deployment of an airbag. Conventionally, seat belt monitoring on a vehicle is provided separately from the IBOCS. For example, a Supplemental Restraint System ("SRS") can include a seat belt latch monitor that facilitates occupant notification when a seat belt is not being worn. Conducting occupant and seat belt monitoring on a vehicle can thus require the addition of dedicated hardware for each process.

Image based occupant classification systems for determining occupant classification and seat belt status and vehicles having same


A communication terminal is capable of simultaneously communicating through a plurality of carriers by carrier aggregation, and the communication terminal comprises: a quality measurement unit for measuring the reception quality of a radio wave transmitted through a plurality of carriers from a base station of a connected cell to obtain a measured value; a primary carrier storage unit storing information specifying a primary carrier chosen from the plurality of carriers; a comparator for comparing a measured value of the primary carrier measured by the quality measurement unit to a threshold value; and a cell search unit for searching for another cell when the measured value of the primary carrier is less than or equal to the threshold value. Consequently, a search threshold value for carrier aggregation can be appropriately determined to perform a cell search and a quality measurement.

In a mobile communication system, a communication terminal searches for a neighboring cell and measures the reception quality of a radio wave from the detected neighboring cell (hereinafter referred to as "quality measurement") when there is a decline in the quality of communication with a cell it is currently connected to (hereinafter referred to as a "serving cell"). If a neighboring cell of better reception quality than the serving cell is found as a result, a network controller causes the communication terminal to perform a handover to the neighboring cell.
The search and quality measurement for a neighboring cell are major factors in terms of reducing the power consumption of a communication terminal. Basically, if a serving cell is of a sufficiently good quality, the communication terminal is presumed to have no need for performing the search and quality measurement for a neighboring cell, since a communication terminal only needs to be connected to a serving cell. A threshold value for determining whether or not to perform a neighboring cell search (this threshold value is called "S-measure" in LTE) is therefore specified (Non-patent document 3). This threshold value is herein called a "search threshold value."
FIG. 24 illustrates a search threshold value. As shown in FIG. 24, when the measured value of the reception quality of a serving cell is above a search threshold value, a neighboring cell search is not performed since the quality is good and a handover is presumed to be unnecessary. On the other hand, when the measured value of the reception quality of a serving cell is below a search threshold value, a neighboring cell search is performed since the quality is bad and a handover may be made. Consequently, a neighboring cell search is performed only when required, and the power consumption of a communication terminal can be reduced.
By the way, LTE-advanced is now being standardized by 3GPP so as to be a candidate for a wireless communication system adopted into IMT-advanced. In this LTE-advanced standardization, carrier aggregation, in which a plurality of component carriers are simultaneously assigned to a communication terminal, is under review for improvement in the throughput of a communication terminal.
FIG. 25 is a conceptual diagram illustrating carrier aggregation. In the example shown in FIG. 25, there are component carriers f1 to f3 of a bandwidth of 20 MHz. A communication terminal supporting carrier aggregation (e.g. a Rel-10 communication terminal) uses the component carriers f1 to f3 simultaneously to communicate with a bandwidth of 60 MHz.
On the other hand, a communication terminal which dose not support carrier aggregation (e.g. a Rel-8/9 communication terminal) connects to one of the component carriers f1 to f3 to communicate over 20 MHz.
Keeping the bandwidth unchanged as above allows previously released communication terminals (e.g. Rel-8/9) to be supported as well, and can improve the throughput of communication terminals to be newly released (e.g. Rel-10 communication terminals). This is one merit of carrier aggregation.
Note here that a communication terminal incompatible with carrier aggregation regards each circle of the carriers f1 to f3 shown in FIG. 25 as a cell. The cell is defined by 3GPP (Non-patent document 1). Further efficiency is now under study in consideration of implementing carrier aggregation. Scenarios for enhancing efficiency will be described below.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


In a metal gate replacement process, a stack of at least two polysilicon layers or other materials may be formed. Sidewall spacers may be formed on the stack. The stack may then be planarized. Next, the upper layer of the stack may be selectively removed. Then, the exposed portions of the sidewall spacers may be selectively removed. Finally, the lower portion of the stack may be removed to form a T-shaped trench which may be filled with the metal replacement.

