It is an object to obtain a semiconductor device including a capacitance having a great Q-value. In an SOI substrate comprising a support substrate (165), a buried oxide film (166) and an SOI layer (171), an isolating oxide film 167 (167a to 167c) is selectively formed in an upper layer portion of the SOI layer (171) with a part of the SOI layer (171) remaining as a P− well region (169). Consequently, an isolation (partial isolation) structure is obtained. An N+ diffusion region (168) is formed in the SOI layer (171) between the isolating oxide films (167a) and (167b) and a P+ diffusion region (170) is formed in the SOI layer (171) between the isolating oxide films (167b) and (167c). Consequently, there is obtained a junction type variable capacitance (C23) having a PN junction surface of the P− well region (169) provided under the isolating oxide film (167b) and the N+ diffusion region (168).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device having an insulated gate type transistor and an insulated gate type capacitance and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Background Art
In a transistor having a gate length of a subquarter micron or less, a pocket injecting process for forming a pocket region is executed in order to suppress a short channel effect. The pocket injection is also referred to as NUDC (Non Uniformly Doped Channel).
FIG. 52 is a sectional view showing the pocket injecting process. As shown in FIG. 52, in the formation of a CMOS transistor, an NMOS formation region A11 and a PMOS formation region A12 are isolated from each other through an isolating film 102 provided in an upper layer portion of a semiconductor substrate 101.
In the NMOS formation region A11, a gate oxide film 112 and a gate electrode 113 are formed on a surface of a P well region 111 and a P-type impurity ion 103 is implanted and diffused by using the gate electrode 113 as a mask. Consequently, a P-type impurity implantation region 119 to be a pocket region of an NMOS transistor is formed.
In the PMOS formation region A12, similarly, a gate oxide film 122 and a gate electrode 123 are formed on a surface of an N well region 121 and an N-type impurity ion 104 is implanted and diffused by using the gate electrode 123 as a mask. Consequently, an N-type impurity implantation region 129 to be a pocket region of a PMOS transistor is formed.
More specifically, in the pocket injecting process, an impurity of the same conductivity type as that of a channel region of each MOS transistor is implanted into each of the NMOS formation region A11 and the PMOS formation region A12. In the pocket injecting process, the distribution of an impurity in a direction of a channel length becomes nonuniform and an effective channel impurity concentration is increased when a gate length becomes smaller. As a result, it is possible to suppress the short channel effect.
FIG. 53 is a sectional view showing a state in which a CMOS transistor is finished after the pocket injecting process.
As shown in FIG. 53, in the NMOS formation region A11, N+ source-drain regions 114 and 114 are formed to interpose therebetween a channel region provided under the gate electrode 113 and tip regions opposed to each other between the N+ source-drain regions 114 and 114 are extension portions 114e, respectively.
In a vicinal region of the extension portion 114e, the P-type impurity implantation region 119 remains as a P− pocket region 117 from the extension portion 114e to a part of the channel region. Moreover, side walls 116 and 116 are formed on both side surfaces of the gate electrode 113, respectively.
Thus, an NMOS transistor Q11 is formed by the gate oxide film 112, the gate electrode 113, the N+ source-drain region 114, the side wall 116 and the P− pocket region 117.
In the PMOS formation region A12, P+ source-drain regions 124 and 124 are formed to interpose therebetween a channel region provided under the gate electrode 123 and tip regions opposed to each other between the P+ source-drain regions 124 and 124 are extension portions 124e, respectively.
In a vicinal region of the extension portion 124e, the N-type impurity implantation region 129 remains as an N− pocket region 127 from the extension portion 124e to a part of the channel region. Moreover, side walls 126 and 126 are formed on both side surfaces of the gate electrode 123, respectively.
Thus, a PMOS transistor Q12 is formed by the gate oxide film 122, the gate electrode 123, the P+ source-drain region 124, the side wall 126 and the N− pocket region 127.
On the other hand, in a high-frequency analog circuit or a high-speed digital circuit, it is necessary to manufacture an LC type VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) by using an inductor (L) and a variable capacitance (C).
In the case in which the variable capacitance to be an insulated gate type capacitance which has a small loss is to be obtained by utilizing the structure of the MOS transistor, it is necessary to generate an accumulation type variable capacitance in which impurities in a substrate (a body region) and a fetch electrode portion have the same conductivity type.
FIG. 54 is a sectional view showing a structure of the accumulation type variable capacitance. As shown in FIG. 54, in the formation of the accumulation type variable capacitance, a P-type variable capacitance formation region A13 and an N-type variable capacitance formation region A14 are isolated from each other through an isolating film 102 provided in an upper layer portion of a semiconductor substrate 101.
In the P-type variable capacitance formation region A13, P+ fetch electrode regions 134 and 134 are formed to interpose therebetween a channel region provided under a gate electrode 133 and tip regions opposed to each other between the P+ fetch electrode regions 134 and 134 are extension portions 134e, respectively.
In a vicinal region of the extension portion 134e, an N− pocket region 137 is formed from the extension portion 134e to a part of the channel region. Moreover, side walls 136 and 136 are formed on both side surfaces of the gate electrode 133, respectively.
Thus, a P-type variable capacitance C11 is formed by a gate oxide film 132, the gate electrode 133, the P+ fetch electrode region 134, the side wall 136 and the N− pocket region 137. In other words, the P-type variable capacitance C11 acts as an insulated gate type capacitance in which the P+ fetch electrode region 134 is set to one of electrodes, the gate electrode 133 is set to the other electrode and the gate oxide film 132 is set to an interelectrode insulating film.
In the N-type variable capacitance formation region A14, N+ fetch electrode regions 144 and 144 are formed to interpose therebetween a channel region provided under a gate electrode 143 and tip regions opposed to each other between the N+ fetch electrode regions 144 and 144 are extension portions 144e, respectively.
In a vicinal region of the extension portion 144e, a P− pocket region 147 is formed from the extension portion 144e to a part of the channel region. Moreover, side walls 146 and 146 are formed on both side surfaces of the gate electrode 143, respectively.
Thus, an N-type variable capacitance C12 is formed by a gate oxide film 142, the gate electrode 143, the N+ fetch electrode region 144, the side wall 146 and the P− pocket region 147. In other words, the N-type variable capacitance C12 acts as an insulated gate type capacitance in which the N+ fetch electrode region 144 is set to one of electrodes, the gate electrode 143 is set to the other electrode and the gate oxide film 142 is set to an interelectrode insulating film.
FIGS. 55 and 56 are views illustrating a degree of a change in a capacitance value of the N-type variable capacitance C12. In the case in which a gate voltage VG to be applied to the gate electrode 143 is lower than 0 V, a depletion layer 148 is extended downward in an N well region 121 provided under the gate electrode 143 as shown in FIG. 55 so that a capacitance value of the N-type variable capacitance C12 is decreased. On the other hand, in the case in which the gate voltage VG is higher than 0 V, the depletion layer 148 is reduced in the N well region 121 provided under the gate electrode 143 as shown in FIG. 56 so that the capacitance value of the N-type variable capacitance C12 is increased. Thus, it is possible to variably set the capacitance value of the N-type variable capacitance C12 based on the gate voltage VG to be applied to the gate electrode 143. Also in the P-type variable capacitance C11, similarly, it is possible to change the capacitance value based on the gate voltage to be applied to the gate electrode 133.
However, when the pocket injecting process shown in FIG. 52 is executed in order to enhance a short channel characteristic (to suppress the short channel effect), a pocket region of a reverse conductivity type to that of the body region is formed with the accumulation type variable capacitance in a fetch electrode region and the body region to be a region of the semiconductor substrate 101 which is provided just below the gate electrode. Therefore, there has been a problem in that a series resistance is increased.
FIG. 57 is a circuit diagram showing an equivalent circuit of the variable capacitance in FIG. 54. As shown in FIG. 57, the variable capacitance is equivalently represented by a series connection of a capacitance component C10 and a resistance component R10.
On the other hand, an index representing an electrical characteristic of the variable capacitance includes a Q-factor (Q-value). The Q-value is expressed in the following equation (1), wherein Q represents a Q-value, co represents an angular frequency, C represents a capacitance value of the capacitance component C10 and R represents a resistance value of the resistance component R10.
      [          Equation                                                                                1        ]                                Q          =                      1                          ω                                                                                CR                                                            (          1          )
When the Q-value is increased, an energy efficiency of the capacitance is enhanced. There has been a problem in that the resistance value R of the resistance component R10 is increased by the presence of the pocket region so that the Q-value is decreased in accordance with the equation (1). In addition, there has been a problem in that an insulated gate type capacitance generally has a small Q-value.

Semiconductor device including a capacitance


A polymeric composition having aromatic polycarbonate or aromatic polycarbonate like properties which process at significantly lower temperatures than aromatic polycarbonate in admixture with an additive which is incompatible with an aromatic polycarbonate at standard processing temperature.

Polycarbonates are well known amorphous polymers known inter alia for their transparency, toughness and impact resistance. However in order to stabilize polycarbonates or provide or enhance certain characteristics which are not inherently present or only present to a slight extent in polycarbonates, additive addition is employed. Non limiting examples of such additives include thermal stabilizers such as phosphites, stabilizers against ultraviolet radiation effects such as the benzophenones or benzotriazoles, mold release additives, fillers such as fibers or mats preferably glass fibers, flame retardant materials such as halogen substituted organics and salts, particularly aryl sulfonate salts, and the like. One of the positive attributes an additive must have is compatibility with the resin particularly at the processing temperatures of the additive containing composition. Sometimes the processing temperature of the polymer containing composition is so high a particular additive therein is substantially volatilized, substantially degraded, or interacts with the polymer. Such degradation of the additive can also lead to degradation of the polymer itself. Whatever the mechanism of action, it has been found that certain additives which perform up to expectations in certain polymer systems do not perform well in other polymer systems.
One of the potential problems in processing aromatic polycarbonates has been caused by its high Tg. Although this is partially responsible for certain of its excellent properties, care must be taken to avoid thermal damage to the aromatic polycarbonate whereby its properties are lessened through thermal degradation of the polymer per se or additives which may be present. It is also possible to remove certain classes of potential additives as effective aromatic polycarbonate additives due to their lack of stability, volatility or in general their response to the thermal processing window.
Recently, a new copolyestercarbonate has been prepared. This new polymer described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,706 as well as U.S. patent Ser. Nos. 07/455,118, 07/476,068 and 07/627/517 has aromatic polycarbonate like properties together with substantially increased flow at the same molecular weight as an ordinary aromatic polycarbonate. Moreover, it can be processed at a significantly reduced temperature than an aromatic polycarbonate having substantially the same properties because of a reduced Tg. This polymer system is a species of a broader class of polymer composition which have polycarbonate or polycarbonate like properties but which can be processed at significantly lower temperatures. These polycarbonate or polycarbonate like compositions can have admixed therein additives which previously could not be processed compatibly with the traditional aromatic polycarbonates such as bisphenol-A polycarbonate. Examples of such polycarbonate polymer systems having significantly reduced processing temperatures include but are not limited to the following: polycarbonates with plasticizers such as a phosphate, polycarbonates with long chain aliphatic carboxylic chain stoppers, polycarbonates with short chain aliphatic carbonates, oligomeric carbonates, polycarbonates with selected dihydric phenols such as those having a long chain aliphatic group on the gem carbon atom connecting the two phenols. Examples of blends of polycarbonates with other polymers wherein the blend has a significantly lower processing temperature than polycarbonate include admixing polycarbonate with polyesters, such as, polybutylene terephthalate and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol containing polyesters.
It has now been discovered that certain additives which were once considered borderline or ineffective with polycarbonate can now be successfully processed with such polycarbonate systems, particularly, an aromatic copolyestercarbonate having polycarbonate like properties described above. Although not to be constrained to this theory of mechanism, it is believed that the lower processing temperature of the new copolyestercarbonate maintains the integrity of the additive during processing. These new compositions are now available for applications which were not filled or inadequately filled by past aromatic polycarbonate compositions.


A training device that will train a player to throw the ball to the correct height and angle for a serve is provided. The device includes a pole that adjusts from about four feet to twelve feet in height to suit a player's need. The pole is supported by a base and includes an upper toss hoop at the top of the pole and a lower guide hoop at the bottom of the pole for receiving and locating the position of the tossed tennis ball. In one embodiment the lower guide hoop includes or is replaced by a basket for retrieving the tossed practice balls. The base legs and upper and lower hoops fold away for easy storage and transport.

The invention relates generally to a tennis throw training device for improving a tennis player's serve by giving the player a correct throw, and more particularly to a device having an hoop of variable height from the ground used as a guide for the player to throw the ball during a serve.
There are various tennis training devices currently on the market. One such device that seeks to improve a tennis player' toss during a serve relies on having a coach to hold a training hoop at a correct height above the student's head. The student then tosses the ball during a serve through the training hoop.
Notwithstanding the availability of such tennis training devices, there exists the need to provide a device that will allow tennis players to improve on their own, or practice any time alone.


Test structure circuitry and apparatus, circuit boards, and testing systems are described, as well as methods to form such apparatus and circuit boards. The test structure apparatus is used for launching high frequency signals from a test instrument, such as a Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR), into circuitry under test, and includes a pair of launching conductors and a ground pad formed on the first surface of a substrate, or dielectric layer. A ground plane layer, formed on the second surface of the dielectric layer, is connected to the ground pad, which is typically formed so as to substantially surround some portion of the launching conductors. The test structure provides a matching impedance between the TDR probe tip, for example, and the circuit board or components under test.

The present invention relates generally to testing and characterizing circuit boards, as well as the components mounted thereon. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods which are used to characterize and test the performance of printed circuit boards and various components using a differential signal interface at frequencies above about one Gigahertz.
As circuit design clock speeds increase, and data rates approach one billion transfers per second, the radio frequency properties of each signal as it crosses a circuit board become all-important. Because high-speed signals traveling along a transmission line tend to reflect energy backward (toward their source) as they encounter a change in impedance, and the amount of reflected energy depends on the magnitude of the impedance change, it is often the reflected energy due to impedance changes that makes the difference between a circuit that works and one that does not.
Within conventional dynamic RAM circuits, a single data bit or pulse typically travels down a bus transmission line alone, and reaches its destination, such that any reflections caused by an impedance mismatch dissipate before the next bit is launched. In higher data rate environments, this is not necessarily the case.
For example, in some recent data bus circuitry designs, data is transported so rapidly that up to three bits of information may be in transit between a source and the destination along a particular circuit trace (such as between a memory controller and the memory it operates) at a given instant in time. At such speeds, the second and third bits must pass through any reflections generated by the first bit due to an impedance mismatch, such as that which may occur at the junction where the bit enters a connector. Such reflections degrade signal margins and cause timing errors, leading to data transmission failures. Therefore, in these high-speed signal propagation situations, it is absolutely essential to minimize impedance variations encountered within the circuit board and data processing circuitry.
One way of verifying the impedance characteristics of a particular component is to observe signal reflections from the component when high speed test signals are launched onto the associated circuit board. Test xe2x80x9ccouponsxe2x80x9d (sample test areas) are therefore incorporated into circuit board designs to facilitate connection to impedance measurement tools. Such coupons are used to verify behavior of the printed circuit board (PCB) itself, as well as various attached circuit packages, sockets, and connectors.
The industry-standard tool used for circuit board impedance measurements is the Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR). TDR instruments make use of fast system risetimes and a high bandwidth to resolve features of circuit boards and their attached circuitry. A TDR typically takes measurements by using a probe to send a known pulse down the transmission medium (in this case a circuit board trace or differential pair of traces) and capturing the reflections that result. The heart of the TDR is an extremely high-bandwidth (20 GHz) sampling oscilloscope and fast-risetime sampling head with an integral step generator.
Therefore, in setting up for actual circuit board impedance measurements, the TDR probing approach is of great concern. Impedance matching is critical. In dense high-speed circuit areas, the space available to firmly attach a TDR probe is very limited. Yet probe connection integrity is essential. Any compromise in these areas will inevitably appear as an inaccurate TDR reading.
SMA connectors are sometimes used to couple TDR equipment to the circuit board for testing. However, this type of connector installation is usually less than satisfactory, since it contributes to an impedance mismatch between the probe and the PCB, and usually requires about one square inch of board surface area for attachment. Thus, the use of SMA connectors is often not an option for the designer.
Specially-designed microprobes are also available for TDR measurement applications. However, the conventional microprobe contact connection also contributes to impedance mismatch at high frequencies, such that microprobes are also less than ideal as a signal coupling device for test signals above about one Gigahertz.
Another difficulty involves launching differential test signals into a particular circuit or board design. With differential signals, two conductors are required: the first carries a true signal value, while the second carries the inverted signal value. Ideally, the differential system leads to complete cancellation of emitted noise. The receiver then rejects common-mode noise, and the result is a substantial improvement in both signaling speed and reduced emissions due to electromagnetic interference. High-speed designs tend to incorporate differential signaling, rather than single-ended methods, because higher data rates are possible, susceptibility to EMI is less, and power consumption is also typically less. However the problems encountered when testing high-speed differential interfaces are in effect doubled with regard to impedance mismatch problems and connector surface area requirements. While some approaches have been tested for launching single-ended, high-speed signals into circuit boards for testing purposes, no uniformly satisfactory apparatus or method is known for the convenient application of high-speed differential signals necessary to properly characterize high-speed differential interface circuitry.
Thus, there is a need in the art for test structure apparatus and methods which can be easily applied to launch differential test signals into circuit boards and components for high-speed signal performance characterization purposes. Such apparatus and methods should provide an optimal impedance match to minimize reflections, while using a minimum of circuit board real estate for connection to the circuitry under test.