The present invention relates to methods for making semiconductor devices, and in particular, semiconductor devices with metal gate electrodes.
When making a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device that includes metal gate electrodes, a replacement gate process may be used to form gate electrodes from different metals. In that process, a first polysilicon layer, bracketed by a pair of spacers, is removed to create a trench between the spacers. The trench is filled with a first metal. A second polysilicon layer is then removed, and replaced with a second metal that differs from the first metal.
Current processes for etching polysilicon layers generate patterned polysilicon layers. A sidewall spacer is used to form graded junction source drain regions. The structure is ultimately filled with an interlayer dielectric. With tight pitch technologies, voids in the interlayer dielectric may be created between gate structures. These voids may render the product unusable.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved method for making a semiconductor device that includes metal gate electrodes.
Features shown in these Figures are not intended to be drawn to scale.

Forming integrated circuits with replacement metal gate electrodes


The present invention features various systems and methods for assessing, measuring, quantifying, and/or relaying athlete performance information, and particularly performance information relating to fighters or boxers. More particularly, the present invention relates to utilizing such technology as modified ergometer based technology, optical sensor and motion analysis technology, accelerometers, and hydraulic meters for the measuring and/or improvement of the performance of fighters, for the facilitating of recruiting efforts, and/or for the enhancement of boxing matches.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to systems and methods for obtaining and providing information relating to the performance of fighters. More particularly, the present invention relates to utilizing such technology as ergometer based technology, optical motion analysis technology, accelerometers, and hydraulic meters for the measuring, improvement, and/or relaying (of information) of the performance of fighters.
2. Background of the Invention and Related Art
In the sport of boxing, technique, speed, power, and endurance are critical factors. While a proper boxing technique may be taught by an experienced trainer, methods currently available to boxing coaches are limited in their ability to quantify how hard a particular fighter hits and what the limitations are of the fighter's endurance. Typically, the power and endurance of a fighter is only expressed relative to the competition that the fighter has encountered. As such, it is difficult for a trainer to improve the power and endurance of a boxer.
Current methods and/or devices used to measure the power and endurance of a boxer have left the boxing community dissatisfied. For example, one device requires the boxer being tested to hit in the same location from the same angle each time to avoid variances. However, in reality two punches with equal power rarely land in the same location. Thus, the measurement taken by the traditional device is typically viewed as being inaccurate.
The speed and power of a fighter may be evaluated visually compared to the competitor's speed and power. However, the visual evaluation can provide inaccurate results. For example, a fighter may look like he can hit because he wobbles his opponent with every punch, but his opponent just may not be able to take a good punch.
One device currently available to boxers requires an individual to sit on a seat and to set the speed at which the individual is able to turn pedals/handles with his/her arms. A dial indicates the rpm that is achieved when the individual turns the handles. The dial also allows for an indication of the top rpm and the amount of time it takes to reach the maximum rpm. While the device is available, boxers only use the device to condition their arms and shoulders. As such, the device may be used to condition, but does not quantify performance.
A fighter's performance and ability can also be difficult to quantify for the viewer of a boxing match. Current methods include the providing of pre-fight statistics to spectators, wherein the pre-fight statistics include the win/loss record of the fighter, the physical characteristics of the fighter (e.g., the fighter's height, weight, age, size of their neck, chest, biceps, waist, and reach), and a punch count. While these statistics may provide information to spectators, the information is typically not as helpful at it may initially appear. For example, while the win/loss record of a fighter often looks good on paper, it is oftentimes misleading. A fighter may have a record of 10-0 with 10 KO's. Promoters know that this kind of record will cause fans to fantasize that the fighter is a dangerous puncher and to accept him as a credible opponent. However, what goes unknown to the public is that all of the opponents of the fighter have lost most of their fights, and all by a knockout. As such, in the sport of boxing, managers and promoters are able to pick opponents throughout the boxer's career, build up a misleading record, manipulate the ratings, and deceive the fans.
To enhance the boxing match, a system of counting punches was developed. In accordance with the system, the count for jabs thrown, total punches thrown, punches landed, and the percentage landed are provided at the end of each round. Typically, a correlation exists between the punch numbers and the winner of the match. Therefore, before a fight, a pattern recognition by fight commentators is typically limited to a comparison of which fighter has thrown the most punches and jabs in previous fights.
Traditional devices and methods are unable to reliably quantify or measure the speed, power, and endurance of fighters. As such, it would be an improvement in the art to reliably and accurately obtain and provide information relating to the performance of fighters.