An indicia authentication system includes a franking device for embedding identification and encrypted authentication data into indicia and applying the indicia to an article, and a computing device for utilizing the identification data to retrieve a key for deciphering the encrypted authentication data, where the computing device is adapted to utilize the deciphered authentication data to determine the validity of the indicia.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to authenticating indicia, and, more particularly, to authenticating indicia utilizing identification information embedded in the indicia.
2. Brief Description of Related Developments
There are numerous postal carriers, for example, a governmental service such as the U.S. Postal Service or the Royal Mail of Great Britain, or commercial enterprises such as United Parcel Service, Federal Express, etc. Such a postal carrier service will be referred to herein as "the post." A high volume postal customer may use a metered system where a meter, also referred to as a Postal Security Device (PSD), is used to secure the proof of payment of postal indicia applied to mailing items that identifies the value of the postage applied. The customer may purchase postage and the purchased value may be stored in the PSD. As the postage indicia is applied to items, the value applied may be deducted from the stored value. Once postage indicia is applied, the item may then be dropped into the collection stream of the particular post and subsequently processed by the post for delivery.
As one example of postal indicia, the U.S. Postal Service Information Based Indicia Program (IBIP) specification requires postal indicia to include detailed cryptographically signed postage transaction information, printed using a two-dimensional barcode. During processing, the U.S. Postal service utilizes detection devices to verify the authenticity and value of the indicia.
It would advantageous to provide secure postage evidencing information that is verifiable automatically by postal processing equipment to guard against fraud. It would also be advantageous to provide the particular post with the ability to authenticate indicia without the need to maintain a database of customer information necessary to relate indicia to a specific customer. It would be additionally advantageous to provide secure indicia and the ability to authenticate the secure indicia for any suitable application, not limited to postal applications.

Remote authentication of two dimensional barcoded indicia


An apparatus for detecting a condition of burning in an internal combustion engine includes a spark plug and an ignition coil. The ignition coil has a primary winding and a secondary winding. The secondary winding is connected to the spark plug. An ion current sensing resistor is connected to a low voltage side of the secondary winding of the ignition coil for sensing an ion current. A diode is connected in parallel with the primary winding of the ignition coil. A switching element is connected in series with the primary winding of the ignition coil. The switching element is movable into and out of an on state. A suitable device is operative for resisting a current flowing through the diode when the switching element is in the on state.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an apparatus for detecting a condition of burning in an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Japanese published unexamined patent application 61-57830 discloses a method and a device for deciding on abnormal combustion. According to Japanese application 61-57830, when an air-fuel mixture gas in a combustion engine is fired by the spark discharge of an ignition plug, a voltage for measurement is applied to the ignition plug and an ion current flows between electrodes of the ignition plug. The ion current has various frequency components. In Japanese application 61-57830, the ion current causes a resistance to generate a terminal voltage, which is amplified for a necessary time after the discharge. A knock component and a natural oscillation component are extracted from the terminal voltage by filters respectively. Outputs of the filters are integrated, and a divider calculates the ratio between the integration results. In Japanese application 61-57830, the output voltage of the divider is compared with a voltage corresponding to a predetermined knocking intensity limit to decide on abnormal combustion.
Japanese published unexamined patent application 50-94330 discloses an apparatus for detecting a misfire in an internal combustion engine. In the apparatus of Japanese application 50-94330, detection is made as to an ignition-indicating signal and an ion current signal outputted from an ignition plug. The ion current signal contains a burning signal which is slightly delayed from the ignition-indicating signal. The apparatus of Japanese application 50-94330 includes a comparator which serves to compare the ion current signal with an ignition command signal synchronous with a high tension voltage applied to the ignition plug. Only when both the ignition command signal and the burning signal are simultaneously effective, the comparator outputs an active signal. The apparatus of Japanese application 50-94330 includes a deciding section which determines whether or not an air-fuel mixture in a related engine cylinder has been successfully ignited in response to the output signal of the comparator.
In the apparatus of Japanese application 50-94330, an ion gap has a resistance depending on ion conditions in the related engine cylinder. In addition, an ion current occurs which depends on the resistance of the ion gap. The apparatus of Japanese application 50-94330 includes a filter for removing noise components from the ion current. The output signal of the filter is shaped into a pulse signal constituting the ion current signal.
Generally, magnetic energy tends to remain in an ignition coil after the end of discharge across an ignition plug. This residual magnetic energy causes noise superimposed on an ion current signal outputted from the ignition plug. Both Japanese application 61-57830 and Japanese application 50-94330 fail to teach a countermeasure for such noise.

Apparatus for detecting condition of burning in internal combustion engine


A liquid-crystal display has a liquid-crystal cell (1) which is formed of two substrates (2) spaced apart from each other, and is filled with a nematic liquid-crystal substance (4). On the cell inner-space side, electrode layers (3) which can be acted on by voltage are arranged on the substrates (2). On the cell outside space side, a double-refracting compensation layer extends over the cell surface. Liquid-crystal cell (1) and compensation layer are arranged between two polarization filters (11). The compensation layer is developed over its surface with a plurality of regions adjacent to each other. The amount of the double refraction of the regions differs from each other by a small amount.

The present invention relates to a liquid-crystal display having a liquid-crystal cell which is formed of two substrates arranged spaced apart from each other and which is filled with a liquid-crystal substance, the cell having electrode layers which can be acted on by voltage and which are arranged on the substrates within the cell; and wherein the display includes a double-refracting compensation layer arranged outside the cell extending over the surface of the cell, a polarization filter being arranged in front of and/or behind the unit consisting of liquid-crystal cell and compensation layer.
In such liquid-crystal displays having a nematic liquid-crystal substance it is known to use as compensation layer either a double-refracting foil or a non-controllable second liquid-crystal cell. In this way, interference colorings of the liquid-crystal display are to be controlled or avoided. Due to the arrangement of the electrodes, partly opposite each other, on the substrates, or as a result of manufacturing tolerances, there are different heights of the cell space in the different regions of the liquid-crystal cells and thus also different thicknesses of the liquid-crystal layer. Thus, the amounts of the double refraction differ in the different regions of the liquid-crystal display. As a result, that the transmission and the color of the display is not uniform. This problem is particularly noticeable in liquid-crystal cells in which the twist angle of the liquid-crystal substance is greater than 90.degree. since substantially smaller tolerances in layer thickness of the liquid-crystal substance must be maintained than in the case of normally twisted nematic liquid-crystal displays.

Liquid crystal display having a double-refracting compensation layer


A signal correcting and compensating system including a signal transceiver, a personal computer, a signal database, and a signal correction component. A signal sent by a remote control may be subjected to a distortion causing nuisance before it is received by a transceiver, possibly preventing the signal from being identified. A signal correction component may correct and/or compensate for errors by evaluating the signal and determining a margin of error for identifying information within the signal.

This description relates generally to the correction of errors and/or compensation of errors which may be included in signals. In particular, a signal that may be transmitted through the air, such as an infrared (IR) signal, a radio frequency (RF) signal, or the like, may suffer degradation. For example, an IR signal may suffer degradation from thermal sources and the like. Degradation can cause information to be lost or cause the signal to be lost to a receiver. A typical application may be a remote control in communication with a consumer electronics device such as a television, a video cassette recorder, stereo, or the like.
Like reference numerals are used to designate like parts in the accompanying drawings.

Compensating for errors received in a signal


A method, system and computer-usable medium is based on a procedure that includes: generating a graphics file for each of a plurality of Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams; creating an Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema that reflects an underlying subject domain that is to be used when creating an XML representation of one or more UML models that incorporate relationships described by the UML diagrams; converting each of the UML models into an XML file using the XML schema, wherein the XML file includes XML formatted written descriptions of attributes of elements represented in the UML models; and transforming the XML file into multiple HyperText Markup Language (HTML) files, wherein the HTML files include written descriptions of attributes of and relationships among elements represented in the UML models.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to the field of computers and similar technology systems, and in particular to software utilized by such systems to implement methods and processes. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a computer-implementable method and system for communicating a UML model in a manner that reflects a particular subject domain.
2. Description of the Related Art
Unified Modeling Language (UML) has quickly become universally accepted as a preferred modeling language in software development. UML is a graphical language that includes annotated nodes and arcs among nodes that represent relationships. A UML model typically includes numerous diagrams that contain these elements, which represent different aspects of a subject domain (e.g., an area of interest within a particular enterprise) being modeled. UML artifacts include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, statechart diagrams, activity diagrams, component diagrams and deployment diagrams.
These models and diagrams have become standard software development work products that are often provided to non-technical individuals, who are otherwise knowledgeable of the subject domain being modeled, and who must then evaluate the UML-based models. Unfortunately, these individuals, not being Information Technology (IT) specialists, are unable to interpret the UML models/diagrams easily.

Method and system for broadly sharing UML-based models

International Business Machines Corporation


In one implementation, a computer-implemented method includes receiving, at a computer system, a request to predict a next word in a dialog being uttered by a speaker; accessing, by the computer system, a neural network comprising i) an input layer, ii) one or more hidden layers, and iii) an output layer; identifying the local context for the dialog of the speaker; selecting, by the computer system and using a semantic model, at least one vector that represents the semantic context for the dialog; applying input to the input layer of the neural network, the input comprising i) the local context of the dialog and ii) the values for the at least one vector; generating probability values for at least a portion of the candidate words; and providing, by the computer system and based on the probability values, information that identifies one or more of the candidate words.

Computer-based speech recognition techniques have used local contexts (e.g., previous 2 words uttered by a user) to predict a next word that a user is going to say. For example, techniques have used neural networks (e.g., recurrent neural networks (RNNs)) to provide such predictions. For instance, a recurrent neural network can include an input layer with nodes that represent a vocabulary of words, one or more hidden layers with nodes that are fully connected to the nodes of the input layer, and an output layer with nodes that are fully connected to the nodes of one of the hidden layers. Input can be provided to the input layer by activating one or more of the nodes of the input layer (e.g., providing the one or more nodes with a predetermined value) that correspond to the word(s) that are part of the local context. The activation value can be propagated through the connections in the neural network and can cause probability values for words corresponding to the nodes of the output layer to be output. The probability values can indicate how likely the words corresponding to the nodes are to be a "next word" that is uttered by a user. For example, probability values can be used to help differentiate between whether a user said "surgeon" or "sturgeon," which a speech recognition system may be unable to differentiate between with a reliable degree of certainty.