Methods and systems for providing quantitative assessment and relaying of fighter performance


The present disclosure provides antibodies that bind to human interleukin-6 (IL6). The antibodies can modulate IL6 signaling and thus used in treatment or prevention of IL6 associated diseases or disorders, particularly inflammatory disorder, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), angiogenesis, and cancer.

Human interleukin-6 (IL6), a secreted glycoprotein having 184 amino acids (21 kDa), has a four-helix bundle structure. IL6 is a multi-functional cytokine that acts on various type of cells, e.g., B cells, T cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, osteoclasts, neural cells, mesangial cells, epidermal keratinocytes, and hematopoietic progenitor cells, via binding to two distinct receptor proteins, the IL6 receptor (IL6R) and glycoprotein 130 (gp130). Formation of the IL6/IL6R/gp130 complex transduces intracellular signaling pathways, including those mediated by (1) phosphatidyl inositol-3′-kinase (PI3K), (2) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAK), and (3) Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3 (STAT1 and STAT3).
IL6 functions as an immune regulator, cell growth factor, bone metabolism regulator, cell differentiation factor, and acute phase protein inducer against several effecter cells. In liver, IL6 induces various acute-phase proteins such as serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), hepcidin, fibrinogen, and haptoglobin antichymotrypsin. The pathological significance of IL6 for various diseases has been indicated in numerous studies, including chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, Castleman's disease and psoriasis), cancer (e.g., multiple myeloma, leukemia, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and various cancers), and cachexia and coronary heart disease.
It is therefore of great interest to develop new IL6 antagonists for use in treating diseases associated with the IL6 signaling.


Reversibly switchable (transformable) surface layer changeable from (super)hydrophobic to (super)hydrophilic surface states are described. Methods of decontamination of surfaces exposed to contaminate are provided. The reversibly switchable properties of the surface layer can be controlled by an external stimulus.

Decontamination of biological and/or chemical agents is necessary in current environments. Biological decontamination is the deactivation and/or destruction of microorganisms, and pathogens, such as bacteria, both vegetative and sporulative, bacterial spores, viruses, mycoplasma, protozoans, oocysts, and toxins. Chemical decontamination is the deactivation and/or destruction of chemical contaminants, pesticides, chemical warefare agents, and other toxic substances. Some conventional methods of decontamination, of surfaces, which may also include disinfecting agents, include chemical washing, fumigation, heat treatment, and irradiation. Chemical washing includes washing the surface with simple soap and water, bleach, DS-2, hydrogen peroxide, alkali, hexachlorophene, quaternary amines, and the like. Fumigation includes exposing an object or its surface to a fumigant for a time sufficient to deactivate or destroy the biological/chemical agent. Heat and irradiation treatments involve providing temperatures or amounts of radiation, respectfully, that is fatal to the biologic or sufficient to decompose or alter the chemical substance to one that is not harmful.
In certain situations, it may be necessary to decontaminate a vehicle, for example, an aerospace vehicle, which has been contaminated for one or more reasons. "Contaminated" interior aircraft surfaces are typically decontaminated by application of fluid decontaminants. The methods for applying the liquid decontaminant include hand-wiping, or controlled application using sprayers, or injectors, nebulizers or atomizers. In each of these processes there is an implicit trade-off between (i) creating a decontaminating fluid layer that covers the affected surface well and also penetrates into grooves and crevices (e.g., surfaces having complex geometries); and (ii) removing completely the decontaminating fluid and biological/chemical agent from the surfaces and crevices, while minimizing and/or preventing surface damage and corrosion to the aerospace vehicle. Conventional washing methods and aerosolized decontamination use surfactants that may reduce the surface tension of surfaces, however such methods delay the removal of fluid and/or may leave residues. Likewise, fumigation methods often result in non-uniform coverage, with the decontaminating agents depositing in coalesced droplets, rather than in a fluid film, resulting in reduced deactivation or destruction of the biological/chemical agent and/or overall reduced efficacy of the decontamination process. Known chemical agent resistant surfaces and/or coatings typically require application of caustic oxidizing solutions to remove any chemical or biological agents or contaminants. Such caustic oxidizing solutions, such as DS2 (Decontamination Solution Number 2), which comprises 70% diethylenetriamine, 28% ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and 2% sodium hydroxide, can cause damage to surfaces and surroundings to which it is applied. Moreover, having to transport such additional caustic oxidizing solutions to the location of the contaminated aircraft, rotorcraft, vehicle, or equipment can be expensive and time consuming. In addition, having to apply such additional caustic oxidizing solutions can be time consuming and labor intensive, and the down time of the aircraft, rotorcraft, vehicle, or equipment can be increased.