Integration of semantic context information


A system and method for providing a distributed software application is disclosed. The application includes multiple browser window components that run together within a single browser window. Each component manages and displays data independently, so that a series of Internet pages can be simultaneously displayed and manipulated by a user. In one embodiment, an electronic main page is downloaded from a server to a client computer, wherein the main page comprises at least two browser components for displaying additional electronic pages within the main page. The main page includes a user selectable software control for selection of one of the at least two browser components for display.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of information processing in a distributed computer environment. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and a system for creating and executing computer software applications utilizing multiple web browser components that access information stored on servers.
2. Description of the Related Technology
For many businesses, greater access to computers was realized with the introduction of personal computers (PCs) at affordable prices. Additionally, with the emergence of standardized software and graphical user interfaces, which made computers more user friendly, even small businesses were able to take over their own computer processing. "Multi-tasking" became a buzzword of the early 1990s as technology allowed multiple software applications to be executed simultaneously on a single operating system of the PC. Thus, for example, while business reports were processing, a user can answer e-mail or enter information into a database. Consequently, businesses became largely technologically self-sufficient.
Computing technology has revolutionized conventional businesses, but never more so than with the inception of the Internet. Commerce has drawn millions of people to the Internet. Tales of overnight success and self-made millionaires only add weight to the fact that the Internet can maximize a company's customer base with minimal cost. The Internet, through its well known World Wide Web (WWW or "the web") provides an extensive network of linked electronic pages, which usually are written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). A user wishing to access the web needs only a PC equipped with a modem and a software application known as a web browser (such as, for example, Microsoft Internet Explorer). A web browser is configured to establish a communications link via the Internet to other computers known as web servers, and to receive information from those servers. The information retrieved is then displayed to the user. Users have primarily accessed the Internet in order to find information (e.g., a child researches monkeys on a zoo's web site for a school report), communicate (e.g., letters are sent across the globe in minutes via electronic mail), or conduct business (e.g., virtually anything can be purchased or sold on the web).
However, Internet technology has remained rather linear in the way users access web pages. To illustrate, typically for a user to access a web page (i.e., an electronic page residing on the web), the web browser must draw the contents of the web page on the screen. The user then performs a task on that page, closes it, and then accesses the next web page, which the browser must draw to the screen. If information is incorrect or missing from a web page, the user must reload the web page, which then must be redrawn to the screen. This process of accessing and drawing web pages can be time consuming and, hence, impractical where a task to be accomplished requires accessing more than a few web pages.
Consider, for example, a payroll system. A typical payroll system would most likely contain the following elements: data entry (e.g., employees' personal information, or time that each employee has worked), performance of calculations to create payroll data, printing of payroll checks, printing of supporting reports, and providing accounting for taxing entities. Performing these tasks on the Internet is highly impractical due to the large amount of idle time spent accessing and drawing web pages. Thus, what is needed in the art is a system that provides faster access to a multiplicity of electronic pages stored in remote servers, such as those that make up the Internet.

System and method for display of multiple electronic pages


The present invention relates to a safety syringe (100) having a hollow barrel (1), plunger (2) and a detachable needle support (4), characterized in that the safety syringe (100) includes; a) a piston gasket (3) interference fit with the plunger head (7) of the plunger (2); b) a plurality of bone structures (6) provided at the barrel head (1a) of the hollow barrel (1) to temporarily engage and support the needle support (4); c) a plurality of slots (8) longitudinally disposed at one substantial distal end of the needle support (4); and d) stoppers (5) provided at the barrel head (1a); wherein a fluid is injected by a first stroke of the plunger (2) under normal load; and an additional load is applied to the plunger (2) to compress the piston gasket (3) so that the plunger head (7) of the plunger (2) travels further to break the bone structures (6) for subsequent retraction of the needle support (4) on a second stroke.

Syringe is an instrument for injecting or installing fluid such as medicine, vitamin, vaccine and etc. into the body or withdrawing liquid from the body. It is widely use in the medical field not only for injecting medicine it is also used for orally administering liquid medicine to children or animal without using a needle. It is because the accuracy of measuring the dose and easier to squirt the medicine into the mouth instead of using spoon.
In the usage of medical syringes, the reusable of syringes which may lead to cross-infection of diseases is a major factor to be concerned. Therefore, a great need of single use safety syringe to avoid cross-contamination or infection arises due to this concern. The single use safety syringe is useful in wide range of drug therapies for those frequently require a number of daily injections. The safety syringe also becomes great interest for those people who have limited physical ability. As such, the safety syringe should not inject with any diseases through the syringe, including HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses and other pathogens intentionally or accidentally.
Various single use safety syringes which administer subcutaneous medications have been used as being one way to avoid any potential problems. Among many advantages of such single use safety syringes include reduction of environmental pollution associated with contaminated needle disposal. Although many single use safety syringes have achieved public acceptance and commercial success in the marketplace, however, some single use syringes present a variety of problems. Accordingly, it is found that some syringes which claim to be "single use" in actuality can be reused with user intervention. Some syringes are designated as "single use" solely because they are to be discarded after use pursuant to a regulation; nothing prevents their reuse. Some syringe designs expose the drug or bodily fluid contained therein to reactive components of the syringe, e.g. a spring used to retract the plunger. Moreover, some syringes, although not capable of being reused, present health risks to the medical personnel handling them. In addition, there are some factors which may need to be considered such as their sophisticated design, and high cost of contemporary components.
In some countries, plastic disposable syringe is widely used in hospitals. This type of syringe is low cost, easy to handle and can be thrown away after use. However, the problem occurs when most hospital in some countries does not practice the single use safety syringe, but using the normal syringe. The safety syringe such as "auto disable" or "auto retractable" types are usually imported and expensive to use, and not all the hospitals in some countries are unaffordable to use such safety syringe. It is to be found that most of the existing inventions are focusing on manually retractable needle, protective cap and plunger as a safety feature. However, most of the existing inventions are design to retract the needle into the barrel. The design of the existing inventions is good for safety reason, but not convenient for disposal process due to the difficult of separating the metal (needle) and plastic parts (plunger and barrel).
In view of these and other shortcomings of the prior art there is a need in the art for an improved safety syringe. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved safety syringe with a detachable and disposable needle support for single use.


An electrical switch is disclosed including a rotatably mounted contact bridge which includes a movable contact, wherein the movable contact interacts with a stationary contact of the electrical switch for the purpose of closing or opening the electrical circuit as a result of rotation of the contact bridge. In at least one embodiment, the surfaces at the point at which contact is made between the movable contact and the stationary contact are at least partially covered by a protective material for protecting against soiling and/or damage due to contact-erosion materials, wherein the protective material is a paper-like fleece.

Electrical power breakers often have a rotary contact system which has a fixed contact for connection to a current path, and also a rotatably mounted contact element which interacts with the fixed contact. The movable contact element, which is usually designed in the form of a bridge, serves to interrupt and to close the electrical circuit. An operating mechanism, for example in the form of a tilting lever, also called a handle, is used for manual connection and disconnection. In the event of a short circuit, the contact bridge is intended to open quickly due to electrodynamic forces, independently of the operating mechanism.
When the contact bridge is opened, a switch arc is produced between the contacts, said arc leading to a loss of material from the contacts, so-called contact erosion, at very high temperatures. The very hot, solid or gaseous contact-erosion products soil and/or damage the surfaces in the interior of the switch. This can have a considerable influence on the opening function of the switch and lead to production failures. Contact-erosion materials can also accumulate on the functional elements of the rotary contact system and prevent correct opening in the event of a short circuit owing to the resulting changing frictional conditions.
Electrical switches typically have a so-called quenching chamber. The switch arc is quenched in said quenching chamber, on which the movable contact and the stationary contact are arranged. So-called quenching plates, which are arranged around the arc such that they are electrically insulated from one another, are typically used to assist quenching. Contact-erosion materials can also accumulate between the quenching plates and lead to an electrical line between the plates, and this would reduce the effect of the plates on the arc on account of the electrical short circuit.


A test kit for immunochromatography comprising a test strip and a test tube is described. The test strip comprises a detection zone for detecting an analyte in a sample. The test tube accommodates the test strip. The test tube comprises an indicator at a position corresponding to the detection zone of the test strip which is inserted into the test tube.

As a method for easily performing the tests for a variety of diseases using body fluid such as blood, serum, pharynx swab or the like, there is an immunochromatography.
As a test strip used for immunochromatography, a test strip which is equipped with a chromatography membrane is known. This test strip is equipped with a detection zone that traps the analyte in a sample, and the indicator showing at which position the analyte is trapped has been printed. As a test strip in which the indicator has been printed on the chromatography membrane, for example, a test strip described in JP Laid-Open Patent No. 2001-013143 is known.
By this method, since the working process of printing the indicator on the chromatography membrane becomes necessary, the manufacturing of the test strip becomes complex, and the cost becomes high.
Moreover, according to this method, an ink or the like used for printing may have a bad influence on the detection of the analyte. Furthermore, it may damage the chromatography membrane at the time of printing, and this damage may have a bad influence on the detection of the analyte.
An object of the present invention is to provide a test kit for immunochromatography which can be prepared easily and at a low cost and in which the analyte can be precisely detected.


A social network advertises to its members with engagement interfaces. An engagement interface comprises a call to action and a link to perform the action within the social network from within the engagement interface. Responsive to a user selection of the link to perform the action, the engagement interface modifies one or more objects within the social network associated with the call to action according to the selection of the link to perform the action. The engagement interface may be refreshed on the user's screen to indicate to the user that the action has been performed. An engagement interface may also be presented to a user from the social network or from an external system apart from the social network.

Social networks, or social utilities that track and enable connections between members (including people, businesses, and other entities), have become prevalent in recent years. In particular, social networking websites allow members to communicate more efficiently information that is relevant to their friends or other connections in the social network. Social networking websites typically incorporate a system for connecting members to content that is likely to be relevant to each member. For example, members may be grouped according to one or more common attributes in their profiles, such as geographic location, employer, job type, age, music preferences, interests, or other attributes. Members of the social networking website or external parties can then use these groups to customize or target information delivery so that information that might be of particular interest to a group can be communicated to that group.
Advertisers have attempted to leverage this information about members, targeting their ads to members whose interests best align with the ads. For example, a social networking website may display banner ads for a concert to members who include an affinity for the performing band in their website profile and live near a concert venue where that band might be performing. However, these attempts are no different than targeting of ads that exist in many other contexts. Traditional methods of online advertising, such as banner ads that provide a link to an external website, disrupt the user experience of a social networking website. As a result, banner ads remain an ineffective method of targeting users. Advertisers have not yet been able to engage users of social networking websites in a meaningful way to present their advertising message to consumers.

Engagement interface advertising in a social network


A cabin attendant aircraft tray table may include a front section of a body, a rear section of the body, and at least one hinge coupling the front section and the rear section. The front section may be configured to actuate relative to the rear section via the at least one hinge between a stowed position, a personal electronic device (PED) position, and a tray position. The cabin attendant aircraft tray table may be stowable in a cavity defined within a frame of a cabin attendant aircraft seat assembly when the front section is in the stowed position. The front section may be held in place relative to the rear section via a mechanical assembly when the front section is in the PED position, and may be configured to receive and support a PED when the front section is in the PED position.

Aircraft may include aircraft tray tables for cabin attendants to use at their cabin attendant aircraft seat during rest periods. As the cabin attendant seat is often in an aisle, a walkway, a galley, and/or an entrance to/egress from the aircraft, the footprint of the cabin attendant aircraft seat may be reduced in at least one dimension due to space limitations while also needing to address factors such as ease of access, having to meet aircraft guidelines and/or standards, and the like.