Method for decontamination with decontaminants


A process whereby 4-t-butylcyclohexanol with a high content of the cis-isomer, which is useful as a perfume ingredient, can be economically produced on an industrially available scale at a low cost. The process comprises hydrogenating 4-t-butylcyclohexanone by using a specific ruthenium-phosphine complex as a catalyst in the presence of a base containing an alkali metal and an alkylenediamine having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

4-t-Butylcyclohexanol esters, in particular, 4-t-butylcyclohexyl acetate, are publicly known perfume ingredients.
4-t-Butylcyclohexyl acetate has cis- and trans-stereoisomers with respect to the t-butyl and acetoxy groups bonded to the cyclohexane ring. Many of products marketed today are in the form of mixtures of these isomers containing about 30 to 70% by weight of the cis-isomer. However, it is known that these cis- and trans-isomers largely differ from each other in their fragrance qualities and the cis-isomer is preferable to the trans-isomer S. Arctander, Perfume and Flavor Chemicals, Montclair, N.J. (1969), monograph No. 441!. Accordingly, 4-t-butylcyclohexyl acetate with an elevated content of the cis-isomer has been required in the perfume industry.
4-t-Butylcyclohexyl acetate is obtained by acetylation of 4-t-butylcyclohexanol. The conventional method for producing this 4-t-butylcyclohexanol employed as the starting material comprises, for example, hydrogenating 4-t-butylphenol at 160.degree. C. by using Raney nickel as a catalyst Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry, E III 6, p. 126 (1960)). However, the 4-t-butylcyclohexanol obtained by this method contains the cis-isomer only in a small amount of about 20 to 30% by weight. Therefore, the 4-t-butylcylohexyl acetate obtained by acetylating this product contains only about 20 to 30% by weight of the cis-isomer, which makes it undesirable as a perfume ingredient.
Accordingly, there have been proposed several methods for producing 4-t-butylcyclohexanol containing a large amount of the cis-isomer by stereoselectively hydrogenating 4-t-butylcyclohexanone with the use of various metal catalysts, as will be shown hereinbelow.
(a) A method wherein 4-t-butylcyclohexanone is hydrogenated by using an iridium-phosphinic acid complex in isopropanol E. L. Ernest et al., Organic Synthesis, vol. 50, pp. 13-15 (1970)!. PA1 (b) A method wherein 4-t-butylcyclohexanone is hydrogenated by using a rhodium catalyst in the presence of conc. hydrochloric acid in isopropanol or tetrahydrofuran Shigeo Nishimura et al., Chemistry Letters, pp. 963-966 (1977)!. PA1 (c) A method wherein 4-t-butylcyclohexanone is hydrogenated by using a catalyst system composed of a combination of rhodium with tetrahydroborate, etc., on a specific carrier (JP-B-7-64769; the term "JP-B" as used herein means an "examined Japanese patent publication"). PA1 wherein X.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or a group represented by "R.sup.1 COO", wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; L represents an organic phosphine compound; a and b are each an integer of from 0 to 2, provided that (a+b) is 2; when L is monodentate ligand, c is an integer of from 3 to 4; and when L is bidentate ligand, c is an integer of from 1 to 2; PA1 wherein R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 may be the same or different and each represents an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group; or a bidentate ligand represented by the following formula (V): EQU R.sup.5 R.sup.6 P--A.sup.1 --PR.sup.7 R.sup.8 (V) PA1 wherein R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 may be the same or different and each represents an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group; and A.sup.1 represents an optionally substituted alkylene group, --A.sup.2 --Ar--Ar--A.sup.2 -- or --Ar--Ar--, wherein A.sup.2 represents an optionally substituted alkylene group, and --Ar--Ar-- represents a 1,1'-biphenyl group having a binding arm at the 2,2'-position, a 1,1'-binaphthyl group having a binding arm at the 2,2'-position, or a 5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-1,1'-binaphthyl group having a binding arm at the 2,2'-position, wherein the biphenyl group may be substituted by a methyl, methoxy or dialkyl-substituted amino group and the binaphthyl group may be substituted by an alkali sulfonate. PA1 wherein X.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or a group represented by "R.sup.1 COO", wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; L represents an organic phosphine compound; a and b are each an integer of from 0 to 2, provided that (a+b) is 2; when L is monodentate ligand, c is an integer of from 3 to 4; and when L is bidentate ligand, c is an integer of from 1 to 2. PA1 RUH.sub.2 (PPh.sub.3).sub.4, PA1 RuHCl(PPh.sub.3) .sub.4, PA1 RuH(HCOO) (PPh.sub.3).sub.3, PA1 RuH(CH.sub.3 COO) (PPh.sub.3).sub.3, PA1 RuCl.sub.2 (PPh.sub.3).sub.3, PA1 RuCl.sub.2 (PPh.sub.3).sub.4, PA1 RuBr.sub.2 (PPh.sub.3) .sub.4, PA1 RuI.sub.2 (PPh.sub.3).sub.4, PA1 RuCl.sub.2 P(CH3)Ph.sub.2 !.sub.4, PA1 RuCl.sub.2 P(CH.sub.3).sub.2 Ph!.sub.4, PA1 RuCl.sub.2 P(CH.sub.3).sub.3 !.sub.4, PA1 RuCl.sub.2 Ph.sub.2 P--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --PPh.sub.2 !.sub.2, PA1 RuCl.sub.2 (CHIRAPHOS).sub.2, PA1 RuCl.sub.2 (BINAP), PA1 Ru(CH.sub.3 COO).sub.2 (Tol-BINAP) and PA1 Ru(CF.sub.3 COO).sub.2 (Tol-BINAP). EQU Complex 2: (RuH.sub.d L.sub.e)(X.sup.2).sub.f (VI) PA1 wherein X.sup.2 represents ClO.sub.4, PF.sub.6 or BF.sub.4 ; L is as defined above; when L is monodentate ligand, e is 2 and f is 2 when d is 0; and e is 4 and f is 1 when d is 1; and when L is bidentate ligand, e is 1 and f is 2 when d is 0; and e is 2 and f is 1 when d is 1. PA1 Ru(BINAP)!(ClO.sub.4).sub.2, PA1 Ru(m-Tol-BINAP)! (PF.sub.6).sub.2, PA1 Ru(MeO-BINAP)! (BF.sub.4).sub.2, PA1 RuH(BIPHEMP).sub.2 !C10.sub.4 and PA1 RuH(t-Bu-BINAP).sub.2 ! PF.sub.6. EQU Complex 3: (RuX.sup.3)(Bz)L.sub.h !(X.sup.4).sub.g (VII) PA1 wherein X.sup.3 represents a halogen atom; Bz represents optionally substituted benzene; X.sup.4 represents a halogen atom, ClO.sub.4, PF.sub.6, BF.sub.4 or BPh.sub.4, wherein Ph represents a phenyl group, the same will apply hereinafter; L is as defined above; when L is monodentate ligand, h is 2 and g is 1 or g may be 3 when X.sup.3 and X.sup.4 are each an iodine atom; and when L is bidentate ligand, h is 1 and g is 1 or g may be 3 when X.sup.3 and X.sup.4 are each an iodine atom. PA1 RuCl(benzene)(BINAP)!Cl, PA1 RuI(benzene) (Tol-BINAP)!I, PA1 RuI(p-cymene)(Tol-BINAP)!I and PA1 RuI(p-cymene)(BINAP)!I.sub.3. EQU Complex 4: (Ru.sub.2 Cl.sub.4 L.sub.w)(T) (VIII) PA1 wherein T represents a tertiary amine; and L is as defined above; when L is monodentate ligand, w is 4; and when L is bidentate ligand, w is 2. PA1 Ru.sub.2 Cl.sub.4 (BINAP).sub.2 !(NEt.sub.3) and PA1 Ru.sub.2 Cl4(DM-BINAP).sub.2 !(NEt.sub.3). PA1 wherein M represents an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal; and R.sup.9 represents a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a mercapto group. Preferable examples of the base include KOH, Ca(OH).sub.2, KOCH.sub.3, KOC(CH.sub.3).sub.3, LiOH, LiOCH.sub.3, LiOC(CH.sub.3).sub.3 and NaOH. Among all, those containing alkali metals are preferable and KOH and NaOH are particularly preferable therefor. PA1 wherein R.sup.10, R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group, provided that R.sup.10, R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 do not represent