A compound of the formula

The present invention relates to a novel barbituric acid derivative and the method of the prevention and treatment by using the same of malignant hypercalcemia, osteolytic diseases such as Paget""s disease of bone and osteoporosis, such diseases with the denaturation and necrosis of a cartilage as osteoarthritis, necrosis of head of femur, and articular rheumatism occurring in a knee, shoulder, and joint.
Japan has been gradually shifting to an aging society and, therefore, bone resorption diseases such as osteoporosis are becoming a big social problem. The bone resorption diseases are diseases of bone caused by abnormal sthenia of bone resorption exemplified by malignant hypercalcemia caused by myeloma and lymphoma, bone Paget""s disease by local bone resorption, and osteoporosis caused by many factors such as aging and menopause. Although, at present, a female hormone, calcitonin, activated vitamin D3, parathyroid hormone, bisphosphonate, and ipriflavone, etc. are being used for therapeutic treatment, these agents have some defects respectively so as to remain as a symptomatic therapy.
On the other hand, osteoarthritis, necrosis of head of femur, and joint rheumatism are a disease occurring a defect of cartilage and bone caused by denaturation and necrosis of joint cartilage and subcartilaginous bone by various factors such as mechanical stresses, senescence, inflammation. The defect of bone largely affects the lowering of the quality of life through the deformation and pain of a joint. Any agents have not substantially existed to inhibit or repair effectively the defect of cartilage for the diseases.
Barbituric acid derivatives are a group of compounds which are used for medicinal drugs, agricultural chemicals, and many other purposes, and many derivatives are known.
For example, there are an anticancer drug (refer to WO9116315), photosensitive materials for electronic photography (refer to Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos. 179361/91 and 111852/91), a vermifuge (refer to EP 192180), insecticides (EP 455300, DE 3903404, and GB 1339748), herbicides (U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,147 and Japanese Patent Application laid-open No. 154275/75), and a bactericide (EP 517660).
The present inventors first elucidated the structure and the strong inhibiting action of bone resorption, which had not been previously known as far as the inventors"" knowledge is concerned, of a series of compounds related to the present invention.
The inventors of the present invention formerly found substances showing a strong inhibiting action of bone resorption among derivatives of polyhydroxyphenol (Japanese Patent Application No. 137991/97). As a result of further research and an analysis of structure-activity relationship of those compounds, the inventors found a strong activity of a novel barbituric acid derivative and finally completed the present invention.
Thus, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a novel and useful barbituric acid derivative, the salt thereof and the solvate thereof, and a method of prevention and treatment of various diseases affecting bones and cartilages by using these compounds.
The subject of the invention is a barbituric acid derivative represented by the following general formula (I), the salt thereof or the solvate thereof:
(wherein each of R or R1 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or an unsubstituted alkyl group or an alkenyl group of C1-C15, a substituted or an unsubstituted arylmethyl group, or a substituted or an unsubstituted aryl group, and R2 represents a substituted or an unsubstituted alkyl group or an alkenyl group of C1-C15, a substituted or.
The present invention relates to a barbituric acid derivative shown in said general formula (I), the salt thereof or the solvates thereof containing one or more compounds, and a composition of a medicinal drug containing a carrier that is acceptable for drug manufacturing, preferably, a composition of a medicinal drug being a preventive and therapeutic agent for diseases affecting bones and cartilages.
Further, the present invention relates to a use of a barbituric acid derivative shown in said general formula (I), the salt thereof or the solvate thereof containing one or more compounds for manufacturing a composition of a medicinal drug for prevention and therapy of diseases affecting bones and cartilages.
Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for prevention and therapy of diseases affecting bones and cartilages by administration of an effective amount of a barbituric acid derivative shown in said general formula (I), the salt thereof or the solvate thereof containing one or more compounds for prevention and therapy of diseases affecting bones and cartilages.
In the compound shown in said general formula (I) of the present invention, alkyl groups are straight-chain or branched alkyl groups of 1-15 carbon atoms, preferably 2-10, more preferably 4-10, and alkenyl groups are straight-chain or branched unsaturated hydrocarbon groups of 2-15 carbon atoms, preferably 3-10, more preferably 4-10; preferably, unsaturated hydrocarbon groups of one or more carbonxe2x80x94carbon double bonds.
In the compound shown in said general formula (I) of the present invention, aryl groups are monocyclic, polycyclic, or condensed ring aryl groups of 6-30 carbon atoms, preferably 6-20, more preferably 6-10; aryl groups of the present invention are monocyclic, polycyclic, or condensed ring heterocyclic aromatic groups of at least one or more nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, or sulfur atoms in an aromatic ring, of which size of one ring is 5-20 members, preferably 5-10 members, more preferably 5-7 members, and may be condensed with a ring consisted of saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups.
In the compound shown in said general formula (I) of the present invention, arylmethyl groups are exemplified by methyl groups made by substitution of said aryl group.
In said general formula (I) of the present invention, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, arylmethyl groups, or aryl groups may be substituted by a substitution group that does not inhibit activities in medical purposes of the present invention.
The compound shown in said general formula (I) of the present invention might be protected by a protecting group allowing production of an active body in a living body to express a physiological activity in the living body.
Substitution groups of said alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, arylmethyl groups, or aryl groups in said general formula (I) of the present invention can be one made by substitution of these groups each other, when mutual substitution of these groups is possible. Examples are aryl groups substituted by an alkyl group, arylmethyl groups substituted by an alkyl group, alkyl groups substituted by an aryl group, and alkenyl groups substituted by an aryl group.
Other substitution groups are exemplified by a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an alkoxy group having said alkyl groups, an alkylthio group, a mono- or a dialkylamino group, halogen atoms such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine, alkylenedioxy groups such as a methylenedioxy group and a 2,2-dimethylmethylenedioxy group, a cyano group, and a nitro group.
Preferable substitution groups are exemplified by lower alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, and a t-butyl group, aryl groups such as a phenyl group and a naphthyl group, lower alkoxy groups such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an n-propoxy group, di- lower alkylamino groups such as a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, and a dipropylamino group, halogen atoms such as iodine, bromine, chlorine, and fluorine, alkylenedioxy groups such as a methylenedioxy group, a 2,2-dimethylmethylenedioxy group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a cyano group, and a nitro group, etc.
Aryl groups in the compounds shown in said general formula (I) of the present invention are exemplified by a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a thienyl group, and a pyrrolyl group.
Substitution groups of a substituted alkyl group or a substituted alkenyl group are preferably specified by an atomic group introduced in replacement to a hydrogen atom in preparing a derivative by substitution of a hydrogen atom of these groups to another atom group. The substitution groups can be a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, iodine, bromine, chlorine, and fluorine, an amino group, a cyano group, and a nitro group. Substitution groups of a substituted arylmethyl group are preferably atomic groups introduced in replacement to a hydrogen atom, when a derivative is prepared by substituting another atomic group of a residue formed by removing a single hydrogen atom of the benzene ring of an aromatic compound to a hydrogen atom of a compound of which hydrogen atom has been substituted by a methyl group. These substitution groups are exemplified by a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, an amino group, a cyano group, and a nitro group. Substitution groups for substituting an aryl group are preferably exemplified by those in which a residue group prepared by removing a single hydrogen atom from the benzene ring of an aromatic compound has been substituted by a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, an amino group, a cyano group, and a nitro group, etc.
Alkyl groups substituted or unsubstituted shown in said general formula (I) of the substitution groups R and R1 of a barbituric acid derivative are preferably exemplified by a methyl, an ethyl, a propyl, a butyl, a pentyl, a hexyl, a heptyl, an octyl, a nonyl, a decanyl, an undecanyl, a dodecyl, a tridecyl, a tetradecyl, or a pentadecyl group, etc.; in addition to their isomers, those substituted or unsubstituted to these groups by said substitution group are preferable.
Alkenyl groups substituted or unsubstitutedxe2x80x94shown in said general formula (I) of the substitution groups R and R1 of a barbituric acid derivative are preferably exemplified by an ethenyl, a propenyl, a butenyl, a pentenyl, a hexenyl, a heptentyl, an octenyl, a nonenyl, a decenyl, an undecenyl, a dodecenyl, a tridecenyl, a tetradecenyl, or a pentadecenyl group, etc.; in addition to their isomers, those substituted or unsubstituted to these groups by said substitution group are preferable.
Arylmethyl groups substituted or unnsubstituted shown in said general formula (I) of the substitution groups R and R1 of a barbituric acid derivative are preferably exemplified by a phenylmethyl, a naphthylmethyl, an anthracenylmethyl, a pyridylmethyl, a quinolylmethyl, a thienylmethyl, or a pyrrolylmethyl group, etc.; in addition, those substituted to these groups by said substitution groups and preferably exemplified by those substituted or unsubstituted to these groups by said substitution groups such as a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, an amino group, a cyano group, or a nitro group, etc.
Alkyl groups substituted or unsubstituted shown in said general formula (I) of the substitution groups R2 of a barbituric acid derivative are preferably exemplified by a methyl, an ethyl, a propyl, a butyl, a pentyl, a hexyl, a heptyl, an octyl, a nonyl, a decanyl, an undecanyl, a dodecyl, a tridecyl, a tetradecyl, or a pentadecyl group, etc.; in addition to their isomers, those substituted or unsubstituted to these groups by said substitution group are preferable.
Alkenyl groups substituted or unsubstituted shown in said general formula (I) of the substitution groups R2 of a barbituric acid derivative are preferably exemplified by an ethenyl, a propenyl, a butenyl, a pentenyl, a hexenyl, a heptentyl, an octenyl, a nonenyl, a decenyl, an undecenyl, a dodecenyl, a tridecenyl, a tetradecenyl, or a pentadecenyl group, etc.; in addition to their isomers, those substituted or unsubstituted to these groups by said substitution group are preferable.
Arylmethyl groups substituted or unsubstituted shown in said general formula (I) of the substitution groups R2 of a barbituric acid derivative are preferably exemplified by a phenylmethyl, a naphthylmethyl, an anthracenylmethyl, a pyridylmethyl, a quinolylmethyl, a thienylmethyl, or a pyrrolylmethyl group, etc.; in addition, those substituted to these groups by said substitution groups and preferably exemplified by those substituted or unsubstituted to these groups by said substitution groups such as a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, an amino group, a cyano group, or a nitro group, etc.
Aryl groups substituted or unsubstituted shown in said general formula (I) of the substitution groups R2 of a barbituric acid derivative are preferably exemplified by a phenyl, a naphthyl, an anthracenyl, a pyridyl, a quinolyl, a thienyl group, or a pyrrolyl group, etc.; in addition, those substituted or unsubstituted to these groups by said substitution groups are preferable.
Preferable compounds of the compound shown in said general formula (I) of the present invention are specifically exemplified as follows:
1,3-dibenzyl-5-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)barbituric acid (Compound No. 1),
1,3-dibenzyl-5-(phenylacetyl)barbituric acid (Compound No. 2),
1,3-dibenzyl-5-(2-thienylacetyl)barbituric acid (Compound No. 3),
1,3-bis(3-methylbutyl)-5-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)barbituric acid (Compound No. 4),
1-benzyl-3-(3-methylbutyl)-5-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)barbituric acid,
1-benzyl-3-(3-methylbutyl)-5-(phenylacetyl)barbituric acid,
1-benzyl-3-(3-methylbutyl)-5-(2-thienylacetyl)barbituric acid,
1,3-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-5-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)barbituric acid,
1,3-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-5-(phenylacetyl)barbituric acid,
1,3-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-5-(2-thienylacetyl)barbituric acid,
1-benzyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-5-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)barbituric acid,
1-benzyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-5-(phenylacetyl)barbituric acid,
1-benzyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-5-(2-thienylacetyl)barbituric acid,
1-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3-(3-methylbutyl)-5-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)barbituric acid,
1-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3-(3-methylbutyl)-5-(phenylacetyl) barbituric acid,
1-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3-(3-methylbutyl)-5-(2-thienylacetyl) barbituric acid.
The compound shown in said general formula (I) of the present invention can be synthesized by a conventional method for synthesis. For example, in a reaction formula represented by the following formula, synthesis can be made easily by a condensation reaction of a barbituric acid derivative represented by the following formula (II) and an acylation agent represented by the following formula (III) (refer to the following formula):
Acylation agents used are exemplified by acyl halides, acid anhydrides, or carboxylic acids, etc. It is well known by a person skilled in the art that condensation agents used for these reactions are individually selected according to a reaction applied. When an acylation agent (III) is acyl halides or acid anhydrides, a base lacking nucleophilic reaction, preferably a tertiary amine is used as a condensation agent. Examples are aromatic amines such as pyridine and quinoline, etc., tertiary amines such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and N-methylpyrrolidine, etc., and aralkyl amines such as N,N-dimethyl aniline, etc. A solvent is used for the reaction, however, it can be used that is not restrictive, but applicable for aniline, etc. A solvent is used for the reaction; however, it can be used that is not restrictive, but applicable for those inactive to both acylation agent and tertiary amine. Pyridine, and triethylamine, etc. are sometimes used for a condensation agent in combination of a solvent (refer to J. Org. Chem. 45: 4606, 1980; EP 455300; Japanese Patent Application laid-open No. 102358/91; Japanese Patent Application laid-open No. 111852/91).
When an acylation agent (III) is a free carboxylic acid, oxyphosphorus chloride is used, for example, as a condensation agent (refer to GB 1339748).
There are some methods for preparation of a barbituric acid derivative (II) to acylated in said reaction formula. Those methods are easily contrived by a person skilled in the art. For example, the manufacture can be conducted by the formula presented below (refer to the following formula).
Examples are a method by condensation of an urea derivative (IV) and a malonic acid derivative (V) (Y and Z are halogen atoms such as chlorine or bromine, etc., or a hydroxyl group, or form an ester group together with a carbonyl group), and a method by condensation of a carbodiimide derivative (VI) and malonic acid (Vxe2x80x2) (refer to EP 455300).
The urea derivative (IV) and a carbodiimide derivative (VI), etc. are compounds generally known as materials, and their preparation has been described in the following reference in detail (Reference: S. R. Sandler and W. Karo, Chapter 6/Ureas, Chapter 9/Carbodiimides, Academic Press, 1986).
The bone resorption inhibiting activity of the barbituric acid derivative prepared according to an aforementioned method was tested by the pit formation assay method. As a result, the compound of the present invention showed an excellent inhibiting ratio to bone resorption in the concentration of 1xc3x9710xe2x88x925 M.
Therefore, these compounds have a strong inhibiting activity to bone resorption. A barbituric acid derivative, the salt thereof, or the solvates thereof shown by the general formula (I) of the present invention is useful as an effective ingredient of medicinal drug for prevention and therapeutic treatment of bone and cartilage diseases. The present invention provides a composition of a medicinal drug containing one or more compounds as an effective ingredient, a method by using the composition for prevention and therapeutic treatment of various diseases related to the inhibiting action of bone resorption, and a use of these compounds for preparation of the composition of a medicinal drug.
The present invention relates to a composition of a medicinal drug containing one or more compounds shown in said general formula (I), the salt thereof or the solvate thereof, or a substance protected thereby (for example, a prodrug to become an active drug in a living body), that are acceptable for drug manufacturing, as an effective ingredient. The composition of a medicinal drug of the present invention relates to a composition of a medicinal drug containing various carriers that is acceptable for drug manufacturing. The composition of a medicinal drug of the present invention has an activity of inhibiting bone resorption and is useful as a preventive or therapeutic agent for diseases affecting bones and cartilages.
The diseases affecting bones and cartilages of the present invention include bone resorption diseases such as malignant hypercalcemia, bone Paget""s disease, and osteoporosis and diseases accompanying with denaturation and necrosis of cartilage such as osteoarthritis, necrosis of head of femur, and joint rheumatism occurring in knee, shoulder, and hip joint.
A clinical administration dose as the effective ingredient of the present invention ranges in general 0.01 g-2 g a day (ca. 0.15 mg-30 mg/kg/day) for an adult person as the compound of the present invention, preferably 0.1-2 g a day (ca. 1.5 mg-30 mg/kg/day) for an adult person, and more preferably 0.1-1 g a day (ca. 1.5 mg-15 mg/kg/day) for an adult person, which are changeable according to a method of administration, a stage of the disease, and a condition of a patient.
A possible administration method for the composition of a medicinal drug of the present invention includes intravenous, intramuscular, oral, and intrarectal administrations, in the intravenous administration, an intravenous drip can be applied in addition to a conventional intravenous injection.
A drug manufacturing method for the composition of a medicinal drug containing the compound of the present invention is exemplified by a conventional method by using a conventional excipient and a conventional additive.
An injection preparation can be, for example, a powder preparation for injection. In this case, a medicinal drug is prepared by adding one or more appropriate water soluble excipients such as mannitol, sucrose, lactose, maltose, glucose, fructose, etc. to water to dissolve, dividing into a vial or an ampoule followed by freeze drying and hermetic packing for final preparation. In preparation for an oral administration, an enteric coated agent can be prepared in addition to a conventional tablet, a capsule, a granule, a fine granule, and a powder.
In preparing the enteric coated agent, a tablet, a granule, or a fine granule can be prepared by adding, additives such as a lubricant such as mannitol, sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch, silica anhydride, calcium phosphate, etc., a binder such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, gelatin, gum arabic, etc., and a disintegrant such as calcium carboxymethylcellulose, followed by coating with one or more enteric base agents such as cellulose, acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetyl succinate, polyvinyl alcohol phthalate, styrene, a copolymer of maleic acid anhydride, methyl-acrylate, and a copolymer of methylacrylate and, if necessary, adding a colorant such as titanium oxide to make a preparation. A capsule preparation can be made by filling enteric granules or fine granules prepared thereby in a capsule. On the other hand, it is possible that a capsule prepared by a conventional method is coated with said enteric base agent to make enteric and made to an enteric capsule by using a capsule prepared by using said enteric base agent singly or by mixing gelatin therewith.
For a suppository, it can be prepared by adding a semi-synthesized base agent which is dissolved after preparation by mixing a monoglyceride of fatty acid and a diglyceride of fatty acid in various proportions to cacao butter or triglyceride of fatty acid, followed by kneading mildly and pour into a mold to form a suppository.
The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the following referencial examples, examples, and a test example that by no means limit the scope of the invention.

Barbituric acid derivative and preventive and therapeutic agent for bone and cartilage containing the same

Abstract: A compound of the formula

Abstract: wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification and solvates and salts thereof useful for treating bone and cartilage diseases.


The present invention provides a transfer system and method for aligning articles. The transfer system comprises a transfer member adapted to transfer the articles along a designated path, an orientation-adjustment portion having an orienter that is adapted to rotate at least a first portion of the articles, and a receiving portion that is adapted to restrict movement of at least a second portion of the articles along the designated path Each of the articles has a surface configuration that allows the articles to compress along an axial direction when at least two of the surface configurations of a respective adjacent two of the articles are aligned, and the receiving portion and the orienter cooperate to align the first portion and the second portion and compress a length of the first portion and the second portion along an axial direction of the articles.

Conventional article transfer systems are known that transfer articles along a designated path. An example of such an article transfer system is a conveyor system that is adapted to transfer articles from an origin to a destination. Another known article transfer system involves a transverse orientation of rollers that rotate in the direction of the intended path and thereby transfer the rotational motion to the article passing thereover.
It is becoming increasingly common to integrate these article transfer systems into automated packaging devices. A wide range of such automated packaging devices is in use today. While these systems do transfer articles from one location to another, these systems do not sufficiently align or orient the articles when multiple articles are stacked by or within the system. For at least this reason, the stacked articles require more packaging material and the like. The present invention was developed in light of these and other drawbacks.


An arrangement capable of being assembled with either an existing installed electrical equipment enclosure having an access door or during the fabrication and assembly of such an electrical equipment enclosure that increases the arc-resistant capabilities and characteristics of the electrical equipment enclosure. The arc-resistant capabilities of the electrical equipment enclosure are increased via the provision of shielding facilities disposed in the vicinity of the access opening of the enclosure to substantially limit the heat generated by internal arcing within the enclosure from reaching the access door to the enclosure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of switchgear for electrical power distribution and more particularly to an arrangement and method for improving the arc-resistant features and capabilities of switchgear that is applicable either during fabrication or as a retrofit to existing equipment in the field.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various types of arc-resistant switchgear are known in the prior art, for example, as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,100,778, 5,574,624, 5,689,097, 5,710,402, 5,892,195 and 5,414,584. These typically include pressure relief arrangements that quickly relieve internal pressures developed during any arcing ensuing as the result of an internal short circuit or the like, i.e. a fault condition established within the switchgear. However, during the fault condition, the switchgear must also withstand the effects of the intense internal temperatures and pressures prior to and after the pressure relief features are operable. For example, it is desirable that all venting of the internal pressure occur via the pressure relief features and that the access doors and seals remain intact. Arc-resistant switchgear is the subject of various standards, e.g. Canadian standard EEMAC G14.1. Such standards describe various tests and characteristics that are desirable for such equipment.
While the arrangements of the prior art may be generally suitable for their intended uses, it would be desirable to provide arc-resistant switchgear with increased capabilities.


In the methods for treatment of caustic effluents described in the specification, a spent caustic refinery effluent is supplied to a submerged combustion gas evaporator in which hot combustion gas containing carbon dioxide is injected into the caustic liquid to concentrate the liquid and convert a hydroxide constituent to a carbonate. Where the caustic effluent is from a petroleum refinery, oil in the waste liquid is separated from the aqueous constituent before, during or after concentration.

This invention relates to processes for treating spent caustic effluents, for example, effluents from petroleum refineries, aluminum manufacturing, food processing or the like.
Many industrial operations generate dilute spent caustic effluents such as petroleum refining processes. A typical dilute spent caustic effluent from such refineries may contain about 5% to 12% sodium hydroxide (w/w) with varying but significant quantities of organic compounds that include a range of mercaptans, sulfidic oils, naphthenic acids, cresylic acids and derivatives. Included in the mixture are lesser quantities of other inorganic and organic compounds. In addition, a petroleum refinery effluent may contain approximately 5% to 20% by volume of oil along with the aqueous caustic solution. Traditionally such effluents have been considered essentially useless waste streams but have required significant processing before disposal to avoid contamination of the environment.
The patent to Helleur No. 4,079,585 describes a method and apparatus for removal and recovery of a constituent from industrial and municipal waste streams by evaporation and concentration of the constituent as a result of intimate and turbulent contact between the waste stream liquid and hot gases produced by combustion in a scrubbing tower and states that submerged combustion techniques can also be used to advantage in the process. According to that patent undesirable volatile pollutants can be removed without vaporizing them by addition of an alkali such as lime or caustic to retain acidic volatile pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc. in solution so that they can be disposed of in liquid form. The Helleur patent describes the process as being applicable to spent material from such industries as the oil industry and notes that, to avoid vaporization of selected combustible volatiles, the temperature of the combustion gases should be maintained below the flash point of the volatiles by cooling the combustion gas before contact with the liquid.
The Young et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,16,028 discloses a submerged combustion evaporator as the first stage in a process for concentration of constituents of industrial waste streams.
In the Ohkawa et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,966,594, treatment of waste water containing water-soluble organic substances in various ways is described and the submerged combustion method is stated to be industrially insufficient in terms of concentration and combustion. Instead, that patent describes a process in which the waste water is treated with a water-insoluble organic solvent solution of an organic constituent.
According to the Anderson U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,291 industrial waste water is processed by a submerged combustion evaporator and carbon dioxide in the combustion gases supplied to the waste water is sequestered by calcium hydroxide which has been added to produce calcium carbonate which is then separated from the waste stream.
The spent caustic treatment process described in the DeRoeck et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,576 introduces refinery gases containing carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide into a sodium hydroxide solution to convert the carbon dioxide to sodium carbonate.
In the Connally U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,609 concentration of constituents in a liquid to be concentrated is effected by supplying the liquid to a submerged combustion evaporator.
The Echols U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,207 describes evaporation of leachate by directing flames from a burner to which landfill gas is supplied into a fire tube heater immersed in a tank containing leachate so as to heat and vaporize the liquid constituents in the leachate while disposing of the landfill gas.
The Duesel U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,482 discloses the use of landfill gas as a fuel source for a submerged combustion gas evaporator in a leachate evaporation process.