hydrogen atoms at the same time; primary, secondary or tertiary diamines represented by the following general formula (XI): EQU NR.sup.13 R.sup.14 --Z--NR.sup.15 R.sup.16 (XI) PA1 wherein R.sup.13, R.sup.14, R.sup.15 and R.sup.16 are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group; and Z represents an optionally substituted, saturated or unsaturated carbon chain having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted, saturated or unsaturated carbon ring having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms; and other cyclic amines. PA1 instrument: HP-5890 (manufactured by Hewlett-Packard, Co.) PA1 column: HP-20M fused silica capillary column (0.20 mm.times.25 m) (manufactured by Hewlett-Packard, Co.) PA1 measuring temperature: 55.degree.-215.degree. C. (program rate 4.degree. C./min) PA1 injection temperature: 250.degree. C. PA1 carrier gas: helium (0.6 ml/min) PA1 instrument: M-2000A (manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.) and HP-5890 Series II (manufactured by Hewlett-Packard, Co.) PA1 column: BC-WAX (0.25 mm.times.50 m, 0.15 .mu.m) (manufactured by GL Sciences Inc.) PA1 instrument: IR-810 (manufactured by JASCO Corporation) PA1 instrument: Model AMX-400 (400 MHz), FT-NMR analyzer (manufactured by Bruker JAPAN Co., LTD.) PA1 internal standard: tetramethylsilane. PA1 instrument: Model AMX-400 (100 MHz) (manufactured by Bruker JAPAN Co., LTD.).
In addition, there has been proposed a method wherein 4-t-butylcyclohexanone is hydrogenated by using lithium trisamylborohydride without using any catalytic reaction H. C. Brown et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 98, pp. 3383-3384 (1979)!.
By using these methods, 4-t-butylcyclohexanol containing the cis-isomer at a high ratio of 80% by weight or above can be obtained. To perform on the industrial scale, however, each of these methods suffers from economical problems. Namely, an expensive catalyst should be used in a large amount in each method. In the method (c), for example, a catalyst containing rhodium, which is a very expensive material, should be used at a molar ratio to the starting 4-t-butylcyclohexanone (i.e., the substrate) of 1/20 or more molar ratio of substrate/catalyst.ltoreq.20!. In the method (a), it is necessary to employ trimethyl phosphite having an intensely offensive odor and a strong acid in large amounts, which elevates the costs of the equipments for ventilation and drainage.
As discussed above, there has been established no industrially available process for producing 4-t-butylcyclohexanol with a large cis-isomer content. Under the existing circumstances, therefore, 4-t-butylcyclohexyl acetate products in the form of mixtures of the cis-isomer with the trans-isomer at a weight ratio of about 30 to 70, which are less expensive but inferior in the value as a perfume, are still manufactured and sold on a large scale, though there are marketed only in a small amount expensive 4-t-butylcyclohexyl acetate products rich in the cis-isomer.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a process for economically producing 4-t-butylcyclohexanol having a large content of the cis-isomer, which is highly valuable as a perfume ingredient, at a low cost on an industrially available scale.
Under these circumstances, the present inventors have conducted extensive studies to achieve the above-mentioned object. As a result, they have successfully found that cis-4-t-butylcyclohexanol having a high purity can be obtained by stereoselectively hydrogenating 4-t-butylcyclohexanone by using a catalyst containing inexpensive ruthenium in the presence of a base having an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal and an amine, thus completing the present invention.

Process for producing cis-4-t-butylcyclohexanol