Treatment of spent caustic refinery effluents


The spigot-and-socket joint which is secured against sliding is designated for moulded parts and for socket pipes (1) produced by the centrifugal casting technique, with the spigot end (3) of the one pipe adapted to be slid, with radial play, into the socket end (2) of the other pipe. In the socket end there are arranged a sealing ring (8) and a separate clamping ring (14) comprising a plurality of circumferentially extending, spaced clamping segments (15) having a spherically convex outer surface (17) and, on their inner surface (18), a tooth system (19) which, in the presence of axial forces, presses radially onto the spigot end (3) as the spherically convex surface (17) cooperates with a pipe socket's inner surface (18) which tapers conically towards the end. An elastomer support member (20), which can be fixed in its position at the socket face end and supports the same, is provided on the clamping ring (14). A form, which ensures proper retention also in the case of increased rated widths, is obtained when the support member's annular disk-shaped portion (23), which bears on the socket front face (22), comprises a reinforced transition region (26) of increased flexural strength in the region of the inner edge of the socket front face, with the portion (24) connecting to the clamping ring (14) issuing therefrom, and when the socket front face (22) has at its inner edge a recess matching the cross section of the reinforced transition region (26). There a steel ring (28), which increases the flexural strength and can be optionally inserted via an axial insertion slit (29), is cooperating with the reinforced transition region (26) of the support member.

In a known spigot-and-socket joint of this type (EP 0 235 818 B1), wherein the annular disk portion and the ensuing expansible connecting portion which in the support member leads to the clamping ring have approximately the same thickness, despite the support member's annular cylinder portion contacting the outside of the socket end, there turned out to be disadvantageous the fact that, especially in the case of socket pipes of large rated widths, affixing the support member at the socket's end during the assembly operation results in problems because of the clamping segments' tendency to separate, by their weight, the entire support member from the socket's end. Furthermore, it turned out that when the pipe ends are slid into each other, the spigot end of the one pipe end often pulls fully or partly the annular-disk-shaped portion, which bears against the socket front face, around the socket edge located at the inner edge of the socket front face into the region between the spigot end and the socket via the support member's approximately conically tapering connecting portion, which includes the spigot end, under the influence of the resultant high axial load.

Spigot-and-socket joint secured against sliding

Eisenwerke Fried. Wilh. Dueker GmbH & Co.


A display panel and a display device are provided. The display panel includes a substrate, a cathode layer, a touch control layer, and a pixel definition layer. The cathode layer is disposed over the substrate, and the cathode layer is formed with a first gap therein. The touch control layer is not disposed at a side of the cathode layer away from a substrate, and the touch control layer is provided with a plurality of touch control components, and adjacent touch control components in the touch control layer are formed with a second gap therebetween. A supporting wall is disposed over the pixel definition layer, and a height of the supporting wall is greater than a height of the cathode layer, thereby forming the first gap in the cathode layer. The touch control components function as a touch control unit.

In active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) display panel structures, existing touch control structures are implemented by an on-cell method, which is all the touch control layers are attached to the upmost cathode layer (i.e., a cathode) of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) along a direction away from the backplate. This is because the cathode is made by an evaporation process using a common mask. The structure is an entire surface. After a finger touches a screen, electric field lines generated are shielded by the cathode layer and cannot penetrate the structure under the cathode.
That is, the existing display panel has technical problems that the touch control structure can only be implemented by the on-cell method.

WUHAN CHINA STAR OPTOELECTRONICS SEMICONDUCTOR DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A split-gate memory cell includes a memory transistor and a select transistor. The memory transistor includes a drain, a source, a control gate and a floating gate. The select transistor includes a drain, a source and a select gate. The source of the select transistor is electrically connected to the drain of the memory transistor. The threshold state of the floating gate of the memory transistor determines the logic output of the memory cell. When the split-gate memory cell is erased or programmed a high voltage is only applied to the control gate and source of the memory transistor. As a result, no high voltage will be placed on any portion of the select transistor and the split-gate memory cell can achieve an increased cycling endurance.

An efficient memory cell should complete routine operations within a minimum amount of time. One way of improving a memory cell's efficiency is to apply a high voltage to the memory cell so that it takes less time, e.g., to erase the content stored in the memory cell. However, a high voltage applied to the memory cell may damage the gate oxide of the memory cell and therefore reduce the memory cell's durability. A more durable memory cell is especially advantageous to storage devices like electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and flash memory, which are widely used in various embedded applications such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or complex programmable logic device (CPLD). Accordingly, it is desirable to develop a new memory cell structure that is both efficient and durable.


A combination notepad and key holder has a notepad with a top binder. A holder for holding writing instrument is attached to one end the top binder. A flexible strap has one end connected to the top binder portion and has a distal end connected to a key holder. The key holder has a U-shaped frame with a push bar biased with a spring to a closed position closing off an open end of the U to retain a key on the push bar. The push bar is moveable against the force of the spring to an open position to remove the key from the push bar.

Shoppers are often confronted with trying to remember brand name, prices, shelf location, and other things when shopping. It is desirable to have notepad, when shopping for example, that has a pen attached for recording shopping information. Such a notepad is hand held or rests in a shopping cart. Shoppers are also confronted with what to do with keys. On the one hand, keys should be safely stored in a purse or pocket, but, on the other hand, at least one key, such as an automobile key, should remain easily accessible. Because the shopper always has the notepad handy, it would be a convenient place to keep a key. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that it would be highly desirable to have a notepad that has a pen and a key holder.


Direct conversion of syngas to light olefins is carried out in a fixed bed or a moving bed reactor with a composite catalyst A+B. The active ingredient of catalyst A is active metal oxide; and catalyst B is one or more than one of zeolite of CHA and AEI structures or metal modified CHA and/or AEI zeolite. A spacing between geometric centers of the active metal oxide of the catalyst A and the particle of the catalyst B is 5 μm-40 mm. A spacing between axes of the particles is preferably 100 μm-5 mm, and more preferably 200 μm-4 mm. A weight ratio of the active ingredients in the catalyst A and the catalyst B is within a range of 0.1-20 times, and preferably 0.3-5.

Light olefins refer to alkenes with the number of carbon atoms less than or equal to 4. Light olefins represented by ethylene and propylene are very important basic organic chemical raw materials. With the fast growth of economy in China, the market of the light olefins is in short supply for a long time. At present, the light olefins are produced mainly through a petrochemical route of cracking of light hydrocarbons (ethane, naphtha and light diesel fuel). Due to the increasing shortage of global petroleum resources and the long-term high price of crude oil, the development of the light olefins industry relying only on a tubular cracking furnace technology based on petroleum light hydrocarbons as raw material will encounter more and more difficulties in raw material. The technology and the raw material for producing the light olefins must be diversified. The source of the raw material can be widen by technologies based on syngas for the production of light olefins, which can be derived from crude oil, natural gas, coal and renewable materials, thus provide an alternative solution for the steam cracking technology based on the high-cost raw materials like naphtha. One-step direct preparation of the light olefins using the syngas is a process of directly preparing the light olefins with the number of carbon atoms less than or equal to 4 through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen under the action of the catalyst. This process simplifies the process flow and greatly reduces the investment unlike an indirect method that further prepares the alkene from the syngas through the methanol or dimethyl ether.
Direct preparation of light olefins using syngas through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has become one of research hotspots in the development of catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In patent CN1083415A disclosed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, high activity (CO conversion rate: 90%) and selectivity (light olefins selectivity: 66%) can be obtained under reaction pressure of 1.0 to 5.0 MPa and reaction temperature of 300 to 400° C., catalyzed by an iron-manganese catalyst system, with IIA alkali metal oxide such as MgO or silica rich zeolite (or phosphorous-aluminum zeolite) as the support, and alkali K or Cs ion as the auxiliary. In patent ZL03109585.2 declared by Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Fe/activated carbon catalyst with manganese, copper, zinc, silicon or potassium as auxiliaries is prepared by a vacuum impregnation method for the reaction of preparation of the light olefins from the syngas. Under this catalyst, the CO conversion rate is 96%, and the selectivity of light olefins in hydrocarbons is 68%, with no feedstock gas circulation. Recently, Professor de Jong's team at Utrecht University in Netherlands made good progress by using Fe catalyst modified by Fe, Na or S, and supported on SiC, carbon nanofiber or other inert carriers, obtained 61% of selectivity of light olefins. However, the selectivity of light olefins will reduce when the syngas conversion increases. In direct preparation of alkenes from syngas, cryogenic separation is generally needed due to the gaseous raw material and low-boiling ethylene product. If C3-C4 alkenes, i.e., propylene and butylene, can be obtained with high selectivity, cryogenic separation will not be needed, thereby greatly reducing energy consumption and cost for product separation and bringing great application value. In the above reports, metal iron or iron carbide was applied as the active component of the catalyst, and the reactions followed the carbon chain growth mechanism on metal surfaces. The selectivity of the product light olefins is low, while the selectivity of C3-C4 alkene is lower.
Recently, a bifunctional catalyst with the composite of ZnCr2O4 oxide and hierarchical pore SAPO-34 zeolite has been reported by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jiao et al., Science 351 (2016) 1065-1068), which realized 80% of the selectivity of light olefins when the CO conversion was 17%. The selectivity of light paraffins was 14% so the olefin/paraffin ratio of light hydrocarbons (o/p) was 5.7. When CO conversion increased to 35%, the selectivity of light olefins was 69%, the selectivity of light paraffins was 20%, making an o/p of 3.5, and propylene and butylene selectivity was 40-50%.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Catalyst and method for direct conversion of syngas to light olefins

DALIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES